Prefab Roadmap

PREFAB ROADMAP
A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND

(2013–2018)
2 PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018)
CONTENTS
Executive summary ...................... 2
Context ...................... 4
Vision ...................... 5
The background ...................... 6
Why the drive for prefab and why now ...................... 8
International experience ...................... 10
Key players in New Zealand ...................... 12
Challenges and actions ...................... 14
Looking towards the future ...................... 18
Action plan ...................... 22
Prefab Roadmap ...................... 23
References ...................... 24
Resource links ...................... 25
Glossary of terms ...................... 26
International and National Research Summary ..... 29
PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018) 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Prefabrication, also known as prefab or offsite manufacture, is an
approach to constructing the built environment that has been at the
leading edge of innovation for a number of years. It simply means
manufacturing and assembling whole buildings or substantial
parts of buildings prior to installation at their final location.
Prefabrication spans from small components, two-dimensional
panels, three-dimensional volumes through to complete buildings,
including mixtures of these types with traditional.
Prefabrication is a strategy vision to increase the quality of

that affects the whole project prefabricated output and grow
from its start, rather than being customer value. This vision
just a selection of products or is based on identifying key
technologies applied later on. challenges holding the industry
International reports have extolled back, the resulting actions needed
its virtues as a valuable part of to address these challenges, and
the built environment, yet there the relevant outcomes and outputs
has not been a subsequent uptake needed to achieve the actions.
by the design and construction
industry in New Zealand. What’s Action areas can be grouped into
holding back the uptake of five main areas:
prefabrication in New Zealand? ••research
••communication
New Zealand’s design and ••dissemination
construction industry identifies ••education
four key issues inhibiting the ••demonstration
uptake of prefabrication:
••broadening perceptions Outcomes and outputs are
through information to combat wide-ranging and include the
misconceptions development of online tools such as
••connecting with clients to a product database and interactive
increase market size value case tool, together with
••assisting innovation to market targeted technical publications
••spreading technical knowledge to and broader exhibition events. The
increase awareness next step is to rank the priority of
the outcomes and outputs, and
This Roadmap for prefab in identify organisations to assist in the
New Zealand draws from a rich delivery of these projects over the
and lengthy historical context, five-year timeframe of this Roadmap.
to formulate a contemporary

Context
Prefabrication has long been the innovative cornerstone
of the New Zealand construction industry since before
colonisation in the early 1800s.
It has offered a combination of A focus on sustainability in modern

design, functionality and value construction has brought a wave of
in a range of manifestations, renewed interest in prefabrication,
some of which are more readily as demonstrated by ‘green prefab’
identifiable than others. Although and ‘offsite’ movements around
transportable school classrooms the world.
of old are often the first to spring
to mind, New Zealand’s much- New Zealand is home to innovative
loved historic villas and bungalows new-generation prefab products,
were also from pattern-books and including housing solutions
prefabricated parts, as was the such as the HABODE and ipad,
1833 Treaty House in Waitangi. production technologies such
as cross-laminated timber (CLT),
The Railways housing scheme structurally insulated panels (SIPs)
began in the 1920s and used and file-to-factory techniques.
a combination of prefabricated
components and standardised See Glossary of Terms
planning through pattern-books.
Further New Zealand examples
include:
••State housing (1930s - 1950s)
••Hydro scheme housing (1940s –
1970s)
••The first one-piece fibreglass
bathrooms (from Industrialised
Building Systems in the 1970s)
••Lockwood Group (1954 – today)
••Triboard and Metra Panel (1991
– today)

VISION
A successful prefabrication industry producing high quality,
well designed, affordable, functional and inspiring residential
and commercial buildings for satisfied customers.
A strong prefabrication sector will deliver genuine benefits for

the whole New Zealand construction industry, encouraging
innovation and improved efficiency through this streamlined
building process.
Builders will become adept at using and modifying

prefabricated systems – motivated by the opportunity to
save time and money while delivering a high quality product
– while clients will enjoy the benefits of known quality,
accurate costings, and assured timeframes. Developers will
understand the commercial advantages of prefabricated
building, utilising covenants which favour modern, high-
quality prefabrication on site, thereby dispelling outdated
images. Designers will educate clients on prefabrication
benefits and the quantity surveying profession will support
informed decision-making by taking time-savings into
account on project cost estimates. These projects will see
prefabrication become increasingly ‘mainstream’ in the
minds of politicians, quantity surveyors, local council and
policy-makers.
The streamlined, high-quality characteristics of the

prefabrication method will result in desirable and functional
buildings for all New Zealanders, delivering quality products
to a radically under-supplied market and improving
productivity and national gross domestic product (GDP) in
the process.

The background
New Zealand’s prefab construction industry was supported
by the Government at its inception, as demonstrated by the
historical examples previously mentioned. This support was
typically in response to a temporary and finite need (the
Hydro-scheme project houses, for example, or a burst of
large-scale migration); once the urgent need abated, industry
reverted to the former status quo. Genuine transformation
requires the clear identification of barriers, in order to find
sustainable solutions.
A 2009 Victoria University of The main role of PrefabNZ is as an

Wellington Master of Architecture umbrella organisation, to connect,
thesis by Pamela Bell, entitled inform, educate, influence and
‘Kiwi Prefab: Prefabricated catalyse action to address prefab
Housing in New Zealand’, misconceptions. Industry largely
identified two key areas and 15 agrees that the market’s lack
specific recommendations for of understanding about prefab
the design and construction as a quality solution is holding
industry to improve the uptake of prefabrication back. Education
prefabrication in New Zealand. The of the construction industry, the
two key areas are research and design profession and the wider
development, and marketing and public is an ongoing process to
communication. clarify definitions, terminology and
merits of prefabrication.
In February 2010, Victoria
University of Wellington hosted
the ‘Kiwi Prefab’ workshop to
test the recommendations of
the thesis on industry members.
The key outcome of that day was
the unanimous decision to form
an industry body to address key
challenges and opportunities.
A steering group was voted in
and the by mid-2010, PrefabNZ
Incorporated was born.

Why the drive for
prefab and why now
Why Prefab?
The New Zealand construction industry is frequently
criticised for its low productivity, lack of consistent quality,
insufficient innovation, and lack of ability to address the
strong construction demand existing in most of New Zealand.
So, why prefab? The answer is that See Appendix for a summary of the earthquakes and a further
in the face of these significant national and international prefab- 15,000 require repairs worth
challenges, sector-specific related research findings. more than $100,000 each. There
research has shown that prefab are 20,000 homes needed for the
processes are one solution to Why Prefab – Why now? Canterbury Rebuild in the wake
many of these issues. Auckland alone needs of the ongoing earthquakes since
approximately 10,000 new homes late 2010. This work continues
Prefab construction offers a series per year for the next decade, yet to be held up by insurance issues
of practical benefits, including only 3,500 are currently being with each recurring quake. There
climate-controlled environments; delivered.1 At the current rate is an overall estimated cost to
reduced onsite work; onsite of growth, in the next 30 years the economy of $30 Billion.4
staff; heightened quality control; Auckland will need to house ••There are around 42,000 Leaky
enhanced waste capture, reuse another million residents in Homes, as well as schools
and recycling; quality in mass 400,000 new dwellings.2 This and apartment buildings
and custom design; teams rather means that over the next 20 years requiring specialised repair to
than individuals; improved Auckland will be missing 90,000 constrained sites needing repairs
health and safety. The use of houses,3 representing around a or replacement.5 The legacy of
increased levels of automation in quarter of the required stock. The the ‘leaky buildings’ crisis is
offsite construction leads to the wider region faces urban design litigation and a fear of alternative
employment of skilled workers. issues about constrained land materials, products and systems.
Machines do what they can do well, supply and educating the market ••Affordable housing supply is
and humans do tasks that require about well-designed multi-density at a critically low level in urban
skilled hands. Moves towards infill housing options. centres. There is increasing
increased automation can improve ••In Canterbury, between 15,000 awareness of the need to
speed, cost, quality, and minimise and 17,000 homes have been increase density and build on
waste in projects. damaged beyond repair in urban infill sections to reduce

the impact of sprawling cities.
The Auckland Council Housing
Action Plan (2012) identifies the
need to create exemplar high-
quality medium-density urban
neighbourhoods. In many cases,
these types of constrained sites
cannot accommodate traditional
construction that requires site
offices and material storage.
••New Zealand has a wealth of
geographically isolated sites.
Offsite construction is a more
viable option for remote sites
with reduced access, whether on
mountain-tops, rugged beach-
fronts or offshore islands.
There are serious doubts that the

contemporary industry can meet
demand with its present structure
and traditional methods of
construction.

International experience
Prefab is widely utilised in many overseas markets where
it is viewed as a high quality and innovative option which
has often been used to address inefficiencies in building and
construction industries.
Key findings of the McGraw-Hill Although the New Zealand market

Construction 2011 SmartMarket is distinct, much can be learnt
report Prefabrication and from overseas experiences. The
Modularisation: increasing following table summarises the
productivity in the construction prefab experience in selected
industry showed the following overseas markets
productivity improvements from
the architecture, engineering and
construction professionals surveyed:
••66% decrease in time (35% by 4
weeks or more)
••65% decrease in cost (41% by 6%
or more)
••77% decrease in site waste (44%
by 5% or more)
••98% expect to be using some
prefab on some projects by 2013

Country Characteristic
Australia ••Modular building sector supplying mass housing for mining camps
••Architect and manufacturer collaborations for high-end custom houses
••Peak prefab / offsite industry organisation being established 2012 / 2013
••Multi-unit student accommodation projects
Japan ••Housing viewed as a consumable or 20-30 year depreciable asset

••74% of homes 27 years old or less in 2008 6
••Prefabrication seen as a medium to high-end product
••Up to 20% of domestic market is prefabricated homes 7
••Five major businesses supply 80% of the prefab home market
••Investment in R&D since 1946 means a mature prefab market today
••R&D centres offer customised choice of fittings, options, finishes material choices
••Steel-frame, panel and modular systems dominate 8
••Highly mechanised, automated due to influence from manufacturing industries 9
••Most construction owner-initiated
USA ••Big firms build 66% of new houses

••Most single-family homes
••Similar materials
••Established modular and factory-built, manufactured, home construction industry
••Up to 1/3 all new single-family houses are modular or manufactured 10
••10% of market is high-end architecture ‘modern green prefab’ 11
••Exhibition and book on prefab at Museum of Modern Art, New York, 2008 12
UK ••Similar industry set-up to New Zealand, but higher productivity

••Barriers to innovation, including aversion to timber structure
••Housing shortages
••Wary of prefabrication / offsite construction due to post-WWII temporary ‘prefabs’ 13
••Prefab housing makes up less than 4% of new buildings (2005)
••BRE Innovation Park showcases housing in Watford and Scotland
••Government push for Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) target 25% for social
housing (2007), 200,000 homes in 20 years using fast-track technologies (2004) 14
Scandinavia ••Pre-cut timber standalone houses and precast multi-unit affordable housing
••Prefab makes up 90% of housing in Sweden 15 and more than 50% in Finland 16
••Ikea partnered with largest builder Skanska to provide affordable housing
••Long acceptance of prefabrication / offsite construction
••Quality focus for prefabrication / offsite construction
••Drive for energy efficiency, environmental protection
Broader Europe ••Long history and acceptance of prefabrication / offsite construction – with prefab housing
making up 5% in Spain and France, and 10% in Germany 17
••Prefab show-home parks in Germany and Austria – 50-100 houses each park
••Focus on timber products, sustainability and family-owned small-scale operations
••Drive for high-quality and cost efficiency through standards and certification

Key players in
New Zealand
The uptake of prefabrication in New Zealand is dependent on
a contemporary understanding of prefab and a collaborative
approach throughout the supply chain, from customers to
designers to manufacturers and builders, with support from
regulators and governance.
Clients
Public / Developers / Project Managers
Clients are the patrons of design and construction projects as they facilitate the initial need, vision and payment
of the building. However, many clients are dependent on their specifiers for advice and guidance, hence they are
influenced by their specifiers’ knowledge, preferences and prejudices.
Specifiers
Building Professionals (Architects, Designers, Engineers, Builders and others)
Specifiers take the clients’ needs and provide detail to the vision – making sure the building is fit for purpose,
compliant with legislation, functionally resilient, aesthetically appealing and environmentally sustainable.
Producers
Manufacturers, Fabricators, Suppliers, as well as Builders and Sub-contractors
Producers provide the documented elements from the specifiers’ plans – a mixture of products, materials, fixings,
fixtures and elements. These may include prefabricated components, panels or modules transported to the
building site where they are assembled to produce the finished building.
Regulators
Building Officials (Territorial Authorities, Building Consent Authority and Ministry of Business, Innovation and
Employment)
Regulators oversee the translation of building policy through the compliance system.
Government
Political Party in power, together with Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment
Government has an obligation to set the policy for the design and construction industry, through Standards
and Building Consent regulation. The government is also looked to for leadership on critical issues facing the
industry.

Industry Leadership
Industry leadership in the prefab sector is provided by PrefabNZ, a not-for-profit incorporated society which is
funded by membership and industry sponsorship. PrefabNZ was established as a mechanism to implement the
recommendations of the Kiwi Prefab thesis. The organisation regularly engages with industry and responds to
member needs through surveys, networking, educational and marketing opportunities for members; acting as a
conduit to government and international organisations.
PrefabNZ utilises a range of communication channels including monthly e-newsletters, a portal website,
informative networking events in city centres and regional areas, and major showcase projects such as the HIVE
Home Innovation Village, Canterbury Agricultural Park, Christchurch – a two-year temporary showcase on council
land – opened April 2012 to over 2,000 people in the first weekend.
As of the end of 2012, 9 of the original 15 Kiwi Prefab thesis recommendations are either underway or complete,
however challenges remain; consents are languishing at around 50% of their levels 5 years ago, the Canterbury
industry remains stalled by insurance delays, while an impending wall of work – Auckland, leaky buildings and the
rebuild – looms.

Challenges and Actions
The design and construction industry in New Zealand is trapped
in a cycle of boom and bust using 200 year old traditional
craft-based production techniques. In order to break this cycle,
a radical rethink of design and construction delivery would
need to take place. A collaborative approach would address the
interlinked nature of the challenges – perceptions that affect
market demand, that in turn influence industry decisions,
together with regulatory constraints, which affect feasibility of
start-up costs, and in turn inhibit prefab market expansion.
Research points to misconceptions ••over-emphasis on component ••architect-designed housing

as the number one issue inhibiting and complete building models to target a specialised
uptake of prefabrication. Research typologies, to the detriment niche market of early adoptors
also points to the barrier being of alternative methods such ••utilising marketing tools such
with designer not specifying as panel and module prefab as show-homes, plan-books and
prefab, although the design typologies housing events
profession points to the challenge ••a lack of future-proofing in
in fact being with the acceptance terms of intellectual property
of prefab by the client as they protection and uptake of recent
are the patron of the design and manufacturing technologies to
construction process. remain locally and internationally
competitive
Issues for a strong New Zealand
prefabricated design and Contemporary actions that should
construction industry include be evaluated for a successful New
prohibitive start-up costs, Zealand prefab industry include:
resistance from the traditional ••targeting offshore markets to
construction industry, and increase consumer market size
widespread misperceptions about ••sourcing fabrication and
prefab and even architectural manufacturing offshore
quality. Contemporary challenges ••creative out-of-the-box designs
that inhibit commercial success of for transport limitations
prefabrication include: ••design flexibility of component-
••tight macroeconomic conditions based systems
••construction industry resistance ••advancing innovative products
to innovation and systems through research
••the small, disparate and and development
competitive nature of the overall ••collaborations between industry
industry and tertiary institutions

Misconception
Historical misconceptions are of uninspiring standardised designs, temporary structures, low-quality construction
and poor site choices and orientation of structure on site.
Quality-based misconceptions focus on light-weight, flimsy and cheap materials that represent a poor investment.
Aesthetic misperceptions arise when unconventional materials and appearance are aligned with poor performance.
Socio-cultural misperceptions are that mass-production is an attack on individuality.
Points for Action – changing misconceptions is a cornerstone of mainstreaming prefab building systems in the
New Zealand industry.
Misconception outputs and outcomes would include:

••Portal website that is useful and informative for participants across the value chain
••Online interactive value case assessment tool
••Accessible technical information in print and web form
••Robust financial information including value case
••Exhibitions, events, demonstrations and show housing – e.g. HIVE Home Innovation Village
••Mainstream publications – book, magazines, media, TV
••Clear leadership – PrefabNZ
Market Size
The constrained market size makes it difficult to achieve economies of scale in manufacture. This is despite a
latent capacity to provide a substantial number of houses. In 2011, PrefabNZ surveyed 46 businesses to find they
had the capability to supply 750 3-bedroom houses. A consistent market demand is limited by the unpredictable
nature of the market and a lack of access to the project decision-makers at an early stage of the process when
prefabrication can be considered.
Market opportunities are further exacerbated by the boom: bust cycle of the design and construction industry.
The companies that survive the fluctuating market are those that respond with flexible strategies and provide a
diverse range of product offerings. It is a challenge to create a transparent pipeline of incoming work that will
enable investment in technology and an economy of scale to be achieved to make larger repeat manufacture more
profitable. A further challenge is to enable an efficient supply chain of materials to be provided on a timely basis
to support delivery.
Points for Action – increasing market penetration in New Zealand and looking beyond our borders to grow
export markets will grow the use of prefab systems.
Market Size outputs and outcomes would include:

••Client-focused market research to assess demand for prefab, better understand price and value drivers, and to
match up client needs with current prefab systems
••Key market areas, leaders and project decision-makers identified
••Prefab value case information targeted at key market leaders and project decision-markers
••Development of a transparent pipeline of incoming work to enable forward planning
••Single portal website for all prefab-related information

••Potential export market growth areas identified
••International trade tour to export markets
••Marketing via trade show attendance in targeted export markets
••Entry into new or growth areas of domestic and export markets
Start-up Costs
The large start-up investment needed to establish a prefabricated product or system represents a significant
barrier to market entry, which is closely linked to the limited market size which constrains demand, and ongoing
financing and supply-side difficulties.
The industry would benefit from better understanding the parameters required for a successful business case,
including the break-even scale of production, and the period of time required to verify consistent market
demand. Exploring opportunities within the retrofit market could offer new insights into the proportion of prefab
technology being used in new and existing buildings, and how to leverage the retrofit market as a showcase for
prefabrication.
Points for Action – addressing the challenge of large start-up cost investment will go some way to assisting
innovative prefab products and systems to market.
Start-up Costs outputs and outcomes would include:

••Research what is the break-even point to bring a new prefab product to market
••Value case for investment in prefab production
••Quantity surveying profession is knowledgeable about value of time and lifecycle costing and able to accurately
assess prefab projects
••Forums to connect manufacturers with clients
••Pipeline of visible future work
••More research and development (R&D) investment in prefab products
••Access to an innovation portal for funding
••Collaboration across industry sectors
••Product integration with BIM and national online consenting
••File-to-factory technology available and utilised
Consent and regulation integrated with product development

Technical Knowledge
A lack of prefabrication education persists at the design inception part of the construction process. Specifiers
could educate their clients on the benefits of prefabrication as an alternative to traditional methods. Construction
professionals could build prefab efficiencies into planning and bidding, including allowances for green factors.
Manufacturers could promote the green benefits of prefab products and produce BIM objects of prefab products
to enable easier specification. A more collaborative and informed approach across the design and construction
team would lead to a smoother process and result in less defects – delivering increased value to the client and
repeat business opportunities.
Points for Action – spreading technical knowledge results in a better informed and more prefab-literate design
and construction industry, to deliver better value to clients.
Technical Knowledge outputs and outcomes would include:

••Agreed terminology across sector
••Property covenants encourage prefab, rather than exclude
••Continuing Professional Development (CPD) programme embedded in sector
••Case studies
••National Conference
••Events to connect products and specifiers
••Established education deliverers such as Polytechs provide programmes
••On the job training for builders and assemblers
••Tech series seminars and publications
••Quality assurance scheme
••Single portal directory to prefab products
••Online product database linked to product information and technical specifications
••Database also integrated with Building Information Modelling (BIM) and national online consenting
There is a level of risk awareness and risk aversion across the design and construction sector. This is
understandable given the level of investment required and the longevity of the product, in other words choices
made in building have long legacies. Particular areas of concern are around the perceived risks of changing
business as usual. The subsequent challenge is to facilitate a change management process that has industry buy-
in at all levels. Collaboration is key.

Looking towards
the future
What will success in the future look like for each group?
The design and construction industry supply chain looks to the

government for strong leadership on critical issues, and to the
regulators to enforce subsequent policy decisions using the
latest technology available. Future success would look different
to business as usual today. At a broad level, the industry would
be recognised for its significant contribution to the nation’s GDP
(4-8%).18 There would also be measures in place to grow this
contribution – increasing productivity through greater uptake
of prefabrication is one way to achieve this – a 10% increase
in productivity equates to a 1% increase in GDP.19 At a working
level, there will be an increased flow of accessible information
that clearly sells the value case for prefab.
Clients a smooth building delivery and ••Clients know that prefab

In the future, clients will receive limited disruption at site, so will products are Building Code
increased value through high- recommend the team they worked compliant so there are no
quality buildings delivered on with and be willing to embark on a increased risks
time and on budget. They will design and build project again. ••Clients get the best value through
understand the design and collaborative procurement
build process, make informed Looking forward to the future: processes with design briefing
decision and be knowledgeable ••Clients have access to under- meetings together with specifiers
about cost implications of design standable relevant information on and producers
changes. During the build process prefabricated products ••Clients feel more involved in
they will be kept in touch with ••Clients can experience prefab the design and building process
digital technology to observe products and buildings in through digital walk-throughs,
the manufacture and assembly. demonstrations and exhibitions factory video cameras and site-
At the end of the build process, ••Clients use a web-based decision- based images.
commercial clients will retain a BIM making tool that quantifies time ••Clients have increased
model for on-going maintenance benefits and lifecycle benefits to satisfaction and value after
and asset management. Most compare prefab methods with handover due to the short
importantly, clients experience traditional defects liability period

Specifiers ••Specifiers utilise file-to-factory ••Producers manufacture according
In the future, specifiers collaborate technology to link with production to digital files direct from
with clients and producers early ••Specifiers access technical specifiers
in the design process. They information about prefab products ••Producers rely on a quality
use digital technology to share through online web portal, events assurance system backed by the
files with producers, to access and publications Building Code and international
online product information, ••Specifiers are incentivised by standards, accessed digitally and
and to submit Building Consent prefab awards, publication and remotely
packages. Specifiers are able celebrations ••Producers gain efficiencies
to access clear and relevant through supportive transport and
information about prefab for Producers product delivery services
themselves and their clients. In the future, producers ••Producers can self-certify towards
Importantly, specifiers take a collaborate early in the Building Code compliance, saving
lead role in educating clients and procurement and design process time and money
assisting their informed decision- to achieve cost and time savings ••Producers provide more
making. Awards, published case using innovation where possible. consistent working conditions
studies and public celebrations A visible pipeline of upcoming and receive more reliable staff
provide incentives to work with work assists in smoothing out ••Producers make cost savings
prefab. boom and bust cycles. Locally- which can be passed on to
made or imported products are of clients, as well as improving their
Looking forward to the future: a consistent high-quality standard own profit margins
••Specifiers and producers are part and Building Code compliant,
of a collaborative design briefing delivered through a secure and Regulators
process dependable transport system. In the future, regulators use a
••Specifiers pass on client prefab At site, electronic tags provide consistent shared terminology
education material as part of the technical product information for prefabrication terms and
briefing process and assembly directions to have a familiarity with different
••Specifiers use a web-based hand-held digital devices. systems that removes fear and
decision-making tool that Electronic verification enables undue risk in the Building Consent
quantifies time benefits and self-compliance on-the-job, assessment process. Specific
lifecycle benefits to compare further reducing time for external prefab queries are directed to a
prefab methods with traditional building inspectors to conduct single portal organisation. There
••Specifers use an online database inspections. is increased use of a flexible
to choose from a range of pre- pre-consent tool, based on
consented products, components Looking forward to the future: standardised details and product
and assemblies ••Producers plan forward according packages, to speed up the consent
••Specifiers freeze the design early to a visible pipeline of major process and reduce costs to
and communicate this to clients project work clients. Regulators facilitate on-
prior to manufacture so the client ••Producers can access clients the-job inspections by producers
understand how design changes through coordinated projects, and monitor this through the
affect the project cost events and networks national online consenting portal.

Looking forward to the future: aware of contemporary relevant Looking forward to the future:
••Regulators dramatically reduce policies. Major projects consider ••Government and the design
processing time of Building prefabrication technologies and and construction industry work
Consents value cases. Major procurers are closely together
••Regulators use a standard set aware of prefab case studies and ••Government leads by example,
of prefab terms and have base value cases. There are increased mandating for increased uptake
knowledge of a number of prefab communications between of BIM, green and prefab in their
systems government departments and own multi-unit projects
••Regulators know where to go to with the design and construction ••Government supports standards
find out more information about industry. A focus on collaborative for BIM, green and prefab
prefab products procurement, a transparent
••Regulators support self- pipeline of upcoming work, and
inspection at site by producers management skills support for
small to medium enterprises
Government (SMEs) leads to a smoothing of the
In the future, government takes boom and bust cycle. Mandates
a proactive leadership approach are put in place to encourage the
to continuous improvement and uptake of BIM, green and prefab
leading by example. As a result in multi-unit projects for schools,
of consistent communication, social housing, affordable housing,
the design and construction hospitals, retirement villages and
industry and the public are corrections facilities.

21
Action Plan
Addressing the challenges outlined above will require a varying mix, comprising
research, communication, dissemination, education and demonstration. This
one-page summary diagram captures measures, challenges and actions in an
at-a-glance format.

PREFAB ROADMAP
A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013-2018)
Industry Vision:
A successful prefabrication industry producing high quality, well designed, affordable,
functional and inspiring residential and commercial buildings for satisfied customers.
Measures of Success:
Clients Specifiers Producers Regulators Government
receive increased collaborate with collaborate early use consistent takes a proactive
value through high- clients and producers on to achieve cost terminology for approach to
quality functional early on, and use and time savings prefab terms, continuous
buildings delivered on digital technology using innovation and are familiar with improvement,
time and on budget to share files with technology where different systems leading by example
producers possible and use online tools and communication
for assessment
Challenges:
Misconceptions Market Size Start-up Costs Technical
••Tainted image from ••Limited market size ••Large start-up Education
historical experiences investment needed ••Lack of product
••Economies of scale
••Standard designs unknown ••Financing difficulties awareness
••Temporary structures ••Project decision-makers ••Unknown break-even ••Need for specification

used past use-by-date carry risk point technical guidance
••Poor site orientation ••Access to design team at ••Unknown pipeline of ••No quality assurance
early stage incoming work system
••Lightweight and cheap
materials ••Boom: bust cycle ••Suppliers disconnected ••Assembly and
from specifiers installation info needed
••Mass-production versus ••Unknown demand and
custom incoming work ••Products need a clearer ••Maintenance and asset
path to market management guidance
••Poor performance ••Existing capacity not
needed
••Risk of non-traditional being utilised
ACTIONS:
••Portal website ••Transparent pipeline of ••Transparent pipeline of ••Agreed terminology
••Online tools and info incoming work incoming work across sector
••Case study precedents ••Client-focused market ••Research on break-event ••Case study precedents
research point for investment ••Events to connect
••Value Case
••Portal website as single ••Develop value case for products and specifiers
••Interactive tools
source of information investment in start-up ••Use established education
••Exhibitions
••Understanding market ••Connect manufacturers deliverers
••Showcase / Demo needs of price: value with major project clients ••Facilitate on-the-job
••Events ••Identify key market areas ••Encourage R&D training
••Conference and decision-makers investment ••Technical series seminar
••Publications ••Investigate export ••Access funding for + publications
••Media, TV, radio markets with NZTE innovation ••Quality assurance scheme
••Leadership ••International site visits ••Product integration with
and events BIM + online consenting ••Online technical info with
••Tap into expat networks ••Consistent consent and BIM product specs
regulation process

References
1 Ryan, Verney and Nick Collins, ‘A Tale of Two Cities – Auckland and Christchurch (and what they told us)’.
Beacon Pathway Inc., 2012.
2 Keown, J., Dominion Post article: ‘Auckland in grip of housing crisis’. Retrieved 21 October 2012
www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/7844917/Auckland-in-grip-of-housing-crisis
3 Johnson, A., Adding it all up – the political economy of Auckland’s housing. The Salvation Army – Social Policy
and Parliamentary Unit, 2012
4 Kerr, J., ‘Current Estimate.’ Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, August 2012.
5 Estimating the Cost. Price Waterhouse Cooper, July 2009.
6 Japan Statistical Yearbook, Official Statistics of Japan, 2012.
7 Matsumara, Dr. Shuichi. ‘Prefabricated House–Building Systems in Japan.’ 10 Internationales Holzbau Forum.
Garmish, 2004.
8 Matsumara, Dr. Shuichi. ‘Prefabricated House–Building Systems in Japan.’ 10 Internationales Holzbau Forum.
Garmish, 2004.
9 Gann, David. ‘Construction as a Manufacturing Process? Similarities and Differences between Industrialised
Housing and Car Production in Japan.’ Construction Management and Economics 14 (1996): 437–50.
10 Rbyczynski, Witold. ‘Houses Made in Factories.’ Slate. Retrieved 20 August 2008

www.slate.com/id/2197176/slideshow/2197362/fs/0//entry/2197352/
11 Jeffrey, Nancy Ann, and Nancy Keates. ‘Upwardly Mobile Homes: is this architecture?’ The Wall Street Journal.
21 January 2004. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
www.realestatejournal.com/homegarden/20040121–jeffrey.html
12 Bergdoll, Barry and Peter Christensen. Home Delivery: Fabricating the Modern Dwelling. Museum of Modern
Art, New York, 2008.
13 Vale, Brenda. Prefabs: a history of the UK temporary housing programme. London: Spon–Chapman and Hall, 1995.
14 Stungo, Naomi. ‘Home Delivery’. RIBA Journal 111.4 (2004): 46–50.
15 Egan, Danielle. ‘The Prefab Home is Suddenly Fab.’ The Tyee. 31 May 2005. Retrieved 31 May 2005.
www.thetyee.ca/News/2005/05/31/PrefabHome/
16 Stungo, Naomi. ‘Home Delivery’. RIBA Journal 111.4 (2004): 46
17 Venables, Tim, and Roger Courtenay. Modern Methods of Construction in Germany: playing the offsite rule.
London: UK Dept. Trade and Industry (Global Watch Mission), 2004.
18 Valuing the Role of Construction, Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2011
19 Valuing the Role of Construction, Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2011

Resource Links
••Advancing the Competitiveness and Efficiency of the US Construction Industry, Committee on Advancing the
Competitiveness and Productivity of the US Construction Industry, National Research Council, NIST / NRC, USA 2009
www.modular.org/marketing/documents/NRC_USConstructionIndustry_Report.pdf
••Affordable Housing Inquiry, Productivity Commission, NZ, 2012

www.productivity.govt.nz/sites/default/files/Final%20Housing%20Affordability%20Report_0_0.pdf
••Building a Better New Zealand - the research strategy for the Building and Construction Industry – DRAFT,
BRANZ with CSG, CIC and MBIE, NZ, 2012
www.buildingabetternewzealand.co.nz/elements/pdfs/BRZ%207436%20Building%20a%20better%20NZ.pdf
••Kiwi Prefab: Prefabricated Housing In New Zealand, Pamela Bell, March thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 2009
researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/1111?show=full
••Kiwi Prefab: Cottage to Cutting Edge, Pamela Bell and Mark Southcombe, Balasoglou Books, 2012
www.aaltobooks.co.nz/2011_index.php?thread=2369&cat=&scat=&bcount=0&detail=3127&sctp=&search=ki
wi%20prefab
••Lloyd’s registration scheme, Buildoffsite UK, 2010

www.buildoffsite.com/register.htm
••Prefabrication and Modularisation: Increasing Productivity in the Construction Industry, McGraw Hill, USA, 2012
www.nist.gov/el/economics/upload/Prefabrication-Modularization-in-the-Construction-Industry-SMR-2011R.pdf
••Productivity Partnership Research Action Plan, Productivity Partnership, NZ, 2012

www.buildingvalue.co.nz/sites/default/files/rap.pdf
••Productivity Partnership Strategy Roadmap, Productivity Partnership, NZ, 2012

www.buildingvalue.co.nz/sites/default/files/road_map_2012.pdf
••Valuing the Role of Construction in the New Zealand Economy, Price Waterhouse Coopers and Construction
Strategy Group, NZ, 2011
www.constructionstrategygroup.org.nz/downloads/PwC%20Report%20-%20Construction%20Sector%20
Analysis%20Final%204%20Oct.pdf

Glossary of Terms
Building information modelling (BIM)
BIM is the wider set of integrated software tools of which digital drawing is just one tool. Elements embedded in a
three-dimensional digital model are assigned values which can be independently accessed and cross-referenced to
produce useful data during the construction coordination process.
Complete buildings or complete building prefabrication

These are units that enclose usable space and actually form part of the completed building or structure (units may or
may not incorporate modular coordinated dimensions). This includes the traditional transportable housing industry.
Component-based or componentised prefabrication

Components are relatively small scale items that are invariably assembled offsite, such as light fittings, windows,
and door furniture. It includes structural members (trusses and frames), fittings, fixtures, and joinery that is cut,
sized or shaped away from the site for assembly on site. A complete set of components is commonly referred to
as a kit, kit-of-parts, or kitset.
Computer assisted design (CAD)

Computer software that enables designs to be drawn, rendered, rotated and checked in three-dimensions.
Computer numerically controlled (CNC)

Cutting or machining technology that is controlled by computer programming. It is the interface between
computer software and manufacturing hardware which enables designs to be directly translated from digital to
physical means without manual interference. The manufacturing sectors use this technology widely, whereas the
construction industry generally uses the software to produce drawings, but not physical products. CNC machinery
is usually programmed with CAD software.
Cross laminated timber (CLT)

CLT is a timber panel produced by gluing layers of solid timber continuous boards together, with subsequent
layers rotated 90 degrees to create a ‘giant plywood’ that can be used for a variety of applications, including
roofs, walls and floors.
Green modern prefab

The term ‘green modern prefab’ refers to prefabricated housing that is architect-designed, has neo-Modernist
design aesthetics and exhibits sustainable technologies or features.
Hybrid-based or hybridised prefabrication

Hybrid-based prefabrication is also referred to as semi-volumetric prefabrication. It consists of a mixture of
volumetric or modular units and non-volumetric or panelised units (module plus panel). It may also include
component and site-built elements.

Industrialised housing
The term industrialised housing was popular in New Zealand in the 1970s and 80s. It refers to a large-scale
manufacturing-type approach to construction. Prerequisites for industrialisation include a large consumer market
and high volume output. Industrialised systems may use prefabrication, but the two terms are not interchangeable.
Mass-customisation
This is the use of digital technology and CAD-CAM interfaces to produce individual custom designs from standard
manufacturing technologies.
Mobile
This is an obsolete term for manufactured housing in the United States. It is still used in New Zealand to refer to
transportable buildings. A mobile building is manufactured away from site, and transported to the site in a largely
completed state with minimal on-site labour. A mobile building does not conform to building codes and is not
necessarily fixed to permanent foundations at the site.
Modern Methods of Construction (MMC)

MMC is a British term adopted by their Housing Corporation. It refers to both offsite or prefabricated construction
technologies and innovative technologies applied at site. It also includes techniques such as thin-joint block-work
and tunnel-form construction.
Module-based or modular prefabrication

These are units that enclose usable space and are then installed within or onto a building
or structure. They are typically fully finished internally, such as toilet/bathroom pods or plant-rooms. Structural
units are rooms or large parts of the building referred to as modules, volumes or sections. Non-structural units are
used inside conventional buildings or modules, usually to contain utilities, and are referred to as cores or pods.
Offsite or off-site or offsite manufacturing (OSM)

Offsite is a term used to describe the spectrum of applications where buildings, structures or parts are
manufactured and assembled remote from the building site prior to installation in their final position. In other
words, moving operations that are traditionally completed onsite to a manufacturing environment.
Panel-based or panelised prefabrication

These are planar units that do not enclose usable space, such as panel systems and cladding panels. They may
include windows, doors or integrated services, and are either open-framing or closed-in with clad and/or lining.
They are transported to site as flat-packs.

Portable
Portable buildings are generally those intended for short-term temporary applications such as utilities at events or
site offices. Portable housing infers a small building such as a cabin, studio or sleep-out.
Prefab or prefabricated
This widely refers to materials or combinations of materials prepared away from the construction site for
assembly at the final site, and ranging from components, panels, modules, hybrid and complete buildings.
Pre-nailed
This refers to complex components of materials that are cut, sized or shaped and joined together using nail-plate
technology. Nail-plate technology comprises engineering software, computer-controlled cutting machinery, and
steel plate fasteners. It is a technique commonly used for roof trusses and wall framing in traditional housing
construction.
Relocated, relocatable housing or ‘reloc’s

A relocated or relocatable building can be of any style, age, or material. It does not necessarily infer a new
prefabricated house. It is a dwelling that is built or assembled at one site and then transported in parts, or in
whole, to an entirely different site.
Structurally insulated panels (SIPs)

Panels are typically made using expanded polystyrene (EPS), or polyisocyanurate rigid foam insulation sandwiched
between two structural skins of oriented strand board (OSB).SIPs are used as building panels for floors, walls and
roofs in residential and commercial buildings.
Standardised
Standardised housing utilises components, methods or processes in which there is regularity, repetition and a
background of successful practice. Standardisation is useful to gain efficiencies in prefabrication, but it does not
infer standardised product or system outcomes.
Transportable housing
Housing that is transportable includes any house that is purposely built in order to be moved to another location.
In New Zealand, this includes yard- and factory-built housing which is supplied by a number of businesses.

International and
National Research
Summary
A brief summary of international produced the Advancing the fundamental barriers to using
and national prefab-related Competitiveness and Efficiency prefab technologies, including:
findings are presented in of the US Construction Industry ––What is stopping us from using
chronological order below. report in 2009. It showed that more efficient construction
construction productivity is processes?
Michael Latham’s Constructing influenced and improved by ––What are the barriers to uptake
the Team report in 1994 and Sir five main drivers, including of standardisation and how can
John Egan with the Construction Automation and Prefabrication. Five it be made more attractive?
Taskforce’s Rethinking breakthroughs to improve the ••The PP RAP extends these
Construction report in 1998 both efficiency and productivity of the US questions in its Technology
identified construction industry construction industry are itemised, section, where it highlights
inefficiencies in the UK: including breakthrough number the trend towards prefab and
••The Latham Report was not the three: “Greater use of prefabrication, suggests where cross-industry
first report to identify systemic preassembly, modularization, and lessons could be learnt:
failings in the UK construction off-site fabrication techniques and ––What lessons for increasing
industry; previous reports dating processes.” productivity can be learned
back to the 1960s had identified from assembly industries, such
similar issues and made similar Various taskforces have been set as the car industry, and applied
recommendations. However, up by the New Zealand Government to construction in New Zealand?
this report did gain industry since 2008, leading to the ••Prefabrication emerges yet
and government support. Most development of the Productivity again as a central theme in the
notably, the report urged reform Partnership (PP) joint venture Canterbury Rebuild section, where
and advocated partnering and with industry in 2011 and the the PP RAP identifies the need
collaboration by construction launch of a Research Action Plan for a quantitative mix of bespoke
companies. (RAP) in 2012. The PP found that and standardised construction in
••The Egan Report took a industry is struggling with a lack Canterbury, asking:
manufacturing approach to of reliable economic data, as is the ––What is the change in mix
the construction industry and case internationally, which makes of bespoke compared with
advocated an integrated project improvements in productivity standardised design and
process based around four key difficult to measure. However, it construction?
elements including production of also suggested that prefabrication ––How has client perception of
components. processes are one way to improve standardisation changed?
productivity. ––How are uptake and integration
The National Institute of Standards ••Under its Industry Processes of innovations changing during
and Technology (NIST) in the USA section, the PP RAP queries the the Canterbury rebuild?

••The PP RAP also notes the devastating earthquakes from 2010 preference for bespoke buildings
connection between the elevated to 2012. New Zealand structural was cited as a challenge to
cost of new houses and bespoke engineers are international leaders incorporating more standardised
design; land prices aside, it can in seismic resistant design using designs and products.
cost up to 30% more to build a variety of materials to create
a house in Auckland than it prefabricated rocking wall panels, BRANZ is the New Zealand
does to build a similar house in PRESSS and Pres-lam structural construction industry’s
Australian cities. The RAP states components. These can be seen independent research organisation.
that these building costs can be in a growing number of buildings BRANZ’s investment of the Building
reduced through greater uptake including the Nelson Marlborough Research Levy is guided by the
of standardised designs and Institute of Technology (NMIT) Arts information needs of the industry.
building techniques. and Media Building (2010), and ••The 2012 BRANZ Building
the Massey University Wellington Research Industry Agenda (BRIA)
McGraw Hill Construction’s College of Creative Arts (CoCA) priority topics for the next five
Smart Market Report in building (2012). years include productivity, and
2011 Prefabrication and automation, industrialisation and
Modularisation: Increasing In 2011, a strategic focus in new technologies.
Productivity in the Construction New Zealand on value-added ––The BRIA priority topic
Industry confirmed the link manufacturing exports was publicly Productivity calls for information
between prefab, sustainability, BIM put forward by Sir Paul Callaghan. that supports new approaches
and productivity – all rising trends This focus was being picked up by to the processes and technology
identified by construction industry the timber industry through a Bay of building, particularly in
leaders in the US. of Plenty report released in July and discovering the necessary
••McGraw Hill’s 2009 report on a wider timber industry strategy framework to encourage novel
Building Information Modelling in 2012. There is wide industry or disruptive technology such as
(BIM) found a key benefit of BIM thought that value-added timber prefab construction.
is to enable increased use of products such as cross-laminated ––The BRIA priority topic
prefab techniques, which in turn timber (CLT) and glue-laminated Automation, Industrialisation
improve productivity and project (gluelam) structural components are and New Technologies
return on investment (ROI). potential for export growth. anticipates an increasing need
••McGraw Hill’s 2010 report on in the industry for competence
Green BIM looked at green BIM In 2012, a focus on unaffordable with advanced manufacturing
practitioners who saw model- housing was provided by the New and emergent technologies.
driven prefab as a way to design Zealand Productivity Commission’s The integration of BIM is
and construct greener buildings Housing Affordability Inquiry the key information and
and have a greener site. report. Land prices were identified communication technology
as a barrier, as were building in building that can work
The Canterbury region of New costs, cited to be 30% higher than alongside new construction
Zealand was rocked by a series of Australian equivalents. Consumer methods and processes.

BRANZ’s Construction Industry additional one million people by industry leadership and co-
Data to Assist in Productivity 2040. The intensification will be ordinating bodies, including the
Research report found that quality staggered, with apartments of 18 Construction Strategy Group (CSG),
is closely related to perceived storeys allowed in 10 areas, and the Construction industry Council
value by customers. New house four to eight storeys allowed in (CIC), the Ministry of Business,
owners satisfaction levels are a further 37 areas. Beyond these Innovation and Employment (MBIE),
high yet call-backs occur in 60% areas, the council proposes a 250 and BRANZ. This new strategy
of new houses. Overall the level metre zone for terraced housing is intended to provide a strong
of satisfaction with house designs and apartments of between four strategic foundation to underpin
was high and it was interesting to and six storeys. The remaining both the direction and funding of
note the standard designs with no residential areas will have a building research across the whole
changes did not score significantly mixed-housing zone, allowing for New Zealand building research
worse than the changed standard one house per 300 m2 with no community.
plans or one-off designs (Ian Page, density limits when developers
BRANZ report SR256, 2011). land-bank more than 1,200 m2 to
build five or more houses.
Underpinning a value case ••The draft unitary plan aligns with
for prefabrication and offsite the Auckland Plan, which aims
construction is the inherent time to contain 60-70% of new houses
savings. BRANZ’s Value of Time within the existing urban limits.
report shows the dollar value of ••The draft Housing Action Plan
time savings and estimated one identifies 12 priority areas with
week of saved time amounts to a Area 1 Action 8 identifying the
$1,000-1,600 saving on a stand- Council’s willingness to work
alone residential build (Ian Page, with industry groups to deliver
BRANZ report SR259, 2012). exemplary medium-density
housing showcase projects like
The Auckland Council Unitary the HIVE Home Innovation Village
Plan will be released in late 2013. by PrefabNZ.
The draft plan is ambitious and
strongly rooted in multi-unit Building a Better New Zealand:
housing; if approved, the scale The Research Strategy for the
of building outlined below will Building and Construction
require an engagement with prefab industry is a collaborative
technology to deliver effectively. strategy in 2012-13 which emerged
••Under the draft plan, over 50% from a process of industry-wide
of Auckland’s residential land consultation underpinned by a
will be rezoned for apartments comprehensive industry needs
and intensification to house an survey, and is supported by key

PrefabNZ Incorporated
Address:
PO Box 19-063
Courtenay Place
Wellington 6149
Phone:
Pamela Bell
PrefabNZ CEO
+ (64) 21 972 635
Email:
[email protected]

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PREFAB ROADMAP

A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND

PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018) 1

Prefabrication is a strategy vision to increase the quality of

2 PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018)

It has offered a combination of A focus on sustainability in modern

4 PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018)

A strong prefabrication sector will deliver genuine benefits for

Builders will become adept at using and modifying

The streamlined, high-quality characteristics of the

PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018) 5

A 2009 Victoria University of The main role of PrefabNZ is as an

6 PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018)

8 PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018)

There are serious doubts that the

PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018) 9

Key findings of the McGraw-Hill Although the New Zealand market

10 PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018)

Japan ••Housing viewed as a consumable or 20-30 year depreciable asset

USA ••Big firms build 66% of new houses

UK ••Similar industry set-up to New Zealand, but higher productivity

PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018) 11

12 PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018)

PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018) 13

Research points to misconceptions ••over-emphasis on component ••architect-designed housing

14 PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018)

Misconception outputs and outcomes would include:

Market Size outputs and outcomes would include:

PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018) 15

Start-up Costs outputs and outcomes would include:

16 PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018)

Technical Knowledge outputs and outcomes would include:

PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018) 17

The design and construction industry supply chain looks to the

Clients a smooth building delivery and ••Clients know that prefab

18 PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018)

PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018) 19

20 PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018)

22 PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018)

••Temporary structures ••Project decision-makers ••Unknown break-even ••Need for specification

PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018) 23

5 Estimating the Cost. Price Waterhouse Cooper, July 2009.

6 Japan Statistical Yearbook, Official Statistics of Japan, 2012.

10 Rbyczynski, Witold. ‘Houses Made in Factories.’ Slate. Retrieved 20 August 2008

14 Stungo, Naomi. ‘Home Delivery’. RIBA Journal 111.4 (2004): 46–50.

16 Stungo, Naomi. ‘Home Delivery’. RIBA Journal 111.4 (2004): 46

18 Valuing the Role of Construction, Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2011

19 Valuing the Role of Construction, Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2011

24 PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018)

••Affordable Housing Inquiry, Productivity Commission, NZ, 2012

••Lloyd’s registration scheme, Buildoffsite UK, 2010

••Productivity Partnership Research Action Plan, Productivity Partnership, NZ, 2012

••Productivity Partnership Strategy Roadmap, Productivity Partnership, NZ, 2012

PREFAB ROADMAP: A WAY FORWARD for PREFABRICATION in NEW ZEALAND (2013–2018) 25

Complete buildings or complete building prefabrication

Component-based or componentised prefabrication

Computer assisted design (CAD)

Computer numerically controlled (CNC)

Cross laminated timber (CLT)