Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.

org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.3, 2013

Effect Of Cassava Mill Effluents On Haematological And

Biochemical Characteristics Of Adult African Catfish (Clarias
Gariepinus)
Olaniyi Christianah.O1* Adewoye S.O2 Ismail M.O3 Adeseun F.M4
1. Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, PM.B 4000,
Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
2. Department of Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, PM.B 4000, Ogbomoso,
Nigeria.
3. Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, PM.B 4000,
Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
4. Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, PM.B 4000,
Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
* E-mail : [email protected]
Abstract
The effect of cassava effluents on haematology and biochemical measurement of African cat fish was investigated.
Ninty-six adult catfish were subjected to five graded sub-lethal concentrations (0.002, 0.005, 0.008, 0.011 and
0.014mg/l) of cassava effluent and water (control) for fourteen days. A significant (p<0.05) decrease was observed in
haemoglobin, red blood cells counts and packed cells volume compared with the control, these can be attributed to
reduction in cellular iron resulting in decreasing oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, later results to erythropoiesis.
In contrast, white blood cells counts increases significantly (p<0.05) this could be in attempt to improve the health of
the fish. High levels of Asparate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities observed are
suggestive of hepatic cellular damages . However, low level of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities is an
indication of liver disease and hypoproteinea . A notable decrease in cholesterol level may also be due to damages of
liver cells resulting to decease synthesis within. In conclusion, the alteration in the levels of haematological and
biochemical indices of fish proved that cassava effluent contain pollutants that are toxic to the fish and can create
hazard in such water bodies.
Keyword: haematology, biochemical indices, cassava effluent, sub-lethal concentrations

Introduction
In Nigeria, sudden increase in Agricultural practices, industrialization and food production arising as ways of
alleviating food scarcity and poverty. Even though, these practices have led to water and other forms of
environmental pollution thus creating health hazards to man and other living organisms. Annual cassava production
in Africa is about 84 million tonnes with Nigeria having the highest production of 30million tonnes, Tanzania 5.7
million tonnes and Madagascar 2.4 million (Adeyemo ,2005). This upsurge in production in Nigeria has led to
creation of casava processing units where various cassava products are produced and waters are discharged into the
environment and our waters. Cassava waste water, containing most toxic chemicals such as cyanide are discharged
from processing units into the nearby rivers andstreams without prior proper treatment. Cyanide, being most toxic
chemical to fish (Adeyemo 2005), induces some certain levels of alteration in the naturally occuring chemical
composition of aquatic phase which in turn alters the behaviour, biochemistry, haematology and general physiology
of aquatic faunas.
However, certain serum chemistry could be used to identify tissue damage (Patti & Kwkarini 1993). Aspartate amino
transferase (AST), Alanine amino transferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are normally found within the
cells of the liver, heart, gills, kidneys muscles, organs (Shalaby 2009) but their increase in the plasma indicate
tissue injury or organ dysfunction (Adewoye 2010). However, changes in plasma glucose, total proteins and
cholesterol concentrations can be indicative of a classical general adaptive response to stress in fishes exposed to
pollutants (Martinez et al. 2004). Wepener 1997 also suggested that haematology, biochemistry changes, growth
rate and oxygen consumption of fish can be used in determing the toxicity of pollutants. In recent years,
191
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.3, 2013

haematological variables were used more when clinical diagnosis of fish physiology was applied to determine the
effects of external stressors and toxic substances as a result environment (Wendelaar Bonga 1997., Adeyemo 2005).
This study therefore investigates the effects of cassava effluents on haematology and biochemical characteristics of
African catfish.

2. Materials and methods

2.1Experimental site
The experiment was carried out at the fishery unit of teaching and research farm, Ladoke Akintola University of
Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State.
2.2Test Chemical
The cassava effluents (waste water) used for the toxicity test was collected from a reputable Garri processing factory
in Ogbomoso, Oyo State. The effluents were colleced early in the morning into a ten litre bottle and stored in cold
water to avoid fermentation which can reduce the potency and toxicity of the test chemical.

2.3 Experimental Fish

One hundred and sixty adult catfish (mean weight 4.25.00± 0.12g and mean length 35.83 ± 0.2) were purchased
from Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries centre, Ogbomoso, Oyo state. Fish were acclimatized for fourteen days
during which the fish were fed twice daily (7:00hrs and 17:00hrs) with 40% crude protein (3.5mm) commercial
pelleted cat fish feed. Aerated well water was changed every two days and 10% mortality was recorded within this
period. A total of 96 fishes were selected for the experiment from the serving fishes. The little quantity of feed was
administered once daily to the fish exposed to cassava effluents to avoid starvation, likewise preventing interference
of stomach contents of fish exposed and their waste in the effluents.

2.4Toxicity Bioassay (Test solution)

Five graded concentrations of cassava effluents were prepared from a known doses of 10mls, 25mls, 45mls, 70mls
and 300mls mixed with 5 litres of aerated water in 30 litres aquarium each to give extracts concentration of
0.002mg/l, 0005mg/l, 0.008mg/l, 0.011mg/l and 0.014mg/l.

2.5 Experiemental procedure

12 fishes were kept in each aquarium and the fishes were exposed to five graded concentration of cassava effluents
of 0.02mg/l, 0.005mg/l, 0.008mg/l, 0.011mg/l and 0.014mg/l and the sixth aquarium containing only aerated water
serving as control and the experiment were replicated twice. The cassava effluents concentrations were changed
every two days to retain the potency and strength. The experiment lasted for fourteen days.

2.6 Haematological and biochemical studies

After fourteen days period of fish exposed to five graded concentrations of cassava effluents and control, blood
sample were collected from surviving fish for both haematological and biochemical studies by dcutting through the
caudal peduncle using ethylinendiamine tetraacetic (EDTA) as anticoagulant for haematological studies the
following parameters were determined.
Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration was determined by the cyanmetheamoglobin method (Blaxhall and Daisley, 1973).
Packed cell volume (PCV) and the total plasma were determined using the procedure described by al and Anderson
(1993). The red and white blood cell counts were determined using the method describe by Dacie and Lewis (1984).
Means corpuscular Haemoglobin concentration were calculated using the following equation: MCH = (Hb/RBCC) x
10; MCH = (Hb/PCV) x 100 (Wickham, Costa and Elsrier, 1980).
The blood samples for biochemical studies were collected from the surviving fish into non – leparinized tubes which
was centrifuged immediately at 1.006 x g for five minute to obtain plasma (Abalaka, 2011). Plasma total proteins
concentration was determined based on Biuret Method (Henry et al., 1974) while AST and ALT activities were
determined usign an autoanalyzer (bayer express plus, mode 15950, Germany 2000) based on the reference method
described in international Federation of Clinical Chemists (Schwartz et al., 1985). The calometric procedure was
used to determine ALP activities (king and Armstrong, 1934) and the same procedure was employed to determine
serum cholesterol concentration.
192
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.3, 2013

3. Results
The results obtained from the haematological examination and biochemical activities of the blood samples collected
from the fish exposed to five graded levels of sub – lethent concentrations of cassava effluents and control were
presented in Table 1 and 2 respectively.From the results of haematological studies presented in Table 1. The Hb,
RBC and PCV of fishes exposed decreased significantly (P> 0.05) with increasing level of cassava effluents
concentration compared with control. However, there was a significant increase (P> 0.05) in WBC counts of fish
exposed to different concentrations of cassava effluents compared with the control. The MCH and MCHC of fish
exposed were found to increase significantly (P< 0.05) with increasing concentrations levels of cassava effluents
compared with control.
The results of Biochemical changes of fish exposed and control as shown in Table 2 indicated that there was a
significant wavelike changes µ (P < 0.05) in AST activities with increasing effluents concentration in fish exposed to
five graded level of cassava effluents which was characterized with initial increase at 0.002mg/l concentration and
sudden dropped to its lowest at 0.005mg/l concentration before another increase at 0.011mg/l concentration of
cassava effluents. Similarly, there was a significant increase (P< 0.05) in ALT activities with increasing effluents
concentrations in fish exposed to cassava effluent which peaked initially at 0.002mg/l concentration eventhough the
ALT activities suddenly dropped to its lowest at 0.005mg/l concentration before another increase at highest another
increase at highest efflient concentration of 0.014mg/l. There was a significant decrease (P< 0.05) in ALP activities
with increasing effluent concentrations in fish exposed to cassava effluents which intially dropped to its lowest at
effluent concentration for ALP activities and was the same for the control.
Cholesterol levels increase significantly (P< 0.05) with increasing effluent concentrations in the fish exposed to
cassava effluent eventhough, the cholesterol level dropped at the effluent concentration of 0.005mg/l. Before there
was an initial significant increase (P< 0.05) in plasma total protein at effluent concentration of 0.002mg/l, however
the plasma total protein decrease significantly (P< 0.05) with increasing effluent concentration in the fish exposed to
cassava effluent. Sodium level was found to decrease significantly (P<0.05) with increasing effluent concentration in
the fish exposed, eventhough sodium level peaked at cassava effluent concentration of 0.005mg/l and 0.008mg/l.
There was a significant increase (P<0.05) in potassium level with increasing with increasing effluent concentrations,
eventhough, potassium level dropped at 0.005mg/l and 0.008mg/l. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in
albumin level with increasing effluent concentration in fish exposed to cassava effluent.

4 Discussion
The reduction in haemoglobin concentration (Hb) with increase in the concentration of cassava effluents observed in
this study agreed with the report of Omoniyi et al, 2002 and Adewoye, 2010 in which Clarias gariepinus was
exposed to sub – lethal concentration of Tephrosia Vogeli extract. This may be attributed to a reduction in cellular
iron resulting in reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood and eventually stimulating erythropoiesis, the state of
anaemia. According to the reports of (Smith et al., 1974) this may also be attributed to heterolysis resulting to a
haemodilution, a mean of diluting haemoconcentration of this extracts, thereby reducnig the effect of the toxicant in
the fish system. Reddy and Bashamo, (1989) also reported that the reduction in Haemoglobin concentration may also
be the results from high rate of haemoglobin destruction or decrease in tis synthesis. This situation might eventually
lead to lyses or degeneration of the erythrocytes if prolonged (Buckley et al 1974).

High levels of AST and ALT activities in the exposed fishes observed in this study are suggestive of hepatic cellular
damages leading to their leakage into circulation (Abalaka et al. 2011; Molander et al., 1957 ). These findings are
in agreement with the reports of (Neskovic et al 1996 and Abalaka et al 2011) who recorded high level of AST and
ALT activities.
Adults Clarias gariepinus exposed to aqueous and ethanoic extracts of parkia biglobosa pods. Eventhough these
findings diagreed with the repots of (sadlru et al, 1985, Okechukwu and Anta (2007) who also use sub – lethal
doses of toxicants and reported significant descrease (P< 0.005) in both AST and ALT activities which may have
resulted from the type of toxic compound in the solution used.
Low level of ALP activities recorded in this study agreed with (Caoel et al 1982) who reported decrease in ALP
activities which is suggestive of liver parenchymatous diseases which may have resulted from the use of sub – lethal
doses of cassava effluents, according to ( Bodansky 1957), increase in ALP activities are associated with bile – duct
193
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.3, 2013

destruction than in liver parenchymatous diseases.

The increase in WBC counts with increase in the concentration of cassava effluent extract is similar to those reported
in C.gariepinus exposed to petroleum oil and Parkia bioghobossa pods extracts (Adewoye 2010). This could be due
to the attempt of the fish to fight against the pollutants which may leads to production of more WBC to improve the
health status of the fish.
Hypoproteniaemea observed in this study agreed with the finding of Omoniyi et al 2002 and Shalaby 2007 who
reported significant hypoproteineamia which may be due to cellular destruction or necrosis with subsequent
impairement of protein synthesis mahcineries (Bradbury et al. 1987) or due to pathological kidney alterations leading
to excessive loss of proteins (Salah El – Deer et al 1996).
The notable decrease in cholesterol level of the exposed fish recorded during the course of this study agreed with the
findings of (kechukwu & Atta 2007) who reported that decrease in cholesterol may be due to considerable damages
to liver cells resulting in decrease synthesis within (Kamath, 1972) or utilization of body lipids as an energy supplier
to meet the increased physiological demands (Maruf Ifekhar et al 2006).
According to (Sugio 1991) decrease in albumin may be caused by dehydration and increased in level may be as a
result of liver disease or mal-absorption. The circulating levels of sodium have been indicated as a useful
measurement of stress, primarily due to the active movement of this ion across the gill structure which depends on
the concentration of external medium. The data obtained for the plasma sodium in this study substantiate the earlier
observations that exposure of fish to sub-lethal doses of heavy metals or their mixtures induces. Some degrees of
osmoregulatory impairement. The ion regulatory function of the gills have been severely impaired and because of
this Na+, K+ Ca and other ions appears to have diffused out of the blood into the environment. Low level of
potassium may be attributed to intestinal paralysis.

5. Conclusion
The results of the study showed that increase in concentration of cassava effluent aggravate high levels of AST and
ALT activities in the exposed fishes and they are suggestive of hepatic cellular damages leading to their leakage into
circulation. In the same vein hypoproteineamia which may be due to cellular destruction or necrosis with subsequent
impairement of protein synthesis machineries or due to pathological kidney alterations leading to excessive loss of
proteins. The notable decrease in cholesterol level of the exposed fish recorded during the course of this study may
be due to considerable damages to liver cells resulting in decrease synthesis within or utilization of body lipids as an
energy supplier to meet the increased physiological demands . Therefore, higher concentration of cassava effluents
are detrimental to the health of the Adult Clarias gariepinus fish
Suggested future works include examination of different organs (heart, liver, gills and intestine) of fishes exposed to
cassava effluent to study the extent of damages the cassava effluent has done to these organs.

References
Adeyemo, O..K. (2005), “Haematological and histopathological effects of cassava mill effluent in Clarias
gariepinus”, African journal of biomedical research. 8:179 -183.
Adewoye, S..O (2010), “Haematological and biochemical changes in Clarias gariepinus exposed to Tephosia
vogelii extract” Advance in Applied Science Research 1(1):74-79.
Blaxhall, P .C & Daisley, K.W. (1973), “Routine haematological methods for use with fish blood” Journal of fish
Biology 5:771-781.
Bodansky, O. (1957), “Biochemistry of diseases”.2nd Ed. The MacmillanCompany, New York, USA, 394-472.

Bradbury, S.P., Symonic, D.M., Coats, J.R.,& Atchison, G. J. (1987), “Toxicology of fenvalerete and its constituent
isomers to the fathead minnow (Piephales promeos) and blue gill (Lepomis macrochirus) Bull. Environ.
Cont”Toxicology 38: 727-735.
Buckley, J. A., Whtmore, C. M & Matsuda, R.I (1976), “Changes in blood chemistry and blood cells morphology in
Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kitsutch following exposure to sub lethal levels of total residual chlorine in municipal
waste water” Journal of fish Research Board Canada 33:776-782
Henry, R., Canon, D .C., & Winkelman J .W (1974), “Clinical chemistry: Principles and techniques” Harper and Roe
Publications, Maryland, USA, 543.
194
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.3, 2013

Kamath, S.H (1972). “Clinical biochemistry for medical technologists” Churchill /Livingstone, London. . 89.
King, E..J., Armstrong, A.R (1934), “A convenient method for determining serum and bile phosphatase activity” Can.
Med. Assoc. J. 31: 376-381.
Martinez, C.B.R., Nagae, M.Y., Zaia, C.T.B.V & Zaia, D.A.M (2004), “Morphological and physiological acute
effects of Lead in the neo tropical fish, (Prochilodus lineatus). Braz. J. Biol. 64: 797-807.
Maruf Iftekhar, A.S.M., Rayhan, I., Quadir, M.A., Akhteruzzaman, S.& Hasnaf, A ( 2006), “Effects of Tamarindus
indica fruits on blood pressure and lipid-profile in human model: An in vivo approach” Pak. J. Pharm. Sci.19(2):
125-129.
Molander, D.W., Sheppard, E., Payne, M.A (1957), “Serum transaminase in liver disease. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 163:
1461-1465.
Neškovic, N. K., Poleksic, V., Elezovic, I., Karam, V. & Budimir, M. (1996), “Biochemical and histopathological
effects of glyphosate on carp ,Cyprinud carpio L. Bull. Environ. Cont. Toxicol. 56 (2): 295-302.
Okechukwu, E.O. & Auta, J. (2007), “The effects of sub-lethal doses of Lambda-cyhalothrin on some biochemical
characteristics of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. J. Biol. Sci. 7(8): 1473-1477.
Omoniyi,. I, Agbon, A.O, & Sodunke, S.A. (2002), “Effect of lethal and sublethalconcentrations of Tobacco
(Nicotiana tobaccum) leaf dustextract on weight and haematological changes in Clarias gariepinus(Burchell)” J.
Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 6(2): 37-41.
Patti, M., Kulkarni, R.S. (1993), “Ovarian and hepatic biochemical responseto Sumaach (a crude form of HCG) in
fish, Notopterus notopteruspallas, under pesticide treatment”. Geobios. 20: 255-259.
Salah El-Deen, M.A., Sharada, H.l., Abu-El-Ella, S.M., (1996), Somemetabolic alteration in grass carp
Ctenopharyngodon idella inducedby exposure to cadmium” J. Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool. 21: 441-457.
Schwartz, M.K., De Cediel, N., Curnow, D.H., Fraser, C.G., Porter, C.J., Worth, H.G., & Inder, O.
(1985),.”International Federation of Clinical Chemistry,Education Committee and International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry, division of Clinical chemistry: Definition of the terms certification, licensure and accreditation in
clinical chemistry” J. Clin.Chem. Clin. Biochem. 23(12): 899-901.
Shalaby, A.M.E., (2009), “The opposing effects of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)on ochratoxin toxicity in tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus)” http://www.ag.arizona.edu/ista/ista6web/pdf/209.pdf. Retrieved: 05-04-09.
Wepener, W. (1997), “Metal ecotoxicology of the Ohfant River in the Kruger National Park and the effect thereof on
fish haematology,” Ph.D Thesis.
Wickham, L.L., D.P. Coasa & R. Elsner, (1990), “Blood rheology of captive and free- ranging northern

Table 1. Haematological parameters of African catfish exposed to sublethal concentration of cassava waste water
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Parameters (0.002mg-1) (0.005mg-1) (0.008mg-1) (0.011mg-1) (0.014mg-1) Control SEM

RBC(X106µl 4.83b 4.65c 4.15d 3.65e 2.50f 5.15a 0.28

b c d e
Hb(gm) 9.60 9.121 8.20 7.17 5.10f 10.20a 0.58
a b d d
PCV(%) 29.00 27.00 24.00 21.00 14.00e 30.00a 1.73
3 3 e d c 0b
WBC(X10 mm ) 11.70 12.70 15.20 16.7 18.10a 10.40f 0.48
c c ab ab
MCH (pg) 20.50 20.70 23.20 24.00 24.20a 20.50b 0.17
b b a a
MCHC (%) 6.20 6.17 7.00 7.17 7.37a 6.17b 0.87
Parameters on each row with different superscript are significantly different at P < 0.05

195
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.3, 2013

Table 2: Biochemical Parameters of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Cassava Effluent (Waste Water)
Parameters T1 T2 T3 T4 5 T6 SEM
(0.002) (0.005) (0.008) (0.011) (0.014) CONTROL
AST(U/L) 510.00a 382.00e 416.00c 502.00b 400.00d 398.00d 0.28
ALT(U/L) 38.17a 34.00a 34.67a 35.00a 36.00a 25.00b 0.58
c b a ab ab
ALP(U/ L) 10.00 13.83 17.83 16.00 17.00 17.00b 1.73
d c a bc c
Alb (Mg/dl) 1.00 1.400 2.00 1.50 1.70 1.80ab 0.48
b a b b b
Na (Meg/dl) 125.20 132.00 126.00 124.00 122.50 125.00b 0.17
a b b ab b
K (Meg/dl) 6.00 3.60 3.70 4.68 4.00 3.80b 0.87
a e c bc b
T.chol. (Mg/dl) 162.00 142.00 154.17 157.00 158.17 154.17cd
a b b b b
TOTAL PROT. 4.83 3.14 3.00 2.60 3.22 3.60ab

Values with the same superscript in the column are not significant different at 5% (P < 0.05)

196
This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.

More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org

CALL FOR PAPERS

The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/

The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.

IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners

EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open

Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar