electrical

POWER
engineering

The prosperity of a nation is directly propor-

tional to the skills and the education level of
its people.
In that perspective, De Lorenzo is able to pro-
vide a significant contribution in the devel-
opment and modernization of education and
research institutions and to ensure that all
client needs are thoroughly analysed by our
project development team.
Established in 1951, De Lorenzo is the oldest
Italian leading manufacturer of educational
equipment.
Nowadays, with a huge number of products
and laboratories installed world-wide, De
Lorenzo is continuing its tradition of being
fully devoted to solve teaching and learn-
ing problems for its customers in technical
universities, polytechnics, technical and vo-
cational schools, education centres, teacher
DE LORENZO training centres, etc. in all of the above areas.
group
This catalogue is focused on one of the most
important topics of modern lifestyle. It deals
with the generation, the distribution and the
utilization of the electrical energy that is used
for both industry and domestic applications.
More than sixty modules allow performing a
large number of experiments. However, the
laboratory is modular and interested cus-
tomers can select which subject they want to
start with, purchase the necessary modules
first and then purchase additional modules
to complete the laboratory.
Or, they may wish to study the transmission
of energy over simulated high voltage lines
only, or the protection techniques, etc.
Whatever the requirement, we are sure that
we will be able to satisfy our customers’
GROUP
needs.
educational equipment manufacturers
viale Romagna 20
20089 Rozzano - Milan/Italy educational equipment manufacturers
GROUP

2
Ph. ++39 02 82 54 551
Fax ++39 02 82 55 181
www.delorenzogroup.com
[email protected]
 electrical
POWER
engineering

The prosperity of a nation is directly propor-

tional to the skills and the education level of
its people.
In that perspective, De Lorenzo is able to pro-
vide a significant contribution in the devel-
opment and modernization of education and
research institutions and to ensure that all
client needs are thoroughly analysed by our
project development team.
Established in 1951, De Lorenzo is the oldest
Italian leading manufacturer of educational
equipment.
Nowadays, with a huge number of products
and laboratories installed world-wide, De
Lorenzo is continuing its tradition of being
fully devoted to solve teaching and learn-
ing problems for its customers in technical
universities, polytechnics, technical and vo-
cational schools, education centres, teacher
DE LORENZO training centres, etc. in all of the above areas.
group
This catalogue is focused on one of the most
important topics of modern lifestyle. It deals
with the generation, the distribution and the
utilization of the electrical energy that is used
for both industry and domestic applications.
More than sixty modules allow performing a
large number of experiments. However, the
laboratory is modular and interested cus-
tomers can select which subject they want to
start with, purchase the necessary modules
first and then purchase additional modules
to complete the laboratory.
Or, they may wish to study the transmission
of energy over simulated high voltage lines
only, or the protection techniques, etc.
Whatever the requirement, we are sure that
we will be able to satisfy our customers’
GROUP
needs.
educational equipment manufacturers
viale Romagna 20
20089 Rozzano - Milan/Italy educational equipment manufacturers
GROUP

2
Ph. ++39 02 82 54 551
Fax ++39 02 82 55 181
www.delorenzogroup.com
[email protected]
 GTU101 Generation GTU102 Transmission GTU103 Protection GTU104 Utilization TOTAL

Variable three-phase power supply DL 1013T1 page 11 1 1 1

Variable dc power supply DL 1013T2 page 11 1 1 electrical electrical

Line model DL 7901TT page 11 2 1 2 POWER POWER
Three-phase transformer DL 1080TT page 11 1 1 1 engineering engineering
Resistive load DL 1017R page 11 1 1 1 1 1
Synchronoscope | DL 2109T32
Inductive load DL 1017L page 12 1 1 1 1
Rotating light meter with 28 LED on a circular scale
Capacitive load DL 1017C page 12 1 1 1
and a zero voltage differential indication with 2 LED.
Shunt dc motor DL 1023PS page 12 1 1

Three-phase synchronous machine DL 1026A page 12 1 1 Operating voltage: 380 V (120 Vmin)
page 12

features
T
Three-phase squirrel cage motor DL 1021 1 1 Operating frequency: 40 to 60 Hz
his trainer has been designed to provide the students with a fully comprehensive knowledge in
Magnetic powder brake DL 1019P page 12 1 1

Brake control unit DL 1054TT page 13 1 1

Electrical Power Engineering systems.
Load cell DL 2006E page 13 1 1 The trainer is composed of a set of modules for the simulation of the various subsystems forming
Optical transducer DL 2031M page 13 1 1 1 a complete electrical power system, from power generation to energy utilization.
Universal base DL 1013A page 13 1 1 1 High voltage components have been scaled down for obvious reasons: a real 380 kV power transmis-
Electronic tachometer DL 2025DT page 13 1 1 sion line is represented by a 380 V line in the laboratory. However, the same low voltage industrial
Experiment transformer DL 1055TT page 13 1 1 1
equipment which is normally used in real systems has been used also in this laboratory, whenever this
Three-phase power supply DL 2108TAL page 14 1 1 1 1 1
was feasible.
page 14
Moving Coil Voltmeter | DL 2109T2VB Moving Coil Ammeter | DL 2109T1AB
Variable dc power supply DL 2108T01 1 1

Power circuit breaker DL 2108T02 page 14 1 4 1 1 4

The trainer can be subdivided into four major study areas: Voltage transformer for measuring

features
page 14
5
Double busbar with two disconnectors DL 2108T02/2 1 1 Ranges: 100 - 1000 mA
Double busbar with four disconnectors DL 2108T02/4 page 14 1 1 • Power Generation page and protection purposes Class of accuracy: 1.5
page 14 • Power Transmission and Distribution page 6

features
Line capacitor DL 2108T03 2 2
Ranges: 15 - 30 V
Petersen coil DL 2108T04 page 14 1 1 • Protection Techniques page8 Class of accuracy: 1.5
CT load DL 2108T10 page 15 1 1 • Energy Utilization page 10
VT load DL 2108T11 page 15 1 1

Under/over voltage time relay DL 2108T12 page 15 1 1

In the Power Generation section a two-pole
Inverse time over-current relay DL 2108T13 page 15 1 1
alternator is investigated. A dc shunt wound
Definite time over-current relay DL 2108T14 page 15 1 1
machine performs the drive function. Electronic Stopclock | DL CRON Acoustic Continuity Tester | DL BUZ
Combined over-current & earth fault relay DL 2108T15 page 16 1 1
Electronic stopwatch with LCD display Buzzer for diode continuity and transistor testing
Single-phase directional relay DL 2108T16 page 16 1 1
To determine some of the characteristics of
page 16 the synchronous machine, the so called iso-
L/C loads DL 2108T17 1 1
DE LORENZO Measuring range: 9 h, 59 min, 59 s, 99/100 s Acoustic continuity tester up to 1 kΩ.
DE LORENZO

features
Selectable split or lap function. Test current: 24 mA
page 16 lated operation situation is reproduced. This
Earth fault control relay

Reactive power controller

DL 2108T18

DL 2108T19 page 17
1

1
1

1
group is an operating mode in which the generator
Battery: 1.5 V Voltage protection: 100 mA fuse
Tone: 400 Hz base frequency
group
Switchable capacitor battery DL 2108T20 page 17 1 1 supplies only one single consumer. Battery: 9 V type 6F22
Moving coil ammeter 0-1000mA) DL 2109T1A page 17 2 1 4 4
Then, various synchronisation circuits are as-
Moving coil ammeter (1,25-2.5A) DL 2109T2A5 page 17 2 3 1 2 3
sembled and the response of the machine is
Moving iron ammeter (5A) DL 2109T5A page 17 2 2
investigated in a constant-voltage constant-
Moving iron voltmeter (600V) DL 2109T1PV page 18 1 2 2

Moving iron voltmeter (125-250-500V) DL 2109T3PV page 18 3 4 1 4

frequency system. In this situation, voltage
Synchronization indicator DL 2109T1T page 18 1 1 and frequency are predetermined by the system and have constant values.
Phase sequence indicator DL 2109T2T page 18 1 1 In the Power Transmission and Distribution section a three-winding transformer is investigated. Then,
Double frequencymeter DL 2109T16/2 page 18 1 1 a model of an overhead high voltage power line is used to investigate its performance characteristics
Double voltmeter (250-500V) DL 2109T17/2 page 19 1 1 under various load conditions. Circuit configurations are connected for the demonstration of different Table With Frame | DL 2100T2
Single-phase current transformer DL 2109T21 page 19 1 1
neutral point connections in three-phase mains systems. Asymmetrical short-circuits are also simulated Metal frame for fitting the modules of the laboratory
Three-phase current transformer DL 2109T22 page 19 1 1
and reactive power compensation analysed.

features
page 19 Mounted on a bi-laminated wooden top of a table.
In the Protection Techniques section instrument transformers, to reduce the high current and voltage
Single-phase voltage transformer DL 2109T23 1 1

Three-phase voltage transformer DL 2109T24 page 19 1 1

Metal square legs with compensating feet which can be adjusted to
values so that they can be measured safely and economically, are studied. Then, the procedures which offset the unevenness of the floor.
Summation current transformer DL 2109T25 page 19 1 1

Power meter DL 2109T26 page 20 1 2 2 2 aare most commonly used in protective technology are in-
Power factor meter DL 2109T27 page 20 1 1 1 1 ttroduced and the most frequently used relays (under/over
Three-phase kWh meter DL 2109T28 page 20 1 1 vvoltage relays, definite and inverse time over-current relays,
Three-phase power meter DL 2109T29 page 20 1 1 eearth-fault relays, etc.) are investigated. Finally, over-volt-
Three-phase kVArh meter DL 2109T31 page 20 1 1
aage, under-voltage and earth fault monitoring and short-
Synchrono scope DL 2109T32 page 21 1 1
ccircuit protection of high voltage lines are analyzed.
page 21
IIn the Energy Utilization section the problems related to
Moving coil ammeter (100-1000mA) DL 2109T1AB 1 1

Moving coil voltmeter (15-30V) DL 2109T2VB page 21 1 1

reactive
r power compensation are discussed as well as the
Storage Cabinet | DL 2100TA
Acoustic continuity tester DL BUZ page 21 1 1 In fire varnished steel plate. Provided with shelves
page 21 methods
m and the equipment relevant to measuring the
Electronic stopclock DL CRON 1 1 1 for module storage and key-locked doors.

4 21
Accessories:
electrical
e energy in ac current and in three-phase networks:

features
Supplied with 4 rubber casters, the cabinet can be placed under the DL
Table with frame DL 2100T2 page 21 1 1 1 1 1 active
a and reactive energy induction meters and maximum 2100T2 table with frame.
Storage cabinet DL 2100TA page 21 1 1 1 1 1 demand
d meters.
Three-phase autotransformer
(for mains voltages different from 220/380 V)
DL 2100ATT page 21 1 1 1 1 1
 GTU101 Generation GTU102 Transmission GTU103 Protection GTU104 Utilization TOTAL

Variable three-phase power supply DL 1013T1 page 11 1 1 1

Variable dc power supply DL 1013T2 page 11 1 1 electrical electrical

Line model DL 7901TT page 11 2 1 2 POWER POWER
Three-phase transformer DL 1080TT page 11 1 1 1 engineering engineering
Resistive load DL 1017R page 11 1 1 1 1 1
Synchronoscope | DL 2109T32
Inductive load DL 1017L page 12 1 1 1 1
Rotating light meter with 28 LED on a circular scale
Capacitive load DL 1017C page 12 1 1 1
and a zero voltage differential indication with 2 LED.
Shunt dc motor DL 1023PS page 12 1 1

Three-phase synchronous machine DL 1026A page 12 1 1 Operating voltage: 380 V (120 Vmin)
page 12

features
T
Three-phase squirrel cage motor DL 1021 1 1 Operating frequency: 40 to 60 Hz
his trainer has been designed to provide the students with a fully comprehensive knowledge in
Magnetic powder brake DL 1019P page 12 1 1

Brake control unit DL 1054TT page 13 1 1

Electrical Power Engineering systems.
Load cell DL 2006E page 13 1 1 The trainer is composed of a set of modules for the simulation of the various subsystems forming
Optical transducer DL 2031M page 13 1 1 1 a complete electrical power system, from power generation to energy utilization.
Universal base DL 1013A page 13 1 1 1 High voltage components have been scaled down for obvious reasons: a real 380 kV power transmis-
Electronic tachometer DL 2025DT page 13 1 1 sion line is represented by a 380 V line in the laboratory. However, the same low voltage industrial
Experiment transformer DL 1055TT page 13 1 1 1
equipment which is normally used in real systems has been used also in this laboratory, whenever this
Three-phase power supply DL 2108TAL page 14 1 1 1 1 1
was feasible.
page 14
Moving Coil Voltmeter | DL 2109T2VB Moving Coil Ammeter | DL 2109T1AB
Variable dc power supply DL 2108T01 1 1

Power circuit breaker DL 2108T02 page 14 1 4 1 1 4

The trainer can be subdivided into four major study areas: Voltage transformer for measuring

features
page 14
5
Double busbar with two disconnectors DL 2108T02/2 1 1 Ranges: 100 - 1000 mA
Double busbar with four disconnectors DL 2108T02/4 page 14 1 1 • Power Generation page and protection purposes Class of accuracy: 1.5
page 14 • Power Transmission and Distribution page 6

features
Line capacitor DL 2108T03 2 2
Ranges: 15 - 30 V
Petersen coil DL 2108T04 page 14 1 1 • Protection Techniques page8 Class of accuracy: 1.5
CT load DL 2108T10 page 15 1 1 • Energy Utilization page 10
VT load DL 2108T11 page 15 1 1

Under/over voltage time relay DL 2108T12 page 15 1 1

In the Power Generation section a two-pole
Inverse time over-current relay DL 2108T13 page 15 1 1
alternator is investigated. A dc shunt wound
Definite time over-current relay DL 2108T14 page 15 1 1
machine performs the drive function. Electronic Stopclock | DL CRON Acoustic Continuity Tester | DL BUZ
Combined over-current & earth fault relay DL 2108T15 page 16 1 1
Electronic stopwatch with LCD display Buzzer for diode continuity and transistor testing
Single-phase directional relay DL 2108T16 page 16 1 1
To determine some of the characteristics of
page 16 the synchronous machine, the so called iso-
L/C loads DL 2108T17 1 1
DE LORENZO Measuring range: 9 h, 59 min, 59 s, 99/100 s Acoustic continuity tester up to 1 kΩ.
DE LORENZO

features
Selectable split or lap function. Test current: 24 mA
page 16 lated operation situation is reproduced. This
Earth fault control relay

Reactive power controller

DL 2108T18

DL 2108T19 page 17
1

1
1

1
group is an operating mode in which the generator
Battery: 1.5 V Voltage protection: 100 mA fuse
Tone: 400 Hz base frequency
group
Switchable capacitor battery DL 2108T20 page 17 1 1 supplies only one single consumer. Battery: 9 V type 6F22
Moving coil ammeter 0-1000mA) DL 2109T1A page 17 2 1 4 4
Then, various synchronisation circuits are as-
Moving coil ammeter (1,25-2.5A) DL 2109T2A5 page 17 2 3 1 2 3
sembled and the response of the machine is
Moving iron ammeter (5A) DL 2109T5A page 17 2 2
investigated in a constant-voltage constant-
Moving iron voltmeter (600V) DL 2109T1PV page 18 1 2 2

Moving iron voltmeter (125-250-500V) DL 2109T3PV page 18 3 4 1 4

frequency system. In this situation, voltage
Synchronization indicator DL 2109T1T page 18 1 1 and frequency are predetermined by the system and have constant values.
Phase sequence indicator DL 2109T2T page 18 1 1 In the Power Transmission and Distribution section a three-winding transformer is investigated. Then,
Double frequencymeter DL 2109T16/2 page 18 1 1 a model of an overhead high voltage power line is used to investigate its performance characteristics
Double voltmeter (250-500V) DL 2109T17/2 page 19 1 1 under various load conditions. Circuit configurations are connected for the demonstration of different Table With Frame | DL 2100T2
Single-phase current transformer DL 2109T21 page 19 1 1
neutral point connections in three-phase mains systems. Asymmetrical short-circuits are also simulated Metal frame for fitting the modules of the laboratory
Three-phase current transformer DL 2109T22 page 19 1 1
and reactive power compensation analysed.

features
page 19 Mounted on a bi-laminated wooden top of a table.
In the Protection Techniques section instrument transformers, to reduce the high current and voltage
Single-phase voltage transformer DL 2109T23 1 1

Three-phase voltage transformer DL 2109T24 page 19 1 1

Metal square legs with compensating feet which can be adjusted to
values so that they can be measured safely and economically, are studied. Then, the procedures which offset the unevenness of the floor.
Summation current transformer DL 2109T25 page 19 1 1

Power meter DL 2109T26 page 20 1 2 2 2 aare most commonly used in protective technology are in-
Power factor meter DL 2109T27 page 20 1 1 1 1 ttroduced and the most frequently used relays (under/over
Three-phase kWh meter DL 2109T28 page 20 1 1 vvoltage relays, definite and inverse time over-current relays,
Three-phase power meter DL 2109T29 page 20 1 1 eearth-fault relays, etc.) are investigated. Finally, over-volt-
Three-phase kVArh meter DL 2109T31 page 20 1 1
aage, under-voltage and earth fault monitoring and short-
Synchrono scope DL 2109T32 page 21 1 1
ccircuit protection of high voltage lines are analyzed.
page 21
IIn the Energy Utilization section the problems related to
Moving coil ammeter (100-1000mA) DL 2109T1AB 1 1

Moving coil voltmeter (15-30V) DL 2109T2VB page 21 1 1

reactive
r power compensation are discussed as well as the
Storage Cabinet | DL 2100TA
Acoustic continuity tester DL BUZ page 21 1 1 In fire varnished steel plate. Provided with shelves
page 21 methods
m and the equipment relevant to measuring the
Electronic stopclock DL CRON 1 1 1 for module storage and key-locked doors.

4 21
Accessories:
electrical
e energy in ac current and in three-phase networks:

features
Supplied with 4 rubber casters, the cabinet can be placed under the DL
Table with frame DL 2100T2 page 21 1 1 1 1 1 active
a and reactive energy induction meters and maximum 2100T2 table with frame.
Storage cabinet DL 2100TA page 21 1 1 1 1 1 demand
d meters.
Three-phase autotransformer
(for mains voltages different from 220/380 V)
DL 2100ATT page 21 1 1 1 1 1
 electrical
POWER
engineering

T
he three-phase current has emerged as the simplest form of power, in terms of both transmission and universal ap-
plication, in the area of public power supply.
In fact, three-phase currents can be transmitted to a voltage level which is suitable for the distances the power has to
be transmitted and, furthermore, it is ideal
for being used by the consumers. Alternator and parallel operation | GTU101.1
The major problem is that electrical power • determination of the effective resistance of stator and exciter windings of the
cannot be stored in large quantities and, alternator
consequently, it has to be generated at the • determination of the mechanical and iron losses of the alternator
• recording the open-circuit curve at various speeds
same time the consumer needs it. The gen- • determination of the ohmic and stray losses of the alternator
eration of electrical energy is performed • recording the short-circuit curve at various speeds
almost exclusively by means of high power • calculating the synchronous reactance
• recording the response of the alternator operating with the excitation and
synchronous machines, or alternators, speed kept constant under different types of load
whose construction design depends on the • recording the regulation characteristics at different power factors
list of experiments

type of drive, which can normally be steam, • determination of the conventional efficiency of the alternator using the
open- and short-circuit test results
gas or water.
• becoming familiar with various lamp circuits used to connect an alternator
Then, if the synchronous generator must in parallel to a constant-voltage constant-frequency system
be connected in parallel with a constant- • parallel operation using a synchronoscope
voltage constant-frequency system, it has to • response of the alternator on a constant-voltage constant-frequency system
• recording the V-curves (Mordey curves) of the synchronous motor
reach its nominal speed, and the excitation
voltage has to be increased from zero until
Variable dc power supply DL 1013T2 page 11 1
the stator voltage is brought up to the same
level as that of the network. To obtain this
Resistive load DL 1017R page 11 1
DE LORENZO
situation, the magnitude, the phase relation
Inductive load DL 1017L page 12 1 group
and the rotational direction of the two volt- Capacitive load DL 1017C page 12 1

ages
a must be in Shunt dc motor DL 1023PS page 12 1
agreement.
a Three-phase synchronous machine DL 1026A page 12 1
This
T procedure is Optical transducer DL 2031M page 13 1
termed
t synchro- Universal base DL 1013A page 13 1
nisation.
n In this Electronic tachometer DL 2025DT page 13 1
section
s a two-pole Experiment transformer DL 1055TT page 13 1
alternator
a is inves-
Three-phase power supply DL 2108TAL page 14 1
tigated.
t
Variable dc power supply DL 2108T01 page 14 1
A dc shunt wound
machine
m performs Power circuit breaker DL 2108T02 page 14 1
the
t drive func- Moving coil ammeter (100-500-1000mA) DL 2109T1A page 17 2

tion.
i To d
T determine
i iits characteristics the Moving coil ammeter (1.25-2.5A) DL 2109T2A5 page 17 2
synchronous machine is operated in what Moving iron voltmeter (600V) DL 2109T1PV page 18 1
is known as an isolated operation. In this Synchronization indicator DL 2109T1T page 18 1
configuration the generator supplies energy Phase sequence indicator DL 2109T2T page 18 1
to one consumer only. Double frequencymeter DL 2109T16/2 page 18 1
In this case, the alternator determines the page 19
Double voltmeter (250-500V) DL 2109T17/2 1
voltage magnitude and the frequency.
Power meter DL 2109T26 page 20 1
Then, various synchronisation circuits are
Power factor meter DL 2109T27 page 20 1
assembled and the response of the ma-
chine is investigated in a constant-voltage Synchronoscope DL 2109T32 page 21 1

constant-frequency system. Here, voltage Moving coil ammeter (100-1000mA) DL 2109T1AB page 21 1

and frequency have constant values and are Moving coil voltmeter (15-30V) DL 2109T2VB page 21 1

5
predetermined by the system. Accessories:
Table with frame DL 2100T2 page 21 1
Storage cabinet DL 2100TA page 21 1
electrical
POWER
engineering

T
he major advantage of ac and three-phase technology over dc technology is that the electrical power is generated
economically in large power stations relatively far from the end users, transported at high voltage over long distances
with very little power loss and finally made available to the consumers the way they need it.
This is possible only by using transformers. In fact, they are suitable for stepping up the voltage of the generator to values
which are suitable for high voltage systems, for power exchanging between networks, for stepping down the voltages to the
medium voltage level and then for feeding the power into the low voltage network.
In this laboratory a three-winding transformer is investigated. It consists of three individual poles with different connection
possibilities on the primary side and variable secondary voltage. The third winding (tertiary winding) is designed as the
delta stabilizing winding needed for asymmetrical loads.
OOverhead power lines are mainly used to transmit electrical energy from the power stations
tto the consumers. However, in densely populated areas the power can only be supplied via
ccables.
BBoth means of trans-
mmission, overhead Three-phase transformer | GTU102.1
llines and cables, are • determination of the vector group of the three-phase trans-
iincluded in the general former
• determination of the voltage transformation ratio of the trans-
tterm “line”. former operating at no-load
DE LORENZO TToday, the public sup- • determination of the current transformation ratio of the trans-
group pply of power takes place former operating with short-circuit
• determination of the equivalent circuit quantities based on the
aalmost exclusively by
consumed active and reactive power
mmeans of three-phase • measurement of the effect of the load type and magnitude on
current with frequency of 50 or 60 Hz, depending the performance of the secondary voltage
upon the Country. Due to the phase shift of the • determination of the efficiency of the transformer
• investigation of the zero-impedance of the three-phase trans-
three currents in a three-phase system, a rotating
list of experiments

former with various connection modes

field is created which is ideal for use by consumers. • examination of the load capacity of the secondary side using
Furthermore, another advantage of three-phase sys- a single-phase load with different connection modes on the
primary side
tems is that they provide the consumers with two • determination of the influence of a delta stabilizing winding
different levels of voltage, so that he can use his • demonstration of the possibility of utilizing a three-phase
equipment in the best economical way. transformer in economy connection (autotransformer)

Overhead line model | GTU102.2

• measurement of the voltages in no-load operation • measurement of the earth-fault current and the voltage rise of
• concept of operating capacitance the faulty phases
• line model with increased operating capacitance • determination of the inductance of an earth-fault neutralizer
• measurement of current and voltage relationship of an over- for the overhead line model
head line in matched-load operation. interpretation of the • investigation on the performance of a transmission line with
terms: characteristic wave impedance, lagging and leading a fault and comparison of the current values with those deter-
operation, efficiency and transmission losses mined during earth-fault with isolated neutral point system
• measurement and interpretation of the current and voltage ra- • measurement of the fault currents of asymmetrical short-
tios of a transmission line during a three-phase short-circuit circuits and comparison of the results with those for a three-
• measurement and interpretation of the current and voltage phase fault
ratios of a transmission line with mixed ohmic-inductive and • investigation on the effect of parallel compensation on the
list of experiments

pure inductive loads voltage stability at the load and the transmission losses of the
• measurement and interpretation of the current and voltage line
ratios of a transmission line with mixed ohmic-capacitive and • investigation on the effect of series compensation on the volt-

6
pure capacitive loads age stability at the load
• investigation on the performance of a transmission line with • use of measurement techniques to determine the zero-phase
isolated neutral point connection in the case of a fault to sequence impedance of the overhead line model and com-
earth parison of this value with the theoretical one
 electrical
POWER
engineering
In this laboratory a three-phase model of an overhead power transmission line (with a simulated
length of 360 km long, a simulated voltage of 380 kV and a simulated current of 1000 A) is used, with a
scale factor of 1:1000.
The performance characteristics of the line are investigated under various load conditions. Circuit con-
figurations are then connected for the demonstration of various neutral point connections in three-phase
mains systems. Asymmetrical short-circuits are also simulated.
Questions regarding reactive power compensation are finally addressed. But, transmis-
sion networks require a great number of lines and transformers as well as switchgears
and substations. Of course, because of the importance of electrical power, special atten-
tion is paid to guaranteeing the smooth operation of all the transmission devices.
Various voltage levels are used for transmitting power; the levels are determined
by the amount of power and the distance; the higher the transmission voltages,
the lower the currents as
well as the transmis-
Series and parallel sion losses. However,
connection of HV lines | GTU102.3 it must also be con-
• measurement of the voltage distribution in the series connec- sidered that network
list of experiments

tion of two lines without operating capacitances

investment costs in-
• measurement of the voltage distribution in the series connec-
tion of two lines with operating capacitances crease with the voltage.
• measurement of the voltage distribution in the parallel connec- To evaluate the optimum network configura-
tion of two lines without operating capacitances tion heavy calculations have to be carried out.
• measurement of the voltage distribution in the parallel connec-
tion of two lines with operating capacitances In this laboratory the basic circuits of power
engineering, series and parallel connections
of operating equipment (lines, transformers)
Busbar systems | GTU102.4 as well as circuits involving the conversion of
list of experiments

• operation of a switching station with two busbars and different delta connections to star connections and vice
voltages
• busbar transfer with interruption of the power supply to the versa, are analyzed. Also busbars, disconnec-
DE LORENZO
consumer
• busbar coupling and bus transfer without interruption of the
tors, power circuit breakers, voltage and cur-
rent transformers are studied; these, in fact,
group
power supply to the consumer
• switching sequence for disconnectors and power circuit breakers
are among the most important components of
a switching station.

GTU102.1 GTU102.2 GTU102.3 GTU102.4 TOTAL

Variable three-phase power supply DL 1013T1 page 11 1 1 1 1
Line model DL 7901TT page 11 1 2 1 2
Three-phase transformer DL 1080TT page 11 1 1 1 1 1
Resistive load DL 1017R page 11 1 1 1 1 1
Inductive load DL 1017L page 12 1 1 1 1
Capacitive load DL 1017C page 12 1 1 1
Three-phase power supply DL 2108TAL page 14 1 1 1
Power circuit breaker DL 2108T02 page 14 1 1 4 4
Double busbar with two disconnectors DL 2108T02/2 page 14 1 1
Double busbar with four disconnectors DL 2108T02/4 page 14 1 1
Line capacitor DL 2108T03 page 14 2 2
Petersen coil DL 2108T04 page 14 1 1
Moving coil ammeter (100-500-1000mA) DL 2109T1A page 17 1 1 1
Moving coil ammeter (1.25-2.5A) DL 2109T2A5 page 17 2 3 3 3 3
Moving iron voltmeter (600V) DL 2109T1PV page 18 2 2 2
Moving iron voltmeter (125-250-500V) DL 2109T3PV page 18 2 3 3
Power meter DL 2109T26 page 20 2 1 2
Power factor meter DL 2109T27 page 20 1 1

7
Accessories:
Table with frame DL 2100T2 page 21 1 1 1 1 1
Storage cabinet DL 2100TA page 21 1 1 1 1 1
electrical
POWER
engineering

I
n electrical power supply systems currents and voltages are constantly measured and monitored to ensure that they
remain within certain limits.
These values are needed in order to provide constant information on the state of the system, to calculate the amount of
power supplied to a customer and to switch off rapidly faulty sections of a network in case of a fault.
In general, the current and voltage values are so
Instrument transformers | GTU103.1 high that they cannot be measured directly and
• determination of the transformation ratio of a current trans- special transformers have to be used to reduce
former for various primary currents and investigation on the
influence of the load on the transformation ratio these values to a level which can be measured
• explanation of the terms: ratio error (current error), accuracy safely and economically.
class and rated accuracy limit factor In this laboratory single and three-phase current
• test on the performance of the current transformer at over-
current
and voltage transformers are studied.
• assembly of the common current transformer circuit for meas-
urement on three-phase network But, a very important subject must also be consid-
• measurement of the zero-phase sequence current of a three-
ered, the one related to the protection of electri-
phase system
• measurements on a summation current transformer cal power systems, in order to avoid that any fault
• demonstration of the principle of differential protection could spread through the network and result in
• determination of the transformation ratio of a voltage trans- a collapse of the entire power supply system. In
former for various primary voltages and investigation on the
influence of the load on the transformation ratio cases of short-circuit, for instance, the very high
• explanation of the terms: ratio error (voltage error) and accu- fault currents produced can destroy parts of the
racy class system and could often even endanger the lives of
• assembly of the common voltage transformer circuit for meas-
urements in three-phase network
humans.
list of experiments

For these reasons, special protection systems,

DE LORENZO • measurement of the residual voltage in a three-phase system
with a fault to ground which must react quickly and reliably in the event
group • assembly of a voltage transformer circuit in open delta connec-
tion
of faults, have been developed in the area of elec-
• measurement of the three conductor voltages on symmetrical trical power distribution.
and asymmetrical loads A fundamental task of a protective system is to
recognise the damaged system component and,
Protective relays | GTU103.2 where possible, to disconnect only this component
• connection of an under/over voltage relay in a three-phase net-
so that the remaining power distribution can be
work and investigation on its behaviour with respect to under maintained.
and over-voltages
• determination of the resetting ratio of an under/over voltage
relay
• measurement of the operating time of an under/over voltage
relay
• connection of a definite time over-current relay in a three-
phase network and investigation on its behaviour with respect
to different settings
• determination of the resetting ratio of a definite time over-
current relay
• measurement of the operating time of a definite time over-
current relay
• connection of an inverse time over-current relay in a three-
phase network and investigation on its behaviour with respect
to different settings
• measurement of the operating time of an inverse time over-
current relay
• investigation on an earth-fault relay
• check of the operate time set
• demonstration of an earth-fault alarm in a three-phase net-
list of experiments

work
• reaction to so-called transient earth faults
• investigation on a directional earth-fault relay behaviour for ef-

8
fective currents and on the direction of operation
• investigation on a combined over-current and earth-fault relay
behaviour connected in a solid earthed three-phase network
• demonstration of how the external blocking input works
 electrical
POWER
engineering
In this laboratory a number of protective relays
are analyzed: under/over voltage time relays, definite
time over-current relays, inverse time over-current re-
lays, earth-fault relays, etc.).

Then, special attention is paid to the problem of high

voltage line protection, with discussions on the cri-
teria about the most suitable protective system to be
used. Experiments on over-voltage and under-voltage
monitoring, short-circuit protection and earth-fault
monitoring complete the analysis of this very impor-
tant problem.

Protection of HV line | GTU103.3

• demonstration of how an under/over voltage time relay
list of experiments monitors the protection of a load against under- and over-
voltage
• demonstration of the protection of a transmission line
connected in a solid earthed network, when there is a
three-phase, two-phase or single-phase short-circuit
• demonstration of how an earth-fault warning relay moni-
tors the transmission line for an earth fault in a network
with isolated neutral connection

GTU103.1 GTU103.2 GTU103.3 TOTAL

Variable three-phase power supply DL 1013T1 page 11 1 1 1
Line model DL 7901TT page 11 1 1
Three-phase transformer DL 1080TT page 11 1 1 1
page 11
Resistive load DL 1017R 1 1 1 1
DE LORENZO
Experiment transformer DL 1055TT page 13 1 1 group
Three-phase power supply DL 2108TAL page 14 1 1 1
Power circuit breaker DL 2108T02 page 14 1 1 1
CT load DL 2108T10 page 15 1 1
VT load DL 2108T11 page 15 1 1
Under/over-voltage time relay DL 2108T12 page 15 1 1 1
Inverse time over-current relay DL 2108T13 page 15 1 1
Definite time over-current relay DL 2108T14 page 15 1 1 1
Combined over-current & earth fault relay DL 2108T15 page 16 1 1
Single-phase directional relay DL 2108T16 page 16 1 1
L/C loads DL 2108T17 page 16 1 1
Earth fault control relay DL 2108T18 page 16 1 1 1
Moving coil ammeter (100-500-1000mA) DL 2109T1A page 17 4 4
Moving coil ammeter (1.25-2.5A) DL 2109T2A5 page 17 1 1 1
Moving iron ammeter (5A) DL 2109T5A page 17 2 2
Moving iron voltmeter (125-250-500V) DL 2109T3PV page 18 4 1 1 4
Single-phase current transformer DL 2109T21 page 19 1 1
Three-phase current transformer DL 2109T22 page 19 1 1
Single-phase voltage transformer DL 2109T23 page 19 1 1
Three-phase voltage transformer DL 2109T24 page 19 1 1 1 1
Summation current transformer DL 2109T25 page 19 1 1
Acoustic continuity tester DL BUZ page 21 1 1 1
Electronic stopclock DL CRON page 21 1 1

9
Accessories:
Table with frame DL 2100T2 page 21 1 1 1 1
Storage cabinet DL 2100TA page 21 1 1 1 1
electrical
POWER
engineering

E
nergy consumers, in particular the large ones like the industrial plants, are now obliged, either by contract or for
reasons of economy, to provide reactive power compensation for their equipment.
If the consumer refuses to set up a compensating facility, the power supply companies install reactive power meters
and the reactive power which is consumed must be paid for.
However, even modern and efficient compensating facilities often create difficulties in generating harmonic currents and
generate harmonic-related problems in conjunction with other components of the network.
In fact, the compensating capacitors and the feeding transformers or the supply network form a parallel oscillating circuit
that can result in resonances which may cause dam-
age to all the adjoining network installations. Power factor improvement | GTU104.1
The subjects related to reactive power compensation • demonstration of the manual operation on the control of

list of experiments
and reactive power controllers are addressed in this reactive power at various inductive loads
laboratory. • demonstration of the automatic operation on the control
of reactive power at various inductive loads and at differ-
Finally, the laboratory deals also with the problem of ent sensitivities
the measurement of active and reactive power.
Induction meters are usually employed for measur-
ing electrical energy in ac current and in three-phase
networks. These meters firstly provide the basis for
calculating the cost of the power to be debited to the Energy meters and tariffs | GTU104.2
list of experiments

consumer and secondly are an important mean for • demonstration of the measurement of active energy consump-
tion
the power supply companies to identify the need for • demonstration of the measurement of reactive energy con-
an extension or a modification of the supply net- sumption
work. • determination of the meters constant
DE LORENZO These topics are analyzed from the theoretical point
• demonstration of the measurement of the maximum demand
group of view and also by means of practical examples.
• demonstration of load cut-off operation

GTU104.1 GTU104.2 TOTAL

Resistive load DL 1017R page 11 1 1
Inductive load DL 1017L page 12 1 1
Three-phase squirrel cage motor DL 1021 page 12 1 1
Magnetic powder brake DL 1019P page 12 1 1
Brake control unit DL 1054TT page 13 1 1
Load cell DL 2006E page 13 1 1
Optical transducer DL 2031M page 13 1 1
Universal base DL 1013A page 13 1 1
Three-phase power supply DL 2108TAL page 14 1 1 1
Power circuit breaker DL 2108T02 page 14 1 1
Reactive power controller DL 2108T19 page 17 1 1
Switchable capacitor battery DL 2108T20 page 17 1 1
Moving coil ammeter (1.25-2.5A) DL 2109T2A5 page 17 2 1 2
Moving iron voltmeter (125-250-500V) DL 2109T3PV page 18 1 1
Power meter DL 2109T26 page 20 1 2 2
Power factor meter DL 2109T27 page 20 1 1
Three-phase kWh meter DL 2109T28 page 20 1 1
Three-phase power meter DL 2109T29 page 20 1 1
Three-phase kVArh meter DL 2109T31 page 20 1 1
Electronic stopclock DL CRON page 21 1 1

10
Accessories:
Table with frame DL 2100T2 page 21 1 1 1
Storage cabinet DL 2100TA page 21 1 1 1
 electrical
POWER
engineering
Variable Three-Phase Power Supply | DL 1013T1
Power supply unit for variable 3-phase voltage suitable for supplying ac machines

• 16 A, 30 mA differential magneto-thermal main switch

• key operated emergency push-button
• start and stop push-buttons
• motor protection circuit breaker: 6.3 to 10 A
• digital ammeter and digital switchable voltmeter
• ac output: 3 x 0 ... 380 V, 8 A
features

The output voltage is set by a rotary knob with 0-100% scale.

Supply voltage: three-phase from mains.

Variable Dc Power Supply | DL 1013T2

Power supply unit for vva
variable dc voltage suitable for supplying dc machines

features
• 16 A, 30 mA differential magneto-thermal main switch
• key operated emergency push-button
• start and stop push-buttons
• motor protection circuit breaker: 6.3 to 10 A
• digital ammeter and digital voltmeter
• dc output: 0 ... 240 V, 8 A
The output voltage is set by a rotary knob with 0-100% scale.
Supply voltage: three-phase from mains

Line Model | DL 7901TT

Three-phase model of an overhead power transmissionn DE LORENZO
line 360 km long, voltage 380 kV and current 1000 A group
Scale factor: 1:1000
Line resistance: 13 Ω
Line inductance: 290 mH
Mutual capacitance: 1 µF
features

Earth capacitance: 2 µF
Earth resistance: 11 Ω
Earth inductance: 250 mH

Three-Phase Transformer | DL 1080TT Resistive Load | DL 1017R

Three-phase transformer for feeding a transmission Composed of three resistances,
line model 380 kV with scale factor 1:1000 with possibility of star,
Primary: delta and parallel connection,
• 3 x 380 V windings with tap at 220 V controlled by three switches
• star or delta connection with seven steps each
Secondary:
• 3 x 220 V windings with taps at +5%, -5%, -10%, -15%
• star connection for 3 x 380 V
• various star connections possible
• rated power: 800 VA
Tertiary:
• 3 x 220 V windings
• delta connection for stabilizing the third harmonic
voltage components
• rated power: 266 VA

Max power in single or

11
three-phase connection: 1200 W
Rated voltage: 380/220 V Y/Δ
Rated voltage in single-phase: 220 V
electrical
POWER
engineering
Inductive Load | DL 1017L
Composed of three inductances, with possibility of star,,
delta and parallel connection, controlled
by three switches with seven steps each
features

Max reactive power in single or three-phase connection: 900 VAr

Rated voltage: 380/220 V Y/Δ
Rated voltage in single-phase: 220 V

Capacitive Load | DL 1017C

Composed of three batteries of capacitors,
with possibility of star, delta and parallel connection,
controlled by three switches with seven steps each

features
Max reactive power in single or three-phase connection: 825 VAr
Rated voltage: 380/220 V Y/Δ
Rated voltage in single-phase: 220 V

Shunt Dc Motor | DL 1023PS Three-Phase Synchronous Machine | DL 1026A

Machine with smooth inductor and three-phase
Power: 1.8 kW stator armature winding for operation either
features

Voltage: 220 V as alternator or synchronous motor

Speed: 3000 min-1
Excitation voltage: 170 V

DE LORENZO
group

features
Alternator: 1.1
Al 1 1 kVA Current:
C 2.9/1.7
2 A
Motor: 1 kW Speed: 3000 min-1
Voltage: 220/380 V Δ/Y Dc rotor excitation winding

Three-Phase Squirrel
q Cage Asynchronous Motor | DL 1021
Induction motor with three-phase stator winding
and buried squirrel cage in the rotor
features

Power: 1.1 kW
Voltage: 220/380 V Δ/Y
Current: 4.9/2.8 A approx.
Speed: 2820 min-1, 50 Hz

Magnetic Powder Brake | DL 10

1019P
019P
Electromagnetic brake suitable for testing th
the
he motors of the laboratory
Rated power: 1.1 kW at 3000 min-1
Maximum speed: 4000 min-1
Complete with water level, arms, weights and counterweights
for torque measurement and optical transducer.

12
features

Possibility for connection to a load cell.

The brake includes an axial cooling fan powered
by the mains voltage.
 electrical
POWER
engineering
Brake Control Unit | DL 1054TT
Control unit for the powder brake. It allows measuring the rotating speed and the torque
generated by an electrical motor. It also provides the excitation voltage to the brake.
The speed and the torque are displayed by means of pointe
pointer
ointer
instruments; analogue outputs are also available
Speed section:
• 40 division instrument, class 1.5
• ranges: 2000 - 4000 - 6000 min-1, with switch
Torque section:
• 50 division instrument, class 1.5
• ranges: 10 - 20 Nm, with switch
features

Power supply section for the brake:

Output: from 0 to 20 Vdc, 1 A
Supply voltage: 230 V, 50/60 Hz

Optical Transducer | DL 2031M Load Cell | DL 2006E

For measuring the rotation Strain-gauge with 150 N range,
speed through a slotted to be mounted on the brake unit
optical switch with for mechanical torque measurement
encoder disc, used also
for stroboscopic
measurements. Complete
with built-in signal
transmission socket to the electronic
onic
i
tachometer and suitable for being mounted
on the machines of the laboratory

Universal Base | DL 1013A DE LORENZO

Duralumin alloy structure mounted on
anti-vibration rrubber feet, provided with slide guides for
group
fixing one or two machines. Complete
with coupling guard. Provided
with rotor locking device
for short-circuit test

Electronic Experiment
Tachometer | DL 2025DT Transformer | DL 1055TT
Analogue instrument that, coupled to an optical Transformer with knob to adjust the single-
speed transducer, allows measuring phase voltages. It is also possible to tap off
the rotating speed of the electrical machines three single-phase floating voltages
by means of an isolating transformer.
Provided with bridge rectifier
for dc voltage output
features

Outputs:
single-phase: 0 ... 250 V / 3 A
low voltage single-phase:
• 0 ... 42 V / 3 A floating or
• 0 ... 24 V / 6 A floating or
• 0 ... 12 V / 12 A floating
dc voltage: 25 A bridge rectifier for all ranges
Output protection: 2 magneto-thermal circuit breakers,
3.5 A and 0.8 A

13
Range: from 0 to 1500, 3000, 6000 min-1
with signals coming from the standard optical transducers
Accuracy: 1.5 %
Supply voltage: single-phase from mains
electrical
POWER
engineering
Three-Phase Power Supply | DL 2108TAL
Power supply unit for three-phase connection
with 4-pole cam mains switch
25 A current operated earth leakage circuit breaker, sensitivity 30 mA.
Triple-pole motor protection switch: 6.3 to 10 A.
Three-phase indicator lamps.
features

Output through 5 safety terminals: L1, L2, L3, N and PE.

Variable Dc Power Power Circuit

Supply | DL 2108T01
8T01 Breaker | DL 2108T02
Suitable for carryingg Three-phase power circuit
out some tests breaker with normally
on electrical machines
ess closed auxiliary contact
starting from 0 V
by replacing the
excitation rheostatss

features
features

Output: Contact load capability:

from 0 to 220 V, 0.6 A 400 Vac, 3 A
Supply voltage:
single-phase from mains

DE LORENZO Double Busbar With Two Double Busbar With Four

group Disconnectors
nnectors | DL 2108T0
2108T02/2 Disconnectors | DL 2108T02/4

Line Capacitor | DL 2108T03 Petersen Coil | DL 2108T04

Three-phase Inductance
capacitors in star with 20 taps
connection for earth fault
with exactly half compensation
of the operating in transmission
capability of the lines
380 kV transmission
line model with
a length of 360 km
features
features

14
Capacitance: Inductance: 0.005 ... 2 H
In
3 x 2.5 µF, 450 Vac Rated voltage: 220 V
Rated current: 0.5 A
 electrical
POWER
engineering
Ct Load | DL 2108T10
08T10 Vt Loa
Load | DL 2108T11
Load for the Load for the
single-phase current single-phase voltage
transformer transformer
consisting of two consisting of two
separated ohmic separated
resistors ohmic resistors

features
features

Fixed resistor: Fixed resistor: 220 Ω,

0.5 Ω, load 7 A load 0.5 A (0.5 A fuse)
Variable resistor: Variable resistor:
0 ... 60 Ω, load 1 A 330 ... 1930 Ω,
Range: 0 ... 100% load 0.25 A (0.25 A fuse)
The variable resistor
is protected with a 1 A fuse.
se.

Under/Over-Voltage Time Relay | DL 2108T12

Relay for monitoring the over-voltage and the under-voltage
in an alternating three-phase mains

Max. adjustable set point: 0/+20% of the rated voltage

features

Min. adjustable set point: 0/-20% of the rated voltage

Adjustable delay timer activated when the max. set point is exceeded.
Adjustable delay timer activated when the min. set point is exceeded.

DE LORENZO
group
Inverse Time Over-Current Relay | DL 2108T13
Over-current relay to be used for two-stage phase
over-current protection of distribution power supplies,
large low-voltage motors, high voltage motors,
medium-sized
m and large generators and power transformers
features

Energizing inputs: 1 A or 5 A (In)

Start current I>: 0.5 ... 2.5 x In
Operate time t>: 0.05 ... 100 s
Start current I>>: 0.5 ... 20 x In
Operate time t>>: 0.04 ... 100 s
Output contact ratings: 250 V ac/dc, 5 A
Blocking control voltage: 80 ... 265 Vac/18 ... 265 Vdc
Auxiliary power supply: 80 ... 265 Vac/dc

Definite Time Over-Current Relay | DL 2108T14

Relay for monitoring the current of a three-phase load
(typically a motor) and performing a protection with alarm

Max. adjustable set point, divided in 10 parts

Adjustable timer (0.1 ... 30 s). The delay time starts as soon as the
current exceeds the max set point.
Adjustable initial timer (0.1 ... 30 s). The timer activates when the
current exceeds 5% of the max range.
Current range: 0.25 ... 5 A with direct insertion (galvanic isolation).
For currents higher than 5 A an external CT.../5 A must be used)

15
One changeover contact: 5 A / 230 Vac with resistive load
features

NC contacts: device not supplied or in alarm

Supply voltage: single-phase from mains
electrical
POWER
engineering
Combined Over-Current And Earth-Fault Relay | DL 2108T15
Relay to be used for selective short-circuit and earth-fault protection or radial power
supplies in solidly earthed, resistance earthed or impedance earthed power systems.
The integrated protection relay includes a phase over-current unit and an earth-fault unit
with flexible tripping and signalling facilities. The over-current and earth-fault relays
can also be used in other applications requiring single-, two- or three-phase over-current
protection and non-directional earth-fault protection. The combined over-current
and earth-fault relay also features circuit breaker failure protection

Energizing inputs: 1 A or 5 A (In)

Start current I>: 0.5 ... 5 x In
Operate time t>: 0.05 ... 300 s
Start current I>>: 0.5 ... 40 x In
Operate time t>>: 0.04 ... 300 s
Start current Io>: 0.1 ... 0.8 x In
Operate time to>: 0.05 ... 300 s
features

Output contact ratings: 250 V ac/dc, 5 A

Blocking control voltage: 80 ... 265 Vac/18 ... 265 Vdc
Auxiliary power supply: 80 ... 265 Vac/dc

SSingle-Phase Directional Relay | DL 2108T16

Sin
Accidental earth-fault directional relay for selective
protection of the power supply in isolated
neutral and impedance earthed networks

features
Energizing inputs: 1 A or 5 A (In)
100 V or 110 V (Vn)
Output contact ratings: 250 V ac/dc, 5 A
DE LORENZO Signalling contact ratings: 250 V ac/dc, 5 A
group Blocking control voltage: 80 ... 265 Vac/18 ... 265 Vdc
Auxiliary power supply: 80 ... 265 Vac/dc

L/C Loads | DL 2108T17

Inductive and capacitive loads suitable for simulating various
fault types, in order to trigger the single-phase directional relay

Inductance: 0.1 / 0.2 / 0.3 / 0.4 H

Rated voltage: 220 V, 50 Hz
Rated current: 0.5 A
features

Capacitance: 2 / 4 / 8 / 16 µF
Rated voltage: 450 Vac

Earth Fault Control Relay | DL 2108T18

Residual over-current relay for accidental
earth fault protection in isolated neutral,
resistance and reactance earthed systems
features

Energizing inputs: 100 V or 110 V (Un)

Start voltage Uo>: 2 ... 100% x Un
Operate time t>: 0.05 ... 100 s
Start voltage Uo>>: 2 ... 80% x Un
Operate time t>>: 0.05 ... 100 s

16
Output contact ratings: 250 V ac/dc, 5 A
Blocking control voltage: 80 ... 265 Vac/18 ... 265 Vdc
Auxiliary power supply: 80 ... 265 Vac/dc
 electrical
POWER
engineering
Reactive Power Controller | DL 2108T19
Relay for automatic adjustment of the power factor
in systems with inductive load
features

Power factor adjustment range: 0.9 ... 0.98 ind

Sensitivity: 0.2 ... 1.2 K
2 decimal digit display
Output relay for batteries connection: 4 NO contacts with LED indication
n
Output relay contact: 400 Vac, 5 A
Supply voltage: three-phase from mains
Ammetric input circuit: 5 A (250 mA min.)
Automatic detection of the frequency.

Switchable Capacitor Battery | DL 2108T20

Switching system with which different capacitance values can be connected
to the mains for reactive power compensation
Four switching levels each consisting of 3 capacitors
in star connection with discharging resistors:
• level 1 (b1 coil): 3 x 2 µF/450 V
• level 2 (b2 coil): 3 x 4 µF/450 V
• level 3 (b3 coil): 3 x 8 µF/450 V
• level 4 (b4 coil): 3 x 16 µF/450 V
Compensation power: max 1360 VAr at 50 Hz, 380 V

Each switching level can be controlled separately:

• internally, through 4 toggle switches
• externally, through 4 control inputs
Coil operating voltage: 220 Vac

Moving Coil Ammeter | DL 2109T1A

Magneto-electric meter for ac and dc measurements DE LORENZO
group
Scale: 50 divisions
features

Range: 100, 500 and 1000 mA, ac/dc

Accuracy class: 1.5

Moving Coil Ammeter | DL 2109T2A5

Magneto-electric meter for ac and dc measurements
features

Scale: 50 divisions
Range: 1.25 and 2.5 A, ac/dc
Accuracy class: 1.5

Moving Iron Ammeter | DL 2109T5A

Electromagnetic meter for ac and dc measurements

Scale: 50 divisions
features

The scale is made open and reasonably uniform down to about 20 per cent
of the full-scale reading.

17
Range: 5 A
Accuracy class: 1.5
electrical
POWER
engineering
Moving Iron Voltmeter | DL 2109T1PV
Electromagnetic meter for ac and dc measurements
Scale: 30 divisions
The scale is made open and reasonably uniform down to about 20%
of the full-scale reading.
features

Range: 600 V
Accuracy class: 1.5

Moving Iron Voltmeter | DL 2109T3PV

Electromagnetic meter for ac and dc measurements

features
Scale: 50 divisions
The scale is made open and reasonably uniform down to
about 20% of the full-scale reading.
Range: 125-250-500 V
Range changeover switch.
Accuracy class: 1.5

Synchronization Indicator | DL 2109T1T

Synchronization indicator for qualitative indication of the phase
relationship between mains and voltages of the generator
DE LORENZO
group 3 series of 2 lamps each, 220 V:
H11 - H12, H21 - H22 and H31 - H32.
features

Phase Sequence Indicator | DL 2109T2T

Sequencyscope to establish the order
of the cyclic direction of the phase
features

Operating voltage: 90 to 660 V

Frequency: 45 to 1000 Hz

Double Frequencymeter | DL 2109T16/2

Measurement device, provided with two separate
instruments, for comparing the frequencies of two voltagess

Range: 2 x (45 ... 65) Hz

Voltage: 220/380 with switch
Class of accuracy: 1.5

18
features
 electrical
POWER
engineering
Double Voltmeter | DL 2109T17/2
Measurement device, provided with two separate instruments
of the moving coil type with rectifier, for comparing two voltages

Range: 2 x 250/500 V with switch

Class of accuracy: 1.5
features

Single-Phase Current Three-Phase Current

Transformer | DL 2109T21
099T21
9 T21 Transformer
Trans
a s | DL 2109T22
Current transformer Three single-phase current
for measuring transformers for measuring
and protection purposes and protection purposes

features
features

Rated primary currents: 5/1 A Rated primary currents: 5/1 A

Rated secondary current: 1 A Rated secondary current: 1 A
Performance and class: Performance and class:
15 VA / 1 - 5 VA / 10P5 15 VA / 1 - 5 VA / 10P5
Frequency: 50 - 60 Hz Frequency: 50 - 60 Hz

SSingle-Phase Voltage Transformer | DL 2109T23 DE LORENZO

Voltage transformer for measuring
and protection purposes
group

features
Rated primary voltage: 380 V/√3 (220 V)
Rated secondary voltages: 100 V/√3, Performance 15 VA
100 V/3, Performance 5 VA
Accuracy class: 1
Frequency: 50 - 60 Hz

Three-Phase Voltage Transformer | DL 2109T24

4
Three single-phase voltage transformers for measuring
and protection purposes
Rated primary voltage: 380 V/√3 (220 V)
ffeatures

Rated secondary voltages: 100 V/√3, Performance 15 VA

100 V/3, Performance 5 VA
Accuracy class: 1
Frequency: 50 - 60 Hz

Summation Current Transformer | DL 2109T25

RRing-type core current transformer suitable for the detection of earth
faults and for current determination with differential protection
features

Primary rated current: 5 x 2.5 A

Transformation ratio: 2.5/1

19
Secondary rated current: 1 A
Rated power: 10 VA
Accuracy class: 1
electrical
POWER
engineering
Power Meter | DL2109T26
Single-phase panel meter for the measurement of active
power and capacitive/inductive reactive power
Measurement ranges:
• voltage: 3/10/30/100/300/1000 V
• current: 0.1/0.3/1/3/10/30 A
Frequency ranges:
• active power: 0 ... 20 kHz
• reactive power: 50 Hz
LED indicators: capacitive reactive power, inductive reactive power,
features

overload voltage (with acoustic alarm), overload current

(with acoustic alarm).
Auxiliary supply: single-phase from mains

Power Factor Meter | DL2109T27

Single-phase panel meter for power factor
and phase-angle of the connected load

features
Measurement ranges:
• power factor: 0 ... 1 ... 0
• phase angle: -90°cap ... 0 ... +90°ind
• voltage: 3 ... 1000 V
• current: 0.1 ... 30 A
Frequency range: 20 Hz ... 2 kHz
Auxiliary supply: single-phase from mains

DE LORENZO Three-Phase kWh Meter | DL 2109T28

group Induction type active power meter
for three-phase four wires unbalanced load
Rated current: 10 A
Max. overload current: 40 A
Rated voltage: 3 x 230/400 V
features

Operating frequency: 50 Hz
Number of digits: 5
Reverse direction stop device.

Three-Phase Power Meter | DL 2109T29

Microprocessor controlled three-phase power analyzer.
M
Measurement of voltages, currents, frequencies,
active power, reactive power, apparent power
features

Input voltage: 450 V (max 800 Vrms)

Input current: 5 A (max 20 Arms)
Operating frequency: 47 ÷ 63 Hz
Auxiliary supply: single-phase from mains

Three-Phase kVArh Meter | DL 2109T31

311
Induction type reactive energy meter for three-phase
se
three wires unbalanced load: Aron insertion
Rated current: 5 A
Max. overload current: 20 A
Rated voltage: 2 x 400 V

20
features

Operating frequency: 50 Hz
Number of digits + decimal: 5 + 1
Reverse direction stop device.
 GTU101 Generation GTU102 Transmission GTU103 Protection GTU104 Utilization TOTAL

Variable three-phase power supply DL 1013T1 page 11 1 1 1

Variable dc power supply DL 1013T2 page 11 1 1 electrical electrical

Line model DL 7901TT page 11 2 1 2 POWER POWER
Three-phase transformer DL 1080TT page 11 1 1 1 engineering engineering
Resistive load DL 1017R page 11 1 1 1 1 1
Synchronoscope | DL 2109T32
Inductive load DL 1017L page 12 1 1 1 1
Rotating light meter with 28 LED on a circular scale
Capacitive load DL 1017C page 12 1 1 1
and a zero voltage differential indication with 2 LED.
Shunt dc motor DL 1023PS page 12 1 1

Three-phase synchronous machine DL 1026A page 12 1 1 Operating voltage: 380 V (120 Vmin)
page 12

features
T
Three-phase squirrel cage motor DL 1021 1 1 Operating frequency: 40 to 60 Hz
his trainer has been designed to provide the students with a fully comprehensive knowledge in
Magnetic powder brake DL 1019P page 12 1 1

Brake control unit DL 1054TT page 13 1 1

Electrical Power Engineering systems.
Load cell DL 2006E page 13 1 1 The trainer is composed of a set of modules for the simulation of the various subsystems forming
Optical transducer DL 2031M page 13 1 1 1 a complete electrical power system, from power generation to energy utilization.
Universal base DL 1013A page 13 1 1 1 High voltage components have been scaled down for obvious reasons: a real 380 kV power transmis-
Electronic tachometer DL 2025DT page 13 1 1 sion line is represented by a 380 V line in the laboratory. However, the same low voltage industrial
Experiment transformer DL 1055TT page 13 1 1 1
equipment which is normally used in real systems has been used also in this laboratory, whenever this
Three-phase power supply DL 2108TAL page 14 1 1 1 1 1
was feasible.
page 14
Moving Coil Voltmeter | DL 2109T2VB Moving Coil Ammeter | DL 2109T1AB
Variable dc power supply DL 2108T01 1 1

Power circuit breaker DL 2108T02 page 14 1 4 1 1 4

The trainer can be subdivided into four major study areas: Voltage transformer for measuring

features
page 14
5
Double busbar with two disconnectors DL 2108T02/2 1 1 Ranges: 100 - 1000 mA
Double busbar with four disconnectors DL 2108T02/4 page 14 1 1 • Power Generation page and protection purposes Class of accuracy: 1.5
page 14 • Power Transmission and Distribution page 6

features
Line capacitor DL 2108T03 2 2
Ranges: 15 - 30 V
Petersen coil DL 2108T04 page 14 1 1 • Protection Techniques page8 Class of accuracy: 1.5
CT load DL 2108T10 page 15 1 1 • Energy Utilization page 10
VT load DL 2108T11 page 15 1 1

Under/over voltage time relay DL 2108T12 page 15 1 1

In the Power Generation section a two-pole
Inverse time over-current relay DL 2108T13 page 15 1 1
alternator is investigated. A dc shunt wound
Definite time over-current relay DL 2108T14 page 15 1 1
machine performs the drive function. Electronic Stopclock | DL CRON Acoustic Continuity Tester | DL BUZ
Combined over-current & earth fault relay DL 2108T15 page 16 1 1
Electronic stopwatch with LCD display Buzzer for diode continuity and transistor testing
Single-phase directional relay DL 2108T16 page 16 1 1
To determine some of the characteristics of
page 16 the synchronous machine, the so called iso-
L/C loads DL 2108T17 1 1
DE LORENZO Measuring range: 9 h, 59 min, 59 s, 99/100 s Acoustic continuity tester up to 1 kΩ.
DE LORENZO

features
Selectable split or lap function. Test current: 24 mA
page 16 lated operation situation is reproduced. This
Earth fault control relay

Reactive power controller

DL 2108T18

DL 2108T19 page 17
1

1
1

1
group is an operating mode in which the generator
Battery: 1.5 V Voltage protection: 100 mA fuse
Tone: 400 Hz base frequency
group
Switchable capacitor battery DL 2108T20 page 17 1 1 supplies only one single consumer. Battery: 9 V type 6F22
Moving coil ammeter 0-1000mA) DL 2109T1A page 17 2 1 4 4
Then, various synchronisation circuits are as-
Moving coil ammeter (1,25-2.5A) DL 2109T2A5 page 17 2 3 1 2 3
sembled and the response of the machine is
Moving iron ammeter (5A) DL 2109T5A page 17 2 2
investigated in a constant-voltage constant-
Moving iron voltmeter (600V) DL 2109T1PV page 18 1 2 2

Moving iron voltmeter (125-250-500V) DL 2109T3PV page 18 3 4 1 4

frequency system. In this situation, voltage
Synchronization indicator DL 2109T1T page 18 1 1 and frequency are predetermined by the system and have constant values.
Phase sequence indicator DL 2109T2T page 18 1 1 In the Power Transmission and Distribution section a three-winding transformer is investigated. Then,
Double frequencymeter DL 2109T16/2 page 18 1 1 a model of an overhead high voltage power line is used to investigate its performance characteristics
Double voltmeter (250-500V) DL 2109T17/2 page 19 1 1 under various load conditions. Circuit configurations are connected for the demonstration of different Table With Frame | DL 2100T2
Single-phase current transformer DL 2109T21 page 19 1 1
neutral point connections in three-phase mains systems. Asymmetrical short-circuits are also simulated Metal frame for fitting the modules of the laboratory
Three-phase current transformer DL 2109T22 page 19 1 1
and reactive power compensation analysed.

features
page 19 Mounted on a bi-laminated wooden top of a table.
In the Protection Techniques section instrument transformers, to reduce the high current and voltage
Single-phase voltage transformer DL 2109T23 1 1

Three-phase voltage transformer DL 2109T24 page 19 1 1

Metal square legs with compensating feet which can be adjusted to
values so that they can be measured safely and economically, are studied. Then, the procedures which offset the unevenness of the floor.
Summation current transformer DL 2109T25 page 19 1 1

Power meter DL 2109T26 page 20 1 2 2 2 aare most commonly used in protective technology are in-
Power factor meter DL 2109T27 page 20 1 1 1 1 ttroduced and the most frequently used relays (under/over
Three-phase kWh meter DL 2109T28 page 20 1 1 vvoltage relays, definite and inverse time over-current relays,
Three-phase power meter DL 2109T29 page 20 1 1 eearth-fault relays, etc.) are investigated. Finally, over-volt-
Three-phase kVArh meter DL 2109T31 page 20 1 1
aage, under-voltage and earth fault monitoring and short-
Synchrono scope DL 2109T32 page 21 1 1
ccircuit protection of high voltage lines are analyzed.
page 21
IIn the Energy Utilization section the problems related to
Moving coil ammeter (100-1000mA) DL 2109T1AB 1 1

Moving coil voltmeter (15-30V) DL 2109T2VB page 21 1 1

reactive
r power compensation are discussed as well as the
Storage Cabinet | DL 2100TA
Acoustic continuity tester DL BUZ page 21 1 1 In fire varnished steel plate. Provided with shelves
page 21 methods
m and the equipment relevant to measuring the
Electronic stopclock DL CRON 1 1 1 for module storage and key-locked doors.

4 21
Accessories:
electrical
e energy in ac current and in three-phase networks:

features
Supplied with 4 rubber casters, the cabinet can be placed under the DL
Table with frame DL 2100T2 page 21 1 1 1 1 1 active
a and reactive energy induction meters and maximum 2100T2 table with frame.
Storage cabinet DL 2100TA page 21 1 1 1 1 1 demand
d meters.
Three-phase autotransformer
(for mains voltages different from 220/380 V)
DL 2100ATT page 21 1 1 1 1 1
 electrical
POWER
engineering

The prosperity of a nation is directly propor-

tional to the skills and the education level of
its people.
In that perspective, De Lorenzo is able to pro-
vide a significant contribution in the devel-
opment and modernization of education and
research institutions and to ensure that all
client needs are thoroughly analysed by our
project development team.
Established in 1951, De Lorenzo is the oldest
Italian leading manufacturer of educational
equipment.
Nowadays, with a huge number of products
and laboratories installed world-wide, De
Lorenzo is continuing its tradition of being
fully devoted to solve teaching and learn-
ing problems for its customers in technical
universities, polytechnics, technical and vo-
cational schools, education centres, teacher
DE LORENZO training centres, etc. in all of the above areas.
group
This catalogue is focused on one of the most
important topics of modern lifestyle. It deals
with the generation, the distribution and the
utilization of the electrical energy that is used
for both industry and domestic applications.
More than sixty modules allow performing a
large number of experiments. However, the
laboratory is modular and interested cus-
tomers can select which subject they want to
start with, purchase the necessary modules
first and then purchase additional modules
to complete the laboratory.
Or, they may wish to study the transmission
of energy over simulated high voltage lines
only, or the protection techniques, etc.
Whatever the requirement, we are sure that
we will be able to satisfy our customers’
GROUP
needs.
educational equipment manufacturers
viale Romagna 20
20089 Rozzano - Milan/Italy educational equipment manufacturers
GROUP

2
Ph. ++39 02 82 54 551
Fax ++39 02 82 55 181
www.delorenzogroup.com
[email protected]