Hydrogen Spectrum

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Hydrogen Spectrum
By Tom Coan (adapted by Simon Dalley) Southern Methodist University
Why: By measuring the wavelengths of light emitted by Hydrogen gas one can deduce
the energy levels of the electron in a Hydrogen atom.
What: Using measurements of the apparent positions of the diffracted colors, the angles
of diffraction and wavelengths of the light are calculated and hence, when interpreted in
terms of photon energy, the Bohr electron energy level formula can be used to deduce a
value for the Rydberg constant.
How: A hydrogen gas discharge lamp is viewed with the eye through a diffraction
grating.
Equipment
Hydrogen discharge lamp, 2 x meter sticks, short ruler, diffraction grating & holder.
Warning: the lamp uses high voltage – don’t stick your figures near the sockets at
the ends of the bulb!
Procedure
See the laser diffraction

experiment for the set up
and method to calculate
wavelength. The hydrogen
lamp is placed at the corner
of the L formed by the two
rulers. Be careful to ensure
the rulers make a 90o angle
and that the Hydrogen bulb
is exactly at the corner,
otherwise you will introduce
systematic errors. (Pro-Tip:
If you have room to use a 2-
meter ruler with the lamp in
the middle of it – to make a
T shape - then you can take
measurements on both sides. Averaging reduces systematic error from deviation of 90o ).
Looking through the grating straight ahead (N=0), you will see the pinkish glow of the
discharge lamp which is a mixture of the colors red, cyan (blue-green), blue, violet.
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Looking through the grating at an angle you will see these colors separated into distinct
spectral lines - the so-called Balmer series - corresponding to the N=1 (first–order)
diffraction spectrum. The violet line is not very intense and so close to the blue that it
may be difficult to distinguish it. Even further to the side, you should also be able to see
some and perhaps all of these colors repeated in the N=2 (2nd-order) diffraction pattern.
The colors in each order N are the same light emitted by the atom but diffracted by
different angles  through the grating.
Take measurements and calculate the wavelengths  of all the spectral lines you can see,
using the method from the laser diffraction laboratory, recording color, order of
diffraction and wavelength. Make independent determinations of each wavelength from
both the first (N = 1) and second-order (N = 2) diffraction if you see both for a certain
color. Here is the diffraction equation again
N = d sin 
Analysis
The Bohr formula for the photon wavelength  emitted when the electron in an atom
makes a transition between energy levels labeled by integer quantum numbers n2 and n1 is
1
= R {(1 / n2)2  (1 / n1)2 }

R is the Rydberg constant, which is made up of fundamental constants like Planck’s

constant, the electron mass, electron charge, etc.
For emissions in the visible range of
wavelengths, the final electron energy level is
always n2 = 2. So we are interested in the cases
n1 = 3, 4, 5, 6 ; n2 = 2
You will have to carefully associate which value

of n1 goes with each particular spectral line that
you observed. They should be in order, red → 3,
cyan → 4, blue → 5, violet → 6, but if a certain
line was too hard to detect you have to be careful
to skip an integer.
Substitute your wavelengths and their corresponding quantum numbers to get a value for
the Rydberg constant R for each spectral line and order of diffraction you observed. If the
Bohr formula makes sense, all these R values should be similar, since it is supposed to be
a constant. If they are similar, average them and give an uncertainty. If any are not, check
your calculation. Take care with units – the quantum numbers have no units, so what will
be the unit of R compared to that for your wavelength?
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Results
Color N (order) x Y  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Calculate the Rydberg constant from each of the spectral lines you saw and then average.
Wavelength  Initial level n1 Rydberg constant R
Rav ± ΔR
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Conclusions
Summarize the key things you learnt from your data, quoting data to support your
conclusions. For example, you could discuss:
 Which color is diffracted by a larger angle, red or blue? Hence which wavelengths
are diffracted more, short or long?
 Which produces a shorter wavelength of light, a larger or smaller electron
transitions in the atom?
 Is your value for R consistent with the known precise value R = 109,737 cm-1 (is
it within your error range)?
 Atoms can also absorb light by electrons making a transition from a lower to a
higher energy level. Imagine you are observing a rainbow through hydrogen gas.
What do you think the absorption spectrum of hydrogen would look like? (You
may want to sketch it).
 Suggest your primary sources of error in determining R

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1

See the laser diffraction

R is the Rydberg constant, which is made up of fundamental constants like Planck’s

You will have to carefully associate which value

Wavelength  Initial level n1 Rydberg constant R

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