International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

International Open Access Journal | www.ijtsrd.com

ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | Volume - 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep – Oct 2018

Development of Hybrid Fibrous Panel for Controlling Acoustics in

Home Theatre /Conference Hall
A. Muralikrishnan
Lecturer, Department of Textile Technology,
P.A.C. Ramasamyraja Polytechnic College, Rajapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT Keyword: Air gap, coir fibre, insulation, micro

Human ear will acknowledge as sound when perforated panel, natural fibre, nonwoven, porous
frequency is in the range of 20 to 20000 Hz and more absorber, sound absorption
sensitive in the range of 500 – 4000 Hz. Heat and
sound insulation panels are generally composed of NOMENCLATURE
nonwoven porous synthetic materials such as rock MPP Micro perforated panel
wool, glass wool, polyurethane, polyester and etc.
d Diameter of perforation, in mm
Though these materials have excellent acoustic
properties at high frequencies, their structural Hole separation, center to center on the
b
properties are not enough to defend against low perforated panel, in mm
frequency noise. Multi-purpose concert halls face a t Thickness of panel, in mm
dilemma and they host classical music concerts, rock Thickness of cavity behind the
concerts and spoken word performances in a matter of D
perforated panel
a short period. These different performance types p Percentage perforation
require significantly different acoustic conditions in
order to provide the best sound quality to both the f Frequency in Hz
performers and the audience. Micro perforated panel  Circular frequency
absorber backed by air gap is also used in auditoriums Mass term of the specific acoustic
and effective only in absorbing specified range of m
impedance
frequencies (low frequency). Hence, it is clear that Resistive term of the specific acoustic
one type of acoustical absorbers is unable to attenuate r
impedance
wide spectrum of frequency noise. Increased usage of j Imaginary unit
synthetic sound absorption materials leads to higher
CO2 emission and other environmental issues. C Velocity of sound in air
Therefore, many researches turned towards the  Coefficient of viscosity of air
production of insulating materials by using natural  Density of air
and bio based materials. Natural materials are
becoming a valid alternative to synthetic materials  Absorption coefficient
and composite panel is proposed with coir fibre alone  max Maximum sound absorption coefficient
which is organic in nature, have excellent insulation Complex wave propagation constant of
 &
against thermal and sound and more resistant to a f
air and porous material
fungi/rot. The present work has been focused on the Characteristic impedance of air and
sound absorption performance nonwoven porous coir Za & Z f
porous material
matt mounted with and with-out air gap, perforated
a &  f
Surface acoustic impedance of air and
panel faced porous coir matt with and with-out air gap
porous material
and perforated panel mounted with air gap.
 Flow resistivity of porous material

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
I. INTRODUCTION turned towards the production of insulating materials
The word acoustic is form a Greek word which means by using natural and bio based materials.
hearing and science of sound and is about the
production, dissemination, transmission and control of Natural fibres have many advantages compare to
sound. Sound can produce feelings of pleasure and synthetic fibres, for example low cost, recyclable,
displeasure. The sound which is undesirable is called biodegradable and huge availability often as a waste
noise. A noise does not exist unless there is a product [2, 3]. Natural materials are becoming a valid
dissenting observer. Noise may consist of a single alternative to synthetic materials for making sound
pure tone or many tones at different frequencies and absorption panels at a reduced cost and have good
intensities. Annoyances caused by noise are stress, thermal insulation properties, have no harmful effects
feeling of fear, sleep disturbances and speech on health and environment. Diameter of natural fibers
interferences. Nevertheless, the rapidly growing tends to be larger than synthetic fibers, and also
social conscience of people and the increase of natural fibers have more irregular shapes in cross
machine noise in general have combined to give great section and transverse dimensions. These properties
drive towards the study and control of noise. Hence, make more interest in making sound absorption
the noise isolation in buildings is necessary. The material with natural fibres. Various studies proposed
sources of noise and vibration are recognizable and the sound absorbent materials from cotton, jute,
can be controlled by using absorbents. When sound bamboo, kenaf, kapok, flax, ramie, wood, hemp,
wave impinges any materials, the sound energy may coconut, cork, cane, cardboard, sisal and sheep wool
be reflected, refracted, transmitted and absorbed. All fibres.
materials have some sound absorbing properties. A
sound reflector forms a solid, impermeable barrier and Coir is a natural organic fibre which is the seed-hair
prevents sound transmission. Human ear will fibre obtained from the outer shell (endocarp) or husk
acknowledge as sound when frequency is in the range of coconut. Coconut fiber has excellent
of 20 to 20000 Hz but more sensitive in the frequency characteristics of thermal insulation and sound
range of 500 to 4000 Hz. absorption. In building panels, the coconut fiber is
often mixed with binders to improve the
Nonwoven fiber webs can be considered as noise characteristics of rigidity, anti-fungus, and
control elements for a wide range of applications, flammability. According to official website of
such as acoustic ceilings and barriers, carpets, and International Year for Natural Fibres 2009,
wall claddings. A nonwoven is composed of air and approximately, 500 000 tonnes of coconut fibres are
fibre phases that react differently with the sound produced annually worldwide, mainly in India and
wave. Even though those materials have excellent Srilanka. Its total value is estimated at $100 million.
acoustic properties at high frequencies, their structural India and Srilanka are also the main exporters,
properties are not enough to defend against low followed by Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia.
frequency noise expect for their possible harm to Around half of the coconut fibres produced is
human health [1]. However, resonance absorbing exported in the form of raw fibre. This shows that the
materials have high absorption coefficients at low and coir fibre have potential to be used as raw material for
medium frequencies. It is clear that a sound absorber making sound insulation panels.
including only one type of acoustical absorbing
material is unable to attenuate wide-frequency noise. Fouladi et al. studied a coir-based samples produced
The commercial efficient sound absorbents are using fresh coconut husk with or without the addition
available only in porous structures in the form of fibre of a binder and concluded that the raw coconut fiber
felts, foams and composites and are based on resulted in a good sound absorption coefficient at both
petrochemicals such as rock wool, glass wool, low and medium frequencies, although in thicker
polyester and polyurethane [2]. Increased usage of layers, the behaviour was much more remarkable [4].
synthetic sound absorption materials leads to higher Mohd et al (2010) analysed the effect of different
CO2 emission and other environmental issues. factors of coir fibre in sound absorption and results
Building’s CO2 emissions have been steadily showed that increasing coir fiber layer thickness
increasing since 1990 and heating and air increases the absorption and moves absorption peak
conditioning account for almost two thirds of building towards low frequency for both cases [5]. Increasing
energy consumption. Therefore, many researches the thickness of material enhanced the sound

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
absorption in lower frequencies having same average work is to develop fibrous composite panel from
absorption coefficient. Also in another study, Mohd et nonwoven porous coir matt and micro perforated
al analysed the effect of compression on the acoustic panels for sound insulation for home
performance of single layer coir panel and observed theatres/conference hall. The samples are assembled
that higher compression rate corresponds to the strong to various configurations like nonwoven porous coir
acoustic absorption which is greater than the matt mounted with and with-out air gap, perforated
uncompressed coir fiber. Studies were conducted to panel faced porous coir matt with and with-out air gap
measure transmission loss index and acoustic and perforated panel mounted with air gap [10].
absorption coefficient and made a comparison
between them by using natural organic fiber II. THEORY
perforated panels with or without filler. The result Sound propagation in Micro Perforated Panels –
from experimental works and simulation of multi- Maa’s Theory
layer coir fiber showed good absorption coefficient in The MPP absorbers have a simple structure and
reducing noise in all spaces. absorption characteristics that are exactly predictable.
The panel may be made of any material from
Multi-purpose concert halls face a dilemma and they cardboard, plastic, plywood to sheet metal, with any
host classical music concerts, rock concerts and finishing or decoration to suit the purpose. In a
spoken word performances in a matter of a short perforated panel, the energy dissipation of a sound
period. These different performance types require wave into heat is produced by viscous thermal losses
significantly different acoustic conditions in order to inside the perforations. As the air molecules travels
provide the best sound quality to both the performers through the perforations, friction losses occur. This
and the audience [6]. A recommended reverberation effect can be enhanced by reducing the diameter of
time for classical music may be in the range of 1.5 - 2 the perforation to the submillimeter size. An MPP
seconds, rock music sounds around 0.8-1.5 seconds placed in front of a rigid wall acts as a resonator. The
for empty halls. Modern rhythmic music often air volume between the panels and the wall plays the
contains high levels of sound energy in the low role of spring. It is compared to a Helmholtz
frequency bands but still requires a high definition for resonator that can be tuned to provide a maximum of
good sound quality. Therefore, in recent years, multi- absorption in a determined resonance frequency. The
layer acoustic absorbers have been developed and approximated and exact theory of an MPP was first
composed of perforated plates, airspaces and porous proposed by Maa in 1975 and 1998 respectively [11-
materials to absorb broadband noise. However, the 13]. The single layer of MPP mounted at distance D
acoustic absorption of these multi-layer acoustic from a rigid wall is assumed to equivalent electro-
absorbers is mainly dependent on their fabrication. acoustical circuit as shown in Figure 1b. The sound
Zulkifi et al (2008) experimented the performance of wave impinging on the structure is equivalent to a
coir fibre with perforated panel facing and results source of sound pressure 2p as produced on the rigid
showed that coir fibre with perforated panel have wall with the time factor exp ( − jt ) suppressed
higher sound absorption for the low frequencies [7]. throughout (analogous to the open-circuit voltage) and
Increasing the sound absorption at low frequency can internal resistance  c as that of air with  the air
be a great contribution to noise control engineering. density and c the sound speed. The equivalent circuit
Air gap or perforated facing is usually used to of a single layer of MPP mounted at distance D from
enhance the absorption at low frequency. Ayub et al. a rigid wall, where r and m are the specific acoustic
(2009) developed a panel composed of coir fibre layer resistance and reactance of the perforations [14-15].
in different thickness 20mm, 35mm and 50 mm with
air gap backed by rigid wall was used to analyze the
acoustic absorption performance of coir fibre and
found that addition of air gap moves the absorption
towards low frequencies [8]. Zulkifli et al (2010)
Studied the performance of sound absorber consisted
perforated plate with porous coir backing and found
that porous layer backing can improve noise
absorption coefficient at low and high frequencies Figure1. Schematic diagrams of MPP absorber and
with significant increasing [9]. The aim of present its equivalent circuit

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
According to Maa’s theory, the specific impedance of most midrange and high frequencies), the absorption
a MPP is equal to the specific acoustic impedance of a coefficient of the material (typically related to the
single tube (plus end corrections) divided by the density of the materials) and the angle of incidence
perforation ratio (total area of the perforation on a unit for the sound wave. There are two stages in travelling
area of panel), thus the specific acoustic impedance of of sound wave: 1st Stage- from the speaker to wall
MPP normalized by  c (the characteristic impedance through the absorptive layer and 2nd Stage- pass back
of air) can be calculated by from wall to ear through the absorptive layer [9].
Z1 During the travel, the sound wave gets attenuated and
zMPP = = r + jm loss its energy. The attenuation is due to transmission
pc of sound wave through the panel and transitions into a
different medium. There is an impedance mismatch in
With various stages i.e. between the air and the panel, the
32 t t  k
2
2k d

panel and the air behind the panel, the air and the
r=  1+ +  wall, the wall and the air behind the panel, the air
pc d 2  32 8 t behind the panel and the panel again between the

panel and the listen in room. This impedance
  mismatch causes the original sound wave to lose

t  1 d

m = additional energy.
1 + 2
+ 0.85 
pc  2 k t
3 +
 32  Many models are available for predicting the sound
absorption mechanisms in the pores of porous
materials and are generally distinguished based on
Where k is the perforation constant, k = d  / 4 and distinctive absorption mechanism and the type of
p is the perforation ratio, p = 78.5d 2 / b2 if the holes pores. Delany and Bazley found to be a simple model
for predicting acoustic behaviour of fibrous porous
are arranged in squares separated by spacing ( b mm)
absorbing materials only employing the non-
[16]. The normal specific acoustic impedance of air
acoustical characteristics of air flow resistivity.
cavity behind the MPP, again normalized by  c :
According to their model, complex wave propagation
Z D = − j cot( D / c ) constant 𝛾𝑓 and characteristic impedance 𝑍𝑓 of porous
material depend mainly on the angular frequency ω
Based on the equivalent circuit, the normalised and on the flow resistivity𝜎 . A good fit of the
specific acoustic impedance of the entire structure can measured values of 𝛾𝑓 and 𝑍𝑓 has been obtained with
be calculated by the following expressions:
z = r + j m − j cot( D / c)
f =
2 f
c
1 + 0.0978 X −0.7 − j 0.189 X −0.595
For normal incidence of sound wave, the absorption
coefficient derived by
4r

Z f =  c 1 + 0.057 X
−0.754
− j (0.087 X
−0.732

)
= 2
(1 + r ) + ( m − cot( D / c )
2 f
X =

The maximum absorption coefficient is
4r Where, 𝜌 is the air density, C is the sound speed in
 max = 2 the air, f is the frequency of the sound wave, 𝐿𝑓 is the
(1 + r )
thickness of porous layer.
Sound propagation in Porous Material Delany and Bazley suggest the following boundary
As the sound wave from the speaker travels through for the validity of their laws in terms of boundaries of
the absorbing material on its way to the wall, its b, as follows: 0.01 < X < 1. It may not be expected
magnitude is reduced. The amount of reduction is that single relations provides a perfect prediction of
related to a number of factors such as the frequency of acoustic behaviour of all the porous materials in the
the sound, the thick of the material (4 inches of frequency range defined in the above equation.
absorptive material is typically sufficient to absorb

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
If the porous material is backed with a rigid wall, the Porous coir matt samples
surface acoustic impedance of the porous material can Coconut fibre is extracted from the outer shell of a
be expressed as coconut. The common name, scientific name and
(
 f = Z f cot h cot h  f L f ) plant family of coconut fibre is Coir, Cocos nucifera
and Arecaceae (palm) respectively. The coconut
fibres have excellent sound absorption characteristics
Sound propagation in air and thermal insulation. White or green coir fibres
The complex wave propagation constant 𝛾𝑎 and may be extracted from green coconuts and brown
characteristic impedance 𝑍𝑎 of air can be expressed fibres may be extracted from fully matured coconuts.
as, The brown coir fibres were collected from Pollachi,
2 f Tamil nadu and dried using drying chamber. The
 a = jk a = j
c dried coir fibre is then processed in hackler machine
Za = c in two stages for effective fibre opening, removing
husk and dust from fibres. The opened fibres are then
passed to needle punching machine where the fibres
If the air gap is backed with a rigid wall, the surface
are made to entangle and formed as a sheet. Figure 2
acoustic impedance of the air gap can be expressed as shows the various images about coconut plant. In
 a = Z a cot h cot h ( a La ) order to get the structural integration, 22% of the
natural rubber latex was sprayed over the coir matt
Where, 𝐿𝑎 is the thickness of air space, ka is the wave and cured. Finally, the porous coir matt was prepared
number of air. in 3 different thickness of 15mm, 20mm and 30mm
and their densities are 110 kg/m3,110 kg/m3 and 90
III. MATERIALS kg/m3 respectively.
Micro perforated panels (MPP)
The panel may be made of any material from
cardboard, plastic, plywood to sheet metal, with any
finishing or decoration to suit the purpose.
Wooden/plywood panels are selected as it is a natural
material and environmentally friendly. These panels
can be easily processed into perforated panel and
installed as indoor acoustical panels. Plywood of
3.4mm thickness was purchased from local market
with density of 67.27 kg/m3 and perforations were
made using a hand drill. Considering the sound
frequency to be absorbed and drill configurations, the
perforation diameter and hole spacing were optimized
to 0.6mm and 4mm respectively. The physical
properties of micro perforated panels used in this
work are summarized in Table 1.

Table1. Physical properties of micro perforated panels

Thic Hole Hole Ope
Sampl
Material k dia spacin n
e
type ness (mm g area
ID
(mm) ) (mm) (%)
MPP1 Plywood 3.4 0.6 4 1.76 Figure2. Various stages of coconut plant
Plywood
with The prepared samples were kept in standard testing
MPP2 3.6 0.6 4 1.76 temperature (20℃ ± 2 ℃) and relative humidity
nonwove
n backing (65%±2%) before testing. The physical properties
MPP3 Plywood 3.4 2 12 2.18 of nonwoven porous coir matt samples used in this
MPP4 Plywood 6 2 12 2.18 work are summarized in Table 2.

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Table2. Physical properties of porous coir matt IV. TESTING METHODS
samples Sound Absorption Coefficient by Impedance Tube
Sample Thickness Weight Density Method (ISO 10534-2)
ID (mm) (g/m2) (Kg/m3) The current focus on noise-control issues and the
C1 15 1650 110 importance of sound quality, acoustical
C2 15 2625 175 characterization of product is becoming increasingly
C3 15 3150 210 relevant to manufacturers/designers. The acoustic
C4 20 2200 110 characterization of MPP backed by porous coir matt
C5 25 2750 110 and air gap were tested at PSGTECH’S COE-
INDUTECH, Coimbatore using impedance tube
Nonwoven scrim method. This method is one of the well accepted test
Hydro entangled nonwoven was considered for this method for measuring the sound absorption
work and purchased from commercial market. Hydro measurement and the normal incidence sound
entangled nonwoven made from 80/20 absorption coefficient was determined using the
Viscose/Polyester fibres with 0.55mm thickness, transfer function method according to standard ISO
weight of 100 g/m2 and have flow resistivity of 230 10534-2. Figure 4 shows a sketch of the Bruel
Pa. s/ m. &Kjaer Standing Wave Apparatus. Impedance Tube
Kit (50 Hz – 6.4 kHz) Type 4206 consists of: a 100
Experimental procedure mm diameter tube (large tube), a 29 mm diameter
Figure 3 shows the representation of various tube (small tube), sample holders (29 and 100 mm)
configurations of samples followed during and extension tubes (29 and 100 mm). A large-tube
measurements. Porous coir matt samples, MPP and setup is used to measure parameters in the frequency
air gap are considered for making effective range from 50 Hz to 1.6 kHz and small tube setup in
experimental procedure. the frequency range from 500 Hz to 6.4 kHz.

(a) Impedance tube

A. MPP backed by air cavity

B. Porous absorber
C. MPP backed by porous absorber
D. MPP backed by porous and air cavity
Figure3. Representation of various configurations

The details about sample arrangements during

measurement are shown in Table 3. (b) Experimental setup
Table3. Sample arrangements during measurement Figure4. Bruel & Kjaer standing wave apparatus
Sample ID Specification Air gap (mm)
S1 MPP1 50 A loudspeaker (sound source) located at one end
S2 MPP2 50 produces an acoustic wave which travels through the
S3 MPP1+C1 35 pipe and reflects from the test sample located at
another end. The phase interference between the
S4 MPP1+C2 35
incident waves and reflected from the test sample will
S5 MPP1+C3 35
result in the formation of a standing wave pattern in
S6 MPP3+C2 -
the pipe. If 100% of the incident wave is reflected,
S7 MPP4+C2 -

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
then the incident and reflected waves have the same Effect of nonwoven scrim backing on MPP
amplitude; the nodes in the pipe have zero pressure Figure 6 shows the comparison of sound absorption
and the antinodes have double the pressure. If some of coefficient of single leaf MPP with and without
the incident sound energy is absorbed by the sample, nonwoven scrim backing followed by air gap. The
then the incident and reflected waves have different results of sample S1 and S2 are insignificant for the
amplitudes; the nodes in the pipe no longer have zero frequency range 63 – 160 Hz; increase noticed in
pressure. By measuring the sound pressure at two absorption coefficient of S2 for the frequency range
fixed locations and calculating the complex transfer 200 – 3150 Hz compared to S1. Also, the maximum
function using a two-channel digital frequency absorption and resonance frequency of S2 are 0.86
analyzer, it is possible to determine the sound and 500 Hz respectively which is lower than S1 (0.97
absorption and complex reflection coefficients and the and 630 Hz). The addition of nonwoven scrim at the
normal acoustic impedance of the material. In order back of MPP increases the acoustic resistance of
to get accuracy and repeatability, three set of samples entire system and lead to reduction in maximum
were developed in each configuration and sound absorption coefficient.
absorption coefficient was measured. The average of
three measurements in all the configurations has been
considered for comparison between the samples.

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results for micro perforated panel- theoretical
against experimental
With the help of Maa’s theory, the significant
parameters of the MPP absorber such as relative
acoustic resistance (r), resonance frequency and
perforate constant can be derived theoretically.
Figure 5 shows the comparison of theoretical and
experimental results of sound absorption
characteristics of single leaf MPP. The maximum Figure6. Absorption characteristics of single leaf MPP
absorption coefficient and resonance frequency of t=3.4mm, d=0.6mm, b=4mm, D=50mm.
theoretical and experimental result are 0.98 & 500 Hz
and 0.97 & 630 Hz respectively. In this case, there is Results for nonwoven porous coir matt on MPP+
no significant difference noticed in maximum Porous configuration
absorption coefficient but a lift noticed in the The absorption of MPP3 backed by 15mm air gap has
absorption curve of experimental result than low frequency of range 630 -1500 Hz only. The
theoretical for the frequency range 400 – 2500 Hz. maximum absorption coefficient 0.49 at 800Hz and
Also there is an increase in absorption noticed in does not have any absorption at higher frequencies.
frequency around 4000 Hz in experimental result than At the same time, porous coir matt has absorption
theoretical. However, the entire trends of sound only at higher frequency range and does not have low
absorption behaviour of theoretical and experimental frequency absorption. But the MPP backed by porous
results are similar. coir matt sample S6 have absorption at both low and
high frequencies. The low frequency absorption trend
of S6 is followed based on MPP3 and high frequency
trend followed by porous coir matt. Figure 7 shows
the absorption behaviour of MPP backed by porous
coir matt. The similar trend was also observed in
sample S7. Hence, it was proved that when porous
nonwoven is faced with MPP enhance the absorption
at low frequency range.

Figure5. Absorption characteristics of single leaf MPP

t=3.4mm, d=0.6mm, b=4mm, D=50mm.

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470

Figure8. Absorption characteristics of MPP backed by

air gap and MPP backed by porous matt and air gap

Effect of density of nonwoven coir matt

In this section, the effect of porous coir matt density
for the same thick in MPP backed by porous coir matt
and air gap is discussed. The effect of density can be
varied without affecting the thick of 15mm and
absorption characteristics of samples are shown in
Figure7. Absorption characteristics of MPP backed by figure 9. Out of three densities, porous coir matt with
porous coir matt density of 110 Kg/m3 have lowest absorption
coefficient for the entire frequency range. From the
Effect of nonwoven porous coir matt on MPP + Figure 9, it is clear that when density of porous coir
Porous + Air gap configuration matt increases, the absorption coefficient of MPP
The sample S1 is optimized to have the maximum backed by porous coir and air gap increases. This
absorption coefficient 0.97 at 500 Hz and half may be due to more number of coir fibres present in
absorption bandwidth between 315 and 800 Hz. In the porous coir matt with density of 210 Kg/m3. The
general, MPP1 and air gap contributes for good loss in energy of sound wave is more when more
absorption at lower frequency range and porous number of fibres presents in the porous layer. But
nonwoven matt contributes for higher frequency there is no significant difference noticed in the
range. In order to get wide band absorber, porous absorption coefficient between the porous coir matt
layer have to be inserted in between the MPP and air with densities of 175 Kg/m3 and 210 Kg/m3 for the
gap. In this section, the effect of porous coir matt in frequency range 63 – 3150 Hz and porous coir matt
the MPP with air gap configuration is discussed. The with 210 Kg/m3 have higher absorption peak at 4000
absorption coefficient of MPP backed by porous coir Hz than others.
matt is slightly lower than that of MPP with air gap
for the entire frequency range 63 – 6300 Hz. In this
case, the effect of porous coir matt does not helpful in
increase or wider the absorption band as aimed. It
should be noted that the acoustic resistance of the
MPP with air gap is already optimized to maximum;
so inserting porous coir matt in between MPP and air
gap provides additional acoustic resistance and makes
the total resistance of the system too large [17].
When hole diameter is 0.6mm, the absorption
coefficient becomes lower when a porous coir matt is
inserted. In order to get significant effect of porous
coir matt on absorption coefficient, compromise is Figure9. Absorption characteristics of different
needed in designing MPP with lower acoustic densities of porous matt in MPP backed by porous
resistance. matt and air gap

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Effect of MPP thickness 2. Ghotbi Ravandi, M. R., Mardi H., Langari
Figure 10 shows the absorption curve of sample S6 A.A.A., Mohammadian M. and Khanjani N., “A
and S7. The trends of absorption curve at low Review on the Acoustical Properties of Natural
frequencies are based on MPP configuration and trend and Synthetic Noise Absorbents”, Open Access
of absorption curve at high frequencies are based on Library Journal, Vol. 2 / 2015,
porous coir matt in both the samples. The sample S6 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1101598
and S7 have maximum absorption coefficient of 0.56 3. Hoda Soliman Seddeq, Nermin M Aly, Ali Marwa
at 1000Hz and 0.69 at 800Hz respectively. This is A. And Elshakankery M.H., “Investigation on
due to increase in thickness of sample S7 compared to Sound Absorption Properties for Recycled Fibrous
S6. Hence, increasing thickness of MPP shifts the Materials”, Journal of Industrial Textiles, Vol. 43,
absorption curve towards low frequencies. No.1/2012, pp. 56-73.
4. Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor., Ayub Md., Rozli
Zulkifli., Nowshad Amin and Mohammad
Hosseini Fouladi, “Effect of Different Factors on
the Acoustic Absorption of Coir Fiber”, Journal of
Applied Sciences, Vol.10 /2010, pp. 2887-2892.
5. Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor., Ayub Md., Rozli
Zulkifli., Nowshad Amin and Mohammad
Hosseini Fouladi, “Effect of Compression on the
Acoustic Absorption of Coir Fibre”, American
Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol.7, No. 9/2010,
Figure10. Absorption characteristics of different pp.1285-1290.
configuration of MPP backed by porous matt
6. Niels Werner Larsen, Eric R. Thompson and
VI. CONCLUSION Anders C. Gade, “Variable Low Frequency
The prediction of acoustic performance of MPP was Absorbers for Multipurpose Concert Halls”,
much useful in designing the MPP with respect to the Viewed on 10 August 2016,
end uses. The insertions of porous nonwoven coir <www.flexac.com/wp-
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absorption. The sound absorption of MPP backed by 7. Rozli Zulkifli, Zulkarnain and Mohd Jailani Mohd
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