International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume: 3 | Issue: 4 | May-Jun 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 - 6470

Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal

on Growth, Feed Utilization, Survival and Waste
Excretion of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Sp)
Jaypee. S. Samson
Faculty Researcher, College of Fisheries, Freshwater Aquaculture Centre,
Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

How to cite this paper: Jaypee. S. ABSTRACT

Samson "Oral Administration of A 35-day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pulverized
Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, wood charcoal (PWC) on the growth, feed utilization, survival and waste
Feed Utilization, Survival and Waste excretion of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Ninety red tilapias with an initial
Excretion of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis weight of 7.32 ± 1.31 g were acclimatized and randomly introduced into 9
Sp)" Published in International Journal aquaria in 3 groups with 10 fish per aquarium. Different levels of PWC (0 (T0),
of Trend in Scientific Research and 1% (T1), and 2% (T2)) were incorporated in the diets of red tilapia for four
Development weeks. After the experiment, average body weight (ABW), specific growth rate
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- (SGR), relative growth rate (RGR) weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR)
6470, Volume-3 | and survival rate (SR) of the experimental fish were computed. No significant
Issue-4, June 2019, differences were observed on feed utilization, survival, and waste excretion of
pp.417-421, URL: the fish. Furthermore, ABW and WG of the experimental fish did not show any
https://www.ijtsrd.c significant difference, however, significantly higher (P < 0.05) SGR and RGR were
om/papers/ijtsrd23 IJTSRD23724 observed from T1 compared to the other treatments. Consequently, this study
724.pdf showed that supplementation of 1% PWC in the diet is the most suitable in
improving the growth performance of red tilapia.
Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and
International Journal of Trend in Keywords: Ammonia, Aquaculture, Feed additive, Growth promotion, Red tilapia
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an Open Access article INTRODUCTION
distributed under Tilapia species are known for their ability to tolerate a wide range of
the terms of the environmental factors and stressful conditions. They are considered as one of the
Creative Commons most important fish species since the early twentieth century till present
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) (Fitzsimmons 2000). Red tilapia species became popular among culturists due to
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ the similarity in shape with sea bream and excellent growth and feed conversion
by/4.0) rates among fresh or brackish water species (Liao & Chen 1983).
FAO (2010) reported that in 2009 the global production of Ammonia is considered a very toxic factor to fish that limits
red tilapia was 38 064 ton. Fish require variable protein their survival and growth (Person-Le Ruyet et al. 1995). High
levels in their feeds to maintain optimal growth and survival levels of ammonia may result to gill damage, reduced
that is why the quality of feed is one crucial factor in the growth, poor feed conversion, and lower resistance to
aquaculture industry. However, the high levels of protein in diseases, increased breathing, cardiac output and oxygen
fish feeds loads more wastes to the aquatic environment. uptake and may result to convulsions and death (Floyd et al.
Common wastes coming from aquaculture facilities are the 1990, Buttner et al. 1993, Yu et al. 2007, Sichula et al. 2011,
nitrogenous waste, which is toxic to aquatic organisms and Bhatnagar & Devi, 2013). Ammonia in water is composed of
affects their growth and survival. One source of these two forms; the ionized (NH4+) an un-ionized (NH3) ammonia
nitrogenous wastes such as ammonia (Kikuchi et al. 1995) is (Floyd et al. 1990, Yu et al. 2007). Between these two forms
the undigested commercial feeds given to the cultured of ammonia, the un-ionized form is more toxic than the
species (Quiayum et al. 2014). Aside from that, fish and ionized form because of its ability to move across cell
aquatic organisms contribute to the increase of ammonia membranes (El-Sherif & El-Feky 2008; Yu et al. 2007,
level in the water through their waste excretions (Floyd et al. Bhatnagar & Devi 2013). The predominant form of ammonia
1990; Yu et al. 2007). As part of the growth and survival of present in water is affected by temperature and pH of the
animals, they continuously excrete wastes as a result of their aquatic system (Floyd et al. 1990). Both forms are termed as
metabolic process in acquiring energy and nutrients from "total ammonia nitrogen (TAN)” (Floyd et al. 1990, Yu et al.
their food. Ammonia is the principal metabolic waste 2007).
excreted by the fish so accumulates easily in aquatic systems.
Because of its negative impact on the health of the fish, Modifying the feeds given to the cultured species is one of
ammonia should be regulated before it accumulates and the recommended ways to reduce the nitrogenous waste
harms the fish. (Floyd et al 1990). from aquaculture. Currently, a natural substance such as
charcoal is used in formulating animal feeds because of their

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
ability to absorb nitrogen and ammonia and helps in Growth performance and Feed Utilization: To assess the
activating the intestinal function of animals (Quiayum et al. growth performance and feed utilization of the experimental
2014). Charcoal is a form of carbon, which is generally fish, the following data were gathered during the experiment
produced as a carbonaceous residue of wood and other which includes specific growth rate (SGR), relative growth
industrial wastes after heating the organic matter. It rate (RGR), weight gain (WG), survival rate (SR) and feed
contains 70 to 90% pure carbon and several minerals such conversion ratio (FCR). Parameters were calculated as
as calcium, potassium, iron, sodium, copper, zinc, follows:
manganese, magnesium, etc. (Brouwer et al. 1996). Charcoal
has a large surface area giving it countless bonding sites
which can be used in adsorbing toxins, gases, and drugs
without any specific action (Osol, 1975). It has been used as
a feed additive for many terrestrial animals because of its
ability to absorb gases especially nitrogen and ammonia,
activate the intestinal function, and eliminate the poisons
and impurities from the gastrointestinal tract of land animals
(Banner et al. 2000, Bisson et al. 2001, Kutlu et al. 2001,
Samanya and Yamauchi 2001, Mekbungwan et al. 2004). It
has also been proven to be a good feed additive in the feeds
of aquatic animals such as tiger pufferfish (Takifugu
rubripes) Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus),
Pangasius hypophthalmus, Clarias gariepinus, Nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus), red tilapia hybrid (Oreochromis
mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus) and Gilthead Water Quality Monitoring: Water quality parameters such
Seabream (Sparus aurata) (Thu et al. 2009, 2010, Quaiyum as temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were
et al. 2014, Jahan et al. 2014, Lawal et al, 2018, Nopadon et measured using DO meter and pH meter. For the analysis of
al. 2015, Michael et al. 2015, Michael & Helal 2018). TAN, water samples were collected from the aquarium tanks
and were placed in polyethylene (PE) bottles prior to the
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pulverized wood analysis in the laboratory. Analysis of TAN was done every
charcoal on the on growth, feed utilization, survival and week before water change following the phenate method.
waste excretion of Red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) Briefly, 25 to 50 mL of water sample was filtered through
Whatman No. 42, and 10 mL of the filtered sample was
MATERIALS AND METHODS transferred into a 50 mL beaker in a magnetic stirrer. While
Experimental fish and feeds: Red tilapia fingerlings were stirring, 1 drop of manganese sulfate (MnSO4 • H2O) solution,
obtained from Freshwater Aquaculture Centre, Central 0.5 mL oxidizing solution and 0.6 mL phenate solution was
Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, added. Then, removed from stirrer and allowed 15 minutes
Philippines. Experimental fish with an initial weight of 7.32 ± for maximum color development before transferring transfer
1.31 g were acclimatized for one week and were starved for to the 1-cm cuvette. Ammonia-free distilled water (10.00
24 hours before the commencement of the experiment. Ten mL) (reagent blank) and 10.00 mL of the 0.300 mg · L-1
randomly selected red tilapia were placed in each glass solution of total ammonia-nitrogen (standard) were carried
aquarium and fed the with their designated feed thrice a day through the procedure with each set. With the
(8:00, 12:00 and 16:00), with an initial feeding rate of 10% spectrophotometer at 630 nm, set 0.0 absorbance (100%
of their body weight. Sampling was done once every two transmittance) with the reagent blank, the absorbances of
weeks to measure their weight and adjust the feeding rate. the standard and the samples were read. Lastly, the
concentrations of the TAN were calculated using the
This study was designed randomly comprising of 3 formula:
treatments with each treatment replicated thrice.
Commercially-available diet (35% protein, 4% fat) was used
as the control for the experiment. Commercial diet was
added with 0% (Control) (T0), 1% (T1) and 2% (T2) PWD Statistical Analysis: Results for the growth, survival and
and water (200 mL kg-1) (Cho and Lee, 2012). Mixtures were feed utilization were subjected to one-way analysis of
mixed thoroughly and dried at room temperature before variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s test at a significant
storing at -20 °C. level of P<0.05.

RESULTS
Table1. Growth performance and feed utilization of Red tilapia fed on diets supplemented with different levels of
pulverized wood charcoal (PWC) for 35 days.
Parameters T0 (0% PWC) T1 (1% PWC) T2 (2% PWC)
Initial ABW, g 7.80 ± 0.85a 6.85 ± 2.00a 7.32 ± 1.23a
Final ABW, g 14.71 ± 2.72a 15.18 ± 1.45a 13.84 ± 1.85a
SGR (%) 0.78 ± 0.14b 1.22 ± 0.10a 0.80 ±0.17b
RGR (% · day )-1 87.91 ± 21.79 b 168.72 ± 21.99 a 91.25 ± 24.52b
WG, g 6.91 ± 2.11 a 8.33 ± 2.34 a 6.52 ± 1.57a
FCR 3.72 ± 0.36 a 2.45 ± 0.98 a 2.98 ± 0.45a
SR (%) 36.67 ± 5.77 a 46.67 ± 15.27 a 53.33 ± 37.85a
PWC, pulverized wood charcoal; ABW, average body weight; SGR, specific growth rate; RGR, relative growth rate; WG, weight
gain; FCR, feed conversion ratio; SR, survival rate.

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Means in column with the same letter are not significantly different at P < 0.05

Figure.1. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) co+ncentration of water of aquaria stocked by red tilapia fed on diets
supplemented with different levels of pulverized wood charcoal (PWC) for 35 days.

Results of growth performance, feed utilization, and survival, quality, and intestinal function (Boonanuntanasarn et al.
at the end of the experiment is shown in Table 1. There were 2014, Quiayum et al. 2014, Jahan et al. 2014, Moe et al. 2010,
no significant differences observed in the initial and final Thu et al. 2009, 2010, Lawal et al. 2018, Nopadon et al. 2015,
ABW of the experimental fish. However, PWC inclusion of Michael & Helal 2018).
1% (T1) significantly (P < 0.05) improved the SGR and RGR
of the experimental fish when compared to the control group The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different
(T0). WG from T1 was also numerically higher compared to levels of PWC in the feeds of red tilapia on their growth, feed
the other treatments (T0 and T2), however, the observed utilization, survival, and waste excretion. Results showed
increases were not statistically significant based on that 1% inclusion of PWC in the diet significantly improved
comparisons with the other groups. Furthermore, although the SGR and RGR of the fish. The result obtained from this
FCR and SR were better on PWC-supplemented diets, no study is in parallel with the report of Nopadon et al. (2015),
significant differences were observed upon comparing with wherein 1-3% of AC inclusion improved the growth
the control group. performance of Nile tilapia with optimal inclusion of 2%.
Also, Abdel-Tawwab et al. (2017) observed improvement in
Water quality parameters such as temperature (28.75 ± 0.85 the growth parameters of Nile tilapia at AC inclusion of 0.2-
ºC), pH (8.4 ± 0.22), and DO (2.5 ± 0.83 mg · L-1) did not show 2%, with optimal inclusion level of 0.7%. Additionally, the
any significant differences among the treatments. Levels of inclusion of commercial wood charcoal (CWC) at 3-4% in the
TAN concentration were found to be varying throughout the diet of red tilapia hybrid (Oreochromis mossambicus ×
culturing period. During the 1st week until the 3rd week of Oreochromis niloticus) improved fish survival, growth, and
feeding experiment, a high concentration of TAN was feed utilization. In contrast, the present study found no
recorded in PWC-supplemented diets, with readings of 0.996 significant improvement in the growth of red tilapia at a 2%
to 1.016 mg · L-1, respectively. As the experiment progress, level of PWC inclusion. Supplementation of charcoal in the
the level of TAN decreases (Fig 1). In the 4th and 5th week of diets have also shown improved growth performance of
the feeding trial, TAN levels from PWC-supplemented diets other aquatic animals. Thu et al. (2009) and Michael & Helal
were numerically lower, however, the observed decrease (2018) reported that 4% of charcoal inclusion is the optimal
was not statistically significant based on comparisons with level for tiger puffer fish and gilthead seabream. While 0.5%
the control group. level of bamboo charcoal (BC) inclusion is reported by Moe
et al. (2010) to be the best in juvenile Japanese flounder. In
DISCUSSION addition, Lawal et al. (2018) found significant improvement
The quality of the fish diet is one of the most important in the growth of Clarias gariepinus with 0.25% level of AC
factors to consider when it comes to the optimal growth inclusion. Furthermore, Quiayum et al. (2014) and Jahan et
potential of an aquaculture organism. Over the years, al. (2014) observed significant effects of BC-supplemented
numerous efforts were made to formulate a diet that can diets in pangasiid catfish growth and ammonia loading,
provide optimal growth, and made of readily available and however, they reported a dissimilar level of optimum
inexpensive ingredients to reduce the cost of feed charcoal inclusion of 2% and 1%, respectively. On the other
production. However, despite the capabilities of the feeds to hand, Boonanuntanasarn et al. (2014), reported that growth
sustain good fish growth rates, they have a negative parameters of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) reared on diets
environmental impact due to their high nitrogenous wastes containing 10 g · kg-1 body weight AC only showed a
particularly ammonia that constitutes almost 80% of these numerical improvement with no statistical significance. The
wastes (Kikuchi et al. 1995). With that, the use of feed same result was observed by Mabe et al. (2017) in juvenile
additives especially charcoals to reduce the nitrogenous common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fed with different levels of
waste coming from the aquaculture industry and promoting BC in the diet. These results suggest that the optimal level of
better growth to the cultured species is gaining popularity. charcoal inclusion in the diet of aquatic animals differ among
The inclusion of charcoal in the diets of animals has received species, animal’s life stage, and the nature of charcoal.
attention due to its non-nutritive and nondigestible
characteristics giving it the ability to adsorb toxins from the The enhanced growth parameters in the present study may
gastrointestinal tract thus preventing their absorption into be explained due to the capability of PWC to adsorb and
eliminate unwanted gases and toxic substances, which can
the body. Several researches have demonstrated that result to improved digestion, metabolism, and better
charcoal-supplemented diets can improve fish growth, flesh nutrient utilization and absorption (Kutlu et al. 2001,

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Samanya & Yamauchi 2001, Jahan et al. 2014). Nevertheless, [4] Banner, R.E., Rogosic, J., Burritt, E.A., Provenza, F.D.,
since charcoal is a nonspecific adsorbent, its application in 2000. Supplemental barley and activated charcoal
the diets of animals may possibly cause the adsorption of not increase intake of sagebrush by lambs. Journal of
only toxins but also nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. Range Management 53, 415–420.
Thus, positive and negative impacts on physiological
[5] Bhatnagar, A. and P. Devi. 2013. Water quality
functions, growth and overall health of an organism can be
guidelines for the management of pond fish culture.
both expected (Boonanuntanasarn et al. 2014, Nopadon et al.
2015). [6] Bisson, M.G., Scott, C.B., Taylor, C.A., 2001. Activated
charcoal and experience affect intake of juniper by
The SR obtained in all treatments is noticeably low. goats. Journal of Range Management 54, 274–278.
Mortalities of the experimental fish started during the 3rd
[7] Blundell, T. 2004. Turning the tide: Addressing the
and 4th week of the experiment. As an observation, some
impact of fisheries on the marine environment. Royal
experimental fish are gliding their bodies along the sides and
commission on environmental pollution. United
bottom of the aquarium. It is possible that during the
Kingdom.
experiment, the fish acquired bacterial disease which is one
possible reason why the SR in all treatments is low. Aside [8] Boonanuntanasarn, S., Khaomek, P., Pitaksong, T., &
from that, the level of oxygen throughout the experiment Hua, Y. 2014. The effects of the supplementation of
(2.5 ± 0.83 mg · L-1) is lower than the desired dissolved activated charcoal on the growth, health status and
oxygen level of at least 5 mg · L-1. fillet composition-odour of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) before harvesting. Aquaculture International,
In the present study, no significant improvement was 22, 1417–1436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-014-
observed in the waste excretion of the red tilapia. In 9756-8
contrast, Thu et al. (2009) and (2010) reported that (BC)
[9] Brouwer, I.D., Hartog, A.P., Kamwendo, M.O.K., Heldens,
supplementation reduced the ammonia-N values with tiger
M.W.O., 1996. Wood quality and wood preferences in
puffer fish and Japanese flounder, respectively. Michael et al.
relation to food preparation and composition in central
(2015) also observed a gradual decrease in ammonia levels
Malawi. Ecol. Food and Nutri. 35: l-13.
in the rearing water area as the CWC levels in red tilapia
feeds increases. The same observation was noted by [10] Buttner, J., R. Soderberg and D. Terlizzi. 1993. An
Quiayum et al. (2014), where they found out that increasing Introduction to Water Chemistry in Freshwater
level of charcoal incorporation in fish feeds results to lower Aquaculture.
ammonia level in the water. The possible reason with this is
that the duration of the experiment (35 days) is not enough [11] Chen S. N. 1991. Environmental problems of
to observe the effect of PWC in the waste excretion of the aquaculture in Asia and their solutions. National
fish. Taiwan University.
[12] Davenport, J., K. Black, G. Burnell, T. Cross, S. Culloty, S.
CONCLUSION Ekaratne, B. Furness, M. Mulcahy and H. Thetmeyer.
In conclusion, the result of the present study showed that 2003. Aquaculture: the ecological issues. The British
1% inclusion of PWC in the diet improved the growth Ecological Society.
performance of the red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Therefore,
PWC at 1% can be a useful feed additive in the diet of red [13] Delgado, C. L., N. Wada, M. W. Rosegrant, S. Meijer and
tilapia as it is cheap and readily available. M. Ahmed. 2003. Outlook for fish to 2020, Meeting
Global Demand. pp. 28.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT [14] Durborow, R.M., D.M. Crosby and M.W. Brunson.1992
The author would like to acknowledge the assistance of the Ammonia in fish ponds.
College of Fisheries and Freshwater Aquaculture Centre
where the study was conducted. Also, the author would like [15] Ebeling, J. M., M. B. Timmons and J. J. Bisogni. 2006.
to extend his appreciation to the Department of Science and Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of
Technology–Accelerated Science and Technology Human photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic
Resource Development Program (DOST-ASTHRDP) for removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems.
financial assistance during the experiment. Aquaculture, 257, 346-358.
[16] El-Sherif, M.S. and A. M. El-Feky, Amal. 2008. Effect of
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