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Boiler Feed Water Treatment electrical4u logo

Demineralization Reverse Osmosis Plant
Deaerator
Published on 24/2/2012 & updated on 22/08/2018
HOME / GENERATION / BOILER Part Time Jobs for
All natural sources of water contain impurities as well as Women
dissolved gasses. The amount of these impurities depends on
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type of water source and location.
upto ₹40,000/month. Flexible working
Why it is necessary to treat the raw water? hours.

Raw water coming from different sources contains dissolved

salts and un-dissolved or suspended impurities. It is necessary Cuemath APPLY NOW

to remove harmful salts dissolved into the water before

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feeding it to the boiler.
What is
Because- What is Resistor?
1. The deposition of dissolved salts and suspended impurities
will form a scale on the inside wall of different heat- Write Co
exchangers and thus there will create excessive pressure Write Content
and thermal stress (due to uneven heat exchange across
the wall of heat-exchanger) inside the heat-exchangers, Question
which may lead to the explosion and serious hazards for Questions on Pote…
boilers.
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What is Potentio…

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The▼ harmful dissolved
POWER SYSTEM ▼ salts may
MACHINES ▼ react with
ELECTRONICS ▼ various
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of boiler through which it flows, thereby corrode the Tariff and Economics
surfaces.
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3. Corrosion damage may occur to turbine blades. Wind power Generation

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Hence, boiler feed water treatment is very much required
Steam System
to remove such dissolved and suspended impurities from
Combustion
water before feeding it to boiler.
Arrangements for Boiler Feed Water Treatment Electrostatic Precipitator
For continuous supply of feed water to boiler, after removing Steam Condenser
impurities, there are two types of plant generally
Draught and Chimney
incorporated. These are:
Thermodynamics
1. Demineralization plant (D M plant)
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2. Reverse Osmosis plant (R O plant)

Demineralization plant employs a chemical method to Write for Us

separate out the dissolved salt in raw water. But reverse
osmosis plant employs a simple physical method to separate
the dissolved salts. Before feeding the raw water to these
plants sand filtration is done by different filters.

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Along with these plants there are two deaerators, which

remove dissolved oxygen in the feed water, as traces of
oxygen may react with boiler tubes and thereby corrode
those. Electric Generator
Complete arrangements and inside equipment of these plants
are described below.

feed water treatment plant

Electric Motor
HOME Demineralization
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The function of demineralization plant is to remove dissolved
salt by ion exchange method (chemical method) and there by
producing pure feed water for boiler. Electrical MCQ
DEMINERALIZATION PLANT

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The salts which make the water hard are generally-chloride, Electrical
carbonates, bi-carbonates, silicates and phosphates of Generation
Generation
sodium, potassium, iron, calcium and magnesium.
In D M plant there are three types of resin used for boiler
feed water treatment process -
Electric
1. Cation exchange resin Transmission

2. Anion exchange resin

3. Mixed Bed resin

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1. Resins are chemical substances (usually polymers of

high molecular weight) used to react with salts and Electric Protection
eliminates them by chemical process.

2. As the name suggests, the cation exchange resin,

exchanges the cation and anion exchange resin,
exchanges anions with the salts dissolved in hard- Electrical
water. Measurement

Cation Exchange Resin

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Thus H2SO4, H2CO3 are also produced.
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We have removed Na+ but the water has become acidic.
Anion Exchange Resin

This way we have eliminated Cl- and thus acidity of the Power Electronics
water.

Similar reaction for H2SO4 also.

dm plant
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Mixed Bed Resins

These mixed bed resins are used in Demineralization plant
of boiler feed water treatment, to remove the ions
(especially Na+ and SO32-) which may further present in the
water after foregoing process of purification.

Degasser
The function of degasser tower is to remove carbonate ions
by forming carbon-di-oxide. In degasser tower stream of
water is poured from top and air is blown from bottom to
top. In the pressure of air the carbonic acid (H2CO3) present
in the water dissociates into H2O and CO2.

This CO2 is free to mix with air.

Benefits of using degasser are:

1. It removes the carbonic acid and other gases mixed with

water by simple physical method and thereby reduce the
chances of corrosion.

2. It saves the resins which are very costly chemicals and

thereby improves the economy of boiler feed water
treatment process.

The H2CO3 free water is now collected in degasser sump and

then pumped to anion exchange resin inlet.
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BASICS ▼ Osmosis
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▼ (RO Plant)
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Like demineralization plant there is another stage of water
treatment which is known as reverse osmosis plant. RO
plant uses the process known as reverse osmosis to produce
salt-free water. The theoretical aspect is described below:-

osmosis osmosis

Osmosis is a process in which only the solvent molecules pass

through a semi-permeable membrane from higher solvent
density to lower solvent density (i.e. from solution of lower
density to the solution of higher density).
Osmotic pressure:- It is the minimum pressure that should be
applied on the higher density solution so that no osmosis
takes place through the semi-permeable membrane is called
the osmotic pressure (π).
π = iCRT
Where,
C is concentration of solution,
R is universal gas constant,
T is temperature in Kelvin scale,
i is van’t Hoff’s factor, different for different solutions. i = 1
for infinitely dilute solution. Hence osmotic Pressure is a
function of temperature.

osmosis

Reverse Osmosis
On the higher density solution (lower density solvent) if a
pressure (P), greater than osmotic pressure (π) is applied
then the solvent molecules pass through the semi-permeable
membrane from higher density solution to lower density
solution. This phenomenon is called reverse osmosis. This one
important stage for boiler feed water treatment process.

Reverse Osmosis Plant

In RO plant using reverse osmosis phenomenon salt-free
water is taken out from raw water after the sand filtration.
Purity of the salt-free water depends on effectiveness of the
permeable membrane.

The layout of a typical Reverse Osmosis Plant is given below

reverse osmosis
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Steam air pre-heater require some steam which will reduce
the efficiency of the power plant.

The procedure is described below:

1. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is injected to raw water to

kill the algae or bacteria present in the raw water.
Otherwise they may cause harm to the multi grade-filter
(MGF).

2. The multi-grade filter is the primitive type of filter where

sand, stone-chips, stones are used in stacks to remove the
large size suspended particles from the raw water.

3. The net filter again removes medium-size suspended

particles, where the raw water passes through the net
minute vents.

4. Then by ultra-filtration very small suspended particles are

removed. After long usage of ultra-filtration unit, it
requires back-wash, and then it is back-washed with
water and three chemicals, viz. HCL, NaOH and NaOCl
(Sodium Hypochlorite). HCl Removes iron by dissolving it.
It also removes the basic salts those are rejected on UFU.
NaOH ← It helps to remove acidic salt.
NaOCl ← To kill algae and bacteria inside the UFU.

5. After ultra-filtration the water is stored into RO feed tank

and then pumped with RO feed pump of Reverse Osmosis
Plant. In the channel the water is mixed with HCL (for pH
controlling, as the water coming from RO plant or RO
permeate water should have pH around 6.0) and SMBS
(sodium meta bi-sulphate)[Na2S2O5]. Due to the presence
of sodium hypochlorite the water is chlorinated. To
remove excess chlorine SMBS is used. If excess chlorine is
not removed then the semi-permeable membrane may get
damaged. It is also mixed with anti-scaling reagent (AS),
which reacts with those chemicals which form scale inside
the channel.

6. Then the water is passed through micro-cartridge filter

(MCF) which removes the other suspended particles and
the precipitate formed by the reaction of anti-scaling
reagent with the scaling chemicals.
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7. In the this stage of boiler feed water treatment the water
is fed to RO unit by H/P pump, where after successive
filtration by 1st and 2nd stage RO it is fed to degasser unit.

8. After degasification the water is passed through D/M plant

MB (mixed bed) resin and stored into D/M water storage
tank.

Deaerator

deaerator

Deaerator is a contact type open heater in which dissolved

oxygen in the feed water is removed as much as possible by
mechanical means. Gases move from higher partial pressure
to lower partial pressure. Partial pressure of oxygen in air is
high (as air contains almost 21% oxygen by volume) than the
partial pressure of dissolved oxygen in feed water. Hence, by
simple mechanical means it is not possible to eliminate the
dissolved oxygen from water.
Hence, in deaerator the feed water is heated by LP or VB
steam (pressure: 2.5 – 3.5kg/cm2, temperature: 1400oC). Due
to heating the partial pressure of dissolved oxygen in feed
water increases and solubility decreases to considerable
amount. Then by mechanical means dissolved oxygen is
released in air. Hence Deaerator is another very important
part of boiler feed water treatment plant. The mechanical
means is same as that of in degasser. But instead of air, LP
steam is blown from bottom to top and feed water is poured
from top to bottom.

Deaerator also serves as header, to provide a net positive

suction head (NPSH) to the boiler feed pumps (BFP) and here
by protects the BFPs from any damage due to vapor lock and
cavitations.

◀ Feed Circuit of Boiler

Boiler Economiser ▶
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