Extension 2 Polynomials – HSC

Question 2s

1
1. ’92 2d It is given that 1 + i is a root of P ( z ) = 2 z 3 − 3z 2 + rz + s where r and s are real numbers.

(i) Explain why 1 − i is also a root of P ( z ) .

(ii) Factorize P ( z ) over the real numbers.

4
2. ’81 2b (i) Factorise 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 .
x 4 x3 x 2 7
(ii) Prove that the equation + + + x + c = 0 has no real root if c > .
4 3 2 12
7
How many real roots are there if c ≤ ?
12

Question 3s
1
3. '09 3c Let P ( x ) = x3 + ax 2 + bx + 5 , where a and b are real numbers.
Find the values of a and b given that ( x − 1) is a factor of P ( x ) .
2

2
4. '08 3b Let p ( z ) = 1 + z 2 + z 4 .

(i) Show that p ( z ) has no real zeros.

Let α be a zero of p ( z ) .

(ii) Show that α 6 = 1 .

(iii) Show that α 2 is also a zero of p ( z )

3
5. '07 3b The zeros of x 3 − 5 x + 3 are α, β and γ .
Find a cubic polynomial with integer coefficients whose zeros are 2α, 2β and 2γ .

1
6. '06 3c Two of the zeros of P ( x ) = x 4 − 12 x3 + 59 x 2 − 138 x + 130 are a + ib and a + 2ib , where a
and b are real and b > 0 .
(i) Find the values of a and b .
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, express P ( x ) as the product of quadratic factors with real
coefficients.
3
7. '01 3b The numbers α, β and γ satisfy the equations
α+β+ γ = 3
α 2 + β2 + γ 2 = 1
1 1 1
+ + =2
α β γ
(i) Find the values of αβ + βγ + γα and αβγ .
Explain why α, β and γ are the roots of the cubic equation x 3 − 3 x 2 + 4 x − 2 = 0 .
(ii) Find the values of α, β and γ .

4
8. ’86 3b (i) Show that if a is a multiple root of the polynomial equation f ( x ) = 0 then
f (a) = f ′(a) = 0 .

The polynomial αx n +1 + β x n + 1 is divisible by ( x − 1) . Show that α = n , and

2
(ii)
β = − (1 + n ) .

x2 xn
(iii) Prove that 1 + x + + ... + has no multiple roots for any n ≥ 1 .
2! n!

Question 4s

2
9. '07 4d The polynomial P ( x ) = x3 + qx 2 + rx + s has real coefficients. It has three distinct zeros,
α, − α and β .
(i) Prove that qr = s .
(ii) The polynomial does not have three real zeros. Show that two of the zeros are purely
imaginary. (A number is purely imaginary if it is of the form iy , with y real and y ≠ 0 )

3
10. '06 4a The polynomial p ( x ) = ax3 + bx + c has a multiple zero at 1 and has remainder 4 when
divided by x + 1 . Find a, b and c .

3
11. '05 4b Suppose α, β, γ and δ are the four roots of the polynomial equation
x 4 + px3 + qx 2 + rx + s = 0 .
(i) Find the values of α + β + γ + δ and αβγ + αβδ + αγδ + βγδ in terms of p , q , r and s .

(ii) Show that α 2 + β2 + γ 2 + δ2 = p 2 − 2q .

(iii) Apply the result in part (ii) to show that x 4 − 3 x 3 + 5 x 2 + 7 x − 8 = 0 cannot have four
real roots.
(iv) By evaluating the polynomial at x = 0 and x = 1 , deduce that the polynomial equation
x 4 − 3 x 3 + 5 x 2 + 7 x − 8 = 0 has exactly two real roots.
1
12. '04 4a Let α, β and γ be the zeros of the polynomial p ( x ) = 3x3 + 7 x 2 + 11x + 51 .

(i) Find α 2βγ + αβ2 γ + αβγ 2 .

(ii) Find α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 .

(iii) Using part (ii), or otherwise, determine how many of the zeros of p ( x ) are real.
Justify your answer.

3
13. '99 4b (i) Suppose the polynomial P ( x ) has a double root at x = α .
Prove that P′ ( x ) also has a root at x = α .

(ii) The polynomial A ( x ) = x 4 + ax 2 + bx + 36 has a double root at x = 2 .

Find the values of a and b .
(iii) Factorise the polynomial A ( x ) of part (ii) over the real numbers.

1
14. '98 4a (i) Suppose that k is a double root of the polynomial equation f ( x ) = 0 .
Show that f ′ ( k ) = 0 .
(ii) What feature does the graph of a polynomial have at a root of multiplicity 2?
(iii) The polynomial P ( x ) = ax7 + bx 6 + 1 is divisible by ( x − 1) . Find the coefficients a
2

and b .
x2 x3 x4
(iv) Let E ( x ) = 1 + x + + + . Prove that E ( x ) = 0 has no double roots.
2 6 24

1
15. '97 4b (i) Find an expression for cot 2A in terms of tan A .
(ii) Show that tan A and − cot A satisfy the equation x 2 + 2 x cot 2 A − 1 = 0 .
π
(iii) Hence, or otherwise, find the exact value of tan .
8
π π
(iv) Hence find the exact value of tan − cot .
16 16

Find α and β , given that z 3 + 3 z + 2i = ( z − α ) ( z − β ) .

2 2
16. ’94 4a

Question 5s
3
17. ’08 5b Let p ( x ) = x n +1 − ( n + 1) x + n where n is a positive integer.

(i) Show that p ( x ) has a double zero at x = 1 .

(ii) By considering concavity, or otherwise, show that p ( x ) ≥ 0 for x ≥ 0 .

(iii) Factorise p ( x ) when n = 3 .

4
18. '07 5d In the diagram, ABCDE is a regular pentagon with sides of length 1.
The perpendicular to AC through B meets AC at P .

π
(i) Let u = cos . Use the cosine rule in ∆ACD to show that 8u 3 − 8u 2 + 1 = 0 .
5
1
(ii) One root of 8 x 3 − 8 x 2 + 1 = 0 is .
2
π
Find the other roots of 8 x 3 − 8 x 2 + 1 = 0 and hence find the exact value of cos .
5

2
19. '03 5a Let α, β and γ be the three roots of x3 + px + q = 0 , and define sn by
sn = α n + βn + γ n for n = 1, 2,3,...

(i) Explain why s1 = 0 , and show that s2 = −2 p and s3 = −3q .

(ii) Prove that for n > 3 , sn = − psn − 2 − qsn −3 .

α 5 + β5 + γ 5  α 2 + β2 + γ 2  α3 + β3 + γ 3 
(iii) Deduce that =  .
5  2  3 

3
20. '02 5a The equation 4 x 3 − 27 x + k = 0 has a double root. Find the possible values of k .

2
21. '02 5b Let α, β and γ be the roots of the equation x 3 − 5 x 2 + 5 = 0 .
(i) Find a polynomial equation with integer coefficients whose roots are α − 1, β − 1 and
γ −1 .

(ii) Find a polynomial equation with integer coefficients whose roots are α 2 , β2 and γ 2 .

(iii) Find the value of α 3 + β3 + γ 3 .

2
22. '00 5a Consider the polynomial p ( x ) = ax 4 + bx3 + cx 2 + dx + e where a, b, c, d and e are integers.
Suppose α is an integer such that p ( α ) = 0 .

(i) Prove that α divides e .

(ii) Prove that the polynomial q ( x ) = 4 x 4 − x3 + 3x 2 + 2 x − 3 does not have an integer root.
3
23. '99 5a The roots of x 3 + 5 x 2 + 11 = 0 are α, β and γ .

(i) Find the polynomial equation whose roots are α 2 , β2 and γ 2 .

(ii) Find the value of α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 .

2
24. '97 5c Suppose that b and d are real numbers and d ≠ 0 . Consider the polynomial
P ( z ) = z 4 + bz 2 + d .
The polynomial has a double root α .
(i) Prove that P′ ( z ) is an odd function.

(ii) Prove that −α is also a double root of P ( z ) .

b2
(iii) Prove that d = .
4
(iv) For what values of b does P ( z ) have a double root equal to 3i ?

(v) For what values of b does P ( z ) have real roots?

2
25. '96 5b Consider the polynomial equation x 4 + ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 , where a, b, c and d are all
integers. Suppose the equation has a root of the form ki , where k is real and k ≠ 0 .
(i) State why the conjugate − ki is also a root.
(ii) Show that c = k 2 a .
(iii) Show that c 2 + a 2 d = abc .
(iv) If 2 is also a root of the equation, and b = 0 , show that c is even.

4
26. '95 5bc (b) Let f ( t ) = t 3 + ct + d , where c and d are constants.
Suppose that the equation f ( t ) = 0 has three distinct real roots t1 , t2 and t3 .

(i) Find t1 + t2 + t3 .

(ii) Show that t12 + t22 + t32 = −2c .

(iii) Since the roots are real and distinct, the graph of y = f ( t ) has two turning points,
at t = u and t = v , and f ( u ) ⋅ f ( v ) < 0 . Show that 27 d 2 + 4c 3 < 0 .
 (c) Consider the parabola y = x 2 .

Some points (eg. P ) lie on three distinct normals ( PN1 , PN 2 and PN3 ) to the parabola.

(i) Show that the equation of the normal to y = x 2 at the point ( t , t 2 ) may be written
1− 2 y   x 
as t 3 +  t + −  = 0 .
 2   2

(ii) Suppose that the normals to y = x 2 at three distinct points N1 ( t1 , t12 ) , N 2 ( t2 , t22 )
and N 3 ( t3 , t32 ) all pass through P ( x0 , y0 ) .

Using the result of part (b) (iii), show that the coordinates of P satisfy
2
 x 3 1
y0 > 3  0  + .
 4 2

Question 6s

Expand ( cos θ + i sin θ ) using the binomial theorem.

1 5
27. ’10 6c (i)

Expand ( cos θ + i sin θ ) using de Moivre’s theorem, and hence show that
5
(ii)
sin 5θ = 16sin 5 θ − 20sin 3 θ + 5sin θ .
 π
(iii) Deduce that x = sin   is one of the solutions to 16 x 5 − 20 x 3 + 5 x − 1 = 0 .
 10 
(iv) Find the polynomial p ( x ) such that ( x − 1) p ( x ) = 16 x5 − 20 x3 + 5 x − 1 .

Find the value of a such that p ( x ) = ( 4 x 2 + ax − 1) .

2
(v)

 π
(vi) Hence find an exact value for sin   .
 10 

2
28. '09 6b Let P ( x ) = x3 + qx 2 + qx + 1 , where q is real. One zero of P ( x ) is −1.
1
(i) Show that if α is a zero of P ( x ) then is a zero of P ( x ) .
α
(ii) Suppose that α is a zero of P ( x ) and α is not real.
(1) Show that α = 1 .
1− q
(2) Show that Re ( α ) = .
2
1
29. '08 6a Let ω be the complex number satisfying ω3 = 1 and Im ( ω) > 0 . The cubic polynomial
p ( z ) = z 3 + az 2 + bz + c has zeros 1, − ω and −ω . Find p ( z ) .

4
30. '05 6b Let n be an integer greater than 2. Suppose ω is an n th root of unity and ω ≠ 1 .
(i) By expanding the left-hand side, show that (1 + 2ω + 3ω2 + 4ω3 + ... + nωn −1 ) ( ω − 1) = n .

1 z −1
(ii) Using the identity = or otherwise, prove that
z 2 − 1 z − z −1
1 cos θ − i sin θ
= , provided that sin θ ≠ 0 .
cos 2θ + i sin 2θ − 1 2i sin θ
2π 2π 1
(iii) Hence, if ω = cos + i sin , find the real part of .
n n ω −1
2π 4π 6π 8π 5
(iv) Deduce that 1 + 2 cos + 3cos + 4 cos + 5cos =− .
5 5 5 5 2
π
(v) By expressing the left-hand side of the equation in part (iv) in terms of cos and
5
2π π
cos , find the exact value in surd form of cos .
5 5

3
31. ’90 6a (i) Write down the relations which hold between the roots α , β , γ of the equation
ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 , ( a ≠ 0 ) , and the coefficients a , b , c , d .

(ii) Consider the equation 36 x 3 − 12 x 2 − 11x + 2 = 0 . You are given that the roots α , β , γ
of this equation satisfy α = β + γ . Use part (i) to find α .

(iii) Suppose that the equation x3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0 has roots λ , µ , ν which satisfy

λ = µ + ν . Show that p 3 − 4 pq + 8r = 0 .

Question 7s
3
32. '10 7bc (b) The graphs of y = 3 x − 1 and y = 2 x intersect at (1, 2 ) and at ( 3,8) .
Using these graphs or otherwise, show that 2 x ≥ 3 x − 1 for x ≥ 3 .

(c) Let P ( x ) = ( n − 1) x n − nx n −1 + 1 , where n is an odd integer, n ≥ 3 .

(i) Show that P ( x ) has exactly two stationary points.

(ii) Show that P ( x ) has a double zero at x = 1 .

(iii) Use the graph y = P ( x ) to explain why P ( x ) has exactly one real zero other
than 1.
(iv) Let α be the real zero of P ( x ) other than 1.
1
Using part (b) or otherwise, show that −1 < α ≤ − .
2
(v) Deduce that each of the zeros of 4 x 5 − 5 x 4 + 1 has a modulus less than or equal to 1.
 1
2
33. '04 7b Let α be a real number and suppose that z is a complex number such that z + = 2 cos α .
z
(i) By reducing the above equation to a quadratic equation in z , solve for z and use de
1
Moivre’s theorem to show that z n + n = 2 cos nα .
z
1  1  1   1
(ii) Let w = z + . Prove that w3 + w2 − 2 w − 2 =  z +  +  z 2 + 2  +  z 3 + 3  .
z  z  z   z 
(iii) Hence or otherwise find all solutions of cos α + cos 2α + cos 3α = 0 in the range
0 ≤ α ≤ 2π .

4
34. '01 7b Consider the equation x 3 − 3 x − 1 = 0 , which we denote by (*).
p
(i) Let x = where p and q are integers having no common divisor other than +1
q
and −1 . Suppose that x is a root of the equation ax 3 − 3 x + b = 0 where a and b are
integers. Explain why p divides b and why q divides a . Deduce that (*) does not
have a rational root.

(ii) Suppose that r , s and d are rational numbers and that d is irrational.
Assume that r + s d is a root of (*).
Show that 3r 2 s + s 3 d − 3s = 0 and show that r − s d must also be a root of (*).
Deduce from this result and part (i) that no root of (*) can be expressed in the form
r + s d with r , s and d rational.

π
(iii) Show that one root of (*) is 2 cos .
9
(You may assume the identity cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3cos θ .)

5 4
1
35. '98 7a Let P ( z ) = z 8 −z + 1 . The complex number w is a root of P ( z ) = 0 .
2
1
(i) Show that iw and are also roots of P ( z ) = 0 .
w
(ii) Find one of the roots of P ( z ) = 0 in exact form.

(iii) Hence find all the roots of P ( z ) = 0 .

2
36. ’91 7a (i) By assuming that cos ( A + B ) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B , prove the identity
3 1
cos3 A − cos A = cos 3 A .
4 4
(ii) Show that x = 2 2 cos A satisfies the cubic equation x 3 − 6 x = −2 provided
1
cos 3 A = − .
2 2
(iii) Using (ii), find the three roots of the equation x 3 − 6 x + 2 = 0 . Give your answers to four
decimal places.
1
37. ’91 7b Let x = α be a root of the quartic polynomial P ( x ) = x 4 + Ax3 + Bx 2 + Ax + 1 where
(2 + B)
2
≠ 4 A2 .

(i) Show that α cannot be 0, 1 or −1.

1
(ii) Show that x = is a root.
α
(iii) Deduce that if α is a multiple root, then its multiplicity is 2 and 4 B = 8 + A2 .

3
38. ’89 7b (i) Find real numbers a and b such that x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 = ( x 2 + ax + 1)( x 2 + bx + 1) .

2π 2π
(ii) Given that x = cos + i sin is a solution of x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 = 0 , find the exact
5 5
2π
value of cos .
5

3
39. ’83 7b Let α, β, γ be the roots of the equation x3 + qx + r = 0 , where r ≠ 0 . Obtain as functions of
q , r in their simplest forms, the coefficients of the cubic equations whose roots are:
(i) α 2 , β2 , γ 2

(ii) α −1 , β−1 , γ −1

(iii) α −2 , β−2 , γ −2

2
40. ’82 7b Use De Moivre’s theorem to express cos 5θ , sin 5θ in powers of sin θ and cos θ .
Hence express tan 5θ as a rational function of t , where t = tan θ .
π 2π 3π 4π
Deduce that tan tan tan tan =5.
5 5 5 5

Question 8s
4
41. '11 8c Let β be a root of the complex monic polynomial P ( z ) = z n + an −1 z n −1 + ... + a1 z + a0 .
Let M be the maximum value of an −1 , an − 2 , ... , a0 .

(i) Show that β ≤ M β

n
( n −1
+β
n−2
)
+ ... + β + 1 .

(ii) Hence show that for any root β of P ( z ) , β < 1 + M .

 2π 2π
3
42. '99 8a Let ρ = cos + i sin . The complex number α = ρ + ρ2 + ρ4 is a root of the quadratic
7 7
equation x 2 + ax + b = 0 , where a and b are real.
(i) Prove that 1 + ρ + ρ2 + ... + ρ6 = 0 .
(ii) The second root of the quadratic equation is β . Express β in terms of positive powers
of ρ . Justify your answer.
(iii) Find the values of the coefficients a and b .
π 2π 3π 7
(iv) Deduce that − sin + sin + sin = .
7 7 7 2

4
43. ’94 8b Let x = α be a root of the quartic polynomial P ( x ) = x 4 + Ax3 + Bx 2 + Ax + 1 , where A and
B are real. Note that α may be complex.
(i) Show that α ≠ 0 .
1  1
(ii) Show that x = α is a root of Q ( x ) = x 2 + 2
+ A x +  + B .
x  x
1
(iii) With u = x + , show that Q ( x ) becomes R ( u ) = u 2 + Au + ( B − 2 ) .
x
(iv) For certain values of A and B , P ( x ) has no real roots. Let D be the region of the AB
plane where P ( x ) has no real roots and A ≥ 0 .

O
A
−2

The region D is shaded in the figure. Specify the bounding straight-line segment l
and the curved segment c . Determine the coordinates of T .

2
44. ’90 8a You are given that 2 cos A sin B = sin ( A + B ) − sin ( A − B ) .
Let S = 1 + 2 cos θ + 2 cos 2θ + 2 cos 3θ .
θ 7θ
(i) Prove that S sin = sin .
2 2
2π
(ii) Hence show that if θ = , then 1 + 2 cos θ + 2 cos 2θ + 2 cos 3θ = 0 .
7
2π
(iii) By writing S in terms of cos θ , prove that cos is a solution of the polynomial
7
equation 8 x 3 + 4 x 2 − 4 x − 1 = 0 .
4
45. ’87 8b (i) A polynomial R ( x ) is given by R ( x ) = x 7 − 1 . Let ρ ≠ 1 be that complex root of
R ( x ) = 0 which has the smallest positive argument. Show that:

(α) R ( x ) = ( x − 1) (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 + x 6 )

(β) 1 + ρ + ρ 2 + ρ3 + ρ 4 + ρ5 + ρ 6 = 0 .

(ii) Let θ = ρ + ρ2 + ρ4 and φ = ρ3 + ρ5 + ρ6 .

(α) Prove that θ + φ = −1 and θφ = 2 .

−1 + i 7 −1 − i 7
(β) Show that θ = and φ = .
2 2

(iii) Given that T ( x ) = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 + x 6

= ( x − ρ ) ( x − ρ2 )( x − ρ4 )  ( x − ρ3 )( x − ρ5 )( x − ρ6 ) 
write the polynomial T ( x ) as a product of two cubics with coefficients involving θ , φ
and rational numbers.

1
46. ’86 8a Let α, β, γ be the roots of the cubic equation x3 + px 2 + q = 0 , where p , q are real. The
equation x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has roots α 2 , β2 , γ 2 . Find a, b, c as functions of p, q .

3
47. ’84 8a Write down expressions for sin ( α + β ) , cos ( α + β ) in terms of sin α , cos α , sin β , cos β .
tan α + tan β tan α + tan β + tan γ − tan α tan β tan γ
Deduce that tan ( α + β ) = , and tan ( α + β + γ ) = .
1 − tan α tan β 1 − tan α tan β − tan γ tan α − tan β tan γ

By means of the substitution t = tan θ , transform the equation

sin 4θ + a sin 2θ + b cos 2θ + b = 0 into a cubic equation in t . ( a , b are real constants, a ≠ 2 ).

Suppose the roots of the transformed equation are tan α, tan β, tan γ . Show that α + β + γ is a
multiple of π .

New Format HSC

1
2
48. ’12 Q5 The equation 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 − 5 x − 1 = 0 has roots α, β and γ . What is the value of ?
αβγ
3 3 3

1 1
(A) (B) − (C) 8 (D) −8
8 8
4
49. ’12 15b Let P ( z ) = z 4 − 2kz 3 + 2k 2 z 2 − 2kz + 1 where k is real. Let α = x + iy where x and y are real.
Suppose that α and iα are zeros of P ( z ) where α ≠ iα .

(i) Explain why α and −iα are zeros of P ( z ) .

Show that P ( z ) = z 2 ( z − k ) + ( kz − 1) .
2 2
(ii)

(iii) Hence show that if P ( z ) has a real zero then

P ( z ) = ( z 2 + 1) ( z + 1) or P ( z ) = ( z 2 + 1) ( z − 1) .
2 2

(iv) Show that all zeros of P ( z ) have modulus 1.

(v) Show that k = x − y .

(vi) Hence show that − 2 ≤ k ≤ 2 .

3
50. ’13 Q4 The polynomial equation 4 x 3 + x 2 − 3 x + 5 = 0 has roots α , β and γ . Which polynomial
equation has roots α + 1 , β + 1 and γ + 1 ?

(A) 4 x 3 − 11x 2 + 7 x + 5 = 0
(B) 4 x3 + x 2 − 3x + 6 = 0
(C) 4 x 3 + 13 x 2 + 11x + 7 = 0
(D) 4 x3 − 2 x2 − 2 x + 8 = 0

x 2 + 8 x + 11 A Bx + C
X
51. ’13 11b Find numbers A , B and C such that = + 2 .
( x − 3) ( x + 2) x − 3 x + 2
2

1
52. ’13 15b The polynomial P ( x) = ax 4 + bx3 + cx 2 + e has remainder –3 when divided by x − 1 .
The polynomial has a double root at x = −1 .
9
(i) Show that 4a + 2c = − .
2
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, find the slope of the tangent to the graph y = P ( x) when x = 1 .
Answers
1. (ii) ( 2 z + 1) ( z 2 − 2 z + 2) [I hope you didn’t waste time finding r and s ]
2. (i) (1 + x ) (1 + x 2 ) (ii) 2
3. a = 3, b = −9 5. x 3 − 20 x + 24
6. (i) a = 3, b = 1 (ii)  x 2 − 6 x + 10   x 2 − 6 x + 13
7. (i) αβ + βγ + γα = 4 , αβγ = 2 (ii) 1, 1 ± i
10. a = 1, b = −3, c = 2
11. (i) α + β + γ + δ = − p , αβγ + αβδ + αγδ + βγδ = − r
119 17
12. (i) (ii) − (iii) 1
3 9
A ( x ) = ( x − 2) ( x2 + 4 x + 9)
2
13. (ii) a = −3, b = −20 (iii)
14. (ii) a turning point on the x -axis (iii) a = 6, b = −7
1 − tan A 2
π
15. (i) cot 2 A =
2 tan A
(iii) tan
8
= 2 −1 (iv) −2 ( )
2 +1

16. α = −i , β = 2i 17. (iii) ( x − 1)

2
(x 2
+ 2 x + 3)
1± 5 π
1+ 5
18. (ii) Other roots: x= ; cos = 20. k = ±27
4 5 4
21. (i) x3 − 2 x 2 − 7 x + 1 = 0 (ii) x − 25 x + 50 x − 25 = 0
3 2
(iii) 110
23. (i) x − 25 x − 110 x − 121 = 0
3 2
(ii) 25
24. (iv) b = 6 (v) b<0
26. (b) (i) 0
27. (i) cos5 θ + 5i cos 4 θ sin θ − 10 cos3 θ sin 2 θ − 10i cos 2 θ sin 3 θ + 5cos θ sin 4 θ + i sin 5 θ
5 −1
(iv) p ( x ) = 16 x 4 + 16 x3 − 4 x 2 − 4 x + 1 (v) a = 2 (vi)
4
29. z − 2z + 2z −1
3 2

1 π 1+ 5
30. (iii) − (v) cos =
2 5 4
b c d 1
31. (i) α + β + γ = − , αβ + αγ + βγ = , αβγ = (ii)
a a a 6
π 2π 3π 5π 4π 7 π
33. (i) z = cos α ± i sin α (iii) α = , , , , ,
4 3 4 4 3 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
− − − −
35. (iii) 2 , 2 ⋅ i, − 2 , − 2 ⋅ i, 2 , 2 ⋅ i, − 2 , − 2 ⋅ i
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

36. (iii) x = 2.2618, − 2.6017, 0.3399

1± 5 5 −1
38. (i) (ii)
2 4
39. (i) x + 2qx + q x − r = 0
3 2 2 2
(ii) rx + qy 2 + 1 = 0
3
(iii) r 2 x 3 − q 2 x 2 − 2qx − 1 = 0
40. cos 5θ = cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ sin 2 θ + 5cos θ sin 4 θ ; sin 5θ = 5 cos 4 θ sin θ − 10 cos 2 θ sin 3 θ + sin 5 θ
5t − 10t 3 + t 5
tan 5θ =
1 − 10t 2 + 5t 4
42. (ii) β = ρ6 + ρ5 + ρ3 (iii) a = 1, b = 2
1
43. (iv) l : B = 2 A − 2 ; c : B = A2 + 2 ; T ( 4,6)
4
45. (iii) T ( x ) = ( x − θx + φx − 1)( x 3 − φx 2 + θx − 1)
3 2

46. a = − p 2 , b = −2 pq , c = − q 2 47. (a − 2) t 3 + bt 2 + (a + 2) t + b = 0
48. C 50. A 51. A = 4 , B = −3 , C = −1 52. (ii) −9