1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Around one-fifth of barangays (or villages) in the Philippines have drug-related

cases, according to February 2015 data from the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency

(PDEA). Metro Manila is the region most affected by drugs with 92% of its barangays

having drug related cases. Methamphetamine hydrochloride, or shabu, is the most used

illegal drug in the country, followed by cannabis or marijuana. In 2014, 89% of drug

seizures involved shabu while 8.9% involved marijuana, according to PDEA. Cocaine,

ephedrine, and ecstasy constituted the rest of the confiscations. Back in 2012, The United

Nations World Drug Report said the Philippines has the highest rate of shabu use in East

Asia. It’s mostly ethnic Chinese syndicates that organize and finance the trafficking of

shabu in the Philippines, according to the US State department report on international drugs

in 2012 (Ranada, 2016).

“Oplan Tokhang” (Toktok-Hangyo), which aimed to personally talk to those

involved in illegal drugs convincing them to stop and surrender to authorities for

investigation, verification and rehabilitation, has been seen effective for more and more

suspected drug users and pushers are turning themselves to the police. Since the said

program gives chance to suspected individuals involved in illegal drugs to change

 2

themselves and become one of the good citizens, arrests and killings can be avoided in case

they put up a fight with the authorities in the future. And according to Regional Prosecutor

Jaime Umpa, the said campaign may greatly reduce the number of drug-related cases that

reach Office of Regional Prosecutor in Northern Mindanao (Badal, 2016).

Since President Duterte took office 10 months ago and vowed to turn Manila Bay

into a dumping ground for dead drug addicts and traffickers, the drug enforcement agency

and police have launched more than 53,000 anti-drug operations leading to the arrests of

about 65,000 suspects. According to official police figures, more than one million drug

users have surrendered, and officers have shot dead 2,692 suspects during anti-narcotics

raids since June 2016. Officials were also investigating about 5,700 drug-related deaths

(Villamor, 2017).

Some of the challenges in Kidapawan City is about drug related crimes that needs

assessment of the extent of the contributory factors to the problems. This study will be

conducted to the chosen local for the purpose of determining the impact of Oplan Tokhang

in the crime prevention campaign of Kidapawan City.

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Statement of the Problem

This study entitled the Impact of Implementation of Oplan Tokhang as a Crime

Prevention in Kidapawan City. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the Socio-Demographic profile of the respondents in terms of;

1.1. Age

1.2.

1.3.

2. What is the impact of “Oplan Tokhang” in crime prevention in Kidapawan City?

Objectives of the Study

This study will investigate the process on the implementation of “Oplan Tokhang”

towards crime prevention and the community response. Specially, it intent to attain the

following objectives:

1. To determine the level of implementation of the “Oplan Tokhang” in Kidapawan

City.

2. To determine the impact of the “Oplan Tokhang” in crime prevention in Kidapawan

City.
 4

Scope and Limitation of Study

The scope of the study is to determine the Extent of the implementation of “Oplan

Tokhang” and its impact to crime prevention. This study is limited only in finding the

possible impact of “Oplan Tokhang” in crime prevention campaign in Kidapawan City.

Significance of the Study

This study is entitled the Impact of Implementation of Oplan Tokhang in Crime

Prevention, Especially in Kidapawan City for the able to be know how “Oplan Tokhang”

be implement and what are those strategy and purposes.

To the PNP it will served as a guide or basis in implementation of Oplan Tokhang

in Kidapawan City. It will be a source of strategy and idea to minimize or prevent crime

particularly in drug related crimes.

To the community it will give knowledge on what is the importance of the “Oplan

Tokhang”. To communicate them in police authority on what are the responsibility as a

citizen in this program and also rehabilitate for those involve.

To the researchers and the criminology students, it will a served as a guide for the

future member of law enforcement agency. To make a new idea’s, strategies and

conclusions on how to prevent or minimize a crimes which involved in illegal drugs.

 5

Definition of Terms

The following key terms are defined operationally;

Crime prevention -is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and criminals. It is applied

specifically to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce

the law, and maintain criminal justice.

Impact - the action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another.

Implementation -the process of putting a decision or plan into effect; execution.

Oplan Tokhang -derived from the Cebuano toktok-hangyo meaning knock and plead

(make a polite request to surrender or stop drugs).

 6

Theoretical Framework

The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The

Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfilment thereof, all

citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal, military or

civil service (Phil. Const. 1987).

The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property,

and promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of

the blessings of democracy (Phil. Const. 1987).

The Philippine Constitution 1987 stated that the government serve and protect

people, maintain peace and order, protect life, liberty, property and promote the general

welfare. The government make some laws that must be follow by the community. The

government provide punishment or sanction in all violators of law. Drugs is the one factor

that the person makes a crime or violate a norm. A government establish programs and

some laws to prevent drug related crime. President Rudrigo Duterte implement “Oplan

Tokhang” it was first implemented in Davao City and the result is accurate, the crime rate

was minimize. Kidapawan City maybe a possible that crime is minimize or prevent if the

Oplan Tokhang will be implemented.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is a presentation of the review of materials having similarities or

contain vital information to the present case study. With the thesis entitled the Impact of

Implementation of Oplan Tokhang as a Crime Prevention in Kidapawan City.

Implementation of Oplan Tokhang

Oplan Tokhang (Toktok-Hangyo or Knock and Plead) in explaining Oplan

Tokhang, Dela Rosa said station commanders will ask the barangay captains to submit a

list of residents who are into illegal drugs pushers, dealers, users and couriers. The police

intelligence unit will then verify the report and check if the suspects are indeed involved in

drugs because there are instances that barangay captains themselves are behind the illegal

drug trade and list down names of their rivals. The list might be added or trimmed down

after validation but authorities will visit each suspect at their residence and ask them to

stop from peddling or using illegal drugs in their community (Colina IV, 2016).
 8

Duterte’s war on illegal drugs gained headway with the police’s “Oplan Tokhang”,

a campaign originating in Davao City where incumbent Philippine National Police Director

Chief Superintendent Ronald dela Rosa, who is a Dabawenyo, implemented on a national

scale (Sambalud, 2017).

The Eight Do’s and Don’ts in the Implementation of Oplan Tokhang:

First, the police personnel must be in uniform when conducting subject visitation

so that they are readily identifiable as police officers and it is advisable that the visitation

be done in coordination with the local barangay officials to ensure the safety and peace of

mind of the subject as he will presumably recognize the barangay officials from his own

community. Second, visitation should be conducted during daytime so as to minimize the

danger of miscommunication, misapprehension or misunderstanding between the subject

and the police officers. Third, the police must approach in a courteous and non-aggressive

manner emphasizing the fact that the intention of the visit is only to talk with the subject

and not to arrest him or subject him to any coercive action. Fourth, if the subject refuses to

talk with the police, he cannot be compelled to do so nor can the police enter the premises

of his home without any search warrant or probable cause to justify a warrantless entry. No

aggressive or coercive actions or statements should be taken or made against the subject at

the time of the visitation. Fifth, if the subject who initially agreed to talk with the police

decides to stop the conversation, the police must abide by his decision and must peacefully

leave the premises of his home. Sixth, any subject who expresses a desire to voluntarily

surrender as a drug dependent or drug pusher shall be referred to the nearest local police
 9

station for further interview and must be assisted by independent counsel, preferably of his

own choice, at all times during the said interview.

Seventh, any statement, undertaking, form, or any other document containing any

admission or extra-judicial confession of any particularly criminal activity to be executed

by a subject who has expressed a desire to voluntarily surrender must be executed with the

assistance of counsel and only after the subject shall have been fully apprised of his rights

as a person under custodial investigation. Eighth, at all times during the entire process, the

safety and security of the subject and his rights under the law must be protected and

respected in full. Lastly, Reyes added that while this Oplan Tokhang is not illegal, it could

“become a fascistic nightmare of police abuse and human rights violations that will only

foster fear and hatred against our police officers instead of the respect and support that they

should earn and receive (Sipelimo, 2017).

“Oplan Tokhang” (Toktok-Hangyo), which aimed to personally talk to those

involved in illegal drugs convincing them to stop and surrender to authorities for

investigation, verification and rehabilitation, has been seen effective for more and more

suspected drug users and pushers are turning themselves to the police (Badal,2016).

Public Information

Public information systems are information systems available for public use. There

are public information systems both in the public sector and in the private sector, and both

citizens and businesses may be users of such systems. Public information systems are
 10

analysed from several perspectives as regards users and usages, data contents, and

technical, organisational, and legal aspects. Some proposals concerning future research in

this truly interdisciplinary and application-oriented research area are presented (Sundgren,

2005).

In the effort towards promoting efficient and effective service delivery to its citizen,

Malaysia has deployed seven public information systems projects. Three of these public

information systems projects were implemented to address the government to citizen and

government to government interactions while one project was deployed to fulfil the need

for government to business interactions. Empirical studies from the users’ perspective

showed that the implementation of PIS can be regarded as successful. However, as the

implementation of the PIS projects is still continuing, further research is deemed to be very

necessary to investigate its success. This paper is intended to discuss various public

information systems projects that were undertaken by the Malaysian government as part of

its e-government effort (Masrek, 2009).

Part of the Inter-Agency Committee’s tasks, said Duterte, would be to push for an

“information campaign against drug use and the dissemination of information regarding

drug rehabilitation programs being offered by the government. The President said

“reservists” would be mobilized for this. Rehabilitation, said Duterte, will be prioritized.

“We will increase the number of residential treatment and rehabilitation facilities in all

regions of the country,” said the President, adding that military camps would be used for

this purpose (Cupin, 2016).

 11

They are one of the most important things that we have today. The reason is because

the world is based upon information now. They help us to hold information, process

information, obtain information, retrieve and organise information. This information can

be anything from bus timetables to a full breakdown of the human genome. It is more

important than ever as we are only now seeing the advantages of information and how it

can help us and the world as a whole. For example, because of information systems, we

have been able to test new cures, new genome resequencing, new methods of energy

production, new methods for giving aid and support. Information systems help us to see

beyond our immediate view and see what is happening now and in a few month time

(Mantle, 2016).

Strictly Enforcement of the Law

Law enforcement strategies target all parts and levels of the supply chain from

actions aimed at preventing importation across the border to those that target the point of

supply to consumers. Interventions against drug supply include all the activities carried out

by law enforcement agencies, both police and custom forces, at national and international

level, to reduce drug supply. Efforts in law enforcement are undertaken by member

agencies Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), Philippine National Police Anti-

Illegal Drugs Special Operation Task Force (PNP-AIDSOTF), National Bureau of

Investigation (NBI) and other similar agencies, to curb the supply of dangerous drugs in

the country (Reyes, 2013).

 12

Government-led extrajudicial killings are endangering rule of law in the

Philippines, but the campaign is unlikely to stop anytime soon amid the President's

widespread popularity and a weak political opposition. The former Davao City mayor,

nicknamed "The Punisher", rose to power in a presidential campaign centered on fighting

crime, encouraging extrajudicial killings as a key solution. He's even authorized the gun-

carrying public to kill drug addicts and criminals themselves. His actions are now sparking

alarm that the country might spiral into lawlessness (Chandran, 2016).

The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) 11 will strictly monitor the jail

facilities in Davao Region in a bid to clamp down on possible illegal drug activities of the

inmates through surprise search and seizure operations. Aside from PDEA, the team

comprises the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, Bureau of Customs, and Airport

Police Station and PNP Aviation Security Unit 11. The team monitors 24/7 so that no

illegal drugs will pass through the airport security. Added the same mechanism will be

implemented in other airports noting that big shabu shipments have passed through the

airport as mails and packages. They are the ones who check and apprehend any baggage

that possibly contain illegal drugs (Colina IV, 2016).

According to Malacañang, makes President Rodrigo Duterte’s intensified anti-

illegal drugs campaign a “success.” “It is evident we are hitting the mark in our campaign

against illegal drugs,” Presidential Communications Secretary Martin Andanar said. He

added that the government’s crackdown on narcotics also “pulled down the country’s crime

rate by 32 percent.” People feel safer in the streets and at night because the number of theft,

carjacking, robbery, rape, physical injury has decreased. At the end of the day, this is what
 13

counts,” Andanar noted. On the other hand, the number of deaths during legitimate police

operations also dropped to an average of five persons daily during the first month of 2017,

compared to the average 30 deaths per day in 2016. A total of 41 deaths have been recorded

by the PNP from December 31, 2016 to January 8, 2017 (Sioson, 2017).

Providing Penalties

STRENGTHENING THE SUPPORT MECHANISM FOR THE PHILIPPINE

DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (EO. No. 218, 2003)

By virtue of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 (Republic Act

(R.A.) No. 9165), the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) was created for the

efficient and effective law enforcement of all the provisions on dangerous drugs and/or

precursors and essential chemicals as provided in R.A. No.9165;

SECTION 1. Creation of Task Forces

The Office of the President, the PNP and other agencies which were performing

drug law enforcement and prevention functions prior to the enactment of R.A. No. 9165

shall organize anti-drug task force to support the PDEA (EO. No.218, 2003).

SECTION 2. Supervision and Support

 14

The PDEA shall exercise operational supervision and provide technical support to

the main task force created by the PNP. In the case of other task forces, created within the

PNP or other agencies, the President of the Philippines shall determine whether DDB or

the PDEA shall exercise operational supervision (EO. No.218, 2003).

SECTION 3. Funding

Funds for the operation of the task forces shall be sourced from the mother agencies

creating the task force and from the gross receipts of lotto operations. For this purpose, the

Philippine Charity Sweeptakes Office is hereby ordered to create a standby fund in the

amount of One Billion Pesos (P1,000,000,000.00) to fund the operations of the PDEA and

the task forces supporting it (EO. No.218, 2003).

SECTION 4. Repeal

Executive Order No.206 dated May 15,2003 is hereby repealed. All orders, rules,

regulations and issuances, or parts thereof, which are inconsistent with this Executive

Order are hereby repealed or modified accordingly (EO. No.218, 2003).

SECTION 5. Effectivity

This Executive Order shall take effect immediately upon approval (EO. No.218,

2003).
 15

IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) OF REPUBLIC ACT NO.

9165, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE “COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS

DRUGS ACT OF 2002”

Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and

Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential

Chemicals.

The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred

thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed

upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense,

deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug,

including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity

involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions. The penalty of imprisonment

ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging

from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos

(P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell,

trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or

transport any controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in such

transactions. If the sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution or

transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical

transpires within one hundred (100) meters from the school, the maximum penalty shall be

imposed in every case. For drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated
 16

individuals as runners, couriers and messengers, or in any other capacity directly connected

to the dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals trade, the

maximum penalty shall be imposed in every case. If the victim of the offense is a minor or

a mentally incapacitated individual, or should a dangerous drug and/or a controlled

precursor and essential chemical involved in any offense herein provided be the proximate

cause of death of a victim thereof, the maximum penalty provided for under this Section

shall be imposed. The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed

upon any person who organizes, manages or acts as a “financier” of any of the illegal

activities prescribed in this Section. The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to

twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos

(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any

person, who acts as a “protector/coddler” of any violator of the provisions under this

Section (RA 9165 sec. 5, 2002).

Possession of Dangerous Drugs.

The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred

thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed

upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall possess any dangerous drug in the

following quantities, regardless of the degree of purity thereof: (a) 10 grams or more of

opium; (b) 10 grams or more of morphine; (c) 10 grams or more of heroin; (d) 10 grams or
 17

more of cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride; (e) 50 grams or more of methamphetamine

hydrochloride or “shabu”; (f) 10 grams or more of marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil;

(g) 500 grams or more of marijuana; and (h) 10 grams or more of other dangerous drugs

such as, but not limited to, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or “ecstasy”,

paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), lysergic acid

diethylamine (LSD), gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and those similarly designed or

newly introduced drugs and their derivatives without having any therapeutic value or if the

quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements, as determined and promulgated

by the Board in accordance with Section 93, Article XI of the Act. Otherwise, if the

quantity involved is less than the foregoing quantities, the penalties shall be graduated as

follows: (1) Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four hundred thousand pesos

(P400,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00), if the quantity of

methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu” is ten (10) grams or more but less than fifty

(50) grams; (2) Imprisonment of twenty (20) years and one (1) day to life imprisonment

and a fine ranging from Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) to Five hundred

thousand pesos (P500,000.00), if the quantities of dangerous drugs are five (5) grams or

more but less than ten (10) grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine

hydrochloride, marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil, methamphetamine hydrochloride or

“shabu”, or other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, MDMA or “ecstasy”, PMA,

TMA, LSD, GHB, and those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their

derivatives, without having any therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond

therapeutic requirements; or three hundred (300) grams or more but less than five hundred
 18

(500) grams of marijuana; and (3) Imprisonment of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to

twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from Three hundred thousand pesos (P300,000.00) to

Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00), if the quantities of dangerous drugs are less

than five (5) grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride,

marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil, methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu”, or

other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, MDMA or “ecstasy”, PMA, TMA, LSD,

GHB, and those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives,

without having any therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic

requirements; or less than three hundred (300) grams of marijuana (RA 9165 sec.11, 2002).

Use of Dangerous Drugs.

A person apprehended or arrested, who is found to be positive for use of any

dangerous drug, after a confirmatory test, shall be imposed a penalty of a minimum of six

(6) months rehabilitation in a government center for the first offense, subject to the

provision of Article VIII of the Act. If apprehended using any dangerous drug for the

second time, he/she shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and

one (1) day to twelve (12) years and a fine ranging from Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00)

to Two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000.00): Provided, that this Section shall not be

applicable where the person tested is also found to have in his/her possession such quantity

of any dangerous drug provided for under Section 11 of the Act, in which case the

provisions stated therein shall apply (RA 9165 sec. 15, 2002).
 19

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY
 20

This chapter is intended for Research Design, Research Locale, Respondents of

the Study, Data Gathering Procedure and Statistical Treatment.

Research Design

The researcher used the descriptive survey method. The subjects vary among

themselves and one is interested to know the extent to which different condition and

situation are obtained among these subject. The word survey signifies the gathering of data

regarding present conditions. This was use to describe the status of “Oplan Tokhang” in

terms of their impact to crime prevention and how they can cope through the formulation

of a proposed of its implementation. This study utilize a Descriptive Survey Method to

know the Implementation of “Oplan Tokhang” and It’s Impact in Crime Prevention in

Kidapawan City. The respondents answered the Questions provided by the researcher.

Research Locale

This study is conducted in the community at different area of Kidapawan City.

Particularly in Kidapawan City Police Station, Colegio de Kidapawan, and the resident of

Poblacion Kidapawan.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents are the citizen of Kidapawan City. The study had compose of, 50

resident and 50 police personnel respondent.

 21

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents

No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Resident 50 50

Police personnel’s 50 50

total 100 100

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers conduct actual study using available information by different

respondent of Kidapawan City with the guide of some idea and strategy of the variables

and indicators with the different authors to know the implementation of Oplan Tokhang

and Its Impact in Crime Prevention in Kidapawan City. In gathering data the researchers

made a permission letter signed by researches, noted by the adviser, research coordinator

and approved by the Head of Criminology, to conduct survey to obtain all necessary data

for the significant of the study.

Statistical Treatment
 22

The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The treatment of the data used

is weighted mean and percentage distribution.

1. Weighing mean
Where:

X= Weighed Mean

∑fx= sum of X Score

∑fx
X= × 100
N N= Total Number of Respondents

2. Percentage (%)
Where:

P= Percentage

F= Frequency

N= Total Number of Respondents

fx
%= N ×100
 23

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