Rough and medium vacuum

The generation of rough and

medium vacuum
2
Chart
Vacuum Pumps
Gas Transfer (functional principles) Gas Binding
Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps

Positive Displacement Kinetic

Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps

Oscillation Positive Rotary Positive Mechanical

Liquid Entrainment Ion Transfer Adsorption
Displacement Displacement Kinetic
Vacuum Pumps Pumps Pumps
Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps

Diaphragm Liquid Ring Gas Ring Driving Jet

Vacuum Pumps Getter Pumps
Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps

Reciprocating Rotary Vane Turbo- Liquid Jet Bulk Getter

Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps Pumps

Multi Cell Axial- Gas Jet Sublimation

Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps Pumps

Centrifugal Radial- Ejector Ion Getter

Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps Pumps

Rotary Piston Molecular- Diffusion Evaporator Ion

Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps Pumps Pumps

Roots Turbomolecular Self Cleaning Sputtering Ion

Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps Diffusion Pumps Pumps

Fractionating Cryo Pumps

Diffusion Pumps

Diffusion
Condensers
Ejector Pumps
Generation of rough and medium vacuum
Index

........................................................................................................................Page
1 1 Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps
1.1 Design and Function.......................................................................... 4
1.2 Accessories ........................................................................................ 9
2 Roots Vacuum Pumps
2.1 Design and Function ...................................................................... 12
2.2 Design and Function of the Circulatory Gas Cooled
Roots Vacuum Pumps (WGK) ........................................................ 15
2.3 Special Equipment and Accessories .............................................. 17
3 Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
3.1 Design and Function ...................................................................... 20
3.2 Fresh Fluid Operations .................................................................... 20
3.3 Combined Fluid Operations............................................................ 21
3.4 Closed – Circuit Fluid Operations .................................................. 21
4 Condensers
4.1 Design and Function........................................................................ 22
4.2 Condenser Calculations .................................................................. 23
5 Heat Exchangers
5.1 Design and Function........................................................................ 24
5.2 Heat Exchanger Calculations .......................................................... 25
6 Backing Pump Selection ................................................................ 26
7 Calculations
7.1 Power Consumption of a Roots Vacuum Pump............................ 29
7.2 Volume Flow Rate of a Roots Vacuum Pumping Station ............ 30
7.2.1 Calculating the Volume Flow Rate of a
WOD 220 A Pumping Station ........................................................ 31
7.3 Volumetric Efficiency Rating .......................................................... 33
7.4 Conductance Calculations .............................................................. 33
7.5 Pump Down Times .......................................................................... 36
7.6 The Influence of Leaks on Pump Down Times
and End Vacuum (Leak Rate) .......................................................... 38
7.7 Drying Process ................................................................................ 39
7.8 Boyle-Mariotte Law ........................................................................ 40
7.9 Selecting a Vacuum Pumping Station .......................................... 40
8 Appendix
8.1 Graphical Symbols in Vacuum Technology .................................. 44
8.2 Definition of terms in Vacuum Technology .................................. 46
8.3 Operating medium .......................................................................... 50
8.4 Conversion Tables .......................................................................... 51
8.5 Data on Various Substances .......................................................... 52
8.6 Desorption Rates on Clean Surfaces.............................................. 54
8.7 Correction Factor a .......................................................................... 54
8.8 Technical Data, Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps................................ 55
8.9 Technical Data, Roots Vacuum Pumps WKP ................................ 58
8.10 Technical Data, Roots Vacuum Pumping Stations ........................ 60
9 Technical Formulas.......................................................................... 62

3
Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps

1 Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps

Single and two-stage rotary vane vacuum The decrease in chamber volume com-
pumps with volume flow rates from 2.5 m3/h presses the enclosed gases. The compres-
to 630 m3/h, with ultimate pressures of up to sion at approximately 200 mbar above
< 6 ·10-3 mbar are used for all vacuum pro- atmospheric pressure allows for the gas
cesses in the rough and medium vacuum pressure to be higher than the opening
range. They can run as stand alone units or pressure of the exhaust valve. Rotary vane
be utilized as a backing pump for vacuum vacuum pumps are available in single and
pumps which do not compress against two-stage models. Two-stage pumps have
atmosphere, such as Roots vacuum pumps a lower ultimate pressure than single-
or turbomolecular pumps. stage pumps. Rotary vane vacuum pumps
can be used without problem whenever
the medium to be pumped is a gas that
cannot condense at the operating tempe-
rature of the pump and at atmospheric
pressure. In the chemical industry, with its
numerous distillation and drying proces-
ses, vapors also have to be pumped,
which may condense completely or partly
in the pump during the compression
Fig.1: Function diagram of a rotary vane vacuum pump of single-
phase. Such condensation in the pump is
and two-stage design (Pfeiffer Vacuum GmbH).
always undesirable. It may speed up deg-
1 Pump cylinder, 2 Compression chamber, 3 Rotor, 4 Vane, radation of the operating medium or cor-
5 Gas ballast inlet, 6 Exhaust, 7 Valve, 8 Oil level, 9 Vacuum rosion inside the pump. In addition, a
connection, 10 Connecting passage deterioration of the attainable ultimate
pressure must be expected when the con-
1.1 Design and function densate and the operating medium get
The rotary vane vacuum pump is a typical mixed.
example of an oil-immersed positive dis- Vapors with a sufficiently high vapor pres-
placement pump. sure, which do not decompose the pump
The central component of a rotary vane oil, can be pumped with the rotary vane
vacuum pump is the pumping system. It vacuum pump. If, however, substances
consists of a cylinder with ports leading to are pumped which chemically attack and
the outside. These ports are used to take decompose the pump oil or have such a
in and exhaust the gases to be pumped. low vapor pressure that condensation in
Inside the cylinder, there is an eccentrical- the pump cannot be avoided despite gas
ly-arranged rotor. The vanes are fitted into ballast, another type of backing pump
slots on the rotor. The vanes, which glide should be chosen.
along the cylinder wall, divide the availa- Gas ballast
ble inner space into working chambers. Rotary vane pumps have to be equipped
During one full rotation of the rotor, the with a device which facilitates pumping of
chamber volume increases from zero to certain quantities of process gases in che-
the maximum volume and then decreases mical vacuum applications. The most fea-
continually until it reaches the minimum sible solution to this is the gas ballast
value. Actual pumping is effected by the principle. With the gas ballast method
increase and decrease in size of the sickle- devolved by G a e d e, a metered quantity
shaped chambers of the working space. of gas is admitted continuously into the

4
expansion chamber of the pump. Therefo- - Higher backpressure (on exhaust side):
re, the outlet valve is open before conden- the max. tolerable water vapor inlet
sation can occur. The inlet of gas, usually pressure drops.
atmospheric air, starts immediately after
- Higher permanent gas quantity with
the vanes fitted into the rotor shut off the
equal water vapor quantity: the max.
expansion chamber from the intake port.
tolerable water vapor inlet pressure
This reduces the negative effect which
rises.
may cause a deterioration of the ultimate
pressure. - Reduced gas ballast quantity:
the max. tolerable water vapor inlet
Maximum tolerable water vapor inlet
pressure drops.
pressure
(to DIN 28 426 or PNEUROP) - Increasing water vapor content in the
gas ballast: the max. tolerable water
“The maximum tolerable water vapor
vapor inlet pressure drops.
inlet pressure is the highest water vapor
pressure at which a vacuum pump, under
normal ambient conditions (20°C, Assuming a ratio of gas ballast volume to
1013 mbar), can pump and exhaust water volume flow rate of 10%, this results in the
vapor in continuous operation. It is given max. tolerable vapor inlet pressures given
in mbar.” in table 1 for different operating tempera-
tures. The opening pressure of the outlet
The maximum tolerable water vapor inlet
valve in this example is 1200 mbar. It can
pressure changes with:
be clearly seen that the max. tolerable
- Higher ambient temperature:
vapor inlet pressure depends on the ope-
the max tolerable water vapor inlet
rating temperature to a very high degree.
pressure rises.
High max. tolerable vapor inlet pressures
- Higher pump temperature: can only be reached with operating pres-
the max. tolerable water vapor inlet sures which are clearly above 70°C. The
pressure rises. upper limit temperatures are determined
by the oil temperature and seal materials
used.

5
Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps

The effects of the gas ballast on the maxi-

B (m3/h)
mum tolerable vapor inlet pressure can be
Gas ballast volume
shown by the fundamental principles of
thermodynamics. According to these, this S (m3/h)
pressure can be calculated as follows: The nominal volume flow

ps (mbar)
Saturation vapor pressure of the water vapor
B 1333 (ps-pa) pumped at the pump’s operating temperature
pWo= –––– · ––––––––––––– [mbar]
S 1333 – ps
pa (mbar)
Water vapor partial pressure of atmospheric air
Equation 1 (value in practical operation pa = 13 mbar)

pv (mbar)
Max. tolerable inlet pressures for other Pressure in exhaust port of the pump
vapors are defined in DIN 28 426.
pSD (mbar)
Saturation vapor pressure
Generally, the following equation is used
for calculation: pAD (mbar)
Partial pressure of vaporized substance in atmos-
pheric air
B pv (pSD – pAD) pSD – pL
pD = –––– · –––––––––––––– + –––––––– [mbar] pL (mbar)
S pv – pSD pv – pSD
Permanent gas partial pressure at intake port

Equation 2 pD (mbar)
Maximum tolerable vapor inlet pressure

qpv TB (°C)
S Operating temperature of the pump
Ratio of gas ballast inlet volume to volume flow
rate of backing pump TS (°C)
Boiling temperature of the substance pumped off
pwo (mbar) at the pressure in the exhaust port of the pump
Maximum tolerable water vapor inlet pressure
PNEUROP

Operating temperature (° C) qpv Max. tolerable water vapor Max. tolerable styrene vapor
S inlet pressure (mbar) inlet pressure (mbar)

50 0,1 10 3
60 0,1 18 5
70 0,1 34 7
80 0,1 63 12
90 0,1 134 18
Table 1

Medium to be pumped Temperature Condensation Result

Soluble in operating medium TB > TS no Oil dilution

TB < TS yes Oil dilution
Not soluble in operating medium TB > TS no –––––
TB < TS yes Forming an emulsion
Table 2 TB (°C) – Operating temperature of the pump
TS (°C) – Boiling temperature of the substance being
pumped at pressure pv at the outlet of the pump

6
Fig. 2 Section through a two-stage rotary vane vacuum pump
(Pfeiffer Vacuum GmbH).

1 Oil filling plug 15 Rotor

2 Cap 16 Working chamber
3 Pressure relief valve 17 Pump cylinder
4 Pump valve 18 Monitoring connection
5 Support stand 19 Motor
6 Gas ballast valve 20 Base plate
7 On/Off switch with motor protection switch 21 Coupling
8 High vacuum safety valve 22 D.C. generator
9 Vacuum connection 23 Radial shaft seal
10 Exhaust connection 24 Pumping stage II
11 Pump valve 25 Pumping stage I
12 Intake channel 26 Oil drain plug
13 Solenoid valve 27 Sight glass
14 Vane 28 Oil level

Drive
Depending on their size, the pumps are
equipped with single or three-phase
motors. The three-phase motors have PTC
resistor temperature sensors fitted into the
windings. To utilize these temperature sen-
sors, a tripping device is required. All
motors have the starting torque required
by PNEUROP for cold starting at 12°C.

7
Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps

Magnetic-coupled Silencer
rotary vane vacuum pumps The silencer provides a quiet running
The new drive concept - “the integrated pump. For this, small quantities of gas are
magnetic coupling“ - is the latest innovati- continuously admitted to the oil circuit.
on within the rotary vane pump market. The silencer has been designed so that
The separation of the rotor and motor only the pumped gas is fed into the oil cir-
shaft eliminates the problem of the radial cuit. This prevents any contamination of
shaft seal providing a hermeticalled sealed expensive or sensitive gases by atmosphe-
pump. The wear-free drive prevents leaks ric air. The silencing device is accessible
(no contamination from leaking oil), mini- from outside. If necessary, it can be read-
mizes maintenance and increases the justed while the pump is running.
MTTF (meantime to failure): providing low
cost of ownership. (Figure 3)

High-vacuum safety valve

During intentional and unintentional shut-
downs, an integrated high-vacuum safety
valve with a leak rate of <1 · 10-5 mbar I/s
immediately separates the pump from the
vacuum chambers and vents the pump.
The HV safety valve responds as soon as
the nominal rotation speed of the pump
falls below 10%. It prevents the rise of oil
to the vacuum chambers and vents the
pumping system with the pumped gas. It
delays opening so that a pressure com-
pensation is achieved between the pump
and vacuum chambers. Depending on the
pump type, the high-vacuum safety valve
is controlled by either the DC generater on
the solenoid valve or the oil pressure.

radial shaft seal

O-ring inner magnet

coupling
“vacuum“ “vacuum“

rotor shaft motor shaft ”environment“ rotor shaft motor shaft ”environment“

“vacuum“ “vacuum“

outer magnet
sleeve can

Fig. 3 Traditional drive concept New, wear free drive concept with magnetic coupling

8
 Fig. 4
Accessories ORF – Oil return device
FAK – Activated carbon filter STP – Dust separator
FBL – Clay filter STR – Dust separator
FAK
KAS – Condensate separator STZ – Dust separator
KLF – Cold trap URB – Catalyzer trap
KWK – Crystallization cooler ZFH – Heating rod
ONF – Oil mist filter ZFO – Zeolite trap
ZFH
ONF

ORF

BAFFLE
STP ZFO
FAK FBL FAK STR URB KWK
ONF KAS KAS KLF STZ
ORF

Outlet Inlet

UNO/
DUO OFC

1.2 Accessories Oil return device (ORF)

Separators The ORF, in combination with the oil mist
Condensate separator (KAS) filter, collects and returns oil back into the
Condensates may form in the intake and pump. It helps to reduce the operating
exhaust lines of vacuum systems when costs, especially when special oils are
vapors are pumped off. To protect the used.
pump from such condensates, it is recom-
Dust separator (STP, STR, STZ)
mended to install a condensate separator
A dust separator is required if the process
both in the intake line and in the exhaust
generates dust particles that can reach the
line.
pump.
Oil mist filter (ONF)
Crystallization cooler (KWK)
Oil mist filters are fitted to the exhaust
This cooler is used for special processes in
port of rotary vane vacuum pumps. They
semiconductor production, e.g. LPCVD.
prevent contamination of the air by oil
It can also be used to cool hot gases and
mists which, depending on the working
vapors to temperatures which are not
pressure, are exhausted by the pumps in
detrimental to the rotary vane vacuum
large or small quantities. The oil mist filter
pump.
consists of a cylindrical filter element of
porous ceramic material and an aluminum
housing, with oil container.

9
Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps

Adsorption trap Filters

Reduces backstreaming of oil. Protects the rotary vane vacuum pump
The ultimate pressure and residual gas and the operating medium.
compositions are strongly influenced by
The vapors produced by certain processes
hydrocarbons streaming back from rotary
can attack the operating media and
vane vacuum pumps. Therefore, traps are
decrease the life-time of the pump. The
installed on the backing pressure side of
filters available have high adsorption
high vacuum pumps to obtain a hydrocar-
capacity and ara well suited for such vapor
bon-free vacuum in the process chamber.
producing processes.
Zeolite (ZFO)
The zeolite trap prevents backstreaming of Activated carbon filter (FAK)
hydrocarbons from rotary vane vacuum This filter is used if H2S, HCN, Hg, NH3,
pumps to downstream high vacuum com- SO2 gases and solvent, acid and alkaline
ponents by adsorption. The adsorbent can vapors are present. The activated carbon
be regenerated by baking out at 300°C. filters are delivered with one filling. The
The regeneration intervals depend on the activated carbon filling can be exchanged.
process. The service life of the filter filling depends
on the process.
Catalyzer trap (URB)
The catalyzer trap prevents backstreaming Clay filter (FBL)
of hydrocarbons on single or two-stage The clay filter protects the rotary vane
rotary vane vacuum pumps by catalytic vacuum pump and the operating medium
combustion. The oxygen supplied to the by adsorbing organic vapors. The clay fil-
trap from periodic venting of the process ling can be exchanged. The service life of
chamber is sufficient for self cleaning of the filter filling depends on the process.
the trap. The regeneration intervals are This filter is used for peroxides, hydro-
therefore, independent of the process. peroxides and polycondensates in the
Water cooling is required if the trap is petrochemical, plastics and resin chemical
fitted directly to the intake port and if it industries.
is used with single-stage rotary vane
Oil Filters
vacuum pumps.
Chemical oil filter (OFC)
Cold trap (KLF) The chemical oil filter is installed within
The cold trap prevents backstreaming of the oil flow path of rotary vane vacuum
hydrocarbons from single or two-stage pumps. The oil filter prevents wear on the
rotary vane vacuum pumps by conden- pump and increases the life of the oil by
sation. The cold trap also provides effec- filtering out dust and particles and by
tive protection for the rotary vane vacuum absorbing corrosive substances from the
pump when aggressive media are pump oil.
pumped. It can be operated with different
coolants, e.g. LN2 or CO2. The regeneration
intervals and the coolant consumption
depend on the process.

10
Magnetic coupled
Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump

Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps DuoLine

11
Roots Vacuum Pumps

2 Roots Vacuum Pumps (WKP)

Roots Vacuum Pump Pumping occurs via two figure eight

In principle, the Roots vacuum pump shaped counter-rotating rotors synchroni-
represents the ideal, dry operating zed by means of a pair of gears which are
vacuum pump. Roots vacuum pumps, in fitted to the ends of the rotor shafts.
conjunction with backing pumps such as Pumping chambers are formed by the
rotary vane vacuum pumps and gas- housing while the two rotors seal against
cooled Roots vacuum pumps, are used each other without contact. The Roots
for all applications involving the rough vacuum pump can operate at high rotatio-
to medium vacuum range where large nal speeds (1500-3000 rpm) because no
volume flow rates are required. friction takes place in the puming cham-
ber. The lubrication is limited to the gear
Circulatory gas cooled
and bearing housings which are separated
Roots Vacuum Pumps
from the pumping chamber. The absence
Circulatory gas cooled Roots vacuum
of reciprocating parts allows perfect dyna-
pumps of the series WGK differ from the
mic balancing so that despite high rotatio-
non-cooled series WKP in that they can be
nal speeds the Roots vacuum pump runs
operated without backing pumps in the
very quietly.
pressure range 130 to 1013 mbar. Since no
backing pumps ara required, the pumped One of the outstanding features of the
medium is not contaminated by operating Roots vacuum pump is, relative to its size,
fluids and pollutants are ot released into the large volume flow rate.
the drainage system. When combined with
However, above certain differential pressu-
additional Roots vacuum pumps, a final
res between intake and discharge side,
pressure in the medium vacuum range is
thermal overloading can arise if an effec-
attainable.
tive compression ratio of 1:2 is exceeded.
2.1 Design and Function of This can lead to seizing and possible
Roots Vacuum Pumps destruction of the pump.
The Roots Vacuum Pump is a positive
Depending on the process involved, the
displacement pump developed for vacuum
dry compressing Roots vacuum pump can
operations. It has a high compression ratio
be combined with various backing pumps,
coupled with a large volume flow rate in
e.g. rotary vane vacuum pumps, liquid
the pressure range 50 mbar to 1 · 10-3 mbar.
ring vacuum pumps, dry backing pumps,
The pumps work on a 100 year old Roots
multi-stage Roots vacuum pumps or, for
principle whereby two synchronous rotors
special applications, an in-line series of cir-
turn, without contact, in a housing.
culatory gas cooled Roots vacuum pumps.

12
Fig. 5 Sectional representation of a Roots vacuum pump
(WKP 500 A, Pfeiffer Vacuum GmbH).
1 Motor 6 Gears 11 Sealing gas connection
2 Moveable bearing 7 Overflow valve 12 Discharge connection
3 Intake connection 8 Pumping chamber 13 Fixed bearing
4 Roots vacuum pump 9 Sight glass
5 Labyrinth seal 10 Oil return line

The drawing shows a longitudinal view of lubricated by immersing gears and splash
a Roots vacuum pump. The direction of rings into oil reservoires. Labyrinth sea-
delivery is vertical, from top to bottom, ling system, centrifugal rings and oil
so that any particles suspended in the return channels, fitted between bearing
suction stream can be carried out of the and pumping chamber, prevent the lubri-
pump. cating oil from entering into the pumping
chamber. In the standard design, the
The rotor shaft bearings are fitted on both
extension of the drive shaft to the outside
ends: On one end as a fixed bearing and
is sealed with oil lubricated radial shaft
on the other with a moveable inner ring to
seals. The radial shaft seals run on a
allow for the unequal expansion between
special bushing to protect the shaft.
the housing and rotors. The bearings are

13
Roots Vacuum Pumps

Overflow valve intake side. This arrangement enables the

The overflow valve is connected to the Roots vacuum pump to cut in at atmos-
intake and discharge lines of the pump via pheric pressure and protect both the pump
conduits. A gravity type plate valve which and its motor from thermal overloading.
is adjusted to the permissible pressure Another advantage is fast pump down
differential of the pump opens when the times. Since the Roots vacuum pump can
pressure differential is exceeded and start at atmosphere with the backing
allows, depending on the volume of gas, a pump, a larger volume flow rate is possi-
greater or lesser part of the sucked in gas ble versus just having the backing pump
to backstream from the discharge to the operate by itself.

104
S [m3/h]

➁ ➂
103

WKP 1000 A ➂
➁
➀ ➃
102

UNO 120A
101
10–3 10–2 10–1 100 101 102 103
p [mbar]

Fig. 6
1) Volume flow rate curve of the backing pump
2) Volume flow rate curve of the Roots vacuum pump (cutting in at 7 mbar)
3) Volume flow rate curve of the Roots vacuum pump with overflow valve
4) Gain in volume flow rate through 3

Vacuum Pumping Station WOD 900 A (Pfeiffer Vacuum GmbH)

comprising of a WKP 1000 A and UNO 120.

14
Fig. 7 Sectional representation of a circulatory gas cooled Roots vacuum pump
(WGK, Pfeiffer Vacuum GmbH).
1 Intake connection 6 Cooling gas inlet 11 Sealing gas connection
2 Moveable bearing 7 Rotor 12 Oil return line
3 Labyrinth seal 8 Pumping chamber 13 Fixed bearing
4 Gears 9 Gas cooler
5 Sight glass 10 Discharge connection

2.2 Design and Function circulation system. This means that this
of the Circulatory Gas Cooled version can be operated under conditions
Roots Vacuum Pumps where the conventional Roots vacuum
The circulatory gas cooled Roots vacuum pump can not be used. Due to their design
pump (WGK) has been designed for extre- the rotors are able to control the tronsport
me applications. There are no restrictions of the rocess gas and of the cooling gas.
where high differential pressures and The pump cannot overheat, even during
compression ratios are involved. During final pressure operations with closed
the compression and discharge phases, intake line.
the heat is dispersed by an efficient gas

15
Roots Vacuum Pumps

Cooling gas connection WKP and WGK drives

Cooling gas connections are located on Motor and pump shafts are connected
the sides of the pump. The design of the by an coupling. The motor side shaft
rotors prevent cooling gas from backstrea- feedthrough is fitted with radial shaft sears
ming to the intake side. Therefore, the having a replaceable protective bushing.
volume flow rate is not affected. The space between the sealing rings is
filled with sealing oil via an oiler. The
Heat exchanger and motors
sealing oil should be the pump operating
(for circulatory gas cooled
medium.
Roots vacuum pumps)
A heat exchanger and motor are required
to operate the gas cooled pump. The size
and type is determined by the application.

5 p1 5 p1 5 p1 5 p1 5 p1
3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7

p2 p2 p2 p2 p2

Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV Phase V

Fig. 8 Principle of the circulatory gas cooled Roots vacuum pumps (WGK, Pfeiffer Vacuum GmbH).

PHASE I PHASE IV
Space 3 is connected to intake port 5 and Space 3 is closed to both cold gas inlet 4
sucks in gas at a pressure of p1 when and discharge port 6.
rotors 1 and 2 turn.
PHASE V
PHASE II Space 3 is connected to discharge port 6
Space 3 is sealed off from both intake port and the sucked- in gas mixture from intake
5 and from cold gas inlet 4. port 5 and cold gas inlet 4 is expelled.
Behind cooler 7 some of the gas, represen-
PHASE III
ting the gas volume sucked in at intake
Cold gas streams into space 3 via the cold
port 5, streams into the next pump in
gas circulation until counter pressure p2 is
series (or is released).
attained.

16
2.3 Special Equipment and Accessories

Fig. 9 Section through a Roots Vacuum Pump.

(WKP 500 A, Pfeiffer Vacuum GmbH).

1 Gear wheels 6 Connection for gear 10 Coupling

2 Splash disc chamber evacuation 11 Roller bearing
3 O-ring seal 7 Oiler 12 Measuring connection
4 Rotors 8 Radial shaft seals 13 Self-aligning ball bearing
5 Overflow valve 9 Motor 14 Sealing gas connection

17
Roots Vacuum Pumps

Measuring connections Surface protection

The measuring connections on the intake Corrosive gases are present in certain
and discharge side of the pump can be uti- applications. Pump parts which come into
lized to monitor temperature and pressure. contact with such media can be provided
The locking screws can be replaced with with a special surface protection.
ISO-KF screw-on small flanges to enable
The following surface treatments are
transducers to be connected.
possible depending on the media:
Sealing gas connection
-Nickel plating-
When pumping solvents and reactive
A nickel layer is applied to all internal
gases that life-time of the the lubricant can
parts that come in contact with the gases.
decrease due to condensation. Reactive
gases and vapors can also attack parts of -Phosphatization-
the gear chamber. To prevent this, sealing For short term surface protection, e.g.
gas can be introduced into the radial shaft during storage or transport the working
feedthrough area between the working chamber of the pump is phosphatized,
and gear chambers. An inert gas is used vented with nitrogen and sealed vacuum
as the sealing gas, such as nitrogen (N2). tight.

Gear chamber evacuation Seals

For rapid evacuation utilizing large Roots Roots vacuum pumps are fitted with
Pumping Stations, it is recommended to Viton O-rings as standard. For special
pre-evacuate, via an oil separator, the gear applications pumps can be fitted with
chamber of a Roots vacuum pump with a O-rings and sealing materials tailored to
separate vacuum pump. the application.

Canned motor for example

The rotor of the motor operates in vacu- – VITON/ PTFE-coated
um, with the canned motor design. A thin – EPDM
walled, non-magnetic pipe between the – KALREZ
rotor and the stator of the motor forms the
seal against atmosphere. The advantage
of the canned motor is no wear and tear
on the radial shaft feedthrough (e.g. radial
shaft seals). It is only recommended for
clean operations because its protection
class is no higher than IP 22 and cannot be
designed “explosion proof”.

18
Roots Vacuum Pump WKP 500 A

PackageLine
Roots Vacuum Pumping Station

19
Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps

3 Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps

In principle, this pump is a combination of ting fluid of the pump can be matched to
an “isotherm” compressing vacuum pump the medium being pumped. The combina-
and a contact condenser. Compression tion of Roots vacuum pump, gas jet and
generated heat is largely carried away by liquid ring vacuum pump attains a final
the operating fluid. Corrosive gases and pressure of approx. 0.2 mbar. If lower
vapors which condense in liquid ring pressures are required, an additional
pumps can be pumped without any pro- Roots vacuum pump will be necessary.
blem when utilizing materials such as The running wheel is seated eccentrically
stainless steel. in the housing. When the running wheel
turns, the operating fluid in the housing
forms a circulating liquid ring which rises
up from the hub of the wheel. The pum-
ped gas enters the resulting vacuum
through the intake aperture. After almost
one whole revolution, the liquid ring
approaches the wheel hub and pushes the
pumping gas out through the pressure
aperture.

1 3.2 Fresh Fluid Operations

2 In this type of operation, fresh operating
6 fluid is constantly being supplied to gene-
3
rate the liquid ring. The temperature of the
4 liquid ring and the operating fluid being
5 supplied is the same.

Ideally, operating fluids used in fresh fluid

operations should not harm the environ-
ment.
Fig. 10 Section of a single stage liquid ring vacuum pump
(Siemens)
3.1 Design and Function
1 Rotor Compared to rotary vane vacuum pumps,
2 Rotor shaft the liquid ring vacuum pump has the dis-
3 Housing advantage of a relatively poor final pressu-
4 Intake channel re. This is determined by the vapor pressu-
5 Liquid ring re of the operating fluid which is usually
6 Flexible outlet water. At an operational water tempera-
channel ture of 15°C, the liquid ring vacuum pump
attains a final pressure of approx. 20 mbar.
A liquid ring vacuum pump, operating
cavitation free as a result of the introduc-
tion of air will attain approx. 25-30 mbar.
The great advantage of the liquid ring
vacuum pump is the fact that the opera-

20
3.3 Combined Fluid Operations 2
In this type of operation, the “new” opera-
ting fluid in the liquid ring vacuum pump
is continuously being mixed with the ope-
1 3 4
rating fluid discharged from the separator.
The residual fluid from the separator is
disposed of.
5
1 “Fresh“ operating fluid
2 Gas “ON“
3 Liquid ring
TA – TB vacuum pump
KB = FB –––––––––– 4 Gas “OFF“
TA – TF 6 5 Separator
Fig. 11 Fresh fluid operations 6 „Used“ operating fluid
Equation 3

KB (m3/h)
Fresh fluid requirements in combined
3
operations
4
FB (m3/h)
Operating fluid flow
1 Mixed operating fluid
TA (°C) 1 5 2 Gas “ON“
Temperature of the returned “circulating” 3 Liquid ring
operating fluid = discharge temperature at pump vacuum pump
outlet port 4 Gas “OFF“
6
5 Separator
TB (°C) 7
6 Condensate discharge
Temperature of the operating fluid
7 “Used“ operating fluid
TF (°C) 8 8 “Fresh“ operating
Temperature of the fresh fluid Fig. 12 Combined fluid operations fluid

2
3.4 Closed – Circuit Fluid Operations
In this type of operation, used operating
fluid, in a closed circuit, is cooled contin- 3 4
uously via a heat exchanger. From time to 1 Operating fluid
time, operating fluid lost to evaporation 2 Gas “ON“
must be replaced. 5 3 Liquid ring
1 vacuum pump
Closed – circuit fluid type of operation is 4 Gas “OFF“
5 Separator
used especially where the pumping of 7
6 Condensate
hazardous or environmentally damaging 6
discharge
gases is involved. 7 Heat exchanger
8 Cooling Water
“OFF“
8 9 Cooling Water
10 “ON“
10 Operating fluid
Fig. 13 Closed-circuit fluid operations supplement

21
Condensers

4 Condensers

4.1 Design and Function S (m3/h)

Volume flow rate of a vacuum pumping station
In many vacuum processes, e.g. drying
and distillation, vapors are generated in
such volumes that the water vapor capaci-
R
( mbar · m3
)
––––––––––
kmol · K
Universal gas constant R = 83.14
ty of the rotary vane vacuum pump is
TGas (K)
exceeded. In these cases, a condenser can Gas inlet temperature
provide effective protection for the pump.
p (mbar)
In addition the volume flow rate of the Pressure
condenser is very high for vapors so pum- ·
Q (kg/kmol)
ping/drying times are considerably redu- Material component throughput per hour
ced. Vapor released during the process
M (kg/mol)
condenses on the cooling coils used to Molar mass
conduct the cooling medium. The resul-
A (m2)
ting liquid condensate in the condensate Cooling surface
chamber is then routed to the condensate
collection reservoir via piping.
·
Qw
()
kJ
–––
h
Condensation heat/volume per hour

k
( ) kJ
––––––––––
h · m2 · K
Heat exchange coefficient
Tm (K)
Mean temperature difference
·
QH2O
()
kg
––
h
–

Water vapor volume to be condensed per hour

qH2O
()kJ
–––
kg
Vaporizing heat
TW in (K)
Cooling water inlet temperature

1 Collecting vessel TW out (K)

Cooling water outlet temperature
2 Condensation
∆Thigh (K)
chamber
Highest temperature difference
3 Cooling coil
∆Tsmall (K)
4 Shut off valve Smallest temperature difference
5 Ventilation
TS (K)
6 Sight glass Fig. 14 Condensator Boiling point at condensation pressure
7 Outlet valve (KS, Pfeiffer Vacuum GmbH) (in example 1, page 23, TS = TS H2O)

22
4.2 Condenser Calculations Water/vapor volume to be condensed
·
QH2O = 100 kg/h
Example 1: Inert gas part (air) in water vapor
a) Calculating the required volume flow ·
QL = 10 kg/h
rate of a pumping station:
Gas inlet temperature

 
TGas Q1 Q2 Q TGAS = 40 °C
S = R · –––– · –– + ––– + ··· –––n [m3/h]
p M1 M2 Mn Cooling water temperature
TW in = 25 °C
Equation 4
Cooling water temperature

100 
313 100 10
S = 83.14 · –––– · –––– + –––
18 29  [m3/h]
TW out = 35 °C

Working pressure
S = 1535 m3/h pA = 100 mbar
Note!
b) Calculating the cooling surface of a Molar mass of water
If TS is smaller than
condenser: M1 = 18 kg/kmol
TW in or TW out
Molar mass of air no condensation
QW
A = ––––– [m2] M2 = 29 kg/kmol is possible.
k·T m

Equation 5

kJ
QW = QH2O · qH2O ––
h 
Equation 6

∆Thigh + ∆Tsmall
Tm = ––––––––––––––– [k]
2

Equation 7
∆Thigh = Ts – TK in

∆Tsmall = Ts – TK out

W kJ
k ~ 1000 –––– ≠ 3600 ––––––––
m2 K h · m2 K
∆Thigh = 318 – 298 = 20 K
Fig. 15 Layout of a Roots vacuum pumping station
∆Tsmall = 318 – 308 = 10 K
(Pfeiffer Vacuum GmbH).
20 + 10
Tm = ––––––– = 15 K
2 1 Pre-condenser 7 Roots vacuum 11 High vacuum
2 Condensate pump safety valve
QW = 100 · 2257 = 225700 kJ/h
2 collecting vessel 8 Overflow valve 12 Oil mist filter
225700 3 Venting valve 9 Intermediate 13 Drain screw
A = ––––––––– ~ 4.5 m2
3600 · 15 4 Float switch condenser
is the required cooling surface of the 5 Drain valve 10 Rotary vane
condenser 6 Shut off valve vacuum pump

23
Heat Exchangers

5 Heat Exchangers

5.1 Design and Function Types of heat exchangers:

A heat exchanger is a container in which a ● Tubular:
thin partition separates two media exchan- for all applications
ging heat without mixing. One medium
(Guide-line)
flows through the space between tube and
3 kW motor power of the pump for 1m2
tube cladding and the other medium flows
heat exchange surface of the cooler.
through the tube itself. The flow through
the cladded space is obstructed by diversi- ● Finned:
on plates setup according to the applicati- only for clean gases
on in order to maximize the degree of
(Guide-line)
cross flow to the tubes. The flow through
1 kW motor power of the pump for
the tubes is single or multi type depending
1m2 heat exchange surface of the cooler.
on function, velocity and pressure loss.
Selection of material
Heat exchangers can be used in multistage
The inner tubes of a tubular heat exchan-
Roots vacuum pumping stations for inter-
ger have the most important function.
mediate cooling and also in gas cooled
First, they form the heat exchange surface.
Roots vacuum pumps. In gas circulatory
Second, the walls of the tubes act to sepa-
cooled Roots vacuum pumps the heat
rate the two media.
exchanger is fitted directly to the gas
discharge port, whereby a part of the coo- The selection of material for the inner
led gas is routed back into the pump as tubes requires careful consideration
cooling gas. The use of the heat exchan- because if the wall should break, the two
gers is based on the compression of the media will mix and the heat exchanger will
pumped gases (from p1 to p2) and the break down.
resultant increase in temperature (from T1 A (m2)
to T2). With the help of this equipment, Exchange surface
pumps and pumping stations are protec-
ted against thermal overloading which
Q ––kJh–
could otherwise lead to breakdowns. Amount of heat to be exchanged per hour

P (kW)
Calculated required motor power

Tm (K)
Mean temperature difference between gas and
cooling medium

TG in (K)
Gas inlet temperature

TW out (K)
Gas outlet temperature

TW in (K)
Cooling water inlet temperature

TW out (K)
Cooling water outlet temperature

24
5.2 Heat Exchanger Calculations
The motor power for a particular working 1 W = 1 J/s
range of a circulatory gas cooled Roots 1 kW = 3600 kJ/h
vacuum pump (WGK) has been calculated
to be P = 15 kW.

Because the calculated motor power is the (TG in – TW out) – (TG out – TW in)
∆ Tm = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––– [K]
basis for establishing the amount of heat TG in – TW out
which has to be conducted away from the (
In ––––––––––––
TG out – TW in)
circulatory gas cooled Roots vacuum
pump, such heat must be dispersed by the Equation 8
heat exchanger to prevent overheating.

·
Q = 15 · 3600 = 54.000 kJ/h
Example 2 (393 – 313) – (323 – 303)
∆Tm = ––––––––––––––––––––––– ~ 43 K
Motor power 393 – 313
P = 15 kW (
In ––––––––––
323 – 303 )
Gas inlet temperature for finned coolers where k ~ 50:
TG in = 120 °C = 393 K
54.000
Gas outlet temperature AL = ––––––– ~ 25 m2 exchange surface
50 · 43
TG out = 50 °C = 323 K for tubular coolers where k ~ 180:
(assumed)
Cooling water inlet temperature 54.000
AR = –––––––– ~ 7 m2 exchange surface
TW in = 30 °C = 303 K 180 · 43
Cooling water inlet temperature
TW out = 40 °C = 313 K
(assumed)

k ~ 50 for finned coolers

k ~ 180 for tubular coolers
k-values for the pressure range from
atmosphere to approx. 50 mbar.

·
Q
A = –––––– [m2]
k · Tm

·
Q = P · 3600 [kJ/h]

25
Backing Pump Selection

6 Backing Pump Selection

Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps Liquid ring vacuum pumps with gas jet
The rotary vane vacuum pump represents The combination of Roots vacuum pump,
the ideal backing pump for Roots vacuum gas jet and liquid ring vacuum pump
pumping stations. It has consistant pum- attains a final pressure of approx. 0.2
ping speed over a wide pressure range. mbar. If lower pressures are required, an
The single stage rotary vane vacuum additional Roots vacuum pump will be
pump can compress from approximately necessary.
0.5 mbar to 1000 mbar even with an open
When pumping environmentally hazar-
gas ballast valve. This means that with this
dous substances, liquid ring vacuum
backing pump, a Roots vacuum pumping
pumps must not be operated with fresh
station can attain a final pressure of 10-2
water. A closed circuit must be provided in
mbar and lower with open gas ballast
which an appropriate operating fluid is
valve.
used to remove the heat of compression
Water vapor, various solvents and other via a heat exchanger.
vapors e.g. alcohols, paraffin and many
Circulatory gas cooled Roots vacuum
others can be pumped by the rotary vane
pumps
vacuum pump providing they have a suffi-
The circulatory gas cooled version of the
ciently high vapor pressure and do not
Roots vacuum pump is another type of
chemically decompose the pump oil.
backing pump used for situations where
Liquid ring vacuum pumps high pressure differentials are involved.
Situations arise where substances have to Because the Roots is a completely dry
be pumped which attack and decompose operating vacuum pump, it can be recom-
the backing pump oil or which have such a mended for those situations where liquid
low vapor pressure that condensation in compressing working chamber pumps are
the pump is unavoidable. In such cases, excluded. Specific applications include:
the liquid ring vacuum pump represents a
- Pumping off and compressing helium
viable alternative as a backing pump.
on cryostats
Compared to rotary vane vacuum pumps,
- Pumping off and compressing SF6
the liquid ring vacuum pump has the dis-
advantage of a relatively poor final pres- - Clean reclamation of diverse gases in
sure. At an operational temperature of technological processes, e.g. distilla-
15°C, the liquid ring vacuum pump attains tion, pumping off of molecular sieves
a final pressure of approx. 20 mbar. etc.
A liquid ring vacuum pump, operating
- Pumping toxic substances in closed
cavitation free as result of the introduction
systems
of air will attain 25-30 mbar at best. A
combination of Roots vacuum pump and - Pumping down very large vessels
liquid ring vacuum pump will attain a final
pressure of approx. 1 mbar.

26
Roots vacuum pumping stations with cir- Stage V IV III II I
culatory gas cooled Roots vacuum pumps Final pressure < 10-3 mbar 2·10-2 mbar 1 mbar 20-30 mbar 100-200 mbar
present very different pumping characteri- Working- ➞ ➞ ➞ ➞ ➞
1000 mbar
stics. In extreme cases, an almost constant pressure 5·10-3 mbar 5·10-2 mbar 2 mbar 30-50 mbar 300 mbar
volume flow rate is attainable over the
whole pressure range from 1 bar to 10-3
mbar. Naturally, the Roots vacuum pumps
must be provided with correct motors and
with outlet valves to atmosphere instead
WKP WKP WGK WGK WGK
of overflow valves. (WKP)
Figure 16 shows the number of stages
required for a particular working pressure. Fig. 16 Relationship between attainable
The values are valid for air and most gases final pressure/working pressure and
and vapors. Additional stages are neces- number of stages when evacuating with
sary if the pumping of helium and hydro- Roots vacuum pumps (for air).
gen is involved.

Such a pumping station configuration pri-

S [m3/h]

105
marily evacuates large volumes. Figure 17
shows the volume flow rate of such a
pumping station. 4
104

3
2
103

102
10-1 100 101 102 103
p [mbar]

Fig. 17 Volume flow rate curve of a four

stage Roots vacuum pumping station

1 WGK 1500
2 WGK 4000 – WGK 1500
3 WGK 8000 – WGK 4000 – WGK 1500
4 WGK 18000 – WGK 8000 – WGK 4000 –
WGK 1500

27
Backing Pump Selection

Maximum compression ratio The diagram shows that when compres-

Pumped off gases and vapors stream back sing against atmosphere, the Roots vacu-
through the gap between rotors and pump um pump has a low compression rate. It
housing in the direction of the intake side. then increases steadily until at a back pres-
This backstreaming reduces the effective sure of approx. 2 mbar the maximum
volume flow rate of the Roots vacuum value of 50 to 70 is reached. The drop
pump and becomes more difficult the hig- which then follows is based on the clea-
her the back pressure and the greater the rance between rotors and housing owning
difference between intake and back pres- to the effect of backstreaming in the
sure. The maximum compression ratio Km molecular flow range. There are limits of
is attained if all the pumped gas has back- compression with Roots vacuum pumps in
streamed so that the volume flow rate is certain pressure ranges. Because of this a
zero. The Km value reflects the level of effi- backing pump is required.
ciency of the Roots vacuum pump and is
required for the effective volume flow rate
calculation. In practice, the Km value is
measured at the blank flanged intake port
for the required back pressure. Fig. 18
shows the compression ratio dependent
on the backing pressure of the WKP series.

102
Km

WKP 1000 A/AD, WKP 4000 A/AD, WKP 6000 A/AD

WKP 250 A, WKP 500A WKP 2000 A/AD

30 WKP 8000, WLP 12000
WKP 18000, WKP 25000

101

10-2 10-1 100 101 102

p [mbar]

Fig. 18 Maxium compression ratio Km1) for 1)

This Km–value is valid for pumps which
Roots vacuum pumps (WKP) when operate at nominal rotational speed.
pumping air2). 2)
For helium, the value should be
multiplied by a factor of 0.66.

28
Calculations

7 Calculations

102
Km

WGK 4000, WGK 8000

WGK 1500

101

WGK 500

100 101 102 103

p [mbar]
Fig. 19 Maximum compression ratio Km1) for circulatory gas cooled Roots vacuum
pumps (WKP) when pumping air2).
1)
This Km–value is valid for pumps which operate with low nominal rotational speed.
2)
For helium, the value should be multiplied by a factor of 0.66.

7.1 Power Consumption of a The mechanical loss is small and depen-

Roots Vacuum Pump ding on the type of drive ranges between
The Roots vacuum pump is a pure positive 5% and 15%. The use of relays for hard
displacement pump without internal starting are recommended in the switch
pre-compression. For this reason, the box. The power requirements after
pressure differential between intake and running up in the medium vacuum range
discharge sides and the theoretic working are low.
volume are all proportional.
Example 3
A WKP 8000 Roots vacuum pump should
compress gas from 0.5 mbar to 5 mbar.
Sth · ∆p
P = –––––––––––– [kW] (Sth = 8000 m3/h).
3600 ·  mech
The drive power P is requred in kW.

Theoretic Roots vacuum pump volume

Equation 9
flow rate Sth = 8000 m3/h
Sth (m3/h)
Theoretical volume flow rate of Roots vacuum Pressure differential between intake and
pumps
pressure ports ∆ p = 4.5 mbar
∆p (mbar)
Pressure differential between intake and discharge
ports
Pump efficiency rate ηmech = 0.85

ηmech
Mechanical efficiency rate of the pump
Solution:
(η ~ 0.85 for Roots vacuum pumps)
8000 · 4.5
P (kW) P = –––––––––––– = 1.18 kW drive power
Power requirements/motor power 36000 · 0.85

29
Calculations

7.2 Volume Flow Rate of a Roots Vacuum pv (mbar)

Fore-vacuum (back pressure)
Pumping Station
The volume flow rate of a Roots vacuum p (mbar)
pump is dependent on back pressure in Intake pressure of the Roots vacuum pump

the whole suction range and is therefore ∆p (mbar)

influenced by the volume flow rate of the Set pressure differential at the overflow valve of
the Roots vacuum pump
backing pump.
Km
When a Roots vacuum pump is combined Maximum compression ratio of the Roots vacuum
with various backing pumps, different pump at pv
volume flow rate curves are obtained over a
the whole pressure range for the same Correction factor a (see page 54 Figure 26)
Roots vacuum pump. This means that the ηvol
effective volume flow rate of a Roots vacu- Volumetric efficiency rating
um pump can only be stated in relation to
If it is required to compress from a specific
a specific backing pump. For this reason
intake pressure against a constant back
the identification size of a Roots vacuum
pressure (e.g. condensation pressure in a
pump is stated in terms of the theoretical
condenser), an approximation of the volu-
volume flow rate (also known as the nomi-
me flow is calculated as follows:
nal volume flow rate).

With respect to a defined backing pump,

on approximation of the volume flow is
calculated as follows:

Km
S = Sth · ––––––––––––––– [m3/h] p a
Sth Sv 1.5
( )
Km +––– – ––– ( p Km )
S = Sth · 1 – –––v · ––– [m3/h]
Sv Sth

Equation 10 Equation 12
and the assigned intake pressure to:
PV
––– = < 2.5 → a = 1
p
Sv · p v
p = –––––– [mbar]
S

PV pv3 – p3
––– = < 2.5 → a =–––––––––– [mbar]
Equation 11 p 0.963 · pv3
S (m3/h)
Volume flow rate of the Roots vacuum pump at the
intake port Equation 13
3
Sth (m /h)
Theoretical volume flow rate of the Roots vacuum
pump The volume flow rate can only be calcula-
Sv (m3/h) ted according to equations 10 or 12 provi-
Volume flow rate of the backing pump at a ding the overflow valve of the Roots vacu-
pressure of pv
um pump is closed. That is, pv-p is smaller
than the pressure differential set at the

30
overflow valve. In the response range of Km-value according to Fig. 18
the overflow valve, the volume flow rate for pv = 20 mbar → Km = 34
can be calculated according to:
pv · a
(
S = Sth · 1 – ––––––
p · Km )
[m3/h]

Sv · (p + ∆p) p
S = –––––––––––– [m3/h] For –––v = 4 derived from equation 12
p p

→a=1
Equation 14
20 · 1
In this equation, ∆ p denotes the set pres-
( )
S = 4000 · 1 – –––––– = 3529 m3/h
5 · 34
sure differential at the Roots vacuum at 5 mbar.
pump overflow valve. In case of doubt, the
calculation must be worked via the Km 7.2.1 Calculating the Volume Flow Rate of
value (equation 10 or 12) and the overflow a WOD 220 A Pumping Station
valve (equation 14) where the lower of the
values produced is the right one. The WOD 220 A comprises a single stage
rotary vane vacuum pump UNO 30 A and
a Roots vacuum pump WKP 250 A.

Example 5
(please also refer to Figure 20)
Example 4 Calculation of the pressure range of
A Roots vacuum pump WKP 4000 a closed overflow valve on the Roots
(Sth= 4000 m3/h) should compress from vacuum pump (as per equations 10
5 mbar to 20 mbar. and 11).
Required is the volume flow rate.

104
Volume flow rate [m3/h]

103

S3/p3 S2/p2 S∆6

S4/p4
S5/p5 S1/p1
S6/p6
102 S∆5 S∆4
S∆3
S∆2
S∆1
S7/p7
Sv3/pv3 Sv2/pv2 Sv1/pv1
Sv4/pv4
101 Sv5/pv5
Sv6/pv6
S8/p8

100 (Sv8/pv8) Sv7/pv7

10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
Intake pressure p [mbar]
Fig. 20: Volume flow rate curve for example 5

31
Calculations

Sv1 = 34 m3/h 30
S6 = 270 ––––––––––––––––––––1.5= 96 m3/h
pv1 = 100 mbar 270 12
(
30 + –––––– – ––––
5 270 )
(volume flow rate Sv1 at a backing pump
pressure of Pv1) 5 · 0.02
p6 = ––––––––– = 0.001 mbar
12 96
S1 = 270 –––––––––––––––––––– = 163 m3/h = 1 · 10-3 mbar
270 34
34 (
12 + –––––– – ––––
270 ) Sv7 = 1.0 m3/h
pv7 = 0.012 mbar
34 · 100
p1 = ––––––––– = 21 mbar
163 30
S7 = 270 ––––––––––––––––––––1.5= 27 m3/h
270 1.0
Sv2 = 34 m3/h 1.0 (
30 + –––––– – ––––
270 )
pv2 = 10 mbar 1.0 · 0.012
p7 = ––––––––––– = 0.00044 mbar
33 27
S2 = 270 ––––––––––––––––––––1.5= 218 m3/h = 4.4 · 10-4 mbar
270 34
34 (
33 + –––––– – ––––
270 ) Sv8 = 0.1 m3/h
pv8 = 0.01 mbar
34 · 10
p2 = ––––––––– = 1.5 mbar
218 30
S8 = 270 ––––––––––––––––––––1.5= 3 m3/h
270 0.1
Sv3 = 30 m3/h 0.1 (
30 + –––––– – ––––
270 )
pv3 = 0.75 mbar
0.1 · 0.01
47 p8 = ––––––––– = 0.00033 mbar
S3 = 270 ––––––––––––––––––––1.5= 277 m3/h 3
270 30 = 3.3 · 10-4 mbar
(
47 + –––––– – ––––
30 270 )
Calculation for the (pressure) range of an
30 · 0.75
p3 = ––––––––– = 0.1 mbar open overflow valve on the Roots vacuum
227 = 1.0 x 10-1 mbar pump (as per equation 14).
Sv4 = 20 m3/h
34 (1000 + 53)
pv4 = 0.1 mbar S∆1 = ––––––––––––––– = 36 m3/h
1000
38 at 1000 mbar
S4 = 270 ––––––––––––––––––––1.5= 199 m3/h
270 20
(
38 + –––––– – ––––
20 270 ) 34 (300 + 53)
S∆2 = ––––––––––––––– = 40 m3/h
300
20 · 0.1 at 300 mbar
p4 = ––––––––– = 0.01 mbar
199
= 1.0 · 10-2 mbar 34 (100 + 53)
S∆3 = ––––––––––––––– = 52 m3/h
100
Sv5 = 12 m3/h at 100 mbar
pv5 = 0.04 mbar
34 (30 + 53)
30 S∆4 = ––––––––––––– = 94 m3/h
S5 = 270 ––––––––––––––––––––1.5= 154 m3/h 30
270 12
(
30 + –––––– – ––––
12 270 ) at 30 mbar

34 (20 + 53)
12 · 0.04 S∆5 = ––––––––––––– = 124 m3/h
p5 = ––––––––– = 0.0031 mbar 20
154 at 20 mbar
= 3.1 · 10-3 mbar
Sv6 = 5 m3/h 34 (7 + 53)
S∆6 = ––––––––––––– = 291 m3/h
pv6 = 0.02 mbar 7
at 7 mbar

32
7.3 Volumetric Efficiency Rating 7.4 Conductance Calculations
The volumetric efficiency rating ηvol is The volume flow rate of a vacuum pum-
often used when calculating the volume ping station is reduced by piping and com-
flow rate: ponents such as valves and bellows fitted
upstream of the recipient. The longer the
piping and the smaller the diameter the
S greater the losses.
ηvol = –––––
Sth
The conductance value L is used to deter-
mine the extent of line losses. The value is
dependent not only on the length and dia-
Equation 15
meter of the piping, but also on the type of
flow and the nature of the substance2) 2)
Please note:
being pumped. In vacuum technology, it is data on substances
Km
ηvol = –––––––––––––––– y laminar and molecular flow which are can be found in
 
Sth Sv . 1.5
Km + ––– – ––– mainly involved. In the laminar flow range Appendix Section
Sv Sth
the conductance value is pressure depen- 8.5, page 52
dent; in the molecular flow range, conduc-
Equation 16 tance value is pressure independent.

Conductance for round pipes is calculated

pv · a
ηvol = 1– ––––––– universally for all pressure ranges in vacu-
p · Km
um technology and for all types of gas:
The volume flow rate of a Roots vacuum L (m3/h)
pump is directly influenced by the volume Conductance value
flow rate of the backing pump. A whole S (m3/h)
range of options is available. Volume flow rate at the beginning of the pipe
(pump)
When performing Roots vacuum pump
Seff (m3/h)
calculations it has to be remembered that Volume flow rate at the end of pipe (recipient)
the volumetric efficiency rating falls rapid-
p (mbar)
ly with increasing intake pressure. If a Pressure at the beginning of the pipe
volumetric efficiency rating of 0.85 is attai-
peff (mbar)
ned at a theoretical graduation of 10:1 to Pressure at the end of the pipe
10-1 mbar, at 4 mbar the rating has reduced pm (mbar)
to 0.7. This means that the pump is no p + peff
Mean pressure = –––––––
longer effective in non-stop operations 2

whereas in critical cases, at 10-1 a theo- r (cm)

retical graduation of 20:1 is still viable. Pipe radius

Between 10 and 100 mbar a graduation l (cm)

between 5:1 and 2:1 is possible. Pipe length

T (K)
Gas temperature
kg
M ––––––
k mol
Gas molar mass
η (Pa · s)
Gas viscosity

33
Calculations

For sequential arrangement of individual

—–––––

√ M––T )
3.6 · r3 r · pm conductance values, the following is valid:
L = ––––– · (0.039 –––––– + 30
l η
[m3/h] 1
L = ––––––––––– [m3/h]
1 1 1
–– + –– + ––
Equation 17 L1 L2 L3

or for air at 20 °C:

Equation 21
For parallel arrangement of individual con-
3.6 · r3
ductance values, the following is valid:
L = –––––– (2150 · r · pm + 95) [m3/h]
l

L = L1 + L2 + L3...[m3/h]
Equation 18

Laminar flow range

Equation 22
In the laminar flow range (Figure 21)
the second term in parentheses can be Effective volume flow rate
omitted, yielding a simplified formula
for air: Effective pressure

The effective volume flow rate Seff at the

end of the pipe is calculated from the con-
r4 · pm ductance value L and the volume flow rate
L = 7750 ––––––– [m3/h]
l at the beginning of the pipe as

Equation 19
1 L·S
Air, laminary, at 20°C Seff = –––––– = ––––– [m3/h]
1 1 L+S
–– + ––
L S
Molecular flow range
Equation 23
In the molecular flow (Figure 21) the
second term in parentheses can be and
omitted, yielding a simplified formula
for air:
S·p
peff = ––––– [mbar]
Seff
r3
L = 340 ––– [m3/h]
l
Equation 24

Equation 20
Air, molecular, at 20°C

34
100
d [ cm ]

laminar

transition range
10 Fig. 21
Representation
of pressure/pipe
diameter
dependent flow
molecular range
1
10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
p [ mbar ]
Example 6 Total conductance value:
A pumping station connected to a non
3.6 · 103
stop operating drier will attain a pressure L = –––––––– · (2150 · 10 · 0.17 + 95)
1265
of 0.15 mbar due to the gas volume at the
L = 10670 m3/h
pumping port. The volume flow rate is
3500m3/h. The piping has a diameter of 3500 · 10670
Seff = ––––––––––––– = 2635 m3/h
200 mm and is 10 m long with three 90° 3500 + 10670
bends and includes an angle valve.

The effective volume flow rate and the 3500 · 0.15

peff = ––––––––––––– = 0.199 ~ 0.2 mbar
pressure at the drier are required. 2635

The equivalent pipe length as per table 3: 0.2 · 0.15

For one pipe bend DN 200  0.6 m and pm = ––––––––––––– = 0.175 mbar
2
for an angle valve DN 200  0.85 m.
The actual mean pressure is 0.175 which
Total length to be used =
hardly affects the final result, as can be
10 + 3 · 0.6 + 0.85 = 12.65 m
seen.
Because the mean pressure is derived 3.6 · 103
L = –––––––– · (2150 · 10 · 0.175 + 95)
from the result, it must first be estimated 1265
and a value of 0.17 is taken. L = 10978 m3/h

3500 · 10978
Seff = ––––––––––––– = 2655 m3/h
3500 + 10978

3500 · 0.15
peff = ––––––––––––– = 0.198 ~ 0.2 mbar
2655

Nominal width (mm) 10 25 40 63 100 160 200 250 350 500 1000
Table 3
Y valve
0.12 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.6 1.10 1.35 – – – – Equivalent pipe
lengths in m for
Angle valve 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.60 0.85 1.0 1.2 1.6 2.9
various vacuum
Elbow 90°, D = 3d 0.03 0.07 0.12 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.75 1.0 1.4 2.8
components

35
Calculations

Example 7 vacuum system, the dimensions of the

At the end of a pipe with the same confi- exhaust lines, any vaporization of fluids,
gurations as in the previous example, an degassing of materials such as porous
effective volume flow rate of 2900 m3/h and large surface objects and contamina-
should be attained at 0.2 mbar for air. ted walls.

For what volume flow rate S and what If the volume flow rate S for the pressure
intake pressure p should the pumping range p1 to be calculated is constant, the
station be configured? pump down time can be expressed as:

The length of the pipe has already been

established as 12.65 m. Because the
anticipated intake pressure is slightly
under 0.15 mbar, the mean intake V p1
pressure is estimated as 0.17 mbar. This t = –– In –––
S p2
again yields a conductance value of:

L = 10670 m3/h Equation 25

By transposing Example 8
A recipient of 12 m3 should be evacuated
S·L L · Seff
Seff = ––––– → S = ––––––– from 1000 mbar (atmospheric pressure)
S+L L – Seff
to 15 mbar in 0.3 h. What is the required
volume flow rate?
10670 · 2900
S = ––––––––––––– = 3982 m3/h
10670 – 2900 By transforming equation 25, the
following is obtained:
and from
V p1
S = –– In –––
S · peff t p2
peff = –––––––
Seff
12 1000
Seff · p S = ––– In ––––– = 168 m3/h
p = ––––––– 0.3 15
S
V (m3/h)
2900 · 0.2 Volume of the recipient
p = –––––––––– = 0.146 mbar
3982 S (m3/h)
Volume flow rate of the pumping station at the
0.2 + 0.146 intake port
pm = ––––––––––– = 0.173 mbar
2
Sv (m3/h)
Volume flow rate of the backing pump
Owing to the minimal deviation from the p1,2 (mbar)
applied value (0.17 mbar), a correction Pressure (pressure range from p1 and p2)
calculation is unnecessary. ∆p (mbar)
Set pressure differential at the overflow valve of
7.5 Pump Down Times the Roots vacuum pump
The pump down time is determined pri-
t (h)
marily by the pumping station volume
Pump down time
flow rate and the recipient. Pump down
time is also influenced by other factors
such as the tightness of the complete

36
This calculation shows that a volume flow
rate of 168 m3/h at the recipient must be
constant throughout the range 1000 mbar V p1 + ∆p
t = –– In –––––––– = [h]
S p2 + ∆p
to 15 mbar. More often than not, pumping
stations have volume flow rates that differ
over the pressure range. In these cases Equation 26
there are a number of ways in which the
pump down time can be determined.
Example 9
Procedure Figure 22 shows the combined pump
The method most commonly used in indi- down time calculation of a tight, clean
vidual cases involves dividing the volume 200m3 chamber from 1000 mbar to 10-2
flow rate curve over the pressure in sever- mbar according to a given volume flow
al partial ranges of pressure in which there rate curve.
is little variation in volume flow rate. For
these individual pressure ranges, the par- For the pressure range 1000 to 10 mbar
tial pump down times with their respective (in Figure 22, Section 1) the partial pump
mean volume flow rate must be calculated down time t1 is calculated as per equation
individually according to equation 25 and 26. For the pressure range 10 to 10-2 mbar
added to arrive at the total pump down equation 25 is applied in as much the
time. An example of this is given in Figure volume flow rate is divided in the pressure
22, partial range 2 – 5. range 2 to 5 and the individual pump
down times t2 to t5 calculated.
Sometimes the volume flow rate for a par-
ticular pressure range can be expressed by The total pump down time of tges ~ 3.3
an equation. This is, for example, the case hours under ideal conditions is arrived
with a Roots vacuum pump with open at by adding all partial pump down times
overflow valve. Depending on the staging t1 to t5.
to the backing pump, the range approx.
1000 to 10/20 mbar. An approximation to
the volume flow rate here is:

5000
S [m3/h]

Pump down time of a 200 m3 chamber.

4000 200 1000 + 70
t1 = In = 2.8800 h
180 10 + 70
200 10
t2 = In = 0.0870 h
1600 5
3000 t3 =
200
In
5
= 0.0654 h
2800 2
200 2
t4 = In = 0.0366 h
3800 1
200 1
2000 t5 = In = 0.2050 h
4500 0.01
tges = 3.2740 h up 1000 to 10 mbar:
180 (p + 70)
S=
p
1000 V p1 + 70
t=
180
In
p2 + 70 Fig. 22
5 4 3 2 1 Calculation of
pump down times
0
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 in stages
p [mbar]
37
Calculations
s [m3/h]

Serf (m3/h)
5000 Required volume flow rate of the pumping station
1
at the recipient
4000 p (mbar)
Working pressure

3000
( )
mbar l
qL = ––––
s–––

Total leak rate (of the system)

2000

Example 10
1000
given: leak rate qL = 11.68 mbar l/s
2 Required: volume flow rate at 1 mbar,
0 10-1 and 10-2 mbar
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
p [mbar] 3.6 · qL 3.6 · 11.68
Fig. 23 Serf = –––––––– = –––––––––– = 42 m3/h
p 1
The influence of the leak rate on the volume flow rate of a Roots
vacuum pump.
at 1·10-1 mbar:
1 Volume flow rate without taking the leak rate into account
Serf = 420 m3/h
(as per example 9).
at 1·10-2 mbar:
2 Volume flow rate taking the leak rate into account
Serf = 4200 m3/h
(as per Example 10).

7.6 The Influence of Leaks on Pump Down If the volume flow rate curve resulting
Times and End Vacuum (Leak Rate) from example 9 is compared with the
Lack of tightness (leaks) in the whole curve which takes the leak rate into
system must be taken into account when account (see Fig. 23), one can see that:
the configuration of a vacuum pumping
– at 1 mbar the leak rate is negligible
station is under consideration. The leak
rate, which is expressed in mbar I/s, is – at 10-1 the volume flow rate is reduced
calculated on the basis of known leak by approx. 10%
locations in feedthroughs and seals, etc.
– at 10-2 the volume flow rate is reduced
or by means of the pressure rise method.
by approx. 96%.
Taking the leak rate into account, the
required volume flow rate at a specific If the pump down time is now recalculated
pressure. using this leak rate, there is an increase in
pump down time of approx. 50% from
0.205 h to 0.31 h between 1 and 10-2 mbar.
3.6 · qL The attainable final pressure of the
Serf = ––––––– = [m3/h]
p pumping station according to example 9
(Figure 22) is limited to 9.4 x 10-3 mbar due
to this leak rate.
Equation 27

38
7.7 Drying Process Explanation:
In a drying process, 40 kg of water, which Pressure p is assumed to be 10 mbar
evaporates at 20°C, has to be pumped off. because at this pressure and at a tempera-
In addition, 50 kg of air enters through ture of 20°C water evaporates (see water
a leak in the recipient. vapor pressure curve in Figure 24).
V (m3) 293 40 10
(Gas-) volume V = 83.14 –––– ––– + –––
10 18 29
( )
T (K) V = 6253 m3
Temperature

p (mbar) or S = 6253 m3/“time units“

(Working) pressure

M=
( )
kg
––––––
mol
Molar mass of each component

Q (kg) 103
water vapor pressure [mbar]

Throughput of each component solid liquid

R=
( mbar · m3
––––––––––
kmol · K ) 102
Universal gas constant (R = 83.14)
evaporating
Example 11
Calculating the volume to be pumped melting
off and the required volume flow rate at 101
the intake port of the pumping station.
triple point
Molar mass of water (0.01° C, 6.09mbar)
M1 = 18 kg/kmol 100
Molar mass of air
M2 = 29 kg/kmol sublimation

Vapor pressure of water 10-1

pD  23 mbar (at 20 °C)
Temperature (TC = 20 °C) gaseous

T = 293 K 10-2
Pressure
(selected according to the diagram)
p = 10 mbar
10-3
Amount of water
Q1 = 40 kg
Leaked air
10-4
Q2 = 10 kg

T Q1 Q2 Q3
(
V = R –– –– + –– +
p M1 M2 …Mn
)
––– = [m3] 10-5
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

temperature [°C]
Fig. 24
Equation 28 Vapor pressure curve of water (for example 11).

39
Calculations

7.8 Boyle-Mariotte Law 7.9 Selecting a Vacuum Pumping Station

A pumping station should be
assembled for a particular vacuum
process. Known parameters are:
p . V = const.
vessel volume to be evacuated
V = 1.6 m3

required final pressure

p = 1 · 10-3 mbar
p1 . V1 = p2 . V2 at T = constant pump down time
–
t = 4 min  0.06 h

Equation 29 Calculating the required volume flow rate

p1 (mbar)
V p1
(Start/atmospheric) pressure t = –– · In ––– = [m3/h]
S p2
V1 (m3)
Volume of gas at p1 t (h)
Pump down time
p2 (mbar)
Pressure (in vacuum) V (m3)
Volume of the recipient
V2 (m3)
Volume of gas atp2 S (m3/h)
Volume flow rate
Example 12
p1 (mbar)
p1 = 1000 mbar (Start/atmospheric) pressure
V1 = 1 m 3
p2 (mbar)
V2 = ? (Working/final) pressure

Variables p2 V p1
S = –– · In ––– = [m3/h]
t p2
a) p2 = 100 mbar
b) pv = 10 mbar 1.6 1013
S = ––––– · In –––––– = 332 m3/h
0.06 0.001
c) p2 = 1 mbar
d) p2 = 0.1 mbar
Selection of the vacuum pumping station
p1 · V1 Explanation:
→ V2 = ––––––– = [m3]
p2
S is the constant required volume flow
rate of the vacuum pumping station over
1000 mbar · 1 m3
a) V2 = –––––––––––––––– = 10 m3 the whole pressure range of 1013 mbar
100 mbar
(atmospheric) to 1 x 10 -3 mbar (Working/
1000 mbar · 1 m3 final pressure). On the basis of the prece-
b) V2 = –––––––––––––––– = 100 m3 ding calculation, a WOD 412 B (Figure 25)
10 mbar
is selected.
1000 mbar · 1 m3
c) V2 = –––––––––––––––– = 1000 m3
1 mbar

1000 mbar · 1 m3
d) V2 = –––––––––––––––– = 10000 m3
0.1 mbar
40
 Checking the pump down time Caution!
Pressure p2 (10 mbar) should be selected
V p1 + ∆p so that the overflow valve of the Roots
t1 = ––– · In –––––––– = [h]
Sv p2 + ∆p vacuum pump (∆p = 53 mbar) is closed at
the selected pressure ∆p.
t (h)
Pump down time 1.6 1013 + 53
t1 = ––– · In ––––––––– = 0.0665 h
V (m ) 3 68 10 + 53
Volume of the recipient t1 = 0.0665 h - t1 = 4 min*
Sv (m3/h)
*) Based on the parameters, the pump
Volume flow rate of the backing pump
down time for the vessel amounts to
p1 (mbar)
t = 4 min, that is, the volume flow rate
(Start/atmospheric) pressure p1
of the backing pump .
p2 (mbar) (S = 68 m3/h) is so small that t1 = t2.
(Compressed to) pressure p2

∆p (mbar)
Differential pressure at the overflow valve
104
s [m3/h]

A
3
B
10
C

332 D

E
S ≈ 250m3/h

S ≈ 300m3/h

S ≈ 400m3/h

S ≈ 350m3/h

S ≈ 300m3/h

102
D

t1
Sv = 68m3/h
t6

t5

t4

t3

t2

101
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
Intake pressure p [mbar]

Fig. 25 Volume flow rate

Diagram for 7.9 (Selection of a pumping Roots vacuum pumps with two stages
station) rotary vane vacuum pumps

gas ballast valve of the backing A WOD 3000B

pump closed. B WOD 1800 B
C WOD 900 B (WKP 1000 A/DUO 120)
gas ballast valve of the backing D WOD 412 B (WKP 500 A/DUO 65)
pump open E WOD 222 B
At 60 Hz operations, the volume
flow rate increases by 20 %.

41
Calculations

V p1 Adding:
t1 = ––– · In ––– = [h]
Sn p2 tges = t1 + ... tn

t (h) (Theoretical, calculable pump down time

Pump down time with the vacuum pumping station – WOD
V (m3) 412 B –)
Volume of the recipient
→ tges = 0.1108 h → tges = 6.6 min
Sn (m3/h)
Mean volume flow rate of the pump station from [tges – t1 = 6.6 – 4 = 2.6 min]
pressure p1 to p2

p1 (mbar)
(from) pressure p1 Comparison
p2 (mbar) Required pump down time/theoretical,
(to) pressure p2 calculable pump down time
Required pump down time: t = 4 min
Calculated pump down time: t = 6.6 min
1.6 10
t2 = –––– · In ––– = 0.0049 h Selected vacuum pumping station
300 4
WOD 412 B:
1.6 4 WKP 500 A –
t3 = –––– · In –– = 0.0063 h
350 1 Nominal volume flow rate: Sn = 490 m3/h
1.6 1 DUO 65 –
t4 = –––– · In ––––– = 0.0156 h
400 0.02 Nominal volume flow rate: Sn = 68 m3/h

WOD 412 B is too small!

1.6 0.02
t5 = –––– · In –––––– = 0.0086 h The pump down time is too long because
300 0.004
the volume flow rate, especially that of the
1.6 0.004 backing pump, is too small (tges = 6.6 min.).
t6 = –––– · In –––––– = 0.0089 h
250 0.001 WOD 900 B:
WKP 1000 A —
Nominal volume flow rate: Sn = 1070 m3/h
DUO 120 —
Nominal volume flow rate: Sn = 128 m3/h

WOD 900 B is right!

The volume flow rate is approx. twice
that of the WOD 412 B and the pump
down time therefore roughly halved.

t ~ 3.5 min. < 4 min.

42
43
Appendix

8 Appendix

8.1 Graphic Symbols in Vacuum gauges

Vacuum Technology With the exception of the symbols for
The symbols for vacuum pumps are not throughput quantities, the symbols for
position dependent. They can be turned in vacuum gauges are position dependent.
any direction. The higher pressure is on The point of the angle signifying vacuum
the narrower side. must always be facing down.

Vacuum pump, general

Gauge head

Rotary vane vacuum pump

Gauge operations and control unit

Liquid ring vacuum pump

Gauge operations and control unit
with recorder
Roots vacuum pump
Flowmeter

Vacuum pump accessories

Separators, general Vacuum vessels

Vacuum chamber
Separators with heat exchanger
(e. g. cooled)
Vacuum bell jar
Gas filters, general

Shut-off devices
Filters, filter systems, general
Symbols for shut-off devices are not posi-
tion dependent. In flow diagrams, each
attachment for connecting lines must be
Baffles, general
placed in the middle of the vertically
drawn line. Symbols for angle valves must
be entered in the diagram according to
Vapor traps, general
their actual position in the system.

Shut-off device, general

Cooling traps, general

Shut-off valve
Cooling traps with coolant reservoir

Right angle valve

Sorption traps

44
 Pipe Connections
Stopcock

Flange connection
Three way Stopcock

Flange connection, screwed

Right angle Stopcock

Small flange connection

Gate valve

Clamped flange connection

Shut-off flap

Threaded pipe connection

Non-return valve

Ground-in ball and socket joint

Safety shut-off device

Spigot and socket joint

Operation of shut-off devices

Taper ground joint

Manual drive

Altering the diameter of the

Dosing valve conducting pipe

Cross-over of two conducting

Electromagnetic drive pipes with connecting point

Cross-over of two conducting

Hydraulic or pneumatic drive pipes without connecting point

M Branch-off point
Electric motor drive

Directional signs
Weight driven
Vacuum

45
Appendix

8.2 Definition of terms flow is therefore dependent on the viscos-

ity of the gas and may be laminar or tur-
Absorption
A Absorption is a type of sorption in which
bulent. In the case of viscous flow the
resistance is a function of the pressure.
the gas (absorbate) diffuses into the bulk
of the solid or liquid (absorbent). Turbulent flow
Turbulent flow (eddy flow) is a viscous
Adsorption
flow with mixing motion above a critical
Adsorption is a type of sorption in which
Reynolds number (for circular cylindrical
the gas (adsorbate) is retained at the sur-
pipes Re = 2300).
face of the solid or liquid (adsorbent).
Laminar flow
B Backing pump
A backing pump generates the necessary
Laminar flow (parallel flow) is a viscous
flow without mixing motion at small
low pressure required by the exhaust of
Reynolds numbers.
some vacuum pumps.
Molecular flow
C Compression chamber
The compression chamber is the space
Molecular flow is the passage of a gas
through a duct under conditions such that
within the stator of some positive dis-
the mean free path is very large in com-
placement pumps. It is the space where
parison with the largest internal dimen-
gas is compressed before being expelled.
sions of a cross section of the duct.
Compression ratio In the case of molecular flow, the resis-
The compression ratio is the ratio tance is independent of the pressure.
between the outlet pressure and the inlet
Flow resistance
pressure of a pump for a specific gas.
In most applications, the vacuum pump is
Cooling trap connected to the chamber via a pipe. This
A cooling trap is a trap which affects con- pipe exhibits a flow resistance which aris-
densation on a cooled surface. es from the ratio pressure differential ∆p
divided by the gas flow q. At high vacuum
D Desorption
Desorption is the movement of gases
and ultra high vacuum, flow resistance is
independant of the pressure. The unit is
sorbed by a sorbent material. The move-
s · m-3, s · l-1.
ment can be spontaneous or can be accel-
erated by physical processes. Fore vacuum pressure
The fore vacuum pressure is the pressure
Diffusion
required at the discharge side of a
Gas diffusion is the movement of a gas in
vacuum pump which cannot operate at
another medium owing to its concentra-
atmospheric pressure.
tion gradient. The medium may be
gaseous, liquid or solid.
G Gas
Gas is matter in which the mean distance
F Flow
Viscous flow
between the molecules is large in compar-
ison to their dimensions and the mutual
Viscous flow is the passage of a gas
arrangement of the individual molecules
through a duct under conditions such that
is constantly changing. Gas is a gaseous
the mean free path is very small in com-
state which has not been converted into a
parison with the smallest internal dimen-
liquid or solid state by compression at the
sion of a cross section of the duct. The
prevailing temperature and pressure.

46
 Gas ballast
Inlet of a controlled quantity of gas, M Mass flow
Mass flow is the mass of a gas flowing
usually into the compression chamber of through a cross section of a pipe in a
a positive displacement pump, so as to given time and the time span. It is
prevent condensation within the pump. equivalent to throughput.

Gas liberation Mean free path

Gas liberation is spontaneous desorption. The mean free path is the average dis-
tance which a molecule travels between
Gas load
two successive collisions with other
The gas load is the gas throughput deliv-
molecules.
ered to a vacuum pump. The unit is mbar,
l/s or sccm (standard cubic centimeters Multi – stage vacuum pumps
per minute). Standard conditions are Multi – stage vacuum pump refers to the
1013.25 mbar and 273.15 K (standard sequential arrangement of pumping
conditions). systems frequently located in a common
At 20°C, 1 mbar l/s = 55.18 sccm. housing and representing a constructive
unit.
Gettering
Gettering means bonding of gas, Normal conditions
preferably by chemical reactions. Getters N Normal conditions refer to the established
(getter materials) often have large real standard temperature and standard
surfaces. pressure of a solid, liquid or gaseous
substance.
K Knudsen number
The various types of flow are character- Normal temperature
ized by the ratio of the diameter of a pipe Tn = 273,15 K δn = 0 °C
to the mean free path of the gas
Normal pressure
flowing through that pipe. This ratio is
Pn = 101325 Pa = 1013.25 mbar
the Knudsen number
Kn = I/d. Occlusion
Occlusion is the presence of a gas volume
Laminar flow
L Laminar flow is a viscous flow without
in solid particles or liquids (bubbles). This
can occur in rotary vane pumps when a
inter-mixing at small Reynolds number
large amount of gas is pumped through
levels.
the oil reservoir.
Leak
Oil mist filter in vacuum pumps
Leaks in a vacuum system are holes or
An oil separator in a vacuum pump is a
voids in the walls or at joints, caused by
device on the exhaust side of positive dis-
faulty material or machining or incorrect
placement pumps to trap and, in some
handling of the seals.
cases, to return vacuum pump oil to the
Leak rate vacuum pump. If oil in droplet forms is
The leak rate is the throughput of a gas involved, the device is referred to as an oil
through a leak. It is a function of the type mist separator or oil mist filter.
of gas, pressure difference and tempera-
ture. The unit for the leak rate is:
1 Pa · m3 · s-1 =1 W = 10 mbar · l · s-1
O Outgassing
Outgassing is a spontaneous desorption.

47
Appendix

P Partial pressure
The partial pressure is the pressure due R Reynolds number
Non-dimensional quantity
to a specified gas or vapor component of ρ·v·l
Re = –––––––
a gaseous and/or vapor mixture. η
ρ = density of fluid
Particle density
v = average flow velocity
Particle density is the quotient from the
l = characteristic length
number of particles contained in a given
= (e.g. pipe diameter)
volume.
η = dynamic viscosity
Permeation Re < 2300 : laminar flow
Permeation is the passage of gas through Re > 4000 : turbulent flow
a solid barrier or a liquid of finite thick-
ness. Permeation involves diffusion and
surface phenomena.
S Saturation vapor pressure
The saturation vapor pressure is the pres-
sure exerted by a vapor which is in ther-
Pressure modynamic equilibrium with one of its
The pressure of a gas on a boundary sur- condensed phases at the prevailing tem-
face is the normal component of the force perature.
exerted by the gas on an area of a real
Sorption
surface divided by that area.
Sorption is the attraction of a gas (sor-
Pressure units bate) by a solid or a liquid (sorbent). Sor-
The legal pressure units are Pascal as the bents are also called sorption agents.
SI unit, abbreviation Pa, and bar as a spe-
cial unit designation for 105 Pa. T Throughput rate
Throughput rate of a vacuum pump is the
1 Pa = 1 Nm2 pV flow of the pumped gas. Units of
throughput rate are
1 bar = 1000 mbar = 105 Nm-2 = 105 Pa.
m3 · s-1, l · s-1, m3 · h-1.
The unit commonly used in vacuum tech-
nology is the millibar. Total pressure
The total pressure is the sum of all partial
pV throughput
pressures present. This term is used in
pV throughout is the quotient from the pV
contexts where the shorter term “pres-
value of a gas which in a given time span
sure” might not clearly distinguish
flows through the cross section of a pump
between the individual partial pressure
at the prevailing temperature and the time
and their sum.
span.
Trap
pV value
A trap is a device in which the partial
The pV value is the product of the pres-
pressure of an undesirable residue in a
sure and the volume of a specified volume
mixture of gas and/or vapors which is
of a gas at the prevailing temperature. If
reduced by physical or chemical means.
the pV value is to be used as a measure
for the volume of substance or gas, this
must be an ideal gas at a specified tem-
perature.

48
 Ultimate pressure
U Ultimate pressure is the value which the
Vacuum ranges mbar particle density mean free
path (l)
pressure approaches asymptotically in a rough vacuum (GV) 1000 – 1 2.5 · 1025 - 2.5 · 1022 m-3 ld
vacuum pump. medium vacuum (FV) 1 – 10 -3
2.5 · 10 - 2.5 · 10 m
22 19 -3
ld
high vacuum (HV) 10-3 –10-7 2.5 · 1019 - 2.5 · 1015 m-3 ld
V Vacuum pump oil
Vacuum pump oil is an oil used in oil ultra high vacuum (UHV) <10 -7
< 2.5 · 10 m 15 -3
ld
sealed vacuum pumps to seal, cool and Particle density figures are valid for a temperature of 20 °C.
lubricate. d = pipeline diameter

Vacuum pump separators

Separators, fitted either at the inlet or dis- Volume throughput
charge side are devices to trap conden- The volume throughput is the quotient
sates which form in parts of the pump or from the volume of a gas which flows
vacuum lines when pumping vapors and through the cross-section of a pipe in a
solid substances. given time at a specific pressure and a
specific temperature, and the time span
Vane itself.
The vane is a sliding component dividing
the space (compression chamber)
between the rotor and the stator in a
W Water vapor capacity CWo
The water vapor capacity is the maximum
positive displacement pump. volume of water per unit of time which a
vacuum pump can continuously take in
Vapor and discharge in the form of water vapor
Vapor is a substance in gas phase which under ambient conditions of 20°C and
is either in thermodynamic equilibrium 1013 mbar.
with its liquid or solid phase (saturated
vapor) or brought to thermal equilibrium Water vapor compatibility pWo
by compression (condensed) at the pre- Water vapor compatibility is the highest
vailing temperature (unsaturated vapor). intake pressure under which a vacuum
Note: In vacuum technology, the word pump can deliver pure water vapor and
“gas” has been loosely applied to both not accumulate liquid water internally.
the noncondensable gas and the vapor, if
a distinction is not required.

Vapor pressure
The vapor pressure is the partial pressure
of the vapor.

Volume flow rate

The volume flow rate S is the average vol-
ume flow from a standardized test dome
through the cross section of the pump’s
intake port.
Units for the volume flow rate are
m3s-1, l · s-1, m3 · h-1, Torr · l · s-1

49
Appendix

8.3 Operating medium

Description Application1) attainable flash point density

final pressure (K) (g/cm3)
(mbar)2)
P3 Mineral oil Viscosity Standard applications 10-3 537 0.8
ISO-VG 100. The core To pump off e.g.:
fraction of a paraffin Air, inert gases, noble
based oil type with gases, ammonia, weak-
low vapor pressure, aggressive solvent
without additives. fumes, hydrogen, silane.

F5 Perfluoropolyether To pump off 1 · 10-3 – 1.9

Viscosity ISO-VG Oxygen, ozone,
100. A polymer halogens, uranium
compound with low compounds, organic and
molecular weight inorganic solvents, HCL,
and the structure of BF3, HF, PH3 fluorine.
perfluoridated
polyethers. F5 is
biologically inert.

A555 Synthetic oil on ester- application with high 5 · 10-2 525 0.96
basis viscosity operating temperatures
ISO-VG 100, > 100°C
high thermal,
oxidative and
chemical stability,
excellent
wear protection,
high corrosion
protection

RL 68 S polyol ester Refrigerating unit oil. 2 · 10-2 518 0.97

viscosity For pumping out coolant
ISO-VG 68 circuits in refrigerating
units

Table 4 1)
Applications involving other chemicals/substances
Operating medium 1)
available on request.
2)
With two-stage rotary vane vacuum pump

50
8.4 Conversion Tables
8.4.1 Pressure Conversion Table

mbar bar torr Pa (Nm-2) atm Ibf in-2 PSI kgf cm-2 in Hg mm Hg in H20 mm H20
. -3 2 . -4 . -2
1 mbar = 1 1 10 0.75 10 9.869 10 1.45 10 1.02 . 10-3 2.953 .10-2 0.75 0.402 10.197
1 bar = 103 1 7.5 .102 1 . 103 0.987 14.5 1.02 29.53 7.5 . 102 4.015 . 102 1.02 . 104
1 torr = 1.333 1.333 . 10-3 1 1.333 . 102 1.316 . 10-3 1.934 . 10-2 1.36 . 10-3 1.36 . 10-2 1 0.535 13.59
1 Pa (Nm-2) = 0.01 1 . 10-5 7.5 . 10-3 1 9.87 . 10-6 1.45 . 10-4 1.02 . 10-5 2.953 . 10-4 7.5 . 10-3 4.015 . 10-3 0.102
1 atm = 1.013 . 103 1.013 7.6 . 102 1.013 . 105 1 14.7 1.033 29.92 7.6 . 102 4.068 . 102 1.033 . 104
1 Ibf in-2 PSI = 68.95 6.895 . 10-2 51.71 6.895 . 103 6.805 . 10-2 1 7.03 . 10-2 2.036 51.71 27.68 7.03 . 102
1 kgf cm-2 = 9.807 . 102 0.981 7.356 . 102 9.807 . 104 0.968 14.22 1 28.96 7.356 . 102 3.937 . 102 104
1 in Hg = 33.86 3.386 . 10-2 25.4 3.386 . 103 3.342 . 10-2 0.491 3.453 . 10-2 1 25.4 13.6 3.45 . 102
1 mm Hg = 1.333 1.333 . 10-3 1 1.333 . 102 1.316 . 10-3 1.934 . 10-2 1.36 . 10-3 3.937 . 10-2 1 0.535 13.59
1 in H20 = 2.491 2.491 . 10-3 1.868 2.491 . 102 2.458 . 10-3 3.613 . 10-2 2.54 . 10-3 7.356 . 10-2 1.868 1 25.4
1 mm H20 = 9.807 . 10-2 9.807 . 10-5 7.354 . 10-2 9.807 9.677 . 10-5 1.42 . 10-3 10-4 2.896 . 10-3 7.354 . 10-2 3.394 . 10-2 1

Table 5 also: 1 dyn cm-2 = 0,1 Pa (Nm-2) = 10-3 mbar

8.4.2 Leak Rate Conversion Table

mbar l/s-1 torr l/s-1 atm cm3 s-1 lusec atm ft3 min-1 1 kg/h air (20 °C)
1 mbar l/s-1 = 1 0.75 0.987 7.5 . 102 2.097 . 10-3 4.3 . 10-3
-1 3 . -3
1 torr l/s = 1.333 1 1.316 10 2.795 10 5.7 . 10-3
3 -1 . 2 . -3
1 atm cm s = 1.013 0.76 1 7.6 10 2.12 10 4.3 . 10-3
1 lusec = 1.333 . 10-3 0.001 1.32 . 10-3 1 2.79 . 10-6 5.7 . 10-6
1 atm ft3 min-1 = 4.78 . 102 3.58 . 102 4.72 . 102 3.58 . 105 1 -
1 kg/h air (20 °C) = 230 175 230 1.75 . 10-1 - 1

Table 6

8.4.3 Volume Flow Rate Definition of the symbols

Pa Pascal
l/s-1 l/min-1 ft3 min-1 m3/h-1
N/mm2 Newton per square millimeter
1 l/s-1 = 1 60 2.12 3.60 bar Bar
1 l/min-1 = 0.0167 1 0.0353 0.06 mbar Millibar
1 ft3 min-1 = 0.472 28.32 1 1.70
at Technical atmosphere
3 -1
kp/cm2 Kilopond per square centimeter
1 m /h = 0.278 16.67 0.5890 1
mm /Ws Millimeter water column
Table 7 atm Physical atmosphere
Torr Torr
mmQs Millimeter mercury
psi, Ibf/in2 English pound per square inch

51
Appendix
8.5 Data on Various Substances (Table 8)
Mol.- Standard Melting Melting Boiling Evaporation Critical Data
at 1 bar
Compound Formula Weight Concentration point Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Pressure Specific Weight
mol kg/m3 °C kJ/kg °C kJ/kg °C bar kg/l

Helium He 4.00 0.18 -270.7 3.52 -268.9 20.94 -267.9 2.38 0.065
Neon Ne 20.18 0.90 -248.6 16.75 -246.1 104.70 -228.4 27.8 0.484
Argon A 39.94 1.78 -189.3 29.31 -185.9 159.14 -117.6 52.3 0.531
Air 28.96 1.29 -213 -192.3 196.83 -140.7 38.4 0.310
Hydrogen H2 2.02 0.09 -259.2 58.63 -252.8 460.66 -239.9 13.2 0.031
Nitrogen N2 28.02 1.25 -210.5 25.75 -195.7 201.01 -147.1 32.5 0.311
Oxygen O2 32.00 1.43 -218.8 13.82 -182.9 213.58 -118.0 50.5 0.441
Fluorine F2 38.00 1.70 -220.0 37.69 -188.0 159.14 -129.0 55.0
Chlorine Cl2 70.91 3.17 -100.5 188.45 - 34.0 259.64 146.0 78.4 0.573
Hyrofluoric Acid HF 20.01 0.98 - 83.1 228.65 19.9 1289.84 230.2
Hydrochoric Acid HCl 36.47 1.63 -1 1 1 .2 56.12 -84.8 443.91 51.0 84.1 0.610
Hydrobromic Acid HBr 80.92 3.64 - 87.0 30.99 -66.5 217.77 91.9 86.8 0.807
Hydrogen Iodide HJ 127.93 5.79 - 51.0 23.03 -35.1 154.95 150.8 84.7
Hydrocyanic Acid HCN 27.03 (1.21) - 14.2 31 1 .57 25.7 975.76 183.5 54.8 0.195
Water H2O 18.02 0.77 0.00 332.51 100.00 2257.22 374.2 225.6 0.329
Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 34.08 1.54 - 85.6 69.52 -60.4 548.60 99.6 95.0
Ammonia NH3 17.03 0.77 - 77.9 339.31 -33.4 1369.41 132.4 115.0 0.235
Nitrous Oxide NO 30.01 1.34 -163.5 77.06 -151.7 460.66 -92.0 67.2 0.520
Nitrous Oxide N2O 44.02 1.97 - 90.8 148.67 - 88.7 376.90 35.4 74.2 0.459
Nitrogen Tetroxyde N2O4 92.02 (4.11) - 1 1 .2 159.14 21.1 414.59 158.2 103.3 0.507
Cyanogen C2N2 52.04 (2.32) - 27.9 156.20 -21.2 448.09 126.5 60.1
Carbon Monoxide CO 28.01 1.25 -205.0 30.15 -191.6 217.77 -138.7 35.7 0.311
Carbon Dioxide CO2 44.01 1.97 - 56.6 184.26 -78.21) 573.73 31.0 75.3 0.468
Carbon Disulfide CS2 76.13 (3.40) -1 1 1 .5 57.79 46.3 351.78 277.7 75.5 0.441
Sulfur Dioxide SO2 64.06 2.92 - 75.5 116.84 -10.0 402.03 157.6 80.4 0.524
Sulfur Hexaflouride SF6 146.06 (6.52) - 50.7 34.34 -63.51) 114.75
Methyl Fluoride CH3F 34.03 1.52 -78.1 519.29 44.9 59.9
Methylene Fluoride CH2F2 52.03 (2.32) -52.0
Fluoroform CHF3 70.02 (3.13) -160 -84.2 262.58
Tetraflouralmethane CF4 87.99 (3.93) -183.6 7.96 -127.7 137.36 -45.5 38.1 0.618
Methyl Chloride CH3CI 50.49 2.31 - 97.7 127.73 -23.7 427.16 141.5 68.0 0.353
Methylene Chloride CH2CI2 84.94 (3.79) - 96.7 54.44 40.1 329.58 237.5 62.9
Chloroform CHCI3 119.39 (5.33) - 63.5 79.99 61.2 253.78 260.0 55.6 0.496
Diflourochloromethane CHF2CI 86.48 (3.86) -160 -40.8 247.08 96.0 50.3
Fluorotrichloromethane CHFCI2 102.93 (4.59) -135 8.9 259.64 178.5 52.7 0.522
Trifluorochloromethane CF3CI 104.47 (4.66) -181 -81.5 150.76 28.7 39.4
Difluorodichloromethane CF2CI2 120.92 (5.40) -155.0 34.34 -29.8 167.51 111.5 40.9 0.555
Fluorotrichloromethane CHFCI3 137.38 (6.13) -1 1 0.5 50.25 23.7 182.59 198.0 44.6 0.554
Ethyl Fluoride C2H5F 48.06 (2.15) -32.0 102.2 51.2
Ethyl Chloride C2H5CI 64.50 (2.88) -136.4 69.10 12.4 382.35 187.2 54.3 0.330
Ethyl Bromide C2H5Br 108.98 (4.86) -1 1 8.7 54.02 38.4 280.58 230.8 63.5 0.507
Trifluorotrichloroethane C3F3CI3 187.39 (8.37) - 36.5 47.6 144.06 214.1 34.8
Tetrafluorodichloroethane C2F4CI2 170.93 (7.63) - 94.0 4.1 127.73 146.0
Trifluorochloroethylene C2F3CI 116.48 (5.20) -157.5 -27.9 195.15 107.0 40.3 0.575
Vinyl chloride C2H3CI 62.50 (2.79) -159.7 -13.9 368.53 0.91
11-Dichloroethylene C2H2CI2 96.95 (4.33) -122.5 31.7 272.21
Trichloroethylene C2HCI3 131.40 (5.86) - 86.4 87.2 242.05
Tetrachlroethylene C2CI4 165.85 (7.40) - 22.4 62.82 120.8 209.39
Fluorbenzene C2H5F 96.10 (4.29) - 41.9 108.46 84.8 286.5 46.1 0.354
Chlorobenzene C6H5CI 112.56 (5.02) - 45.2 85.85 132.2 324.97 359.2 46.1 0.365
Benzyl chloride C7H7CI 126.58 (5.65) - 39.2 179.4
Methane CH4 16.04 0.72 -182.5 58.63 -161.5 510.49 -81.5 47.1 0.162
Ethane C2H6 30.07 1.35 -183.3 92.97 -88.6 489.97 32.1 50.4 0.213
Propan C8H8 44.09 2.01 -187.7 79.99 -42.1 426.32 95.6 43.5 0.226
Butane C4H10 58.12 2.70 -138.4 77.47 -0.5 385.70 153.2 38.7 0.231
Pentane C5H12 72.14 3.45 -129.7 116.42 36.1 357.64 197.2 34.1 0.232
Hexane C6H14 86.17 (3.85) - 95.3 147.83 68.7 335.02 234.5 30.6 0.233
Heptane C7H16 100.19 4.46 - 90.6 141.55 98.4 316.60 267.0 27.8 0.234
Octane C8H18 114.22 5.03 - 56.8 180.91 125.7 301.10 296.2 25.4 0.235
Benzene C6H6 78.11 (3.49) 5.5 127.73 80.1 394.49 288.1 49.5 0.304
Toluol C7H8 92.13 (4.11) - 95 72.03 110.6 355.96 319.9 41.6 0.291
Ethylbenzene C8H10 106.16 (4.74) - 94.9 86.27 136.2 339.63 344.0 38.0 0.284
o-Xylol C8H10 106.16 (4.74) - 25.3 129.82 144.4 347.59 358.0 36.8 0.288
m-Xylol C8H10 106.16 (4.74) - 47.9 108.88 139.2 343.40 349.0 35.9 0.282
p-Xylol C8H10 106.16 (4.74) 13.3 160.39 138.4 339.21 348.5 35.0 0.281
Styrolene (Beinyl Benzene) C8H8 104.14 (4.65) - 30.6 145.21)
i-Propyl Benzene C9H12 120.19 (5.36) - 96.0 80.82 152.4 312.83 362.7 32.2
Diphenyl C12H10 154.20 (6.88) 70.5 121.45 256.1 309.90 495.6 32.9 0.343
Naphtalin C10H8 128.16 (5.72) 80.2 146.99 217.9 314.09 478.5 40.5 0.314
Methanol CH4O 32.04 (1.43) - 97.6 103.02 64.7 1101.39 232.8 81.3 0.275
Aethanol C2H6O 46.07 (2.06) -114.2 108.05 78.3 845.94 234.3 64.4 0.276
Propanol C3H8O 60.09 (2.68) -126.1 86.69 97.2 753.80 265.8 51.8 0.273
Butanol C4H10O 74.12 (3.31) - 89.8 125.22 1 17.9 590.48 287.1 50.0
Pentanol C5H12O 88.14 (3.93) - 78.9 111 .81 137.8 515.10 315.0
Hexanol C8H14O 102.17 (4.56) - 47.3 150.76 157.7 636.55
Heptanol C7H18O 116.19 (5.22) - 34.3 175.8 439.72 365.3
Octanol C8H18O 130.22 (5.81) - 16.7 195.2 410.40 385.5
i-Propanol C3H8O 60.09 (2.68) - 89.5 89.20 82.3 670.05 273.5 54.9
i-Butanol C4H10O 74.12 (3.31) -108.0 108.0 577.92 277.6 49.8
i-Pentanol C5H12O 88.14 (3.93) -1 1 7.2 130.6 502.54 306.6
Ethylene Glycol C2H6O2 62.07 (2.77) - 12.6 188.45 197.3 812.43
13-Propylene Glycol C3H8O2 76.09 (3.40) 214.2
Glycerin C3H8O3 92.09 (4.11) - 18.0 200.60 290.0 825.00
Benzyl Alcohol C7H8O 108.13 (4.83) - 15.3 82.92 205.4 466.94
Phenol C6H6O 94.11 (4.20) 40.9 120.61 182.20 510.91 419.2 62.5
Formic Acid CH2O2 46.03 (2.05) 8.4 276.39 100.7 494.16
Acetic Acid C2H4O2 60.05 (2.68) 16.6 195.15 118.1 406.22 321.5 59.0 0.351
Monochloracetic Acid C2H3O2CI 94.50 (4.21) 61.3 205.20 189.5 265.93
Dichloracetic Acid C2H2O2CI2 94.50 (4.21) 9.7 81.24 194.4 322.88
Trichloracetic Acid C2H2O2CI3 94.50 (4.21) 57.0 62.40 195.6
Ketene C2H2O 42.04 (1.88) -151.0 -56.0
Acetone C3H6O 58.08 (2.59) - 94.8 96.32 56.2 523.48 235.0 48.6 0.252
Formaldehyde CH2O 30.03 (1.34) - 92.0 -21.0 711.93
Acetaldehyde C2H4O 44.05 (1.97) - 123.5 73.71 20.2 573.73 188.0
Furfurol C5H4O2 96.08 (4.29) - 36.5 161.7 452.28

52
 Specific Temperature of
Boiling Temperature at Various Pressure in °C Vapors Under Constant Pressure Dynamic viscosity of the Vapors
Within Range of 0 - 1 bar kJ/kg °C in 10-5 Pa·s
Formula Pressure in mbar Temperature in °C Temperature in °C
1 5 10 20 40 100 200 500 1000 50 0 25 100 200 -50 0 25 100 200

He -271.73 -271.54 -271.38 -271.18 -270.88 -270.45 -269.97 269.35 -268.9 5.20 5.20 5.20 5.20 5.20 1.66 1.89 2.01 2.34 2.75
Ne -257.53 -255.9 -255 -254 -253 -251.5 -250.2 -248.2 -246.1 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 2.64 3.05 3.18 3.72 4.34
A -218.93 -214.7 -212.1 -209.2 -206.2 -202 -197.8 -191.2 -185.9 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 1.83 2.16 2.32 2.76 3.27
-192.3 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.49 1.74 1.87 2.22 2.64
H2 -263.43 -262 -261.4 -260.5 -259.7 -258 -256.4 -254.5 -252.8 13.51 14.05 14.34 14.41 14.41 0.744 0.856 0.908 1.05 1.23
N2 -226.83 -222.25 -220 -216.7 -215.2 -211 -207.4 -201.5 -195.7 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.44 1.69 1.81 2.12 2.51
O2 -220.00 -214.5 -212 -209 -205.5 -200.4 -196 -189.2 -182.9 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.96 1.66 1.96 2.09 2.49 2.96
F2 -223.93 -218.1 -215.3 -212.25 -209.7 -204.3 -200 -193.9 -188 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.86 0.90
CI2 -120.00 -108.8 -103.5 - 96.7 - 88.0 - 75.5 - 64.6 - 48.1 - 34 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.51 1.25 1.37 1.71 2.14
HF (app.-96.3) - 78.5 - 69.5 - 60.0 - 49.7 - 33.5 - 19.2 1.5 19.9 1.44 1.46 1.46
HCI -152.53 -142.6 -137.8 -132.4 -126.5 -117 -109 - 96.2 - 84.8 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.34 1.48 1.87 2.35
HBr -140.63 -129.7 -124.2 -118 -111.2 -101 - 92.1 - 79 - 66.5 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 1.73 1.89 2.39
HJ -125.23 -112.2 -105.3 - 98 - 89.5 - 76.5 - 65.4 - 49.5 - 35.1 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 1.76 1.93 2.43 2.99
HCN - 73.33 - 58.2 - 50.9 - 43 - 34.5 - 22 - 10.6 9 25.7 1.23 1.29 1.33 1.41 1.52 0.67 0.76 1.00 1.33
H2O - 20.00 - 2.7 6.9 17.7 29.2 45.9 60 81.8 100 1.84 1.84 1.88 1.94 0.92 1.01 1.31 1.69
H2S -136.00 -124.7 -119 -112.5 -105.4 - 95 - 86.2 - 72.8 - 60.4 0.98 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.08 1.19 1.29 1.62
NH3 -110.83 - 99.6 - 94.2 - 88.5 - 81.9 - 72 - 61.7 - 46.5 - 33.4 1.99 2.06 2.09 2.22 2.37 0.775 0.948 1.02 1.31 1.68
NO -185.23 -181.2 -179.2 -176.5 -173.3 -167.9 -164 -157.3 -151.7 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 1.01 1.83 1.96 2.32 2.73
N2O -144.80 -135.2 -130.7 -125.9 -120.7 -112.8 -106.3 - 96.7 - 88.7 0.82 0.86 0.88 0.95 1.02 1.39 1.52 1.87 2.29
N2O4 - 57.60 - 45 - 39.2 - 33 - 26.6 - 17.5 - 8.8 7 21.1 0.82 0.86 0.95 1.05
C2N2 - 97.83 - 85.5 - 79.5 - 73 - 65.8 - 55.4 - 46.4 - 33.7 - 21.2 1.07 1.10 1.17 1.17 0.948 1.02 1.29
CO -222.73 -218.2 -215.9 -213.6 -211.1 -207.1 -203.2 -196.9 -191.6 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.45 1.69 1.81 2.14 2.52
CO2 -135.93 -126.3 -121.7 -116.5 -111.1 -102.9 - 96 - 86.4 - 78.2 0.77 0.82 0.85 0.93 1.00 1.17 1.41 1.51 1.89 2.34
CS2 - 76.73 - 57.9 - 48.9 - 38.8 - 27.5 - 10.5 4.2 26.1 46.3 0.55 0.58 0.60 0.64 0.68 0.92 0.99 1.28 1.63
SO2 - 97.53 - 85.4 - 79.3 - 72.7 - 64.5 - 51.3 - 40.5 - 24 - 10 0.59 0.61 0.66 0.71 0.96 1.19 1.31 1.66 2.11
SF6 -134.53 -122.9 -117 -111.2 -104.5 - 94.3 - 86.3 - 73.7 - 63.5 0.50 0.60 0.64 0.75
CH3F -148.93 -139.2 -133.8 -128.4 -122.1 -112.2 -103.6 - 90.4 - 78.1
CH2F2 - 52 1.10 1.24 1.45
CHF3 - 84.2 0.84 0.96 1.11
CF4 -186.53 -176.2 -171.4 -166.7 -161.1 -153.3 -146.5 -136.2 -127.7 0.72 0.76 0.87 1.00
CH3CI -102.53 - 95.4 - 88 - 80 - 67 - 56 - 39 - 23.7 0.77 0.81 0.92 1.06 0.989 1.10 1.39 1.79
CH2CI2 - 72.63 - 55.5 - 47 - 37.3 - 26.7 - 11.5 2.3 22.7 40.1 0.53 0.59 0.61 0.69 0.78 0.938 1.03 1.29 1.63
CHCI3 - 61.00 - 42.5 - 33.5 - 23.2 - 12 4.9 19.5 41 61.2 0.53 0.55 0.61 0.67 0.955 1.05 1.32 1.63
CHF2CI -124.73 -112.6 -106.5 - 99.5 - 91.8 - 80.4 - 70.3 - 54.7 - 40.8 0.55 0.64 0.67 0.75 0.85 0.983 1.19 1.29 1.60
CHFCI2 - 93.83 - 78.5 - 71 - 62.2 - 52.8 - 38.6 - 26.3 - 7.5 8.9 0.50 0.57 0.59 0.67 0.74 0.923 1.08 1.15 1.39
CF3CI -151.13 -141.2 -136.2 -131 -124.7 -114.8 -106.2 - 93.5 - 81.5
CF2CI2 -120.73 -107.3 -100.6 - 93.2 - 85.3 - 72.8 - 61.7 - 45 - 29.8 0.49 0.55 0.57 0.64 0.71 1.01 1.18 1.26 1.52
CFCI3 - 86.83 - 70.8 - 62.5 - 53.8 - 43.8 - 28 - 14.9 5.5 23.7 0.51 0.54 0.56 0.61 0.67 0.865 1.03 1.11 1.36
C2H5F -119.13 -106.5 -100.3 - 93.3 - 85.3 - 73.3 - 62.8 - 46.8 - 32
C2H5CI - 92.23 - 77 - 69.5 - 60.7 - 51.2 - 36.8 - 24.5 - 5.3 12.4 1.27 1.31 1.47 0.955 1.05 1.32 1.63
C2H5Br - 77.00 - 60 - 51.4 - 41.8 - 31.5 - 15 - 1.5 19.3 38.4 0.59 0.62 0.72 0.95
C2F3CI3 - 70.93 - 53 - 44 - 33.9 - 23.2 - 7.5 7 28.5 47.6 0.58 0.62 0.64 0.70 0.872 0.986 1.05 1.22
C2F4CI2 - 97.93 - 82.9 - 75.5 - 67 - 58 - 43.8 - 31.9 - 14 4.1 0.59 0.64 0.66 0.74 0.937 1.09 1.17 1.41
C2F3CI -118.00 -105.2 - 98.7 - 91.5 - 83.3 - 71 - 60 - 43 - 27.9
C2H3CI -108.00 - 93.7 - 86.5 - 79.1 - 70.7 - 57.5 - 46.3 - 29.1 - 13.9 0.81 0.86 1.00 1.16
C2H2CI2 - 80 - 63.3 - 55 - 45.8 - 35.5 - 20.1 - 6.7 13.5 31.7 0.67 0.71 0.80 0.89
C2HCI3 - 46.83 - 26.8 - 16.8 - 5.6 6.3 24.9 41 65.5 87.2 0.60 0.63 0.70 0.76
C2CI4 - 24.00 - 2 8.8 21 34.5 54.2 72 98 120.8 0.58 0.60 0.64 0.69
C6H5F - 46.53 - 26.8 - 16.8 - 6 6.2 24.5 40 63.8 84.8
C6H5CI - 16.73 6 17.5 30 43.5 63.8 81.5 108.3 132.2
C7H7CI - 18.00 43 55.5 69 84 106.3 125.6 154 179.4
CH4 -206.93 -200.3 -197 -193.3 -189.4 -183.5 - 178 -169.4 -161.5 2.07 2.17 2.23 2.45 2.81 0.862 1.04 1.12 1.36 1.64
C2H6 -161.23 -150.7 -145.2 -139.3 -132.7 -122.8 -114 -100.7 - 88.6 1.48 1.65 1.75 2.07 2.49 0.729 0.877 0.953 1.17 1.45
C3H8 -130.93 -118.1 -111.5 -104.1 - 96 - 83.8 - 73.1 - 57 - 42.1 1.31 1.55 1.67 2.02 2.46 0.765 0.831 1.03 1.28
C4H10 -103.93 - 88.7 - 81 - 72.7 - 63.3 - 49 - 36.5 - 17.8 - 0.5 1.26 1.60 1.70 2.03 2.45 0.703 0.759 0.969
C5H12 - 78.93 - 65.1 - 55.2 - 44.3 - 33.9 - 17.7 - 4.2 16.7 36.1 1.22 1.60 1.70 2.03 2.45 0.632 0.694 0.877 1.11
C6H14 - 56.23 - 38 - 29 - 18.6 - 7.3 10 25 46.8 68.7 1.19 1.61 1.70 2.03 2.44 0.601 0.663 0.838 1.06
C7H18 - 37.23 - 16.7 - 6.7 4.6 16.8 35.6 51.7 76 98.4 1.17 1.61 1.70 2.03 2.44 0.731 0.938
C8H16 - 17.33 6 14.7 26.5 39.5 59 76.3 102 125.7 1.15 1.61 1.71 2.03 2.44 0.689 0.862
C6H6 - 39.53 - 22.8 - 14.8 - 6 3.3 20 35.5 58.7 80.1 0.95 1.05 1.34 1.68 0.714 0.826 0.970 1.22
C7H6 - 30.00 - 9 1.8 13.3 26.2 45.3 61.8 87.7 110.6 1.03 1.13 1.42 1.76 0.704 0.908 1.14
C8H8 - 13.53 9.3 21 33.5 46.7 67.6 85.3 111.7 136.2 1.11 1.21 1.51 2.06
C8H10 - 7.53 15.6 27 39.5 53.30 74 92 120 144.4 1.16 1.26 1.52 1.86
C8H10 - 10.53 12.2 23.5 35.5 49.5 70 88 114.5 139.2 1.11 1.20 1.48 1.83
C8H10 - 11.63 10.5 22.2 34.7 48.2 68.7 86.8 113.7 138.4 1.11 1.20 1.47 1.81
C8H8 - 10.73 13.3 25.5 38.8 53.5 75 93.5 121 145.2 1.08 1.17 1.45 1.77
C8H12 - 0.63 22 33.6 46 60 81 99 127 152.4 1.16 1.26 1.57 1.93
C12H12 65.83 96 110.5 127 144.5 171.1 194 227.2 256.1
C10H8 - 49.23 70 81 95 111.5 136.5 158 190 217.9
CH4O - 46.83 - 28.9 - 20 - 10.5 0.3 16 29.8 48.2 64.7 1.34 1.41 1.60 1.84 0.887 0.975 1.24 1.59
C2H6O - 34.73 - 15.5 - 6.4 3.5 14 29.5 42.5 61 78.3 1.52 1.60 1.83 2.11 0.765 0.850 1.11 1.41
C3H8O - 18.00 1.1 10.2 20.5 31.8 47.5 61 80.5 97.2 1.38 1.49 1.80 2.17 0.694 0.762 0.949 1.26
C4H10O - 4.533 16 26 36.7 48.2 64.5 78.3 99.8 117.9
C5H12O - 10.23 30.5 40.3 51 62.8 80.2 95 118.5 137.8
C8H14O 20.93 42.9 53.5 65.2 78.1 96.5 112.5 136 157.7
C7H18O 393 60 70 81.2 93.9 113.3 129.4 154 175.8
C8H18O 50.33 72 83.3 95.9 109.3 129 145 172 195.5
C3H8O - 29.13 - 10.8 - 1.4 8.2 19.1 34.7 47.3 66.4 82.3 1.43 1.52 1.82 2.17 0.714 0.772 0.970 1.28
C4H10O - 12 7.1 17 27.8 39 55.6 70 90 108
C5H12O 6.8 26.9 36.6 47.2 58 75 89.9 111.8 130.6
C2H6O2 49.2 74.5 86.8 100 114 135 151.5 176.5 197.3
C3H8O2 55 82 95 109 124.5 146 164.5 191.5 214.2
C3H8O3 121.3 148.2 161.5 176 191.3 213. 231.5 261 290
C7H8O 54.5 76.2 87.5 100 113.9 134.7 152 181 205.4
C6H6O 36.7 58.3 69 81 94 114.5 131.5 158 182 4.44 4.50
CH2O2 - 22.5 - 7.9 - 0.7 7 18.3 37.3 54 78.5 100.7
C2H4O2 - 20.8 1.7 12.7 24.6 37.3 56.3 73 97 118.1 4.63 6.17 3.96 0.877 1.38
C2H3O2CI 39.1 63.5 75.5 88.5 102.5 123.8 141.5 167.2 189.5
C2H2O2CI2 40 64.9 77.3 90.5 105.2 127 145 171.9 194.4
C2HO2CI3 47.2 71.3 83 96 110 130.5 148.1 173 195.6
C2H2O (-131.8) (-120.3) (-114.3) (-108)(-101) (-90.6) (-81.8)(-68.2) - 56 1.09 1.14 1.29 1.46
C3H6O - 62.2 - 44 - 35.2 - 25.1 - 14.1 2.3 16.2 37 56.2 1.24 1.32 1.56 1.84 0.673 0.739 0.949 1.23
CH2O - 113.3 - 98.5 - 91.2 - 83 - 74.4 61.5 - 50.6 - 34.3 - 21 1.15 1.17 1.26 1.41
C2H4O - 83.8 - 68.4 - 60.4 - 51.5 - 42 - 27.4 - 15 3.5 20.2 1.18 1.24 1.42 1.68
C5H4O2 14.8 38 49.5 62 76 96.5 114 140 161.7

53
Appendix

8.6 Desorption Rates on Clean Surfaces

Desorption rates1)
qDes [mbar · l
s · cm2 ]
Material Surface- Surface 1h 4h 10h
quality condition
Stainless steel blank cleaned 2.7 . 10-7 5.4 . 10-8 2.7 . 10-8
Stainless steel polished cleaned 2 . 10-8 4 . 10-9 2 . 10-10
Stainless steel pickled heated for 1 hour, 1.4 . 10-9 2.8 . 10-10 1.4 . 10-10
Stainless steel bead blasted vented with normal air 3 . 10-10 6.5 . 10-11 4 . 10-11
Steel Ni plated polished cleaned 2 . 10-7 1.5 . 10-8 5 . 10-9
Steel Cr plated polished cleaned 1.3 . 10-8 2.2 . 10-9 1.2 . 10-9
Steel rusted 6 . 10-7 1.6 . 10-7 1 . 10-7
Steel blank cleaned 5 . 10-7 1 . 10-7 5 . 10-8
Steel bead blasted cleaned 4 . 10-7 8 . 10-8 3.8 . 10-8
Aluminium cleaned 6 . 10-8 1.7 . 10-8 1.1 . 10-8
Brass cleaned 1.6 . 10-6 5.6 . 10-7 4 . 10-7
Copper cleaned 3.5 . 10-7 9.5 . 10-8 5.5 . 10-8
Porcelain glazed 8.7 . 10-7 4 . 10-7 2.8 . 10-7
Glass cleaned 4.5 . 10-9 1.1 . 10-9 5.5 . 10-10
Acrylic glass 1.6 . 10-6 5.6 . 10-7 4 . 10-7
Neoprene 4 . 10-5 2.2 . 10-5 1.5 . 10-5
Perbunan 4 . 10-6 1.7 . 10-6 1.3 . 10-6
Viton 1.2 . 10-6 3.6 . 10-7 2.2 . 10-7
Viton heated for 4 hours at 100 °C 1.2 . 10-7 5 . 10-8 2.8 . 10-8
Viton heated for 4 hours at 150 °C 1.2 . 10-9 3.3 . 10-10 2.5 . 10-10
Teflon degassed 8 . 10-7 2.3 . 10-7 1.5 . 10-7

Table 9 1)
The desorption rates can be disproved by different types of
Desorption rates for clean surfaces pretreatment (e.g. annealing for hydrogen removal).

8.7 Correction Factor a

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
pv /p

Fig. 26:
Correction Factor a
Calculation of the fore vacuum dependent
volumetric efficiency rating for a Roots
vacuum pump.

54
8.8 Technical Data, Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps
8.8.1 Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps UNO 2.5 and UNO 5
Single-stage UNO 2.5 UNO 5 A
Connection nominal diameter
Inlet DN 16 ISO-KF DN 16 ISO-KF
Outlet DN 16 ISO-KF DN 16 ISO-KF
Volume flow rate
50 Hz m3/h 2.5 4.6
60 Hz m3/h 2.9 5.1
Ultimate pressure
total without gas ballast mbar <5 .10-2 <5 .10-2
total with gas ballast mbar <1 <1
Water vapor tolerance mbar 15 20
Water vapor capacity g/h 37 75
Noise
without gas ballast dB(A) 53 53
with gas ballast dB(A) 55 55
Operating temperature1) °C 80 80
Operating medium quantity I 0.45 0.45
Rotation speed
50 Hz rpm 2800 2800
60 Hz rpm 3355 3355
Motor rating kW 0.13 0.13
Weight kg 10.2 11

8.8.2 Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps UnoLine

Single-stage UNO 35 UNO 65 UNO 120 UNO 250
Connection nominal diameter
Inlet DN 40 ISO-KF DN 40 ISO-KF DN 63 ISO DN 100 ISO
Outlet DN 40 ISO-KF DN 40 ISO-KF DN 63 ISO DN 100 ISO
Volume flow rate
50 Hz m3/h 35 65 128 267
60 Hz m3/h 42 72 154 320
Ultimate pressure
total without gas ballast mbar <5 . 10-2 <5 . 10-2 <3 . 10-2 <3 . 10-2
total with gas ballast mbar <1 <1 <1 <1
Water vapor tolerance mbar 30 30 33 33
Water vapor capacity g/h 700 1400 3650 6950
Noise
without gas ballast dB(A) 54 54 58 60
with gas ballast dB(A) 56 56 60 61
Operating temperature1) °C 80 80 90 90
Operating medium I 4.5 5.4 17 30
Motor rating
50 Hz kW 1.1 1.1 4 7.5
60 Hz kW 1.3 1.3 4 7.5
Rated rotation speed pump
50 Hz rpm 1390 1390 965 960
60 Hz rpm 1660 1660 1158 1152
Weight, with three-phase motor kg 50 60 193 375
1) At
ambient temperature 25 °C and operating medium P3, without gas ballast.

55
Data compilation

8.8.3 Rotary vane vacuum pumps DuoLine

Pump DUO 2.5 DUO 35 DUO 65 DUO 120 DUO 250
Connection nominal diameter
Inlet DN 16 ISO-KF DN 40 ISO-KF DN 40 ISO-KF DN 63 ISO-KF DN 100 ISO-KF
Outlet DN 16 ISO-KF DN 40 ISO-KF DN 40 ISO-KF DN 63 ISO-KF DN 100 ISO-KF
Volume flow rate
50 Hz m3/h 2.5 32 62 128 250
60 Hz m3/h 2.9 38 70 154 300
Ultimate pressure
total without gas ballast mbar <0.006 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003
with gas ballast mbar <0.006 <0.005 <0.005 <0.006 <0.006
Water vapor tolerance mbar 15 20 20 20 30
Water vapor capacity g/h 37 500 1000 2300 4800
Noise
without gas ballast dB(A) 53 61 61 58 60
with gas ballast dB(A) 64 62
Operating temperature °C 80 80 80 90 90
Operating medium quantity l 0.4 3.2 4.2 13 23
Rotation speed
50 Hz rpm 2790 1390 1390 960 975
60 Hz rpm 3280 1660 1660 1150 1175
Motor rating 50/60 Hz kW 0.13/0.13 1.1/1.25 1.5/1.8 4 7.5
Weight kg 10.3 56 65 215 410

8.8.4 Rotary vane vacuum pumps, Magnetic Coupled

Single-stage / Two-stage DUO 5 DUO 10 DUO 20 UNO 30 M
Connection nominal diameter
Inlet DN 16 ISO-KF DN 25 ISO-KF DN 25 ISO-KF DN 25 ISO-KF
Outlet DN 16 ISO-KF DN 25 ISO-KF DN 25 ISO-KF DN 25 ISO-KF
Volume flow rate
50 Hz m3/h 5 10 20 30
60 Hz m3/h 6 12 24 35
Ultimate pressure
total without gas ballast mbar <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.08
with gas ballast mbar <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <1
Water vapor tolerance mbar 36 30 30 8
Water vapor capacity g/h 230 230 460 190
Noise
without gas ballast dB(A) 55 55 57 60
with gas ballast dB(A)
Operating temperature °C 80 80 85 80
Operating medium quantity l 0.75 1 1.2 1.1
Rotation speed
50 Hz rpm 1390 1400 1390 1390
60 Hz rpm 1620 1680 1620 1690
Motor rating 50/60 Hz kW 0.25/0.37 0.45/0.55 0.55/0.65 0.75
Weight kg 19 28 30 44

56
8.8.5 Rotary vane vacuum pumps PacLine
Pump PAC 20 PAC 60 PAC 90 PAC 200 PAC 250 PAC 400 PAC 630
Connection nominal diameter
Inlet DN 25 ISO-KF DN 40 ISO-KF DN 40 ISO-KF DN 63 ISO-F DN 63 ISO-F DN 100 ISO-F DN 100 ISO-F
Outlet DN G2" DN G2" DN 63 G 21/2" DN 63 G 21/2"
Volume flow rate
50 Hz m3/h 18 54 81 180 230 400 600
60 Hz m3/h 64 94 210 270 460 680
Ultimate pressure
total without gas ballast mbar <2 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5
Noise
without gas ballast dB(A) 70 70 75 80 80 80 80
Operating medium quantity l 0.5 2 2 6 6 17 17
Rotation speed
50 Hz rpm 2800 1450 1450 1450 1450 960 975
60 Hz rpm 1700 1700 1740 1740 1150 1170
Motor rating 50/60 Hz KW 0.75 1.5/2.2 2.2/3 5.5/6.5 7.5/9 11/13.2 15/18
Weight kg 20 58 76 170 185 420 540

8.8.6 Rotary vane vacuum pumps BA 251 and BA 501

Pump BA 251 BA 501
Connection nominal diameter
Inlet DN 63 ISO-F DN 100 ISO-F
Outlet DN 63 ISO-F DN 100 ISO-F
Nominal volume flow rate m3/h 270 545
Volume flow rate at 50 Hz m3/h 250 500
Ultimate pressure
total without gas ballast mbar <6 . 10-2 <6 . 10-3
total with gas ballast mbar <6 . 10-1 <6 . 10-1
Water vapor tolerance mbar 30 30
Water vapor capacity kg/h 7 14
Noise
without gas ballast dB(A) 63 63
with gas ballast dB(A) 65 65
Operating temperature °C 80 80
Cooling water requirement l/h 50 90
Operating medium quantity I 17 45
Rotation speed rpm 490 345
Motor rating kW 11 15
Weight with motor kg 570 1100

57
Data compilation

8.9 Technical data

8.9.1 Roots Vacuum Pumps WKP

Pumps WKP 250 A WKP 500 A WKP 1000 A/AD WKP 2000 A/AD
Nominal volume flow rate
50 Hz m3/h 270 490 1070 2065
60 Hz m3/h 324 590 1284 2478
Starting pressure mbar 1013 1013 1013 1013
Differential pressure at overflow valve mbar 53 53 43 35
Leak rate
Pump with radial shaft seals mbar . l/s <1 . 10-2 <1 . 10-2 <1 . 10-2 <1 . 10-2
Pump with canned motor mbar . l/s <1 . 10-5 <1 . 10-5 <1 . 10-5 <1 . 10-5
Rotation speed
50 Hz rpm 3000 3000 3000 3000
60 Hz rpm 3600 3600 3600 3600
Motor rating
50 Hz kW 0.75 1.5 3 5.5
60 Hz kW 1.1 2.2 4 7.5
Motor rating with canned motor
50 Hz kW 1.5 1.5 5 5.5
60 Hz kW 1.7 1.7 5.7 5.7
Materials – rotor and casing GGG/GGL GGG/GGL GGL(A) GGG/GGL (A)
GGG/GGG 40.3 (AD) GGG/GGG 40.3 (AD)
Oil filling l 1.5 1.5 3 5
Weight with motor, approx. kg 95 125 250 370
A: Standard pump with standard motor
AD: Pressure surge-protected model with

8.9.2 Roots Vacuum Pumps with magnetic coupling

WKP with magnetic coupling 500 AM/ADM 1000 AM/ADM 2000 AM/ADM 4000 AM/ADM 6000 AM/ADM
Nominal volume flow rate
50 Hz m3/h 490 1070 2065 4050 6070
60 Hz m3/h 590 1284 2478 4860 7280
Starting pressure mbar 1013 1013 1013 1013 1013
Differential pressure at overflow valve mbar 53 43 35 25 20
Leak rate
Pump with magnetic coupling mbar · l/s < 1 · 10-5 < 1 · 10-5 < 1 · 10-5 < 1 · 10-5 < 1 · 10-5
Noise level (DIN 45635) db(A) 70-75 72-75 72-75 74-79 74-79
Rotation speed
50 Hz rpm 2860 2860 2860 2900 2900
60 Hz rpm 3430 3430 3430 3480 3480
Motor rating
50 Hz kW 1.5 3 5.5 11 15
60 Hz kW 2.2 4 7.5 15 18.5
Operating medium quantity l 1.5 3 5 6.8 6.8
Weight, pump
Standard motor approx. kg 130 250 380 630 850
Pump without motor approx. kg 110 220 320 540 750
AM: Standard pump with magnetic coupling
ADM: Pressure surge-protected model with magnetic coupling

58
WKP 4000 A/AD WKP 6000 A/AD WKP 8000 WKP 12000 WKP 18000 WKP 25000

4050 6075 8000 12000 17850 25000

4860 7290 9600 12000 21420 25000
1013 1013 1013 1013 1013 1013
25 20 27 18 10 7

<1 . 10-2 <1 . 10-2 <1 . 10-2 <1 . 10-2 <1 . 10-2 <1 . 10-2
– – – – – –

3000 3000 1500 2250 1500 2100

3600 3600 1800 2250 1800 2100

11 15 22 30 45 55
15 18.5 30 30 55 55

5.5
5.7
GGG/GGL (A) GGG/GGL (A) GGL GGL GGL GGL
GGG/GGG 40.3 (AD) GGG/GGG 40.3 (AD)
5 6.8 21 21 68 68
380 850 1600 1950 3100 4000

8.9.3 Gas cooled Roots Vacuum Pumps WGK

Pumps WGK 500 WGK 1500 WGK 4000 WGK 8000
Nominal volume flow rate
50 Hz m3/h 520 1500 4600 8000
60 Hz m3/h 620 1800 5500 9600
Ultimate pressure mbar 130 130 130 130
Maximum Motor rating kw 18.5 2 x 30 132 200
Rotation speed
50 Hz rpm 3000 1500 1500 1500
60 Hz rpm 3600 1800 1800 1800
Noise level1) dB(A) 75 - 105 75 - 105 75 - 105 75 - 105
Noise frequency Hz 200 100 100 100
Oil filling l 3 5 21 21
Endplates heatable Yes Yes No No
Sealing gas connection Yes Yes Yes Yes
Materials
Rotors and casing GGG GGG GGG GGG
Seals Viton Viton Viton Viton
Weight - Pump without drive
Cooler and base frame kg 116 520 1100 1500
1) These
values depend on the operating pressure range or the differential pressure.

59
Data compilation

8.10 Technical Data Roots Vacuum Pumping Stations

8.10.1 Series WKD
WKD 220 WKD 410 WKD 900 WKD 1800 WKD 3000 WKD 3500 WKD 6500
Volume flow rate at 10-1 mbar
50 Hz m3/h 220 410 900 1800 3000 3500 6500
60 Hz m3/h 265 490 1080 2160 3600 3900 7000
Pumping station components
Roots vacuum pump WKP 250 A WKP 500 A WKP 1000 A WKP 2000 A WKP 4000 A WKP 4000 A WKP 8000
Intermediate condenser KS 0.2 KS 0.5 KS 0.5 KS 1.5 KS 1.5 KS 3.0 KS 6.0
Single-stage rotary vane
vacuum pump UNO 35 UNO 65 UNO 120 UNO 250 UNO 250 BA 501 BA 501
Total pressure
without gas ballast mbar 1 · 10-3 1 · 10-3 1 · 10-3 1 · 10-3 1 · 10-3 1 · 10-3 1 · 10-3
with gas ballast mbar 2 · 10-2 2 · 10-2 2 · 10-2 2 · 10-2 2 · 10-2 2 · 10-2 2 · 10-2
Water vapor
capacity mbar 33 33 33 33 33 30 30
Installed motor rating1)
50 Hz kW 1.85 3.7 7 13 18.5 28.5 40.5
60 Hz kW 2.2 4.4 8 15 22.5 33.5 48.5
Condenser cooling surface 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.5 3 6
Water cooling for backing pump – – – – – yes yes
Cooling Water requirement2) rpm 4 10 10 30 30 62 122
Cooling water monitor
in backing pump – – – – – yes yes
Oil filling, complete l 4.2 7.2 19 35 35 50 66
Weight kg 260 290 570 1230 1410 2080 4000

8.10.2 Series WOD-A

WOD 222 A WOD 412 A WOD 900 A WOD 1800 A WOD 3000 A WOD 3500 A WOD 6500 A
Volume flow rate at 10-1 mbar
50 Hz m3/h 220 410 900 1800 3000 3500 6500
60 Hz m3/h 265 490 1080 2160 3600 3900 7000
Pumping station components
Roots vacuum pumps WKP 250 A WKP 500 A WKP 1000 A WKP 2000 A WKP 4000 A WKP 4000 A WKP 8000
Single-stage rotary vane
vacuum pumps UNO 35 UNO 65 UNO 120 UNO 250 UNO 250 BA 501 BA 501
Total pressure
without gas ballast mbar 1 · 10-3 1 · 10-3 1 · 10-3 1 · 10-3 1 · 10-3 1 · 10-3 1 · 10-3
with gas ballast mbar 2 · 10-2 2 · 10-2 2 · 10-2 2 · 10-2 2 · 10-2 2 · 10-2 2 · 10-2
Water vapor
compatibility mbar 33 33 33 33 33 30 30
Installed power output1)
50 Hz kW 1.85 3.7 7 13 18.5 28.5 40.5
60 Hz kW 2.2 4.4 8 15 22.5 33.5 48.5
Air cooling yes yes yes yes yes
Water cooling – – – – yes yes
Cooling water requirement rpm – – – – – 2 2
Cooling water monitor
in backing pump – – – – – yes yes
Oil filling, complete l 4.2 7.2 19 35 35 50 66
Weight kg 220 250 530 980 1180 1750 3650
1) Depending
on the operating condition, the power input may be reducted by as much as 70%
2) Inlet
temperature max. 20 °C

60
8.10.3 Series WOD-B
WOD 222 B WOD 412 B WOD 900 B WOD 1800 B WOD 3000 B
Volume flow rate at 10-1 mbar
50 Hz m3/h 220 410 900 1800 3000
60 Hz m3/h 265 490 1080 2160 3600
Pumping station components
Roots vacuum pump WKP 250 A WKP 500 A WKP 1000 A WKP 2000 A WKP 4000 A
Two-stage rotary vane
vacuum pump DUO 35 DUO 65 DUO 120 DUO 250 DUO 250
Total pressure
without gas ballast mbar 1 · 10-4 1 · 10-4 1 · 10-4 1 · 10-4 1 · 10-4
with gas ballast mbar 1 · 10-4 1 · 10-4 1 · 10-4 1 · 10-4 1 · 10-4
Water vapor
compatibility mbar 20 20 20 30 30
Installed power output1)
50 Hz kW 1.85 3.7 7 13 18.5
60 Hz kW 2.2 4.4 8 15 22.5
Air cooling yes yes yes yes yes
Oil filling, complete l 4.2 5.7 16 28 28
Weight kg 220 250 530 980 1180
1) Depending
on the operating condition, the power input may be reducted by as much as 70%,

61
Technical formulas

9 Technical formulas

1 10
1333 (ps-pa)
 
B p a
pWo= –––– · ––––––––––––– [mbar] S = Sth · 1 – –––v · ––– [m3/h]
S 1333 – ps p Km

Water vapor tolerance (DSP) Volume flow rate (WKP/WGK)

2 11

 
TGes Q1 Q2 Q PV pv3 – p3
S = R · –––– · –– + ––– + ··· –––n [m3/h] ––– = < 2.5 → a =–––––––––– [mbar]
p M1 M2 Mn p 0.963 · pv3

Volume flow rate (pumping station) Fore-vacuum/intake pressure (WKP/WGK)

3 12
QW
A = ––––– [m2] Sv · (p + ∆p)
k · Tm S = –––––––––––– [m3/h]
p

Cooling surface (condenser) Volume flow rate (WKP)

4 13
· · S
kJ
QW = QH2O · qH2O ––
h[ ] ηvol = –––––
Sth

Condensation heat (condenser) Volumetric efficiency rate (WKP/WGK)

5 14 Km
∆Thigh + ∆Tsmall ηvol = –––––––––––––––– y
 
Tm = ––––––––––––––– [k] Sth S 1.5
2 Km + ––– – –––v
Sv Sth
Mean temperature differential (condenser) Volumetric efficiency rate (WKP/WGK)

—––––

√ ––)
(TG in – TW out) – (TG out – TW in) 15 3.6 · r3 r · pm T
∆ Tm = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––– [K] L = ––––– · (0.039 –––––– + 30
  η
TG in – TW out l M
In ––––––––––––
6 TG out – TW in [m3/h]
Mean temperature differential (heat exchanger) Conductance value (universal)

7 16
Sth · ∆p
P = –––––––––––– [kW] 3.6 · r3
3600 ·  mech L = –––––– (2150 · r · pm + 95) [m3/h]
l

Power consumption (WKP/WGK) Conductance value (air at 20°C)

8 Km 17
S = Sth · ––––––––––––––– [m3/h] r4 · pm
 
Sth Sv 1.5 L = 7750 ––––––– [m3/h]
Km +––– – ––– l
Sv Sth
Volume flow rate (WKP/WGK) Conductance value air (laminar flow range 20°C)

9 18
Sv · p v r3
p = –––––– [mbar] L = 340 ––– [m3/h]
S l

Intake pressure (WKP/WGK) Conductance value air (molecular flow range 20°C)

62
 19 1
L = ––––––––––– [m3/h]
1 1 1
–– + –– + ––
L1 L2 L3
Conductance value (in series)

20
L = L1 + L2 + L3...[m3/h]

Conductance value (parallel)

21 1 L·S
Seff = –––––– = ––––– [m3/h]
1 1 L+S
–– + ––
L S
Volume flow rate (at the vacuum chamber)

22
S·p
peff = ––––– [mbar]
Seff

Pressure (at the vacuum chamber)

23
V p1
t = –– In ––– [h]
S p2

Pump down pressure (RPV/WKP/WGK)

24
V p1 + ∆p
t = –– In –––––––– = [h]
S p2 + ∆p

Pump down pressure (WKP)

25
3.6 · qL
Serf = ––––––– = [m3/h]
p

Required volume flow rate (leak rate)

26
T Q1 Q2 Q3
(
V = R –– –– + –– +
p M1 M2 )
––– = [m3]
…Mn

(Gas)volume

27
p1 . V1 = p2 . V2 at T = constant

Boyle-Mariotte law

63
Technical formulas

Legend for the technical formulas

A (m2) Cooling surface pa (mbar) Water vapor partial pressure

of the atmospheric air
a Correction factor a
(value in practical operation
3
B (m /h) Gas ballast volume pa = 13 mbar)
∆p (mbar) Set differential pressure on
the overflow valve of the pAD (mbar) Partial pressure of the
vapor-forming material in the
Roots vacuum pumps
atmospheric air
∆p (mbar) (to equation 7) pD (mbar) Vapor compatibility
Pressure differential between
intake and pressure ports peff (mbar) Pressure at the end of
the pipe
∆Thigh (K) Highest pressure differential pL (mbar) Permanent gas-partial
∆Tsmall (K) Smallest pressure differential pressure at the intake port
p + peff
η (Pa · s) Tenacity of the gas pm (mbar) Mean pressure = –––––––
2
ηmech Mechanical efficiency rating ps (mbar) Saturated vapor pressure of
of the pump (η ~ 0.85 for the pumped water vapor at
Roots vacuum pumps) operating temperature
ηvol Volumetric efficiency rating pSD (mbar) Saturation vapor pressure at
the operating temperature of
FB (m3/h) Operating liquid current the pump

kJ pv (mbar) Fore-vacuum
(
k ––––––––––
h · m2 · K ) Heat transmission coefficient
(counterpressure)
p1 (mbar) (Starting/atmospheric)
L (m3/h) Conductance value pressure (to equation 27)
KB (m3/h) Fresh liquid requirement in p2 (mbar) Pressure (in vacuum)
combined operation (to equation 27)
Km Maximum compression ratio pwo (mbar) Water vapor tolarance as
of the Roots Vacuum Pump per PNEUROP
·
at pv Q (kg/h) Material component through-
put per hour
l (cm) Pipe length
Q (kg) Throughput of each
M (kg/mol) Molar mass component
kg
M –––––– Molar mass of the gas ·
k mol QH2O (––kgh–) Water vapor volume to
be condensed per hour
P (kW) Power consumption/
·
motor power Qw (––kJh– ) Condensation heat/volume
per hour
p (mbar) (to equation 9)
Intake pressure of the kJ
Roots vacuum pump
qH2O (––kg–) Evaporation heat

p (mbar) (to equation 22) mbar

qL ––
(–––––l ) Total leak rate (of the system)
Pressure at the beginning s
of the pipe qpv S Relationship of inflowing
gas ballast quantity to the
p (mbar) (Working) pressure backing pump’s capability

64
 (
mbar · m3
)
R –––––––––– Universal gas constant
kmol · K
R = 83.14
TGas (K)

TG out (K)
Gas temperature

Gas outlet temperature

r (cm) Pipe radius TG in (K) Gas inlet temperature
S (m /h)
3
Volume flow rate TS (°C) Boiling temperature of the
evacuated material under
Seff (m3/h) Volume flow rate at the end pressure on the exhaust ports
of the line (vacuum chamber) of the pump

Serf (m3/h) Required volume flow rate TW in (K) Cooling water inlet
of the pumping station at temperature
the vacuum chamber TW out (K) Cooling water outlet
Sth (m3/h) Theoretical volume flow rate temperature
of the Roots vacuum pump Tm (K) Mean temperature differential
between gas and cooling
Sv (m3/h) Volume flow rate of the
backing pump (at pressure pv) TS (K) Boiling temperature under
condensation pressure
T (K) Gas temperature (in Example 1,
TA (°C) Temperature of the fed-back page 22, TS = TS H2O)
“revolving” t (h) Pump down time
operating liquid = emission
temperature in the pump V (m3) Volume of the vacuum
ports chamber

TB (°C) Operating temperature of the V (m3) (to equation 25)

pump (Gas) volume

TF (°C) Temperature of the V1 (m3) Volume of the gas p1

fresh liquid of LRP V2 (m3) Volume of the gas p2

65
Technical formulas

Notes

______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________

66
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________

67
 Rough and medium vacuum

Turbopumps

Dry vacuum pumps

Rotary vane vacuum pumps

Roots vacuum pumps

Diffusion vacuum pumps

Leak detectors

Valves

Installation parts

Vacuum gauges and control units

Gas analysis
Technical modifications reserved. Ordering number: PW 0013 PE (December 2002)

Systems technology:
Coating and Leak Detection systems

Service

Pfeiffer Vacuum · Headquarters/Germany

Tel. +49-(0) 64 41-8 02-0 · Fax +49-(0) 64 41-8 02-2 02 · [email protected] · www.pfeiffer-vacuum.net