STRUCTURED LEARNING EPISODE

SCIENCE 10
Date: 05 December 2018

Competency Explain how a protein is made using information from DNA.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (Replication, Transcription,
Lesson
Translation)
1. Describe DNA replication;
Objectives 2. Relate the DNA structure to its complementary structure; and
3. Describe transcription and translation.
- http://www.tiemanbiology.com/uploads/6/3/2/3/6323843/dna_replicati
on_paper_clip_activity.pdf
References - Mendioro, et al. 2010. Genetics: A Laboratory Manual, 12th Revision.
University of the Philippines Los Baños.
- Grade 9 Learner’s Material
Picture of a DNA molecule
Video Presentation of a DNA undergoing replication
Picture of a DNA undergoing transcription and translation
Materials Activity 1 – Paper Clip DNA
Activity 2 – Paper Clip RNA
Activity 3 – Watch Me! (RNA Translation)
Worksheet 1 – DNA Base Pairing Worksheet
Priming

Activities

(Recall of DNA concepts from their Grade 9 lesson)

- Shown here is a picture of the DNA, what does the acronym DNA
stands for? Explain the function/importance of the DNA. Describe the
structure of the DNA.
- Where inside the cell is the DNA located?
- What is the building block of a DNA molecule?
- What are the components of a nucleotide?
- Do you think DNA molecules multiply? If yes, how does it happen?
Activity
- Activity 1 – Paper Clip DNA
- Activity 2 – Paper Clip RNA
- Activity 3 – Watch Me! (RNA Translation)
Analysis

Activity 1

1. Examine the the two double-stranded DNA molecules. Are they

identical or different in any way? Why do you say so? Enumerate the
differences that you found if there is any.
 2. If you were asked to replicate each of the two DNA molecules on your
table to create four identical DNA molecules, how would you go about
doing this? Do you think you will be able to yield the same results with the
previous one? Why or why not?
3. During periods of growth and cell division, the chromosomes, which are
made up of genes, must divide. What features about DNA replication
causes each new DNA molecules to be exactly like the original?
4. Ask the students where they think DNA replication happens by
asking question on how they can find the DNA/chromosomes.
5. Discuss that during the replication of the DNA, there is the so called
leading strand which has the continuous elongation and the lagging
strand which is forming the Okazaki fragment (discontinuous
elongation).
6. Emphasize that the newly synthesized DNA molecules is identical to
the original DNA where it came from and that the process of
replication occurs in a semi-conservative mode – wherein one of the
two strands of the new DNA came from the parent DNA and the
other strand is the newly-formed strand.
7. Show a video presentation/animation of DNA replication.
8. Discuss the steps in DNA replication and the enzymes involved in
each step by using the table below:
Enzymes/Proteins
Steps Function
Involved
Unwinding and separation of
Helicase double-stranded DNA molecules
into a single strand
Single-stranded
Keeps the stands from
Binding Proteins
reannealing.
(SSBPs)
Initiation
Relaxes the twisting tension of the
DNA gyrase
DNA created during unwinding.
Short segments of RNAs that
serves as primers for the
Primase
elongation of the complementary
strand.
Adds nucleotide complementary to
DNA Polymerase III
the DNA template.
Proofreads the DNA molecule and
DNA polymerase I
Elongation removes the primers.
Sealing of gaps (nicks) in the
Ligase lagging strand which are created
by the Okazaki fragments.
Replication ends when all the parent DNA have been
Termination
complemented

Activity 2 – Paper Clip RNA

9. How will you compare the DNA with RNA? What

similarities/differences can you identify?
10. The activity will show that the synthesis of RNA is somehow the
same with the synthesis of a new DNA strand because of the pairing
of complementary bases. However, it must be emphasized that RNA
has Uracil (U) as base pair of Adenine instead of Thymine (T)
11. Why is it important to transcribe the DNA into RNA?
12. Discuss that transcription will only produce RNA but will not attach to
the DNA strand. The RNA produced are the following:
mRNA (messenger RNA) which provides the template that contains
 nucleotide code for the amino acid sequence of a protein; tRNA
(transfer RNA) which transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to
the ribosomes, and rRNA (ribosomal RNA) which are complexed
with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes.
13. Discuss the steps in transcription and the enzymes involved in each
step by using the table below:

Enzymes/Proteins
Steps Function
Involved
Attaches to the promoter of the DNA
Initiation RNA Polymerase
(i.e.TATA Box).
RNA polymerase moves along the anticoding (antisense)
strand of the DNA, which is the 3’ to 5’ strand of the gene.
Elongation The RNA polymerase separates the two strands while
complementing DNA nucleotides with RNA nucleotides as it
goes along the gene.
It binds to the RNA polymerase so that
Termination Rho factor it will dissociate from the DNA to stop
transcription.

Activity 3 – Watch Me! (RNA Translation)

14. An animated video of translation will be shown to the students and

will be asked to answer some questions about what they have seen
from the video.
15. Discuss that codons are three adjacent nucleotides in the mRNA that
comprise for a specific amino acids.
16. The RNAs that were produced in the transcription process are
utilized in this final stage of protein synthesis.
17. Discuss the following steps in translation:

Steps Process
- mRNA binds to ribosomes.
1 - tRNA carrying an amino acid approaches ribosomes.
- tRNA anticodon pairs with mRNA codon
- usually, AUG is the first codon which codes for Met
and signals the start of protein synthesis
2
- the ribosome then slides to the next codon to be
translated.
- a new tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid
3
pairs with the second mRNA codon.
- When the first and second amino acids are in
4 place, an enzyme joins them by forming a
peptide bond between them.
- As the process continues, a chain of amino
acids is formed until the ribosome reaches a
5 stop codon (e.g., UAA,UAG,UGA) on the mRNA
strand. The polypeptide chain is released.
Protein synthesis is complete.

18. Discuss how the genetic code is used in the process of translation.
 Abstraction
Activity 1
1. What is DNA replication and what is the mode of replication?
DNA replication is the process of synthesizing new DNA molecules
via a semi-conservative mode. It means that the synthesized DNA is
composed of an old strand from the parent strand and a newly-
synthesized strand.
2. Where DNA replication does happens?
DNA replication happens inside the nucleus (for eukaryotic cells)
3. What are the steps in DNA replication?
The three steps in DNA replication are Initiation, Elongation, and
Termination.
Activity 2
1. What is transcription?
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA
molecule.
2. What are the processes involved in transcription?
The three steps in Transcription are Initiation, Elongation, and
Termination.
3. What are the types of RNA produced after transcription?
The three types of RNA produced after transcription are mRNA,
tRNA, and rRNA.
Activity 3
1. What is translation?
The process of synthesizing protein based on the amino acids being
coded by the mRNA codons.
2. What is the use of the genetic code in translation process?
It shows what amino acids are coded for by the different codons.
Application

Worksheet 1 – DNA Base Pairing Worksheet

Closure

DNA, as a genetic material, is capable of transmitting biological information

from a parent cell to its daughter cells, and in broader perspective, from one
generation to another. The information stored in the DNA when expressed
will result to a particular trait of an individual. The trait is expressed through
the actions of proteins either directly or indirectly.
Assessment NAT simulated questions (See Attached)
Agreement - Define Mutation.
 - Identify the different types of mutation and describe/explain each. Cite
examples of conditions which resulted from mutation.

Teacher’s Note:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Prepared:
_________________
ARLENE D. DIOKNO
Subject Teacher

OBSERVED:

MRS. NORALYN P. BAEL

Head Teacher VI
 SUPPLEMENTARY WORKSHEET # 1
SCIENCE 10

Competency Explain how a protein is made using information from DNA.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (Replication, Transcription,
Lesson
Translation)
1. Describe DNA replication;
Objectives 2. Relate the DNA structure to its complementary structure; and
3. Describe transcription and translation.
- http://gcsdstaff.org/marino/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/DNA-
References
Worksheet.pdf
Worksheet 1 – DNA Base Pairing Worksheet
Materials
Genetic Code Chart
Worksheet 1 – DNA Base Pairing Worksheet

Objective
This activity will enable learners to apply the concepts of DNA replication, transcription,
and translation in some given DNA sequence.

Overview
There are base pairing rules for writing complimentary DNA strands for a given strand.
A pairs with T, C pairs with G. In RNA, A pairs with U, instead of T.

Directions
1. Write the complementary DNA strand for each given strand of DNA.
a. CGTAAGCGCTAATTA

b. TCTTAAATGATCGATC

c. AATGAATAGCTAGCTT

d. GGCATTCGCGATCATG

2. Write the mRNA strand for the given DNA strand.

a. ATGTCGCTGATACTGT

b. GAAGCGATCAGTTACG

c. AATGAATAGCTAGCTT

d. GGCATTCGCGATCATG

3. Now you will translate the amino acid sequence for the given tRNA strand.
Remember that codons are 3 base pairs long.

a. AUG CAC UGU CCU UUC GCU GAC

b. GAG AUC UGG UUG GAA UCG

c. AGC GUA UUA ACG UAU CAU

d. AGU CGA UCG AUG CGG AUG AUA

4. Complete the table below showing the sequences of DNA, mRNA codons, tRNA
anticodons and the amino acids. Remember the genetic code is based on mRNA codons.
 NAT SIMULATED QUESTIONS
SCIENCE 10

Explain how a protein is made using information from

Competency
DNA.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (Replication,
Lesson
Transcription, Translation)
1. Describe DNA replication;
2. Relate the DNA structure to its complementary
Objectives
structure; and
3. Describe transcription and translation.
- DepEd Project EASE Module 14
- Mendioro, et al. 2010. Genetics: A Laboratory
References
Manual, 12th Revision. University of the Philippines
Los Baños.
Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following is the primary function of
DNA in cells?
a. serve as a storage form for unused nucleotides
b. occupy space in the nucleus to keep the nucleus
from collapsing
c. store information that tells the cells which proteins
to make
d. serve as template for making long, spiral
carbohydrates

2. The two strands of a DNA molecule are held

together by which of the following bonds?
a. Ionic bonds
b. Covalent bonds
c. Peptide bonds
d. Hydrogen bonds

3. According to the base-pairing rules, guanine (G)

binds with what nitrogenous base?
a. Cytosine
b. Adenine
c. Thymine
d. Guanine

4. During DNA replication, what does the enzyme DNA

polymerase do?
a. separates the two nucleotide chains in a DNA
molecule
b. constructs new nucleotide chains that are
complementary to the chains in the original DNA
molecule
c. breaks down the original DNA molecule into
individual nucleotides
d. joins two DNA molecules into a single molecule
5. A section of one DNA strand has the sequence
ACCGAGGTT. What is the sequence of an mRNA
transcribed from this section of DNA?
a. ACCGAGGUU
b. ACCGAGGTT
c. TGGCTCCAA
d. UGGCUCCAA

6. Which of the following describes DNA replication?

a. Parallel
b. Anti-parallel
c. Conservative
d. Semi-conservative

7. A codon is composed of:

a. 2 bases
b. 3 bases
c. 4 bases
d. 5 bases

8. What do you call the component in the nucleus of

the cell that codes and stores genetic information?
a. Nucleolus
b. Nucleoplasm
c. DNA
d. RNA

9. A DNA is in elongation stage of replication, which of

the following enzymes is responsible for the
addition of the complementary nucleotides?
a. DNA polymerase I
b. DNA polymerase II
c. DNA polymerase III
d. RNA polymerase I

10. On what specific stage of transcription does the

separation of the DNA strand and the addition of
RNA nucleotide happens?
a. Initiation
b. Elongation
c. Activation
d. Termination
Answer Key:
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. B

Name: _____________________________________ Score: __________

Section: ____________________________________ Date: ___________

Activity No. 1
Paper Clip DNA

Objectives:
- Demonstrate the process of DNA replication through the use of teaching models.

Overview:
- You will be making a short sequence of a human gene that controls the body’s
production of the growth hormone, which causes growth during childhood and
adolescence. Genetic engineers call this gene the hGH (human Growth
Hormone) gene. This gene is actually made of 573 nucleotide base pairs. You
will only construct the first ten bases in the gene.

Materials:

14 blue paper clips = Adenine (A)

14 yellow paper clips = Thymine (T)
9 red paper clips = (C)
9 green paper clips = (G)

Procedure:
1. Use the colored paper clips according to the key above and construct the top
strand of the hGH according to the diagram of the gene below. Link the ten
appropriate colored clips for the top chain shown below:

Notice that the bottom strand of the DNA molecule follows the “rule of
complementarity,” which means that A bonds with T, and C bonds with G.

2. Now construct the bottom strand of the hGH gene by linking ten more clips into a
chain according to the pattern above. The entire sequence of this gene is known.
 Your DNA model should resemble the following:

3. Set the two chains side-by-side as shown in the drawing above so that A bonds with T,
and C bonds with G.
You now have a model of the hGH gene (the first ten bases only.)
Compare the two chains with each other side-by-side to verify that C bonds with G, and
A bonds with T. When this gene replicates in the nucleus of a cell, the double-strand
begins to separate at one end. As it separates, new nucleotide bases are moved into
place by enzymes, which form the beginning of two new identical molecules. These A, T,
C, and G bases are present in the nucleus of each cell and come from food molecules.
When these new bases are brought into place, the A bonds with T, and the C bonds with
G.

4. Open your hGH DNA molecule as shown below:

5. Now use the other available clips to create the beginning of two new strands.
Remember A with T and C with G. Connect the clips as follows:

6. Continue separating the strands and bring in appropriate new bases (clips) to create two
complete new double-stranded hGH gene molecules. Remember that A bonds opposite
to T, and C is opposite of G. You should have six clips left.

7. Take photos of your paper clip DNAs and answer the guide questions that follow:

Guide questions:
1. Examine the two double-stranded DNA molecules. Are they identical or different
in any way? Why do you say so?
 _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. If you were asked to replicate each of the two DNA molecules on your table to create
four identical DNA molecules, how would you go about doing this?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

3. You now have two copies of a segment of the hGH gene on your table. During periods of
growth and cell division, the chromosomes, which are made up of genes, must divide.
What features about DNA replication causes each new DNA molecules to be exactly like
the original?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Name: _____________________________________ Score: __________

Section: ____________________________________ Date: ___________

Activity No. 2
Paper Clip RNA

Objectives:
- Demonstrate the process of transcription through the use of teaching models.

Materials:

15 blue paper clips = Adenine (A)

15 pink paper clips = Thymine (U)
15 red paper clips = (C)
15 green paper clips = (G)

Procedure:
1. Use the colored paper clips according to the key above to construct the mRNA
and tRNA anticodon of the given DNA sequence below:

DNA TAC CGC TCC GCC GTC GAC AAT ACC ACT

mRNA___________________________________________________________

2. Align the DNA strand side by side with the mRNA strand:

DNA

mRNA
 3. After having your mRNA strand from a DNA strand, now, try to make a DNA strand out
of the given mRNA strand:

DNA____________________________________________________________

mRNA A U G A C U A G C U G G G G G U A U U A C U U U U A G

4. Repeat procedures 1 and 2 and answer the guide questions that follow.

5. Take photos of your paper clip RNAs.

Guide questions:
1. How will you compare the DNA with RNA? What similarities/differences can you
identify?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. Why is it important to transcribe the DNA into RNA?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

3. Where in the cell can we found the RNA molecule?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Name: _____________________________________ Score: __________
Section: ____________________________________ Date: ___________

Activity No. 3
Watch Me!
(RNA Translation)

Objectives:
- Describe how the code in RNA is translated into amino acids.

Materials:
- Animated Video (Video Clip) of RNA translation

Guide Questions
1. Based on the video clip, what are the things/components needed in the process
of translation? What are their uses/functions?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. What is the bond that holds each amino acid together? What will be produced if
you will have a long chain of amino acids?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

3. When will the process of translation stop?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

4. How are we going to determine the amino acids that will correspond to the
codons of the mRNA?
 _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

5. What are the steps/process in translation that you have identified from the video?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________