Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology

Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), Ranga Reddy District – 501 301 (T.S)

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Lab In Charge HOD-CSE

G.SWAPNA Dr. Nagender Kumar Suryadevara

Asst. Prof. Professor.

-1-
 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
Department of COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

(Name of the Lab Course) : OPERATING SYSTEMS

(JNTU CODE): Programme : UG

Branch: CSE A,B, C & D Version No : 2

Year: II Updated on : 3/6/2015

Semester: I No.of pages : 85

Classification status (Unrestricted / Restricted )

Distribution List : Department, Lab, Library, Lab In Charge

Prepared by : Modified by :

1) Name : Madhuri Agarwal Gupta 1) Name : Dr. Nagender Kumar Suryadevara

2) Sign : 2) Sign :

3) Design : Asst. Prof. 3) Design: Professor

4) Date : 4) Date :

Verified by : * For Q.C Only.

1) Name : Dr. Nagender Kumar 1) Name :

Suryadevara
2) Sign :
2) Sign :
3) Design :
3) Design : Professor
4) Date :
4) Date :

Approved by : (HOD )

1) Name :

2) Sign :

3) Date :

-2-
 List of Lab Exercises

S.No. Name of the programs Page

No.
1 E-R Model: Analyze the problem with the entities which identify data
persisted in the database which contains entities, attributes.
2 Concept design with E-R Model: Apply cardinalities for each
relationship, identify strong entities and weak entities for relationships
like generalization, aggregation, specialization.
3 Relation Model: Represent attributes as columns in tables and
different types of attributes like Composite, Multi-valued, and Derived.
4 Normalization
5 Installation of MySql and practicing DDL commands.
6 Practicing DML commands
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
7 Querying
Queries using ANY, ALL, IN, INTERSECT, UNION
8 Querying
Using aggregate functions COUNT, SUM using GROUPBY and
HAVING.
9 Querying
Using aggregate functions AVERAGE using GROUPBY and
HAVING
10 Procedures
Creation, Execution and Modification of stored Procedure

11 Cursors
A cursor on the given data

-3-
 ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS

S.No. Name of the Programs Page

no
1 Design and implement queries on EMP, dept, salgrade tables. 66

2 Design and implement queries on sailors, boats and reservation. 71

3 Design and implement queries on EMP, dept, salgrade tables. 71

-4-
Vision of the Department
To produce globally competent and socially responsible computer science engineers
contributing to the advancement of engineering and technology which involves creativity and
innovation by providing excellent learning environment with world class facilities.

Mission of the Department

1. To be a center of excellence in instruction, innovation in research and scholarship, and service to

the stake holders, the profession, and the public.

2. To prepare graduates to enter a rapidly changing field as a competent computer science engineer.

3. To prepare graduate capable in all phases of software development, possess a firm understanding of
hardware technologies, have the strong mathematical background necessary for scientific
computing, and be sufficiently well versed in general theory to allow growth within the discipline
as it advances.

4. To prepare graduates to assume leadership roles by possessing good communication skills, the
ability to work effectively as team members, and an appreciation for their social and ethical
responsibility in a global setting.

PEOs and POs

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. To provide graduates with a good foundation in mathematics, sciences and engineering
fundamentals required to solve engineering problems that will facilitate them to find employment
in industry and / or to pursue postgraduate studies with an appreciation for lifelong learning.

2. To provide graduates with analytical and problem solving skills to design algorithms, other
hardware / software systems, and inculcate professional ethics, inter-personal skills to work in a
multi-cultural team.

3. To facilitate graduates to get familiarized with the art software / hardware tools, imbibing
creativity and innovation that would enable them to develop cutting-edge technologies of multi-
disciplinary nature for societal development.

-5-
PROGRAM OUTCOMES

1. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering to develop and

analyze computing systems.
2. an ability to analyze a problem and identify and define the computing requirements
appropriate for its solution under given constraints.
3. An ability to perform experiments to analyze and interpret data for different applications.
4. An ability to design, implement and evaluate computer-based systems, processes,
components or programs to meet desired needs within realistic constraints of time and space.
5. An ability to use current techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary to
practice as a CSE professional.
6. An ability to recognize the importance of professional, ethical, legal, security and social
issues and addressing these issues as a professional.
7. An ability to analyze the local and global impact of systems /processes /applications
/technologies on individuals, organizations, society and environment.
8. An ability to function in multidisciplinary teams.
9. An ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences.
10.Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering, management and economic
principles and apply them to manage projects as a member and leader in a team.
11.A recognition of the need for and an ability to engage in life-long learning and continuing
professional development
12.Knowledge of contemporary issues.
13.An ability to apply design and development principles in producing software systems of
varying complexity using various project management tools.
14.An ability to identify, formulate and solve innovative engineering problems.

Mapping of Lab Course with Programme Educational Objectives

S.No Course code course Semester PEO 1 PEO 2 PEO 3

component

Professional
1 DBMS II √ √
core

-6-
Mapping of Lab Course outcomes with Programme outcomes:

Pos 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
DBMS Exp no.
CO1: Student 1 H H L H H L
gains the
ability to
Construct E-R
diagrams.
CO 2: Student 2,3 H H L H H L
gains the
ability to
describe the
data
requirements
for a new
information
system in a
direct and easy
to understand
graphical
notation.

CO 3: Student 2,3 H H L H H L
gains the
ability to
implement
Notation to
Describe the
Relational
Schema and to
Represent an
ER Model as a
Relational
Model.
CO 4: Students 4 L L H L L
are able to
build the
database that
does not have
Professional core

redundant data.

CO 5: Students 5,6,7,8 L H H H L H
have the ability
to Categorize
the main

-7-
database
objects,
Review and
create the table
structure with
constraints.
CO 6: Students 6,7,8 HH H L H
are able to
perform
transactions
like updating,
deleting,
inserting and
selecting data
from a data
base.

CO 7: Student 6,7,8,9 L L H H L H
are able to
implement
queries using
ANY, ALL,
IN,
INTERSECT,
UNION and
aggregate
operators.
CO 8: Students 10 L L H H
have the ability
to change
database
manager from
a passive
system to an
active one.

CO 9: Students 10,11,12 L L H H
are able to
implement
procedures ,
cursors and
triggers.

-8-
 DBMS
Lab Manual

-9-
 INTRODUCTION

What is Oracle?

Oracle is the name of the database management system that comes from Oracle
Corporation.

Oracle9i is the latest product released by Oracle Corporation. Unlike Oracle8i, which is
only a database management system, Oracle9i is a collection of following software:

 Oracle9i Application Server – Oracle9iAS

 Oracle9i Database Server – Oracle9iDB

 Oracle9i Developer Suite – Oracle9iDS

In simple words Oracle9i is a platform and not a simple database management system.
Oracle9iDB is the database management system that is used to store and access data.
Oracle is by far the most widely used relational database management system (RDBMS).

Oracle Corporation is second largest software company next to Microsoft. Oracle

Corporation has been targeting Internet programming with the caption - software powers
the internet.

This book is about Oracle Database Server. It doesn’t discuss about other products in
Oracle9i.

Oracle Corporation is also into Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). It has Oracle
Applications that includes Oracle Financials etc.

Oracle Database Server

Oracle database server is one of the databases that are widely used in client/server
computing as back-end. Front-end programs that are written using application
development tools such as Visual basic access Oracle and submit SQL commands for
execution. Oracle8i onwards oracle is trying to provide extra facilities that are required to
be an internet database.

- 10 -
 Figure 1: Oracle Server as Server in Client/Server computing model.

Oracle8i provides special features to support various types of data that is to be stored in
web sites. Oracle supports both OLTP (online transaction processing) applications as well
data warehouse applications, which contain a very large database (VLDB).
One of the biggest advantages of Oracle has been its presence on around 100 different
platforms. Oracle is quite scalable, which means it can scale up and down very easily as
the requirements change.

Oracle also provides Java Virtual Machine (JVM) as part of database. This enables oracle
to run java programs. In fact, starting from Oracle8i, oracle can run programs written
either in PL/SQL or Java.

Oracle Instance
Oracle instance is a collection of memory structures and processed that are used to
manage oracle database. Each oracle database is to be accessed by one or more Oracle
instances. If two or more instances are accessing the same database, it is called as parallel
server architecture. In order to start using an oracle database, we must first start Oracle
instance. Oracle instance will them open the database and make it available to users. It is
beyond the scope of this book to discuss what Oracle instance actually contains. Please
read “Oracle Concepts” manual for complete information about oracle instance. In
nutshell every oracle installation contains at least one Oracle Instance and one oracle
database.

- 11 -
 Primary Memory (RAM)

Oracle Instance

Oracle Database

Hard disk

Figure 2: Oracle Instance and Oracle Database.

What Is Personal Oracle?

Personal Oracle is one of the flavors of Oracle. This is not a product that is used by
production system (systems where real data is stored). This is more like a learning tool. It
runs on desktop PCs. In personal oracle, oracle instance, oracle database and client
application all run on the same machine (see figure 3). Whereas in Oracle database
server, only oracle instance and database reside on the server and client applications run
on clients.

Client

Oracle Instance

Oracle Database

Figure 3: Personal Oracle.

It is also possible to develop an applications using Personal Oracle on you

desktop/laptop and deploy them in a client/server environment.

- 12 -
Starting up Database
Before we access oracle database, we must start oracle database. Starting up oracle
database means starting oracle instance and associating oracle instance with an oracle
database so that oracle instance can access the database. The process is very length and
complicated. Several steps are involved in it. But fortunately we do not have to know all
that happens when a database starts. We just need to select an option or two to startup
database. Generally you do not have to startup database in case of Oracle Server running
on Windows NT/Windows 2000 as oracle server automatically starts in this case.
However, if you ever have to start oracle database on Windows NT/Windows 2000,
follow the steps given below:

1. Start services program using Administrative Tools -> Service in Windows/2000

or Control Panel -> Service on Windows NT.
2. If service OracleServiceOracle8i has not yet started, click on it with right button
and select start option from popup menu.
The exact name of the service depends on the name you have given to oracle
instance at the time of installing it.

Note: Starting and shutting down the database is the job of Database Administrator. As
this books assumes that you are an application developer, it doesn’t get into those details.

Starting up database in Personal Oracle

Unlike Oracle Server in Personal Oracle, Oracle Instance doesn’t start on its own. The
Oracle Instance must be explicitly started. The following are the steps to start oracle on
Personal Oracle:
1. Select start database option in Personal Oracle8i for windows menu.

2. When a dialog box is displayed wait until the message Oracle Instance Started
appears.
3. Click on Close button to close the dialog box.

- 13 -
Starting SQL*PLUS
Sql*plus is a tool that comes along with Oracle. It is used to issue SQL and SQL*PLUS
commands. It provides command line interface through which we can enter SQL and
SQL*PLUS command.
To start SQL*PLUS, take the steps given below:
1. Select start->programs->Oracle - Oracle8i.
Oracle8i is the name of the instance. It may be different on your system.
2. Then select Application Development -> SQL Plus.
3. When Log On dialog box is displayed, enter username, password and Host string. Use
tab key to move from one field to another. For more information about each of these
fields, see next section.
4. Click on OK.
5. If the information supplied is valid then you enter into Oracle and SQL*PLUS
will display SQL> prompt.

Username, Password and Host String

Oracle is a multi-user database. Whoever is access the database must log on to database?
To log on we have to supply username and password. When the given username and
password are recognized by Oracle, it will allow us to access data. A user can access
only the data that belongs to his/her and not the data of others. However, it is possible for
a user to grant privileges to others so that other can access his/her data. Creation of users
and management of overall security is the responsibility of Database Administrator
(DBA). DBA is the person who makes sure that database is functioning smoothly. He is
responsible for operations such as taking backup of the database, recovering the database
in the event of failure, fine tuning database to get best performance. So, if you want to
have a new account under your name, please consult administrator of your database.

Username & Password

Every user who wants to access oracle database must have an account in the database.
These accounts are created by DBA. Each account is associated with username and
password.
Oracle comes with a set of predefined accounts. The following are the usernames
and passwords of these accounts.
Username Password
system manager

- 14 -
sys change_on_install
Scott tiger
Demo demo

Note: when you enter into oracle using either system or sys then you become
DBA. That means you get special privileges to perform major operations such as
creating users etc.

Host String
Host string is a name that is used to access oracle server that is running on a different
machine from client. This is required only when you are trying to access oracle server
that is not on the current machine. That means, you never need to use host string for
Personal Oracle as client and oracle always run on the same machine in Personal Oracle.
Host string is required when you are trying to connect to Oracle Server running on
remote machine. Host string is actually called as net service name. Net service name is
a name that is stored in TNSNAMES.ORA file on the client to provide the following
information.
Host Name of the machine or IP address of the machine on
Which oracle server is running?
Instance Name of the Oracle Instance running on the remote
machine.
Port Number Port number of the listener, a program that takes
Requests from clients. Port number is an integer that
Uniquely identifies the program on the server.

How to enter SQL statements?

SQL*PLUS allow to types of command to entered at the prompt - SQL and
SQL*PLUS.
SQL commands include commands of ANSI/ISO SQL and extra commands added to
ANSI SQL by oracle.
The following are the rules to be followed while entering SQL commands.
1. An SQL statement may be entered in multiple lines.
2. It is not possible to break a word across lines.
3. SQL statement must be terminated by semicolon (;).
The following is an example of SQL command. What this command does is not
important at this moment.

- 15 -
SQL> select ccode, name
2 from courses
3 where fee > 5000;

In the above command, we entered the command in three lines. When you enter
semicolon and press enter key then SQL*PLUS will take it as the end of the command.
Also note that you have to press enter key at the end of each line.

Note: Both SQL and SQL*PLUS commands are NOT case sensitive.

How to enter SQL*PLUS statements?

SQL*Plus statements are available only in SQL*PLUS. They are not part of standard
SQL. SQL*Plus commands are mainly used for two purposes – editing SQL commands
and formatting result of query.
The following rules are to be followed while entering these commands.
1. The entire command must be entered on a single line.
2. No need to terminate command with semicolon (;).
3. Commands can be abbreviated. However, the amount of abbreviation is not fixed.
Some commands are abbreviated to one letter some are abbreviated to 2 and so on.

The following example show how to use CLEAR SCREEN command of

SQL*PLUS.
SQL>clear screen

Or it can be abbreviated to
SQL>clrscr
Common Errors
The following are the common errors that you get while you are trying to log on to
Oracle.
Ora-01017: invalid username/password; login denied

- 16 -
WEEK 1

AIM

E-R Model
Analyze the problem with the entities which identify data persisted in the database which
contains entities and attributes.

Objectives:

Student will able to learn the Entity-Relationship(ER) modeling to develop a conceptual model of data.

Outcomes:

Student gains the ability

 About business rules, notations and constructs.
 To Construct E-R diagrams including:
Entities (strong, weak, associative)
Attributes (simple, multi-valued, derived)
Relations (unary, binary, ternary)

Roadway Travels System

Requirements Analysis

Roadway Travels:

Roadway travels is in business since 1997 with several buses connecting different places in india. Its
main office is located in Hyderabad. The company wants to computerize its operations in the following
areas.

The company wants to computerize its operations in the following areas:

1. Reservations and Ticketing

2. Cancellations

Reservations & Cancellation:

Reservations are directly handled by booking office. Reservations can be made 30 days in
advance and tickets issued to passenger. One passenger/ person can book many tickets (to his/her
family).Cancellations are also directly handed at the booking office.
In the process of Computerization of Roadway Travels you have to design and develop a
Database which consists the data of Buses, Passengers, Tickets and Reservation and cancellation
details. You should also develop query‘s using SQL to retrieve the data from the database.

- 17 -
Following steps are involved in the process:
1. Analyzing the problem and identifying the Entities and Relationships
2. E-R Model
3. Normalised Relational Model
4. Creating the database
5. Querying.
6. Triggers and Stored procedures on the tables.
1) E-R Model:
Analyze the problem carefully and come up with the entities in it. Identify what data has to be persisted
in the database. This contains the entities, attributes etc. In this we wqill analyze different types of
entities with attributes of “Roadways Travels”.
Entity: An Entity is an object or concept about which you want to store information
Relationship: A relationship is an association between several entities.
Attributes: An object is characterized by its properties or attributes. In relational database systems
attributes correspond to fields.
The Road Way Travels Consists Of The Following Entities:
 BUS
 Ticket
 Passenger
 Reservation
 Cancellation/modification
These Entities have following attributes
Bus:
 Bus_id
 Bus_name
 Bus_type
 Bus_totalseats

Ticket:
 Ticket_booking
 Ticket_datejourney
 Ticket_to
 Ticket_from
 Ticket_id
 Ticket_no of tickets

Passenger:
 Pid
 Pname
 Pgender

- 18 -
 Page
 precancel

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Explain entity, relation and attributes?

2. What is the difference between weak entity and strong entity?
3. What are the different types of attributes?
4. Explain difference between multi valued and single valued attributes?
5. What is the difference between entity and entity set?

- 19 -
WEEK 2
Concept design with E-R Model and apply cardinalities for each relationship.
Identify strong entities and weak entities for relationships like generalization,
aggregation, specialization.

Objectives:

Student will able to learn data structures in terms of entity types, relationship types and attributes or
classes, associations and attributes.

Outcomes:

Student gains the ability to describe the data requirements for a new information system in a direct and
easy to understand graphical notation.
E_R diagram:

Bus No

Source

BUS

Destination

Departure Time

Date of journey Reservation

Sex

Ticket no Ticket Source

Departure time Age

- 20 -
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Draw an E-R Diagram For an ATM System.
2. Draw an E-R Diagram For school mgmt system.
3. Draw an E-R Diagram For Roadways Travels Systems.
4. Draw an E-R Diagram For Bank Mgmt System.
5. Explain many to many and many to one relationship.

- 21 -
WEEK 3
AIM
Relation Model represents attributes as columns in tables and different types of
attributes like composite, Multi-valued and Derived.
Objectives:

Student will able to learn the structural components of the relational data model.
Student will able to learn to map ER models into relational models.

Outcomes:

Student gains the ability

 To describe the Model Structure.
 To define Properties of Relations.
 To define Domains.
 To implement Notation to Describe the Relational Schema
 To Represent an ER Model as a Relational Model.

Example: The passenger tables look as below. This is an example. You can add more attributes based
on your E-R model. This is not a normalized table. Passenger

Bus passenger
Passenger-
#bus_no Tickets
#ppno
source #ppno
name
destination #ticket_no
age
#jrny_date
sex

address

phone-no

- 22 -
 Tickets

#tickets_no
no of tkts
From_place
T0_place
#Bus_no
#jrny_date

Name Age Sex Address Passport

ID

Note: The student is required to submit a document by Represent relationships in a tabular fashion to
the lab teacher.

2. Concept design with E-R model

Relate the entities appropriate for each relationship. Identify strong entities and week entities (if any).
Indicate the type of relationships (total/partial). In this we will design the different E-R diagram for
different entities and also the whole “Roadway Travels”.

E-R diagram: An entity-relationship(ER) diagram is a specified graphic that illustrates the

interrelationships between entities and database. W e can express the overall logical structure of
database graphically with an E-R diagram.

3. Relational Model and Normalization

Represent all the entities (Strong, Weak) in tabular fashion. Represent relationships in a tabular fashion.
There are different ways of representing relationships as tables based on the cardinality. Represent
attributes as columns in tables or as tables based on the requirement. In this we will represent the
different entities, attributes of different keys in a tabular fashion or manner.

- 23 -
Relational Model:

The relational model is a depiction of how each piece of stored information relates to the other stored
information. It shows how tables are linked, what type of the links are between tables, what keys are
used, what information is referenced between tables. It’s an essential part of developing a normalized
database structure to prevent repeat and redundant data storage.

Different types of keys:

 A super key is a set of one or more attributes which; taken collectively, allow us to identify
uniquely an entity in the entity set.
 A primary key is a candidate key(there may be more than one) chosen by the DB designer to
identify entities in an entity set.
 A super key may contain extraneous attributes, and we are often interested in the smallest super
key. A super key for which no subset is a super key is called a candidate key.
 An entity does not posses sufficient attributes to form a primary ket is called a weak entity set.
One that does have a primary key is called a strong entity set.
 A foreign key is a field in a relational table that matches the primary key column of another
table. The foreign key can be used to cross-reference tables.

Normalization

Database normalization is a technique for designing relational database tables to minimize duplication
of information and, in so doing, to safeguard the database against certain types of logical or structural
problems, namely data anomalies. In this we will write the normalization tables that is entities of
“Roadway Travels.”
Normalization: In relational databases, normalization is a process that eliminates redundancy,
organizes data efficiently; Normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database.
There are two goals of the normalization process: eliminating redundant data(for example, storing the
same data in more than one table) and ensuring data dependencies make sense(only storing related data
in a tablet). Both of these are worthy goals as they reduce the amt of space a database consumes and
ensure that data is logically stores.
The Normal Form: the database community has developed a series of guidelines for ensuring that
databases are normalized. These are referred to as normal forms and are numbered from one ( the lowest
form to normalization, referred to as first form or INF) through five(fifth normal form of SNF). In
practical applications, you’ll often see INF, 2NF, and 3NF along with occasional 4NF. Fifth normal
form is very rarely seen and won’t be discussed in this article. It’s important to point out that they are
guidelines and guidelines only. Occasionally, it becomes necessary to stray from them to meet practical
business requirements. However, when variations take place, it’s extremely important to evaluate any
possible requirements they could have on your system and account for possible inconsistencies. That
said, let’s explore the normal form.

- 24 -
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is relational model and its importance.

2. Explain the difference between candidate key and primary key.
3. What is a super key.
4. Differentiate among all types of keys with example.
5. Explain the need of foreign key.

- 25 -
WEEK 4

AIM
Normalization of tables

Objectives:

Student will able to learn to avoid problems that are associated with updating redundant data.

Outcomes:

Student gains the knowledge to build The database that does not have redundant data.

A basic objective of the first normal form defined by Edgar Frank "Ted" Codd in 1970 was to permit
data to be queried and manipulated using a "universal data sub-language" grounded in first-order
logic.(SQL is an example of such a data sub-language, albeit one that Codd regarded as seriously
flawed.)

The objectives of normalization beyond 1NF (First Normal Form) were stated as follows by Codd:

1. To free the collection of relations from undesirable insertion, update and deletion
dependencies;
2. To reduce the need for restructuring the collection of relations, as new types of data are
introduced, and thus increase the life span of application programs;
3. To make the relational model more informative to users;
4. To make the collection of relations neutral to the query statistics, where these statistics
are liable to change as time goes by.

Querying and manipulating the data within a data structure which is not normalized, such as the
following non-1NF representation of customers' credit card transactions, involves more complexity than
is really necessary:

Customer Transactions
Tr. ID Date Amount
Jones 12890 14-Oct-2003 −87
12904 15-Oct-2003 −50
r. ID Date Amount
Wilkinson
12898 14-Oct-2003 −21
Tr. ID Date Amount
12907 15-Oct-2003 −18
Stevens
14920 20-Nov-2003 −70
15003 27-Nov-2003 −60

- 26 -
To each customer corresponds a repeating group of transactions. The automated evaluation of any query
relating to customers' transactions therefore would broadly involve two stages:

1. Unpacking one or more customers' groups of transactions allowing the individual transactions in
a group to be examined, and
2. Deriving a query result based on the results of the first stage

For example, in order to find out the monetary sum of all transactions that occurred in October 2003 for
all customers, the system would have to know that it must first unpack the Transactions group of each
customer, then sum the Amounts of all transactions thus obtained where the Date of the transaction falls
in October 2003.

One of Codd's important insights was that this structural complexity could always be removed
completely, leading to much greater power and flexibility in the way queries could be formulated (by
users and applications) and evaluated (by the DBMS). The normalized equivalent of the structure above
would look like this:

Customer Tr. ID Date Amount

Jones 12890 14-Oct-2003 −87
Jones 12904 15-Oct-2003 −50
Wilkins 12898 14-Oct-2003 −21
Stevens 12907 15-Oct-2003 −18
Stevens 14920 20-Nov-2003 −70
Stevens 15003 27-Nov-2003 −60

Now each row represents an individual credit card transaction, and the DBMS can obtain the answer of
interest, simply by finding all rows with a Date falling in October, and summing their Amounts. The
data structure places all of the values on an equal footing, exposing each to the DBMS directly, so each
can potentially participate directly in queries; whereas in the previous situation some values were
embedded in lower-level structures that had to be handled specially. Accordingly, the normalized design
lends itself to general-purpose query processing, whereas the unnormalized design does not.

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Explain the need of normalization?

2. What is functional dependency?
3. Explain difference between third normal form and boyce codd normal form?
4. What is PJNF?
5. What is transitivity dependency?

- 27 -
WEEK 5

AIM
INSTALLATION OF MYSQL and Practicing DDL commands

Objectives:

Student will able to learn DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables.

Outcomes:

Student gains the ability to

• Categorize the main database objects
• Review the table structure
• List the data types that are available for columns
• Create a simple table
• Describe how constraints are created at the time of table creation
• Describe how schema objects work.

Requirements:

MYSQL, software for database that is “MYSQL.exe” required space for installing MYSQL server.

Description: In this we will install the MYSQL server and also practice the “DDL” commands.

Installation of MySQL and Practicing DDL commands:

Installation of MySQL:

Why MySQl:MySQL is undoubtedly the most popular and widely-used open source database:

 It is simple to setup and use.

 It is recognised as one of the fastest databse engines.
 Most linux( and many Windows-based)web hosts offer MySQL.
 MySQL is closely integrated with PHP, which makes it an ideal cndidate for many web
applications.

Why Install MySQL Locally?

Installing MySQL on your development PC allows you to safely create and test a web application
without affecting the data or systems on your live website.

- 28 -
Installing MySQL on Windows: In this section you will learn how to install MySQL 5.0 on windows
system the MySQl 3.21 was first version for the windows. Windows installer of MySQL includes auto
installer with configuration Wizard that support for easy installation.

PRACTICING DDL COMMANDS:

Creating a table:

To store data into the database we must create a table with same structure as the data we have to
store into the database. To create a table use the create table Command that has the following syntax.
Syntax: SQL>Create table <tablE name> (<colname>< datatype>[constraints],<colname>
[constraints]……. colname>< datatype>[constraints],[table level constraints])
student table:
Sid int pK

Sname Varchar(30) Notnull

Course Varchar(30) default ‘cpp’

Query for creating Student Table:

Create table student (Sid int constraint sid_PK Primary Key, Sname varchar(30) not null. Course
varchar(30) constraint default-course default’CPP’)

Altering Table structure:

After creating table we may want to add or remove columns and constraints or change the data type of a
column to perform all these operations, we have to use alter table that has the following syntax,

1. Alter column: this option is used to change the datatype of a column or add or remove not null
constraint.

Syntax: Alter Tabl<tablEname>AlterColumn<colname><datatype>Null/NotNull

Q: Sp_help’student’ //Execute

EX: The following example changes the data types of sname column of student table to char with
maximum length 40 removes the not Null Column constraint available on it.

Q: Alter Table Student Alter Column Sname Char (40) Null

Q: sp_help’student //Execute

3. Drop Column: this option is used to delete columns from the table

Syntax: Alter Table<tablEName>Drop Column<Column List>

- 29 -
Ex: The following example deletes the columns Fname and address from the table student.

Q: Alter table Drop Column Fname, Address.

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Write the syntax for all DDL commands?

2. What is the difference between drop and truncate command?

3. What is DDL interpreter?

4. What is the command to delete columns from table?

- 30 -
WEEK 6

AIM

Practicing DML commands

Objectives:

Student will able to learn commands that make changes in relational database and transaction
management.

Outcomes:

Student gains the knowledge to perform transactions like updating, deleting, inserting and selecting data
from a data base.

SELECT INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE.

5. Data Manipulation Language commands

1) Inserting rows into the table: To insert rows into the table we have to use insert Command that
has the following syntax

Syntax: insert [into] <tablename>values ([values>)

While using thei syntax of insert command we must provide value for every column. Whenever we
want to insert null into a column then use the keyword null and to insert default value for a column use
the keyword default.

Ex:The following examples insert rows into the table student

Insert student Values (1001,’A’,’Dotnet’)

Insert student Values (1002,’B’,’Defaultt)

Insert student Values (1003,’C’,’SQL’)

Select * from student //Execute this line

Ex:The following examples insert rows into the table marks

Insert Marks Values (1001, 77, 54, 67, null, null, null)

- 31 -
Insert Marks Values (1002, 70, 45, 56, null, null, null)

Insert Marks Values (1005, 78, 65, 89, null, null, null)

Select * from marks //select this line and execute

2) Creating a table from another table: When we have to create a new table from existing table then
use the following Syntax of Select statement.

Syntax: Select*|<column list>into<new table name>from <old table name>[where<condition>]

Ex: the following example creates a table with name student3 from the table student.

Q: Select * into student3 from student //Execute

3) Updating Rows in the table: When we have to modify the existing data in the table then we have to
use update Command that has the following syntax

Syntax: Update <tablEname> Set<column>=<value>,<colname>=<value>…[Where<condition>]

Ex:The following examples updates name and course of the student with id 1004 to S and DOTNET

Q: Update student set name-‘S’, course=’’DOTNET’ where sid=1004

Q: Select * from student

EX: The following example updates marks table by calculating total and average for all rows.

Q: update marks set total=C+CPP+SQL,aveg=(C+CPP+SQL)/3.0

Q: Select * from marks

Ex:the following example updates marks table by calculating the grade on average marks.

Q: Update marks set grade=

Case

When Aveg>=70 then ‘distinction’

When Aveg>=60 and Aveg<70 then ‘first class’

When Aveg>=50 and Aveg<60 then’Second class’

When Aveg>=35 And Aveg<50 then’third class’

- 32 -
Else’Fail’

End

4) Deleting Rows from the table:To delete rows from table use the delete Command that has the
following syntax:

Syntax: Delete Rows from Table Delete[from]<tblEname>[where<condition>]

Ex: The following example deletes the student record with si4-1004 from marks table

Q: Delete marks where sid=1004

Q: Select * from marks

EX: The following example deletes all rows from the marks.

Q: Delete marks

Output

RATING MINAGE
8 25.5
7 35
3 25.5

4. Create the table using following attributes BUS (BUSNO: VARCHAR2 (10): PK,
SOURCE: VARCHAR2 (50), DESTINATION: VARCHAR2 (50))

Creating table

Syntax

Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query

Create table create table BUS (BUSNO VARCHAR2(10) Primary Key, SOURCE
VARCHAR2 (50), DESTINATION VARCHAR2 (50));

Describing table

Query

Desc bus

- 33 -
Output
Table Col umn Data Type Length Preci si on Scal e Primar y Key Null abl e Defaul t Comment

BUS BUSNO Varchar2 10 - - 1 - - -

SOURCE Varchar2 50 - - - - -

DESTINATION Varchar2 50 - - - - -

1-3

Inserting records into “Bus” table

Syntax

Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

Query

insert into bus values(1234,'hyderabad',’tirupathi’);

insert into bus values(2345,'hyderabad',’tirupathi’);

insert into bus values(23,'hyderabad',’kolkata’);

insert into bus values(45,' tirupathi ',’banglore’);

insert into bus values(34,'hyderabad',’chennai’);

Display table

Syntax

Select <select list> from <table name>

Query

Select * from bus;

Output

BUSNO SOURCE DESTINATION

1234 hyderabad tirupathi
2345 hyderabad tirupathi
23 hyderabad kolkata

- 34 -
 45 tirupathi banglore
34 hyderabad chennai

5. Create the table using following attributes PASSENGER (PPNO: VARCHAR2 (15):
PK, NAME: VARCHAR2 (15), AGE: INT (4), SEX: CHAR (10): MALE/FEMALE,
ADDRESS: VARCHAR2 (50))

Creating table

Syntax

Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query

CREATE TABLE PASSENGER (PPNO VARCHAR2 (15) PRIMARY KEY, NAME

VARCHAR2 (15), AGE NUMBER (4), SEX CHAR (10), ADDRESS VARCHAR2
(50));

Describing table

Query

Desc PASSENGER

Output
Table Col umn Data Type Length Preci si on Scal e Primar y Key Null abl e Defaul t Comment
PASSENGER PPNO Varchar2 15 - - 1 - - -
NAME Varchar2 15 - - - - -

AGE Number - 4 0 - - -

SEX Char 10 - - - - -

ADDRESS Varchar2 50 - - - - -

1-5

Inserting records into “PASSENGER” table

Syntax

- 35 -
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

Query

insert into PASSENGER values(1,'TIRUMALAY',19,'MALE','AMBERPET');

insert into PASSENGER values(2,'SUPRIYA',20,'FEMALE','B.B NAGAR');

insert into PASSENGER values(3,'AMULYA',20,'FEMALE','ECIL');

insert into PASSENGER values(4,'NAGARAJU',20,'MALE','NAGARAM');

insert into PASSENGER values(5,'AVS.RAVI',20,'MALE','B.B NAGAR');

Display table

Syntax

Select <select list> from <table name>

Query

Select * from PASSENGER;

Output

PPNO NAME AGE SEX ADDRESS

1 TIRUMALAY 19 MALE AMBERPET
2 SUPRIYA 20 FEMALE B.B NAGAR
3 AMULYA 20 FEMALE ECIL
4 NAGARAJU 20 MALE NAGARAM
5 AVS.RAVI 20 MALE B.B NAGAR

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the syntax for insert command?

2. Define Key constraint?

3. What is the difference between NULL Values and NOT NULL Values?

4. What is the command to display table?

- 36 -
WEEK 7

AIM

QUERYING
QUERIES USING ANY, ALL, IN, INTERSECT, UNION

Objectives:

Student will able to learn to operate on multiple result sets to return a single result set.
Student will able to learn to perform nested Queries.

Outcomes:

Student gains the knowledge to implement queries using ANY, ALL, IN, INTERSECT, UNION.

6. Create the table using following attributes TICKET (TICKET_NO: NUMERIC (9):
PK, JOURNEY_DATE: DATE, AGE: INT (4), SEX: CHAR (10): MALE/FEMALE,
SOURCE: VARCHAR2 (50), DEP_TIME: VARCHAR2 (50))

Creating table

Syntax

Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query

CREATE TABLE TICKET (TICKET_NO NUMBER (9) PRIMARY KEY ,

JOURNEY_DATE DATE, AGE NUMBER (4), SEX CHAR (10), SOURCE
VARCHAR2 (50), DEP_TIME VARCHAR2 (50))

Describing table

Query

Desc TICKET

- 37 -
Output

Table Col umn Data Type Length Preci si on Scal e Primar y Key Null abl e Defaul t Comment

TICKET TICKET_NO Number - 9 0 1 - - -

JOURNEY_DATE Date 7 - - - - -

AGE Number - 4 0 - - -

SEX Char 10 - - - - -

SOURCE Varchar2 50 - - - - -

DEP_TIME Varchar2 50 - - - - -

Inserting records into “TICKET” table

Syntax

Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

Query

insert into TICKET values(1203,'10/FEB/11',19,'MALE','HYDERABAD','10.30 AM');

insert into TICKET values(1213,'10/FEB/11',19,'FEMALE','HYDERABAD','10.30

AM');

insert into TICKET values(1201,'13/FEB/11',20,'FEMALE','HYDERABAD','11.30

AM');

insert into TICKET values(1202,'14/FEB/11',20,'MALE','TIRUPATHI','11.00 AM');

insert into TICKET values(1205,'14/FEB/11',20,'MALE','HYDERABAD','11.00 AM');

Display table

Syntax

Select <select list> from <table name>

Query

- 38 -
select * from TICKET;

Output

TICKET_NO JOURNEY_DATE AGE SEX SOURCE DEP_TIME

1203 10-FEB-11 19 MALE HYDERABAD 10.30 AM
1213 10-FEB-11 19 FEMALE HYDERABAD 10.30 AM
1201 13-FEB-11 20 FEMALE HYDERABAD 11.30 AM
1202 14-FEB-11 20 MALE TIRUPATHI 11.00 AM
1205 14-FEB-11 20 MALE HYDERABAD 11.00 AM

7.Create the table using following attributes PASSENGER_TICKETS (PPNO:

VARCHAR2 (15): PK, TICKET_NO: NUMERIC (9))

Creating table

Syntax

Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query

CREATE TABLE PASSENGER_TICKETS (PPNO VARCHAR2 (15) PRIMARY

KEY, TICKET_NO NUMBER (9))

Describing table

Query

Desc PASSENGER_TICKETS

Output

Com
Table Col umn Data Type Length Preci si on Scal e Primar y Key Null abl e Defaul t ment

PASSENGER_TICKE
PPNO Varchar2 15 - - 1 - - -
TS

TICKET_NO Number - 9 0 - - -

- 39 -
Inserting records into “PASSENGER_TICKETS” table

Syntax

Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

Query

insert into PASSENGER_TICKETS values(1,1203);

insert into PASSENGER_TICKETS values(2,1213);

insert into PASSENGER_TICKETS values(3,1201);

insert into PASSENGER_TICKETS values(4,1202);

insert into PASSENGER_TICKETS values(5,1205);

Display table

Syntax

Select <select list> from <table name>

Query

select * from TICKET;

Output
PPNO TICKET_NO
1 1203
2 1213
3 1201
4 1202
5 1205

8. Create the table using following attributes RESERVATION (PNR_NO: NUMERIC

(9): FK, JOURNEY_DATE: DATE, NO_OF_SEATS: INT (8), ADDRESS:
VARCHAR2 (50), CONTACT_NO: NUMERIC (10), STATUS: CHAR (3): YES/NO)

- 40 -
  FOREIGN KEY(PNR_NO ) REFERENCES PASSENGER_TICKECTS(PPNO);

Creating table

Syntax

Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query

create table reservation (pnr_no varchar2(15),journey_date date,no_of_seats

number(8),address varchar2(50),contact_no number(10),status char(3),foreign
key(pnr_no)references passenger_tickets(ppno));

Describing table

Query

Desc reservation

Output
Table Col umn Data Type Length Preci si on Scal e Primar y Key Null abl e Defaul t Comment

RESERV
PNR_NO Varchar2 15 - - - - -
ATION

JOURNEY_DATE Date 7 - - - - -

NO_OF_SEATS Number - 8 0 - - -

ADDRESS Varchar2 50 - - - - -

CONTACT_NO Number - 10 0 - - -

STATUS Char 3 - - -

Inserting records into “reservation” table

Syntax

Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

- 41 -
Query

insert into reservation values(1,'10/feb/11',5,'amberpet','7416944004','yes');

insert into reservation values(1,'11/feb/11',8,'amberpet','7416944004','yes');

insert into reservation values(2,'11/feb/11',8,'b.b nagar','7207204221','yes');

insert into reservation values(2,'14/feb/11',2,'b.b nagar','7207204221','yes');

insert into reservation values(3,'14/feb/11',3,'ecil','00000000','yes');

insert into reservation values(4,'14/feb/11',4,'nagaram','9700135300','yes');

insert into reservation values(5,'16/feb/11',1,'b.b nagar','8143528258','yes');

insert into reservation values(5,'15/feb/11',7,'b.b nagar','8143528258','yes');

Display table

Syntax

Select <select list> from <table name>

Query

select * from reservation;

Output

PNR_NO JOURNEY_DATE NO_OF_SEATS ADDRESS CONTACT_NO STATUS

1 10-FEB-11 5 amberpet 7416944004 yes
1 11-FEB-11 8 amberpet 7416944004 yes
2 11-FEB-11 8 b.b nagar 7207204221 yes
2 14-FEB-11 2 b.b nagar 7207204221 yes
3 14-FEB-11 3 ecil 0 yes
4 14-FEB-11 4 nagaram 9700135300 yes
5 16-FEB-11 1 b.b nagar 8143528258 yes
5 15-FEB-11 7 b.b nagar 8143528258 yes

- 42 -
 Create the table using following attributes CANCELLATION (PNR_NO: NUMERIC
(9): FK, JOURNEY_DATE: DATE, NO_OF_SEATS: INT (8), ADDRESS:
VARCHAR2 (50), CONTACT_NO: NUMERIC (9), STATUS: CHAR (3): YES/NO)

 FOREIGN KEY(PNR_NO ) REFERENCES PASSENGER_TICKECTS(PPNO);

Creating table

Syntax

Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query

create table cancellation (pnr_no varchar2(15),journey_date date,no_of_seats

number(8),address varchar2(50),contact_no number(10),status char(3),foreign
key(pnr_no)references passenger_tickets(ppno));

Describing table

Query

Desc reservation

Output

Com
Table Col umn Data Type Length Preci si on Scal e Primar y Key Null abl e Defaul t ment

CANCELLAT
PNR_NO Varchar2 15 - - - - -
ION

JOURNEY_DATE Date 7 - - - - -

NO_OF_SEATS Number - 8 0 - - -

ADDRESS Varchar2 50 - - - - -

CONTACT_NO Number - 10 0 - - -

STATUS Char 3 - - - - -

- 43 -
Inserting records into “CANCELLATION” table

Syntax

Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

Query

insert into cancellation values(1,'10/feb/11',5,'amberpet','7416944004','yes');

insert into cancellation values(1,'11/feb/11',8,'amberpet','7416944004','yes');

insert into cancellation values(2,'11/feb/11',8,'b.b nagar','7207204221','yes');

insert into cancellation values(2,'14/feb/11',2,'b.b nagar','7207204221','yes');

insert into cancellation values(3,'14/feb/11',3,'ecil','00000000','yes');

insert into cancellation values(4,'14/feb/11',4,'nagaram','9700135300','yes');

insert into cancellation values(5,'16/feb/11',1,'b.b nagar','8143528258','yes');

insert into cancellation values(5,'15/feb/11',7,'b.b nagar','8143528258','yes');

Display table

Syntax

Select <select list> from <table name>

Query

select * from cancellation

Output

PNR_NO JOURNEY_DATE NO_OF_SEATS ADDRESS CONTACT_NO STATUS

1 10-FEB-11 5 amberpet 7416944004 yes
1 11-FEB-11 8 amberpet 7416944004 yes
2 11-FEB-11 8 b.b nagar 7207204221 yes
2 14-FEB-11 2 b.b nagar 7207204221 yes
3 14-FEB-11 3 ecil 0 yes

- 44 -
 4 14-FEB-11 4 nagaram 9700135300 yes
5 16-FEB-11 1 b.b nagar 8143528258 yes
5 15-FEB-11 7 b.b nagar 8143528258 yes

26. Write a trigger on passenger to display messages ‘1 Record is inserted’, ‘1 record is

deleted’, ‘1 record is updated’ when insertion, deletion and updation are done on
passenger respectively.

27. Display unique PNR_NO of all passengers.

Query

select distinct(pnr_no) from reservation;

Output

PNR_NO
1
3
5
2
4

28. Display all the names of male passengers.

Query

select name from passenger where sex='MALE'

Output
NAME
TIRUMALAY
NAGARAJU
AVS.RAVI

- 45 -
29. Display the ticket numbers and names of all the passengers.

Query

select p.name,t.ticket_no from passenger p,passenger_tickets t where

t.ppno=p.ppno
NAME TICKET_NO
TIRUMALAY 1203 Output
SUPRIYA 1213
AMULYA 1201
NAGARAJU 1202
AVS.RAVI 1205

30. Find the ticket numbers of the passengers whose name start with ‘t’ and ends with ‘y’.

Query

select t.ticket_no from passenger p,passenger_tickets t where p.name like

'T%Y'and t.ppno=p.ppno;

Output
TICKET_NO
1203
31. Find the names of passengers whose age is between 15 and 20.

Query

select name from passenger where age between 15 and 20

Output

NAME
TIRUMALAY
SUPRIYA
AMULYA
NAGARAJU
AVS.RAVI

- 46 -
32. Display all the passengers names beginning with ‘A’.

Query

select name from passenger where name like 'A%';

Output

NAME
AMULYA
AVS.RAVI

33. Display the sorted list of passengers names.

Query

select name from passenger order by name;

Output

NAME
AMULYA
AVS.RAVI
NAGARAJU
SUPRIYA
TIRUMALAY

34. Write a query to display the information present in the PASSENGER and
CANCELLATION tables. (Use UNION Operator).

Query

select * from passenger p,cancellation c where p.ppno=c.pnr_no

union

select * from passenger p1,cancellation c1 where p1.ppno=c1.pnr_no

- 47 -
Output

PP NAME A SEX ADDR PNR_ JOURNEY_ NO_OF_S ADDR CONTAC STAT

NO GE ESS NO DATE EATS ESS T_NO US
1 TIRUMA 19 MAL AMBER 1 10-FEB-11 5 amberpe 7416944004 yes
LAY E PET t
1 TIRUMA 19 MAL AMBER 1 11-FEB-11 8 amberpe 7416944004 yes
LAY E PET t
2 SUPRIY 20 FEMA B.B 2 11-FEB-11 8 b.b 7207204221 yes
A LE NAGAR nagar
2 SUPRIY 20 FEMA B.B 2 14-FEB-11 2 b.b 7207204221 yes
A LE NAGAR nagar
3 AMULY 20 FEMA ECIL 3 14-FEB-11 3 ecil 0 yes
A LE
4 NAGAR 20 MAL NAGAR 4 14-FEB-11 4 nagaram 9700135300 yes
AJU E AM
5 AVS.RA 20 MAL B.B 5 15-FEB-11 7 b.b 8143528258 yes
VI E NAGAR nagar
5 AVS.RA 20 MAL B.B 5 16-FEB-11 1 b.b 8143528258 yes
VI E NAGAR nagar

35. Display the number of tickets booked for each PNR_NO using GROUP BY clause.
(Use GROUP BY on PNR_NO).

Query

select pnr_no,sum(no_of_seats) from reservation group by pnr_no;

Output

PNR_NO SUM(NO_OF_SEATS)
1 13
3 3
5 8
2 10
4 4

- 48 -
36. Find the distinct PNR numbers that are present.

Query

Select distict (pnr_no) from reservation;

Output
PNR_NO
1
3
5
2
4

37. Find the number of tickets booked by a passenger where the number of seats is
greater than 5. (Use GROUP BY, WHERE and HAVING clauses).

Query

select pnr_no,sum(no_of_seats) from reservation group by pnr_no having

sum(no_of_seats) > 5

Output

PNR_NO SUM(NO_OF_SEATS)
1 13
5 8
2 10

38. Find the total number of cancelled seats.

Query

select sum(no_of_seats) from cancellation;

Output

SUM(NO_OF_SEATS)
38

- 49 -
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the syntax for create command?

2. What is the difference between primary key and foreign key?

3. What is the command to display data from a table?

4. What are the types of clause used in mysql ?

- 50 -
WEEK 8 & 9:

Querying Using Aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVERAGE using GROUPBY

and HAVING) Queries using Aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX and
MIN), GROUP BY, HAVING and Creation and dropping of Views.
Objectives:

Student will able to learn to perform mathematical operations that return a single value, calculated from
values in a column.

Outcomes:

Student gains the knowledge to perform aggregate operations on the database appropriately.

Aggregate operators: In addition to simply retrieving data, we often want to perform

some computation or summarization. SQL allows the use of arithmetic expressions. We
now consider a powerful class of constructs for computing aggregate values such as MIN
and SUM.

1. Count: COUNT following by a column name returns the count of tuple in that
column. If DISTINCT keyword is used then it will return only the count of unique tuple
in the column. Otherwise, it will return count of all the tuples (including duplicates) count
(*) indicates all the tuples of the column.

Syntax: COUNT (Column name)

Example: SELECT COUNT (Sal) FROM emp;

2. SUM: SUM followed by a column name returns the sum of all the values in that
column.

Syntax: SUM (Column name)

Example: SELECT SUM (Sal) From emp;

3. AVG: AVG followed by a column name returns the average value of that column
values.

- 51 -
 Syntax: AVG (n1,n2..)

Example: Select AVG(10, 15, 30) FROM DUAL;

4. MAX: MAX followed by a column name returns the maximum value of that column.

Syntax: MAX (Column name)

Example: SELECT MAX (Sal) FROM emp;

SQL> select deptno,max(sal) from emp group by deptno;

DEPTNO MAX(SAL)

------ --------

10 5000

20 3000

30 2850

SQL> select deptno,max(sal) from emp group by deptno having max(sal)<3000;

DEPTNO MAX(SAL)

----- --------

30 2850

5. MIN: MIN followed by column name returns the minimum value of that column.

Syntax: MIN (Column name)

Example: SELECT MIN (Sal) FROM emp;

SQL>select deptno,min(sal) from emp group by deptno having min(sal)>1000;

DEPTNO MIN(SAL)

----- --------

10 1300

- 52 -
VIEW: In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement.

A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are
fields from one or more real tables in the database.

You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN statements to a view and present
the data as if the data were coming from one single table.

A view is a virtual table, which consists of a set of columns from one or more
tables. It is similar to a table but it doest not store in the database. View is a query stored
as an object.

Syntax: CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT set of fields FROM

relation_name WHERE (Condition)

1. Example:

SQL>CREATE VIEW employee AS SELECT empno,ename,job FROM EMP

WHERE job = ‘clerk’;

View created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;

EMPNO ENAME JOB

---- ------ -------

7369 SMITH CLERK

7876 ADAMS CLERK

7900 JAMES CLERK

7934 MILLER CLERK

- 53 -
2.Example:

CREATE VIEW [Current Product List] AS

SELECT ProductID,ProductName
FROM Products
WHERE Discontinued=No

DROP VIEW: This query is used to delete a view , which has been already created.

Syntax: DROP VIEW View_name;

Example : SQL> DROP VIEW EMPLOYEE;

View dropped

Queries using Conversion functions (to_char, to_number and to_date), string

functions (Concatenation, lpad, rpad, ltrim, rtrim, lower, upper, initcap, length,
substr and instr), date functions (Sysdate, next_day, add_months, last_day,
months_between, least, greatest, trunc, round, to_char, to_date)

1. Conversion functions:To_char: TO_CHAR (number) converts n to a value

of VARCHAR2 data type, using the optional number format fmt. The value n can
be of type NUMBER, BINARY_FLOAT, or BINARY_DOUBLE.

SQL>select to_char(65,'RN')from dual;

To_number : TO_NUMBER converts expr to a value of NUMBER data type.

SQL> Select to_number('1234.64') from Dual;

1234.64

To_date:TO_DATE converts char of CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR,

or NVARCHAR2 data type to a value of DATE data type.

- 54 -
SQL>SELECT TO_DATE('January 15, 1989, 11:00 A.M.')FROM DUAL;

TO_DATE('
---------
15-JAN-89

2. String functions:

Concat: CONCAT returns char1 concatenated with char2. Both char1 and char2 can be
any of the datatypes

SQL>SELECT CONCAT(‘ORACLE’,’CORPORATION’)FROM DUAL;

ORACLECORPORATION

Lpad: LPAD returns expr1, left-padded to length n characters with the sequence of
characters in expr2.

SQL>SELECT LPAD(‘ORACLE’,15,’*’)FROM DUAL;**********ORACLE

Rpad: RPAD returns expr1, right-padded to length n characters with expr2, replicated as
many times as necessary.

SQL>SELECT RPAD (‘ORACLE’,15,’*’)FROM DUAL;

ORACLE*********

Ltrim: Returns a character expression after removing leading blanks.

SQL>SELECT LTRIM(‘SSMITHSS’,’S’)FROM DUAL;

MITHSS

Rtrim: Returns a character string after truncating all trailing blanks

SQL>SELECT RTRIM(‘SSMITHSS’,’S’)FROM DUAL;

SSMITH

- 55 -
Lower: Returns a character expression after converting uppercase character data to
lowercase.

SQL>SELECT LOWER(‘DBMS’)FROM DUAL;

dbms

Upper: Returns a character expression with lowercase character data converted to

uppercase

SQL>SELECT UPPER(‘dbms’)FROM DUAL;

DBMS

Length: Returns the number of characters, rather than the number of bytes, of the
given string expression, excluding trailing blanks.

SQL>SELECT LENGTH(‘DATABASE’)FROM DUAL;

Substr: Returns part of a character, binary, text, or image expression.

SQL>SELECT SUBSTR(‘ABCDEFGHIJ’3,4)FROM DUAL;

CDEF

Instr: The INSTR functions search string for substring. The function returns an integer
indicating the position of the character in string that is the first character of this
occurrence.

SQL>SELECT INSTR('CORPORATE FLOOR','OR',3,2)FROM DUAL;

14

3. Date functions:

Sysdate: SQL>SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;

29-DEC-08

- 56 -
next_day:

SQL>SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,’WED’)FROM DUAL;

05-JAN-09

add_months:

SQL>SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,2)FROM DUAL;

28-FEB-09

last_day:

SQL>SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)FROM DUAL;

31-DEC-08

months_between:

SQL>SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE)FROM EMP; 4

Least:

SQL>SELECT LEAST('10-JAN-07','12-OCT-07')FROM DUAL;

10-JAN-07

Greatest:

SQL>SELECT GREATEST('10-JAN-07','12-OCT-07')FROM DUAL;

10-JAN-07

Trunc:

SQL>SELECT TRUNC(SYSDATE,'DAY')FROM DUAL;

28-DEC-08

- 57 -
Round:

SQL>SELECT ROUND(SYSDATE,'DAY')FROM DUAL;

28-DEC-08

to_char:

SQL> select to_char(sysdate, "dd\mm\yy") from dual;

24-mar-05.

to_date:

SQL> select to_date(sysdate, "dd\mm\yy") from dual;

24-mar-o5.

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are aggregate functions?

2. What is the difference between LPAD and RPAD?

3. Define View?

4. What is the difference between group by and order by clause?

- 58 -
WEEK 10
Triggers: Creation of INSERT TRIGGER, DELETE TRIGGER, UPDATE TRIGGER.
Objectives:

Student will able to learn to monitor a database and take initiate action when a condition occurs.

Outcomes:

Student gains the ability to change database manager from a passive system to an active one.

1)Write a trigger which ill check if the passenger is greater than 40 before a row is
inserted into a passenger table.

2 SQL>CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER passenger_age

3 Before insert on passenger
4 FOR EACH ROW
5 DECLARE
6 BEGIN
7 IF(:new, Age<40)THEN
8 Raise-application-error (-20110,’invalid age’);
9 END IF;
10 END;
Trigger created
SQL>insert into passenger values (81,’srinu’, 10, 22);
Value inserted
SQL>insert into passenger values (25,’rksd’, 5, 16);
ORA-20110: invalid age.
ORA-06512: at”gcet_550.passenger_age”, line 4.
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger’gcet_550.passenger_age’

- 59 -
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is Trigger?
2. What is Nested Trigger?
3. What are the types on Triggers?
4. What is the difference between For Trigger and After trigger?

- 60 -
WEEK 11:
Procedures: Creation of stored procedures, Execution of procedure and modification of
procedures.

Objectives:

Student will able to learn the features like reusability, maintainability and modularity.
Student will able to learn to develop procedures and function for various operation.
Outcomes:

Student gains the knowledge to implement procedures and function for various operations.

CREATE PROCEDURE my Proc()

BEGIN

SELECT COUNT (Tickets) FROM Ticket WHERE age>=40;

End;

Procedures created

SQL>CREATE PROCEDURE myproc(in_customer_id INT)

BEGIN

DECLARE v_id INT;

DECLARE v_name VARCHAR(30);

DECLARE c1 CURSOR FOR SELECT stdId,stdFirstname

FROM students WHERE stdId=in_customer_id;

OPEN c1;

FETCH c1 into v_id, v_name;

Close c1;

End;

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

- 61 -
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is difference between Function and Stored Procedure?

2. What is Stored Procedure?
3. What is PL/SQL?
4. Show how functions and procedures are called in a PL/SQL block?

- 62 -
WEEK 12

Cursors: A cursor on the given database.

Objectives:

Student will able to learn about cursors that enable traversal over the records in a
database.

Outcomes:

Student gains the ability to implement cursors on the database.

We use a cursor when we have a SELECT statement that returns more than one row from
the database. A cursor is basically a set of rows that we can access one at a time.
We retrieve the rows into the cursor using our SELECT statement and then fetch the rows
from the cursor.
We may follow five steps when using a cursor.

Declare variables to store the column values from the SELECT statements.

1. Declare the cursor specifying our SELECT statement.

2. Open the cursor.
3. Fetch the rows from the cursor.
4. Close the cursor.

declare
v_sno student.sno%TYPE;
v_snname student.sname%TYPE;
v_branch student.branch%TYPE;
v_age student.age%TYPE;
cursor MyCursor (c_sno number) is select sno,sname,branch,age from student
where sno=c_sno;--c_record MyCursor%rowtype;

begin
if (NOT MyCursor%ISOPEN)then
Open MyCursor (1201);
end if;

loop

- 63 -
 fetch MyCursor into v_sno,v_sname,v_branch,v_age;
exit when MyCursor%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output_line
(“Record’||MyCursor%ROWCOUNT||’:’||v_sno||’’||v_sname||’’||v_branch||’’||v_age)
;
endloop;

if(MyCursor%ISOPEN)then
close MyCursor;
endif;

if(NOT MyCursor%ISOPEN)then
oprn MyCursor(1202);
endif;

loop
fetch MyCursor into v_sno,v_sname,v_branch,v_age;
exit when MyCursor%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line (‘Record’||MyCursor%ROWCOUNT||’:’||v_sno||’’||v_snam
e||’’||v_branch||’’||v_age);
endloop;

if (MyCursor%ISOPEN)then
Close Mycursor;
endif;
end;

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Show code of a cursor for loop?

2. Explain uses of cursor?
3. What is Raise_application_error?
4. What is Cursor?

- 64 -
ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS

- 65 -
 1) Queries on employee, department tables
syntax
SQL>Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query
SQL> create table employee1(empsid

number,empname varchar(20),empjob

varchar(20),empsalary number,empjoindate

varchar(20));

Describing table
SQL> desc employee1;

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- -------------------

EMPSID NUMBER

EMPNAME VARCHAR2(20)

EMPJOB VARCHAR2(20)

EMPSALARY NUMBER

EMPJOINDATE VARCHAR2(20)

Inserting records into table

SQL>insert into employee1
values(&empsid,&empname,&empjob,&empsalary,&empjoindate);
Enter value for empsid: 20
Enter value for empname: 'anil'
Enter value for empjob: 'java'

- 66 -
Enter value for empsalary: 20000
Enter value for empjoindate: '4-jan-2009'
old 1: insert into employee1
values(&empsid,&empname,&empjob,&empsalary,&empjoindate)
new 1: insert into employee1 values(20,'anil','java',20000,'4-jan-2009')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empsid: 50
Enter value for empname: 'jyothi'
Enter value for empjob: 'faculty'
Enter value for empsalary: 30000
Enter value for empjoindate: '5-mar-2003'
old 1: insert into employee1
values(&empsid,&empname,&empjob,&empsalary,&empjoindate)
new 1: insert into employee1 values(50,'jyothi','faculty',30000,'5-mar-2003')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empsid: 60
Enter value for empname: 'avinash'
Enter value for empjob: 'software'
Enter value for empsalary: 30000
Enter value for empjoindate: '5-apr-2009'
old 1: insert into employee1
values(&empsid,&empname,&empjob,&empsalary,&empjoindate)
new 1: insert into employee1 values(60,'avinash','software',30000,'5-apr-2009')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empsid: 70

- 67 -
Enter value for empname: 'anitha'
Enter value for empjob: 'sql'
Enter value for empsalary: 40000
Enter value for empjoindate: '2-jun-2008'
old 1: insert into employee1
values(&empsid,&empname,&empjob,&empsalary,&empjoindate)
new 1: insert into employee1 values(70,'anitha','sql',40000,'2-jun-2008')
1 row created.
Display table
SQL> select * from employee1;

EMPSID EMPNAME EMPJOB EMPSALARY EMPJOINDATE

---------- -------------------- -------------------- ---------- ------------
20 anil java 20000 4-jan-2009
50 jyothi faculty 30000 5-mar-2003
60 avinash software 30000 5-apr-2009
70 anitha sql 40000 2-jun-2008
SQL> create table department(dpsid
2 number,dpname varchar(20),dpjob
3 varchar(20),dpjoindate
4 varchar(20),dplocation varchar(20));
Table created.
SQL> desc department;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------------------- -------- ------------------
DPSID NUMBER
DPNAME VARCHAR2(20)

- 68 -
DPJOB VARCHAR2(20)
DPJOINDATE VARCHAR2(20)
DPLOCATION VARCHAR2(20)
SQL> insert into department
values(&dpsid,&dpname,&dpjob,&dpjoindate,&dplocation);
Enter value for dpsid: 1
Enter value for dpname: 'cse'
Enter value for dpjob: 'dbms'
Enter value for dpjoindate: '4-jan-2002'
Enter value for dplocation: 'hyd'
old 1: insert into department values(&dpsid,&dpname,&dpjob,&dpjoindate,&dplocation)
new 1: insert into department values(1,'cse','dbms','4-jan-2002','hyd')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for dpsid: 2
Enter value for dpname: 'os'
Enter value for dpjob: 'co'
Enter value for dpjoindate: '5-apr-2003'
Enter value for dplocation: 'hyd'
old 1: insert into department values(&dpsid,&dpname,&dpjob,&dpjoindate,&dplocation)
new 1: insert into department values(2,'os','co','5-apr-2003','hyd')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for dpsid: 3
Enter value for dpname: 'ece'
Enter value for dpjob: 'stld'
Enter value for dpjoindate: '6-dec-2004'
Enter value for dplocation: 'hyd'

- 69 -
old 1: insert into department values(&dpsid,&dpname,&dpjob,&dpjoindate,&dplocation)
new 1: insert into department values(3,'ece','stld','6-dec-2004','hyd')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for dpsid: 4
Enter value for dpname: 'eee'
Enter value for dpjob: 'bee'
Enter value for dpjoindate: '6-jun-2006'
Enter value for dplocation: 'hyd'
old 1: insert into department values(&dpsid,&dpname,&dpjob,&dpjoindate,&dplocation)
new 1: insert into department values(4,'eee','bee','6-jun-2006','hyd')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from department;

DPSID DPNAME DPJOB DPJOINDATE DPLOCATION

---------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------
1 cse dbms 4-jan-2002 hyd
2 os co 5-apr-2003 hyd
3 ece stld 6-dec-2004 hyd
4 eee bee 6-jun-2006 hyd

DDL&DML COMMANDS on Sailors, boats & reserves

DDL(Data Definition Language):-
SQL> alter table employee1 add emptime number;
Table altered.
SQL> desc employee1;

- 70 -
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------------------- -------- -------------
EMPSID NUMBER
EMPNAME VARCHAR2(20)
EMPJOB VARCHAR2(20)
EMPSALARY NUMBER
EMPJOINDATE VARCHAR2(20)
EMPTIME NUMBER
SQL> drop table employee1;
Table dropped.
SQL> desc employee1;
ERROR:
ORA-04043: object employee1 does not exist

1. Create the table using following attributes Sailors (sid: number, sname:
varchar2(20), rating: number, age: number(4,2));

Creating table

Syntax

Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query

Create table sailors (sid number, sname varchar2(20), rating number, age number(4,2));

Describing table

Query

Desc sailors

Output

- 71 -
 Inserting records into table

Syntax

Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

Query

insert into sailors values(22,'dustin',7,45.0);

insert into sailors values(29,'brutus',1,33.0);

insert into sailors values(31,'lubber',8,55.5);

insert into sailors values(32,'andy',8,25.5);

insert into sailors values(58,'rusty',10,35.0);

Table Column Dat a T ype Lengt h Precisi on Scale Primar y Key Nullabl e Def ault Comment
SAILORS SID Number - - - 1 - - -

SNAME Varchar2 20 - - - - -

RATING Number - - - - - -

AGE Number - 4 2 - - -

1-4

insert into sailors values(64,'horatio',7,35.0);

insert into sailors values(71,'zobra',9,35.0);

insert into sailors values(74,'horatio',9,35.0);

insert into sailors values(85,'art',3,25.5);

insert into sailors values(95,'bob',3,63.5);

Display table

Syntax

Select <select list> from <table name>

Query

select * from sailors;

- 72 -
Table Column Dat a T ype Lengt h Precisi on Scale Primar y Key Nullabl e Def ault Comment

Output
SI D SNAM E RATI NG AGE
22 dustin 7 45
29 brutus 1 33
31 lubber 8 55.5
32 andy 8 25.5
58 rusty 10 35
64 horatio 7 35
71 zobra 10 16
74 horatio 9 35
85 art 3 25.5
95 bob 3 63.5

2. Create the table using following attributes Boats (bid:number,

bname:varchar22(10),color:varchar2(10));

Creating table

Syntax

Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query

Create table Boats (bid number, bname varchar2(10),color varchar2(10));

Describing table

Query

Desc boats

Output

- 73 -
BOATS BID Number - - - 1 - - -

BNAME Varchar2 10 - - - - -

COLOR Varchar2 10 - - - - -

1-3

Inserting records into table

Syntax

Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

Query

insert into sailors values(101,'interlake',’blue’);

insert into sailors values(102,'interlake',’red’);

insert into sailors values(103,'clipper’,’green’);

insert into sailors values(104,'marine',’red’);

Display table

Syntax

Select <select list> from <table name>

Query

select * from boats;

Output

BI D BNAME COLOR
101 interlake blue
102 interlake red
103 clipper green
104 marine red

- 74 -
3. Create the table using following attributes Reserves (sid: number, bid: number, day:
date);

Creating table

Syntax

Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query

Create table Reserves (sid number, bid number, day date);

Describing table

Query

Desc reserves

Output

Dat a Lengt Precisi o Scal Primar y Def aul

Table Column Type h n e Key Nullabl e t Comment
RESERV
SID Number - - - 1 - - -
ES
BID Number - - - 2 - - -

DAY Date 7 - - - - -

Inserting records into table

Syntax

Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

Query

insert into sailors values(22,101,’10/10/98’);

insert into sailors values(22,102,’10/10/98’);

insert into sailors values(22,103,’10/8/98’);

insert into sailors values(22,104,’10/7/98’);

- 75 -
insert into sailors values(31,102,’11/10/98’);

insert into sailors values(31,103,’10/6/98’);

insert into sailors values(31,104,’10/12/98’);

insert into sailors values(64,101,’9/5/98’);

Display table

Syntax

Select <select list> from <table name>

Query

select * from reserves;

Output

SI D BI D DAY
22 101 10/10/98
22 102 10/10/98
64 102 9/8/98
74 103 9/8/98
22 103 10/8/98
22 104 10/7/98
31 102 11/10/98
31 103 11/6/98
31 104 11/12/98
64 101 9/5/98

1) Find the names of sailors who have reserved boat number 103 (Using AND).

Query

Select s. sname from sailors s, reserves r where s.sid=r.sid and r.bid=103;

SNAME
horatio

- 76 -
Output dustin
lubber

2) Find the sids of sailors who have reserved a red boat (Using AND).

Query

select r.sid from boats b,reserves r where b.bid=r.bid and b.color='red'

Output
SID
22
64
22
31
31

3) Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red boat (Using AND).

Query

select s.sname from sailors s,reserves r,boats b where s.sid=r.sid and r.bid=b.bid and
b.color='red'

Output

SNAME
dustin
horatio
dustin
lubber
lubber

4) Find the colors of boats reserved by Lubber (Using AND).

- 77 -
Query

select b.color from sailors s,reserves r,boats b where s.sid=r.sid and r.bid=b.bid and
s.sname='lubber'

Output
COLOR
green
red
red

5) Find the names of sailors who have reserved at least one boat.

Query

Select s.sname from sailors s, reserves r where s.sid=r.sid;

Output
SNAME
lubber
dustin
horatio

6) Find the ages of sailors whose name begins and ends with B and has at least three
characters.

Query

Select s.age from sailors s where s.sname like 'b_%b';

Output
AGE
63.5

7) Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red or a green boat (Using AND,OR).

- 78 -
Query
select s.sname from sailors s,reserves r,boats b where s.sid=r.sid and r.bid=b.bid and
(b.color='re' or b.color='green')

Output
SNAME
horatio
dustin
lubber

8) Find the names of sailors who have reserved both a red and a green boat .

Query

select s.sname from sailors s,reserves r,boats b

where s.sid =r.sid and r.bid=b.bid and b.color='red'

intersect

select s2.sname from sailors s2,reserves r2,boats b2

where s2.sid =r2.sid and r2.bid=b2.bid and b2.color='green'

Output
SNAME
dustin
horatio
lubber

9)Find the sids of sailors who have reserved red boats but not green boats.

Query

Select s1.sname from sailors s1, reserves r1, boats b1 where s1.sid=r1.sid and
r1.bid=b1.bid and b1.color='red'

and s1.sid not in (select s2.sid from sailors s2,boats b2,reserves r2 where
s2.sid=r2.sid and r2.bid=b2.bid and b2.color='green');

- 79 -
Output

SNAME
horatio

10) Find all sids of sailors who have a rating of 10 or reserved boat 104.

Query

Select s.sid from sailors s where s.rating=10

Union

Select r.sid from reserves r where r.bid=104;

Output

SID
22
31
58
71

11) Find the names of sailors who have reserved boat 103 (Using nested queries).

Query

Select s.sname from sailors s where s.sid in (select r.sid from reserves r where
r.bid=103)

Output
SNAME
dustin
lubber
horatio

- 80 -
12) Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red boat (Using nested queries).

Query

select s.sname from sailors s where s.sid in (select r.sid from reserves r where r.bid
in(select b.bid from boats b where b.color='red'));

Output

SNAME
dustin
lubber
horatio

13. Find the names of sailors who have not reserved a red boat (Using nested queries).

Query

Select s.sname from sailors s where s.sid not in (select r.sid from reserves r where
r.bid in (select b.bid from boats b where b.color=’red’));

Output
SNAME
brutus
andy
rusty
zobra
horatio
art
bob

14. Find the name of sailors who have reserved boat number 103 (Using correlated nested
query).

Query

Select s.sname from sailors s where exists (select * from reserves r where
r.bid=103 and r.sid=s.sid);

- 81 -
Output

SNAME
dustin
lubber
horatio

15. Find sailors whose rating is better than some sailor called Horatio (Using ANY
Operator).

Query

select s.sid from sailors s where s.rating > any(select s1.rating from sailors s1
where s1.sname='horatio');

Output
SID
31
32
58
71
74

16. Find sailors whose rating is better than every sailor called Horatio (Using ALL
Operator).

Query

Select s1.sid from sailors s1 where s1.rating > all (select s2.rating from sailors s2
where s2.sname='horatio');

Output

SID
58
71

17. Find the sailors with the highest rating (Using ALL Operator).

- 82 -
Query

Select s1.sid from sailors s1 where s1.rating >= all (select s2.rating from sailors
s2);

Output

SID
58
71

18. Find the names of sailors who have reserved both a red and a green boat (Using
nested query).

Query

Select s1.sname from sailors s1, reserves r1, boats b1 where s1.sid=r1.sid and
r1.bid=b1.bid and b1.color='red'

and s1.sid in (select s2.sid from sailors s2,boats b2,reserves r2 where s2.sid=r2.sid
and r2.bid=b2.bid and b2.color='green');

Output

SNAME
lubber
dustin
19. Find the average age of all sailors.

Query

Select avg (s.age) from sailors s;

Output

AVG(S.AGE)
36.9

- 83 -
20. Find the average age of sailors with a rating of 10.

Query

Select avg (s.age) from sailors s where s.rating=10;

Output
AVG(S.AGE)

25.5

21. Find the name and age of the oldest sailor.

Query

Select s.sname,s.age from sailors s where s.age=(select max (s2.age) from sailors
s2);

Output
SNAME AGE
bob 63.5

22. Count the number of different sailor names.

Query

Select count(distinct(s.sname)) from sailors s;

Output

COUNT(DISTINCT(S.SNAME))
9

- 84 -
23. Find the names of sailors who are older than oldest sailor with a rating 10 (Using
Aggregate Operators).

Query

Select s1.sname from sailors s1 where s1.age > (select max (s2.age) from sailors s2
where s2.rating =10);

Output
SNAME
dustin
lubber
bob

24. Find the age of the youngest sailor who is eligible to vote for each rating level with at
least two such sailors.

Query

Select s.rating, min (s.age) as minage from sailors s where s.age>=18 group by
s.rating having count (*) > 1;

25.Find the age of the youngest sailor for each rating level (Using Group By).

Query

Select s.rating, min (s.age) from sailors s group by s.rating;

Output
RATING MIN(S.AGE)
1 33
8 25.5
7 35
3 25.5
10 16
9 35

- 85 -