ME 2353 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS – FORMULAS

UNIT I – FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION OF BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS

01. Global Equation for Force Vector, {F} = [K] {u}

Where, {F} = Global Force Vector

[K] = Global Stiffness Matrix
{u} = Global Displacement Vector

02. Strain, e = du / dx = u2 – u1 / x2 - x1
Where, u2, u1 = Displacements & x2 - x1 = Actual length of the element
a. Strain along ‘x’ Direction, ex = ∂u / ∂x
b. Strain along ‘y’ Direction, ey = ∂v / ∂y
c. Shear Strain along ‘xy’ Direction = ∂u/∂y + ∂v/∂x

03. Stress, σ = D (e - e0) = D (Bu - e0)

Where, B = Stress-Strain Relationship Matix

D = Strain-Displacement Relationship Matix

04. Weighted Residual Methods,

General Procedures, D∫ (δ(x – xi) R (x; a1, a2, a3, …., an) dx = 0
Where wi = Weight function , D = Domain, R = Residual
a. Point Collocation Method:

D ∫ (δ(x – xi) R (x; a1, a2, a3,…., an) dx = 0 & R (x; a1, a2, a3, …., an) = 0

b. Subdomain Collocation Method:

D ∫R (x; a1, a2, a3,…., an) dx = 0

c. Least Squares Method:

D ∫ ([R (x; a1, a2, a3,…., an)]2 dx = 0 / min

d. Galerkin‘s Method:

D ∫ (Ni (x) R (x; a1, a2, a3, …., an) dx =0

J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC

 UNIT II – ONE DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
01. Stress – Strain relationship,
Stress, σ (N/mm 2) = Young’s Modulus, E (N/mm 2) x Strain, e

02. Strain – Displacement Relationship

Strain {e} = du / dx

03. For one dimensional problem, Field variable is displacement

u = N1 u1 Where u = Displacement

04. For two nodded one dimensional problem, Field variable is displacement
n
u = ∑Ni ui = N1 u1 + N2 u2 Where u1 & u2 = Nodal Displacements
i=1

05. Linear polynomial function = u = a0 + a1x

06. Shape function = [N1 N2] u1

u2

07. Shape function N1 = l–x/l N2 = x/l

08. Strain, {e} = [B] {u}

Where, {e} = Strain Martix
[B] = Strain – Displacement Matrix
{u} = Degrees of Freedom (Displacement)

09. Stress, {σ} = [E] {e} = [D] {e} = [D] [B] {u}
Where, [E] = [D] = Young’s Modulus

10. Strain energy, U = ∫1/2 {e}T{σ} dv

11. General Equation for Stiffness Matrix, [K] = ∫ [B]T [D] [B] dv

Where, [B] = Strain - Displacement relationship Matrix

[D] = Stress - Strain relationship Matrix

12. General Equation for Force Vector, {F} = [K] {u}

Where, {F} = Element Force Vector
[K] = Stiffness Matrix
{u} = Nodal Displacements

J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC

(i) 1D BAR ELEMENTS:

01. Stiffness Matrix for 1D Bar element [K] = AE 1 -1

l -1 1

02. Force Vector for 1D Bar element F1 = AE 1 -1 u1

F2 l -1 1 u2

03. Load / Force Vector, {F}E = ρAl 1

2 1 where, ρ = Density

04. Temperature Force {F} = E A α ∆T -1

1

Where, E = young’s Modulus, N/mm2

A = Area of the Element, mm2
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion, oC
∆T = Temperature Difference, oC

05. Thermal stress {σ} = E (du/dx) – E α ∆T Where du / dx = u1 – u2 / l

(ii) 1D TRUSS ELEMENTS:

01. General Equation for Stiffness Matrix, [k] = Ae Le l2 lm -l2 -lm

lm m2 -lm -m2
le -l2 -lm l2 lm
-lm -m2 lm m2

02. Force vector for two noded Truss elements,

F1 Ae Le l2 lm -l2 -lm u1
F2 lm m2 -lm -m2 u2
F3 le -l2 -lm l2 lm u3
F4 -lm -m2 lm m2 u4

Where, l = Cos θ = x2 – x1 / le

m = Sin θ = y2 – y1 / le

le = (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2

J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC

(iii) 1D SPRING ELEMENTS:

01. Force Vector F1 = k 1 -1 u1

F2 -1 1 u2

(iv) 1D BEAM ELEMENTS:

01. Shape function for 1D Beam Element

N1 = 1 / L3 (2 x3 – 3x2 L + L3)
N2 = 1 / L3 (x3 L – 2x2 L2 + x L3)
N3 = 1 / L3 (-2 x3 + 3x2 L)
N4 = 1 / L3 (x3L – x2 L2)

02. Force Vector for Two noded 1D Beam Element

F1y Ee I e 12 6L -12 6L v1
m1 = 6L 4L2 -6L 2L2 θ1
F2y L3 -12 -6L 12 -6L v2
m2 6L 2L2 -6L 4L2 θ2

03. Stiffness Matrix for Two noded 1D Beam Element,

[K] = Ee Ie 12 6L -12 6L
6L 4L2 -6L 2L2
L3 -12 -6L 12 -6L
6L 2L2 -6L 4L2

Where,

I = Moment Of Inertia, mm4

L = Length of the Beam, mm

J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC

 UNIT III – TWO DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

a. CST element

01. Displacement Vector, u = u (x, y) = u

v

02. General Equation for Stress & Strain σx ex

Stress, σ = σy Strain, e = ey
τxy γxy
03. Body Force, F = Fx
Fy

04. Polynominal function is, u = a1 + a2 x + a3 y & v = a4 + a5 x + a6 y

05. Shape function, N1 + N2+ N3 = 1

Co-ordinates x = N1 x1 + N2 x2 + N3 x3 & y = N1 y1 + N2 y2 + N3 y3
(OR)
x = N1 (x1 - x3) + N2 (x2 - x3) + N3 & y = N1 (y 1 - y 3) + N2 (y 2 - y 3) + N3

06. Displacement Function, u1

v1
u (x,y) = N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 u2
0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 v2
u3
v3

Where, N1 = p1 + q1 x + r1 y / 2A
N2 = p2 + q2 x + r2 y / 2A
N3 = p3 + q3 x + r3 y / 2A

07. Strain – Displacement Matrix [B] = 1 q1 0 q2 0 q3 0

2A 0 r1 0 r2 0 r3
r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3
Where
q1 = y2 - y3 ; r1 = x3 – x2
q2 = y3 – y1 ; r2 = x1 – x3
q3 = y1 – y2 ; r3 = x2 - x1

J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC

08. Stress – Strain Relationship Matrix [D],

a. FOR PLANE STRESS PROBLEM,

E 1 ν 0
[D] = ν 1 0
(1 – ν2) 0 0 1-ν
2

b. FOR PLANE STRAIN PROBLEM,

E (1 – ν) ν 0
[D] = ν (1 - ν) 0
(1 + ν) (1 – 2ν) 0 0 1 - 2ν
2
Where, ν = Poisson’s Ratio

09. Stiffness Matrix for CST Element [K] = [B]T [D] [B] A t

Where, A = Area of the triangular element = 1 1 x1 y1

1 x2 y2
2 1 x3 y3

t = Thickness of the triangular element, mm

10. Temperature Force, {θ} or {f} = [B]T [D] {e0} t A

a. For Plane Stress Problems,

α ∆T
Initial Strain {e0} = α ∆T
0

b. For Plane Strain Problems,

α ∆T
Initial Strain {e0} = (1 + ν) α ∆T
0

11. Maximum Normal Stress, σ max = σ1 σx + σy (σx - σy) + τ2xy

2
= +
2 2

12. Minimum Normal Stress, σ min = σ2 = σx + σy - (σx - σy) 2

+ τ2xy
2 2
J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC
13. Principal angle, tan 2θ = 2 τxy
σx - σy

b. Axisymmetric element

01. Displacement vector, u = u (r, z) = u

w

02. Stress equation for Axisymmetric Element,

σr Where, σr = Radial Stress, N/mm2

Stress {σ} = σθ σθ = Longitudinal Stress, N/mm2

σz σz = Circumferential Stress, N/mm2

τrz τrz = Shear Stress, N/mm2

er Where, er = Radial Strain

Strain, {e} = eθ eθ = Longitudinal Strain
ez ez = Circumferential Strain
γrz γrz = Shear Strain

03. Stiffness matrix for Two Dimensional Scalar Variable Problems / Axisymmetric Problems,
[K] = 2 π r A [B] T [D] [B]

Where, Co-ordinate r = r1 + r2 + r3 / 3, mm & z = z1 + z2 + z3 / 3, mm

1 1 r1 z1
A = Area of the Triangle = 1 r2 z2 (or) 1/2 *b*h
2 1 r3 z3

04. Shape function for Axisymmetric Problems,

N1 = α1 + β1 r + γ1 z / 2A
N2 = α2 + β2 r + γ2 z / 2A
N3 = α3 + β3 r + γ3 z / 2A

J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC

Where,
α1 = r2z3 – r3z2 ; α2 =r3z1 – r1z3 ; α3 = r1z2 – r2z1
β1 = z2-z3 ; β2 = z3-z1 ; β3 = z1-z2
γ1 = r3-r2 ; γ2 = r1-r3 ; γ3 = r2-r1

05. Strain – Displacement Relationship Matrix for Axisymmetric elements,

[B] = β1 0 β2 0 β3 0
α1 + β1 + γ1z 0 α2 + β2+ γ2 0 α3+ β3 + γ3z 0
r r r r r r
0 γ1 0 γ2 0 γ3

γ1 β1 γ2 β2 γ3 β3

Where,
α1 = r2 z3 – r3 z2 β1 = z2 – z3 γ1 = r3 – r2
α2 = r3 z1 – r1 z3 β2 = z3 – z1 γ2 = r1 – r3
α3 = r1 z2 – r2 z1 β3 = z1 – z2 γ3 = r2 – r1

06. Stress – Strain Relationship Matrix [D] for Axisymmetric Triangular elements,

E (1 – ν) ν ν 0
[D] = ν (1 - ν) ν 0
2
(1 + ν) (1 – ν ) ν ν (1 - ν) 0
0 0 0 1 - 2ν
2

Where, ν = Poisson’s Ratio

E = Young’s Modulus, N/mm2

07. Temperature Effects:

For Axisymmetric Triangular elements, Temperature Force, {f}t = [B]T [D] {e}t * 2 π r A

J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC

Where,
F1u
F1w α ∆T
{ f }t = F2u Strain {e} = α ∆T
F2w 0
F3u α ∆T
F3w

c. Isoparametric Element

01. Shape Function for 4 Noded Isoparametric Quadrilateral Elements (Using Natural Co-Ordinate)

N1 = ¼ (1 – ε) (1 – η)
N2 = ¼ (1 + ε) (1 – η)
N3 = ¼ (1 + ε) (1 + η)
N4 = ¼ (1 - ε) (1 + η)

02. Displacement Vector,

u = N1u1 + N2u2 + N3u3 + N4u4 ; v = N1v1 + N2v2 + N3v3 + N4v4
u1
` v1
u2
u = u = N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 v2
v 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 u3
v3
u4
v4
03. To find a location/position of point ‘P’,
x = N1x1 + N2x 2 + N3 x3 + N4 x4 & y = N1 y1 + N2 y2 + N3 y3 + N4 y4

x1
` y1
x2
u = x = N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 y2
y 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 x3
y3
x4
y4
J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC
04. Jaccobian Matrix, [J] = ∂x / ∂ε ∂y / ∂ε
∂x / ∂η ∂y / ∂η

Where,
J11 = ¼ - (1 - η) x1 + (1 - η) x2 + (1 + η) x3 – (1 + η) x4

J12 = ¼ - (1 - η) y1 + (1 - η) y2 + (1 + η) y3 – (1 + η) y4

J21 = ¼ - (1 - ε) x1 - (1 + ε) x2 + (1 + ε) x3 + (1 - ε) x4

J22 = ¼ - (1 - ε) y1 - (1 + ε) y2 + (1 + ε) y3 + (1 - ε) y4

05. Strain – Displacement Relationship Matrix for Isoparmetric elements,

06. Stiffness matrix for quadrilateral element, [K] = t ∫ ∫ [B]T [D] [B] | J | ∂x ∂y

07. Stiffness matrix for natural co-ordinates, [K] = t ∫ ∫ [B]T [D] [B] | J | ∂ε ∂η

08. Stress – Strain [D] Relationship Matrix,

a. FOR PLANE STRESS PROBLEM,

E 1 ν 0
[D] = ν 1 0
2
(1 – ν ) 0 0 1-ν
2
J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC
b. FOR PLANE STRAIN PROBLEM,
E (1 – ν) ν 0
[D] = ν (1 - ν) 0
(1 + ν) (1 – 2ν) 0 0 1 - 2ν
2
09. Element Force vector, {F} e = [N] T Fx
Fy

Where, N= Shape function for 4 nodded Quadrilateral elements

10. Numerical Integration (Gaussian Quadrature)

Where wi = Weight function

F (xi) = values of function at pre-determined points

No. of
Location, xi Corresponding weights, wi
points
1 x1 = 0.000… 2.000

x1 = + √1/3 = + 0.577350269189
2 1.0000
x2 = - √1/3 = - 0.577350269189

x1 = + √ 3/5 = + 0.774596669241 5/9 = 0.5555555555

3 x3 = - √3/5 = - 0.774596669241 5/9 = 0.5555555555

x2 = 0.0000 8/9 = 0.8888888888

x1 = + 0.8611363116 0.3478548451

x4 = - 0.8611363116 0.3478548451
4
x2 = + 0.3399810436 0.6521451549

x3 = - 0.3399810436 0.6521451549

J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC

 UNIT IV – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

01. 1D vibration problems,

a. For Longitudinal vibration of bar element, Finite element Equation is,
{ [K] – [M] ω2 }{u} = {P}

For free vibration, { [K] – [M] ω2 }{u} = 0

Where,
P = External Load ; [K] = stiffness matrix = A E 1 -1
l -1 1
[m] = Mass Matrix
Mass Matrix for consistent mass [mc] = ρAL 2 1
6 1 2

Mass Matrix for Lumped mass [mL] = ρAL 1 0

2 0 1

b. For Longitudinal vibration of beam element, Finite element Equation is,

{ [K] – [M] ω2 }{u} = {F}

Where,
[K] = stiffness matrix = EI 12 6L -12 6L
l3 6L 4L2 -6L 2L2
-12 -6L 12 -6L
6L 2L2 -6L 4L2

[m] = Mass Matrix

Mass Matrix for consistent mass [mc] = ρAL 156 2l 54 -13 l
420 22 l 4 l 2 13 l -3 l 2
54 13 l 156 - 22l
2
-13 l -3l -22 l 4 l2

J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC

Mass Matrix for Lumped mass [mL] = ρAL 1 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0

02. For solving Eigen Value Problems,

a. Determinant method (for free vibration),
{ [K] – λ [m]} {u} = 0
If the Eigen vector is not trial, the condition is,
det [K] – λ [m] =0

ie. [K] – λ [m] =0

J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC

 UNIT V – APPLICATIONS IN HEAT TRANSFER & FLUID MECHANICS

I. HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS

One Dimensional Heat Transfer Problems,

01. General equation for Force Vector {F} = [KC] {T}

02. Stiffness Matrix for 1D Heat conduction Element, [KC] = Ak 1 -1

l -1 1
Where, k = Thermal conductivity, w/mK

03. 1D Heat conduction, the FE equation is

F1 = Ak 1 -1 T1
F2 l -1 1 T2

04. 1D Heat conduction with free end convection, the FE equation is

Ak 1 -1 +hA 0 0 T1 = h T∞ A 0
l -1 1 0 1 T2 1

Where,
k = Thermal conductivity of element, W/mK
A = Area of the element, m2
l = Length of the element, m
h = Heat transfer Coefficient, W/m2K
T ∞ = fluid Temperature, K
T1, T2 = Temperatures, K

05. 1D Heat conduction, convection with internal heat generation, the FE equation is

Ak 1 -1 + hPl 2 1 T1 = QA l + P h T∞ l 0
l -1 1 6 1 2 T2 2 1

J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC

Where,
P = Perimeter, m ; Q = heat Generation, W

II. HEAT TRANSFER

Two Dimensional Heat Transfer Problems,

01. Shape Functions:

N1 = a1 + b1x + c1y / 2A ; N2 = a2 + b2x + c2y / 2A ; N1 = a3 + b3x + c3y / 2A
Where,
a1 = x2y3 - x3y2 b1 = y2 - y3 c1 =x3 - x2
a2 = x3y1 - x1y3 b2 = y3 - y1 c2 =x1 - x3
a3 = x1y2 - x2y1 b2 = y1 - y2 c2 =x2 - x1

02. Temperature at any point T(x, y) = N1T1+ N2T2+ N3T3

03. Thermal Stiffness matrix, [K] = [K c] + [K h]

= [K c] + [Kh]f + [Kh]e
Where,
[K] = Thermal Stiffness matrix due to heat conduction by body particles.
[K h] = Thermal Stiffness matrix due to heat convection by body particles.
[Kh]f = Thermal Stiffness matrix due to heat convection through face areas.
[Kh]e = Thermal Stiffness matrix due to heat convection through edge surface.

a. [K c] = k (b12+c12) (b1b2+c1c2) (b1b3+c1c3)

4A (b1b2+c1c2) (b12+c12) (b2b3+c2c3)
(b1b3+c1c3) (b2b3+c2c3) (b32+c32)

b. Thermal Stiffness matrix due to heat convection through edge areas 1-2,
[Kh]e1-2 = h1-2 S1-2 2 1 0
6 1 2 0
0 0 0

J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC

c. Thermal Stiffness matrix due to heat convection through edge areas 2-3,
[Kh]e2-3 = h2-3 S2-3 0 0 0
6 0 2 1
0 1 2

d. Thermal Stiffness matrix due to heat convection through edge areas 3-1,
[Kh]e3-1 = h3-1 S3-1 2 0 1
6 0 0 0
1 0 2

e. overall convect part of stiffness matrix by edge convection,

[Kh]e = [Kh]e1-2 + [Kh]e2-3 + [Kh]e3-1

f. Thermal Stiffness matrix due to heat convection through face areas.

[Kh]f = hA 2 1 1
6 1 2 1
1 1 2

04. Thermal Stiffness matrix, {F} = {F h} + {F Q}

= {F h}e + {Fh}f + {F Q}
Where,
{F h}e = Thermal force vector due to heat convection through edge surface.
{Fh}f = Thermal force vector due to heat convection through face areas.
{F Q} = Thermal force vector due to heat convection due to internal heat generation.

a. Thermal force vector due to heat convection through edge areas 1-2,
{F h}e 1-2 = h1-2 T ∞ S1-2 1
2 1
0

Where, Edge Length, S1-2 = (x2 - x1)2+ (y2 - y1)2

J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC

 b. Thermal force vector due to heat convection through edge areas 2-3,
{F h}e 2-3 = h2-3 T ∞ S2-3 0
2 1
1

Where, Edge Length, S2-3 = (x3 – x2)2+ (y3 – y2)2

c. Thermal force vector due to heat convection through edge areas 3-1,
{F h}e 3-1 = h 3-1 T ∞ S 3-1 1
2 0
1

Where, Edge Length, S1-2 = (x3 - x1)2+ (y3 - y1)2

d. Thermal force vector due to heat convection through edge surface,

{F h}e = {F h}e 1-2 + {F h}e 2-3 + {F h}e 3-1

e. Thermal force vector due to heat convection through face areas,

{Fh}f = h T∞ A 1
3 1
1

f. Thermal force vector due to heat convection due to internal heat generation,
{FQ} = QA 1
3 1
1

05. Thermal Force Vector due to Heat Transfer {F} = [K] {T}

ie. {F h}e + {Fh}f + {FQ} = [K c] + [Kh]e + [Kh]f {T}

J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC

III. FLUID MECHANICS
One Dimensional Fluid Mechanics Problems

01. For One Dimensional Fluid Mechanics Problems, Pressure (P) = N1P1+ N2P2

Where, N1 = x2 – x1 / l ; N2 = x / l

P(x) = [N1 N2] P1 = [N] {P}

P2

02. Nodal Fluid Flow Rate, Q = [K] {P}

Where, {P} = Nodal Potential Vector

[K] = Stiffness matrix for Fluid Flow = K` 1 -1 = kA 1 -1

-1 1 l -1 1

K` = Flow Stiffness = kA (m2/s)

L

k = Permeability of pipe element, (m/s)

Q = Discharge (Flow Rate) = Q1

Q2 (m3/s)

{P} = Potential Vector = P1

P2 (m)

IV. FLUID MECHANICS

Two Dimensional Fluid Mechanics Problems

01. P(x,y) = [N1 N2 N3] P1 = [N] {P} = N1P1+ N2P2+ N3P3

P2
P3

02. Shape Functions:

N1 = a1 + b1x + c1y / 2A ; N2 = a2 + b2x + c2y / 2A ; N1 = a3 + b3x + c3y / 2A
Where,
a1 = x2y3 - x3y2 b1 = y2 - y3 c1 =x3 - x2
a2 = x3y1 - x1y3 b2 = y3 - y1 c2 =x1 - x3
a3 = x1y2 - x2y1 b2 = y1 - y2 c2 =x2 - x1
J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC
03. Stiffness matrix, [K],

= kx t (b12) (b1b2) (b1b3) ky t (c12) (c1 c2) (c1 c3)

2
4A (b1b2) (b1 ) (b2b3) + 4A (c1 c3) (c2 c3) (c32) (m2/s)
(b1b2) (b12) (b2b3) (c1 c3) (c2 c3) (c32)

04. Gradient Matrix, {g} = [B] {P}

Where, {P} = Pressure Gradient

[B] = 1 b1 b2 b3
2A c1 c2 c3

{g} = gx
gy

05. Velocity Gradient {v} = vx = [D] {g] = [D] [B]{P}

vy

Where,

Strain –displacement Matrix [B] = 1 b1 b2 b3

2A c1 c2 c3

Stress-Strain Matrix [D] = kx 0 kx, ky = Permeability on x, y direction, m/s

0 ky

06. Force vector Matrix,

a. Force due to constant volumetric flow rate per unit volume over the whole element,

{FQ} = QA 1
3 1
1
b. Force on edges,

Along edge surface 1-2, {Fq}1-2 = q L1-2 t 0

2 1
1

Along edge surface 2-3, {Fq}2-3 = q L2-3 t 1

2 0
1

Along edge surface 3-1, {Fq}3-1 = q L3-1 t 1

2 1
0
J. Jeevamalar, M.E. (Ph.D.) AP / MECH EGSPEC