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    Lab 1 Metallography Specimen Preparation - Repair

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    Mifzal Izzani
    The document discusses the process of preparing metallographic samples for microscopic examination. It begins with an introduction describing the steps of specimen preparation including cutting, mounting, grinding, polishing and etching. The objectives are then stated as understanding sample preparation and the importance of grinding, polishing and etching. The methodology section outlines using medium carbon steel and describes the equipment. It provides details on the procedures of grinding with abrasive papers, polishing with diamond paste, and etching with 2% nital solution. The conclusion restates that grinding, polishing and etching are the main preparation steps that must be done in order to properly prepare the sample for examination.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lab 1 Metallography Specimen Preparation - Repair

    Uploaded by

    Mifzal Izzani
    347 views6 pages
    The document discusses the process of preparing metallographic samples for microscopic examination. It begins with an introduction describing the steps of specimen preparation including cutting, mounting, grinding, polishing and etching. The objectives are then stated as understanding sample preparation and the importance of grinding, polishing and etching. The methodology section outlines using medium carbon steel and describes the equipment. It provides details on the procedures of grinding with abrasive papers, polishing with diamond paste, and etching with 2% nital solution. The conclusion restates that grinding, polishing and etching are the main preparation steps that must be done in order to properly prepare the sample for examination.

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    metallography

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    The document discusses the process of preparing metallographic samples for microscopic examination. It begins with an introduction describing the steps of specimen preparation including cutting, mounting, grinding, polishing and etching. The objectives are then stated as understanding sample preparation and the importance of grinding, polishing and etching. The methodology section outlines using medium carbon steel and describes the equipment. It provides details on the procedures of grinding with abrasive papers, polishing with diamond paste, and etching with 2% nital solution. The conclusion restates that grinding, polishing and etching are the main preparation steps that must be done in order to properly prepare the sample for examination.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    347 views6 pages

    Lab 1 Metallography Specimen Preparation - Repair

    Uploaded by

    Mifzal Izzani
    The document discusses the process of preparing metallographic samples for microscopic examination. It begins with an introduction describing the steps of specimen preparation including cutting, mounting, grinding, polishing and etching. The objectives are then stated as understanding sample preparation and the importance of grinding, polishing and etching. The methodology section outlines using medium carbon steel and describes the equipment. It provides details on the procedures of grinding with abrasive papers, polishing with diamond paste, and etching with 2% nital solution. The conclusion restates that grinding, polishing and etching are the main preparation steps that must be done in order to properly prepare the sample for examination.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that metallographic sample preparation involves grinding, polishing and etching samples to reveal microstructural features and requires careful multi-step procedures.

    The main steps in metallographic sample preparation are grinding, polishing and etching. Grinding is done using abrasive papers of increasing fineness to remove scratches. Polishing is done using diamond paste to create a mirror-like surface. Etching is done using chemicals to reveal microstructural features.

    Grinding, polishing and etching are important as each step has its own role in preparing the sample. Grinding removes bulk material, polishing creates a smooth surface, and etching reveals microstructural features like grain boundaries. Each step removes the marks from the previous step.

    CHAPTER 1

    INTRODUCTION

    1.1 Introduction

    Specimen preparation, prior to observation, requires considerable skill


    and experience. For this experiment, specimens have already been prepared. The
    specimens were cut from bulk metal samples, and then mounted in plastic to
    facilitate handling. The surface of the specimen was then ground and polished to
    a mirror-like smooth finish. This was done by using first coarse and then finer
    and finer abrasives. The final stage of polishing typically use a diamond abrasive
    on a polishing wheel. Each stage of polishing must remove the scratches or
    grooves created by the previous polishing stage. The equipment used for
    grinding and polishing is usually available in the metallurgical lab (Struers,
    2018).

    The grooves produced by the very fine polishing compounds, are


    narrower than the wavelength of the light used; because of this, a polished
    specimen will appear mirror like. To bring out features such as distribution of
    phases, grain boundaries, twins, and cracks, a specimen must be treated with a
    chemical solution called an etchant. An etchant attacks different metallographic
    features at different rates. Certain features (e.g., grain boundaries) are
    preferentially dissolved; the result is the formation of low and high areas. This
    topographic relief allows one to view features on the sample surface. Etchants
    may also tint separate phases differently, facilitating identification. A typical
    etchant for steel is called nital. Nital usually consists of 1%, 2% or 3%
    concentrated nitric acid in alcohol (ASM-International, 2014).

    1
    Figure 1.0: The effect of etching on a polished surface of a steel metal sample
    observed by using the optical microscope.

    1.2 Objectives

    1. To understand the metallographic sample preparation.


    2. To study the importance of the various steps in sample preparation.
    3. To understand the need of grinding, polishing and etching.

    2
    CHAPTER 2

    METHODOLOGY

    2.1 Raw Material

    Medium Carbon Steel

    2.2 Equipment

    Polishing Machine, Microscope, Computer, Hair Dryer, Abrasive paper,


    Diamond paste.

    2.3 Procedures

    2.3.1 Grinding

    i. The abrasive paper (400-grit) is cut in the size of polishing disc


    and placed onto the disc itself.
    ii. A suitable speed of polishing disc must be set. Hold the specimen
    downwards on the disc to rub the specimen. Apply an even
    pressure as possible to obtain an even pattern of finer scratches.
    iii. Wash the specimen and repeat step 1 using the finer grade
    abrasive paper (600-grit). The specimen must be in perpendicular
    position(90°) towards disc to facilitate removal of the scratch
    marks.

    3
    iv. Step 1 to 3 is repeated by replacing finer abrasive paper grade
    800-grit, 1000-grit and 1200-grit.
    v. The steps is repeated until one fine parallel scratch marks is
    obtained.

    2.3.2 Polishing

    i. A diamond paste is used onto a polishing disc to polish the


    specimen surface.
    ii. A few drop of lubricant is poured onto the polishing disc to avoid
    scratch to the specimen.
    iii. The specimen is hold firmly when the polishing machine was
    turned on. The procedure is the same as grinding procedures.
    iv. The specimen is polished at a moderate speed of polishing disc.
    v. Step 1 to 4 is repeated until mirror-like surface is appeared.

    2.3.3 Etching

    i. The polished surface of the specimen is etched with 2% Nital (2


    parts of concentrated nitric acid and 98 parts of ethyl alcohol by
    volume) for 1 second.
    ii. The etching solution residue on specimen is dried off by using a
    dryer.
    iii. The specimen is ready to be examined under microscope.

    4
    CHAPTER 3

    CONCLUSION

    For the metallographic sample preparation, there have a several steps that must
    be followed. The process, of grinding, polishing and etching is the three main steps that
    need to be done. These process must be done respectively in order from grinding,
    polishing and etching. This is because each one of the steps has their own importance in
    preparing the sample.

    5
    References

    1. Struers, (2018). Grinding and Polishing,


    https://www.struers.com/en/Knowledge/Grinding-and-polishing, 30 March
    2018.
    2. Egrinddiamond, (2014). The difference between grinding and polishing,
    http://lappingandpolishing.over-blog.com/2014/04/the-difference-between-
    grinding-and-polishing.html, 4 April 2018.

    3. ASM International, (2002). Ceramography: Preparation and Analysis of


    Ceramic Microstructures, ASM International, Ohio.

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