CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

STUDIES

Introduction

Most soil used to grow plants, including ornamentals, grass and vegetables,

needs its basic nutrients replenished over time. Fertilizers boost the soil's reserves

of elements essential to the healthy growth and development of plants. Although

conventional and organic fertilizers both add needed nutrients to the soil, organic

fertilizer differs because it is derived from natural sources as opposed to being

synthetically manufactured. Although organic and synthetic fertilizers add the same

nutrients to the soil, organic fertilizers work in a different way. Organic fertilizers

work double duty by providing required nutrients to growing plants while also

feeding the soil. A balanced blend of organic fertilizer provides nutrient sources for

important microorganisms and earthworms living in the soil. Healthy soil structure

relies on these subterranean organisms, which help a plant's ability to absorb

nutrients. Without them, healthy plant growth is difficult to sustain, and one would

need to use increasing amounts of chemical fertilizers to grow plants.

1
 Vigna radiata, popularly known worldwide as mung bean, or simply

mongo, is a legume cultivated for its edible seeds and sprouts across Asia. It is the

cheapest source of vegetable protein with protein content of 20-25 percent, rich in

vitamins, calcium and sodium, which are usually deficient in most bean diets. It is

an excellent crop for green manuring, because it matures early, grows fast and

produces abundant vegetative tops. The appearance of mung bean plants is more

like garden beans, and they can grow up to 24 to 30 inches (60–75 cm) tall; they

also have smaller leaves, and a moderate number of branches. Pods are three to four

inches long, with 10 to 15 seeds each, and there are 30 to 40 pods in every plant

(Mongo-Mung Bean, para 1).

Mung beans are mainly utilized for human food: infant supplements,

snacks, desserts and viands. It is a basic ingredient in popular food items like hopia,

butse-butse, sotanghon and halo-halo. It is cooked with meat or shrimps or served

as vegetable dish. It is the basic material in the preparation of piyaya, an ilonggo

delicacy. Its sprouts in meal dishes are very popular not only in the Philippines but

also in Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. It is also a relevant, carminative and

antipoisoning agent (Mongo Utilization, para 2).

Like any other plants, ornamental or edible, certain nutrients are needed for

them to grow well. Without these nutrients there is the possibility that they will

have stunted growth, or gradually die. In some instances, they may thrive but with

very little produce. The major nutrients needed for plant growth are nitrogen,

2
phosphorus and potassium. Plant development also can suffer negative effects

without adequate levels of micronutrients, such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur,

copper and zinc. Although the mung bean plant has a relatively high nitrogen

requirement, the crop shouldn't generally need nitrogen fertilizer. Mung bean is also

very responsive to zinc (Effects, para 3).

The study of plants is a very interesting topic because plants play a very

important role in human life. Man depends on plants for a number of reasons, food

supply, clothing, housing, cosmetics, medicines, and many more.

These researchers aspire to become successful professionals in agricultural-

related courses hence, this interest on the topic. They want to determine which type

of organic fertilizer is most effective to the growth of mongo seeds.

This study can help and serve as a guide for thgse people, specifically

farmers, to be informed on the effects of organic fertilizers on the growth of mongo

seeds. In addition, mongo seeds are easy to grow by ordinary people. It can give

many health benefits to people. This is also needed not only for the benefit of

ordinary readers but also as a tool to upcoming agriculturists in the future.

3
 Review of Related Literature and Studies

Use of organic fertilizers offers a safer alternative to synthetic options. Their

use is tied with the rise in organic farming. the U.S. Department of Agriculture,

there are over 14,000 organic farms and ranches in the United States. Of that

amount, 50 percent used organic fertilizers such as organic mulch and compost to

fertilize their crops. Organic fertilizers help plants in several ways whether it is a

full-scale farming operation or for your garden plants.

The basic purpose of organic fertilizers is to improve the soil quality by

amending it with nutrients it may lack. The International Fertilizer Industry

Association defines fertilizers as materials containing 5 percent of more of the three

essential plant nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus and phosphate.

Nitrogen is vital for plant growth. The atmosphere contains about 78 percent

nitrogen, explains the International Plant Nutrition Institute. However, this

atmospheric form is not usable by plants. Organic fertilizers provide nitrogen in a

usable form, which will help improve neither plant growth while neither burning

roots nor destroying beneficial micro-organisms in the soil (Rogers 2017).

Organic fertilizers are use as disease prevention. A healthy plant has the

biological capacity to fend off some cases of disease. When a plant is stressed due

to lack of nutrients, its growth slows. Its ability to ward off disease-carrying bacteria

4
and fungi weakens. Organic fertilizers help prevent diseases by meeting the plants'

nutritional needs. This action removes a serious source of stress.

Organic fertilizers are also use as parasite prevention. As with disease,

organic fertilizers can help plants resist parasitic infestations by insects and other

agents. Parasites may attack plants at a site of injury. A healthy plant is actively

growing plant tissue during the growing season and can repair the damage, setting

up a barrier against parasites.

In addition to healthy growth, organic fertilizers play another role in parasite

prevention. A 2006 study in the "Journal of Vegetable Science" found that organic

broccoli and other vegetables treated with organic fertilizers attracted less insect

pests.

Leaf scorch describes a non-disease, non-parasitic condition in plants,

which causes yellowing and damage to leaves of ornamental trees and shrubs. It is

caused by unhealthy conditions or drainage issues with soils.

The University of Missouri Extension recommends spring fertilizing of

affected plants with a fertilizer high in potash as a means of control. Potash is a

fertilizer containing a form of potassium. Wood ash is an excellent organic source

of this nutrient (Rogers, 2017).

5
 The major nutrients needed for plant growth are nitrogen, phosphorus and

potassium. Organic fertilizer blends provide balanced amounts of the

macronutrients, but individual soil needs and the desired effects can require specific

amendments. For example, to ensure rapid growth and increased seed and fruit

production, apply nitrogen-rich organic fertilizers containing composted chicken

manure, blood or fish meal, or bat or bird guano. If the aim is improved blooming

and root growth, use a phosphorus-rich organic product, such as bone meal or rock

phosphate. To improve fruit quality and help prevent plant disease, apply an organic

potassium product like kelp meal or greensand.

Plant development also can suffer negative effects without adequate levels

of micronutrients, such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper and zinc. Organic

fertilizers restore these essential elements to the soil. For example, add gypsum to

increase sulfur levels, which provide plants with additional resistance to cold and

stimulates growth. If the effect desired is healthy fruit development, then add borax

-- a good organic supplier of boron -- to soil. Calcium, in the form of dolomitic lime

or superphosphate, promotes healthy cell wall structure, which improves the overall

strength of a plant (Delp, 2010).

Mongo Beans Production

Mongo is a nitrogen-rich crop used in inter-cropping rotation and relay

cropping. Farmers plant mongo during the second cropping season due to its low

6
moisture content. It is fairly drought-tolerant crop with a short maturity period. It

is also used as a substitute for soybean meal in poultry feed formulation.

Mongo is planted by row-grill method, or broadcast method. Harvesting

starts within 65-72 days after planting when pods turn brown or black and leaves

turn yellow. It is done by handpicking the pods which are then sundried, threshed

and packed in sacks.

Mung bean is drought-tolerant and requires a warm climate during its

growing period. The prevailing temperature and humidity in the region is suited for

optimum yields.

Benefits of Mung Beans

Mung beans are popularly known as green grams. However, they are also

famous with various other names like golden gram and Moong beans. Mung beans,

native to Asia, Europe and the US, are used for a variety of purposes. There are

many benefits of mung beans, apart from being a famous main-course dish in India

to being a part of many skin care regimens.

Mung bean is a powerful anti-aging agent. Copper, the secret behind mung

bean’s anti-aging property, reduces the presence of wrinkles, age spots and age

lines from the skin easily. Its regular usage can make a person look 10 years

younger than his or her original age. Ageing seems as a matter of concern for

women who love their skin, hair and nails. If one love his or her youthful look,

7
switching switch to some mouth-tempting mung beans breakfast recipe for sure will

help.

Copper, which is present in mung beans in traces, is an essential mineral for

maintaining scalp health. Copper ensures the proper utilization of iron, calcium and

magnesium in human body. Consumption of mung beans replenishes the body with

required amounts of copper. This ensures that iron does its work efficiently. Proper

supply of oxygen to the brain maintains the health of scalp, giving a person shiny,

long, strong and thick hair. Amazing natural hair masks at home with mung bean

as the main ingredient.

Many people with poor metabolism suffer from indigestion and acidity.

Mung beans are fiber and increase the digestive rate of the human body. They are

responsible for increasing the overall metabolic rate in humans as well. Fiber eases

motion by making feces soft. This makes motion easier and reduces indigestion and

acidity to quite an extent.

Heart diseases are very common these days. Poor lifestyle is one of the

major causes that add to numerous heart problems on a daily basis. Mung beans

increase the digestive and metabolic rate of human body, which in turn decreases

the formation and accumulation of cholesterol in the arterial walls and capillaries.

8
Incorporating mung beans in one’s diet will keep cholesterol based heart diseases

at bay.

People suffering from fever, stomach ache and diarrhea find it difficult to

digest food. Moreover, the taste buds puncture in sickness and it becomes even

more difficult to eat food. Mung bean is one food item that can be digested very

easily (since it is rich in fiber) and can also be molded to make a few mouth-

tempting light recipes. This often plays a very important part of it.

It can be used as a natural calcium supplement for it maintains bone health

and can keep a person safe from fractures as well.

A 100 gram serving of mung beans offers only 330 calories, making it one

of the healthiest ways to lose weight. People who are looking to lose weight can

include mung beans in their diet to stay healthy while shedding the extra pounds.

Other than calcium, mung bean is also rich in sodium. Sodium is needed for

the health of our gums and teeth. Gum problems like pain, reddening, foul odor,

gum bleeding and weakness can be prevented with the consumption of this sodium

rich food item.

It is a proven fact that mung beans are fat controllers and regulators.

Moreover, the presence of large amount of magnesium makes it a very potent BP

9
regulator. It maintains the level of magnesium in the blood. Magnesium eases blood

vessels and lowers hypertension. This, in turn, keeps the blood pressure of the body

under control.

People who suffer from concentration problems and weak memory should

certainly consume mung beans. Mung beans are rich in Iron, which carries oxygen

in blood and supplies the same to all organs and tissues. Intake of Mung beans

ensures optimum supply of oxygen to all the parts of body, including the human

brain. This increases focus and sharpens your memory as well.

Iron in mung beans helps in increasing the immunity power in the human

body. This immunity booster eases muscles and tissues, which in turn makes the

white blood cell (WBC) in the blood more active. This gives our body the natural

strength to fight off infections

Toxicity is a serious problem and can have long lasting side-effects

including ulcers and cancer. He/she can keep your body free of toxins by the

consumption of mung beans. It maintains the circulatory health of the body as well.

It flushes out toxins from the body easily and keeps the formation of free radicals

under check.

Mung beans keep free radicals under control. These free radicals can be an

outcome of anything like pollution, stress, unhealthy snacking and toxicity in body.

10
They have the ill-fate of interfering with normal cell growth. Abnormal cell growth

can even lead to cancer. Mung bean, which is a natural suppressor of free radicals,

is a good option to keep cancer at bay.

Mung beans increase the formation of friendly sugars and discourage the

formation of bad sugars in the human body. Friendly sugar or fruit sugar is easily

digestible and does not circulate in blood. It is easily convertible to ATP.

Consumption of mung beans is a very efficient way to regulate sugar metabolism

in the body and can even prevent diabetes.

One of the best benefits of mung beans are loaded with the eye- friendly

Vitamin i.e., Vitamin C. A natural anti-oxidant, Vitamin C helps the retina maintain

its flexibility. Mung beans are good options when it comes to promoting eye health.

Vitamin C makes mung bean a very powerful anti-viral agent. Vitamin C

increases the production of WBC’s under a viral attack. The increased WBC count

destroys viruses and keeps the body safe. Iron in mung beans increases the potency

of WBC and Vitamin C increases their count. All in all, mung bean is a good way

to keep immunodeficiency disorders at bay.

Stunted growth in children is a cause of concern for mothers. Mung bean

promotes and ensures proper growth in humans. It contains a natural blend of all

vitamins and minerals necessary to trigger the growth of hormones in the body.

11
Instead of trying artificial growth supplements, one can consume mung bean as a

growth controller and promoter.

Whenever a person suffers from an injury, it leads to bleeding. Fortunately,

the blood clots quickly and ensures that no further blood is lost. However, irregular

and insufficient amount of Vitamin K upsets the process of clotting. This can be a

life-threatening situation, too. Mung beans are natural sources of Vitamin K and

can help the body in times of need.

Proteins are not just essential for bone and muscle health, they also protect

the liver against damage. Mung beans are one the best sources of proteins for

vegetarians. One must consume mung beans every day to keep the liver safe.

Proteins ensure the proper functioning of bilirubin and biliverdin in liver and keep

the liver safe from jaundice.

All these benefits make mung bean the super hero of nutritional food items. They

not only offer various health benefits upon ingestion, but also make revolutionary

face packs and hair packs. So, it is important that a person consume ample amounts

of mung beans to stay healthy and beautiful from within, his or her iconic hair and

face masks for maintaining hair sheen and adding glow and radiance to one’s face

(Bhatt, 2017).

12
Fertilizers and Mung Beans

Mung beans (Vigna radiata L.) are an important crop in many parts of the

world, especially Asia. This annual staple is high in nutrients, including proteins,

fats and carbohydrates. Mung bean plants normally reach between 12 and 24 inches

tall and produce 3- to 4-inch seedpods. Adding various fertilizers can increase yield

considerably; for example, adding potash at a rate of 90 kilograms per hectare can

increase plant height by about 20 percent and the number of pods per plant by more

than 40 percent.

Almost all fertilizer types tested in the studies improved plant height.

Potassium applied at a rate of 90 kilograms per hectare, or about 1/5 pounds per

100 square feet, increased plant height to almost 20 inches versus around 16 inches

for control groups. Bio-fertilizers such as the Bradyrhizobium inoculant, and

additions such as urea, cow manure, amino acids and green hum -- a mixture of

fulvic acid, humic acid and organic matter -- also increased plant height by

statistically significant rates.

Fertilizers increased other plant growth factors as well. Plant nodulation, or

the formation of nitrogen-fixing roots, increased with application of all studied

fertilizer types. The number of leaves and shoots on each plant increased with most

fertilizer types, though some fertilizers did decrease these numbers compared to

13
controls. Nitroxin, a formulation of nitrogen, for instance, decreased plant height,

shoot number and leaf number, though it increases leaf surface area. On balance,

fertilized mung beans also increased root weight and seed yield.

Adding fertilizer to soil will substitute for the nutrients that are consumed by

plants or that are washed away by rain. To have a cost effective and competitive

product, farmers have to decide which fertilizer is best for them. The components

of organic fertilizer to the plants are potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen. Organic

fertilizer provides beneficial organic matter that can improve the soils, water, and

nutrient holding capacity also it creates an environment that encourage beneficial

soil organisms such as earthworms. This can take longer to breakdown and release

nutrients reducing the loss of nutrients (Moncada, 2011).

Banana peel

Many people are excited to find out that they can use banana peels as

fertilizer. Using banana peels in compost is a great way to add both organic material

and some very important nutrients to the compost mix. Learning how to compost

banana peels is easy, but there are a few things one need to be aware of when putting

banana in compost.

14
 Putting banana peel in the compost pile will help add calcium, magnesium,

sulfur, phosphates, potassium and sodium, all of which are important to the healthy

growth of both flowering and fruiting plants. Bananas in compost also help add

healthy organic material, which help the compost retain water and make soil lighter

when added to the garden. Beyond this, banana peels will break down quickly in

compost, which allows them to add these important nutrients to the compost much

more quickly than some other compost materials.

Bananas are packed with nutrients, and that includes their peels. Plants need

nutrients need to thrive. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are required in the

highest amounts, and nutrients such as calcium, manganese, sodium and sulfur are

necessary in lower amounts. While various levels of these nutrients occur naturally,

some soils can use a boost. Adding banana peels around prized plants is a

widespread gardening practice that can improve the soil.

Dried banana peels are 42 percent potassium, more than most other organic

substances, such as manure at 0.5 percent, wood ash at 10 percent and cantaloupe

rinds at 12 percent. Potassium promotes the movement of water and nutrients

between cells. It also strengthens stems and protects plants from disease. Because

the plant is healthier, it might flower more. After the plant blooms, potassium can

improve the quality and size of any fruit or nuts

15
 Banana peels are 3.25 percent phosphorus, one of the other major nutrients

that plants need to grow. Phosphorus helps rooting, improves winter hardiness and

speeds up flowering and fruiting. Banana peels inserted in the soil near the roots

are an effective way to get phosphorus to the plants, because the peels break down

quickly in the soil. This immediacy is helpful, because phosphorus is not mobile in

the soil.

Banana peels do not contain nitrogen, the primary nutrient necessary for

foliage growth. The peels do, however, contain relatively high levels of some

micronutrients. Calcium -- concentrated at 19.2 milligrams per gram in fresh peels

-- improves the breakdown of organic materials in the soil; makes other nutrients

in the soil, nitrogen in particular, more available to plants; and controls how

nutrients and water move in and out of cells. Manganese, concentrated at 76.2 mg/g

in banana peels, aids in photosynthesis and the formation of some enzymes and

plant pigments. Sodium, concentrated at 24.3 mg/g, is involved in the movement

of water and ions between cells. The peels also contain magnesium and sulfur, both

important in the formation of chlorophyll.

One of the benefits of fertilizing with banana peels is that they break down

quickly -- either in the soil or in compost -- making those nutrients available to

plants sooner than nutrients from other organic materials. When burying peels, bury

them deepso they don't attract animals or insects. He/she can also chop peels and

16
steep them in water for a week, strain the peels out, and pour the solution on the

soil to get the benefit of the nutrients without attracting pests. Since banana peels

are not a complete fertilizer, don't rely on the peels alone to feed the plants,

especially if theplants are heavy nitrogen feeders. The peels are most effective when

composted to blend with nitrogen-rich materials (Reed, 2016).

Potato peel

Potato peelings have more nutrients ounce for ounce than the rest of the

vegetable, so it's a waste to toss them in the garbage. If you opt not to eat potato

skin, you can offer your garden plants the potato nutrients -- including iron,

nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus -- as long as you give the peelings time to

decompose.

Wave a gardener's magic wand over potato peels and turn them into top-

notch fertilizer by composting them. Composting is a method of decomposing

vegetable and fruit peelings as well as other organic waste. The wet material is

mixed with dry organic waste such as straw or dried leaves and left to break down

in a compost pile or bin.

Once the potato peelings and other organic materials have decomposed,

they turn into dark, humusy earth called compost. Mix this product into your

17
flower and vegetable beds before planting; it will both offer nutrients and add

humus to the soil (Spengler, 2015).

The versatility of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) does not end in the kitchen.

Instead of tossing the potato peels in the trash, put them to use in your garden. Some

of the nutrients in the potato that support healthy, strong plant growth include

nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium. But you need to compost the

potato peels before you use them in your garden. When composted, potato peels

make a rich fertilizer that boosts soil fertility and water retention. But potato peels

are not the only materials that should be composted (Porter, 2017).

Mango peel

Mangoes are called the “King Of Fruits" for its taste, nutrients and uses.

Although the fruit peel contains Urushiol that causes skin allergies, it is still useful

for many purposes. According to a research conducted in India, mango peel extracts

are rich in anthocyanins, carotenoids and polyphenols and can be the best compost

(mango compost) instead of a source of pollution (Parker, 2011).

18
 Synthesis

Use of organic fertilizers offers a safer alternative to synthetic options. The

basic purpose of organic fertilizers is to improve the soil quality by amending it

with nutrients it may lack. Although organic and synthetic fertilizers add the same

nutrients to the soil, organic fertilizers work in a different way. Organic fertilizers

work double duty by providing required nutrients to growing plants while also

feeding the soil. The major nutrients needed for plant growth are nitrogen,

phosphorus and potassium. Organic fertilizer blends provide balanced amounts of

the macronutrients, but individual soil needs and the desired effects can require

specific amendments (Rogers 2017).

Vigna radiata, popularly known worldwide as mung bean, or simply

mongo, is a legume cultivated for its edible seeds and sprouts across Asia.

appearance of mung bean plants is more like garden beans, and they can grow up

to 24 to 30 inches (60–75 cm) tall; they also have smaller leaves, and a moderate

number of branches. Pods are three to four inches long, with 10 to 15 seeds each,

and there are 30 to 40 pods in every plant.

Adding fertilizer to soil will substitute for the nutrients that are consumed by

plants or that are washed away by rain. To have a cost effective and competitive

product, farmers have to decide which fertilizer is best for them. The components

19
of organic fertilizer to the plants are potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen. In

addition, organic fertilizer provides beneficial organic matter that can improve the

soils, water, and nutrient holding capacity also it creates an environment that

encourage beneficial soil organisms such as earthworms. This can take longer to

breakdown and release nutrients reducing the loss of nutrients (Moncada, 2011).

20
 Conceptual Framework

Organic Fertilizers Effects

(Mango Peel, Banana Peel Growth of Mongo Seeds

Fig 1. Effects of Organic Fertilizers (Mango Peel, Banana Peel and Potato

Peel) on the Growth of Mongo Seeds

In the Bio-Fertilizer theory, it is said that biological fertilization is based on

the use of natural inputs including fertilizers, decaying remains of organic matter,

crops excess, domestic sewage, animal manure, and microorganisms such as fungi

and bacteria (Chirinos 2006). They are used to improve fixation of nutrients in the

rhizosphere, produce growth stimulants for plants, improve soil stability, provide

biological control, biodegrade substances, and recycle nutrients (Morte 2003;

Corpoica 2007; Rivera-Cruz 2008; Alvarez 2007).

In relation to the Bio-Fertilizer Theory, the framework shows that organic

fertilizers in the form of crops excess such as mango peel, banana peel and potato

peel will be used to stimulate the growth of the mongo seeds.

21
 Statement of the Problem

The study tried to determine the effects of organic fertilizers:

a) Mango peel

b) Banana peel

c) Potato peel

In promoting the growth of mongo seeds. Specifically, the study answered the

following questions:

1. What characteristic features of the mongo plants is considered when

fertilized with mango peel, banana peel and potato peel?

1.1 Height (in centimeters)

1.2 Number of Leaves

2. Which of the three organic fertilizers is most effective in promoting the

growth of mongo plant?

2.1 Height (in centimeters)

2.2 Number of Leaves

3. Is there a significant difference between the effects of mango peel, banana

peel and potato peel on the growth of mongo seeds in terms of:

3.1 Height (in centimeters)

22
 Hypothesis

The following hypotheses are raised:

1. Mango peel is not the most effective organic fertilizer in promoting the

growth of mongo plant in terms of:

1.1 Height (in centimeters)

1.2 Number of Leaves

2. Banana peel is not the most effective organic fertilizer in promoting the

growth of mongo plant in terms of:

2.1 Height (in centimeters)

2.2 Number of Leaves

3. Potato peel is not the most effective organic fertilizer in promoting the

growth of mongo plant in terms of:

3.1 Height (in centimeters)

3.2 Number of Leaves

4. There is no significant difference among the application of organic

fertilizers (Mango peel, Banana peel &Potato peel) on the growth of

mongo seeds in terms of:

4.1 Height (in centimeters)

23
 Significance of the Study

Mung beans are very common to Filipinos, and are mainly utilized for

human food infant supplements, snacks, desserts and viands. It also grows faster

than the other seeds. Its sprouts in meal dishes are very popular not only in the

Philippines but also in Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. It is also a relevant,

carminative and anti-poisoning agent. This study can help and serve as a guide for

the people, specifically farmers, to be informed on the effects of organic fertilizers

on the growth of mongo seeds. Also, it can help lessen the garbage from the peelings

and be able to help farmers to use fertilizers that are not harmful to plants. In

addition, mongo seeds are easy to grow by ordinary people. It can give many health

benefits to people. This is also needed not only for the benefit of ordinary readers

but also as a tool to upcoming agriculturists in the future.

24
 Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on the growth of mongo seeds when organic fertilizers

are added. It mainly focuses on how organic fertilizers affect the physical

characteristics (height & number of leaves) of mongo seeds. The specific target

audiences of this study are the farmers, future environmentalists/agriculturists and

future researchers. Through experimentation and continuous observation, the

researchers were able to answer questions related to the topic and see desired results

done by the authors.

25
 Definition of Terms

For better understanding, the researchers defined the following terms:

Organic Fertilizer- In this study, three organic fertilizers were used namely:

mango peel, banana peel, and potato peel.

Growth- It is the progressive development or the process of growing of something.

(Merriam-Webster).

In this study, the growth of the mongo seeds was measured in terms of

height and the number of leaves.

Height-It is a measurement of how tall something is.(Merriam-Webster).

In this study, height was measured in centimeters.

Vigna radiata–It is also known as mongo seeds, or mung beans. A small, round

bean often used to grow bean sprouts.(Merriam-Webster).

In this study, mungs beans or mongo seeds was the plant used.

Potato – It is an erect South American herb (Solanum tuberosum) of the nightshade

family widely cultivated for its edible starchy tuber. (Merriam-Webster).

The peel of the potato was used in this study.

Mango – This means a juicy tropical fruit that has firm yellow and red skin and

hard seed at its center. (Merriam-Webster).

The peel of the mango was used in this study.

26
Banana – This refers to long curved fruit with thick peel that is yellow when it’s

ripe. (Merriam-Webster)

The peel of the banana was used in this study.

Soil – It is the upper layer of Earth that may be dug or plowed and in which plants

grow. (Merriam-Webster)

Loam soil was used in this study.

27
 CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research method appropriate for the study and

which helped the researchers answer the questions in the study. It also presents the

data gathering procedure and the treatment of the data.

Research Design

This study used the experimental method through experimentation and

observations. In the experimental data gathering, researchers identify and define

key variables, formulate a hypothesis, manipulate the variables and collect data on

the results. Extraneous variables are carefully controlled to minimize a potential

impact on the outcome of the experiment. It is also a collection of research designs

that use manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal processes.

Generally, one or more variables are manipulated to determine their effect on a

dependent variable. The experimental method involves manipulating one variable

to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. This

method relies on controlled methods, random assignment and the manipulation of

variables to test a hypothesis(Cherry, 2017).

Identifying and controlling non-experimental factors, which the researcher

does not want to influence the effects, is crucial to drawing a valid conclusion.

28
Controlling variables, if possible, or randomizing variables to minimize effects, can

be traced back to third variables. Researchers only want to measure the effect of the

independent variable(s) when conducting an experiment, allowing them to

conclude that this was the reason for the effect (Experimental, para 11).

Through these methods, the researchers were able to know the results and

outcomes brought about by the effects of organic fertilizers (mango peel, banana

peel, and potato peel) on the growth of mongo seeds.

Materials

The researchers conducted the experimental method through observations

and statistical method procedures in a span of two (2) weeks. Specific materials

were used in achieving the desired results of the experiment.

Materials:

Nine (9) recycled 1.5L soft drink containers Loam soil

Forty-Five (45) Mung Beans Mango peel

Banana peel Potato peel

Ruler Water

29
 Procedure

The organic fertilizers (mango peel, banana peel, and potato peel) were

placed in containers. Each container labelled as A for banana peel, B for potato

peel, and C for mango peel. The Mung beans were then planted in each container.

Each container containing Mongo seeds were placed in one location: backyard,

where there is enough sunlight. Each was observed daily in a span of two (2) weeks.

A photo was taken each day. The researchers measured the height and recorded the

number of leaves present every Wednesday of the week. The results were recorded

for comparison.

The researchers compiled all the facts and results to support the given study.

The results of the experiment and observations were thoroughly studied to see if

they match the given hypothesis and research with due relation to the study.

30
 Statistical Analysis

To answer the hypotheses raised in the study, the researchers used ANOVA

or Analysis of Variance.

It is used to separate the total variation in a set of data into two or more

components. The source of variation is identified so that one can see its influence

on the total variation. It is also used to compare means where there are three or

more.

ANOVA is used to analyze the data from experiments. The purposes are

for estimating and testing hypotheses about population variances and population

means. There are several types of experiments and techniques which utilize

ANOVA. These include one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA and multiple

ANOVA, which come from experiments employing the completely randomized

design, randomized complete block design, repeated measures design or factorial

experiment design.

31
 One-way ANOVA is used to determine if there is any significant difference

between the means of groups of data. These groups may vary under the effect of

one factor. The data are organized into groups and presented in a data table.

32
 CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the findings and discusses the results on the study

entitled “Effects of Organic Fertilizers (Mango peel, Banana peel & Potato peel)

on the Growth of Mongo Seeds”.

Results

Table 1. Measurement of Height for Plant A (Banana peel) in centimeters

Plant Name Week 1 Week 2

Trial 1

A.1 8.00 12.20

A.2 7.60 10.60

A.3 6.10 10.70

A.4 5.00

A.5 8.00

Trial 2

A.6 14.50 17.00

A.7 14.40 17.40

A.8 15.00 18.70

33
 A.9 15.50 18.20

A.10 13.60 16.25

Trial 3

A.11 8.50 12.20

A.12 9.00 14.50

A.13 8.70 12.40

A.14 5.10 10.40

A.15 6.30 10.80

Mean 9.78 12.96

This table presents the measurement of height of plant A (Banana peel) in

three trials. The first column indicates the name of the plants. Second column

presents results in week 1. Lastly, the third column presents the results in week 2.

In trial 1, plants were named as A.1-A.5. In week 1 the range of the height was 0

cm to 8 cm and on second week, the height ranged from 5.00cm to 12.20cm. In trial

2, plants were named as A.6-A.10. In week 1, the range of height is 13.60cm-

15.50cm. On the second week, the range of height was 16.25cm-18.70cm. Lastly,

the third trial the plants were named as A.11-A.15. The range of height during the

first week was from 5.10cm-10cm. On the second week, the range of height was

from 10.40cm-14.50cm. The average mean height of plant A during the first week

34
was computed and this yielded 9.78cm on the second week, average mean height

was 12.96cm

Table 2. Number of Leaves for Plant A (Banana peel)

Plant Name Week 1 Week 2

Trial 1

A.1 2 5

A.2 2 5

A.3 2 5

A.4 2

A.5 2

Trial 2

A.6 2 5

A.7 2 5

A.8 2 5

A.9 2 5

A.10 2 5

Trial 3

A.11 2 5

A.12 2 5

35
 A.13 2 5

A.14 2 5

A.15 2 5

Mean 2 4.6

Table 2 presents the number of leaves of plant A (Banana peel) in three

trials. In trial 1 plants were named as A.1-A.5. For the first week the range of the

number of leaves was 0 to 2. On the second week the range of number of leaves is

2 to 5. Plants were named as A.6-A.10 in trial 2 and in week 1 the range of number

of leaves is 2. On the second week the range of number of leaves is 5. Lastly, the

third trial the plants were named as A.11-A.15. In week 1 the range of number of

leaves was 2. On the second week the range of number of leaves was 5. The average

mean of number of leaves of plant B was computed during the first week and second

week and this gives a computed mean of 2 and 4.6 respectively.

Table 3. Measurement of Height for Plant B (Potato peel) in centimeters

Plant Name Week 1 Week 2

Trial 1

B.1 13.80 17.90

B.2 9.90 13.40

36
 B.3 9.40 13.00

B.4 10.40 14.30

B.5 6.80 11.00

Trial 2

B.6 15.50 21.10

B.7 13.00 18.30

B.8 10.50 17.50

B.9 16.50 22.30

B.10 10.59

Trial 3

B.11 9.50 15.30

B.12 11.30 18.20

B.13 9.10 14.80

B.14 9.30 15.00

B.15 9.10 14.50

Mean 11.20 15.81

The results of using potato peel as fertilizers for the mongo plant is shown

in table 3. It would seem that on the first week, the height of plant B ranged from

6.80 cm to 13.80 cm. While on the second week it is 11.00 cm to 17.90 cm. The

37
range of height during the second trial for the first week is 0.00cm to 16.50 cm and

10.59 cm to 23.30 cm, respectively. Lastly the range of height during the third trial

for the first week and second week is 9.10 cm to 11.30 cm and 14.50 cm to 18.20

cm, respectively. The average mean of height of Plant B during the first week was

computed and give a compute mean of 11.20 cm, on the second week, the average

height was 15.81 cm.

Table 4. Number of Leaves for Plant B (Potato peel)

Plant Name Week 1 Week 2

Trial 1

B.1 2 5

B.2 2 5

B.3 2 5

B.4 2 5

B.5 2 5

Trial 2

B.6 2 5

B.7 2 5

B.8 2 5

B.9 2 5

38
 B.10 2

Trial 3

B.11 2 5

B.12 2 5

B.13 2 5

B.14 2 5

B.15 2 5

Mean 2 4.8

Table 4 presents the number of leaves of plant B. The name of the plants is

in column 1, the results for the week 1 and week 2 are in column 2 and 3,

respectively. Results show that in the first there were 2 leaves each for plants B1 to

B5 and 5 leaves each on the second week. However, on the second trial, the number

of leaves ranged from 0-2 (1st week) and 2-5 (2nd week) for the plants B6-B10. On

third trial B11 to B15 had 2 leaves each in week 1 and 5 leaves each on the second

week. Week 1 and week 2 has their own respective average mean of 2 and 4.8.

Table 5. Measurement of Height for Plant C (Mango peel) in centimeters

Plant Name Week 1 Week 2

Trial 1

39
C.1 11.60 15.40

C.2 9.30 13.10

C.3 8.80 11.90

C.4 7.40 11.30

C.5 0.00 0.00

Trial 2

C.6 16.00 20.10

C.7 14.90 17.30

C.8 10.40 13.80

C.9 16.10 18.20

C.10 16.40 18.40

Trial 3

C.11 10.10 16.60

C.12 9.30 13.60

C.13 6.70 11.80

C.14 8.10 12.40

C.15 9.20 13.30

Mean 10.91 14.68

40
 Table 5 presents the measurement of height of plant C that contains mango

peel in three trials. Plants were named as C.1-C.5 in the first trial and the height

ranged from 0 cm to 11.60cm for the first week. On second week, the range of

height was 0cm to 15.20cm. Trial 2, plants are named as C.6-C.10. On first week

the height of plant C was from 10.40cm-18.40cm. While on the second week, the

range of height was 13.80cm-20.10cm. The range of height during third trial for the

first week was 6.70cm-10.10cm and 11.80cm-16.60cm for the second trial. mean

was computed for week 1 and week 2 and give a mean of height in week 1 of

10.91cm and on the second week the mean was 14.68cm.

Table 6. Number of Leaves for Plant C (Mango peel)

Plant Name Week 1 Week 2

Trial 1

C.1 2 5

C.2 2 5

C.3 2 5

C.4 2 5

C.5 0 2

Trial 2

C.6 2 5

41
 C.7 4 5

C.8 2 5

C.9 2 5

C.10 2 5

Trial 3

C.11 2 5

C.12 2 5

C.13 2 5

C.14 2 5

C.15 2 5

Mean 2.13 4.8

This table presents the number leaves of plant C (Mango peel) in three trials.

The first column indicates the name of the plants. Second column presents results

in week 1. Lastly, the third column presents the results in week 2. In trial 1, plants

were named as C.1-C.5 and in week 1 the range of the number of leaves was 0-2.

On second week the range of number of leaves was 2-5. In trial 2 plants were named

as C.6-C.10 and in week 1, the range of number of leaves was 2-4. On the second

week, the range of number of leaves was 5. Lastly, the third trial the plants were

named as C.11-C.15 and in week 1 the range of number of leaves is 2. On the second

42
week, the range of number of leaves is 5. The mean in every week was computed.

The mean of number of leaves in week 1 was 2.13 and on the second week the mean

was 4.8

Table 7. One-Way ANOVA Presentation for Height (in centimeters)

Source SS DF MS F

Treatments 61.789 2 30.8945 4.058974

Error 319.6791 42 7.611407

Total (corrected) 381.4681 44

Correction Factor 9439.5125

Table 7 presents the data of the one-way ANOVA presentation. The word

"source" stands for source of variation. Some authors prefer to use "between" and

"within" instead of "treatments" and "error", respectively. SS means the sum of

squares. DF means the degrees of freedom. MS means mean squares. F stands for

the F distribution. SST is equal to 61.789, while the SSE is equal to 319.6791. Their

43
total is 381.4681. The correction factor is 9439.5125. DFT is equal to 2, while DFE

is equal to 42. Their total is 44. MST is equal to 30.8945, while MSE is equal to

7.611407. The F-value is 4.058974.

44
 Discussion

The characteristic features focused on by the researchers were the height

of the plants and the number of leaves. The researchers chose to focus on these

characteristics because these are evident on the growth of mongo plants.

As discussed in the previous chapters, adding fertilizer to soil will substitute

for the nutrients that are consumed by plants or that are washed away by rain. The

components of organic fertilizer to the plants are potassium, phosphorus, and

nitrogen. Organic fertilizer provides beneficial organic matter that can improve the

soils, water, and nutrient holding capacity. (Moncada, 2011).

In the experiment, all fertilizer types tested improved plant height. But, the

most effective fertilizer, based on the computations, is Plant B or the plant with

potato peel. Plant B has the highest mean among all the plants. The mean is 15.81

cm, compared to that of Plants A and C with means of 12.96 cm and 14.68,

respectively. According to Spengler (2015), potato peelings have more nutrients

ounce for ounce than the rest of the vegetable, so it's a waste to toss them in the

garbage. If one opts not to eat potato skin, he/she can offer his/her garden plants

the potato nutrients -- including iron, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus -- as long

as he/she gives the peelings time to decompose. Therefore, the researchers accept

hypotheses 1 and 2 and reject hypothesis 3.

45
 The number of leaves were relatively similar with all the plants. The

difference between their means were very minimal. The means of Plant B and Plant

C were the same. Their mean is 4.8. Plant A has the smallest mean for the number

of leaves, with the mean of 4.6. When it comes to the number of leaves, the most

effective fertilizer is potato peel and mango peel. The least effective is the banana

peel. Therefore, the researchers accept hypothesis 2 and reject hypotheses 1 and 3.

These effects are seen physically and they have changes that affect the

growth of the experimented mongo seeds themselves. With all these stated, there

are indeed effects of organic fertilizer on growth of the mongo seeds.

The test statistic is the F value of 4.058974. Using an α of 0.05, we have

F0.05;2,42 = 3.220. Since the test statistic is much larger than the critical value and

the MST is larger than MSE, the researchers reject the null hypothesis of not having

a significant difference and conclude that there is a statistically significant

difference among effects of the organic fertilizers (Mango peel, Banana peel &

Potato peel). The p-value for 4.058974 is .024457, so the result is significant at p<

.05.

46
 CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This study aimed to determine and answer the following questions

regarding “Effects of Organic Fertilizers (Mango peel, Banana peel & Potato peel)

on the Growth of Mongo Seeds”.

 What characteristic feature of the mongo plants is considered when

fertilized with mango peel, banana peel and potato peel?

 Which of the three organic fertilizers is most effective in promoting the

growth of mongo plant?

 Is there a significant difference between the effects of mango peel, banana

peel and potato peel on the growth of mongo seeds?

A total of 9 containers (3 for banana peel, 3 for potato peel and 3 for

mango peel) with 5 mongo seeds each were placed in a backyard within 2

weeks.

47
 The experimental method through experimentation and

observations were used in recording, analyzing and interpreting the data to

be able to come up with results for the experiment.

Based on the researchers’ gathering of data and experimentation,

organic fertilizers (Mango peel, Banana peel & Potato peel) promote growth

on mongo seeds responsively. The growth of the mongo seeds was

measured in terms of height (in centimeters) and the number of leaves were

counted. In the experiment, all fertilizer types tested improved plant height.

But, the most effective fertilizer, based on the computations of height, is

Plant B or the plant with potato peel. Plant B has the highest mean among

all the plants. The number of leaves were relatively similar in all the plants.

The most effective fertilizer, in terms of number of leaves, are potato peel

and mango peel. There is also a significant difference among the effects of

the organic fertilizers on the mongo plants in terms of their height.

48
 Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, the researchers conclude that

organic fertilizers (Mango peel, Banana peel & Potato peel) promote growth

on mongo seeds. There might have been other elements present in the three

types of peels that caused the difference in the plants’ height. Moreover, the

Potato peel is the most effective in promoting the growth of mongo seeds in

terms of height. In terms of the number of leaves, the most effective are

Potato and Mango peels. There is also a significant difference among the

effects of the organic fertilizers on the growth of mongo seeds in terms of

height.

49
 Recommendations

The following recommendations are formed based on the findings

and conclusions that the researchers arrived at.

For Farmers

They might re-use the peels of the crops that they would have to

plant as a growing fertilizer. They might also consider the use of organic peels than

the synthetic / chemical – based fertilizers in growing plants. They could apply this

method in every plants and crops that they would want to plant of. The farmers

could also have partnerships with restaurants and other establishments in order to

fully cultivate and introduce such method to consumers.

For Future Agriculturist / Environmentalist

They could look into the possibility of the mass of organic fertilizers from

both fruit / vegetable peels for certain plants. This research could also serve as a

learning tool for everyone not to waste fruits/vegetables peels anymore.

50
 For Future Researchers

In making a study related to this research paper, the researchers

recommend the future researchers to be more time conscious; In the way of

extending the experiment time for 4 or more weeks and start to plant immediately

so that they could see the results as early as possible. The researchers also

recommend the future researchers to plant on more mongo samplings in order to

see more desired results and effects made by the different organic fertilizers. They

could do similar studies in the future with increased mongo samplings and longer

period of experimentation so that better and appropriate observations can be seen /

recorded.

51
 Reference List:

http://www.livestrong.com/article/242783-the-effects-of-organic-fertilizer-on-

plants/

http://homeguides.sfgate.com/effects-organic-fertilizer-plants-69435.html

http://businessdiary.com.ph/9181/mongo-mung-bean-production-guide/

http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/amazing-benefits-of-mung-beans/#gref

http://homeguides.sfgate.com/effect-fertilizer-height-mung-beans-95051.html

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting/ingredients/banana-peels-

compost.htm

http://homeguides.sfgate.com/nutritional-values-banana-peels-plants-58851.html

http://homeguides.sfgate.com/can-potato-peels-used-fertilizer-82837.html

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting/ingredients/eggshells-in-the-

garden.htm

https://explorable.com/experimental-research

https://www.verywell.com/what-is-the-experimental-method-2795175

http://lap.umd.edu/psyc200/handouts/PSYC200_0812.pdf

52
https://www.boldsky.com/home-n-garden/improvement/2011/mango-compost-

steps-280211-aid0111.html

https://www.hunker.com/12548346/can-potato-peels-be-used-as-fertilizer

Biology of Plants (4th edition), Worth Publisher, Inc., New York 1986

Botany, An Introduction to Plant Biology, Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent. Inc.

53
 Appendix:

Curriculum Vitae

54
Caperina, Samantha Isabel G.
Nickname: Sam
Height: 5'
Address: 611 Brgy. San Diego, San Pablo City, Laguna
Birthdate: November 6, 1999
Birthplace: San Pablo City
Age: 18
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Occupation: Student
School:
Elementary: Canossa College of San Pablo City S.Y. 2006-2012
Junior High School: Canossa College of San Pablo City S.Y. 2012-2016
Senior High School: Canossa College of San Pablo City S.Y. 2016-2018
Mother: Ninevetch G. Caperina
Occupation: Housewife
Father: Samuel L. Caperina
Occupation: Government Employee
Email: [email protected]
Contact no: 09178831106

55
Gonzales, Kyle Celji I.
Nickname: Celji
Height: 5'7
Address: 056 Brgy. Talaga Rizal, Laguna
Birthdate: October 9, 1999
Birthplace: Valenzuela City
Age: 18
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Occupation: Student
School:
Elementary: SME Child Development Center S.Y. 2006-2012
Junior High School: Saint Mary's Academy of Nagcarlan S.Y. 2012-2016
Senior High School: Canossa College of San Pablo City S.Y. 2016-2018
Mother: Wendy Isleta - Gonzales
Occupation: Professional Dentist
Father: Cecilio Gonzales
Occupation: Businessman
Email: [email protected]
Contact no: 09773351158

56
Homoroc, Zeus Israel L.
Nickname: Zeus
Height: 5'3
Address: 034 Brgy. Bungoy, Dolores, Quezon
Birthplace: Quezon
Birthdate: July 28, 1999
Age: 18
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Occupation: Student
School:
Elementary: Canossa College of San Pablo City S.Y. 2006-2012
Junior High School: Canossa College of San Pablo City S.Y. 2012-2016
Senior High School: Canossa College of San Pablo City S.Y. 2016-2018
Mother: Irenee L. Homoroc
Occupation: Businesswoman
Father: Solomon Homoroc
Occupation: Businessman
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 09959680349

57
Presbitero, Jaygilbert B.
Nickname: Jay
Height: 5'5
Address: 540 Brgy. San Crispin San Pablo City, Laguna
Birthdate: May 27, 2000
Birthplace: San Pablo City
Age: 17
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Occupation: Student
School:
Elementary: San Pablo Central School S.Y. 2006-2012
Junior Highschool: Canossa College of San Pablo City S.Y 2012-2016
Senior Highschool: Canossa College of San Pablo City S.Y. 2016-2018
Mother: Elena B. Presbitero
Occupation: None
Father: Ireneo R. Presbitero
Occupation: OFW
Email: [email protected]
Contact no. 09322335391

58