Mechanical Properties of Materials: Chapter 6 and 7 MC Graw Hill
Mechanical Properties of Materials: Chapter 6 and 7 MC Graw Hill
Mechanical Properties of Materials: Chapter 6 and 7 MC Graw Hill
A0 Δl
1 PSI = 6.89 x 103 Pa
Change in length
0 Engineering strain = ε =
Original length
0
A 0
0
Units of strain are in/in or m/m.
13
Tensile test
• Strength of materials can be tested by pulling the
metal to failure.
Load Cell
Specimen
Extensometer
stress
E Elastic material
strain
Fracture
Types of stress
Compression
Compressive Strength This is the ability of
a material to withstand Compressive
(squeezing) loads without being crushed when
the material is in compression
Compression stresses develop within a
material when forces compress or crush the
material.
Tension
Tensile Strength This is the ability of a
material to withstand tensile loads without
rupture when the material is in tension
Tension (or tensile) stresses develop when a
material is subject to a pulling load. Example,
when using a wire rope to lift a load.
Shear
Torsion
Shearing stresses occur within a
material due to an applied torque
(force that twist an object)
Thermoplastic
• Metals undergo deformation under uniaxial tensile
force.
brittle polymer
plastic
elastomer
Plastic deformation
elastic modulus
All elastic
– less than metal
deformation
Time dependency and permanency of materials:
Permanent
deformation
No permanent
deformation
1-2 or a combination of the stresses, resulted in fatigue.
Fatigue Strength
Brittle
– Occurs with little or no plastic deformation.
Catastrophic if resulted in fracture (extensively
plastically deformed)
Ductile
– Occurs with plastic deformation. Metals can only
undergo small amount of elastic deformation unlike
elastomers.
Ductile vs Brittle Failure
• Classification:
Fracture Very Moderately
Brittle
behavior: Ductile Ductile
• Brittle failure:
--many pieces
--small deformation
Moderately Ductile Failure
• Evolution to failure:
void void growth shearing
necking and linkage fracture
nucleation at surface
• Resulting 50
50mm
mm
fracture
surfaces
(steel)
100 mm
particles
serve as void Fracture surface of
nucleation tire cord wire loaded
sites. in tension.
Ductile vs. Brittle Failure
0 t
d) False