Progress in Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 30, 253-269, 2013
Progress in Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 30, 253-269, 2013
Progress in Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 30, 253-269, 2013
1. INTRODUCTION
in frequency domain with the use of the inverse Fourier transform for
the transition in the time.
Lightning discharge
Gound wire
(a) (b)
j k
Node ii Line segment (i) i i Node
(j) + + k
j k
vi vi
follows:
¡ ¢ n−1/2
2·ii1
C
(vi (0))n−1 + 1
(ii (0))n−1 −
[B1 ] = ¡ ∆t
¢
∆xi
2·i
∆xi
n−1/2 (15)
C
∆t (vi (L))n−1 + 1
∆xi (i i (L)) n−1
− ikmax
∆xi
n−1/2 n−1/2
The currents ii1 and iikmax are calculated from the following
recurrence equations:
µ ¶ µµ ¶ ¶
n+1/2 L R −1 L R n−1/2 v n − vkn
ik = + − ik − k+1 (16)
∆t 2 ∆t 2 ∆x
µ ¶−1 õ ¶ n−1/2 n−1/2
!
C C v − v
vkn = vkn−1 − k k−1
(17)
∆t ∆t ∆x
Sub vector [B2 ] contains zeros, except the node in which the
lightning strike occurs. In the case of modeling of lightning injection
by using the bi-exponential generator one has:
0
..
.
[B2 ] = I0 (exp (−α · n (∆t)) − exp (−β · n (∆t))) (18)
.
..
0
(a) (b)
1
t f = 0.2 µs
0.8 t f = 0.5 µs
Current (A)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3
Time (µs)
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
Current (A)
Current (A)
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (µs) Time (µs)
Current generator
(a) (b)
with I0 = 1.06537 kA, α = 1.88 × 104 s−1 , and β = 1.6 × 106 s−1 .
The typical current waveform is shown in Figure 10.
The tower is connected at its lower base by a square grounding
(21.6 m × 21.6 m). The proposed model neglects the effect of the tower
on the current at the channel base. The per unit length longitudinal
and transverse parameters of the horizontal and inclined segments are
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 30, 2013 263
x 10 5
1000 6 s
Bras 6
900 5 Bras 9
800
4
700
Current (A)
Voltage (V)
600 3
500 2
400 1
300
0
200
100 -1
0 -2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (µs) Time (µs)
400 300
200
200
100
0
0
-200 -100
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (µs) Time (µs)
Figure 13. Voltage at the ends Figure 14. Voltage at the free
of ground wires 1 and 3. arms of Tower 1.
8 7
Tower 1 Tower 1
7 Tower 2 Tower 2
Tower 3 6 Tower 3
6
5
Current (kA)
Current (kA)
4
4
3
3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Temps (µs) Time (µs)
Figure 15. Current at the top Figure 16. Current at the base of
of towers. towers.
800 10
Ground wire 1
600 Ground wire 6
8
400
Current (kA)
6
Voltage (kV)
200
0 4
-200 Segment 9
2 Segment 12
-400 Segment 15
-600 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
Time (µs) Time (µs)
50 Middle electrode
Lef t electrode
40 Right electrode
30
20
Voltage (kV)
10
Voltage (kV)
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
0 2 4 6 8
Time (µs)
200
-200
-400
0 2 4 6 8
Time (µs)
Voltage (kV)
Current (kA)
6 5
0
4 -5
-10
2
-15
0 -20
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
Time (µs) Time (µs)
and vertical conductor (Figure 20 and Figure 23) lead almost to the
same result when the length (grounding electrode) in direct contact
with the ground is the same.
5. CONCLUSION
transient voltages that may arise; between a ground wire and phase
conductor, between the shield wire and finitely conducting ground
and the increasing of the GPR (ground potential rise). It is worth
underlining that all the calculations have been carried out with very
low CPU time.
REFERENCES