Fluid Flow in Pipes
Fluid Flow in Pipes
Fluid Flow in Pipes
Turbulent Flow
Fluid particles move n haphazard fashion in
all directions.
Critical Velocity
τo
F1 r x τs
F2
Shearing Stress at Pipe Wall
At any point from the center;
Or,
ux
Velocity Distribution in Pipes
where:
hL – head lost in pipe
L – pipe length
ro – pipe radius
vc – centerline or maximum velocity
μ – absolute viscosity of the liquid
γ – unit weight of the fluid
u – velocity at distance ‘r’ from the pipe center
v – average velocity
Velocity Distribution in Pipes
2) Turbulent Flow
- velocity varies with the Reynold’s number
Velocity at any point;
vc
ro
r
but;
u
Velocity Distribution in Pipes
2) Turbulent Flow
Or (velocity at any point); Average velocity;
where:
τo – maximum shearing stress at the pipe
f – friction factor
ρ – density of fluid
Problem 28
Determine the (a) shear stress at the walls of a
300mm diameter pipe when water flowing causes
a head loss of 5m in 90m length. (b) the shear
velocity (c) shear stress at 50mm from the
centerline of the pipe.
Problem 29
where:
n – roughness coefficient
R – hydraulic radius For non-circular Pipes:
S – slope of the energy grade line
where:
Q - discharge
R – hydraulics radius
Equations for Head Losses in Pipes
3) Hazen Williams Formula
For Circular Pipes:
(General Equation)
where:
C1 – Hazen Williams Coefficient For non-circular Pipes:
D – diameter of pipe
R – hydraulic radius
S – slope of E.G.L. = hf/L where:
Q - discharge
R – hydraulics radius
Equations for Head Losses in Pipes
4) Hagen-Poiseuille Equation
(Frictional Loss in Laminar Flow)
or
where:
Problem 31
A pipe is 450mm in diameter, roughness coefficient = 0.012
and Q = 160 lit/sec, find the head loss for a 1800m long
pipe.
Problem 32
Glycerin (SG=1.26 & μ = 1.49 Pa-sec) flows through a
rectangular conduit 300mm by 450mm at a rate of 160
lit/sec.
a) Is the flow laminar or turbulent?
b) Determine the head loss per kilometer length of the
pipe.
Problem 33
El. 10m A
200mm –
500m 1
P 2
Problem 34
The total length of pipe connecting the two reservoirs is
100m. The pipe diameter is 250mm and the Hazen-
Williams coefficient is 120. IF Q = 150 lit/sec, determine the
power generated by the turbine if n=85%.
El. 197m 1
2 El. 50m
T
End