PLANT TRANSPIRATION

By :
Name of Member : Aulya Ammara K (B1B017005)
Ramadi Habib F (B1B017006)
Pratiwi Kusuma K (B1B017007)
Thalitha Nindika N (B1B017009)
Group : VII
Subgroup :2
Assistant : Maria Pricilia Gita

PRACTICAL REPORT OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY I

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2018
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

In its life activities, a large amount of water is released by plants in the form of
water vapor into the atmosphere. The release of water by plants in the form of water vapor
the process is called transpiration. The amount of water transposed by plants is a typical
event, although differences occur between a species and other species. Transpiration is
carried out by plants through stomata, cuticles and lenticels. Besides removing water in
the form of steam, plants can also release water in the form of water droplets whose
process is called gutation by means of a device called hydatoda which is a hole located at
the tip of the vein that we often encounter in certain plant species. With regard to
transpiration, the plant's main organ in carrying out this process is the leaf, because in the
leaves we find the most stomata. Transpiration is important for plants because it plays a
role in helping to increase the rate of transport of water and mineral salts, regulating body
temperature and regulating optimum turgor in cells. Transpiration begins with
evaporation of water by the hollow mesophyll cells between cells in the leaf (Heddy,
1990).
This transpiration process in addition to producing airitis, can also improve plants
that continue to work in the sun. They will certainly not die because the process of
transpiration, evaporation of air and evaporation will help reduce the temperature of the
plant. In addition, the process of transpiration, plants will also continue to get enough air
to carry out photosynthesis so that living plants can continue to be guaranteed (Sitompul,
1995).
Transpiration is also a process that transforms plants, because there is
transpiration which transcends the roots, plants can lack air. If the water content exceeds
the minimum limit can cause death. Large transparencies also purify a lot, so there is a
need for a little energy. The transpiration activity by many factors is a factor both in
external factors. What functioned as an internal factor was the size of the leaf, the leaf
which was light, or not stomata. These things are all transpiration activities in plants
(Salisbury, 1995).
B. Purpose

The objectives of this laboratory activity are:

1. To know the speed of transpiration rate
2. To know the amount of water vapored, in unit of leaf area within a certain time
 II. LITERATURE

Transpiration is the loss of water from the plant body in the form of water vapor
through stomata, cuticles or lenticels. There are two types of transpiration, namely cuticle
transpiration is evaporation of water that occurs directly through the epidermal cuticle;
and stomatal transpiration, which in this case water loss takes place through stomata. The
leaf cuticle is relatively non-translucent, and in most types of plant cuticle transpiration
is only 10 percent or less of the amount of water lost through the leaves. Therefore, most
of the water lost through the leaves (Wilkins, 1989). According to Wang & Jia (2015)
plant transpiration, defined as the process of water movement through a plant and its
evaporation from aerial parts, is a basic process regulated over short time periods by
stomatal conductance.
The speed of transpiration rate is varies depending on the type of plant. Various
ways to measure the amount of transpiration, for example by using weighing methods. A
fresh leaf or even all the plants and pots are weighed. After a certain amount of time, it is
weighed again. The difference in weight between the two weighs is the indicator number
of transpiration. The weighing method can also be directed to the water that is released,
that is by capturing the water vapor that is released with the hygroscopic substance that
has known its weight. Weight gain is a sign of the amount of transpiration
(Tjitrosoepomo, 1998).
In addition, to measure the transpiration rate that occurs in the leaves indirectly, the
absorption speed can be measured using the photometry method using a photometer. In
addition to the photometric method, there are many other methods that can be used
including the gravimetric method (weighing) or the lysimeter method (pot method);
cobalt paper method (Cobalt Chloride paper); and semi-quantitative methods (Ashari,
1995). According to Setiawan, et al. (2015) the rate of transpiration of plants is very
diverse and is influenced by many factors, therefore the measurement of transpiration rate
in poorly controlled environmental conditions will be very complicated. Transpiration
measurement requires a tool that works based on the berkuvet poorometer method and by
the gravimetric lysimeter method or by the heat flow method.
The difference between transpiration and evaporation is that in the transpiration
there is a modified physiological or physical process, regulating stomatal openings,
regulating some kinds of pressure, occurring in living tissue and the surface of wet cells,
whereas in evaporation there is a pure physical process, not regulated by stomatal
openings, not regulated by pressure, not limited to living tissue and the surface running it
dry. Most of the water absorbed by plants is transposed. For example: corn plants, from
100% absorbed water: 0.09% to compose the body, 0.01% for reagents, 98.9% to be
transposed (Fitter, 1991).
 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Material

The materials that used in this practice are plant twig and water.
The tools that used in this practice are Erlenmeyer/ bottle thst is given a cover
or Styrofoam, analytic scale, scissors and gardening scissors, ruler, and label.

B. Methods

1. Measurement of transpiration

The twig plant with

All tools and materials Water is poured into leaves is placed into the
are prepared the bottle until ¾ part bottle that has been filled

Cover the tip of bottle Measure each treatment

The bottle with the
with cotton and after 60 minutes
twig plant is measured
wrapper Each treatment
on the analytic scale
is placed
 2. Measurement of leaf area

Remove all the leaves Cut 10 leaves pattern

that attached to the
twig

𝑳𝑨 𝑨
=
𝑳𝑩 𝑩

𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 − 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕

𝑫=
𝑳𝑨

Measure the pattern Calculation the

leaves measurement with this
formula
 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Leaf transpiration rate tabl (ml/𝒄𝒎𝟐 /hour)

treatment Repetition
1 2 3 4 5
Dark 31 x 10−5 0,0008 8 x 10−4 0,0008 0,00061
Light 48 x 10−5 0,033 5 x 10−4 0,0005 0,000249
Wind 34 x 10−5 0,04 7 x 10−4 0,009 0,00098

Formula
𝑳𝒃 𝑿 𝑨
La = 𝑩
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕−𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
D= 𝑳𝒂

A. In fan position
10 𝑋 5,43 258,66−248,55
La = = 258,6 = 0,04
0,21 258,66

B. Dark place
10 𝑋 7,78 248,26−247,93
La = = 409,5 = 8 x 10−4
0,19 409,5

C. In light plaece
10 𝑋 3,31 239,99−239,47
La = = 157,6 = 3,3 x 10−3
0,21 157,6
B. Discussion
Based on our activity we can see the weight in treatment dark place is 247,93 gr, in
light place is 239,47 gr, and in front fan position is 248,55 gr. And we can calculate water
which evaporated in treatment dark place is 0,0008 g/cm2, in light place 0,033 g/cm2,
and in front fan position is 0,04 g/cm2. According to Gardner (1991) The rate of
transpiration is faster in light condition than in a dark or in a windy condition, because
when the plant exposed light sun stomata will open faster, so that the transpiration process
will be fast. But on our activity the wind condition is faster process of transpiration, it is
because we placed the plant at afternoon, so the transpiration not in maximum processes
(Garnerd, 1991).
Transpiration is process movement of water in the body of a plant and is lost to
moisture into the atmosphere. The transpiration process starts from the absorption of
ground water by plant roots which are then transported through the stem to the leaves and
transpired as water vapor into the atmosphere. The transpiration rate is influenced by
vegetation character factors, soil characteristics, environment and crop cultivation
patterns. Transpiration is controlled by the behavior of opening and closing stomata,
where stomatal behavior varies according to the type of plant (Prijono & Laksmana,
2016).
In nature, water containing nutrients required for normal metabolism of plants is
auto-fed by a process called transpiration. In this process, water is absorbed from the soil
and transported to and evaporated from the aerial parts like leaves. Studies have shown
that the primary impetus for the transport of water is negative pressure generated by the
transpiration process. Besides the reduced pressure, capillary action in the vascular
structure of the plants is also one of the important driving forces for the transpiration
process (Wu et al. 2018).
Transpiration is the process of loss of water from the body of the plant in the form
of liquid and vapor or gas. Transpiration can be influenced by several internal and external
factors. Internal factors are factors derived from the plants themselves, for example the
number of leaves, the thickness of the leaves, the size of the leaves, the wax or not the
surface of the leaves, a lot of hair on the leaf surface, leaf area, and number of stomata.
While external factors are factors that influence the rate of transpiration of plants that
come from outside or the environment such as temperature, light, humidity, and wind
(Lakitan, 1993).
 According to Urban, et al. (2017), stomata regulation is one of the main factors
which determine local growth and survival of plants and global cycles of mass and energy.
Stomatal conductance is so important that it has become central to many models from the
leaf level. Temperature is one of the most variable factors in the environment and it affects
many plant physiological processes, yet little is known about its effect on gs, especially
at high temperatures
Sunlight, triggers opening and closing the stomata. When bright, the stoma opens
and darkens shut. Light produces heat which results in increased temperature. A
temperature rise at a certain level forces the stoma to dilate and increase transpiration. So,
light will stimulate leaf transpiration. Plant stomata generally open when the sun rises and
closes during dark days allowing the entry of CO2 needed for photosynthesis during the
day. Generally, the opening process takes 1 hour and closure takes place gradually
throughout the afternoon. Stomata close faster if plants are placed in the dark suddenly.
the lower the vapor pressure in the outside air, the faster transpiration occurs. Water vapor
diffuses from the humid air on the leaves to the drier air through the stomata. Evaporation
of the thin layer of water that coats mesophyll cells maintains the high humidity of the air
chamber (Capmbell, 2003).
According to Dwijoseputro (1989), states that although plants lose water,
transpiration is beneficial for plants because it can cause leaf suction to occur so that water
transports in the stem, helps absorb water and nutrients by the roots, reduces excess water
absorbed, maintains temperature suitable for leaves, and regulates photosynthesis by
opening close stomata.
Transpiration also plays a role in energy exchange. Transpiration is a cooling
process, if transpiration does not occur, the leaves will be hotter a few degrees hotter.
Water evaporation is a strong cooling process. High-speed water molecules evaporate and
when they leave the liquid, the velocity of the remaining molecules becomes smaller
meaning that the liquid is cooler (Salisbury and Cleon, 1995).
 IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the result and discussion, it can be conclude that :

1. The rate of transpiration is faster in light condition, because when the plant
exposed light the stomata will open faster, so that the transpiration process
will be fast.
2. Calculaton the amount of water vapored in treatment dark place is 0,0008
g/cm2, in light place 0,033 g/cm2, and in front fan position is 0,04 g/cm2.
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