The Reynolds Analogy
The Reynolds Analogy
The Reynolds Analogy
pointed out that there was probably a relationship between the transfer
of heat and the fluid friction between a hot fluid and a surface. .
relating heat transfer and fluid friction. For the most part fluid-friction
the two is made possible by the fact that the transfer of heat and the
flows through a tube of radius r. In the section of the pipe between L and
L + dL the temperature of the fluid is T, and the temperature at the
inside surface of the pipe wail is ti,. Of the total fluid flow along the
axis
of the pipe, assume that m lb/(hrXft2) impinges on the pipe wall where
its velocity falls to zero and its temperature approaches the temperature
of the pipe wail, ti,. Each particle of BUM which thus contacts the wall
gives up its axial momentum and upon returning to the main body of the
fluid ha its axial momentum renewed at the expense of the energy of the
main stream. The constant loss and renewal of momentum are the
cause of the pressure drop. The traction or drag on unit area of the pipe
wall is obtained by equating the dr,g on unit length of pipe wall to the
product of the pressure gradient and the cross-sectional area of the pipe,
which reduces to
EQ 3.48
where tow is the drag. Since the drag is assumed to be equal to the loss of
EQ 3.51
In simple terms the last two members of Eq. (3.51) state
FORMULA
Rewriting Eq. (3.50) to include the heat-transfer coefficient,
EQ 3.52
EQ 3.53
or in dimensionless form,
FORMULA
It is interesting to note in Eq. (3.53) that an equation has been obtained
for the heat-transfer coefficient which involves the friction factor and
the use of Eq. (3.53) applies only to a small range of fluids, particularly
permanent gases.
oient of heat transfer obtained from Eq. (3.53) should be affected by the
fluid in turbulent flow is not turbulent. Instead it has been found that
a laminar layer exists near the pipe wail through which conduction must
is assumed that the layer has a thickness b and that the temperature
of its inner circumference is t’, the heat flow per square foot of layer is
given by
EQ 3.54
where k is the mean conductivity for the layer. A.ssume that the transfer
without disturbing its laminar flow. The inner surface of the layer moves
(3.53),
EQ 3.55
From the definition of viscosity given by Eq. (3.4),
EQ 3.56
where p. is the viscosity of the fluid in the layer. From Eq. (3.54),
EQ 3.57
And from Eq. (3.55),
EQ 3.58
Combining Eqs. (3.57) and (3.58),
EQ 3.59
The corrected value of h,1 becomes
EQ 3.60
Substituting r’ for the ratio UI/u and eliminating T by means of Eq.
(3.48),
EQ 3.61
or in dimensionless form using c for C and h for h as usually given in the
literature,
EQ 3.62
Equation (3.61) is the Prandtl modification of the Reynolds analogy,
Prandtl group cWk has appeared earlier in this chapter, and when it is
no longer ends abruptly at the laminar layer but that there is instead a
buffer layer within the laminar layer in which the transition occurs.