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Temperature Control System

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TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM

AUTHOR:

OGU EMMANUEL C
MATRIC NO: 07/1130

CONTRIBUTORS:

EKUNDAYO JOHN
MATRIC NO: 07/1108

&

OYETESU OLUMIDE
MATRIC NO: 07/1144

THIS PROJECT IS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.)
(HONS.) DEGREE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE (TECHNOLOGY)

TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

BABCOCK UNIVERSITY, ILISHAN – REMO,

OGUN STATE NIGERIA.

APRIL, 2011.
CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Ogu Emmanuel (07/1130), Oyetesu Olumide (07/1108) and Ekundayo

John (07/1144) carried out this project – “A Temperature Control System” under my careful

supervision, and that the project is qualified both in content and context for the partial

fulfilment of the award of BSc. Computer Science (Technology).

_______________________________ ______________________________

Project Supervisor Date

Ogunlere, Sam

_______________________________ _______________________________

Head of Department Date

Computer Science and Mathematics
Awodele, Oludele (Ph.D)

ii
DECLARATION

We the undersigned Candidates hereby declare that this project – “A Temperature

Control System” was carried out by the undersigned individuals of the Department of

Computer Science and Mathematics, School of Science and Technology, Babcock

University.

_______________________________ ______________________________

Ogu, Emmanuel Chinonso Date

_______________________________ ______________________________

Ekundayo, John Date

________________________________ _______________________________

Oyetesu Olumide Date

iii
DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to “the One in Whom we live and owe our beings, the source

of our very existence”, JESUS CHRIST. He has been the wind beneath our wings all our

lives, showering us with excellent health, extravagant grace, boundless love, utmost joy and

immense peace all through the rigours of our “sweet-bitter” undergraduate experience.

We would also not forget the inestimable support we received from our families – our

ever supportive parents, Mr and Mrs. C. Ogu, Mr and Mrs O.D. Oyetesu, and Mr and Mrs

Ekundayo.

We also dedicate this project to our friends, lecturers and colleagues whose inputs at

one time or the other have been very valuable – Our Supervisor, Engineer Sam Ogunlere,

Engr. I. Olalere, Professor Omotosho Olawale Jacob, Ologure Beersheba and Adebayo

Olaoluwa Olawale, and the Head of the Department of Computer Science and Mathematics,

School of Science and Technology, Babcock University – Dr. Oludele Awodele.

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are most grateful to the Almighty God, the Father of all Creation for sustaining

preserving us throughout the period of this project work.

We are also very grateful to some very key persons who contributed in more ways

than one to the success of this project.

We are grateful to our Supervisor, Engineer Sam Ogunlere, for his advice,

encouragement, constructive criticisms, patience and contributions, and for believing in us

even when there seemed to be no light down the dark tunnel.

We are also grateful to our lecturers who took the time and pain to pour out their lives

into us; Professor Omotosho, Mr. Jimi Alao, Mr. Agbaje, Dr. S.A. Idowu, Mrs. Ayite

Miriam, Mr Adekola Bukonla and Engineer Seyi Amosu, to mention but a few.

We express our profound gratitude to our indefatigable parents, who gave us their

unparalleled and unrivalled support both financially, materially, emotionally, spiritually,

morally, and in every other way that affected our educational pursuit. Their wealth of

experience and intellectual capabilities proved limitless as there was always more to tap from

every time.

Our Uncles, Aunties and other relatives, Michael, Chimex, the Nwachukwus, Elder

& Mrs. Amanze, Mr & Mrs Borogun and Pastor & Mrs. Amanze would also not be left out

here for always being there for us.

Finally, we would also say “Thank You” to our friends for their immense support and

prayers. DBZZ, Linda, Alvie, Alvina, Raymond, Pamela, Aaron, Samuel, Emmanuel,

Chiemela, Uche, Hope, Kemi, Dee, Wax, Edmund, Dr. Mayio, Ezekiel, Okechukwu

v
Johnson, Rufus, Daniel and others too numerous to mention. We are lucky to

have you guys in our lives. Thanks for being there.

vi
ABSTRACT

Temperature control refers to the processes that are aimed at maintaining the

temperature in a given area at certain maximum/minimum level or within a certain range.

This process is commonly used in most areas of the world. Recently, globalization and

industrialization has further necessitated the need for Temperature Control applications in

various daily activities, especially with the advent of the green house effect.

Many Homes and Industries among other areas maintain certain sections of operation

that must be maintained within a certain temperature for process to work successfully. In

research laboratories, the lack of use of Temperature Control Systems has lead to the

purchase of chambers of various sizes where temperature specific research work would be

kept. This has also lead to an increase in overhead cost. In areas that have electronic activities

or machinery functioning constantly, such as in server rooms and production plants. These

are places where heavy machinery and computers work continuously 24 hours every day.

During these processes, the temperature needs to be monitored frequently in order to ensure

that it doesn’t rise or fall below a value that would accelerate wearing out of the systems.

It is important also to monitor the level of temperature various other places such as

morgues, hospitals, aircrafts, living rooms, etc, to ensure that thermal comfort is maintained.

Thermal comfort is generally defined as that condition of mind or functionality which

expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment (e.g. in ISO 1984). Dissatisfaction may

be caused by the body / equipment being too warm or cold as a whole, or by unwanted

heating or cooling of a particular part of the body (local (functional) discomfort).

Automatic temperature control is certified as the best method in any application

because the temperature is usually controlled automatically (no human intervention involved)

throughout the process. The results obtained from various applications of the process across

vii
different regions and timelines shows the temperature is controlled effectively and more

accurately. In addition, this finding also makes human work easier as an automatically

controlled system worries about other contingent weather issues for you.

The major objective of this project would be to create a Temperature Control System

that would be able to automatically control the temperature of the environment it is placed in

by the timely activation of the effector devices to influence the temperature in relation to the

set-point.

viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Certification ii

Declaration iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Abstract vii

Table of Contents ix

Table of Figures xiii

CHAPTER ONE

Background of the Study 1

1.1 What is a Temperature Control System? 1

1.2 History of Temperature Control Systems 3

1.3 Why do we need a Temperature Control System? 3

1.4 Objective of the Project 5

1.5 Scope of the Project 6

1.6 Temperature Control System Terminologies 6

1.7 Basic Components of a Temperature Control System 7

1.8 How Does It Work? 9

1.9 Project Methodology 14

1.10 Project Channel 16

ix
1.10.1 Project Block Diagram 17

1.10.2 Project Flowchart 18

1.11 Importance of a Temperature Control System 19

1.12 Temperature Control System Limitations 19

1.13 Organization of Project Chapters 20

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review 22

2.1 Home Environment Overview 22

2.2 An Automatic Room Temperature Control with Security System 23

2.3 An AVR LM92 Temperature Sensor System 25

2.4 Temperature Control System Using LM35 26

2.5 Temperature Acquisition and Control System 29

2.6 Water Level and Temperature Control Using a

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) 30

2.7 An Automatic Temperature Control System Using RZK 33

2.8 Summary of Previous Literature 39

CHAPTER THREE

System Design and Analysis 40

3.1 Preamble 40

3.2 Power Supply Unit 40

x
3.2.1 Transformer 40

3.2.2 Rectifier 41

3.2.3 Filtration 41

3.2.4 Regulation 42

3.3 Temperature Sensing Unit 44

3.4 Temperature Control Unit 45

3.4.1 Using the Microcontroller 48

3.4.2 Writing the Control Program 48

3.4.3 Translating the Control Program 49

3.4.4 Programming the Microcontroller 50

3.4.5 Menu/Function Unit 50

3.4.5.1 Comparation 51

3.5 Output/Display Unit 53

3.6 Switching Circuit 54

3.7 System Alarm Unit 55

3.8 System Design Model 56

CHAPTER FOUR

Construction and Testing 58

4.1 Preamble 58

4.2 System Implementation 58

Complete Circuit Diagram for 89C52 Controlled Circuit 60

xi
4.3 Testing and Analysis 62

4.3.1 Microcontroller not functioning 62

4.3.2 Mal-functioning of the Alarm System 62

4.3.3 Display Reading not bright and clear enough 62

4.4 Construction Aids 63

4.5 Limitations 63

4.6 System Functional Requirements 64

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation 65

5.1 Conclusions 65

5.2 Limitations in most temperature control systems 65

5.2.1 Limitations of the On/Off Control Technique 65

5.2.2 Limitations of the Proportional Control Technique 66

5.2.3 Limitations of the Proportional Integral-Differential (PID) Control Technique 66

5.3 Recommendations 68

REFERENCES 69

APPENDIX I: (Microcontroller Source Program for the T.C.S.) 71

APPENDIX II: (List of Project Materials) 79

xii
TABLE OF FIGURES

1.1 Diagram showing the process of Homeostasis 10

1.2 Flowchart of Project Methodology 15

1.3 Project Channel for a Typical Temperature Control System 16

1.4 Block Diagram of the Temperature Control System 17

1.5 Flowchart of the Temperature Control System 18

2.1 Block Diagram of an Automatic Room Temperature Control

With Security System 25

2.2 Block Diagram of a Temperature Control System using LM35 27

2.3 Control Program Flowchart for a Temperature Control System using LM35 28

2.4 Flowchart for Water Level and Temperature Control using a PLC 31

2.5 Block Diagram of an Automatic Temperature Control System using RZK 34

2.6 Schematic Diagram of an Automatic Temperature Control System using RZK 35

2.7 Flowchart for System Key Scan Tasks of an Automatic Temperature

Control System using an RZK 38

2.8 Flowchart of an Automatic Temperature Control System using an RZK 39

3.1 Diagram Showing the 12v Step-down Transformer 41

3.2 Diagrams showing Voltage Regulators 42

3.3 Schematic Diagram of the L7805CV Voltage Regulator 43

3.4 Detailed Diagram Showing Components of the Power Circuit 43

3.5 Diagrams Showing the Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistor 44

3.6 Schematic Diagram of the ATMEL AT89C52 Microcontroller 46

xiii
3.7 Diagram Showing a 4MHz Crystal Oscillator 48

3.8 Diagram Showing Result of Microcontroller Program Error Checking 50

3.9 Diagram Showing the Menu/Function Variable Resistor 51

3.10 Diagrams Showing an Operational Amplifier used as a Comparator 52

3.11 Diagrams Showing the Liquid Crystal Display 54

3.12 Schematic Diagram of a MOSFET 55

3.13 Diagram showing a 555 Timer Connected to a Buzzer 56

4.1 Complete Circuit Diagram 60

xiv
 CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUNG OF THE STUDY

1.1 WHAT IS A TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM?

Temperature: This is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or an environment.

Control System: A control system is a device or set of devices that manage, command,

direct or regulate the behaviour of other devices or systems.

Thus we can literally say that a Temperature Control System is a device or set of devices that

manage, command, direct or regulate the behaviour of other devices or systems in order to

influence the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or an environment.

A Temperature Control System is a more like a programmable thermostat that can

keep the environment (home or office) at a desired temperature regardless of fluctuating

exterior weather conditions. The advantage of having a temperature control system over a

common thermostat is that it saves energy and money by automatically maintaining different

temperatures at different times of the day and night. It is usually a feedback system having

a control loop, including sensors, control algorithms and actuators/effectors, and is arranged

in such a fashion as to try to regulate a variable at a set point or reference value. An example

of this may increase the fuel supply to a furnace when a measured temperature drops.

A programmable thermostat is a digital device that replaces the regular (automatic)

thermostat located in older homes and apartments. A thermostat measures the temperature of

a room, turning the heating / cooling unit on or off in order to maintain the setting indicated

on the thermostat. One of the drawbacks of the traditional thermostat is that it is commonly

left at a single setting out of sheer convenience. This translates to higher energy bills because
1
the home is kept warmer than required when people are tucked away in bed, or even off at

work (when it is not needed). What would be far more efficient is to have a thermostat that

knows when you need it and when you don’t, so that it could vary the temperature and save

energy. This is exactly what a Temperature Control System offers.

A temperature control system consists of a small programmable digital logic controller

device, wired to a heating and/or cooling system. About the size of a typical wall-mounted

thermostat, a temperature control system contains a small circuit board and a memory chip(s).

After setting the temperature control system to a desired temperature, known as a set point,

the system will utilize the heater and/or air conditioning unit (as needed) as effectors, to

maintain that setting for the duration programmed.

A Programmable Logic Controller (Micro-controller) is an electronic device used for

automation of industrial processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines. It

is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to input

conditions within a bounded time. It can thus be said to be a collection of relays in series.

Let’s consider this instance. In winter months you might like your home heated to 71 degrees

Fahrenheit (21.6 Celsius) in the mornings when rising. If the house is empty during the day

there is no need to maintain this temperature and the temperature control system can be set to

allow it to naturally fall to another preset temperature. It can be preset to kick back on about

30 minutes before you or other family members normally arrive home. When the household

sleeps, the temperature control system can maintain a cooler setting, warming up just before

the hous|435©ehold awakens. All of these various temperatures and times or set points are

preset by the user to automate the process without having to manually adjust the thermostat.

2
1.2 HISTORY OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEMS

The use of Automatic Temperature Control Systems began way back in the 18th

Century. The idea was conceived by Warren S. Johnson while he was teaching at Norman

School, Oklahoma. Before then, Janitors had to enter each classroom to determine if it was

too hot or too cold, and then adjust the dampers in the basement accordingly. Johnson sought

a way to end, or at least minimize the classroom interruptions of the janitors and increase the

comfort level of the students. The Automatic Temperature Control System was to meet this

very need.

In 1883 Warren Johnson gave up teaching to fully devote his time to researching and

developing his ideas. He moved to Milwaukee and formed the Johnson Electric Service

Company in 1885. In 1895, Johnson patented the pneumatic temperature control system.

This allowed for temperature control on a room by room basis in buildings and homes. It was

the first such device of its kind. By the early 20th century the Automatic Temperature

Control System was being used in many notable places including the New York Stock

Exchange, Palaces of Spain and Japan, West Point, the Smithsonian, the US Capitol Building,

and the home of Andrew Carnegie. The use of this system has increased continuously to this

day.

1.3 WHY DO WE NEED A TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM?

The 21st Century was greeted with very unpredictable and unfavourable temperature

conditions. The Green House effect has left our world exposed and this resulted in a lot of

uncertainties in our weather conditions and climate generally. There has been a growing need

for the temperature of certain areas to be kept within a certain range. This has necessitated the

need for Temperature Control Systems:

3
IN THE HOMES: In many modern day homes, the wastage margin of food stuff has

increased greatly. This is due to the fact that the temperature of the storage area of the home

rose above or fell below a certain allowable maximum or minimum value respectively,

leading to the accelerated decay of the food materials.

In addition to this, some areas of the home have to be regulated within certain habitable

temperatures (i.e. not too high and not too low). This ensures that life processes can be

carried out by people conveniently in those areas.

IN THE INDUSTRIES: Many Industries (especially Manufacturing and Pharmaceutical

Industries) have growing concerns for the need to store certain production materials within a

specific temperature range. Some of these materials could be highly inflammable or

explosive at certain extreme temperatures. This necessitates the need for a Temperature

Control system.

IN MORGUES: In morgues and mortuaries, dead bodies have to be preserved at a certain

temperature to prevent them from accelerated decay. This temperature must be monitored and

maintained regardless of the presence/absence of mortuary staff, and it also has to be

managed in such an efficient manner that it doesn’t generate enormous energy bills for the

management. This problem also necessitates the need for a Temperature Control System.

IN JETS AND AIRCRAFTS: Aircrafts are an important area where safety of passengers is

mainly guaranteed by the efficient management and regulation of weather elements such as

temperature, air pressure and humidity. These elements must be kept at a certain quantity /

degree within the aircraft in order to sustain its weight. Practically, such weather elements as

pressure and humidity are factors of adequate temperature. This also necessitates the need for

a Temperature Control System.

4
NATIONAL ENERGY SUPPLY: In developed countries, the dream to conserve enough

energy for future use has gradually become a nightmare owing to a decline in the use or lack

of use of Temperature Control Systems. In many homes, offices and industries, many heating

and cooling devices are accidentally left functioning even when there is no need of them.

Occasionally, these mistakes have resulted in municipal infernos that have destroyed lots of

lives and properties. In underdeveloped countries the governments are being buried beneath

extreme debts of energy bills because of wastage of energy resources.

By using a Temperature Control System you never have to worry about wasting money or

electrical energy by forgetting to turn the air conditioning or heating unit off. This greatly

optimizes the cost of production in Industrial processes and the cost of living in Homes. Also,

you never have to worry about the temperature at which your living or storage area must be

maintained. Just let the Temperature Control System worry about that for you. Programming

the system only takes a few minutes, and weekends can have separate set points to

accommodate alternate schedules (in more deluxe systems). It’s also easy to override the set

point with the touch of a button, in case you want the area to temporarily be warmer or cooler

at any time.

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main objective of this project is to design a Temperature Control System that

helps to optimize Costs of production and living both in the homes and industries. It also

serves to eliminate hazards that result from the accidental neglect of heating and cooling

appliances in the homes and industries, even when they are not needed. To achieve this, a

highly sensitive Temperature sensor detects the current temperature and feeds it as input to

the Micro-controller. The Micro-controller then initiates a sequence of control procedures

5
based on the configuration of the control program it contains. These control procedures

would include: turning on/off a heating or cooling system and activating a buzzer/alarm unit.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Owing to inevitable constraints of time and finance, the scope of the project for the

purpose of this research work would be limited to its home application only. The

Temperature Control System would detect the temperature changes within the home

environment and regulate it by triggering the appropriate equipments to influence the

temperature. To successfully implement a Temperature Control System of this Capacity,

knowledge about the following is needed:

1. Knowledge about the output voltages from the temperature sensor and how to convert

them to byte values.

2. The particular formula that will be used to convert the byte values to Centigrade

scalar (for LCD display).

3. The programming of the Micro-controller and development of the Control Program.

4. Driver circuit operation and function of each component

1.6 TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM TERMINOLOGIES

I. Controlled Variable: This refers to what is being controlled by the Control System. In

this case, it is the temperature.

II. Sensor: This is the device or unit that measures/detects the temperature of the

environment at a given time.

6
III. Effectors: These refer to the output/control element and related devices or units that

are used to affect the temperature of the environment (It could be a heating/cooling

unit). In this case, it is the alarm unit.

IV. Controller: The Controller is the device that processes the temperature reading from

the sensor and uses the results generated to activate the appropriate effectors. In this

case, it is a microcontroller.

V. Set-point: This is used as a reference point for the Controller. It is set or input by an

external operator. The Controller compares the readings received from the sensor with

this reference point in order to determine which effector is appropriate.

VI. Thermostat Function: The processes that involves comparing the current temperature

status received by the sensor with the set-point

VII. Temperature Breach: Any instance in which the set-point has been compromised.

1.7 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM

Temperature Control Systems down through the years have been made up of the

following five major units:

I. The Power Supply Unit: This Unit provides the Temperature Control System with the

Electrical Energy that drives it. In this case, the Power Supply Unit consists of a Step-

down transformer which works based on the principle of induction. The transformer

steps down the voltage received from the power outlet from the national rating of

230V to 15V, which is all the voltage needed to drive the system. This voltage is

further rectified (using a bridge rectifier) and filtered (using a power capacitor) to give

a perfect and undistorted voltage to the system. Of this 15V input voltage, about 5V

drives the microcontroller. The rest are needed to drive the other units of the circuit.

7
 II. The Sensor Unit: This Module consists of devices (thermometers in traditional

systems) that detect the current temperature status. These devices sense the current

room/surface temperature, and provide its result to be used as input in the Control unit

and in the Display Unit.

III. The LCD/Display Unit: This displays the current temperature status of the

environment as received from the Sensor Unit. In this case it consists of a 7-bit

graphic large-digit display device that reveals the results/reading of the temperature

sensor to the external user.

IV. The Control Unit: The Control unit houses the Controller and related devices

(thermostats in automatic systems) that process information to produce effects/action

by the system. In this case, this unit houses the microcontroller (and control

program/algorithm) that stores the set-point temperature. The control program

receives temperature status from the sensor unit and ensures that it doesn’t

compromise the set-point by initiating the appropriate sequence of action(s).

V. The Menu/Function Unit: This unit consists of input buttons that are used to give

commands to the control program and also to program the set-point for the system. In

this case, a variable resistor which changes the set-point temperature when its

resistance is varied.

VI. The Alarm Unit: This unit consists of an alarm system that alerts the inhabitants of the

environment of a temperature breach. This is an optional component of Temperature

Control Systems. It comes mostly with those systems that are built to specifications

(custom systems). Most commercial Temperature Control Systems prefer to maintain

a silent profile in the environment where they function.

8
1.8 HOW DOES IT WORK?

To enable us successfully understand how a Temperature Control System Works, let’s go

back to the roots by taking a look at the first ever and the certified “most efficient”

Temperature Control System that was ever made – The Human Body Temperature Control

System.

The body regulates its temperature continuously. It may increase or decrease its temperature

when it finds that it is too cold or too hot. In this case, temperature is being regulated by a

control system, and the control is called homeostasis. Somewhere in the brain, perhaps the

Hypothalamus, the optimum temperature of the body (set point) is stored (about 37°C). That

information is continuously available to some structure, we call the comparator. The

comparator sends signals to:

1. Heat gain mechanisms in the pre-optic area or anterior hypothalamus leading to:

 Shivering

 increased thyroid hormone output

 increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system

 piloerection

 cutaneous vasoconstriction

2. Heat loss mechanisms in the posterior hypothalamus leading to:

 decreased thyroid hormone output

 sweating

 cutaneous vasodilation

The output of these mechanisms will end as either a net increase or a net decrease in body

temperature. The body temperature is sensed by thermal receptors (thermo-receptors) in the

brain and peripherally in the body, and the value is sent to the comparator where it is
9
compared with the set point. If the value is less than the set point, then signals go mainly to

the heat gain mechanisms; if it is greater than the set point, then they go mainly to the heat

loss mechanisms. In this way, body temperature is constantly sensed and maintained constant

(i.e., homeostasis).

The block diagram of the system for the control of body temperature is given below:

FIGURE 1.1 DIAGRAM SHOWING THE PROCESS OF HOMEOSTASIS

From this we can deduce that in order to accurately control process temperature without

extensive operator involvement, a temperature control system relies upon a Control Unit,

which accepts the reading of a temperature sensor such as a thermocouple or RTD as input.

The set point is programmed into the Control Unit using the Menu/Function Unit, and the

start button is pressed. Once the start button is pressed, the Thermostat Function is initiated.

The Sensor monitors the current external temperature status and sends its reading to the

10
Control Unit. The temperature reading is also displayed on the Display Unit. In the Control

Unit, the control program constantly compares the temperature reading with the set-point to

ensure that the reading doesn’t breach the set-point. In the event of a Temperature breach, the

Control Unit sends off a signal to trigger on the Alarm and inform the individuals present of

the breach. Depending on the complexity and robustness of the system, the Control Unit with

the aid of the Control Program/Algorithm then determines which sequence of actions would

be most appropriate to correct the breach; these are then sent off as interrupts to the

appropriate effectors. Sequence of Actions in this case would include either turning on/off the

heater or turning on/off the cooling system or other installed control elements. However, the

Control Unit/Controller is just one part of the entire control system; in selecting an

appropriate controller, the following items should be considered:

 Type of input temperature sensor (thermocouple, thermistor, RTD) and temperature

range

 Type of output required (electromechanical relay, SSR, or analog output)

 Control Algorithm (On/Off, proportional, or PID (proportional–integral–derivative))

 The number and type of outputs (heating system, cooling system, alarm system and

limit)

There are three types of Controller / Control Algorithms for use in the construction and

design of most Temperature Control Systems. These include:

A. The On/Off Control – an on/off controller is the simplest form of temperature control

device. The output from the device is either on or off, with no middle state. An on-off

controller will switch the output only when the temperature crosses the set-point. For

heating control, the output is on when the temperature is below the set-point and off

11
 above the set-point. Since the temperature crosses the set-point to change the output

state, the process temperature will be cycling continually, going from below the set-

point to above, and back below. In cases where this cycling occurs rapidly, and to

prevent damage to contactors and valves, and on-off differential, or “hysteresis” is

added to the controller operations. This differential requires that the temperature

exceed the set-point by a certain amount before the output will turn off or on again.

On-off differential prevents the output from “chattering” or making fast, continual

switches if the cycling above and below the set-point occurs very rapidly. On-off

control is usually used where a precise control is not necessary such as in systems

which cannot handle having the energy turned on and off frequently, where the mass

of the system is so great that temperatures change extremely slowly, or for a

temperature alarm. One special type of on-off control used for alarm is a limit

controller. This controller uses a latching relay, which can be manually reset, and is

used to shut down a process when a certain temperature is reached.

B. Proportional Control – proportional controls are designed to eliminate the cycling

associated with the on/off control. A proportional controller decreases the average

power supplied to the effector as the temperature approaches the set-point. This has

the effect of slowing down the heater/cooler so that it will not overshoot the set-point,

but will approach the set-point and maintain a stable temperature. This proportioning

action can be accomplished by turning the effectors on/off for short time intervals.

This “time proportioning” varies the ratio of “on” to “off” time to control the

temperature. The proportioning action occurs within a “proportional band” around the

set-point temperature. Outside this band, the controller functions as an on-off unit,

with the output either fully on (below the band) or fully off (above the band).

However, within the band, the output is turned on and off in the ratio of the
12
 measurement difference from the set-point. At the set-point (the midpoint of the

proportional band), the output on: off ratio is 1:1; that is, the on-time and the off-time

are equal. If the temperature is further from the set-point, the on-and-off times vary in

proportion to the temperature difference. However, if the temperature is below the set-

point, the output will be on longer; if the temperature is too high, the output will be

off longer.

C. PID Control (proportional–integral–derivative controller) – The third controller type

provides proportional with integral and derivative control, or PID. This controller

combines proportional control with two additional adjustments, which helps the unit

to automatically compensate for changes in the system. These adjustments, integral

and derivative, are expressed in time-based units; they are also referred to by their

reciprocals, RESET and RATE, respectively. The proportional, integral and derivative

terms must be individually adjusted or “tuned” to a particular system using trial and

error. It provides the most accurate and stable control of the three controller types, and

is best used in systems which have a relatively small mass, those which react quickly

to changes in the energy added to the process. It is recommended in systems where

the load changes often and the controller is expected to compensate automatically due

to frequent changes in the set-point, the amount of energy available, or the mass to be

controlled. Some other controllers exist which are designed to automatically tune

themselves. These are known as auto-tune controllers.

13
1.9 PROJECT METHODOLOGY

The research methodology included the following steps:

I. Study of previous literatures on the project to better understand the concept and

functionality of the project.

II. Understanding the whole system of hardware and software sequences.

III. Designing the system circuit and developing the control algorithm.

IV. Testing the functionality of the various sections of the system.

V. Combining the both hardware and software components of the system.

VI. Documenting the Research/Project

The steps above are further explained using the flowchart below:

14
FIGURE 1.2 FLOWCHART OF PROJECT METHODOLOGY

15
1.10 PROJECT CHANNEL

FIGURE 1.3 PROJECT CHANNEL FOR A TYPICAL TEMPERATURE CONTROL

SYSTEM

16
1.10.1 PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIGURE 1.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM

17
1.10.2 PROJECT FLOWCHART

FIGURE 1.5 FLOWCHART OF THE TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM

18
1.11 IMPORTANCE OF A TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM

The Importance of a Temperature Control System can be grouped into three basic

areas:

1. Economic Importance – Temperature Control Systems are economically important as

they have the duty of ensuring that the energy supply reaching the

house/office/industry is economized and managed as much as possible. This it

achieves by making sure that the heating and cooling units are only functioning when

they are needed. The Control System further ensures that the energy bills that would

be paid by the company or individual are “efficient”, because the bill would only

cover energy that was efficiently utilized

2. Safety Objective – Temperature Control Systems have saved the day in many places

where they are being used. Electrical Fires have been minimized because these

Control Systems turn off heating and cooling units when they are not necessarily in

use, thus preserving lives and property.

3. Wastage of Resources Prevention – In Homes and Industries alike, much wastage of

useful resources have been prevented as a result of the use of Temperature Control

Systems. These Systems efficiently manage the temperature of storage areas, thus

keeping stored items at temperatures that extend their value period.

1.12 TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM LIMITATIONS

Most Temperature Control Systems in use today do not come with built-in heating

and cooling systems. Therefore, they have to be connected to third-party heaters and cooling

systems. Coping with the difficulties that are posed by some of these old legacy heaters and

cooling systems and they connectors/configurations have been a major hindrance to the use

19
of Temperature Control Systems. Most Temperature Control Systems have been bought by

users, only to discover at installation point that the System cannot work efficiently with the

existing heating and cooling system installations. This means that the existing heating and

cooling systems have to be abandoned and completely uninstalled and replaced with more

compatible systems.

The cost of Temperature Control Systems increases proportionally with the amount of

operational flexibility and accuracy provided by the system. This also affects the installation;

because the more sophisticated Temperature Control Systems are more difficult to install.

Temperature Control Systems have to be able to respond efficiently and adapt to rapid

temperature swings. Temperature Swings are instances when the exterior temperature rises or

falls rapidly (e.g. swings of the order of ±80°C/second) from the current state with a large

difference margin. The Industrial Age has resulted in very unstable and unpredictable

temperature conditions as a result of the green house effect. Modern Temperature Control

Systems must be able to efficiently manage these unforeseen contingencies.

Temperature Control Systems these days are designed for use indoor use only or

within small enclosed areas. This is due to the fact that the design of such systems is not

robust enough to regulate the temperature of larger areas or outdoor environment as a result

of excessive external thermal influences. This has been the major limitation to the use of

Temperature Control Systems in our world.

1.13 ORGANIZATION OF PROJECT CHAPTERS

A. Chapter One: (Introduction) – This chapter briefly introduces the concepts, origin

of Temperature Control Systems and Control Systems in general. It also outlines the

objectives and scope of the project.

20
B. Chapter Two: (Literature Review) – In this chapter, previous Temperature Control

Systems designed by various Engineers in the past would be reviewed and their

opinions on the project would be properly documented, alongside their various design

and implementation methodologies and techniques, in a bid to strike a comparison

between the past and the current project timeline.

C. Chapter Three: (System Analysis and Design) – In this chapter, the various existing

timelines of the project would be analyzed with an aim to more clearly define the

project objectives and carve a niche for the project in the engineering world.

D. Chapter Four: (Implementation and Documentation) – This Chapter would

include the complete implementation of the project work and a detailed

documentation to guide the prospective clients of the project, alongside a detailed user

guide to guide various users on how to work with the system.

E. Chapter Five: (Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation) – In This Chapter,

being the final chapter, the entire project would be reviewed in a bid to represent it in

a more concise manner, future milestones for the project would also be outlined, as

well as recommendations on all aspects of the project work.

21
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 HOME ENVIRONMENT OVERVIEW

The Home is usually the most inhabited place in any society. The need to keep the

home environment thermally conducive should be of paramount concern in any society that

wants to maintain happy and healthy citizens. Areas in the home that are usually occupied by

people, such as the living room and bedrooms need to be maintained within habitable

temperature ranges. The human body has a set-point temperature of about 37°C. Extremely

higher or lower temperatures can result in damage to some body organs or tissues and

eventual death. These issues become more pertinent in areas of the home that are occupied by

infants. Adults could possibly find their way around “thermal discomforts”, but infants may

not.

Other areas of the home that are used as storage areas for perishable food items also

need to be thermally regulated in order to prevent accelerated decay of such items. This

makes necessary the need for a Temperature Control System within the home.

For instance, during winter in most parts of Europe, the atmospheric / environmental

temperature sometimes drops to as low as -15°C during the day. This temperature implies

that few liquids can exist under such conditions (body fluids inclusive). Therefore, a

Temperature Control System is needed to act as a “watchdog” to make sure that such a

thermal condition never exists especially when people are in the house.

22
2.2 AN AUTOMATIC ROOM TEMPERATURE CONTROL WITH SECURITY

SYSTEM

This project was carried out by Ahmad Faris Bin Zulkifli, a student of the University

of Malaysia in May 2009. The aim of the project was to implement an automatic room

temperature control system with an added security system for controlling the temperature in

server rooms, especially those that are poorly ventilated and have no cooling units. The

automatic room temperature control system utilized temperature sensors to detect the

temperature of the server room. When the current temperature exceeds the set-point

temperature, the Controller triggers on a cooling system made up of a set of brushless fans.

These fans would cool the server room until the current temperature fell below the set-point

temperature. The added Security System is perceived as an auxiliary system that regulates

access to the server room door by demanding an access password to open the door. The

system is built with a temperature sensor that is placed in the server room that detects the

current temperature and displays the value on the LCD. A PIC Microcontroller reads the data

from the temperature sensor which is in output voltage. The system will operate in three

different conditions depending on the range of temperature. When the current temperature

value reaches higher than the desired value, the fan will start functioning and the LED

indicator for high temperature turns on. As the current temperature reaches the desired value,

the fan stops functioning and the LED indicator for normal state temperature will come on.

Finally, if the current temperature reaches lower than the desired value, the fan also stops

functioning and the LED indicator for cold temperature comes on. Any changes in

temperature in the room are continuously displayed on the LCD and the LEDs are used to

indicate the current state and range of temperature in the server room.

23
 With the security system (which also acts as a door lock security), the user has to

provide the correct access code/password to gain access to the server room. If the correct

password is inserted, the door unlocks. However, if the password provided happens to be the

wrong password, the door remains locked and a buzzer alarm system is activated. The

Temperature Control System and the Security System are designed to function independent

of each other. Thus, the failure of one of the systems does not affect the functionality of the

other.

The hardware comprised a PIC Microcontroller Circuit, A Sensory Input Circuit, A

Driver Circuit, An LCD Display Module, LEDs and an Output Circuit. The system board was

designed using a Bootstrap Mode Connection due to the constraints of size and finance.

The Microcontroller is the Microchip PIC18F4550 owing to its ease of use, built-in

timers, and many digital inputs and outputs. The Temperature Sensor used was the LM35DZ

Sensor. An Alphanumeric LCD was chosen having 2 lines of 16 characters each.

The block diagram of the project is given below:

24
 FIGURE 2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN AUTOMATIC ROOM TEMPERATURE

CONTROL WITH SECURITY SYSTEM

2.3 AN AVR LM92 TEMPERATURE SENSOR SYSTEM

The project was built using an LM92 Temperature Sensor, and a microcontroller

AVR was used as the main processor. The control program was compiled using BASCOM.

The system is comprised of two main parts: the half-sphere contained four LM92

Temperature Sensors, which were connected to a small box containing an ATTiny2313

controller. The controller reads the input from the four sensors and then sends the

temperature string over a low-speed RS232 cable to a display box which is close to the DMX

light controllers. The display box has an ATMega32 which reads the temperature string and

displays the result on a 240x128 graphics display using large digits. The ATMega32 also

reads a potmeter to be used as a trip value. When one of the temperature readings exceeds

this value, the display is repeatedly switched from normal to inverse as an alarm signal.

25
2.4 TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM USING LM35

In January 2008, Cytron Technologies Limited built a commercial Temperature

Control System using 2 LM35 Temperature Sensors. Other components in the system

included a PIC16F876A Microcontroller, Dc brushless Fans, LEDs, Buzzer and a BD135

power transistor. A difference in the design of this system over previously designed models

by the company was that: in previous versions, the PIC was used to control the LEDs and

Buzzers. In this project, the PIC doesn’t have enough current to perform this function; hence,

an NPN power transistor (BD135) is used to power the brushless fans.

Two LM35 Temperature sensors are used to detect the temperatures of two different

areas. The Control Program in the Microcontroller compares the temperature readings against

a set-point that has been programmed into the micro-controller at the push of a button. When

this set-point is exceeded, the buzzers are triggered on and the DC brushless fans are powered

on to begin cooling the room. When the temperature normalizes, the DC Brushless fans

switch off and the buzzers go off too.

The System Overview is shown in the diagram below:

26
FIGURE 2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM USING

LM35

The Control Program was written in C Language. The Flowchart for the control program is

given below:

27
FIGURE 2.3 CONTROL PROGRAM FLOWCHART FOR A TEMPERATURE CONTROL

SYSTEM USING LM35

28
2.5 TEMPERATURE ACQUISITION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

The design group at “North Controllers” created a temperature control system intended to

solve the problem of temperature variation in an incubator facility. This system is to

efficiently keep the temperature inside an incubator within a required range (10°C to 35°C).

The required temperature range is set via a user friendly graphical interface from a

supervisory/monitoring computer, thus, enabling the user to specify the minimum and

maximum temperatures in the range. The current temperature within the incubator is

measured using a temperature sensor. When the current temperature is below the lower limit

of the desired range, the incubator must be heated using an air heater, and if it is above the

upper limit of the desired range, it must be cooled by using a DC fan. When it is within the

desired range, no control action is needed. The current temperature of the incubator must be

continuously displayed on the supervisory computer screen, to one decimal place significance

(for instance, 26.40C), and updated at least every tenth of a second. In addition, the controller

should use LEDs to indicate the current state of the temperature in the incubator (within the

range, below the low limit or above the high limit). The whole system is controlled using an

MC68HC11.

Compared to the proposed project, there are a few differences. The proposed project is

supposed to solve thermal overruns within the home and save energy cost by switching on the

correct thermal regulator at the right time. The maximum habitable temperature within a

home is about 37 °C; the system is to work at maintaining this habitable temperature for

individuals living in the room. The proposed project has only a single upper limit

temperature, above which the cooling system should be activated and below which the heater

should be activated. The current temperature is displayed on the LCD Display every few

seconds.

29
2.6 WATER LEVEL AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL USING A

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC)

A proposal was submitted for the construction of the above project in November

2008, leading to the development of the project by Norhaslinda Binti Hasim. The objective of

the project was to develop a simple process plant that can control water level and temperature

in a single tank using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Omron C200HS. A ladder

diagram was constructed that can control the desired system by entering the mnemonic code

into the programming console, PR027. The system could also be controlled via a remote

access by using a CX-Programmer simulation. The flowchart below describes the process:

30
FIGURE 2.4 FLOWCHART FOR WATER LEVEL AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL

USING A PLC

31
Programmable Logic Controllers were chosen in preference to PID Controllers due to the fact

that PLCs are more accurate in their operations than PIDs. This is due to the fact that PID

loops in operation require continuous monitoring and adjustments since they can easily

become improperly tuned as a result of process parameter variations or changes in the

operating conditions. The System was made of five input devices and four output devices:

INPUT DEVICES

A. Low level float

B. High level float

C. Temperature Controller

D. Start and Stop buttons

OUTPUT DEVICES

A. Pump

B. Heater

C. Stirrer

D. Solenoid Valve

At initial condition, regardless of whether the water level is at low level or below low level,

the pump starts as soon as the start button is pressed; so as to allow water from the reservoir

into the tank until the water reaches high level.

At this point, the pump will automatically stop and the heater switches on. After the water has

been heated for 15 seconds, a stirrer is activated that stirs the water in the tank so as to get a

consistent temperature.

32
When the temperature has reached 30°C, the heater and the stirrer stops automatically and the

solenoid valve opens, allowing the heated water from the tank back into the reservoir. When

the water level inside the tank gets to the low level, the solenoid valve closes automatically.

This ends the whole process.

2.7 AN AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM USING RZK

Zilog Technologies implemented an Automatic Temperature Control System to

demonstrate the possibility of an application running on Zilog’s Real-Time Kernel (RZK) to

be used to control various devices to maintain a certain temperature. This Temperature

Control System reads a value from a temperature sensor and determines when to switch a fan

(for cooling) or bulb (for heating) off or on according to minimum and maximum temperature

limits settings. These settings are manipulated using upper and lower limit set switches.

The RZK is a real-time, pre-emptive, multitasking kernel designed for time-critical

embedded applications. RZK objects used for real-time application development are Threads,

message queues, event groups, semaphores, Timers, partitions and regions (memory objects),

and interrupts.

A Real-time multitasking kernel, also called a real-time operating system (RTOS) is

software that ensures that time-critical events are processed efficiently. The use of an RTOS

generally simplifies the design process of a system by allowing the application to be divided

into multiple independent elements called tasks.

The Block diagram of the hardware architecture is given below: It has a temperature

sensor for reading temperature, a fan for cooling the sensor, a bulb for heating the sensor,

switches for setting the upper and lower temperature limits, and the Character LCD module

for displaying the current temperature, upper and lower limits.

33
 FIGURE 2.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROL

SYSTEM USING RZK

The figure below displays the connections between the eZ80F91 Micro-Controller that was

used in the design and a thermostat board. The data bus is connected to the Character LCD

Module. Port pins PB0, PB1, and PB2 are connected to switches SW1, SW2 and SW3. Pins

PB3 and PB7 are connected to the lamp and fan respectively. The MAX6625 temperature

sensor used in the design is connected to the I2C bus.

34
 FIGURE 2.6 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF AN AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE

CONTROL SYSTEM USING RZK

The software implementation for the automatic temperature control system provides the

functionality to maintain a temperature within a specified limit. The main functions provided

by this application are listed below:

 Automatic fan ON/OFF

 Automatic bulb ON/OFF

 Set lower and upper limits by pressing a switch

 Read a temperature from a temperature sensor

 Display the current temperature and the lower and upper limits on LCD

Complete functionality is managed by the following four functions, in order of priority from

high (#1) to low (#4):

1. RZKTempReadTask (4)
35
 2. TempControlTask (8)

3. TempDisplayTask (12)

4. RZKKeyControlTask (16)

These functions are executed according to their priority. The automatic ON/OFF of the bulb

and fan, and the setting of the lower and upper limits is controlled by the TempControlTask.

If the temperature read by RZKTempReadTask is greater than the set upper limit, then this

task switches off the bulb and switches on the fan. If the read temperature is lower than the

set limit, RZKTempRead-Task switches the bulb on and switches off the fan.

RZKTempReadTask (): This function reads the current temperature from I2C temperature

sensor.

TempControlTask (): This function performs the following functions:

1. Set the upper and lower limit.

2. Upload the current temperature, upper, and lower limit to display array.

3. Compare the upper and lower set limit with current temperature and Switch ON/OFF

the fan/bulb accordingly.

TempDisplayTask (): This function reads and updates the temperature on LCD display. It

displays the current temperature, lower, and upper limit of temperature. The main operations

performed by this function are read display buffer and update the display with current

temperature with lower and upper limit.

RZKKeyControlTask (): This function scans the switches for setting the lower and upper

limit of temperature. The main operations performed by this function are:

1. Scan the switches.

2. If switch SW1 is pressed, decrease the lower limit (LL).

3. If switch SW2 is pressed, decrease the upper limit (UL).

4. If switch SW1 and SW3 are pressed, increase the lower limit (LL).
36
 5. If switch SW2 and SW3 are pressed, increase the upper limit (UL).

RZKApplicationEntry (): In addition to the four tasks described above, this fifth RZK

function is the main entry point for any application into RZK. The application program entry

function performs the following operations:

1. Initializes all peripherals.

2. Creates a function for reading the temperature from the I2C temperature sensor,

controlling the temperature within a specified limit, and displaying the current

temperature and limits on the LCD panel.

3. Resumes all functions.

The System key scan tasks are illustrated in the diagram below:

37
 FIGURE 2.7 FLOWCHART FOR SYSTEM KEY SCAN TASKS OF AN AUTOMATIC

TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM USING AN RZK

The Flowchart below illustrates the application entry thread flow:

38
 FIGURE 2.8 FLOWCHART OF AN AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROL

SYSTEM USING AN RZK

2.8 SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS LITERATURE:

From the review of the above literature, it can be concluded that temperature control

and sensor systems follow a seeming conventional pattern. The sensor devices sense the

temperature and pass it into the control unit for the micro-controller to test and determine that

the temperature is within the set-point. When this test fails, an alarm system is activated

and/or an effector system that would move to correct the temperature and return it back

within range. With this conclusion it is safe to proceed with the project.

39
 CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

3.1 PREAMBLE

This chapter deals with the design and analysis of this Temperature Control System, and

sheds more light on how the variable power supply is built and other various aspects of the

system and their respective components. The basic units of the system are given below:

 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

 TEMPERATURE SENSING UNIT
 TEMPERATURE CONTROL UNIT
 MENU/FUNCTION UNIT
 DISPLAY (LCD) UNIT
 SWITCHING CIRCUIT
 SYSTEM ALARM UNIT

3.2 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

All stages in the system require a +12volts DC supply except for the microcontroller and the

sensor ICs which require a +5volts supply. Hence, a stabilized DC voltage is required for the

microcontroller and the sensor Ics. The method used is to create a linear power supply which

includes a 12v step-down transformer, a bridge rectifier, filter capacitor, and a 5volts voltage

regulator of positive output kind.

3.2.1 TRANSFORMER

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little power losses.

Step-up Transformers increase voltage, while step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most

power supplies such as the one used in this project use a step-down transformer to reduce the

dangerously high mains voltage (230V in Nigeria) to a safer low voltage. The input coil is

called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical
40
connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field

created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. This is shown below:

FIGURE 3.1 DIAGRAM SHOWING THE 12V STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

3.2.2 RECTIFIER

Rectifiers convert AC to DC. There are several ways of connecting diodes to make rectifiers

that convert AC to DC. The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces a full-wave

varying DC. A full-wave rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap

transformer is used, but this method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A

single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to

produce half-wave varying DC.

3.2.3 FILTRATION

Smoothening is performed by a high valued electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC

supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage

41
from the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC,

and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.

3.2.4 REGULATION

Voltage regulator Ics are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output

voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Negative voltage

regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some

automatic protection from excessive current (‘overload protection’) and overheating

(‘thermal protection’).

Many of the fixed voltage regulator Ics has 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as

the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown below. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if

necessary.

FIGURE 3.2 DIAGRAMS SHOWING VOLTAGE REGULATORS

The Schematic application of the L7805CV Voltage Regulator IC used in this project is also

given below:

42
 FIGURE 3.3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE L7805CV VOLTAGE REGULATOR

(Refer to Manufacturer’s Website for Complete Datasheet)

The entire power supply circuit is shown below:

FIGURE 3.4 DETAILED DIAGRAM SHOWING COMPONENTS OF THE POWER

CIRCUIT
43
3.3 TEMPERATURE SENSING UNIT

This unit senses or detects the temperature in a room. The unit consists of a ceramic Negative

Temperature Coefficient Thermally Sensitive Resistor (NTC Thermistor). This type of

temperature sensor exhibits a decrease in electrical resistance with increasing temperature. It

is a semi-conductor based ceramic device. It generally has an operating temperature range of

–50°C to +150°C and is accurate to ±0.1°C. The NTC Thermistor has a relatively large

change in resistance with respect to temperature – of the order of -3% per °C to -6% per °C.

This provides an order of magnitude of greater sensitivity or signal response than most other

temperature sensors such as Thermocouples and RTDs. This sensor is well suited for sensing

temperature at remote locations via long two-wire cables, because the resistance of the long

wires is insignificant compared to its relatively high resistance. The diagram below shows the

NTC Thermistor used in the construction of this project:

FIGURE 3.5 DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE NEGATIVE TEMPERATURE

COEFFICIENT THERMISTOR

(Refer to Manufacturer’s Website for Complete Datasheet)

44
3.4 TEMPERATURE CONTROL UNIT

This unit processes the temperature detected by the NTC THERMISTOR IC, and controls the

overall operation of the system. It consists of an ATMEL AT89C52 microcontroller IC which

contains a non-volatile FLASH program memory that is parallel programmable.

A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on

a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable

input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also

often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are

designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal

computers or other general purpose applications.

45
The ATMEL AT89C52 microcontroller IC is shown below:

FIGURE 3.6 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE ATMEL AT89C52

MICROCONTROLLER

(Refer to Manufacturer’s Website for Complete Datasheet)

The basic features of the 89C52 are given below:

 80C51 Central Processing Unit

 On-chip FLASH Program Memory

 Speed up to 33 MHz

 Full static operation

46
 RAM expandable externally to 64 k bytes

 4 level priority interrupt

 6 interrupt sources

 Four 8-bit I/O ports

 Full-duplex enhanced UART

1. Framing error detection

2. Automatic address recognition

 Power control modes

1. Clock can be stopped and resumed

2. Idle mode

3. Power down mode

 Programmable clock out

 Second DPTR register

 Asynchronous port reset

 Low EMI (inhibit ALE)

 3 16-bit timers

 Wake up from power down by an external interrupt

47
3.4.1 USING THE MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller is a good-natured “genie in the bottle” and no extra knowledge is required

to use it. In order to create a device controlled by the microcontroller, it is necessary to

provide the simplest PC program for compiling and simple device to transfer that code from

PC to chip itself. Even though this process is quite logical, there are often some queries, not

because it is complicated, but for numerous variations. A Crystal Oscillator is necessary

when using the Micro-controller. The Crystal Oscillator helps in regularizing and stabilizing

the voltage signal that is being fed into the Micro-controller. In this project, a 4MHz Crystal

Oscillator is used, and this is shown in the diagram below:

FIGURE 3.7 DIAGRAM SHOWING A 4MHZ CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

(Refer to Manufacturer’s Website for Complete Datasheet)

3.4.2 WRITING THE CONTROL PROGRAM

Writing the Control Program for the Microcontroller requires a specialized program in

the Windows environment. Any text editor can be used for this purpose. The program is

written in Assembly Language. The bone of contention here is to write all instructions in such

an order that they should be executed sequentially by the microcontroller; observing the rules

of assembly language programming and writing instructions exactly as they are defined. In

48
other words, you just have to follow the program idea! That’s all! When using custom

software, there are numerous tools which are also installed to aid in the development process.

One such tool is the Simulator. This enables the user to simulate/test the code prior to burning

it to the MCU.

Loop button PORTA,0,0,Increment

button PORTA,1,0,Decrement
goto Loop

Increment incf cnt,f

movf cnt,w
movwf PORTB
goto Loop

Decrement decf cnt,f

movf cnt,w
movwf PORTB

To enable the Assembly Language Compiler to successfully run the program, the source file

must have the extension, .asm in its name, for example: Program.asm

3.4.3 TRANSLATING THE CONTROL PROGRAM

The microcontroller does not understand assembly language. Hence, it is necessary to

translate the program into machine language. It is made easier when using a custom program

(such as MPLAB in this case) because a translator is built into it and it is just a click away!

The Machine Language code is generated with a .hex (“hex code”) extension.

The Machine Code is then compiled and simulated for error checking to ensure that all

functions and parameters are performing the correct tasks. The report screen is shown below:

49
 FIGURE 3.8 DIAGRAM SHOWING RESULT OF MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAM

ERROR CHECKING

3.4.4 PROGRAMMING THE MICROCONTROLLER

To move the “hex code” from PC to the microcontroller, a cable for Serial, Parallel or USB

communication and a special device called “programmer” is used with appropriate software.

The steps are simple: Insert the Micro-chip onto the “programmer” device and connect the

device to the PC, then load/open the “hex code” document; set a few parameters on the

burning software (PIC Flash in this case) such as the type of the microcontroller, frequency

and clock oscillator etc., and click on the “WRITE” icon for burning, Then, Voila!. After a

while, a sequence of 0’s and 1’s are burned onto the microcontroller through the Serial,

Parallel or USB connection cable and the “programmer” hardware.

Refer to Appendix I for the source Assembly Language program in the ATMEL AT89C52

Microcontroller of This Temperature Control System.

3.4.5 MENU/FUNCTION UNIT

This unit is made up of a variable resistor that is used to increase and decrease the set-

point temperature in the microcontroller. Turning the variable resistor in a clockwise

50
direction increases the maximum temperature while turning it in an anti-clockwise direction

decreases the maximum temperature. The figure below shows this unit:

FIGURE 3.9 DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MENU/FUNCTION VARIABLE RESISTOR

3.4.5.1 COMPARATION

An op-amp configuration without a feedback is used as a comparator. The purpose of the

comparator is to compare two voltages and produce a signal that indicates which voltage is

greater. Any difference in the two voltages, no matter how small drives the Op-Amp into

Saturation, but if the voltages supplied by the two inputs are of the same magnitude and

polarity, the output from the Op-Amp is 0 volts. An Operational Amplifier is used here for

comparing the sensed temperature value (in form of voltage signals) from the thermistor with

the set-point temperature that has been set using the variable resistor. This is shown in the

diagram below:

51
 FIGURE 3.10 DIAGRAMS SHOWING AN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER USED AS A

COMPARATOR

(Refer to Manufacturer’s Website for Complete Datasheet)

The Op-Amp Comparator will produce a negative voltage at its output when the voltage at

the non-inverting input is more positive than the voltage at the inverting input.

Owing to the fact that one of the inputs of the Op-Amp is inverted, the output from the Op-

Amp is again passed through a NAND Gate that inverts the signal back to its original state.

52
3.5 OUTPUT/DISPLAY UNIT

The display unit is made of a 16x1 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). This is used to display the

reading of the NTC THERMISTOR Temperature Sensor device as it changes in response to

the current environmental temperature. This is shown below:

53
 FIGURE 3.11 DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

(Refer to Manufacturer’s Website for Complete Datasheet)

3.6 SWITCHING CIRCUIT

The output from the micro-controller pin 24 triggers the switching circuit. The signal is

passed through a MOSFET. The Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect

Transistor (MOSFET) is a transistor used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. The

basic principle of this kind of transistor is based on the fact that a voltage on the oxide-

insulated gate electrode can induce a conducting channel between the two other contacts

called source and drain. The channel can be of n-type or p-type, and is accordingly called an

nMOSFET or a pMOSFET. The MOSFET activates the relay which turns on the external

heating or cooling system. The diagram of the MOSFET connected to the relay is given

below:

54
 FIGURE 3.12 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A MOSFET

(Refer to Manufacturer’s Website for Complete Datasheet)

3.7 SYSTEM ALARM UNIT

This consists basically of a buzzer or a wailer alarm sounder. A buzzer is a signalling device,

usually electronic, typically used in automobiles, household appliances such as microwaves,

or game shows to pass alerts on system events.

It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that

determines which system event or breach has occurred. The buzzer in this project is used as a

warning/alerting device which informs that the existing room temperature has risen above the

preset temperature value. The buzzer is wired to a “driver” circuit contained in the 89C52

microcontroller IC, and to a 555 Timer which pulses the sound on and off. This is connection

is shown below:

55
 FIGURE 3.13 DIAGRAM SHOWING A 555 TIMER CONNECTED TO A BUZZER

(Refer to Manufacturer’s Website for Complete Datasheet)

3.8 SYSTEM DESIGN MODEL

The Design Model used in the designing of this particular system is the On/Off Control

Model. As explained in Chapter One, using this method means that the output from the

device is either on or off, with no middle state/position. An on-off controller switches the

output only when the temperature crosses the set-point. For heating control, the output is on

when the temperature is below the set-point and off above the set-point, and vice-versa for

cooling control. Since the temperature crosses the set-point to change the output state, the

process temperature will be cycling continually, going from below the set-point to above, and

back below. In cases where this cycling occurs rapidly, and to prevent damage to contactors

and valves, and on-off differential, or “hysteresis” is added to the controller operations. This

differential requires that the temperature exceed the set-point by a certain amount before the
56
output will turn off or on again. On-off differential prevents the output from “chattering” or

making fast, continual switches if the cycling above and below the set-point occurs very

rapidly. On-off control is usually used where a precise control is not necessary such as in

systems which cannot handle having the energy turned on and off frequently, where the mass

of the system is so great that temperatures change extremely slowly, or for a temperature

alarm. One special type of on-off control used for alarm is a limit controller. This controller

uses a latching relay, which can be manually reset, and is used to shut down a process when a

certain temperature is reached.

57
 CHAPTER FOUR

CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING

4.1 PREAMBLE

This chapter seeks to look at the workability and practicability of the temperature sensor and

control system when the system is fully operational.

4.2 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

The temperature control system consists of temperature sensor, a microcontroller and a

display module.

The whole system requires stabilized 5V electricity to function and the power supply unit

reduces the 220V from the mains to the above mentioned voltage through a step down

transformer.

The system functionality is described below:

When power is given to the system the temperature sensor detects the room temperature and

sends whatever it detects to the microcontroller to process the temperature. The sensor is

wired to the microcontroller’s input port but it is exposed to atmosphere so that it can have

direct contact with the environment. The microcontroller cannot work on its own because it is

like a storage device which is empty at upon purchase of it. Therefore, some data in the form

of computer codes have to be programmed into the microcontroller to make it work with its

associated circuits.

The microcontroller after processing the signal transmitted by the temperature sensor sends

the final process to the display module so that it is easily understood by lay men.

58
The set-point is programmed such that when the temperature of the environment rises to the

pre-set value an alarm/buzzer is sounded. The complete circuit diagram of the project is given

below:

59
COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR THE 89C52 CONTROLLED CIRCUIT

FIGURE 4.1 COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

60
The Negative Temperature Co-efficient Thermistor is connected to the IC 741 which is an

Operational Amplifier using a Bridge Network. The Operational functions as a Comparator.

It compares the input voltage coming from the Thermistor to the Maximum possible voltage

that has been pre-set into the Micro-controller using the variable Resistor. The Operational

Amplifier is connected also to a Zener Diode which cuts off all irregular input voltages and

signal noise from the sensor, thus, ensuring that the signal proceeding towards the Micro-

controller is a clean undistorted signal. This signal is further passed through a NAND Gate IC

which inverts the signal before sending it to the Micro-controller. The actual comparison is

done inside the Micro-controller which sends the input temperature signal to the LCD for

display, and sends an interrupt to the buzzer to turn it on when the sensed temperature

exceeds the set-point.

61
4.3 TESTING AND ANALYSIS

The circuit was tested as it was being developed. During the construction, the following faults

were initially encountered and corrected as explained further below;

 Microcontroller not functioning.

 Mal-functioning of the alarm system.

 Display reading not bright and clear enough.

4.3.1 MICROCONTROLLER NOT FUNCTIONING

The system did not work at all when power was given to it at the first time of testing the

project. The microcontroller had to be re-programmed being the heart of the project and

every other circuit depending on it to function. The problem was solved after the re-

programming of the microcontroller was done.

4.3.2 MAL-FUNCTIONING OF THE ALARM SYSTEM

The alarm is meant to sound only when the room temperature is higher than the set-point

value. It was discovered, however, that the alarm started sounding immediately the system

was provided with power. After troubleshooting, it was discovered to be as a result of bugs in

the control program. The bug was corrected in the program and it worked normal.

4.3.3 DISPLAY READING NOT BRIGHT AND CLEAR ENOUGH

The display module was not clear enough to be seen even under a dark condition. The driver

transistors used to buffer the display were replaced with higher valued ones and the current

limiting resistors to each transistor were replaced with higher resistance.

62
4.4 CONSTRUCTION AIDS

The following tools and materials were used during the construction of this project:

 Vero-Board: The circuits were built on this board. It requires soldering and it has high

connectivity which does not allow or enable two or more circuits to be placed on board.

 Connecting cables: These connectors are used to connect the various components

together in the circuit.

 Pliers and wire strippers: These were used to cut the cables and remove their outer

covering to prepare them for soldering and easy connection on the Vero-board.

 Soldering iron and lead: These were used to connect the cables together and to connect

components to the copper layer of the Vero-board.

 Multi-meter: This was used to test values of the components used to ensure that certain

components were working efficiently and to test continuity in cables and components.

4.5 LIMITATIONS

The limitations encountered in this project are listed below:

 This system is microcontroller based and therefore must be handling with care to

prevent shifting of the microcontroller.

 Forgetting to activate the system while going out will be a great risk.

 System may be useless if power back-up is not provided in form of batteries,

generators or inverters.

63
4.6 SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

For the temperature control system to operate optimally, there are some requirements that

have to be met. These requirements include the following:

 The temperature sensor should be well positioned.

 The system should be protected from rain and even excessive heat that is generated

from fire.

 The alarm should be positioned where it will be heard.

64
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSION

Controlling the temperature is a major problem in our rapidly evolving world and it needs

cost-efficient solutions. This Temperature Control System shows a way to get the

temperature value and displaying the value on a graphical LCD via 89C52 microcontroller. In

this Project temperature values are measured in analog form, and then it is converted to

digital by the Microcontroller. Digital data is used for driving the graphical LCD by the

microcontroller unit. The user can configure a set-point temperature value and control an

external heating and/or cooling device by using the Temperature Control System. The system

can be used as the basis for developing custom solutions for networked and stand alone data

collection and control equipment. It can be centrally powered due to its low current

requirement and its small size makes it more portable, allowing it to be placed almost

anywhere.

5.2 LIMITATIONS IN MOST TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEMS

Most Temperature Control Systems use either of the On/Off, Proportional or PID

Control techniques/Algorithms as discussed earlier in Chapter One. All these individual

Algorithms have their unique defects and limitations. Some of these are discussed below:

5.2.1 LIMITATIONS OF THE ON/OFF CONTROL TECHNIQUE

The On-off control will work where the overall control system has a relatively long

response time (the time between the instances the temperature sensor provides its output to

the comparator when the comparator activates the effectors). This means that the On/Off

Control Algorithm would be inefficient and will result in instability if the system being
65
controlled has a rapid response time. The on-off control can be better understood as driving a

car by applying either full power or no power (to the accelerator pedal) and varying the duty

cycle, to control speed. The power would be on until the target speed is reached, and then the

power would be removed, so the car reduces speed. When the speed falls below the target,

with a certain hysteresis, full power would again be applied. It can be seen that this looks

like pulse-width modulation, but would obviously result in poor control and large variations

in speed. The more powerful the engine is, the greater the instability; the heavier the car, the

greater the stability. Stability may be expressed as correlating to the power-to-weight ratio of

the vehicle.

5.2.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROPORTIONAL CONTROL TECHNIQUE

Proportional control overcomes the limitations of the On/Off Control Technique. This

it achieves by modulating the output to the controlling device, such as a continuously variable

valve. Let’s go further to see proportional control as the way most drivers control the speed

of a car. If the car is at target speed and the speed increases slightly, the power is reduced

slightly, or in proportion to the error (the actual versus target speed), so that the car reduces

speed gradually and reaches the target point with very little, if any, "overshoot", so the result

is a much smoother control than the on-off control.

5.2.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL – DIFFERENTIAL

(PID) CONTROL TECHNIQUE

Further refinements to the Proportional Control Technique like the PID control would

help compensate for additional variables like hills, where the amount of power needed for a

given speed change would vary, which would be accounted for by the integral function of the

PID control. PID controllers are applicable to many control problems, and most times they

66
perform satisfactorily without any improvements or even tuning; they can perform poorly in

some applications, and do not in general provide optimal control. The fundamental

difficulty with PID control is that it is a feedback system, with constant parameters, and

no direct knowledge of the process, and thus overall performance is reactive and a

compromise – while PID control is the best controller with no model of the

process, better performance can be obtained by incorporating a model of the process.

The most significant improvement is to incorporate feed-forward control with knowledge

about the system, and using the PID only to control error. Alternatively, PIDs can be

modified in more minor ways, such as by changing the parameters (either gain scheduling in

different use cases or adaptively modifying them based on performance), improving

measurement (higher sampling rate, precision, and accuracy, and low-pass filtering if

necessary), or cascading multiple PID controllers.

PID controllers, when used alone, can give poor performance when the PID loop gains must

be reduced so that the control system does not overshoot, oscillate or hunt about the control

set-point value. They also have difficulties in the presence of non-linearities, may trade off

regulation versus response time, do not react to changing process behaviour (say, the process

changes after it has warmed up), and have lag in responding to large disturbances.

Another problem faced with PID controllers is that they are linear, and in particular

symmetric. Thus, performance of PID controllers in non-linear systems is variable. In

temperature control, a common use case is active heating (via a heating element) but passive

cooling (heating off, but no cooling), so overshoot can only be corrected slowly – it cannot be

forced downward. In this case the PID should be tuned to be over-damped, to prevent or

reduce overshoot, though this reduces performance (it increases settling time).

67
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

PID Controller Algorithms are considered the most efficient and effective of all

control Algorithms having successfully overcome the limitations of both the On/Off Control

and the Proportional Control Algorithms. But even with its efficiency and effectiveness, we

can still see some limitations evident in its control structure. What then is the problem?

The major problem lies with the derivative term: this is due to the fact that small

amounts of measurement or process noise can cause large amounts of change in the output.

Thus, a low-pass filter can be used in order to remove higher-frequency noise components.

However, low-pass filtering and derivative control can cancel each other out, so reducing

noise by instrumentation means can be considered a much better choice. Alternatively, a

nonlinear median filter may be used, which improves the filtering efficiency and practical

performance. In some cases, the differential band can be turned off in many systems with

little loss of control. This is equivalent to using the PID controller as a PI controller.

Artificial Intelligence may be the key to solving the problems/limitations of the PID

Controller and making it the perfect method. A little bit of artificial intelligence added to the

PID controlled system that would perform an uninformed search with the aim of gaining

some prior knowledge of the model of the process would perfect the PID Controller

methodology. The major difficulty and defect of the PID Controller is that is acts or performs

instinctively and this could sometimes compromise its role because its parameters are

constant and precise and hence making it impossible for it to implement knowledge gained of

the process because it has no knowledge of the model. Thus, an Artificial Intelligence system

would completely remove this defect and perfect the PID Controller methodology.

68
REFERENCES

Ahmad Faris Bin Zulkifli, A Project on Automatic Room Temperature Control with Security

System, University of Malaysia (May 2009)

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) http://www.asme.org

Ana Sayfa (2009), Digital Thermometer Project,

http://sites.google.com/site/digitalthermometerusingds1620/

Automatic Temperature Control System using RZK, Zilog Technologies and Zilog Developer

Studio, http://www.zilog.com

Cytron Technologies: Temperature Control System

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsRHuc-SC9w&feature=player_detailpage

Data Sheets, http://www.datasheetarchive.com

Google Search Engine (Temperature Control System and related resources)

http://www.google.com

J.L.M. Hensen, Thermal Comfort in transient Conditions, Eindhoven University of

Technology (2000)

May Wong, Edward Hettiaratchi, Gautham Jayachandran, Ian Cathers (2001) Temperature

Control System; http://www3.fhs.usyd.edu.au/bio/homeostasis/

Temp_Control_System.html

Mike Mann (August 2002); Control Systems and Homeostasis; http://www.mann2.wpd

Norhaslinda Binti Hasim, Water Level and Temperature Control using a Programmable

Logic Controller (PLC), University of Technology, Malaysia (November 2008)

Nor Mazlee Bin Norazmi, Temperature Control System, University of Malaysia (May 2009)

Omega Technologies Ltd. (Temperature Control System), http://www.omega.com

Proportional Control, http://www.amswers.com

69
Wise GEEK Encyclopaedia (Temperature Control System and related resources)

http://www.wisegeek.com

Wikipedia: The free Encyclopaedia (Temperature Control System and related resources)

http://www.wikipedia.com

70
APPENDIX I

MICROCONTROLLER SOURCE ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM FOR THE

TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM

INCLUDE REG_51.PDF
DIS_A EQU P0.2
DIS_B EQU P0.3
DIS_C EQU P0.4
DIS_D EQU P0.6
DIS_E EQU P0.5
DIS_F EQU P0.1
DIS_G EQU P0.0
DIS1 EQU P0.7
DIS2 EQU P2.7
DIS3 EQU P2.6
DIS4 EQU P2.5
ALARM EQU P2.4
PLUS EQU P1.0
MINUS EQU P1.1
SW1 EQU P1.4
SW2 EQU P1.5
DQ EQU P1.2
CLK EQU P1.3
RST EQU P1.6
RB0 EQU 000H ; Select Register Bank 0
RB1 EQU 008H ; Select Register Bank 1 ...poke to PSW to use

DSEG ; this is internal data memory

ORG 20H ; Bit addressable memory
COUNT: DS 1
SPEED: DS 1
VALUE_1: DS 1
VALUE_2: DS 1
VALUE_3: DS 1
VALUE_4: DS 1
NUMB1: DS 1
NUMB2: DS 1
NUMB3: DS 1
NUMB4: DS 1
TEMP: DS 1
ALRMTEMP: DS 1
STACK: DS 1
CSEG AT 0 ; RESET VECTOR

PROCESSOR INTERRUPT AND RESET VECTORS

ORG 00H ; Reset

JMP MAIN
ORG 000BH ; Timer Interrupt0
JMP REFRESH

MAIN:

MOV PSW, #RB0 ; Select register bank 0

MOV SP, STACK
MOV SPEED, #00H
MOV COUNT, #00H
MOV NUMB1, #00H
MOV NUMB2, #04H

71
MOV NUMB3, #00H
MOV NUMB4, #00H

CLR ALARM
MOV VALUE_1, #15H ; Switch off all displays
MOV VALUE_2, #15H
MOV VALUE_3, #15H
MOV VALUE_4, #15H
CLR DIS1
CLR DIS2
CLR DIS3
CLR DIS4
MOV TMOD, #01H ; enable timer0 for scanning
MOV TL0, #00H
MOV TH0, #0FDH
SETB ET0
SETB EA
SETB TR0 ; Start the Timer

SETB CLK ; Start with CLK equal to 1

ACALL CONFIGURE ; Configure NTC THERMISTOR

; wait 10 MS for Configuration to be written

ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS

UPP: ACALL START_CONVERT ; Send command to start temperature conversion

ACALL DELAYS
ACALL READ_TEMPERATURE ; Get Temperature Reading111

MOV A, R3
MOV B, #02H
DIV AB
MOV R4, B
CJNE R4, #01H, GFG1
MOV VALUE_4, #05H
AJMP GFG2

GFG1: MOV VALUE_4, #00H

GFG2: MOV R2, A
MOV R1, #00H

MOV R3, #00D

MOV R4, #00D
MOV R5, #00D
MOV R6, #00D
MOV R7, #00D

CALL HEX2BCD

MOV VALUE_3, R3
MOV VALUE_2, R4
MOV VALUE_1, R5

MOV A, R3
XRL A, NUMB3
JNZ EDE
MOV A, R4
XRL A, NUMB2
72
 JNZ EDE
MOV A, R5
XRL A, NUMB1
JNZ EDE
MOV A, NUMB4
XRL A, VALUE_4
JNZ EDE
SETB ALARM
AJMP SXZ

EDE: MOV A, VALUE_1

SWAP A
ORL A, VALUE_2
MOV R1, A
MOV A, VALUE_3
SWAP A
ORL A, VALUE_4
MOV R5, A

MOV A, NUMB1
SWAP A
ORL A, NUMB2
MOV R3, A
MOV A, NUMB3
SWAP A
ORL A, NUMB4
MOV R6, A

MOV A, R3
CLR C
SUBB A, R1
JZ DFD1
JNC DFD
SETB ALARM
AJMP SXZ
DFD1: MOV A, R6
CLR C
SUBB A, R5
JNC DFD

SETB ALARM
AJMP SXZ
DFD: CLR ALARM
SXZ:
SETB SW1
JNB SW1, SHOW_TEMP
AJMP UPP

SHOW_TEMP:
CLR ALARM
CALL DELAY
JNB SW1, $
SXD1: MOV VALUE_1, NUMB1
MOV VALUE_2, NUMB2
MOV VALUE_3, NUMB3
MOV VALUE_4, NUMB4
SETB SW2
JNB SW2, UPP1
SETB PLUS
SETB MINUS
JNB PLUS, INC_TEMP
JNB MINUS, DEC_TEMP
AJMP SXD1
UPP1:
CALL DELAY

73
 JNB SW2, $
AJMP UPP
INC_TEMP:
CALL DELAY
JNB PLUS, $
MOV R5, NUMB4
CJNE R5, #00H, FGG1
MOV R5, NUMB3
CJNE R5, #05H, FGG12
MOV R5, NUMB2
CJNE R5, #02H, FGG12
MOV R5, NUMB1
CJNE R5, #01H, FGG12
AJMP SXD1
FGG12:
MOV NUMB4, #05H
AJMP SXD1
FGG1:
MOV NUMB4, #00H
INC NUMB3
MOV R5, NUMB3
CJNE R5, #0AH, SXD1
INC NUMB2
MOV NUMB3, #00H
MOV R5, NUMB2
CJNE R5, #0AH, SXD1
INC NUMB1
MOV NUMB2, #00H
AJMP SXD1

DEC_TEMP:
CALL DELAY
JNB MINUS, $
MOV R5, NUMB4
CJNE R5, #00H, FG1
MOV R5, NUMB3
CJNE R5, #00H, FG12
MOV R5, NUMB2
CJNE R5, #00H, FG12
MOV R5, NUMB1
CJNE R5, #00H, FG12
AJMP SXD1
FG1:
MOV NUMB4, #00H
AJMP SXD1
FG12:
MOV NUMB4, #05H
MOV R5, NUMB3
CJNE R5, #00H, DXC1
MOV NUMB3, #09H
MOV R5, NUMB2
CJNE R5, #00H, DXC2
MOV NUMB2, #09H
MOV NUMB1, #00H
AJMP SXD1
DXC1:
DEC NUMB3
AJMP SXD1
DXC2:
DEC NUMB2
AJMP SXD1

HEX2BCD:
MOV B, #10D
MOV A, R2

74
 DIV AB
MOV R3, B
MOV B, #10 ; R7, R6, R5, R4, R3
DIV AB
MOV R4, B
MOV R5, A
CJNE R1, #0H, HIGH_BYTE ; CHECK FOR HIGH BYTE
SJMP END
HIGH_BYTE:
MOV A, #6
ADD A, R3
MOV B, #10
DIV AB
MOV R3, B
ADD A, #5
ADD A, R4
MOV B, #10
DIV AB
MOV R4, B
ADD A, #2
ADD A, R5
MOV B, #10
DIV AB
MOV R5, B
CJNE R6, #00D, ADD_IT
SJMP CONTINUE
ADD_IT:
ADD A, R6
CONTINUE:
MOV R6, A
DJNZ R1, HIGH_BYTE
MOV B, # 10D
MOV A, R6
DIV AB
MOV R6, B
MOV R7, A
END: RET
; This routine writes the value in A to the NTC THERMISTOR

WRITE1620:
MOV R0, #08H ; Set Counter for 8 bits

NEXTBITWRITE:
CLR CLK ; Start clock cycle
RRC A ; Rotate ‘A’ Right into Carry Bit (Lowest Bit in A goes to C)
MOV DQ, C ; Move outgoing bit to DQ
SETB CLK ; Rising Edge of Clock makes one clock cycle
DJNZ R0, NEXTBITWRITE
RET

; This routine reads a value from the NTC THERMISTOR and puts it in A

READ1620:
MOV R0, #08H ; Set Counter for 8 bits
SETB DQ ; Set DQ to 1 to enable it as an input pin

NEXTBITREAD:
CLR CLK ; Start clock cycle
MOV C, DQ ; Move incoming bit to DQ
SETB CLK ; Rising Edge of Clock makes one clock cycle
RRC A ; Rotate ‘A’ Right through Carry Bit(C goes to Highest Bit of A)
DJNZ R0, NEXTBITREAD
CLR DQ
RET

75
; Routine to Configure NTC THERMISTOR

CONFIGURE:
SETB RST ; Make 1620 reset go ‘high’ to start transfer
MOV A, #0CH ; Send the ‘Write Config’ command to 1620
ACALL WRITE1620
MOV A, #00001010B ; CPU = 1, 1Shot = 0, THF = 0, TLF = 0
ACALL WRITE1620 ; Send the Configuration Byte
CLR RST ; Make 1620 reset go Low to signal end of transfer
RET

; Routine to Start Temperature Conversion on 1620

START_CONVERT:
SETB RST ; Make 1620 reset go ‘high’ to start transfer
MOV A, #0EEH ; Send the “START CONVERT” command to 1620
ACALL WRITE1620
CLR RST ; Make 1620 reset go Low to signal end of transfer
RET

; Routine to Read Temperature from 1620

READ_TEMPERATURE:
SETB RST
MOV A, #0AAH ; Send the “Read Temperature” command
ACALL WRITE1620
ACALL READ1620 ; Get first byte of temperature
MOV R3, A ; Store Byte in R1
ACALL READ1620 ; Get second byte of temperature
MOV R1, A ; Store Byte in R2
CLR RST ; End Transfer
RET

; Routine to Write Temperature High 1620

WRITE_HIGH:
SETB RST
MOV A, #01H ; Send the “Read Temperature” command
ACALL WRITE1620
MOV A, R3 ; Store Byte in R1
ACALL WRITE1620
MOV A, R1 ; Store Byte in R1
ACALL WRITE1620
CLR RST ; End Transfer
RET

; Routine to Read Temperature from 1620

READ_HIGH:
SETB RST
MOV A, #0A1H ; Send the “Read Temperature” command
ACALL WRITE1620
ACALL READ1620 ; Get first byte of temperature
MOV R3, A ; Store Byte in R1
ACALL READ1620 ; Get second byte of temperature
MOV R1, A ; Store Byte in R2
CLR RST ; End Transfer
RET

76
; One second delay routine

DELAYS:
MOV R6, #00H ; put 0 in register R6 (R6 = 0)
MOV R5, #004H ; put 5 in register R5 (R5 = 4)
LOOPB:
INC R6 ; increase R6 by one (R6 = R6 +1)

ACALL DELAYMS ; call the routine above. It will run and return to
here.
MOV A, R6 ; move value in R6 to A
JNZ LOOPB ; if A is not 0, go to LOOPB
DEC R5 ; decrease R5 by one. (R5 = R5 -1)
MOV A, R5 ; move value in R5 to A
JNZ LOOPB ; if A is not 0 then go to LOOPB.
RET

; Millisecond delay routine

DELAYMS:

MOV R7, #00H ; put value of 0 in register R7

LOOPA:
INC R7 ; increase R7 by one (R7 = R7 +1)
MOV A, R7 ; move value in R7 to Accumulator (also known as A)
CJNE A, #0FFH, LOOPA ; compare A to FF hex (256). If not equal go to LOOPA
RET ; return to the point that this routine was called from

INTRRUPT ROUTINE TO REFRESH THE DISPLAY

REFRESH:
PUSH PSW ; save current register set
MOV PSW, #RB1
PUSH ACC
INC COUNT
MOV R4, COUNT
QA1:
CJNE R4, #01H, QA2
MOV SPEED, VALUE_1
SETB DIS1
CLR DIS2
CLR DIS3
CLR DIS4
CALL DISP
AJMP DOWN
QA2:
CJNE R4, #02H, QA3
MOV SPEED, VALUE_2
CLR DIS1
SETB DIS2
CLR DIS3
CLR DIS4
CALL DISP
AJMP DOWN
QA3:
CJNE R4, #03H, QA4
MOV SPEED, VALUE_3
CLR DIS1
CLR DIS2
SETB DIS3
CLR DIS4
CALL DISP
AJMP DOWN

77
QA4:
CJNE R4, #04H, QA5
MOV SPEED, VALUE_4
CLR DIS1
CLR DIS2
CLR DIS3
SETB DIS4
CALL DISP
AJMP DOWN
QA5:
MOV COUNT, #01H
MOV R4, COUNT
AJMP QA1
DOWN:
MOV TL0, #0FFH
MOV TH0, #0F0H
POP ACC
POP PSW
RET

FLASHING:
CALL DELAY ; Display on/off for 2 times
CALL DELAY
MOV VALUE_1, #16H
MOV VALUE_2, #16H
MOV VALUE_3, #16H
MOV VALUE_4, #16H
CALL DELAY
CALL DELAY
MOV VALUE_1, NUMB1
MOV VALUE_2, NUMB2
MOV VALUE_3, NUMB3
MOV VALUE_4, NUMB4
CALL DELAY ; Display on-off for 2 times
CALL DELAY
MOV VALUE_1, #16H
MOV VALUE_2, #16H
MOV VALUE_3, #16H
MOV VALUE_4, #16H
CALL DELAY
CALL DELAY
MOV VALUE_1, NUMB1
MOV VALUE_2, NUMB2
MOV VALUE_3, NUMB3
MOV VALUE_4, NUMB4

DELAY:
MOV R1, #0FFH
REPA2:
MOV R2, #0FFH
REPA1:
NOP
DJNZ R2, REPA1
DJNZ R1, REPA2
RET
END

78
APPENDIX II

LIST OF PROJECT MATERIALS

 A Thermistor

 Resistors

 An Operational Amplifier

 Diodes

 Transistors

 A NAND Gate

 Capacitors

 Wires

 ATMEL AT89C52 Microcontroller

 A Crystal Oscillator

 555 Timer

 A Buzzer

 Inductors

 A MOSFET

 An LCD Display

 An LED

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  A Voltage Regulator

 A 12v Transformer

 A 240v Relay

 Variable Resistors

 Soldering Wire and Iron

80

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