Description of Motion

in One Dimension
AIEEE Syllabus
Frame of reference. Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed CHAPTER
and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and
instantaneous velocity, Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time,
position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion.

POSITION AND FRAME OF REFERENCE THIS CHAPTER

Position of an object is specified with respect to a reference frame. COVERS :
In a reference frame, an observer measures the position of the other object  Position
at any instant of time, with respect to a coordinate system chosen and fixed
arbitrarily on the reference frame.  Displacement and
for example : The position of particle at O, A, B and C are Zero, +2, +5 and Velocity
–2 respectively with respect to origin (O) of reference frame.
 Distance and speed
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X X-axis
C O A B  Acceleration

DISPLACEMENT AND VELOCITY  Equations of Motion

Displacement  Graphs
1. The change in position of a body in a certain direction is known as
displacement.  Motion under
gravity
2. The distance between the initial and final position is known as
magnitude of displacement.  Relative motion in
3. Displacement of an object may be positive, negative or zero and it is one dimension
independent of the path followed by the object.
4. Its SI unit is meter and dimensional formula is [M0L1T0].

Velocity
1. Average velocity : [<v>] :
If x is displacement in time t, then average velocity in time interval t
will be

x x f  x i
v   
t tf  ti .
Here xf and xi be the position of particle at time tf and ti (tf > ti) with
respect to a given frame of reference.
2. Instantaneous velocity (v) : It is the velocity of particle at any instant
of time
Mathematically,

x dx
v  Limit  v   Limit 
t  0 t 0 t dt

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AIEEE/State CETs Description of Motion in One Dimension

DISTANCE AND SPEED

Distance
1. The total length of actual path traversed by the body between initial and final positions is called distance.
2. It has no direction and is always positive.
3. Distance covered by particle never decreases.
4. Its SI unit is meter (m) and dimensional formula is [M0L1T0].

Speed
1. Average speed : It is defined as distance travelled by particle per unit time in a given interval of time.

S
If S is the distance travelled by particle in time interval t, then average speed in that time interval is .
t
2. Instantaneous speed : The magnitude of instantaneous velocity at a given instant is called instantaneous
speed at that instant.

ACCELERATION
Time rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.

1. Average acceleration : If v is change in velocity in time t, then average acceleration in time interval
t is

v v f  v i
< a > = t  t  t .
f i

2. Instantaneous acceleration : The acceleration at any instant is called instantaneous acceleration.

Mathematically

v dv
a = Limit  a   Limit  .
t  0 t  0 t dt

Uniform and variable acceleration :

If the change in velocity of the particle is equal in equal intervals of time, then the acceleration of the body is
said to be uniform. Neither direction, nor magnitude changes with respect to time.
If cnange in velocity is different in equal intervals of time, then the acceleration of the particle is known as
variable. If either direction or magnitude or both magnitude and direction of acceleration changes with respect
to time, then acceleration is variable.

EQUATIONS OF MOTION
General equations of motion :

dx
v
dt 
 dx  vdt  dx  vdt 
dv
a
dt 
 dv  adt  dv  adt 
vdv
a
dx
 vdv  adx  vdv  adx  
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Description of Motion in One Dimension AIEEE/State CETs

Equations of motion of a particle moving with uniform acceleration in straight line :

1. v = u + at

1 2
2. S  ut  at
2
3. v2 = u2 + 2aS

1
4. Sn th  u  a(2n  1)
2

1 2
5. x  x 0  ut  at
2
Here
u = velocity of particle at t = 0
S = Displacement of particle between 0 to t
= x – x0 (x0 = position of particle at t = 0, x = position of particle at time t)
a = uniform acceleration
v = velocity of particle at time t
Sn th = Displacement of particle in nth second

Average Speed and Velocity

1. If a body covers s1 distance with speed v1, s2 with speed v2, then its average speed is

vav =
s1  s 2

s
s1 s 2 s

v1 v 2 v
2. If a body coves first half distance with speed v1 and next half with speed v2, then

2v 1v 2
Average speed = (Harmonic mean)
v1  v 2

3. If a body travels with uniform speed v1 for time t1 and with uniform speed v2 for time t2, then average speed

=
v 1t1  v 2 t 2

 vt .
t1  t 2 t
T v1  v 2
If t1 = t2 = then v av  [T = time of journey] (Arithmatic mean)
2 2

4. If body covers first one third with speed v1, next one third with speed v2 and remaining one third with speed

3v 1v 2v 3
v3 then v av  .
v 1v 2  v 2v 3  v 3v 1

5. If a body moves from one point (A) to another point (B) with speed v1 and returns back (from B to A) with

2v 1v 2
speed v2 then average velocity is 0 but average speed = v  v .
1 2

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AIEEE/State CETs Description of Motion in One Dimension

GRAPHS
The important properties of various graphs are given below :
1. Slope of the tangent at a point on the displacement-time graph gives the instantaneous velocity at that
point.
Displacement

(x - t) curve
(x) P
dx
tan    v (Instantaneous Velocity at point P)
 dt

Time (t)

2. Slope of the chord joining two points on the displacement-time graph gives the average velocity during the
time interval between those points.
Displacement (x)

(x - t) curve

xi

xf  xi
xf tan    Vav
tf  t i
ti tf
Time (t )

3. Slope of the tangent at a point on the velocity-time graph gives the instantaneous acceleration at that point.

Tangent (v-t graph)

v P
dv
tan    a (Instantaneous acceleration at P)
dt

Time (t)

4. Slope of the chord joining two points on the velocity-time graph gives the average acceleration during the
time interval between those points.

vf

v
vi 
vf  vi
tan    aav  Average acceleration in time interval tf – ti
tf  ti
ti tf t
5. The area under the acceleration-time graph between ti and tf gives the change in velocity (vf – vi) between
the two instants.

Shaded area = vf – vi = change in velocity

ti tf t

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Description of Motion in One Dimension AIEEE/State CETs

6. The area under speed-time graph between ti and tf gives distance covered by particle in the interval tf – ti.

v
Velocity

Shaded area = displacement in time (tf – ti)

ti tf time t
7. The area under the velocity-time graph between ti and tf gives the displacement (xf – xi) between the two
instants.

V
speed
Shaded area = distance covered in time (tf – ti)
ti tf t (time)

8. The displacement-time graph cannot take sharp turns because it gives two different velocities at that point.
9. The displacement-time graph cannot be symmetric about the time-axis because at an instant a particle
cannot have two displacements, but the graph may be symmetric about the displacement-axis.
10. The distance-time graph is always an increasing curve for a moving body.
11. The displacement-time graph does not show the trajectory of the particle.

Applications
1. If a particle is moving with uniform acceleration and have velocity VA at A and VB at B, then velocity of
VA2  VB2
particle midway on line AB is V  .
2
2. If a body starts from rest with acceleration  and then retards to rest with retardation , such that total
time of journey is T, then v
  
(a) Maximum velocity during the trip vmax.   .T vmax

 x x 
1    2 1 2

(b) Length of the journey L   T

2 1 2
t
T
t1 t2
v max .  T x1  t1
(c) Average velocity of the trip =  & (d) x    t .
2 2(  ) 2 2

MOTION UNDER GRAVITY

Whenever a particle is thrown up or down or released from a height, it falls freely under the effect of
gravitational force of earth.
The equations of motion :
1. v = u + gt

1 2 1 2
2. h  h0  ut  gt or h  h0  s  ut  gt
2 2
3. v2 = u2 + 2g(h – h0) or v2 = u2 + 2gs

g
4. hn th  u  (2n  1)
2
where h = vertical displacement, hnth = vertical displacement in nth second

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AIEEE/State CETs Description of Motion in One Dimension

Following are the important cases of interest.

1. A particle is projected from ground with velocity u in vertically upward direction then

Time of flight T u
(a) Time of ascent = Time of descent =  
2 2 8

u2
(b) Maximum height attained =
2g

(c) Speed of particle when it hits the ground = u

(d) Graphs

a
u

Velocity
(g = const)

O O
t u 2u Time
g g
–g –u
Speed

Displacement

u u
2

2g
(Parabolic)
O O
u 2 u Time u
g g 2u Time
g g
Distance

O
u 2u Time
g g

(e) Displacement of particle in complete journey = zero  average velocity vav = 0

u2
(f) Distance covered by particle in complete journey =
g

u
 Average speed in complete journey =
2
2. A body is thrown upward such that it takes t seconds to reach its highest point.
(a) Distance travelled in (t)th second = distance travelled in (t + 1)th second.
(b) Distance travelled in (t – 1)th second = distance travelled in (t + 2)th second.
(c) Distance travelled in (t – r)th second = distance travelled in (t + r + 1)th second.

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Description of Motion in One Dimension AIEEE/State CETs

3. A body is projected upward from certain height h with initial speed u.

(a) Its speed when it acquires the at same level is u.
T
A t=
(b) Its speed at the ground level is 2
x
 Here x = 0
v  u 2  2gh u u
t =T particle follows
t =0
– 0 B same path during
(c) The time require to attain same level is h ascent and descent
2u
T=
g
v = u2+2 gh
(d) Total time of flight (T) is obtained by solving
C t =T 

8h
T  T2 
1 g 2u
– h = + uT  + gT  2 or T   , where T 
2 2 g

Some Important Points :

1. During free fall distance increases by equal amounts i.e., g during 1st , 2nd, 3rd seconds of fall, i.e.,
4.9m, 14.7m, 24.5m are the distances travelled during 1st, 2nd and 3rd seconds respectively.
2. From the top of a tower a body is projected upward with a certain speed, 2nd body is thrown downward
with same speed and 3rd is let to fall freely from same point then

t 3  t1t 2
where, t1 = Time of flight of body projected upward
t2 = Time of flight of body thrown downward
t3 = Time of flight of body dropped.
3. If a body falls freely from a height h on a sandy surface and it buries into sand upto a depth of x, then
the retardation with which body travels in the sand is

gh
a
x
4. If u and v are velocity of particle at t = t1 and t = t2, which is moving with uniform acceleration, then
u v
average velocity of particle during time interval (t2 – t1) is . Vav 
2
5. For a body starting from rest and moving with uniform acceleration, the ratio of distances covered in
1s, 2s, 3s, etc. is 12 : 22 : 32 etc., i.e. 1 : 4 : 9 etc.
6. A body starting from rest and moving with uniform acceleration has distances covered by it in 1st, 2nd
and 3rd seconds in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5 etc. i.e., odd numbers only.
7. A body moving with a velocity v is stopped by application of brakes after covering a distance s. If the
same body moves with a velocity nv, it stops after covering a distance n2s by the application of same
brake force.
8. In the absence of air resistance, the velocity of projection is equal to the velocity with which the body
strikes the ground.
9. In case of air resistance, the time of ascent is less than time of descent for a body projected vertically
upward.
10. For a body projected vertically upwards, the magnitude of velocity at any given point on the path is same
whether the body is moving in upwards or downward direction.

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AIEEE/State CETs Description of Motion in One Dimension

RELATIVE MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

1. If two bodies A and B are moving in straight line same direction with velocity VA and VB, then relative velocity
of A with respect to B is vAB = vA – vB. Similarly vBA = vB – vA

A vA B vB

2. If two bodies A and B are moving in straight line in opposite direction then

A B
vAB = vA + vB (towards B)
vA vB

vBA = vB + vA (towards A)
vAB = – vBA
Same concept is used for acceleration also.
3. If two cars A and B are moving in same direction with velocity vA and vB (vA > vB) when A is behind B at a
distance d, driver in car A applies brake which causes retardation a in car A, then minimum value of d to avoid

(v A  v B )2 (v A  v B )2
collision is i.e., d  .
2a 2a

4. A particle is dropped and another particle is thrown downward with initial velocity u, then
(a) Relative acceleration is always zero
(b) Relative velocity is always u.

x
(c) Time at which their separation is x is .
u

5. Two bodies are thrown upwards with same initial velocity with time gap . They will meet after a time t
from projection of first body.

 u
t 
2 g

  

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