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NASA Sounding Rockets User Handbook

Sounding Rockets Program Office
Sub-orbital and Special Orbital Projects Directorate
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Wallops Flight Facility
Wallops Island, VA 23337
July 2015
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Preface
This Handbook describes the capabilities of the Sounding Rocket program, the design and
technology applications used by that program, and the processes established to integrate the
customer (principal investigator/program user/scientist/experimenter) into the mission team to
ensure the highest probability of a successful project. Neither the United States Government nor any
person acting on the behalf of the Unites States Government assumes any liability resulting from the
use of information contained in this document or warrants that the use will be free from privately
owned rights. The use of a company name does not imply approval or recommendation of the
product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.
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Preface ............................................................................................................................................. 2
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. 11
List of tables ................................................................................................................................... 12
SECTION 1: The NASA Sounding Rocket Program (NSRP) ................................................................. 13
1.1 The Program: 1959 – the Present .................................................................................................. 13
1.2 NASA Organizational Responsibilities ........................................................................................... 14
1.2.1 Program Management ....................................................................................................................................... 14
1.2.2 Sounding Rocket Working Group (SRWG) ......................................................................................................... 14
1.3 Sounding Rocket Program Customer’s Role................................................................................... 14

1.3.1 Philosophy ......................................................................................................................................................... 14
1.3.2 Payload and Instrumentation ............................................................................................................................ 15
1.4 Sounding Rocket Project Support Elements .................................................................................. 15

1.4.1 Program-Provided Support Services .................................................................................................................. 16
1.4.1.1 Flight Mission Management ..................................................................................................................... 17
1.4.1.2 Payload Analysis, Design, & Development ............................................................................................... 18
1.4.1.3 Launch Vehicle and Payload Support Systems ......................................................................................... 18
1.4.1.4 Payload Fabrication .................................................................................................................................. 18
1.4.1.5 Payload Assembly/Integration, Testing, & Evaluation ............................................................................. 19
1.4.1.6 Launch and Flight Support Operations ..................................................................................................... 19
1.4.1.7 Post-Flight Data Processing and Analysis ................................................................................................. 20
1.4.1.8 Ground and Flight Safety .......................................................................................................................... 20
SECTION 2: The Sounding Rocket Mission Lifecycle......................................................................... 22

2.1 The Mission Initiation Conference (MIC) ....................................................................................... 22
2.1.1 Project Schedule ................................................................................................................................................ 22
2.1.2 Mechanical Devices and Structural Elements .................................................................................................... 23
2.1.3 Flight Performance ............................................................................................................................................ 23
2.1.4 Instrumentation ................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.1.5 Attitude Control ................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.1.6 Navigation .......................................................................................................................................................... 24
2.1.7 Data Reduction .................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.1.8 Testing ............................................................................................................................................................... 24
2.1.9 Foreign Nationals ............................................................................................................................................... 24
2.2 Requirements Definition Phase .................................................................................................... 25

2.3 The Requirements Definition Meeting (RDM) ............................................................................... 25
2.4 Design Phase ............................................................................................................................... 25
2.5 Design Review (DR) ...................................................................................................................... 25
2.6 Payload Fabrication and Pre-Integration Testing Phase ................................................................. 26
2.7 Pre-Integration Review (PIR) ........................................................................................................ 27
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2.8 Integration and Testing (I&T) Phase .............................................................................................. 27

2.8.1 Payload Integration............................................................................................................................................ 28
2.8.2 Acceptance Testing ............................................................................................................................................ 28
2.8.3 Final Checkout ................................................................................................................................................... 28
2.9 Mission Readiness Review (MRR) ................................................................................................. 28

2.10 Flight Readiness Review (FRR) ...................................................................................................... 29
2.11 Launch Operations Phase ............................................................................................................. 29
2.12 Mission Closeout Phase................................................................................................................ 30
SECTION 3: Sounding Rocket Launch Vehicles and Performance Capabilities ................................... 32

3.1 NASA Mission Designation System ............................................................................................... 32
3.2 NASA Sounding Rockets ............................................................................................................... 32
3.2.1 Performance Characteristics .............................................................................................................................. 32
3.3 Boost Guidance System (BGS)....................................................................................................... 36

3.3.1 Background & Capabilities ................................................................................................................................. 37
Section 4: Sounding Rocket Payload Design Considerations............................................................. 38

4.1 Payload Design ............................................................................................................................ 38
4.2 Flight Performance....................................................................................................................... 39
4.2.1 Mechanical Loads and Vibration ........................................................................................................................ 39
4.2.2 Thermal Considerations ..................................................................................................................................... 39
4.2.3 Vacuum and Out-Gassing .................................................................................................................................. 40
4.2.4 Aerodynamic Design Factors ............................................................................................................................. 40
4.3 Other Payload Design Considerations ........................................................................................... 40

4.3.1 Accessibility........................................................................................................................................................ 40
4.3.2 Availability of Parts ............................................................................................................................................ 40
4.3.3 Dynamic Balance ................................................................................................................................................ 41
4.3.4 Cost .................................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.3.5 Redundancy ....................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.3.6 Weight ............................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.3.7 Testing ............................................................................................................................................................... 41
SECTION 5: Payload Systems ........................................................................................................... 42

5.1 Telemetry Systems ....................................................................................................................... 42
5.1.1 Data Transmission Systems ............................................................................................................................... 43
5.1.2 PCM/FM Systems ............................................................................................................................................... 43
5.1.3 WFF93 PCM Encoder System ............................................................................................................................. 43
5.1.4 MV Encoder ....................................................................................................................................................... 44
5.1.5 Mesquito Encoder .............................................................................................................................................. 44
5.2 Attitude Instrument Systems Common to Several ACS's ................................................................ 44

5.2.1 GLN-MAC Inertial Attitude Sensor ..................................................................................................................... 44
5.2.1.1 LN-200 ...................................................................................................................................................... 45
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5.2.1.2 Function.................................................................................................................................................... 45
5.2.2 The Bartington MAG-03MS Magnetometer ...................................................................................................... 47
5.2.3 Honeywell Magnetometers ............................................................................................................................... 47
5.2.4 ST-5000 Star Tracker .......................................................................................................................................... 48
5.2.4.1 Function.................................................................................................................................................... 48
5.3 Onboard Sensors and Instruments................................................................................................ 49

5.3.1 TTC Flight Recorder ............................................................................................................................................ 49
5.3.2 Accelerometers .................................................................................................................................................. 50
5.3.3 Vibration sensors ............................................................................................................................................... 50
5.3.4 Magnetometer ................................................................................................................................................... 50
5.3.5 Solar/Lunar Sensors ........................................................................................................................................... 51
5.3.6 Wallops Accelerometer & Attitude Sensor Package (WAASP) .......................................................................... 51
5.3.7 Horizon Sensor ................................................................................................................................................... 51
5.3.8 Video Cameras ................................................................................................................................................... 52
5.3.9 Rate Sensor ........................................................................................................................................................ 52
5.3.10 Strain gauges ................................................................................................................................................. 52
5.4 Transmitters ................................................................................................................................ 53

5.5 Command Uplink Systems ............................................................................................................ 53
5.6 Telemetry Antennas ..................................................................................................................... 53
5.7 Instrumentation and Experiment Power Systems .......................................................................... 54
5.7.1 Nickel Cadmium ................................................................................................................................................. 54
5.7.2 Voltage Output .................................................................................................................................................. 54
5.7.3 Power Control Distribution (PCD) ...................................................................................................................... 55
5.7.4 Switching ............................................................................................................................................................ 55
5.7.5 Pyrotechnic Power Supply ................................................................................................................................. 55
5.8 In-Flight Event Timing Systems ..................................................................................................... 55

5.8.1 USB Reprogrammable Multifunction Timer (UMFT) ......................................................................................... 55
5.8.2 Barometric Switches .......................................................................................................................................... 55
5.9 Trajectory Measurement Systems ................................................................................................ 56

5.9.1 Radar Transponders ........................................................................................................................................... 56
5.9.2 Doppler Ranging ................................................................................................................................................ 56
5.9.3 Global Positioning System (GPS) ........................................................................................................................ 57
5.10 Mechanical Systems & Mechanisms ............................................................................................. 57

5.10.1 Nosecones ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
5.10.2 Structures & Skins ......................................................................................................................................... 57
5.10.3 Shutter Doors ................................................................................................................................................ 57
5.10.4 Deployment Mechanisms ............................................................................................................................. 57
5.10.5 Vacuum/Water Sealing ................................................................................................................................. 58
5.10.6 De-spin Systems ............................................................................................................................................ 58
5.11 Recovery Systems ........................................................................................................................ 58

5.11.1 Land Recovery ............................................................................................................................................... 58
Table 5.16.1-1 Characteristics of Land Recovery Parachutes Type .................................................................................. 58
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5.11.2 Water Recovery............................................................................................................................................. 58

5.11.3 Recovery Aids ................................................................................................................................................ 59
5.12 Attitude Control Systems (ACSs) ................................................................................................... 59

5.12.1 NSROC Solar Pointing Attitude Rocket Control System (SPARCS VII) ............................................................ 60
5.12.1.1 Capabilities ............................................................................................................................................... 60
5.12.1.2 System Elements ...................................................................................................................................... 61
5.12.1.3 Operation ................................................................................................................................................. 65
5.12.1.4 Integration ................................................................................................................................................ 67
5.12.2 NSROC Inertial Attitude Control System (NIACS) .......................................................................................... 69
5.12.2.1 Capabilities ............................................................................................................................................... 69
5.12.2.2 System Elements ...................................................................................................................................... 70
5.12.2.3 MaNIACS................................................................................................................................................... 70
5.12.2.4 Integration ................................................................................................................................................ 70
5.12.3 NSROC Magnetic Attitude Control System ................................................................................................... 70
5.12.3.1 Operation & Capabilities .......................................................................................................................... 71
5.12.3.2 Integration ................................................................................................................................................ 71
5.12.4 NSROC Celestial Attitude Control System ..................................................................................................... 71
5.12.4.1 Capabilities ............................................................................................................................................... 72
5.12.4.2 System Elements ...................................................................................................................................... 72
5.12.4.3 Operation ................................................................................................................................................. 73
5.12.4.4 Integration ................................................................................................................................................ 74
5.12.5 Command Uplink System .............................................................................................................................. 74
SECTION 6: Environmental Testing Policies ..................................................................................... 79

6.1 General Requirements ................................................................................................................. 79
6.1.1 Qualification Testing .......................................................................................................................................... 79
6.1.2 Acceptance Testing ............................................................................................................................................ 79
6.1.3 Principal Investigator Testing ............................................................................................................................. 79
6.1.4 Test Plan............................................................................................................................................................. 79
6.2 Testing Equipment and Capabilities .............................................................................................. 79

6.2.1 Mass Properties Measurement Systems (WFF and WSMR) .............................................................................. 80
6.2.2 Static and Dynamic Balancing Machines (WFF & WSMR) .................................................................................. 81
6.2.3 Shakers (WFF and WSMR) ................................................................................................................................. 81
6.2.4 Vacuum Chambers (WFF and WSMR) ................................................................................................................ 82
6.2.4.1 The Portable Vacuum System. ................................................................................................................. 83
6.2.4.2 The Vacuum Leak Detector – Helium Mass Spectrometer....................................................................... 83
6.2.4.3 Vacuum Bell Jars ....................................................................................................................................... 83
6.2.5 Bend Test Fixtures (WFF and WSMR) ................................................................................................................ 84
6.2.6 Spin Deployment and Separation Equipment (WFF) ......................................................................................... 85
6.2.7 Centrifuge Machine (WFF) ................................................................................................................................. 86
6.2.8 Magnetic Test Facility (WFF & WSMR) .............................................................................................................. 86
6.2.9 Spin Balance Facility (WFF, Wallops Island) ....................................................................................................... 88
6.2.10 Facility Cleanliness (WFF & WSMR) .............................................................................................................. 88
6.2.10.1 Wallops Flight Facility ............................................................................................................................... 88
6.2.10.2 White Sands Missile Range ...................................................................................................................... 89
6.2.11 Optics Capabilities (WFF & WSMR) ............................................................................................................... 89
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6.2.11.1 Capabilities at WFF ................................................................................................................................... 89

6.2.11.2 Capabilities at WSMR ............................................................................................................................... 90
6.3.1 Static and Dynamic Balance ............................................................................................................................... 91
6.3.2 Static Load (Bending) ......................................................................................................................................... 92
6.3.3 Mass Properties ................................................................................................................................................. 92
6.3.4 Vibration ............................................................................................................................................................ 92
6.3.5 Waivers .............................................................................................................................................................. 94
6.3.6 Test Times .......................................................................................................................................................... 95
6.4 Component Testing ...................................................................................................................... 95
SECTION 7: NASA/GSFC/WFF Safety Policy and Responsibilities ...................................................... 96

7.1 Safety Policy ................................................................................................................................ 97
7.2 The Range Safety Organization ..................................................................................................... 98
7.2.1 Safety Responsibilities of the Mission Manager (MM) ...................................................................................... 98
7.2.2 Safety Responsibilities of the Principal Investigator (PI) ................................................................................... 98
7.3 Ground Safety Plan (GSP) ............................................................................................................. 99

7.4 Flight Safety Plan (FSP) ............................................................................................................... 100
7.4.1 Impact Criteria: ................................................................................................................................................ 100
7.4.2 Overflight Criteria: ........................................................................................................................................... 100
7.4.3 Flight Termination Criteria: .............................................................................................................................. 101
7.4.4 Flight Termination System Design Requirements: ........................................................................................... 101
7.4.5 Flight Planning Criteria: .................................................................................................................................... 101
7.4.6 Range Clearance Criteria for GSFC/WFF Launch Range: .................................................................................. 101
7.4.7 Operational Procedures: .................................................................................................................................. 101
7.5 Safety Analysis Report ............................................................................................................... 101
SECTION 8: Launch Operations.......................................................................................................103

8.1 Launch Ranges ........................................................................................................................... 103
8.2 Launch Operations ..................................................................................................................... 105
8.2.1 Rules to Remember ......................................................................................................................................... 105
8.2.2 Role of the Mission Manager ........................................................................................................................... 105
8.2.3 The Flight Requirements Plan .......................................................................................................................... 105
8.2.4 Test and Evaluation.......................................................................................................................................... 106
8.2.5 The Field Schedule ........................................................................................................................................... 106
8.2.6 The Preflight Conference ................................................................................................................................. 106
8.2.7 Recovery .......................................................................................................................................................... 106
8.2.8 Post-Flight Conference..................................................................................................................................... 106
8.3 Foreign Ranges .......................................................................................................................... 106

8.3.1 Experimental Techniques ................................................................................................................................ 107
8.3.2 Travel & Lodging .............................................................................................................................................. 107
8.3.3 Access .............................................................................................................................................................. 107
8.3.4 Foreign Nationals ............................................................................................................................................. 108
8.3.5 Shipping and Export Control ............................................................................................................................ 108
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8.3.6 Postal Service ................................................................................................................................................... 108
8.4 Mobile Range Operations ........................................................................................................... 108

8.4.1 Remote Locations ............................................................................................................................................ 109
8.4.2 Harsh Environment: ......................................................................................................................................... 109
8.4.3 Limited Technical Facilities: ............................................................................................................................. 110
8.4.4 Limited Communications: ................................................................................................................................ 110
SECTION 9: Data Processing and Analysis .......................................................................................111

9.1 Computer Systems ..................................................................................................................... 111
9.1.1 Real-Time Computer Systems (DQCA,DQCB) ................................................................................................... 111
9.1.2 Data Reduction Computer System (DRCS) ....................................................................................................... 112
9.1.3 Engineering Computer System (ECS) ............................................................................................................... 112
9.1.4 Launch Status Review System (LSRS) ............................................................................................................... 112
9.1.5 Special Purpose Computers ............................................................................................................................. 112
9.2.4 Positional Data Policy....................................................................................................................................... 112
SECTION 10: Wallops Flight Facility ................................................................................................114

10.1 WFF Sounding Rocket Program Support Facilities........................................................................ 116
10.1.1 Engineering Support Facilities ..................................................................................................................... 116
10.1.2 Payload Integration Laboratory .................................................................................................................. 117
10.1.3 Environmental Testing Laboratory .............................................................................................................. 117
10.1.4 Payload Construction .................................................................................................................................. 117
10.1.5 Computer Support ...................................................................................................................................... 118
10.1.6 Range Operations........................................................................................................................................ 118
10.2 Working at Wallops – Rules, Regulations, and Logistics ............................................................... 120

10.2.1 Access .......................................................................................................................................................... 120
10.2.2 Accommodations ........................................................................................................................................ 120
10.2.3 WFF – Safety Rules and Regulations ........................................................................................................... 121
10.2.4 Shipping/Receiving and Transportation of Sounding Rocket Components ................................................ 122
10.3 Foreign Nationals ....................................................................................................................... 123
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................................124
Appendix A: SCIENCE REQUIREMENTS DATA PACKAGE..................................................................125
Electrical Engineering ............................................................................................................................. 125
Guidance Navigation and Control ........................................................................................................... 127
Mechanical Engineering ......................................................................................................................... 127
Performance Analysis............................................................................................................................. 128
Vehicle Systems ..................................................................................................................................... 128
Appendix B: Principal Investigator's Data Package for Mission Initiation Conference (MIC) ............130
Appendix C: Principal Investigator's Data Package for a Design Review .........................................133
Appendix D: Principal Investigator's Data Package for a Mission Readiness Review ........................134
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Appendix E: Descriptions & Flight Performance Characteristics for NASA Sounding Rockets and
Special Projects Launch Vehicles ....................................................................................................136
E.1 Black Brant Launch Vehicle (21.XXX) ........................................................................................... 137
General ........................................................................................................................................................................... 137
Vehicle Performance ...................................................................................................................................................... 137
Payloads ......................................................................................................................................................................... 137
Performance Graph ........................................................................................................................................................ 138
E.2 Improved Orion Launch Vehicle (30.XXX) .................................................................................... 139

General ........................................................................................................................................................................... 139
Payloads ......................................................................................................................................................................... 139
E.3 Black Brant X Launch Vehicle (35.XXX) ........................................................................................ 141

General ........................................................................................................................................................................... 141
Payload ........................................................................................................................................................................... 142
E.4 Black Brant IX Launch Vehicle (36.XXX) ....................................................................................... 143

General ........................................................................................................................................................................... 143
Payload ........................................................................................................................................................................... 144
Performance Graphs ...................................................................................................................................................... 144
E.5 Terrier-Improved Orion Launch Vehicle (41.XXX) ........................................................................ 148

General ........................................................................................................................................................................... 148
Payloads ......................................................................................................................................................................... 149
E.6 Terrier-Improved Malemute Launch Vehicle (46.XXX) ................................................................. 151

General ........................................................................................................................................................................... 151
Payloads ......................................................................................................................................................................... 151
E.7 Black Brant XI-A Launch Vehicle (51.XXX).................................................................................... 154

General ........................................................................................................................................................................... 154
Payloads ......................................................................................................................................................................... 154
E.8 Black Brant XII-A Launch Vehicle (52.XXX)................................................................................... 156

General ........................................................................................................................................................................... 156
Payloads ......................................................................................................................................................................... 156
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Appendix F: PCM/FM and FM/FM Telemetry Systems ............................................................................ 158

F.1 WFF93 Encoder System ........................................................................................................................................ 158
F.2 Mesquito Encoder System .................................................................................................................................... 161
Appendix G Comparison and Performance of Various Battery Systems .................................................... 162

Appendix H: GSFC/WFF Safety Data Requirements................................................................................. 163
Payload Description Data - Hazardous Materials ........................................................................................................... 163
Appendix I: Sounding Rocket Launch Ranges .......................................................................................... 166

I.1 U.S. Army White Sands Missile Range .................................................................................................................. 166
I.2 Poker Flat Research Range ................................................................................................................................... 169
I.3 Andøya Space Center, Norway ............................................................................................................................. 172
Appendix J: Wallops Flight Facility Digital Telemetry System - Chapter 10 ............................................... 175
Ulyssix Technologies and Dewesoft ............................................................................................................................... 175
PTP CD-ROM Data Format ............................................................................................................................................. 175
PTP PCM FORMAT .......................................................................................................................................................... 176
PTP MUX Header Format ............................................................................................................................................... 177
NASA PB-4 Time Code Format ....................................................................................................................................... 178
PTP Data Field Format .................................................................................................................................................... 178
Appendix K: Radar Data Format 1.1.2155 ............................................................................................... 179

Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................. 180
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List of Figures
Figure 2-1. Typical Sounding Rocket Mission Life Cycle 23
Figure 2.6.1 The Labelle payload, 40.025 UE, during testing at Wallops, launched on Feb 15, 2010 from Poker Flat, Alaska. 27
Figure 2.6.2 Payload integration in one of three ground stations at Wallops. 27
Figure 3.2-1 NASA Sounding Rocket Launch Vehicles 33
Figure 3.2.1-1 Sounding Rocket Vehicle Performance 34
Figure 5.2.1-1: GLN-MAC 46
Figure 5.2.4-1: ST5000 Star Tracker 49
Figure 5.3.6-1: Wallops Accelerometer & Attitude Sensor Package (WAASP) 51
Figure 5.12.1.2-1: Miniature Acquisition Sun Sensor (MASS) 61
Figure 5.12.1.2-2: Lockheed Intermediate Sun Sensor (LISS) 62
Figure 5.12.1.2-3: SPARCS VII operation payload pointing at the Sun with an arbitrary roll attitude. 63
Figure 5.12.1.2-4: Same as above but looking along the payload axis at the Sun. 63
Figure 5.12.1.2-5: SPARCS with valve #4 firing to produce a positive pitch moment. 64
Figure 5.12.1.2-6: SPARCS with pair of valves V1 generating identical thrust in opposite directions. 65
Figure 5.12.1.-1: SPARCS alignment to the target. 66
Figure 5.12.1.4-1: SPARCS integration chart. 67
Figure 5.12.5-1: Graphics User Interface 75
Figure 5.12.5-2: Absolute Target Specification 76
Figure 5.12.5-2: Target Specification 76
Figure 6.2.1-1 Airdyne Mark 8 Mass Properties Measurement System at WFF 80
Figure 6.2.2-1 Gisholt Rocket Balancing Machine at WFF 81
Figure 6.2.3-1: Ling Electronics B335 Thrust Axis Shaker at WFF 82
Figure 6.2.4-1 PV/T Vacuum Chamber (left) and Tenney Space Simulation System Thermal Vacuum Chamber at WFF 83
Figure 6.2.4-1 PV/T Vacuum Chamber (left) and Tenney Space Simulation System Thermal Vacuum Chamber at WFF 83
Figure 6.2.5-1: Bend Test Fixture at WFF 84
Figure 6.2.6-1: Spin Deployment Chamber at WFF 85
Figure 6.2.8-1 The Magnetic Test Facility at Wallops 86
Figure 6.2.10-1 Clean Room at Wallops, Bldg. F-7. 89
Figure 6.3.4-1 Vibration Decision Flow Chart 93
Figure 8.3-1. Range Facilities at Woomera, Australia 107
Figure 8.4-1 Range Support Operations in Kangerlussuaq, Greenland 108
Figure 8.4-2 Woomera, Australia 109
Figure 9.1.1-1 RTBS, RTCS in Operation at WFF 111
Figure 10-1: Wallops Flight Facility Map 114
Figure 10-2. Wallops Main Base 115
Figure 10-3. Wallops Island 115
Figure 10-4. Wallops Mainland 116
Figure 10.1.2-1 Plasma Physics Payload (49.002 UE) During Payload Integration 117
Figure 10.1.4-1: Machine Shop 118
Figure 10.1.6-1: WFF Fixed Radar System 119
Figure E.1-1: Black Brant Launch Vehicle 137
Figure E.1-2: Black Brant Launch Vehicle Performance 138
Figure E.2-1. Improved Orion Launch Vehicle 139
Figure E.2-2: Improved Orion Launch Vehicle Performance 140
Figure E.3-1: Black Brant X Launch Vehicle 141
Figure E.3-2: Black Brant X Launch Vehicle Performance 142
Figure E.4-1: Black Brant IX Launch Vehicle 143
Figure E.4-2(a): Black Brant IX (MOD2) Launch Vehicle Performance – WSMR 144
Figure E.4-2(b): Black Brant IX (MOD2) Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level 145
Figure E.4-3(a): Black Brant IX (MOD3) Launch Vehicle Performance – WSMR 146
Figure E.4-3(b): Black Brant IX (MOD3) Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level 147
Figure E.5-1: Terrier-Improved Orion Launch Vehicle 148
Figure E.5-2(a): Terrier MK12-Imp. Orion Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level 149
Figure E.5-2(b): Terrier MK70-Imp. Orion Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level 150
Figure E.6-1: Terrier-Improved Malemute Launch Vehicle 151
Figure E.6-2(a): Terrier MK12-Imp. Malemute Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level 152
Figure E.6-2(b): Terrier MK70-Imp. Malemute Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level 153
Figure E.7-1: Black Brant XI-A Launch Vehicle 154
Figure E.7-2: Black Brant XI-A Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level 155
Figure E.8-1: Black Brant XII-A Launch Vehicle 156
Figure E.8-2: Black Brant XII-A Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level 157
Figure I.1-1. White Sands Missile Range 167
Figure I.2-1 Aerial View of PFRR 169
Figure I.3-1: Launch Facilities at Andøya Rocket Range, Norway Photo: Kohlbjoern Dahle 173
Figure I.3-2: Launch at Andoya 174
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List of tables
Table 3.1-1 Sounding Rocket Agency, Vehicle and Experiment Identification 35
Table 5.1.2-1: PCM System Characteristics 43
Table 5.12-1 shows the principal characteristics of the systems. 60
Table 6.2.3-1 NSROC Shaker Specifications 81
Table 6.2.4-1: NSROC Vacuum and Thermal Vacuum Chamber Specifications 82
Table 6.2.4-2 WSMR Vacuum and Thermal Vacuum Chamber Specifications 84
Table 6.2.5-1 NSROC Bend Test Fixture Specifications 84
Table 6.2.8-1: Instrumentation Available at the WFF Magnetic Test Facility 87
Table 6.2.8-2: Magnetic Test Facility Specifications 88
Table 6.3.1-1 Static and Dynamic Balance Specifications 91
Table 6.3.4-1 Vibration Test Levels for New Payload Designs 94
Table 8-1: Sounding Rocket Launch Sites Worldwide 103
Table F.1-1: Individual PCM Module Characteristics - WFF93 PCM System 158
Table F.2-1 Individual PCM Module Characteristics – Mesquito Encoder System 161
Table G-1: Comparison and Performance of NiCad Battery Systems 162
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SECTION 1: The NASA Sounding Rocket Program (NSRP)

This Handbook was written to assist NSRP customers in developing payloads that meet the requirements
necessary to achieve mission-specific, scientific objectives, and to serve as a guideline in defining NSRP
quality standards and ISO 9001-2000 requirements. For the purposes of this document, “Customers” shall
include principal investigators, program users, scientists, and experimenters.
1.1 The Program: 1959 – the Present

The NSRP is a suborbital space flight program that primarily supports NASA-sponsored space and earth
sciences research activities, other government agencies, and international sounding rocket groups and
scientists. Since its inception in 1959, some 2900 missions have flown with an overall science mission
success rate in the previous 20 years exceeding 90 percent and launch vehicle success rate of over 97
percent. The program is a low-cost, quick-response effort providing approximately 20 flight opportunities
per year to scientific and technology demonstration investigations. Science investigations are involved in
upper atmosphere, plasma physics, solar physics, planetary atmospheres, galactic astronomy, high energy
astrophysics, and micro-gravity research. These rockets are launched from a variety of launch sites
throughout the world.
In mid-1980’s, the NSRP was consolidated at the Wallops Flight Facility of the Goddard Space Flight
Center. The program has continued to grow in terms of average payload size, weight, complexity, and range.
NSRP flight systems are remarkably sophisticated spacecraft, capable of lofting 1000 pound payloads to 280
kilometers and 250 pound payloads to 1500 kilometers.
NSRP customers consist primarily of university and government research groups; however, some research
activities involve the commercial sector. The program has contributed major scientific findings and research
papers to the world of suborbital space science, validated satellite tracking and instrumentation, and served
as a proving ground for space ship and space station components. Many new scientists have received
training and developmental experience through NSRP internships and graduate study programs offered by
participating educational institutions.
Systems and services provided to customers of the NSRP encompass the complete spectrum of support:
mission management, payload design and development, launch vehicles, recovery systems, attitude control
systems, payload testing and evaluation, analytical studies, launch range operations/coordination, tracking,
and data acquisition and data processing.
Customers are required to provide the scientific instruments/detectors for the payload, a comprehensive
description of the support requested from NASA, and objective criteria that will used to determine the
success or failure of the mission after all operations are completed.
The NSRP is conducted in compliance with ISO 9001-2000 but without the formal and expensive reliability
and quality assurance employed in the larger and more costly orbital and deep space programs. This
informal approach, combined with the extensive use of surplus military rocket motors, is instrumental in
enabling the program to complete approximately 20 - 30 missions per year, using available resident WFF
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and WSMR resources. The NSROC program is required to maintain an 85% success rate (complete mission,
vehicle, payload and science) although the program goal is 100%.
Effective communications between the NASA project support team and the customer are vital to the
success of individual sounding rocket missions and to the overall program. Project meetings, reviews, and
the requisite post flight assessments of mission results by the customer are all feedback mechanisms which
provide observation, comment and constructive criticism for problem solving and future programmatic
improvements. The NASA approach to team-customer interaction is included in this Handbook to foster a
better understanding of the thinking behind current Program procedures. From design and development of
the payload through launch and data retrieval, the customer is the essential source of information on how
well the NSRP is working.
1.2 NASA Organizational Responsibilities

The NSRP is funded through the Heliophysics division of the Science Mission Directorate (SMD).
1.2.1 Program Management

The NSRP at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) falls under the Sounding Rockets Program Office
(SRPO), Code 810, Suborbital and Special Orbital Projects Directorate (SSOPD), Code 800. The SRPO and
SSPOD are located at Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) Wallops Island, VA. The program is implemented
under the NASA Sounding Rocket Operations Contract (NSROC) which is administered by the SRPO.
NASA retains overall management of the NSRP including certain programmatic elements such as mission
selection, funding, international agreements, grant administration, oversight and approval of the ground and
flight safety process, and ownership of program assets.
1.2.2 Sounding Rocket Working Group (SRWG)

The SRWG is appointed by the Director of Goddard Space Flight Center to provide counsel and a forum
for exchange of information on sounding rocket systems, operational support, and developments in science
as they affect the program. The NASA Sounding Rocket Project Scientist, GSFC, chairs the Group which
consists of over 10 members from the principal scientific disciplines served by sounding rockets. The NASA
SRPO reports to this Group in the areas of technical and management support.
1.3 Sounding Rocket Program Customer’s Role

Once selected for flight participation, the customer becomes a member of the assigned Mission Team and is
responsible for the preparation of the scientific experiment portion of the payload. Customers assist in
establishing and conducting the operational program. Customers are responsible for defining the
investigation, providing the necessary scientific instrumentation, completing timely processing and analysis
of recovered data, and publishing the results. The customer is expected to participate in a number of
scientific and technical planning functions and formal reviews described later in this document.
1.3.1 Philosophy
The customer’s role is critical to the success of the mission. NASA procedures are designed to support the
customer and facilitate the best possible scientific return from the mission. Information regarding past
experiences with the reliability of specific components and techniques is made available. While the assigned
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mission support team may recommend the use or avoidance of certain procedures and practices, final
decisions on the internal details of the scientific instrumentation are normally left to the customer. Each
payload is required to successfully complete a series of environmental tests which measure, test and evaluate
the ability of the scientific instrumentation to survive the flight environment. Determination of the ability of
the scientific instrumentation to make the required measurements is normally made by the customer.
1.3.2 Payload and Instrumentation

Equipment provided as part of the Program’s customary mission support functions is described in Section
1.4 – Sounding Rocket Project Support Elements. The customer is normally responsible for developing and
providing all other scientific instrumentation and related support equipment. They are also responsible for
ensuring that it conforms to all required mechanical, thermal, and electrical interface specifications; meets all
required safety standards; and is capable of surviving the predicted flight environment. Scientific
instrumentation and related support equipment may be built within the customer’s own laboratories or by
associated contractors. To help ensure a safe operation, the customer is required to furnish the data
specified in Section 7 - Safety and Appendix H - GSFC/WFF Safety Data Requirements.
1.4 Sounding Rocket Project Support Elements

The NSROC contractor, provides the programmatic, technical, and business management functions
necessary to plan, organize, implement, control, track, report, and deliver the goods and services required
for implementation of the NSRP.
The NSROC contractor provides individual mission management for all assigned sounding rocket missions;
this includes all planning and scheduling associated with individual mission requirements. Each mission is
planned to meet science objectives and scheduled to avoid interference with the timely and cost efficient
completion of other ongoing missions. The Mission Database is a programmatic schedule for all missions
and is maintained on the NSROC server.
At minimum, the Mission Database reflects the planned schedule for the following milestones:
Launch Date
Launch Time
Integration Site/Date
Mission Initiation Conference (MIC)
Requirements Definition Meeting (RDM)
Critical Design Review (CDR)
Pre-Integration Review (PIR)
Mission Readiness Review (MRR)
Mission Close-out Report (MCR)
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The NSROC contractor also provides services and supplies necessary for implementation of the individual
missions and the overall program. As such, the contractor designs, fabricates, integrates, and performs
flight qualification testing of suborbital payloads, provides launch vehicles, systems, and associated
hardware, and provides various activities associated with subsequent mission launch operations. All relevant
information is updated and maintained in the Mission Database.
1.4.1 Program-Provided Support Services

Customers of the Sounding Rocket Program are provided with a variety of support services. The assigned
Mission Team is typically responsible for implementation of the mission utilizing their individual efforts and
the extensive support capabilities provided by the Program.
A typical Mission Team is composed of the customer or his representative(s), applicable support staff, and
additional team members provided by the support elements at WFF.
Team includes the following positions:
Mission Manager
Customer & Staff
Mechanical Engineer
Electrical Engineer
Instrumentation Engineer
GNC (Guidance, Navigation & Control) Engineer
Performance Analysis Engineer
Mechanical Technician
Electrical Technician
GNC Technician
Launch Vehicle Technician
Flight Safety Representative
Ground Safety Representative
The general categories of effort necessary for implementation of a mission include:
Flight Mission Management
Scientific Instrumentation (typically provided by the customer)
Payload Analysis, Design, & Development

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Launch Vehicle and Payload Support Systems
Payload Fabrication
Payload Assembly/Integration, Testing, & Evaluation
Launch & Flight Support Operations
Post Flight Data Processing and Analysis
Ground & Flight Safety.
The following is a brief description, including organizational responsibility, of the individual support
elements provided by the Program for the typical mission. A detailed discussion of how sounding rocket
flight projects are conducted with respect to a typical mission is included in Section 2 of this Handbook.
1.4.1.1 Flight Mission Management

NSROC management is generally responsible for selecting a Mission Manager (MM) for each mission. The
MM has comprehensive, team leader responsibilities throughout the mission lifecycle and serves as the
central point of contact for the customer. MM responsibilities include:
1. Developing an approach (technical, schedule, and cost effective), in conjunction with the assigned
mission team, for meeting the mission requirements defined by the customer. This activity generally
occurs in the period between the MIC and the RDM as described in Section 2 of this Handbook.
2. Coordinating and establishing a mutually acceptable date for holding, conducting, and documenting the
RDM and all associated mission requirements in the subsequent Requirements Definition Meeting
Memorandum.
3. Working with the customer and the NSROC Mission Team to design, develop, fabricate, integrate, test
and flight quality the payload. The MM is responsible for coordinating, directing, and managing this
effort, as well as establishing and maintaining the project schedule.
4. Directing and coordinating all Mission Team activities, including formal presentations at Design
Reviews and Mission Readiness Reviews and documenting the Mission Team’s responses to any action
items resulting from these reviews.
5. Coordinating and directing all field operations including preparation of the launch vehicle and
conducting launch operations. The MM is the focal point for all field activities and has final, real time
go/no-go authority for the mission, including launch vehicle status (concurrence for launch by range
safety, SRPO, and the customer is required). The MM has no authority to override a customer or range
safety decision to halt a launch, but may stop a launch when, in his opinion, a condition exists that
jeopardizes the success of the flight.
6. Assessing the results of the launch to the extent possible and submitting required reports to the SRPO.
7. Coordinating and directing post flight operations necessary to complete all mission requirements.
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1.4.1.2 Payload Analysis, Design, & Development

The following activities are associated with the analysis, design, and development function and are generally
provided by the NSROC contractor:
Electrical engineering support for payloads, launch vehicles, and associated flight systems includes electrical
systems (power supplies, event timing, wiring harnesses, monitoring subsystems) and instrumentation
systems (telemetry subsystems). Mechanical engineering support for payloads, launch vehicles, and
associated flight systems includes all payload mechanical subsystems (overall layout and design, external
skins, internal structures, bulkheads, component layouts, special mechanisms) and pyrotechnic devices (pin-
pullers, bolt-cutters and thrusters).
GNC engineering support for payloads and associated flight systems includes all boost guidance systems,
navigation systems and attitude control systems. Support includes requirement review, auxiliary attitude
sensor selection, implementation of external interfaces to the payload, pneumatic system propellant
selection and thruster locations.
Flight performance analyses include:
Launch vehicle performance and nominal flight trajectory analysis
Flight trajectory dispersion, wind-compensation parameters, and impact aim point considerations
Launch vehicle static and dynamic stability evaluation (including aeroelastic effects, payload dynamics
analyses, payload re-entry trajectory and recovery analyses, ascent and re-entry aerodynamic heating
analyses)
Other suborbital analyses.
These activities are performed during the pre-flight and post-flight analyses for each mission.
1.4.1.3 Launch Vehicle and Payload Support Systems

Launch vehicle and payload support systems are provided by the NSROC contractor and include rocket
motors, pyrotechnics, and associated standard flight systems such as ejectable nose cones, payload/vehicle
separation systems, upper stage ignition systems, and thrust termination systems. Activities associated with
these systems include their inspection, modification, storage, shipment, assembly, launcher mating, umbilical
rigging, and environmental control during launch operations. Other standard systems include payload
recovery systems, special aerodynamic decelerators, payload attitude control and stabilization systems, and
launch vehicle boost-guidance systems.
1.4.1.4 Payload Fabrication

Mechanical and electrical fabrication services are provided by the NSROC contractor. Electrical fabrication
support includes specialized shops for electrical wiring assembly, printed circuit board fabrication, and
electrical instrumentation development. The mechanical fabrication support includes the machine shop,
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welding shop, plastics and composite materials shop, sheet metal shop, and mechanical instrumentation
shop.
1.4.1.5 Payload Assembly/Integration, Testing, & Evaluation

The development of a mission progresses from the fabrication and assembly of flight hardware, through the
addition of customer-provided instrumentation and standard support systems, to a fully integrated payload.
The payload then proceeds through the testing and evaluation process which involves the entire Mission
Team (engineering personnel, technical support personnel, and the customer who has the technical
knowledge of, and responsibility for, his instrumentation) and the laboratory support personnel who operate
the various facilities involved in the processes. These facilities include payload assembly shops, telemetry
ground stations, and environmental testing lab. These processes include physical properties determination;
magnetic calibration; and vibration, shock, structural loads, spin-deployment, dynamic balancing, and
vacuum testing. All of these services are generally provided to the customer by the NSROC contractor.
1.4.1.6 Launch and Flight Support Operations

A critical element of conducting the NASA Sounding Rocket Program involves performing launch
operations from various locations worldwide. Several of these launch sites are existing, full-time launch
ranges. Mobile sites can also be established at remote locations which satisfy particular science requirements,
such as specific observations (solar eclipses, supernova) and operations in specific areas (auroral zones,
equatorial zones, Southern Hemisphere).
The following are brief descriptions of the major applicable elements involved in supporting sounding
rocket flight operations:
The SRPO utilizes an agreement with the NAVY at White Sands Missile Range to provide services for
conducting launch operations from that location. The SRPO directs the NAVY to coordinate the provision
of these services from the various service provider organizations and to support the specific requirements of
each mission.
The SRPO utilizes a contract with the University of Alaska for the maintenance and operation of the Poker
Flat Research Range. This mechanism provides support for launch operations conducted from this high
latitude location. Additional support for tracking and data acquisition services is provided through the
NASA remote range services contract.
The SRPO also utilizes inter-governmental and international agreements necessary for the provision of
launch operational support for mobile campaigns such as from the Marshall Islands and Puerto Rico; and
from established foreign ranges such as Esrange, Sweden and Andoya, Norway.
The Range and Mission Management Office (RMMO), Code 840 is responsible for planning and directing
the support necessary to meet the objectives of projects conducted on the WFF range and mobile
campaigns. The implementation of mobile campaigns for sounding rockets involves the support of several
organizational elements within SSPOD. Additional support may also be provided by the AETD.
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The RMMO schedules and directs flight test activities, provides test data packages to users, and coordinates
range operations with various outside organizations for operations conducted from WFF and mobile
campaigns. When conducting a mobile operation of sufficient magnitude, a "Campaign Manager" is usually
assigned. This individual has overall responsibility for managing the campaign (which usually involves
several separate sounding rocket flight missions) including interfacing with foreign government
organizations, establishing the required launch support facilities, and coordinating launch operations.
The range from which the operations are being conducted provides launch pads, launchers, blockhouse
systems, controls, and consoles. Mechanical and electrical/electronic ground support equipment; flight
support instrumentation such as search, tracking, and instrumentation radars; telemetry receiving and data
recording stations; television and photographic tracking cameras; special purpose photo-optical equipment;
surveillance and recovery operations aircraft; and facilities for payload preparation and check out are
provided as part of the range services.
The NSROC contractor is generally responsible for conducting actual launch operations as well as all
functions relating to the preparation of the launch vehicle and payload leading up to that event.
1.4.1.7 Post-Flight Data Processing and Analysis

The NSROC contractor is generally responsible for providing post flight processing and analysis of raw
scientific data recovered from sounding rocket missions. This data is provided to the customer in the
format specified at the RDM. Section 9 has additional information on available data processing and analysis
support and procedures for obtaining that support.
1.4.1.8 Ground and Flight Safety

All work performed in support of the Sounding Rocket Program (SRP) is done in conformance with all
WFF, GSFC, NASA, and other government regulations, requirements, and statutes. Ground and flight
safety data requirements for sounding rocket vehicles and payloads are contained in the Range Safety
Manual for Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)/Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), (RSM-2002). This manual
contains specific design requirements for flight systems and describes data that must be supplied to the
Wallops Flight Facility Safety Office (Code 803) to obtain NASA safety approval for launch systems.
Institutional safety requirements are contained in NPG 8715.3, NASA Safety Manual. The NSROC
contractor is responsible for meeting these requirements as well as any additional safety requirements of
other domestic or foreign ranges utilized during implementation of the SRP. Further, the NSROC
contractor is responsible for maintaining awareness of all changes and modifications to statutes, regulations,
and procedures impacting ground and flight safety.
The NASA Safety Office is responsible for oversight and approval of all ground and flight safety processes.
As such, the NASA Safety Office provides all necessary Safety Plans based on the data and analyses
provided by the NSROC contractor. The NSROC contractor is contractually required to provide all data,
analysis, and information necessary for the development of these, and any other, required plans. The NASA
Safety Office plans and coordinates safety aspects of launch operations, establishes range clearance and
range safety limitations, and reviews and approves hazardous assembly and pad procedures. The NSROC
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contractor is responsible for implementing all of the requirements of the Ground and Flight Safety Plans for
NSROC-supported missions.
For hazardous operations (other than pad operations), the NSROC contractor is responsible for:
Providing Operational Safety Specialist(s) whose primary responsibility is safety oversight. This person or
persons interfaces directly with the NASA Safety Office oversight authority in resolving real-time safety
concerns.
Implementing all general operation (crane operation, forklift operation, etc.), personnel safety (explosives
and ordnance, pressure vessels and systems, chemical, radiation, etc.) and facilities (equipment calibration,
maintenance of safety devices, access control) requirements.
A detailed discussion of sounding rocket safety considerations and policies is provided in Section 7 of this
Handbook; additional NSRP support capabilities are addressed in Section 2.
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SECTION 2: The Sounding Rocket Mission Lifecycle

This Section describes the process NASA uses in conducting a sounding rocket flight project (mission)
using the management and support elements at Goddard Space Flight Center's Wallops Flight Facility
(WFF) discussed in Section 1.4.
The various phases and milestone reviews of a typical mission are outlined in the sections below and
summarized in Figure 2-1.
2.1 The Mission Initiation Conference (MIC)

Flight projects must be approved by the appropriate science discipline chief at NASA Headquarters. Once
this approval has been obtained, the customer will be contacted by the SRPO to establish a mutually
acceptable date for a MIC between the customer and WFF personnel. The purpose of this first meeting in
the mission lifecycle is for the customer to present a MIC Data Package which details requirements and
specifies the support necessary for the mission. An outline of the information required in the MIC Data
Package is provided in Appendix B.
The MIC is chaired and documented by the SRPO. Attendees include the customer, appropriate WFF
supervisory and engineering personnel, NSROC supervisory, engineering, and technical personnel, as well as
the assigned payload team. A well-conducted and documented MIC will result in a strong foundation on
which to begin the mission. The MIC provides the basis from which all requirements for the mission are
established. These include:
2.1.1 Project Schedule

The customer should be prepared to answer specific and detailed questions regarding the scheduling of
major mission milestones such as launch window date and time.
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Sounding Rocket Mission Life Cycle
MIC Science
Package MIC RDM
DR
Mission Initiation Mission Initiation Requirements
Conference
Requ. Def./Prelim Design Definition Meeting
Design Phase Design Review
Fabrication, Assembly, Test
Conference Inputs NSROC
PI NASA NSROC
DRAICO
MICM RDMM DRM
DR Action Item
Mission Initiation Requirements Design Review
Closeout
Conference Definition Meeting Memorandum Fab
Memorandum
Memorandum Memorandum NSROC
NSROC
NASA NSROC
PIR
ATP FRR Pre-Integration
Authorization to MRR
Flight Readiness Review
Mission Readiness
Launch Proceed Review Pad Prep/Stage Review
Experiment Integration & Test (~ 1 wk before
NASA NSROC I&T)
NSROC
(informal) NSROC
(informal)
MRRAICO
MRRM
Mission Readiness
MCR Mission Readiness
Mission Review Action
Flight Mission Review
Results Item Closeout
Data Close-Out Memorandum
Memo Memorandum
NSROC Report NSROC
PI NSROC
NSROC
Figure 2-1. Typical Sounding Rocket Mission Life Cycle

2.1.2 Mechanical Devices and Structural Elements
The requirements for mechanical work will be discussed in as much detail as possible. Mechanical items of
interest include deployable nose cones (standard or special), doors (access, deployable or retractable),
extendible booms, antennas, sensors, and any unique structural items or payload skin requirements. Any
temperature limitation, vacuum requirements, or mechanical devices/systems (despin, air, land and water
recovery) should also be discussed.
2.1.3 Flight Performance
All payload flight trajectory/timeline requirements such as apogee, altitude, or time-above-altitude should be
reviewed and requirements for payload dynamics (spin rate and/or coning limits) included. Some payload
designs involve long, flexible booms while others involve tethers and sub-payloads; dynamics requirements
for this type of payload should be presented.
The best estimate of payload weight should be determined for the MIC, being careful not to eliminate any
significant payload components. The flight performance characteristics of NASA sounding rocket launch
vehicles are presented in Section 3 and Appendix E.
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2.1.4 Instrumentation
Experiment data requirements should be available at the MIC in sufficient detail to allow definition of the
telemetry system for the payload. Experiment programming requirements (on-board timers, uplink
commands, or special monitoring) should be discussed. A detailed description of standard instrumentation
systems is included in Section 5 of this Handbook.
2.1.5 Attitude Control
Attitude knowledge, control and stabilization of space science payloads are key elements in many science
experiments. Attitude system requirements should be fully discussed to determine the type of Attitude
Control System (ACS) required. The nature of celestial targets should be defined and any attitude maneuver
sequences employed. Pointing accuracy and stability (jitter) should be specified. Known payload launch
constraints are presented at the MIC. The types and capabilities of sounding rocket attitude control systems
are presented in Section 5.
2.1.6 Navigation
Requirements frequently include detailed definitive knowledge of space/time during flight. Applicable
requirements should be addressed in the MIC.
2.1.7 Data Reduction
The customer can obtain assistance in data processing and analysis from WFF. Specific data reduction
requirements should be discussed at the MIC. A description of WFF capabilities for data processing and
analysis, and guidance on requesting support, is provided in Section 9.
2.1.8 Testing
SRP testing policies are detailed in Section 7. In general, all flight payloads must be tested in accordance
with the testing specifications. Any special testing concerns or requirements should be discussed at the
MIC.
2.1.9 Foreign Nationals
Sounding Rockets are considered Significant Military Equipment (SME) and are listed on the ITAR US
Munitions List (USML). If foreign nationals are involved with experiment design and testing or field
operations, the MM must be notified at the MIC in order to allow enough time to process paperwork
required for a Technical Assistance Agreement (TAA). This allows NSROC personnel to interact directly
with non-US citizens to work design issues, conduct payload integration and complete field operations.
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2.2 Requirements Definition Phase

Following the MIC, the NSROC payload team works with the experiment team to develop a mission design
concept based on requirements provided at the MIC. The goal is to complete this phase in 45 days but for
complex missions, much more collaboration with the experiment team may be required before a reasonable
mission concept is designed. For a complex mission this phase may involve significant preliminary design
effort in order to verify that requirements can be met. If requirements can’t be met within reasonable cost
and time, modifications may have to be made.
2.3 The Requirements Definition Meeting (RDM)

Initiated by the NSROC contractor, the RDM includes representatives from NASA and the customer. All
information necessary to define and demonstrate the feasibility of the mission and how the mission
requirements can be achieved will be presented by the NSROC payload team. The experiment team attends
the meeting to verify the mission requirements have been understood and are being met.
A Requirements Definition Meeting Memorandum (RDMM) is documented by the NSROC contractor and
provided to NASA within 5 days of the RDM. It serves as the contractor’s task plan and documents
mission technical requirements, the approach to satisfying those requirements, schedule, and cost
information.
2.4 Design Phase

After the RDM the NSROC payload team typically holds regularly scheduled meetings with the experiment
team in order to finalize and document all payload design details. Mechanical and electrical interface
requirements are finalized. Detailed mechanical prints and electrical schematics are created as well as a
mission timeline. If attitude control is required a detailed control plan is devised. A test plan that will
qualify the complete payload for flight operations is created. Many times new designs are proven out by
building and testing non-flight hardware. Once this process is complete the Design Review is held.
2.5 Design Review (DR)

The objective of the DR is for the payload team to present a comprehensive description of all aspects of the
payload design to maximize potential for mission success.
The MM, in conjunction with the PI, schedules the Design Review and coordinates the Project Team’s
preparedness.
The NSROC contractor establishes a Design Review Panel to review all aspects of the mission, vehicle,
design, test plan, and integration activities. The Panel consists of NSROC personnel who are not directly
involved with the mission but who have established expertise in the areas of technical support required for
mission success. These include: Flight Performance, Mechanical Systems, Electrical Systems,
Instrumentation Systems, Guidance, Navigation and Control Systems, Recovery Systems, Launch Vehicle
Systems, and Ground and Flight Safety (NASA personnel).
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During the DR, the Mission Team formally and systematically presents all information necessary to
demonstrate that the proposed design and mission approach can meet all mission and safety requirements.
The customer should be prepared to discuss all details of the scientific instrument design and interface with
the support systems.
The PI Data Package template for a Design Review can be found in Appendix C.
After completion of the meeting, the panel reconvenes to discuss the results, and formulate and document
action items that are provided to the MM for disposition. The Review Panel Chairman generates a Design
Review Memorandum (DRM) which summarizes the meeting and documents all assigned action items. The
DRM documents that the DR package and presentation demonstrated the proposed design and mission
approach is capable of meeting the mission success criteria once action items are addressed.
The MM is responsible for directing the Mission Team in responding to DR action items. This effort is
formally documented with a memorandum to the Design Review Panel Chairman.
The panel reviews all responses and either concurs or asks for additional information and clarification.
Once all responses are deemed acceptable the process is officially closed out with a memo from the Panel
Chairman to SRPO. At this point fabrication can begin. Although, some standard parts and systems, and
those that didn’t generate actions at the Design Review, can begin their fabrication immediately after the
meeting; or, in some cases, even earlier.
2.6 Payload Fabrication and Pre-Integration Testing Phase

Payloads are assembled with a mix of custom fabricated mechanical and electrical parts and assemblies from
the NSROC shops, as well as a variety of purchased parts and assemblies. Mechanical hardware is
assembled and fit-checked prior to integration with scientific instrumentation provided by the customer.
Electrical and telemetry instrumentation wiring and components are assembled and tested prior to
integration with the customer's electrical/data systems to facilitate a smooth, trouble-free integration effort.
Special pre-integration design qualification tests are often performed for new separation/ejection/
deployment mechanisms, vacuum doors, and other devices. These special tests are in addition to the total
payload post-integration testing that must be successfully completed before flight.
All NSROC provided sub-systems such as telemetry, recovery, ACS, and motor ignition systems are
connected together to make sure they are all functioning properly prior to being connected to experiment
systems.
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Figure 2.6.1 The Labelle payload, 40.025 UE, Figure 2.6.2 Payload integration in one of three ground
during testing at Wallops, launched on Feb 15, stations at Wallops.
2010 from Poker Flat, Alaska.
Integration and testing of new payloads (except as described below) is usually conducted at WFF. General
information concerning the integration and testing laboratories at WFF is presented in Section 10; Section 6
describes specific testing policies. Integration and testing of SPARCS payloads are performed at WSMR as
these systems require special equipment that is resident only at that location. Section 6 provides a
description of the facilities available for SPARCS payloads at WSMR.
2.7 Pre-Integration Review (PIR)

A PIR by the project team (Mission Manager, subsystem disciplines and science) occurs prior to payload
Integration and Test. The purpose of this meeting is to assess the Mission Team’s readiness to support
payload integration activities prior to authorizing travel by the customer or their staff. This serves to insure
that the customer is not inconvenienced in having to wait while WFF personnel complete preparation
activities for support systems necessary for payload integration and vice versa.
2.8 Integration and Testing (I&T) Phase

I&T is comprised of payload integration, acceptance testing, and final checkout. When the final checkout
indicates that all the subsystems operate as planned and are mutually compatible, the payload can be shipped
to the launch site with confidence that only minor adjustments or calibrations will be necessary in the field.
I&T (except as described below) is conducted at WFF. General information concerning the integration and
testing laboratories at WFF is presented in Section 10; Section 6 describes specific testing policies. I&T of
SPARCS payloads is performed at WSMR as these systems require special equipment that is resident only at
that location. Also, integration of many previously flown White Sands missions is performed at White
Sands. Section 6 provides a description of the test facilities available at WSMR.
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2.8.1 Payload Integration

Payload Integration is the first-time assembly of all the NSROC provided parts and pieces with experiment
hardware into the launch configuration. All aspects of the design and operation are checked including
mechanical fit and operation, telemetry and electrical systems operation, and systems compatibility. Pre-
testing sequence tests are performed to insure the event-programming system functions properly.
Figure 2.6.3 Payload 36.257 Green prepared for a pre-testing sequence test.
The mission was launched on January 28, 2011 from Alaska.
2.8.2 Acceptance Testing

After successfully passing the payload integration checks, the assembled payload is taken to the Test and
Evaluation (T & E) Laboratory where it is subjected to acceptance tests such as vibration, bend, and
operational spin as well as mass property measurements. Acceptance tests simulate some of the conditions
the payload is likely to encounter in flight. Payload sub-systems that are required to operate in flight are
functional during the acceptance tests. Every system must demonstrate the ability to survive flight
conditions through completion of its intended function.
When special conditions or circumstances occur which warrant an exception to standard testing policies, the
customer may submit a written request for waiver to the MM. The reason for the request, possible results if
failure should occur during flight, and any other pertinent details should be stated in this request. Although
waivers are infrequently required, they may be granted by NSROC management after consultation with all
involved parties.
2.8.3 Final Checkout
After the payload has completed acceptance testing, it receives the final checkout which is essentially a
duplicate of the payload integration checks described earlier. This process looks for defects in workmanship
or other anomalies that may have been revealed as a result of the acceptance testing process.
2.9 Mission Readiness Review (MRR)

The MRR is a formal review to determine if the mission is ready to proceed with launch operations with a
high probability of meeting mission success criteria. It generally takes place at WFF prior to hardware
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shipment to the field but can take place in WSMR after shipping and travel in the case of a mission that
performs I&T at WSMR.
The MRR generally follows the same basic process as the DR but instead of focusing on design the focus is
on results of the I & T process. A Mission Readiness Review Panel, composed of a Chairman and other
technically qualified personnel not directly involved with the flight project, is established by NSROC
Management. Information presented at the MRR must demonstrate that all environmental testing and flight
qualifications have been successfully completed, all required GSE and range support assets and services
have been identified and scheduled, and that arrangements for the provision of all required GSE and range
support assets and services have been completed. Problems encountered during integration and testing,
including the adequacy of any modifications or repairs are reviewed. Information regarding procedures,
similar to that presented at the DR, is provided; and a final FRP, which includes the detailed field operations
plan and schedule, is included in the MRR documentation. The mission schedule is updated and any
changes in the design, test plan, procedures, or mission approach that have occurred since the DR are fully
documented and justified.
The customer should be prepared to discuss all aspects of experiment hardware status, test results, and
mission success criteria. A PI Data Package is required; format and content of this data package are
provided in Appendix D.
Should Action items result from the MRR process, it is highly desirable that they be dispositioned prior to
shipping payload hardware or travel of the Mission Team to the field (except in the case of I&T performed at
WSMR). NASA, NSROC, and customer representatives may attend the MRR and assign action items as
necessary. One major difference between the DR and MRR action items is that if the MRR action items are not
addressed to NASA’s satisfaction, NASA has the authority to halt launch operations until this requirement is
met. As a final go/no go checkpoint, the SRPO issues written authorization to the NSROC contractor to
proceed with launch operations after they are satisfied the requirement in question has been met.
2.10 Flight Readiness Review (FRR)

The FRR takes place once the payload is staged on the rail, umbilicals are rigged, environmental boxes are
built, and flight preparations are complete. The NSROC payload team, experiment team, and NSROC
management meet to verify all MRR actions are closed, review any issues that have come up since the MRR,
and generally verify that the mission is ready to launch. Upon successful completion of the meeting,
NSROC management sends a letter to SRPO stating that the mission is ready for launch. As a final go/no
go checkpoint, the SRPO issues written authorization to the NSROC contractor to proceed with launch
operations after they are satisfied all requirements have been met.
2.11 Launch Operations Phase

Sounding rocket launch operations are conducted from various launch sites worldwide. These vary from
well-established launch ranges to barren temporary facilities outfitted with mobile equipment. A detailed
discussion of launch operations at various domestic, foreign, and mobile launch sites is included in Section 8
and Appendix I. Section 10 has information regarding the range at WFF.
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The Mission Manager is responsible for coordinating all launch support requirements between the range and
experiment team to ensure successful data collection. If required, recovery operations are arranged.
Immediately following a launch, the MM is responsible for providing a preliminary assessment of the results.
The customer should assess the science results and report the overall status to the MM as soon as possible.
In some cases, the payload must be recovered and returned for analyses before final science results to be
determined. In the case of a flight failure, all recovered hardware is impounded by the NSROC contractor
for inspection by cognizant personnel in a failure investigation.
Most established launch ranges conduct a post-flight meeting to review mission results. This conference
gives the customer an opportunity to provide compliments or complaints concerning the field services
provided; the input provides a “lessons learned” resource for future NSROC and range support service
improvements.
2.12 Mission Closeout Phase

A sounding rocket mission is not considered complete until all data requirements and post-flight reporting
requirements have been satisfied. The customer’s data requirements should be documented in the RDMM.
Any changes that occur in these requirements during the progress of the mission should be documented in
the DRM or MRRM. The MM is responsible for insuring that all data requirements are satisfied. Special
data processing and/or analysis support can be made available. A discussion of available data processing
and analysis capabilities is provided in Section 9.
The customer is requested to provide a written response indicating the level of success or failure of the
mission and any recommendations for improvements that the customer may suggest as soon as the flight
data has been reviewed. NASA officially classifies the mission as a success or failure based on this input.
NASA sounding rockets have maintained a success rate exceeding 90 percent in the previous 20 years. A
successful flight is defined as one that meets the minimum success criteria. When the minimum success
criteria for any given flight are not met, the flight is officially considered a failure. All sounding rocket flight
failures are formally investigated to identify the cause(s) of the failure so that appropriate corrective action(s)
can be taken. If the failure is caused by a problem with scientific instrumentation or associated hardware
provided by the customer, the customer is responsible for determining the cause(s) and taking corrective
action(s) prior to re-flight. Technical assistance and consultation can be provided to the customer as
necessary. Upon completion of the failure investigation, the customer is requested to provide the findings,
conclusions, and corrective action(s) to NASA through the Chief, SRPO.
The NSROC contractor is responsible for identifying anomalies, failures, and systemic problems with flight
vehicle systems, payload systems, GSE, and analytical methods they employ in support of the NSRP. All
direct and contributing causes of anomalies, failures, and systemic problems are investigated, resolved, and
fully documented with corrective action being identified and implemented in a timely manner. NASA
reserves the right to observe and/or participate in contractor-staffed anomaly and failure investigations and
to conduct independent investigations.
An AIB is composed of individuals selected for their expertise in areas related to the failure. The customer
(or his representative) may be requested to serve on an AIB. The team will, in some cases, issue preliminary
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findings and recommendations regarding pending missions that may be affected by similar problems.
Launch operations for these missions may be postponed until a resolution of the problem has been
achieved. A formal, final investigation report is issued as soon as possible following completion of the
investigation.
In some cases, problems occur during flight with payload sub-systems that result in abnormal payload
operations but do not result in a mission failure. Likewise, the launch vehicle can exhibit abnormal
performance characteristics, but still provide an adequate flight trajectory for satisfying the minimum
requirements for scientific success. In these cases, the overall mission is termed a success, and the abnormal
occurrences are considered in-flight anomalies. In-flight anomalies that lead to a mission failure are always
considered major occurrences that require formal investigation. For major anomalies (generally those
which, should they recur, have the potential to jeopardize the success of future missions), an Anomaly
Investigation Board is appointed.
The Mission Closeout Report (MCR) is the final official document in the mission lifecycle. It fully
documents the mission’s success or failure and includes a detailed assessment of the performance of all sub-
systems and comparison to pre-flight predictions. Once NSROC submits this document to SRPO the
mission is complete.
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SECTION 3: Sounding Rocket Launch Vehicles and Performance

Capabilities
A family of standard sounding rocket launch vehicles is available in the NASA Sounding Rocket Program
for use in conducting suborbital space science, upper atmosphere, and other special applications research.
Some of the vehicles are commercially available; others have been developed by NASA for exclusive use in
NASA programs. These vehicles are capable of accommodating a wide variety of payload configurations
and providing an extensive performance envelope.
3.1 NASA Mission Designation System

NASA sounding rocket launch vehicles are identified by a numbering system. The first two digits of the
flight mission number identify the type of launch vehicle used. The remaining three digits indicate the
mission number for that particular launch vehicle type. The first and second letters following the digits
identify the type of organization sponsoring the mission and the scientific discipline of the experiment,
respectively. Table 3.1-1 lists the specific vehicle numbering system as well as the agency and experiment
type. Table 3.1-1 also has an example Flight Mission Number to demonstrate the mission labeling
convention.
3.2 NASA Sounding Rockets

There are several operational support launch vehicles in the NASA Sounding Rocket Program. All NASA
sounding rocket launch vehicles use solid propellant propulsion systems arranged in single to multi-stage
configurations (up to 4 stages). Extensive use is made of military surplus motors in several of the vehicle
configurations. All vehicles are unguided except those which use the S-19 Boost Guidance System (typically
at White Sands Missile Range only). During flight, all launch vehicles are imparted with a spinning motion to
reduce potential dispersion of the flight trajectory due to vehicle misalignments. The spinning motion is
created by angling the fins at a slight cant angle relative to the vehicle’s direction of motion. Models for
these vehicles and their NASA designations are presented in Figure 3.2-1.
3.2.1 Performance Characteristics

Performance characteristics for apogee altitude and weight capability and flight time above 100 kilometers
for NASA sounding rocket vehicles are included in Figure 3.2.1-1. This data is presented for a sea level
launch using a launch elevation angle of 85 degrees. Appendix E has detailed descriptions and flight
performance characteristics for these vehicles.
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Figure 3.2-1 NASA Sounding Rocket Launch Vehicles
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Sounding Rocket Vehicle Performance
1600
Black Brant XII-A
1400
1200
Black Brant X
Mod2
1200 1100
Time Above 100 Km (seconds)

Apogee Altitude (km)
1000
1000
900
800
800
600 700
Black Brant IX
Mod2
600
Black Brant IX
Mod3
400
500
Terrier mk70-Imp. Orion Black Brant XI-A
400
Terrier mk12-Imp. Orion
200 Terrier mk70-Imp. Malemute 300
200
Black Brant
Terrier mk12-Imp. Malemute 100
Improv ed Orion
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Payload Weight (lbs)
Figure 3.2.1-1 Sounding Rocket Vehicle Performance
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Table 3.1-1 Sounding Rocket Agency, Vehicle and Experiment Identification
NASA Vehicle Numbers: Agency

(12) Special /Development Test Vehicles A - Government Agency other than D or N
(21) Black Brant (Single Stage) C - Industrial Corporation
(30) Improved Orion (Single Stage) D - Department of Defense
(35) Black Brant X (Terrier-Black Brant-Nihka) G - Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)
(36) Black Brant IX (Terrier-Black Brant) I - International
(41) Terrier-Improved Orion N - Other NASA Centers
(46) Terrier-Improved Malemute U - College or University
(51) Black Brant XI-A (Talos-Terrier-Black Brant)
(52) Black Brant XII-A (Talos-Terrier-Black
Brant-Nihka)
Type of Experiment
E - Geospace Sciences
G - UV/Optical Astrophysics
H - High Energy Astrophysics
L - Solar System Exploration
M - Microgravity Research
O - Student Outreach
P - Special Projects
S - Solar and Heliospheric Sciences
T - Test and Support
Example of Mission Number: 36.035UE

36 .035 U E
th
Black Brant IX 35 Assigned College or Geospace Sciences
Mission University
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3.3 Boost Guidance System (BGS)

The S-19L is a navigation, guidance, and control system designed to reduce the impact dispersion of rockets
launched from the smaller ranges such as White Sands Missile Range. The system is designed and
maintained by RUAG Aerospace of Sweden (formerly SAAB Ericsson Space), and it is considered a safety-
critical component of any sounding rocket mission that uses it. Missions that land in the ocean from the
larger missile ranges such as Wallops Flight Facility or Andoya Missile Range typically do not use a boost
guidance system.
The S-19L is composed of a strap-down LN-200 IMU, a flight computer with GNC software, and 4 canards
actuated by 2 electric servo motors assisted by high pressure gas from a pneumatic system. Each servo turns
a shaft connected to a pair of canards. The system has no active roll control since it operates while the
rocket is spinning at ~ 4Hz.
Just before launch, the navigation algorithm performs gyro-compassing to initialize the attitude solution
without requiring external information. The guidance system is designed to regulate the pitch & yaw angles
to their initial values (holding the launcher attitude). The autopilot converts the guidance commands in the
non-rolling frame into canard deflection commands in the rolling frame.
After 18 seconds of control, pyrotechnics are activated to physically decouple the canards from the control
system, so that they are effectively “free-floating in the wind” and no longer capable of exerting any
aerodynamic moment on the rocket. The rocket becomes unguided at this point and remains essentially
unguided until impact.
Figure 3.3.1 Innards of an earlier version of the S-19.
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3.3.1 Background & Capabilities

The S-19 started out in the 1970’s as an analog system using mechanical gyros together with the same
guidance law still in use today. It was upgraded in 1999 to incorporate accelerometers and digital gyros in a
system called DMARS (digital attitude reference system). This new system, dubbed the DS-19, also used a
different guidance scheme called “inertial impact point (IIP) guidance” which aimed the rocket at a small
window in space and extended the control time beyond 18 sec to the entire atmospheric portion of the
flight (~50 sec). Although a technically superior solution, range safety considerations and lack of an
automated flight termination system at White Sands Missile Range preclude its use in the IIP mode. At
White Sands, the DS-19 was restricted to the basic S-19 launch rail attitude hold guidance mode, and in this
configuration it was designated the S-19D. In 2006, the IMU was upgraded once more to the LN-200, and
this system has flown as the S-19L ever since.
The S-19L has a 3-sigma impact dispersion of 7.5% of the apogee for both down-range and cross-range.
This means that for a flight to 300 km altitude, the 2nd stage rocket and payload sections can be expected to
land within 22.5 km of the nominal impact point. This is an improvement over unguided rockets by a factor
of 5-10.
RUAG is working on a new version called the S-19E which reduces complexity by removing the pneumatic
system entirely in favor of all electric servos. This system is slated to be tested at White Sands in 2015.
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Section 4: Sounding Rocket Payload Design Considerations

The sounding rocket payload must achieve the scientific objectives of the customer while functioning within
the mechanical, electrical and environmental parameters of a sounding rocket. Consequently, the Principal
Investigator (PI) and his support staff must work closely with the NSROC mission team to ensure that all
mechanical and electrical design elements are fully integrated and proper interfaces between all payload
subsystems established.
4.1 Payload Design

Sounding rocket payloads are designed to accommodate extremely diverse scientific objectives. As a result,
individual payloads vary greatly in design characteristics and requirements. However, most payloads
generally consist of the following subsystems that require coordination in the design phase:
• Scientific Instrumentation
• Mechanical Systems
• Electrical Systems
• Event Timing/Programming
• Pyrotechnic Devices
• Telemetry Systems
• Attitude Control System
• Recovery System
• Boost Guidance Systems
The payload may also include sustainer ignition, separation, and de-spin systems. In general, however, these
functions are provided by standard modules that are designed to interface with a variety of standard
sounding rocket launch vehicles.
Sounding rocket payloads must endure a relatively hostile flight environment during the rocket boost phase
of flight. NASA has extensive experience in the flight environment and other factors which influence
effective payload design. This Section describes many factors to be considered in payload design and
construction to help ensure a reliable, safe, productive, and cost effective payload.
A well designed piece of equipment will pay dividends throughout its lifetime in reliable operation and ease
of servicing and handling. However, the PI will normally have to make some tradeoffs in equipment design
since many of the design factors are interdependent. It is axiomatic that a flight-proven design is likely to be
more quickly available and more reliable than a new design. Always make sure there is no existing design
that is adequate before a new design is undertaken with its inherent burdens of design qualification testing,
debugging, and possible modifications.
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4.2 Flight Performance

The environment for rocket payloads may prove hostile to the proper mechanical, electrical, and
aerodynamic functioning of the payload. The controlled environment for payloads on earth abruptly
changes at launch. Great variations in temperature, acceleration, atmospheric pressure, vibration and other
extreme conditions are encountered. The specific flight environment for any given flight demands
consideration in the design and construction of successful payloads.
4.2.1 Mechanical Loads and Vibration

The longitudinal and lateral loads imparted due to rocket motor thrust, aerodynamics, winds, spin rates and
abrupt changes in spin rate due to de-spin devices are major design considerations. Longitudinal acceleration
levels depend on the specific type of launch vehicle used. Unguided sounding rocket launch vehicles fly with
a spinning motion to reduce the flight trajectory dispersion due to misalignments. Most vehicles do not
exceed 6-7 cycles per second (cps). The effects of spin-induced loads should be considered when
components are mounted off of the spin-axis. Load factors exceeding 30 g's can be experienced by
components mounted near the payload external skin for large diameter designs. Most electronic devices
utilize relatively small, lightweight circuit boards and components. When soldering is properly performed,
and a conformal coating applied, problems caused by mechanical loads are very infrequent.
Another major flight environment factor is the vibration induced by rocket motor burning and aerodynamic
loading. The vibration environment depends on the type of launch vehicle and the mass and structural
characteristics of the overall payload. Vibration testing is one of the key elements involved in qualifying a
payload for flight; all payloads must pass flight acceptance vibration tests.
Vibration test specifications are a function of the type of launch vehicle used. Vibration transmission
problems and generally thin sections can create excessive motion of sensitive electronic parts. Components
supported by their leads are vulnerable to failure from vibration. Close spacing of components to each other
or mechanical structures require rigid attachments to prevent abrasion and subsequent shorting. A detailed
description of vibration testing policies and specifications is included in Section 6.
4.2.2 Thermal Considerations

Typically, sounding rocket launch vehicles reach very high speeds traveling through the earth's atmosphere.
Surface heating at hypersonic speeds is significant due to the friction encountered while flying through the
air mass; atmospheric heating is encountered when a payload re-enters the atmosphere from space. Even
though payload exterior skin surfaces experience relatively high temperature rises due to ascent aerodynamic
heating, the temperature of internal components does not vary greatly over the course of a typical flight.
This factor depends primarily on where and how components are mounted relative to the payload skin.
Heating of electronic components due to operation over long time periods (during preflight check-out) can
be more severe. While the payload temperature may remain fairly constant during flight, hot spots within
the equipment may develop if the vacuum of high altitudes impedes the heat flow from components.
Specially designed heat paths may be required to ensure overheating does not occur. Specific heating
analyses can be performed as a part of the overall mission analysis for any given mission; design personnel at
WFF have accumulated significant historical data through experience and actual measurements of the
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thermal environment encountered during sounding rocket flights. If a particular component is sensitive to
elevated temperatures, it may have to be insulated or isolated from heat sources.
4.2.3 Vacuum and Out-Gassing

When rocket payloads rapidly ascend in the atmosphere during launch, ambient atmospheric pressure drops
quickly to essentially zero. Payloads are generally designed to vent internal air. Barometric switches are often
utilized for switching functions in payload electrical subsystems. Some types of payload components may
not tolerate low atmospheric pressures; if the experiment must be subjected to vacuum, be aware of good
vacuum design practices. Avoid contamination crevices and lubrication problems. Many devices can
withstand vacuum, but vacuum plus elevated temperature is much more difficult to survive.
The most common undesirable effects of vacuum are reduced heat transmission and corona; both are
relatively easy to overcome if they are recognized early. Another design consideration which can degrade
data is out-gassing. Check materials used for lacings, insulation and tapes. WFF can advise on suitable
materials and techniques to minimize out-gassing.
In many cases, portions of payloads require hermetically sealed joints or doors to maintain sealed conditions
either under pressure or vacuum. WFF has designed and developed numerous types of hardware for sealing
purposes.
4.2.4 Aerodynamic Design Factors

A design that involves any protuberance or change in the rocket skin shape should be evaluated for
aerodynamic heating, drag, or stability problems that may result from these changes. A major element in
overall mission analysis is the evaluation of launch vehicle stability (both static and dynamic). The payload
configuration and structural bending characteristics must be adequate for acceptable flight parameters to be
satisfied. Flight worthiness should be established during the initial design process; final mission analysis
results are presented at the Mission Readiness Review.
4.3 Other Payload Design Considerations

Other factors which influence successful design practice include:
4.3.1 Accessibility
Accessibility is frequently overlooked. Reset devices, battery packs, lens covers, filling connections, and
cable connections should be located to facilitate replacement or removal.
4.3.2 Availability of Parts

If required parts are not “in stock,” procurement delays may impact timely completion of the experiment.
Never base a design on a part listed in a stock catalog or stock list; always ensure the parts you require are
available. Long lead-time items and sufficient spares should be identified and ordered early in the design
processes. Avoid designs based on parts that are inaccessible or parts with very limited replacement
options.
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4.3.3 Dynamic Balance

Designing a balanced payload may save balancing weights. A favorable center of gravity location can
increase rocket stability and provide an acceptable re-entry body for recovery considerations.
4.3.4 Cost
The cost of each item should be examined (parts machined from solid stock versus formed, welded, or cast).
Excessively close tolerances on dimensions should be avoided. Let experience and judgment be the guide in
purchasing electronic components; although, reliability may not go hand-in-hand with cost, "bargain
basement" parts should be avoided.
4.3.5 Redundancy
Redundancy is most desirable; although it is not usually as easy to attain in mechanical equipment as in
electrical circuitry, it should always be considered. Redundancy may often be obtained by separate battery
packs, multiple means for turn-on or turn-off, and other techniques.
4.3.6 Weight
Depending on the capability of the vehicle and altitude requirements, weight may be a very serious problem.
Determine as early as possible if there is a weight problem so measures can be taken to minimize it.
Performance capabilities of NASA sounding rockets are covered in Section 3 and Appendix E.
4.3.7 Testing
Make the experiment cost effective and efficient to test, calibrate, and debug by providing adjustments, test
connections, and supports. Test points in electronic circuits should be standard practice. Each experiment
or detector should have some means of verifying proper operation on the ground in real time. For instance,
high voltage detectors that cannot be operated on the ground should have some type of auxiliary test signal
that can be used to verify proper operation.
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SECTION 5: Payload Systems

Payload systems support the experimental payload by providing for telemetry data acquisition, tracking,
power, timing, protection, mechanical configuration, stability, and recovery. The effective design and
integration of payload systems is one of the most important challenges to a successful mission. Figure 5.1 is
an example of a complex payload system during integration. Designed for a Dartmouth College Space and
Plasma Physics experiment, this payload features an attitude control system, several sub-payloads which
deploy during flight, and data transmission features. Payload system capabilities are extremely important to
the success of the overall mission.
Figure 5.1 –40.023 UE Lynch payload during integration.
5.1 Telemetry Systems

Telemetry is the primary means of obtaining data from sounding rockets. The instrumentation system
provided to the Principal Investigator (PI) depends upon the complexity of the experiment, the
configuration of the detectors, and the size of the rocket. In some cases, a separate instrumentation package
is best; in other cases, the instrumentation and detectors are fully integrated in the same housing(s). In
either case, the instrumentation provides a means of formatting and transmitting the scientific and
housekeeping data, provides control signals to the experiment, provides timing, and provides power if
desired. Systems vary in complexity from a single link with no command or trajectory equipment to systems
containing as many as eight down-links, command, and trajectory hardware. Almost all systems operate
with S-Band (2200 to 2395 MHz) down-links. Systems incorporating command uplinks use 437.5 MHz for
the uplink frequency.
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5.1.1 Data Transmission Systems

Digital telemetry techniques are the predominant methods of transmitting data from a sounding rocket to
the ground station in the NASA Sounding Rocket Program. Randomized Non-Return to Zero (RNRZ) or
Bi-phase (Bi-L) Pulse Code Modulation/Frequency Modulation (PCM/FM) is the basic system employed.
NSROC is now capable of supporting SOQPSK, which will allow for data rates above 20 Mbit/s. Note:
Since 2000, no FM/FM or hybrid (PCM + VCO) data system has been flown.
5.1.2 PCM/FM Systems

Three different types of PCM telemetry systems are currently used for NASA sounding rocket payload data
requirements: the WFF 93 System, the MV, and the Mesquito. Table 5.1.2-1 compares the characteristics
of these systems. Additional descriptive and technical details are included in Appendix F.
Table 5.1.2-1: PCM System Characteristics

Bit Rate Word Frame Parity Output Code Frame/
Size
Length Subframe
WFF93 78kb 8 - 16 Up to 8k None BIΦL, M, S Limited

words NRZL, M, S to 8k
to RNRZL
10 Mb Conv NRZM
Conv NRZL
MV Up to 8-16 Up to None BIΦL, M, S Limited

encoder 20Mb/s 130k NRZL, M, S to 32K
words RNRZL
Conv NRZM
Conv NRZL
Mesquito Up to 16 Up to None NRZ-L Limited
2Mb/s 64K Randomized to 64K
words
5.1.3 WFF93 PCM Encoder System

The WFF93 PCM encoder is a general purpose, versatile, re-configurable high rate PCM telemetry system
for use where system requirements are subject to change. The format structure is configured by a software
program designed for the PC environment. The hardware is configured as a stack up system with various
data modules, which can be added as required. A more detailed description and module characteristics of
the PCM Encoder System is included in Appendix F.
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5.1.4 MV Encoder
The MV encoder is similar to the WFF93 encoder but with the capability of a faster bit rate, the capacity of
130K words per major frame, and two RS-232 input ports. The MV encoder has the same PCM output
codes as the WFF93 and has a smaller footprint. What makes the MV encoder uniquely different from the
WFF93 is that it only allows differential parallel inputs. The MV encoder is 2x3 inches at its minimum with
each additional deck adding .375”.
5.1.5 Mesquito Encoder

The Mesquito encoder was developed for small form factor telemetry systems. The Mesquito has all boards
in a 2”x2” stackable form factor. The encoder can be programed through a RS-232 interface and requires a
nominal +12 VDC power source. The Mesquito is capable of outputting a PCM stream at 1, 1.6, or 2Mbps
which can be configured though the RS-232 interface. The Mesquito has three input boards that it can
support.
The Mesquito has an analog input board that can support up to 16 channels per board. Each channel has 16
bit resolution with input from 0-5v. This system can support up to four analog input boards for a total of 64
input channels. The Mesquito can also support an RS-232 input board; this board can support two
asynchronous data streams at popular baud rates including 1200, 19200, and 115200. The RS-232 board can
accommodate three time event inputs. Finally the Mesquito has a serial input board which can support 2
channels of either synchronous or asynchronous communication; this board is compatible with RS-422 and
can support asynchronous baud rates of 19200 and higher. Each channel on the board includes a control
signal for synchronous serial gated clock, enable, and inverted load.
5.2 Attitude Instrument Systems Common to Several ACS's

Several types of sensors are used to provide payload attitude information. Some of these sensors meet the
unique needs of a single type of attitude control while other sensors are versatile enough to be used across
multiple platforms. Three instrument systems used in several types of attitude control systems are: the
GLN-MAC, Bartington magnetometers, Honeywell magnetometers, and the ST-5000 star tracker.
5.2.1 GLN-MAC Inertial Attitude Sensor

The GLN-MAC (Gimbal-mounted LN-200 with Sandia Miniature Airborne Computer) is a roll-stabilized
inertial measurement unit for spinning vehicle applications. It was developed by Sandia National
Laboratories in 1998.
The GLN-MAC can be used to provide a full navigation solution including position, velocity, attitude, and
body rates to control systems for spinning and non-spinning rockets. It is currently used in NSROC’s
celestial (CACS), inertial (NIACS), and combined inertial and magnetic (MaNIACS) control systems. It can
also be flown independent of an attitude control system as a TM gyro when knowledge of inertial position is
required without a need for control. Before the introduction of the MaNIACS, it was also commonly flown
with magnetic control systems (NMACS) that required inertial attitude information.
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5.2.1.1 LN-200
The GLN-MAC consists of an LN-200 Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) containing gyros and
accelerometers mounted on a gimbaled platform aligned to rotate about the rocket’s roll axis. Specifically,
the LN-200 uses three orthogonal solid-state fiber optic gyros (FOG) and three solid-state MEMS
accelerometers to sense the motion of the payload. This IMU can measure accelerations of up to 40 g and
angular rates of up to 1,432°/sec.
5.2.1.2 Function
The GLN-MAC has two modes –inertial and caged. The inertial mode is used when the payload is
spinning. In this mode, the gimbal rotates to zero out the roll rate seen by the LN-200. A resolver reads
the roll angle of the gimbal so that the GLN-MAC can reconstruct the attitude and rate information of the
payload. This improves the accuracy of the LN-200 by greatly reducing the measured roll angle and
therefore the scale factor error.
When the GLN-MAC is caged, the gimbal is controlled to a constant angle and the LN-200 is not allowed
to rotate relative to the rocket. This allows the LN-200 to measure the rates and angles in the roll axis after
the payload has been de-spun.
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GLN-MAC
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Spin Isolation……..….. 7 Hz max demonstrated Nominal Dimensions
Volume………………….……... 100 in³ (1600.4 cm³)
LN-200 Gyro Performance (1σ) Height………………………….….... 7.7 in (19.6 cm)
Bias Repeatability………………….…………... 1°/hr Diameter …………………...……... 5.38 in (13.7 cm)
Random Walk…………………………………..0.07°√hr Mass………………………………. 5.7 lbm (2.59 kg)
Scale Factor Stability…….………………… 100 ppm
Bandwidth………………….….………..….. >500 Hz Electrical Characteristics
Operating Range (pitch and yaw)……. ... ± 1432°/sec Operating Voltage………………..……. +28 V ± 6 V
Quantization…………………..…….….. 1.9 μ radian Current (caged)……………………..………. 750 mA
Current (0-12rps)……………...….……... 0.75–2.1 A
LN-200 Accelerometer Performance
Bias repeatability………….……………. 200 μg (1σ) Analog Outputs (0-5V)
Scale Factor Stability………….……… 300 ppm (1σ) Gyro X, Y, Z……………………….….... ± 1000°/sec
Noise………………………………….... 500 μg/√Hz Accelerometer X, Y, Z…………….……….....± 4.0 g
Bandwidth……………………………….…... 100 Hz +28V Monitor…………………..…...….……. 0-33 V
Operating Range…………………. ………...... ± 40 g +5V Monitor……………….…..……………… 0-6 V
−5V Monitor…………………..………….….... 0-6 V
GLNMAC Data Output Rate +15V Monitor………………………...….…... 0-16 V
Typical…………………………..……………. 50 Hz −15V Monitor…………………..………..…... 0-16 V
Optional………………………………………100 Hz Temperature……………..…..…………. 0 to 147.9°C
Activation Time……………………..… 0.8 seconds

Full Accuracy ………………….….….….. 5 seconds
Figure 5.2.1-1: GLN-MAC
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5.2.2 The Bartington MAG-03MS Magnetometer

Two ACS systems use the Bartington MAG-03MS magnetometer to determine the payload orientation with
respect to the local magnetic field. NMACS uses this information to point the payload along any direction
relative to the local magnetic field, and SPARCS VII uses it to determine and control its roll orientation as it
is pointing to the Sun.
The Bartington MAG-03MS is an analog 3-axis magnetometer which is composed of 3 fluxgate sensing
elements mounted orthogonally on a square base, which can then be mounted on the payload. Each element
produces an output voltage signal proportional to the component of the magnetic field along its sensing
axis. Together, the trio can measure both the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field. Some key
characteristics of the magnetometer are described below:
Power supply: ±12 V
Dynamic range: ±70 uT
Output voltage: ±10 V
Frequency response: flat from DC to 1 kHz with a bandwidth of 3 kHz
This magnetometer is usually mounted in the ORSA section near the nose of the payload to minimize the
magnetic interference from the other electronic systems. Even so, its analog signals are susceptible to
corruption as they travel through a long cable to the ACS section. A procedure has been established to
calibrate this magnetometer against systematic magnetic interference in its operational environment and to
characterize the unit-to-payload mounting misalignment.
5.2.3 Honeywell Magnetometers

The HMR2300 is a digital magnetometer which uses an orthogonal triad of magneto-resistive sensors to
measure the local magnetic field. Each sensor has a range of ±2 gauss with a resolution of less than 70
µgauss and can provide data at rates of up to 154 samples per second. To minimize magnetic interference
from other payload systems, the magnetometer is usually placed near the forward or the aft end of the
payload rather than within the attitude control system (ACS) section. The HMR2300 data is then
transmitted through a serial interface from its remote location to the ACS. Whatever magnetic interference
remains can be calibrated out after the magnetometer has been integrated with the rest of the payload.
Currently, this magnetometer is used in two ACSs: the Digital NSROC Magnetic ACS (DNMACS), and the
Magnetic NSROC Inertial ACS (MaNIACS). During phases of a mission when alignment relative to the
magnetic field is required, the information from the magnetometer is used to align the spin axis of the
payload with the magnetic field or in a specified direction relative to it.
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5.2.4 ST-5000 Star Tracker

The Star Tracker 5000 (ST-5000) is a low-cost star tracker which can determine pointing from any location
in the sky. It was developed by the Space Astronomy Laboratory at University of Wisconsin – Madison
with funding from NASA.
The ST-5000 is currently used in NSROC’s Celestial ACS to align sounding rockets to stellar targets. This
star tracker has the capability to provide both attitude information and digital images of the star field.
5.2.4.1 Function
The ST-5000 contains a sensor which continuously captures images of the 5.4° by 7.4° portion of the sky it
is pointed towards. The software tracks up to 32 stars at one time, comparing them with the stars in the ST-
5000’s on-board library to determine the payload’s orientation. The ST-5000 does not require any prior
knowledge of its orientation in order to determine its attitude. Its Lost in Space (LIS) feature can produce
an initial attitude solution within 1 to 10 seconds. Once the attitude has been determined, the system
provides quaternion updates to the attitude at a rate of 10 Hz.
In addition to the quaternion, the ST-5000 can also transmit the images taken by the star tracker.
Progressive Image Transmission is used for sending these images, which allows full field-of-view images to
be transmitted in less than 30 seconds over a 19.2 kbaud RS-422 telemetry downlink.
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ST5000 Star Tracker
Performance Capabilities Nominal Dimensions
Field of View…………………...………………5.4°×7.4° Sensor Head
Star Catalog………..…………….......+4 to +8 magnitude Length…………………………………8.1” (20.5 cm)
Lost In Space - LIS…………..……... Quaternion attitude Diameter………………………………5.0” (12.8 cm)
Progressive Image Transmission (PIT)...………... < 30 sec Mass………………………………....4.0 lbm (1.8 kg)
Temperature……………..…….………..….-20°C to 40C Electronics
Length…………………………………9.1” (23.0 cm)
Star Tracking Capabilities Width………………………………….5.7” (14.5 cm)
Pitch/Yaw Error……………………………….0.54 arcsec Height…………………………………5.7” (14.5 cm)
Roll Error……………………………………......17 arcsec Mass………………..…….………… 6.8 lbm (3.1 kg)
Pitch/Yaw Jitter………………………………...0.5 arcsec
Roll Jitter………………………………………..10 arcsec Electrical Characteristics
* Measurement from August 2007 Flight Operating Voltage………………..………... +28 V  6 V
Current …………………..…………….……….. 600 mA
Data Output
Update Rate…............................................................10
Hz
RS232/RS422…………………….……19.2-115.2 Kbaud
Analog (several outputs, ex. temp, error, status)…... 0-5V
Figure 5.2.4-1: ST5000 Star Tracker
5.3 Onboard Sensors and Instruments

5.3.1 TTC Flight Recorder
The TTC is a ruggedized flight recorder designed to sustain a crash. The TTC can be programed and
communicated with via a GUI and an Ethernet interface. The TTC can support up to 1Gbps and be
equipped with a solid state hard drive with a capacity up to 2TB. The component is modular allowing for
simple drop in additions of more Ethernet ports and other components. The TTC also is fitted with 9-pin
DEMA connector cards that allow for serial inputs.
NSROC uses the TTC to record data at faster speeds than traditional telemetry can support and allow
experimenter interface to raw sensor data over Ethernet. NSROC also uses the TTC as a data backup if the
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telemetry stream was lost during flight the sensor data can still be recovered since the flight recorder is
designed to withstand a crash. The drawbacks of the TTC are that it’s larger to incorporate into a payload
system and is an expensive component.
5.3.2 Accelerometers
NSROC currently offers the possibility of three accelerometers. The current standard TM accelerometer is
the Setra 141 which has a linear sensing range up to +/- 60G at +/-3dB and a frequency response from 0-
1KHZ where the sensor produces a high level instantaneous DC output Proportional to sensed acceleration.
The Setra is a single axis accelerometer so three are used in each payload for x, y, and z axis acceleration
data.
If the Mosquito or the WAASP are used the ADXL 250 accelerometer is included. The ADXL 250 can be
set to either have the range of +/-25 G or +/-50 G. The ADXL is a dual axis accelerometer built on a
single monolithic integrated circuit. The ADXL 250 is also used where obsolete accelerometers were
required for rehabilitated payloads. The third Accelerometer is just an updated version of the ADXL which
is the ADXL 278. This chip simply replaces the ADXL 250 but only has a range of +/-50.
5.3.3 Vibration sensors

NSROC currently uses the Endevco Model 2221D to obtain vibration data. The 2221D is a piezoelectric
accelerometer designed specifically for vibration measurement on small structures and objects. The unit is
epoxy sealed and only weighs 12 grams. The sensor has a frequency response of +/- 5% deviation between
1 and 6000 Hz and +/- 1dB deviation between .1 and 10,000 Hz.
A separate charge amplifier is required to signal condition the low level output to 0-5V for the PCM
encoder analog input. NSROC uses the Endevco Model 2680M12 charge amp to provide the signal
condition for the 2221D sensor along with the ability to have two adjustable range of outputs.
5.3.4 Magnetometer
NSROC uses the Bartington MAG-03MS series, which is used as a standalone attitude determination sensor
or in the NMACS magnetic attitude control system. The magnetometers used are flux gate devices with a
+600 milligauss or 60,000 Gamma sensing range, providing an accuracy of approximately 3 or 4 percent
when calibrated inside the payload. For flights near the equator, a 450 milligauss magnetometer is used.
Magnetometers sense payload attitude relative to the earth’s magnetic field and unless aligned perfectly with
the field results in attitude knowledge of relative angular displacement from the local magnetic field line.
This data, along with data from a solar/lunar or horizon sensor, is used to construct absolute payload
attitude. For applications where accuracy is a prime consideration, extreme care must be exercised in the
placement of the unit to avoid stray magnetic fields generated within the payload, and high static fields
exhibited by magnetized ferrous material.
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5.3.5 Solar/Lunar Sensors

The current solar aspect sensor was developed by Army Research Laboratories and the technology was
transferred to the NASA Sounding Rockets Program. The solar aspect measurement is obtained by
incorporating 4 to 10- solar sensors located on the payload skin at predetermined angular locations. The
amount of sensors and locations depends on the precision required. The Solar Likeness Indicating
Transducers (SLITs) are restricted slit silicon solar cells mounted in a housing that includes obstructing
geometry that restricts the amount of sunlight that enters and impinges upon the photoelectric cell. The
restriction of light properly maintains a constant surface area of solar sensor illumination over a nearly
theoretical half-plane of light acceptance. Thus, the device produces a significant output when aligned with
solar field and no output when misaligned. In a rotating body, the photocells transmit a pulse train that can
be used to determine an attitude vector to the sun. For additional precision in post flight attitude
determination, the SLIT sensors are used in conjunction with a magnetometer to provide a single-axis or
three-axis attitude solution. The solution can be accurate to three degrees depending on relative sun vector
and magnetic field vector orientation.
5.3.6 Wallops Accelerometer & Attitude Sensor Package (WAASP)

The Wallops Accelerometer & Attitude Sensor Package is an attitude determination sensor system designed
to be used on sounding rocket payloads. The WAASP has the capability to link up to additional sensors
through two I/O ports and it has the ability for on-board data processing and self-contained telemetry.
Currently the WAASP has three-axis accelerometers, three-axis magnetometers with additional redundant
channels, a roll rate sensor, and the capability to support a Sun sensor. NSROC is currently in progress of
designing and building a new solar sensor to bring the WAASP up to full capabilities.
Figure 5.3.6-1: Wallops Accelerometer & Attitude Sensor Package (WAASP)
5.3.7 Horizon Sensor

Horizon sensors that the Wallops Flight Facility Sounding Rocket Program has used operate in the fifteen
micron region (infrared). The sensors consist of a focusing lens, filter, thermal detector, and associated
electronics. The sensor is pointed to view out from the circumference of a spinning rocket and detects
transitions of the horizon in both sky to earth and earth to sky configurations. This data combined with
magnetometer data, provides a source of payload attitude information.
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5.3.8 Video Cameras

NSROC has the ability to offer specialized television cameras featuring low power consumption, compact
size, and very high sensitivity for sensing star backgrounds, in-flight events such as payload ejection’s, and
rocket motor performance. Intensified charge coupled device cameras have a threshold sensitivity of 10-6
foot candles face-plate illumination and are compatible with standard broadcast monitors and recorders.
Cameras used on Sounding Rocket payloads operate from a 12-volt D.C. supply and require less than 10
watts of power. Volume is typically 75 cubic inches or less for most TV cameras used and weight is less
than 30 ounces. The output from these cameras is transmitted using a wide band TV transmitter, or more
recently via a TV video compression deck in the WFF93 PCM encoder. These cameras, when combined
with the command uplink system hardware, can be used to fine tune in-flight payload targeting.
NSROC is also capable of supporting both high definition and standard definition onboard cameras. The
program uses ruggedized, bullet cameras with a variety of lens options in compact size for harsh and small
environments. The bullet cameras are roughly the size of a roll of quarters. The main implementation of
these cameras is in the Aft Looking Video System or ALVS. ALVS allows up to four cameras through a
system of mirrors to look towards the aft of the rocket. The four video streams are then multiplexed into a
single video stream that is configurable to suit the needs of the experimenter. The ALVS is capable of not
only recording onboard through a DVR but capable of outputting live video.
The HD camera system includes a harsh environment, MPEG-4 HD Video Encoder that allows digital
video data to be inserted into the PCM stream. Once received on the ground the digital video data is then
separated from the PCM stream and decoded in the ground station. This allows the video stream to not only
be recorded but allows live viewing as well. The encoder system is 1.7 lbs., 49 cubic inches, consumes 11
watts of power and is capable of outputting up to 1080 p resolution. NSROC utilizes a compact, digital HD
camera, consuming less than 3 W of power. The camera has a C-mount lens and comes with configurable
image settings.
5.3.9 Rate Sensor

A combination rate sensor and accelerometer package, Inertial Science Inc. model ISIS-IMU (IMU =
Inertial Measurement Unit) has been flown on several recent sounding rocket missions. The package is
specified as a fully compensated IMU with 6 Degree of Freedom and provides either discrete channel
analog outputs or combined sensor data on a single asynchronous stream output. Rate sensing of up to
5000 degrees per second and acceleration sensing up to 500 G’s is possible with this unit.
Another rate sensor that has recently been packaged and flown on a sounding rocket utilizes an Analog
Devices ADXRS150 angular rate gyro sensor or gyroscope. This device is a single axis sensor that uses
surface micromachining process for the rate sensing and integrates all of the signal conditioning electronics
into one 32 lead Ball Grid Array package. The sensor is configured to measure rates of +/-150 degrees per
second for a 0 to 5 Volt output.
5.3.10 Strain gauges

NSROC is capable of supplying strain gauges and associated signal conditioning if the experimenter or
customer calls for them. Currently NSROC uses strain gauges from Vishay Micro-Measurements. The strain
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gauges come with preset temperature profiles and calibration equations. The gauges are capable of
withstanding a wide temperature range and are capable of sensing a range of +/- 5284 µε with a resolution
of +/- 5.2 µε. NSROC is capable of installing multiple singular strain gauges or sets of two through four.
5.4 Transmitters
A variety of telemetry data transmitters are available with a range of RF output power from 2 to 20 Watts.
Most of the transmitters are true FM units and are AC coupled. The Program has a new high data rate,
bandwidth efficient SOQPSK transmitter that it is working to bring on-line. Transmitters used on a given
project are sized to provide the necessary link margin while at the same time minimizing power
requirements. Available transmitters have frequency responses ranging from 1.5 MHz to over 40 MHz and
cover the lower and upper S-Band frequencies (2200-2400 MHz). Newer models are frequency agile and
can be set to cover lower and/or upper S-Band frequencies. The newest model transmitters accept TTL or
RS-422 data and clock modulation inputs and automatically adjust carrier deviation for optimum setting.
Older analog modulation input models can accommodate pre-modulation filtered PCM data streams up to
20 MB as well as TV camera NTSC video signals.
5.5 Command Uplink Systems

Several different command systems are available; selection depends upon the complexity of the command
requirements, the launch location, and the other flight hardware configurations on the payload. All of these
command systems require an up-link at 437.5 MHz. Ground stations are equipped with capability ranging
from one to fifteen discreet ON/OFF commands to capability to point a sensor/instrument at various areas
of the sun or other targets. The command systems utilize FSK Modulation. System command rates vary
from several seconds per command to several commands per second.
5.6 Telemetry Antennas

Several types of antennas can be used; selection is determined by the function to be performed, the payload
and vehicle configuration, and the radiation pattern coverage required. For data transmission, a family of S-
Band micro-strip antennas has been developed. These antennas, in 4, 14, 17.26, and 22 inch diameters, are
configured to be flush mounted with the telemetry skin as well as some that are designed to be installed
beneath nose cones or on other RF transparent skins and provide varying degrees of thermal protection for
different vehicle types. These wrap-around units require from 4 to 6-3/4 inches axially along the payload
body. Micro-strip and strip-line antennas are made by New Mexico State University, Haigh-Far, AntDevco,
and Wallops Flight Facility respectively. All of these downlink data transmission antennas are linearly
polarized and provide a pattern that is basically omni-directional, with nulls at the nose and tail of the
vehicle.
For command purposes, the most commonly used antenna type is the quadraloop and consists of four
individual elements. Radiation coverage can be adjusted by the manner in which the elements are connected
(phased), and this is frequently done to provide maximally aft or maximally broadside patterns. Antenna
element phasing results in a circular pattern polarization. Combined with selectable right or left hand
circular polarized helix ground transmitting antennas circular polarized receiving antennas results in
optimum transmitted to received antenna signals.
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For radar transponder applications NSROC uses circular cavity backed right hand circular polarization helix
antennas. These elements are mounted 180° apart and are fed from a two-way power divider.
Special antennas such as cavity backed slots, bent wires, disc micro-strips, and rectangular micro-strips have
been designed for unique applications in both the data acquisition and command areas.
5.7 Instrumentation and Experiment Power Systems

The electrical power for instrumentation and experiment electronics on sounding rockets is derived from
batteries. The selection of the battery system is based on a consideration of weight, size, capacity, and
system power requirements. Although several types of battery systems are available, the ones predominantly
used by WFF are nickel cadmium (NiCad), and have a very successful flight history. Currently Nickel Metal
Hydride (NiMH) batteries are being considered as a replacement for the NiCad batteries. The NiMH
batteries being considered will give the program batteries that will have a comparable capacities to the
NiCad batteries. Appendix G lists comparison and performance characteristics for various battery systems.
5.7.1 Nickel Cadmium

All of the nickel cadmium cells that are used in sounding rocket payloads are of the cylindrical sealed cell
design. These cells incorporate a re-sealable safety pressure release vent and are virtually maintenance free.
Advantages of the nickel cadmium battery system are:
 Much less expensive

 Can be mounted in any position
 Longer life span and cycle life
 Same battery that is used for environmental testing can be used for flight
 Not sensitive to overcharge
 Maintenance free.
Available NiCad batteries range from 450 milli-Amphour/hour to 10 Amphour/hour capacity.
5.7.2 Voltage Output

The nominal system voltage output from the battery pack is 28V DC ±4V. PI’s requiring voltages other
than the nominal 28V DC are requested to provide their own power conditioning. The experiment's 28V
can be supplied from the instrumentation batteries or from a separate 28V battery pack located in the
instrumentation section. Some PI's prefer to supply their own battery.
Note: The PI should provide circuit protection to assure that other flight
circuits are not affected by short circuits occurring in the experiment payload
equipment.
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5.7.3 Power Control Distribution (PCD)

NSROC provides two types of power control and distribution units: the TM 28V PCD and the Experiment
Variable V and split +/-V PCD. The PCDs are primarily for switching the electrical systems from external
power to internal battery power. Both PCD units have bus voltage and state monitoring circuitry and can be
controlled via the block house ground station equipment through RS422 lines. Through one RS422 line, up
to seven PCD units in any combination can be controlled.
5.7.4 Switching
All on-board power switching relays are backed up by first-motion lift-off switches to prevent power loss
due to inadvertent relay transfer.
5.7.5 Pyrotechnic Power Supply

Power for payload pyrotechnic functions is normally supplied from a separate pyro battery. Voltage is made
available to the pyro bus through 50,000-foot altitude switches. Squib monitor circuits provide telemetry
with an indication of squib firings.
5.8 In-Flight Event Timing Systems

In-flight event timing is normally controlled by electronic timers or barometric switches.
5.8.1 USB Reprogrammable Multifunction Timer (UMFT)

The UMFT was developed to allow in-payload event time reprogramming. The UMFT has an EE
(Electronically Erasable) PROM. These monitor functions, as well as external programming for event
times, is accommodated via the addition of a 9 pin connector to the unit. The UMFT can be programed
with a computer through a USB to SPI converter cable. UMFT is used in the Instrumentation Systems and
in hazardous CDI systems.
These timers can be started by either of two methods:
 lift-off switch closure

 Umbilical release at lift-off.
A safe/arm latching circuit insures that the timer does not accidentally start when using the umbilical release
method.
5.8.2 Barometric Switches

Barometric switches are used to hold off initiation of functions due to contact chatter during motor
burning. Barometric switches operate at preset altitudes to activate or turn off various electronic functions
such as internal power. Usually redundant switches are installed; however, they are sensitive to location.
Good design requires that the switches be placed in a location on the payload where they will not be
adversely affected by aerodynamic air pressures
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5.9 Trajectory Measurement Systems

Three types of tracking systems are or recently have been used on NASA sounding rockets: radar
transponders, Doppler Ranging and GPS.
5.9.1 Radar Transponders

Radar transponders are used to enhance the tracking capabilities of radar. The transponder contains a
receiver and a transmitter; both operate in the same frequency band as the tracking radar but are normally
tuned to separate frequencies. This frequency separation is normally 75 MHz. The tracking radar
interrogates the transponder by transmitting a pulse (or pulse pair depending upon the coding) at the proper
frequency. Double pulse codes are normally set on an integer value between 3.0 and 12.0 microseconds.
Upon receipt and detection of a valid interrogation (correct frequency and code) the transponder will
transmit a reply pulse after a known fixed-time delay - typically 2.5 microseconds.
The power output from a transponder ranges from 50 to 150 watts (pulse peak power) and provides a much
stronger signal to the radar than is obtainable from the reflected skin return from the sounding rocket. The
signal level received at the radar from a transponder decays at 6 dB/octave with range, whereas the skin
return decays at 12 dB/octave, thereby providing as much as two orders of magnitude greater range tracking
capability when using a transponder. The transponder requires an external antenna system. On sounding
rockets the current standard design incorporates two right hand circular (RHC) polarized helix mounted
180° apart on the skin, that are fed from a two-way power divider.
Transponders are used for several reasons:
 To provide full trajectory tracking when the radars do not have skin tracking capability through the
full trajectory
 To provide discrimination between vehicles which are in flight at the same time by means of
frequency and/or coding
 To provide a higher probability of obtaining tracking data right off the launch pad
 To provide higher precision data than is available from skin track due to higher signal to noise ratio
and a point source target.
5.9.2 Doppler Ranging

Doppler Ranging has been consistently used in areas such as Andoya, Norway, where radar is not normally
available. The Doppler Ranging technique uses a super stable, oven temperature controlled, crystal
oscillator (ocxo) to obtain oscillator stability of about 1 x 10^-9 percent. The stable oscillator is used as the
clock for the PCM encoder bit rate. Currently Norway can support Doppler Ranging at bit rates up to at
least 10 M bits per second. Once the RF signal is received by the TM ground tracking antenna and
demodulated by the TM receiver, the PCM stream is decommutated and the major frame frequency is
observed. This observed frequency is then compared to a baseline frequency taken prior to launch. The
difference in frequency can then be used to calculate the frequency shift. This Doppler frequency is a direct
indication of payload position with respect to the TM tracking antenna; when the tracking antenna azimuth
and elevation values are incorporated, a payload position solution can be generated. The key to this system
is the stability of the payload PCM oscillator and the accuracy of the TM tracking antenna azimuth and
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elevation figures. Typically TM tracking antennas resolve the antenna elevation and azimuth angles to .01
degrees whereas Radars resolve these to .001 degrees. The Doppler Ranging system provides a relatively
cheap payload position solution method but with reduced payload position accuracy compared to Radar or
GPS.
5.9.3 Global Positioning System (GPS)

The WFF GPS Flight System is based on a L1 band, civilian code GPS receiver, wrap-around antenna, and
preamplifier. Wrap-around antennas are available in 22, 17.26, and 14 inch diameters. Time, position and
velocity data, and timing signals are multiplexed and transmitted with the payload S-Band telemetry.
Ground support is provided by a portable briefcase pc or a laptop, which decommutates the S-Band
downlinked PCM video and outputs display of payload position overlaying predicted path. Received
payload GPS data can be reformatted to provide a slaving source for accurate pointing of tracking Radar’s
and telemetry tracking antennas.
5.10 Mechanical Systems & Mechanisms

5.10.1 Nosecones
Several types of nose cones are available for a variety of applications. These include 11° straight taper cones
as well as 3:1 ogive shapes for 14 and 17.26 inch based diameters. These nosecones are typically available in
Aluminum or Stainless Steel, in either rolled and riveted or spun and formed shapes.
5.10.2 Structures & Skins

Skins for the 14, 17.26, & 22 inch diameter payloads are usually custom made. Standard systems have
standard skins. Internal structures are also designed to fit each application, whether it be a telemetry section
or for packaging several scientific instruments. Standard structure designs involve deck plates and C
Channel longerons held internally with brackets and bumpers against the skin.
5.10.3 Shutter Doors

Electrically operated vacuum shutter doors are available for 17.26 and 22 inch diameter payloads. These
doors open an aperture of approximately ø15” and 20”. The plate assembly opens 107 degrees from
stowed/closed position to allow ACS and science sensors view through its aperture. In the past they have
been used in forward and aft positions, but typically point toward the aft.
5.10.4 Deployment Mechanisms

Deployment mechanisms actuated by pyrotechnic devices or other means are available for doors, booms,
shutters, etc. Common pyrotechnic actuators are guillotine cutters for shearing bolts or retaining cords, pin
pullers for releasing mechanisms, and gas generators for pushing pistons. Rotary motors have been used in
the past, especially for the shutter door as well as side opening and closing doors. Mechanical Coil Springs
are also typically used to deploy payload stages or sub-payloads, but air springs have also been used in the
past. Air springs provide lower acceleration but longer impulse and faster velocities than standard springs.
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5.10.5 Vacuum/Water Sealing

Payloads may be designed with O-ring sealed sections and hermetic connectors to prevent entry and exit of
gasses and liquids as required. Pneumatic hermetic feed-throughs have also been used in the past.
5.10.6 De-spin Systems

In many cases, payloads must operate without the residual spinning motion imparted by the launch vehicle.
Usually the science instruments require very specific roll rates to operate or measure properly. A mechanical
yo-yo de-spin system is typically used with sized weights attached to fly-away cables that are wrapped
around the payload’s circumference and unwind when released. NSROC’s de-spin system is very reliable
and de-spins payloads to the target roll rate +/- 0.25 Hz. Further tuning of the payload roll rate is
accomplished by the on-board ACS to roll up or roll down from there.
5.11 Recovery Systems

The primary use of recovery systems is to retrieve the payload so it can be refurbished and flown again; or
to retrieve payloads to obtain scientific data (onboard data recorders or atmospheric samples). Land and
Water Payload recovery are both possible on sounding rocket missions.
5.11.1 Land Recovery

Several different parachutes are used for land recovery; their principal characteristics are listed below in
Table 5.16.1-1.
Table 5.16.1-1 Characteristics of Land Recovery Parachutes Type

Type Maximum Recovered Weight (Pounds)
36.2 Foot Cruciform 750
5.11.2 Water Recovery

The water recovery system is rated for recovered payload weights up to 750 pounds and will provide
buoyancy up to 333 pounds. At WFF, water recovery is performed by boat. A commercial source can be
used to recover payloads that impact less than 100 miles off shore. The US Coast Guard is employed for
payloads landing in excess of 100 miles off shore. Larger payloads must have flotation built into the payload.
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5.11.3 Recovery Aids

Recovery aids assist in the location of the payload to facilitate recovery. Commonly used recovery aids are:
 Dye Marker
 Color Design of Canopy
 Sonar "Pingers"
 Reward Tags
 Flashing Strobe Light
5.12 Attitude Control Systems (ACSs)

During a typical sounding rocket mission, the payload separates from the rocket and is de-spun well above
the atmosphere. From de-spin until re-entry, typically a period of five to thirteen minutes, the ACS provides
all control of the attitude of the payload section. In order to meet the objectives of the scientific mission,
the ACS uses sensors to determine the payload’s attitude, position, and velocity. The ACS also contains
cold-gas thrusters which provide moments and control movement about all three of the payload’s axes. The
payload may be placed in one orientation for the duration of the exo-atmospheric flight or transition
between multiple targets. Some ACSs can be controlled from the ground via a command uplink system
allowing the onboard experiment to investigate targets of opportunity or to refine its pointing. Once the
ACS has acquired a target, it requires very little force to maintain the payload orientation, so most of the
scientific observations can be relatively undisturbed by the firing of thrusters. This has facilitated the
acquisition of large amounts of previously unobtainable scientific data at a relatively low cost.
NSROC attitude control systems include coarse and fine control systems. The coarse control systems allow
for pointing to inertial or magnetic targets at the degree level of accuracy. The fine control systems
incorporate fine-pointing sensors to align with targets at an arc-second level of accuracy. The sensors
associated with fine-pointing are described in the sections of systems in which they are used.
NSROC selects the most appropriate attitude control system for a flight based on the requirements of the
experiment. NSROC has four flight-proven pointing systems for a variety of applications. Two of these are
coarse pointing systems:
 NIACS – NSROC Inertial ACS

 NMACS – NSROC Magnetic ACS
There are also two fine pointing systems:
 SPARCS VII – Solar Pointing Attitude Rocket Control System VII

 CACS – Celestial ACS
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Table 5.12-1 shows the principal characteristics of the systems.

Table 5.12-1 Attitude Control System Capabilities
NIACS ±2-3° Absolute Inertial Accuracy
Spinning and Non-spinning Payloads
NMACS ±2-3° Magnetic Field Alignment
Spinning Payloads Only
SPARCS VII Solar Pointing Only
±10 Arcsec Accuracy in Pitch/Yaw
±1 Deg Accuracy in Roll
Non-spinning Payloads only
CACS ±2-5 Arcmin without Star Tracker available
on specific target, guide maneuver with
tracker required to support this mode.
±1 Arcsec with Star Tracker (with Linear
Thrust Module)
Non-spinning Payloads only
5.12.1 NSROC Solar Pointing Attitude Rocket Control System (SPARCS VII)
The SPARCS VII is a precision attitude control system designed specifically to point the payload at the Sun
during the exo-atmospheric portion of the flight. This ACS consists of 3 different optical sensor systems, 2
gyroscope systems, a magnetometer, a flight computer and other electronics, a reaction control system using
cold-gas pneumatics, and a battery power system. It can maintain any roll angle while pointing at any point
on the Sun (not just the center), and it can be programmed to slew to different targets during the
observation window. Furthermore, it can be controlled from the ground via a command uplink system to
point to any target of opportunity or to refine the current pointing.
SPARCS has supported diverse scientific missions to map the sun’s temperature, measure X-ray intensity,
observe solar features, and capture other spectral data. Although SPARCS can theoretically support
missions launched from anywhere, it has found a home at White Sands Missile Range due to its abundant
sunshine, the dedicated test and integration facilities, and well supported payload recovery.
5.12.1.1 Capabilities
A typical solar mission enables SPARCS ~70 sec into the flight after the payload has cleared most of the
atmosphere, separated from the motors, and de-spun to ~0.25 Hz roll rate. Because the scientific
instruments point out of the aft-end of the payload section, SPARCS needs to swing them through a large
angle (as much as 180°) toward the Sun. This maneuver can take 40-50 sec depending on the initial
conditions. Once it settles on a target, SPARCS can achieve a pointing accuracy (in pitch and yaw) better
than 40 arc-sec1 with a stability in the tenths of arc-sec. The roll orientation can be estimated and controlled
1
The pointing accuracy depends on the system configuration and the target location. If video feedback is available for manual pointing
corrections, SPARCS can be made to point at any target on the Sun within a few arc-seconds. Otherwise the pointing accuracy actually
varies with the target distance from the center of the Sun (~10 arc-sec at the center to ~40 arc-sec at the limb).
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to within 2°. Moving from one target on the Sun to the next can take 2-4 sec. After accounting for the
maneuver time, a typical mission enjoys 5-7 minutes of quality, relatively disturbance-free, observation time.
SPARCS does impose constraints on the launch window, principally:
 The Sun must be at least 18° above the horizon in order for the optical sensors to isolate the Sun
from the Earth albedo.
 For launches in the Northern hemisphere, the angle between the line-of-sight to the Sun and the
Earth’s magnetic field (called the eta angle) must be less than 165° to ensure roll angle acquisition.
This requirement was designed to keep SPARCS well away from the scenario in which the magnetic
field points directly away from the Sun in the Northern hemisphere (eta = 180°), which represents a
singularity in its roll estimation algorithm (more on this later).
5.12.1.2 System Elements

 Coarse Sun Sensors (CSS)
The CSS are a system of four sensors mounted along the circumference of the vehicle. Each sensor consists
of two solar cells: the main cell and the bias cell. The main cell has a 180° field of view and sees both the
Sun and the Earth albedo at any point in time. This cell protrudes from the bias cell in such a way that the
former shades the latter from the Sun when the pointing error is < 30°. This allows the bias cell to measure
only the Earth albedo, which can then be subtracted from the main cell output to improve the pointing
accuracy.
One coarse sun sensor alone cannot tell the direction of the Sun, but the system of 4 can do so with an
accuracy of ±1°. This system is used in the initial phase of acquisition (coarse mode) to swing the payload
toward the Sun from ANY orientation.
 Miniature Acquisition Sun Sensor (MASS)
The MASS is an analog optical sensor whose quadrant-detector produces output voltage signals
proportional to the azimuth and elevation angles from its bore sight to the center of the Sun (called Sun
angles for short). These are illustrated in the figure below:
Figure 5.12.1.2-1: Miniature Acquisition Sun Sensor (MASS)
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The MASS can measure these Sun angles with ±0.5° accuracy. It is mounted in the experiment section
pointing aft, and its relatively small ±35° field of view effectively shields it from the Earth albedo when it is
viewing the Sun. This sensor is used in conjunction with the CSS to enhance pointing accuracy in coarse
mode.
 Lockheed Intermediate Sun Sensor (LISS)
The LISS consists of 2 analog optical sensors: a ±20° field-of-view quadrant detector, and a ±10° field-of-
view mode detector. These sensors are integrated into a physical package which is also mounted in the
experiment section looking aft. SPARCS uses the mode sensor to switch out of coarse mode when the
pointing error falls below 10°. As with the MASS, the LISS uses its quadrant detector to measure the Sun
angles, and it can do so with ±10 arc-sec accuracy when it is calibrated. This measurement error is the main
source of total pointing error for targets near the Sun center.
In intermediate mode and fine mode, SPARCS wraps control loops around the Sun angle measurements to
point the LISS at a target on the Sun. This is illustrated in the figure below, where the payload needs to pitch
up to reduce the current value of 𝜀𝑒𝑙 to its desired value of 𝜀𝑒𝑙,𝑐 .
Figure 5.12.1.2-2: Lockheed Intermediate Sun Sensor (LISS)
 Magnetometer
The SPARCS VII uses a miniature, 3-axis Bartington Model MAG-03MS mounted near the nose of the
payload to estimate and control its roll orientation in intermediate mode and part of fine mode. Section 5.2.2
describes this magnetometer in more detail. This section describes how it is used in roll attitude
determination and control.
Consider the situation when the payload is pointing at the Sun with an arbitrary roll attitude while the
magnetic field vector H makes an angle eta with the Sun vector. H is shown decomposed into its
longitudinal and transverse components Hx and H’, respectively.
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Figure 5.12.1.2-3: SPARCS VII operation payload pointing at the Sun with an
arbitrary roll attitude.
The same picture is shown looking along the payload axis at the Sun.
Figure 5.12.1.2-4: Same as above but looking along the payload axis at the Sun.
The vector H’ is shown at some other arbitrary orientation 𝜙𝑁 with respect to a reference axis (here shown
as the South Heliocentric Pole). This angle will change during flight due to the spatial variation of the
magnetic field. The payload roll orientation can be described by angle 𝜙𝐸 relative to the reference axis or by
angle 𝜙𝐵 relative to the magnetic field. The magnetometers My and Mz are shown measuring the
components Hy and Hz of the magnetic field, respectively.
A specification on 𝜙𝐸 can be turned into a specification on 𝜙𝐵 according to 𝜙𝐵,𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝜙𝐸,𝑐 − 𝜙𝑁 (𝑡),
where 𝜙𝑁 can be characterized as a function of time by applying a geomagnetic model to the nominal
trajectory.
The roll control loop estimates 𝜙𝐵 from the magnetometer measurements Hy and Hz according to 𝜙𝐵 =
atan2(𝐻𝑦 , 𝐻𝑧 ). It fires the appropriate thrusters to regulate this angle to the desired value 𝜙𝐵,𝑐 . This is
equivalent to regulating the absolute roll orientation 𝜙𝐸 to the desired value 𝜙𝐸,𝑐 .
Note that when the magnetic field H is aligned with the Sun vector (eta = 0 when H points along the Sun
vector in the Southern hemisphere, or eta = 180° when H points opposite the Sun vector in the Northern
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hemisphere), it casts no shadow on the payload transverse plane (H’ = 0). This leaves the magnetometers
My and Mz to measure just noise, thus causing the estimation of 𝜙𝐵 to be completely inaccurate and resulting
in loss of roll control. NSROC restricts the launch window to avoid these degenerate situations.
SPARCS uses the Bartington magnetometer in this scheme to estimate and control the roll attitude
accurately to within 2°. Its main sources of error are: 1) magnetometer calibration errors, 2) magnetic
disturbances not accounted for by the geomagnetic model, and 3) deviations from the nominal trajectory.
 Humphrey Rate Gyro
The Humphrey rate gyro is a 3-axis analog strap-down gyroscope designed as a gimbal-less, simple, and
sturdy rate sensor. SPARCS uses it for stability augmentation. NSROC is currently studying newer
alternatives for this obsolete sensor.
 Ring Laser Gyro (RLG)
The Honeywell GG1320AN01 Ring Laser Gyro is a single-axis digital rate gyro characterized by high
stability (< 0.04 degrees/hour) and low jitter (< 0.01 degrees). It is mounted along the longitudinal axis in
the SPARCS section to provide roll control in fine mode.
 Pneumatic system
SPARCS generates the moments required to control the payload attitude by flowing gas through 8 thruster
valves located throughout the payload. Four valves dedicated to controlling the pitch and yaw motions are
located near the nose of the payload to maximize the lever arm to the center of gravity of the payload. The
figure below shows valve #4 firing to produce a positive pitch moment.
Figure 5.12.1.2-5: SPARCS with valve #4 firing to produce a positive pitch moment.
Another set of four valves control the roll moment. The figure below shows the pair of valves V1
generating identical thrusts in opposite directions which act through the lever arm of the payload diameter
to produce a positive rolling moment.
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Figure 5.12.1.2-6: SPARCS with pair of valves V1 generating identical thrust in opposite
directions.
The gas (usually Argon or Freon) is stored in an 880 in3 tank which is initially pressurized to 5,000 psi.
When enabled, the gas flows through a pressure regulator to arrive at the thruster valves at a controlled
pressure, delivering a controlled thrust. SPARCS uses 2 pressure regulators and a relay to switch between
the two at different times during operation. One regulator is set high for use in coarse mode, and the other
one is set low for use in fine mode. The following table gives typical values of regulator pressure settings
and angular accelerations:
Coarse Fine
Regulator setting (psi) 600 50
Pitch/Yaw 2 0.2
Ang. Acc. (deg/sec2)
Roll 25 2
The thrusts generated by the fine pressure regulator are still too coarse for precision attitude control, so
SPARCS fires opposite valves with slightly different durations to produce very small angular velocity
changes in the desired direction. In the example above, V4 and V6 would fire an equal amount, but V4
would stay on slightly longer to generate a small net positive impulse along the pitch axis. This differential
thrusting technique effectively turns a bang-bang control system into a continuous one at the expense of
requiring more gas than a true continuous control system in which each thruster can generate a variable
force.
5.12.1.3 Operation
SPARCS uses 3 modes to achieve the competing objectives of minimizing the maneuver time while
achieving accurate and stable pointing in order to maximize the quality of the scientific data. These coarse,
intermediate, and fine modes are described below.
Initially, coarse mode is dedicated to acquiring the Sun as fast as possible. This is done by using the CSS /
MASS to locate the Sun and commanding the pitch/yaw thrusters to fire at full force to swing the payload
toward it. Control action in roll consists of nulling the roll rate leftover from de-spin. Rate damping in all 3
axes is provided by the Humphrey rate gyro.
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When the pointing error is reduced to ~10°, the Sun enters the field of view of the mode sensor of the
LISS. Roll control uses the triggering of this sensor as the signal to switch to active roll position control with
the magnetometer. SPARCS waits ~4 sec after this event for the rates to subside sufficiently to switch to
intermediate mode. It decouples the CSS and MASS in this mode and uses the LISS to point at its first
target on the Sun.
SPARCS stores the targeting information as desired values for 𝜙𝐵 , 𝜀𝑎𝑧 , and 𝜀𝑒𝑙 . During the alignment to the
target, the three control loops act simultaneously to drive the current estimates of these three quantities to
their desired values. This is illustrated in the figure below:
Figure 5.12.1.-1: SPARCS alignment to the target.
SPARCS stays in intermediate mode for ~7.5 sec before switching to fine mode. Three things happen in
this mode: 1) SPARCS switches to the fine pressure regulator and differential thrusting to better control the
small motions required in this mode, 2) it switches to a larger set of control gains, and 3) it derives pitch &
yaw rates from the LISS output signals to perform rate damping in these channels to control the pointing
stability.
For missions requiring more control stability in roll (as well as in pitch & yaw), the system uses the RLG for
roll control instead of the magnetometer. This change in roll control is initiated with a command from the
ground. SPARCS updates its roll attitude by integrating the RLG output, which permits it to achieve sub-
arc-second jitter performance. SPARCS can also visit other targets in this mode by receiving new targeting
commands via the command uplink system. Any pre-programmed target may be sent at any time.
Furthermore, SPARCS may be commanded to move specified amounts in all 3 axes to refine the pointing at
any target. Thus, the integration of the command uplink system into the mission gives the experiment team
maximum flexibility in targeting.
As the payload gets ready to re-enter the atmosphere, SPARCS disables the RLG and switches back to
coarse mode with the coarse pressure regulator. It spins the payload back up to ~1 Hz by firing the roll
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thrusters at full force for 15 sec. This maneuver helps to distribute the heat build-up evenly around the
payload. SPARCS also fires its pitch and yaw thrusters to de-pressurize the tank so that it is safe to handle
during recovery.
5.12.1.4 Integration
Integration of SPARCS to the experiment section requires close cooperation with the experiment team
mainly because the MASS and the LISS need to be installed in the experiment section and aligned with the
science instruments.
Figure 5.12.1.4-1: SPARCS integration chart.
The experiment team will be given mechanical drawings of the MASS & LISS soon after the mission
initiation conference so that they can design locations and mountings for them in their section. Other
requirements for these sensors include fields of view, reflectivity of nearby objects (the door must not
reflect stray light into the LISS), and cabling. Because the LISS is used for fine pointing, the output signals
are digitized near the source to minimize signal corruption. A separate A/D box is mounted in the
experiment section near the LISS2.
The experiment team takes delivery of these units when they arrive for integration. Although the experiment
team is ultimately responsible for mounting these sensors and aligning them to the science instruments, they
sometimes enlist the help of the ACS engineers in these efforts. Since the SPARCS points the LISS to the
sun target, good pointing of the science instrument to the target requires good alignment of the LISS and
science optical axis3. Therefore, a significant portion of integration is dedicated to aligning the LISS to the
science instruments.
The LISS has a mirrored surface perpendicular to its optical axis that can be used in a heliostat experiment
to characterize the alignment error angle θLB. This misalignment can then be minimized by shimming the 3
legs of the LISS like a stool. The MASS can similarly be aligned with the LISS, although this alignment is
much less critical to the overall mission success.
2
There are plans to package the A/D electronics with the LISS in the near future.
3
SPARCS is agnostic of the experiment systems on purpose so that it can serve a wide variety of solar missions.
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One important area of collaboration between the experiment team and the ACS team during integration is
the programming of the targets. The objective is to translate the target coordinates defined by the
experiment team into the (𝜙𝐵 , 𝜀𝑎𝑧 , 𝜀𝑒𝑙 ) format that SPARCS accepts. For example, the experiment team
may specify a target by the (𝜙𝐸 , 𝑊, 𝑁) coordinates defined in the diagrams below:
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Analysis of this geometry yields the following conversion:
𝜙𝐵 = 𝜙𝐸 − 𝜙𝑁
𝜀𝑎𝑧 = −𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝐸 + 𝑁𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙𝐸
𝜀𝑒𝑙 = −𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝐸 − 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙𝐸
There are many other ways to specify the target. For example, the (𝑊, 𝑁) coordinates may be replaced by
the (𝑙𝑜𝑛, 𝑙𝑎𝑡) coordinates, the reference axis for the roll angle need not be the South Heliocentric Pole, or
the new target may be specified by a series of moves from the last target. The experiment team is
encouraged to use whatever systems suit them best as long as there is adequate communication with the
ACS team to make sure the conversion to the SPARCS coordinates is correct.
5.12.2 NSROC Inertial Attitude Control System (NIACS)

The NIACS is an all-in-one digital control system that can align the payload to inertial targets. It has been
used on a wide range of missions with coarse pointing requirements. These include ram air science
missions, missions with ejectables that later align to the magnetic field, and a variety of other missions. The
NIACS can align to an inertial target, the velocity vector, or the actual or predicted magnetic field vector.
Normally, the NIACS is enabled after yo-yo de-spin and payload separation are complete. After this, the
NIACS follows a pre-programmed series of maneuvers based on the mission requirements.
The NIACS can provide absolute pointing error of less than 2° in all 3 axes. It has also demonstrated the
ability to point the payload while spinning at roll rates as high as 4 Hz. During spinning control, the system
is designed to measure error and align relative to the principal axis of the payload, not the physical centerline
of the payload. This allows the system to minimize gas consumption, minimize coning, and naturally deal
with dynamic imbalance and sensor misalignment.
The control provided by the NIACS during the science collection phase of the mission is highly mission
dependent. Some flights have the ACS on for the entire flight. Others have the ACS turn on and off for
specific windows of time. In other flights, the control changes based on the payload’s altitude. The NIACS
can also be programmed with a dead-band which prevents the ACS from making corrections unless the
error is greater than a specified value. The size of the dead-band can be chosen for each phase of the flight
in order to improve the alignment during non-critical phases.
The NIACS can use between one and four 200 in3 pressure tanks filled with either nitrogen or argon. It is
also capable of using single-level or bi-level pneumatics.
The NIACS can provide a navigation solution – position and velocity information – in flight. If the payload
includes a GPS receiver, the information from the GPS can integrated into the NIACS calculations. This
can greatly improve the accuracy of the navigation solution.
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The NIACS has been flown on 26 missions from its first flight in the spring of 2004 until May 2014 with a
success rate of 96%. It has also been flown with wet-dry sealed sections allowing for water recovery of the
payload.

 GLN-MAC
The GLN-MAC is the IMU used on-board the NIACS. It provides accelerations and angular rates to the
control system. The GLN-MAC attitude solution is accurate to within 1°. The GLN-MAC is the only
sensor used for attitude knowledge in the standard NIACS system. More details on the capabilities of the
GLN-MAC can be found in Section 5.2.
5.12.2.3 MaNIACS
The MaNIACS is a variation of the NIACS which was first flown in August 2013. It contains a Honeywell
HMR2300 three-axis magnetometer in addition to the regular NIACS components. The Honeywell
magnetometer is described in Section 5.2.3. The addition of a magnetometer allows the payload to align
with the true magnetic field as well as to inertial targets. The magnetometer is generally placed closed to
either the forward or the aft end of the payload to reduce magnetic interference.
The integration process for the NIACS does not include any calibration between the GLN-MAC and the
scientific instruments. When the MaNIACS is used, the payload must go through magnetic calibration prior
to launch. This is a full payload test which is generally performed in each of the configurations in which the
magnetometer will be used for attitude control.
5.12.3 NSROC Magnetic Attitude Control System

NMACS is used point a spinning payload along the Earth’s magnetic field. This alignment can be with the
field or against the field. NMACS can handle spin rates from 0.5 to 4 Hz and is capable of stabilizing the
pointing error below 2 deg.
NMACS uses two analog sensors to perform its job: the Bartington MAG-03MS60 3-axis magnetometer4 to
compute the pitch and yaw angles of the magnetic field with respect to the payload frame of reference, and
the Systron Donner QRS-116 gyroscope to perform rate damping as it controls these angles to their desired
values. A newer version of NMACS, called Digital NMACS or DNMACS, replaces these analog sensors
with digital ones, namely the Honeywell HMR2300 3-axis magnetometer5 and the SiIMU02 MEMS Inertial
Measurement Unit.
Due to its small size and simplicity, NMACS represents an elegant control solution for missions that fit
within the scope described above. This system has been flown on 26 missions from its first flight in the
4
See Section 5.2.2 for more details.
5
See Section 5.2.3 for more details.
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summer of 2003 until May 2014. However, it is being flown less and less in favor of NIACS or MaNIACS6.
Specifically, experimenters that are flying a NMACS application frequently require the attitude product from
the GLN-MAC. In this case, the MaNIACS provides a better total solution. If there is no attitude
knowledge required, the NMACS or DNMACS is a lighter weight and less expense solution.
5.12.3.1 Operation & Capabilities

As with all NSROC control systems, NMACS uses cold-gas pneumatics to provide the reaction forces
needed to control the payload attitude. Depending on the length and the complexity of the mission,
NMACS may use one to four 200 in3 tanks of Nitrogen or Argon gas pressurized to 5000 psi to provide the
control. Most missions flow the gas through one pressure regulator to generate a standard thrust level - this
is preferred for simplicity.
After payload separation, NMACS is enabled to follow its pre-programmed timeline which varies according
to mission requirements. Some missions may use a dead-band which de-activates the thrusters if the
pointing error is below a threshold. This allows for disturbance-free measurements while the payload is
aligned with the target. The thresholds are typically 10 deg, but they can be chosen over a wide range to suit
the experiment’s needs. Other missions may choose to turn the control off after the initial alignment, then
turn it back on after a time to update the pointing.
NMACS can maintain the pointing error below 2 degrees while in active control mode. During spinning
control, the system is designed to measure error and align relative to the principal axis of the payload, not
the physical centerline of the payload. This allows the system to minimize gas consumption, minimize
coning, and naturally deal with dynamic imbalance and sensor misalignment.
Success of an NMACS mission depends critically on a well-calibrated magnetometer. Toward this end, the
magnetometer location can be chosen almost anywhere in the payload to minimize the magnetic
interference of the rest of the system. Calibration is performed with the payload completely integrated and
with as many systems turned on as possible to account for as many stray fields as possible.
However, NMACS does not attempt to perform alignments with accuracies as high as SPARCS VII (solar
missions) or CACS (celestial missions). Therefore, precision alignment with the scientific instruments is not
required. The calibration results are not explicitly used for the NMACS. The purpose of the test is to
assess whether the selected location of the magnetometer is sufficiently magnetically clean for control. In
the event of an issue, this test will also be used to possibly find a more suitable location for the
magnetometer.
5.12.4 NSROC Celestial Attitude Control System

The Celestial ACS is used to align sounding rocket payloads to celestial targets. This attitude control system
is used for flights investigating targets which can either be acquired and tracked with a star tracker or
6
NIACS does not have a magnetometer, but it does have a full navigation solution which it can use to align the payload to the geomagnetic
model. And MaNIACS is a version of NIACS that does incorporate a magnetometer, so it can perform the same mission as NMACS and more.
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pointed at by using nearby celestial targets as a reference. Previous CACS missions have studied comets,
planets, and the Earth’s atmosphere in addition to stellar targets.
The CACS uses a GLN-MAC gyro and an ST-5000 star tracker to determine its attitude. The pneumatics
system is available with three thrust configurations: bi-level, tri-level, and linear. Since its debut in May
2006, this ACS has flown on 24 missions as of May 2014 with a success rate of 96%.
The Celestial ACS combines an ST-5000 star tracker with a GLN-MAC fiber-optic gyro and a specially
designed control loop to achieve better accuracy and stability than its predecessor, the Aerojet Mark VI-D.
Unlike many of the NSROC attitude control systems which are generally self-contained, the CACS is not
contained within a single section. The pneumatics and electronics deck of the celestial ACS are normally
located forward of the center of gravity. The system also includes remote pitch and yaw nozzles which are
located in the ORSA at the forward end to provide a larger lever arm. Additionally, the star tracker is
located in the experiment section at the aft end of the payload where it can be aligned with the experiment’s
detector. The electronics for the CACS can be located as far as away from the tracker camera head as
necessitated by the mission. This allows for greater flexibility in the placement of the camera relative to the
science instruments in the payload.
This system can point to up to 20 targets in a single flight. However, the time available to spend on each
target depends on the number of targets and the distance between them. As a result, most missions have
only two or three targets. Additionally, the capabilities of the ST-5000 star tracker place some restrictions
on the timing of the launch and the location of the targets. In order for the star tracker to function
properly, the sun must be at least 25° below the horizon. The star tracker is also unable to determine an
attitude solution if the target is too close to the horizon. This does not preclude targeting objects close to
the horizon, but it does mean that all pointing in that region must be done using only inertial control.
The Celestial ACS is capable 2-5 arc-minutes absolute pointing accuracy. This improves to 1-2 arc-seconds
pointing accuracy when the command uplink system is used. The CACS can provide various levels of
stability depending on the requirements of the mission. Using bi-level control, the jitter rate is around 10
arc-seconds per second. This can be improved to 2 to 3 arc-seconds per second with tri-level control or to
less than 1 arc-second per second using the linear thrust module (LTM). With each improvement in steady
state control, the weight of the ACS increases.
Traditionally, celestial missions have mainly flown out of White Sands Missile Range due to the ease of
recovery. However, other launch locations may be considered.

 ST-5000
The ST-5000 is a next generation, low-cost star tracker. It consists of two-parts: an electronics stack and a
sensor head or camera. This instrument is capable of multi-star tracking anywhere in the sky. It also has a
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lost-in-space (LIS) capability. This allows it to determine an attitude solution from anywhere in the sky
within 7 seconds. The ST-5000 was developed by University of Wisconsin – Madison.
 GLN-MAC
The GLN-MAC is the IMU used on-board the Celestial ACS. It provides accelerations and angular rates to
the control system. More details on the capabilities of the GLN-MAC can be found in Section 5.2.
 Linear Thrust Module (LTM)
Most pneumatics systems used in the control systems have only two states: on and off. Additional levels of
control can be achieved by using multiple discrete pressure settings. The linear thrust module (LTM)
provides finer control by allowing the pressure level to be varied linearly. This system is used for the fine
thrust level to support missions with strict pointing and stability requirements. These missions also use the
LN-251.
 LN-251
The LN-251 is a strap-down 3-axis IMU which is much more accurate than the GLN-MAC. It is used in
addition to the GLN-MAC and in conjunction with the LTM to support missions with strict pointing and
stability requirements.
 Pneumatics
The Celestial ACS uses a fine pointing separable pneumatics system (SPS). It contains a single 395 in3
pressure vessel. For missions requiring more gas, 1 or 2 200 in3 piggyback tanks can be added to the system.
5.12.4.3 Operation
The CACS does have its attitude initialized prior to lift-off. However, this action is not its final source of
attitude. The ST-5000 takes a snapshot of the sky at turn-on and compares it to a database of the sky. It
then uses a lost-in-space (LIS) algorithm to determine its initial attitude. Thereafter the star tracker provides
position information relative to its previous attitude. The CACS combines the information from all
available sensors to determine the required control. After large motions, the system does perform a new
LIS and the attitude is re-initialized.
Although the timeline is mission dependent, the CACS generally follows a similar timeline for all missions.
In this timeline, the ACS turns on around 65 seconds after launch and the initial pointing process takes
approximately 40 seconds. To move between targets after the initial pointing process has been completed
can take up to 20 seconds. However, this time is highly dependent on the location of the two targets that it
is moving between.
 Command Uplink System (CUS)
The Command Uplink System for the Celestial ACS was based on the existing CUS for the SPARCS VII
system. The experiment team is responsible for providing video data to be telemetered down to the ground
station. The CUS displays this video with a set of cross-hairs and other overlays pertinent to the
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experiment. The experimenter may send real-time commands to the CACS by manipulating the cross-hairs
to refine the pointing or move to another target altogether. The command uplink system also provides
several buttons which can be used to transition from one planned target to the next. This can be used to
ensure adequate observation time before switching targets. If desired, the star tracker video can be used as a
source for CUS for relatively gross motions. More information on the command uplink system can be
found in Section 5.18.5.
Since the Celestial ACS provides arc-second pointing capabilities, the science team must work closely with
the ACS team during the integration process to ensure that the star tracker camera and the scientific
detectors are precisely aligned. The star tracker is mounted in the experimenter section.
Before vibration testing, dark room measurements of the alignment between the detector and the star
tracker are made. Additionally, the offset between the mass model and the actual system is determined.
After vibration testing, the same measurements of the alignment are taken again. This allows for an
estimate of how much the alignment may change during launch. Once this is complete, the actual star
tracker is co-aligned with the scientific detector.
For payloads which are using the command uplink system, the payload is next placed in a cradle to simulate
the command uplink environment. This simulation is to verify the CACS and CUS operating as a system.
Perhaps more importantly, this simulation provides an environment for the science team to practice the in-
flight operations and decision making necessary for a successful mission.
5.12.5 Command Uplink System

The command uplink system evolved to serve the needs of solar and celestial researchers to interact with
and control their payloads in real-time during the missions. Fundamentally, the CUS allows personnel to
send two types of commands to the payload: 1) commands to turn on or off relays and other systems in the
experiment section and the attitude control section, and 2) commands to the ACS to refine its attitude or
move to another target altogether. This puts the human in the loop for missions that full automation is not
practical and to address the small misalignments that will result from the powered flight.
The CUS engineer and experiment personnel interact with the payload through a graphics user interface, a
sample of which is shown below:
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Figure 5.12.5-1: Graphics User Interface
This GUI was used in a SPARCS (solar) mission that flew in July 2014. The panel of buttons on the right
usually hosts discrete commands for the experiment section and the ACS. The experiment team has the
option of routing all, some, or none of their discrete commands through the CUS. Some experimenters
prefer to stand at this station to control the pointing, so it makes sense to have some experiment discrete
commands at their fingertips. The discrete commands for the ACS can be seen on the far right – these are
usually operated by the CUS engineer.
In addition to the discrete commands, the CUS can send targeting information to the ACS. The targeting
command is a set of angles (𝑟𝑐 , 𝑝𝑐 , 𝑦𝑐 ). The desired roll angle (𝑟𝑐 ) is specified relative to a roll reference axis,
and the desired pitch and yaw angles (𝑝𝑐 & 𝑦𝑐 ) are relative to a pointing reference. A target programmed in
this way is called an absolute target because it can be approached from any initial conditions. This is
illustrated in the angle-angle picture below:
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Figure 5.12.5-2: Absolute Target Specification
Note that the pitch & yaw specifications depend on the roll specification. For SPARCS (solar), the pointing
reference is the Sun center, and the roll reference axis is the local magnetic field. SPARCS wraps its control
loops around the magnetometer-derived roll measurement and the LISS-derived pitch & yaw measurements
to drive them to their desired values. For CACS (celestial), both references are the solution to the lost-in-
space algorithm which initializes the attitude. The roll, pitch, and yaw estimates are provided by the GLN-
MAC-based inertial navigator aided by the ST-5000 star tracker.
Sometimes it is more convenient to specify a target relative to the current attitude. This is called a relative
target, and it may be programmed as a set of angle increments (∆𝑟, ∆𝑝, ∆𝑦). The CUS keeps track of all the
commands sent, which allows it to estimate the current attitude7. It uses this information to convert the
relative coordinates to absolute coordinates before sending to the ACS. This process is illustrated in the
Figure 5.12.5-2: Target Specification
7
In fact, a targeting command sent may or may not be received and executed by the ACS. The CUS avoids getting out of synch with the
ACS by waiting for a successful echo of the command before updating the attitude.
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figure below:
The panel of buttons on the left of the GUI is usually reserved for the pre-programmed targets. The lone
button labeled “Acq Targ” represents the acquisition target with absolute coordinates (𝑟𝑐 = 7.8°, 𝑝𝑐 = 𝑦𝑐 =
0). Other targets may be likewise programmed as absolute or relative targets. Absolute targets can be useful
as “clean slates” that reset the ACS attitude regardless of past history. On the other hand, relative targets can
be useful to propagate the pointing adjustments from one target to another. A target may even be
programmed multiple times: once as an absolute target, and other times as a target relative to other targets.
This gives the experiment team maximum flexibility in targeting.
For missions that have video or can convert the science data into video, the center panel will display the
video images underneath the crosshairs. The blue reference crosshairs can be calibrated to correspond to the
pointing of the science instruments. In steady-state, this pointing may be offset from the feature of interest
(e.g. a Sun spot) due to a variety of factors. For example, the experiment team may decide to investigate an
opportunistic phenomenon which is offset from the current pointing, or the offset may have resulted from
a shift of the instruments during launch. Regardless of the source of the offset, it can be nulled by
commanding the ACS to move a certain amount in the appropriate direction.
Placing the yellow crosshairs on top of the feature of interest allows the CUS to count the vertical and
horizontal pixels to the blue crosshairs and convert them into the pitch and yaw offset angles. These
maneuvers can be sent to the ACS as a new target in the same manner as a relative target. Alternatively, the
experimenter may click on a yellow arrow at the periphery of the panel to instruct the ACS to move a
specified amount in the desired direction. These are effective ways to refine the pointing of the science
instruments down to the arc-second level.
Missions without video feedback can still use the CUS to refine the pointing if the offset can be quantified
by some other means (e.g. spectrometry data). In this case, the experiment team determines the offset from
the real-time telemetry data and communicates it to the CUS engineer so that he/she can send the
appropriate commands to the ACS. In any case, mistakes in pointing corrections during the mission can be
minimized by close cooperation between the two teams and extensive testing during integration.
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NSROC Celestial ACS (CACS)
Celestial ACS Block Diagram

Telemetry
Interface
ST-5000 Pitch Valves

Star Tracker  Bi-level
LN-251  Tri-level
GLNMAC Yaw Valves
(Optional)  Linear
Command thrust
Uplink Roll Valves
Power Relay
External Power +28V Battery
Sensors: Pneumatics System
Standard: ST-5000 from the University of Wisconsin at Tank Capacity………………...395, 595, or 795 in3
Madison; Gimbaled LN-200 with Sandia Miniature Typical Tank Pressure...……..…….……5000 psig
Airborne Computer (GLN-MAC) Regulated Pressures:
Optional: LN-251 fine IMU package Coarse...……………………………300-700 psi
Intermediate…………………………50-200 psi
ST-5000 Specifications Fine……………...……………...……...5-50 psi
Update Rate………….…………...……...….10 Hz Linear Thrust...……………………….5-150 psi
Visual Magnitude Range…...….……….....-1 to +8 Nominal Impulse, Argon @ 5,000 psi:
Noise Equivalent Angle……...…….........0.8 arcsec 395 in3…...……………...………….297 lbf*sec
Number of Stars Tracked...….……….…….…1-32 595 in3...…………………………....447 lbf*sec
Field of View……………..…..………...5.4˚ x 7.4˚ 795 in3...............................................597 lbf*sec
Mean Solution Time…….………………...….7 sec
Electrical System
Celestial ACS Performance Specifications Operating Voltage…………………...……….28 V
Data Output Rate(SDLC)………………….400 Hz Batteries………………....…….24 cell @ 4.5 A-hr
ACS Sampling Period (Async)...……………50 Hz Pneumatics Solenoids.............…30 Ω, 0.9 A (each)
Average rate to 1st steady state...…...... 3.7-5.4°/sec GLNMAC ….................................................. 0.9 A
Nominal Angular Accelerations (°/sec2) ST-5000..……...……………………........... 0.75 A
Lateral(Coarse | Inter | Fine)…...3.2 | 0.14 | 0.05 LN-251…....................................................... 0.8 A
Roll (Coarse | Inter | Fine)...……7.5 | 2.5 | 0.2 Telemetry...………….Analog and async serial data
Nominal Dimensions Steady State Pointing………...Linear | Bi-Level

Diameter …….…………………...…...…..17.26 in Absolute Pointing Error…..< 2 arcsec | < 25 arcsec
Height ……………....………...…..........…24-38 in Jitter ………………….…..< 1 arcsec | < 15 arcsec
Weight…………………….……….......90-130 lbm
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SECTION 6: Environmental Testing Policies

This section summarizes the Environmental Testing policies for NSROC. The content is largely an excerpt
of the NSROC Environmental Testing Manual (document # ME40280) which can be accessed through
NSROC’s document control system.
6.1 General Requirements

All tests, whether conducted on components or entire payloads, must be initiated by a Test Request
(ME35511). The individual responsible for the test must fill out a Test Request Form (available from
NSROC Engineering) and submit it to the Testing and Evaluation Group.
6.1.1 Qualification Testing

New component designs are required to undergo design qualification testing. These tests expose items to
environments that are more severe than those experienced throughout the mission. This ensures that the
design is sound and that there is high confidence that failure will not occur during a mission. Components
that undergo qualification testing are not used for actual flight. Typically, a Qualification procedure is
followed for components and a Qualification Report shows the results.
6.1.2 Acceptance Testing

Previously qualified component designs and all fully assembled payloads (new or re-fly) must undergo
acceptance testing, which exposes test items to the environments that mimic those experienced during a
mission. These tests are the final gauge for determining the launch worthiness of a component or payload.
6.1.3 Principal Investigator Testing
Principal Investigators are encouraged to test their components to standards similar to those included in this
document prior to delivery to the integration site. If this is not possible, the NSROC facilities described
hereafter can be utilized. It is recommended that Principal Investigators report to the Mission Manager any
environmental testing completed prior to delivery. This information is required if the Principal Investigator
requests a waiver for a test normally conducted by NSROC.
6.1.4 Test Plan
The Mechanical Engineer is responsible for developing a test plan for a particular payload and its related
components. This entails 1) determining exactly which tests are required; 2) scheduling a time frame for
testing with the Environmental Testing and Evaluation Group; 3) generating test requests for each test; and
4) writing procedures for all hazardous and/or complex tests. Some additional tests may be done by
Telemetry Engineering or Power Engineering.
6.2 Testing Equipment and Capabilities
NSROC has two principal testing facilities. The main one is located at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility
(WFF) in Wallops Island, VA, and the other is at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) in White Sands, NM.
Both facilities have the testing equipment necessary to perform the following functions:
• Mass properties measurements
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• Static/dynamic balancing
• Vibration tests
• Bend tests
• Thermal and vacuum tests
• Magnetic Calibrations
In addition to these, WFF is also equipped with a spin deployment chamber and a centrifuge machine at the
Main Base. A second spin balance facility for balancing rocket motors is located on Wallops Island near the
launch range.
6.2.1 Mass Properties Measurement Systems (WFF and WSMR)
The Environmental Testing and Evaluation Group at WFF is equipped with an Airdyne Mark 8 mass
properties measurement system (Figure 6.2.1-1). This unit is used for measuring center of gravity (CG)
locations and moments of inertia (MOI) on sounding rocket subsystems and payload stacks. Important
technical data include:
• Maximum test article weight: 5,000 lb.
• Maximum CG height above the table: 120 in.
• CG and MOI measurement accuracy: 0.1%
The NSROC facility at WSMR is equipped with an MRC model MKVII-12 mass properties measurement
system. It has the following properties.
• Maximum test article weight: 2,500 lb.
• Maximum CG height above the table: 242 in.
• CG and MOI measurement accuracy: 0.1%
It is also used to perform all static and dynamic balancing of sounding rocket payloads at WSMR.
Figure 6.2.1-1 Airdyne Mark 8 Mass Properties Measurement System at WFF
Figure 6.2.1-1 Airdyne Mark 8 Mass Properties Measurement System at WFF
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6.2.2 Static and Dynamic Balancing Machines (WFF & WSMR)

At WFF, a Gisholt Rocket Balancing Machine is used to balance sounding rocket payloads (Figure
6.2.2-1 This machine’s specifications are listed below.
• Max. payload weight = 1500 lb.

• Max. height of CG above table = 10 ft.
• Measurement accuracy = 2.0 oz-in2 at 225 rpm or more
At WSMR, Dynamic Balance is tested on an MRC Corporation

Machine, which has the following capabilities:
• Maximum payload weight: 2500 pounds.

• Crane Hook Height: 52 feet.
• RADIUS: 48 inches maximum (if fixtures are available).
• Total indicated Runout is also performed on this
machine.
• Dynamic Balance Accuracy: To 3.5 oz-in2 for a small 25
lb.
• Payload to less than 1000 oz-in2 with a 1500 lb. Payload.
6.2.3 Shakers (WFF and WSMR) Figure 6.2.2-1 Gisholt Rocket Balancing Machine at WFF
There are four Ling Electronics shakers used for component and payload vibration tests at WFF (Figure
6.2.3-1) and two at WSMR. The following table summarizes some technical information on the shakers.
Table 6.2.3-1 NSROC Shaker Specifications

B335 (x2) B395 B335 (x2)
Shaker B340
WFF WFF WSMR
Rated Force Sine
30,000 18,000 6,000 18,000
(lb.)
Rated Force
Random 30,000 18,000 5,750 18,000
(lb. rms)
Frequency Range
5-2,000 5-3,000 5-3,000 5-3,000
(Hz)
Maximum
Displacement
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Peak-Peak
(in.)
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The B340 can be rotated to mate with a TEAM Corp. model 482 sliding table so that it can be used for both
thrust axis and lateral vibration tests. This table has the following specifications.
• Max. pitch moment capacity = 1,200,000 lb.-in.

One of the B335 units at WFF is connected to a TEAM
Corp. model 1830 sliding table while the other is kept in
the thrust axis position. This arrangement facilitates
performing three-axis vibration tests in a timely manner,
without having to rotate the shaker. Both B335 shakers
at WSMR are also equipped with the TEAM 1830 table,
which has the following specifications.
• Max. pitch moment capacity = 240,000 lb.-in.

The B395 is a smaller shaker mostly used for
component level tests at WFF. Both the WFF and
WSMR test facilities are equipped with 11 in. cube
fixtures so that tests can be performed on small
components in all three axes by mounting the test article
in different orientations. At the engineer’s or Principal
Investigator’s request, sensors can be mounted on any
part of the payload to monitor its response. WFF has
16-channel capability and WSMR has 8-channel Figure 6.2.3-1: Ling Electronics B335 Thrust Axis
capability. Shaker at WFF
6.2.4 Vacuum Chambers (WFF and WSMR)

WFF has three sealed chambers capable of evacuating to approximately 10-6 torr. Two of these chambers
are mainly used for performing corona checks on subsystems that utilize high voltage components (PV/T,
Tenney Space Jr.). The third can be used as a thermal-vacuum chamber and as an ultra-clean environment
for testing other components that require contaminant-free surroundings (Tenney Space Simulation
System). The table below summarizes technical data on these chambers. Chambers appear in Figure 6.2.4-1.
Table 6.2.4-1: NSROC Vacuum and Thermal Vacuum Chamber Specifications

Tenney Space
Manufacturer PV/T Inc. Simulation Tenney Space Jr.
System
Inside Dimensions
7x12 2x2 1.2x1.0
(ft. dia. x ft. lg.)
Minimum Pressure
2 x 10-5 3 x 10-8 7.5 x 10-8
(torr)
N/A
Temperature Range
Heat lamps used if -73 to +125 N/A
(oC)
needed
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Figure 6.2.4-1 PV/T Vacuum Chamber (left) and Tenney Space Simulation System Thermal Vacuum Chamber at WFF
The PV/T Chamber is also equipped with a mass spectrometer for outgassing analysis. In addition, WFF is
equipped with several leak detectors and portable vacuum systems. Specifications for this equipment are
available upon request. They include:
6.2.4.1 The Portable Vacuum System. This is a 91 cm (36 in) unit with a 10.1 cm (4 in) flange adaptable
to a similar mating surface for the purpose of pumping a vacuum on any sealed container. Pumping is
accomplished by a 5 cm (2 in) diffusion pump in conjunction with a roughing pump and a cold trap (LN2,
Freon or water). The vacuum capability is 10-7 torr or lower. There is no specific limitation as to the size of
test chambers; however, the pumping capacity restricts the volume for high altitude simulation. Various
other portable systems are available that employ cryosorption and cryogenic pumps.
6.2.4.2 The Vacuum Leak Detector – Helium Mass Spectrometer. This is used for leak detection, two
models are available: a Varian Model 938-41 Leak Detector employs a diffusion pump and can detect leaks
as small as 10-9 cc/sec. An Ulvac Model DLMS-531 employs a turbo pump and can detect leaks at the rate
of 3 x 10-10 cc/sec. There is no specific limitation as to the size or type of items to be leak tested. Typical
items tested include sealed payload units, pressure bottles and vacuum chambers.
6.2.4.3 Vacuum Bell Jars. The Vacuum Bell Jar is a cylindrical vertical chamber measuring 45.7 cm (18 in)
in diameter by 91.4 cm (36 in) high. The bell jar is equipped with a 0.14 m3/min (5 cfm) mechanical pump.
This system is used to test altitude switches and small components up to an altitude of 200,000 ft using a
mechanical pump. A second Bell Jar utilizing a Turbo Pump can be used for “clean” items and is capable of
10-8 torr vacuum. This Turbo Pump is portable and can be detached from the Bell Jar and attached to a
payload to maintain vacuum.
WSMR has two sealed chambers capable of evacuating to approximately 10-6 torr. These chambers are also
used for performing corona checks on subsystems that utilize high voltage components. Normally used with
duel Welch 1397 oil sealed mechanical fore-pumps, fittings also allow the use of Cryo-trap equipped Turbo
pumps. Other uses have been Nozzle flow separation tests into a vacuum. The table below summarizes
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technical data on these chambers. WSMR is capable of supporting the varied experimenter needs found in
the field environment through unique system configurations, adapters and pumping setups. WSMR also has
a Helium Leak Test System available.
Table 6.2.4-2 WSMR Vacuum and Thermal Vacuum Chamber Specifications

Manufacturer NRL PSL Notes
Inside Dimensions
20x36 31x51 Aluminum
(in.dia.x in.lg.)
Minimum Pressure (torr) 1 x 10-6 1 x 10-6
Temperature Range (oC) N/A N/A
Turbo Model Turbo Model With Welch 1397
Pump Type
#3133C #3133C fore-pumps
6.2.5 Bend Test Fixtures (WFF and WSMR)

Every sounding rocket payload is subjected to a bend test in
order to determine the overall stiffness of the body. This
information is used by the Flight Performance Group to
verify payload stability during flight. The bend test fixtures at
WFF and WSMR consist of a base plate mounted to the
concrete floor and a pneumatic (WFF) or motor driven
(WSMR) linear actuator mounted to a steel I-beam pillar. The
pistons are equipped with load cells, which are used to
measure and control the applied load. The aft end of the
payload is fastened to a base plate, and the actuator’s position
along the pillar can be adjusted to the proper height on the
payload being tested. Land surveying equipment is used to
accurately measure the tip deflection of the payload as the
actuator applies lateral loads in both directions. Technical data
for the systems is listed below.
Figure 6.2.5-1: Bend Test Fixture at WFF
Table 6.2.5-1 NSROC Bend Test Fixture Specifications

Maximum Load Maximum Accuracy of
Facility (actuator or load Actuator Height Deflection
cell) . Readings
WFF +/- 5,000 pounds 21 feet 0.05 inches
WSMR +/- 1,150 pounds. 21 feet 0.05 inches
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6.2.6 Spin Deployment and Separation Equipment (WFF)

Payloads with deployable booms, nose cones, doors, etc. can be tested for proper operation using the spin
deployment and separation chamber at WFF. The rotary table is capable of spinning a payload to a rate of
20 rps while withstanding an imbalance of up to 3000 ft-lb. 5 ft. above the table surface. The chamber is
equipped with a heavy-duty Kevlar® tarp around the rotary table for catching deployed components. Also,
there are video cameras mounted on the chamber walls for recording and timing the deployment events.
Pyrotechnic release devices can be activated by connecting lead wires through a 20-channel slip ring that
allows the table to rotate while maintaining electrical continuity.
Figure 6.2.6-1: Spin Deployment Chamber at WFF
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The WFF test facility is also equipped with a portable spin table that is used for special deployment tests.
These include inverted deployments, during which the spin table is suspended from the high bay bridge
crane, and horizontal deployments.
6.2.7 Centrifuge Machine (WFF)
A Genisco Model 1068-2 centrifuge machine is used for component acceleration tests at WFF. It is capable
of achieving up to 1000 g acceleration at a radius of 10.5 in. It has 8” of clearance between the 3’ diameter
rotary table and the cover.
Figure 6.2.7-1 Genisco Centrifuge Machine at WFF
6.2.8 Magnetic Test Facility (WFF & WSMR)

At WFF, this facility is used to conduct magnetic calibration of magnetometers on sounding rocket payloads
and to perform functional tests on magnetic attitude control systems. When required, magnetic calibration
tests are done - generally for all payloads with magnetometers except those in which the magnetometers are
used as roll or yaw indicators. The testing equipment consists of a three axis, 40 ft. square Braunbek system
which is capable of canceling the effects of the earth’s magnetic field and then generating a test field in any
direction. Technical data are listed below.
Figure 6.2.8-1 The Magnetic Test Facility at Wallops
• Resolution = 10 nanotesla
• Field magnitude = 0 to 65,000 gamma.
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The Magnetic Test Facility (MTF) was developed to support the magnetic testing capabilities for NASA at
Wallops Island. The MTF consists of the computer, control software, power supplies, racks, computer desk,
analog instrumentation chassis, reference magnetometer, and relay box. The coil system consists of a 40
foot “Square Braunbec” design to provide the facility with a 6 foot diameter homogeneous field.
The MTF software is designed to interactively operate the three-axis magnetic coil system. The software
provides the operator with the ability to control the magnetic coil system either manually or through
standardized automated tests. Automated test modes include Zero Bias, Linearity, Cosine Law response,
Axis Displacement, and Rotating Field. Other unique tests can be performed if required.
Three channels of analog data, typically corresponding to sensor X, Y, and Z outputs, can be digitized to 14
bit resolution and are sampled, averaged, and stored in computer files for each applied field. The stored data
sets are text files which are converted and plotted in Microsoft Excel ® for easy data analysis. Payload RF
data can also be sent to F-10 for data recording and display. Consult Tables 6.2.8-1 and 6.2.8-2 on the
following page for details about the equipment and control capabilities at Wallops.
At WSMR, the Magnetic Calibration Facility has the following capabilities:

• 3-axis Station Magnetometer digital readout in milligauss
• 10 foot diameter Helmholtz coil with adjustable vector from zero to > one earth field in any axis.
Table 6.2.8-1: Instrumentation Available at the WFF Magnetic Test Facility
Item Function Specifications Model

Proton Magnetometer Calibration Range: 20K-120K Gamma GEM
Resolution: 0.01 Gamma System
Accuracy: 0.2 Gamma GSM-19
Triaxial Fluxgate Test Range: +100K Gamma EMDS

Magnetometer Instrumentation Resolution: 3 Gamma SDM-313
Orthogonality: 25 Arcmin
Triaxial Fluxgate Ambient Sensor Range: +100K Gamma EMDS
Magnetometer (outside)0 Resolution: 3 Gamma SDM-313
Orthogonality: 25 Arcmin
Payload Magnetometer Test Range: +100K Gamma Bartington
Instrumentation Resolution: 3 Gamma Mag-03MRN
Orthogonality: 1 Degree
Theodolites Alignment Resolution: 20 Arcsec Dicarlo Theo020B
RF Horn Antenna Data Receiving Freq. Range: 1-18 GHz Emco
Gain: 7 dB Model 3115
RF to Fiber-Optic Data Conversion Freq. Range: .1-5 GHz Ortel
Transmitter Watts: 6.4 mW 3450A-20
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Table 6.2.8-2: Magnetic Test Facility Specifications

Physical Dimensions:
Access Opening 8’8” H x 7’5” W
Static Field Environment:
Magnitude (each axis) +100K Gamma
Step Resolution +3.7 Gamma
Stability +10 Gamma/minute for first 30 minutes
+3 Gamma/minute after 60 minutes
Homogeneity 0.02%, 6 ft. spherical diameter
Dynamic Field Environment:
Magnitude +60K Gamma
Frequency 10 Hz, Although 10 Hz to 100 Hz @ 1K
Gamma has been performed
Turntable 4’ Diameter
Coil Orthogonality 1.8 Arcmin, Calibrated on 9/27/96
Fields Earth, 0-15 Volts DC, 0-25 Amps
Test, (3-Axis) 50 Volts AC, +8 Amps
Gradient, 15 Volts DC, 6 Amps
6.2.9 Spin Balance Facility (WFF, Wallops Island)

There is one Gisholt Balancer (in V-45), which is similar to the one described in Section 6.2.2. The facility is
also equipped with a vibration analyzer, which is used to detect and measure mechanical vibrations during
balancing. This Spin Balance Facility can perform balancing of hazardous systems including satellite apogee
kick motors.
6.2.10 Facility Cleanliness (WFF & WSMR)
6.2.10.1 Wallops Flight Facility

The NSRP has access to a Clean Room and Clean Tent in Bldg F-7;across the street from F-10. Payload
hardware and GSE can be transported to the building by truck. There is a clean tent inside of the clean
room. The room has a crane. NSROC Mission Management should coordinate access to this room if
requested.
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Figure 6.2.10-1 Clean Room at Wallops, Bldg. F-7.
6.2.10.2 White Sands Missile Range

The VAB science room is 40’x57’ with 14’ drop ceilings and is a clean work area. There are no single access
doors to the outside. The HVAC system has an adjustable fresh air supply to create higher pressure in the
science room compared to adjacent rooms, it is also equipped with an industrial humidifier to maintain
humidity above 30%. Air filtration uses Merv-11 filters and the HVAC blowers run continuously. The
room is industrially cleaned once per year, all horizontal surfaces are wiped down after each mission or
monthly, floor is swept and mopped after each mission or monthly.
 The Science room has two soft wall clean tents (one 10’ x 20’ and one 10’ x 28’) both met ISO Class
7 (Fed Standard 10,000) during the last test cycle.
 ESD work areas are established and maintained by NSROC/SMA in the main science room and
inside each clean tent.
 Temperature, Humidity and oxygen monitors are installed in the main science room and the clean
tents
6.2.11 Optics Capabilities (WFF & WSMR)
6.2.11.1 Capabilities at WFF

Activities involving optics at WFF revolve around testing and integrating the ST-5000 star tracker into the
CACS (celestial) missions. Capabilities include:
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 Star simulators in a dark room: a field of stars can be simulated and used to calibrate and test
the star tracker. This is done by reflecting light from fiber optic cables off a 20-inch
parabolic mirror. The brightness can be adjusted, and collimation is achieved by placing the
emitters at or near the focal point of the mirror. A spatial resolution of 10 arc-sec can be
achieved by controlling the separation of the emitters. The 3 simulators can be wheeled
around on carts and positioned at different locations in the room to simulate different parts
of the sky.
 Articulated cradles: The payload can be made to look at different parts of a star field by
moving it on an articulated cradle in the dark room. Each cradle has two-axes servo motors
that rotate the payload left & right or rotate up & down. With payload on the cradle
(approximately horizontal), this motion produces payload yaw and pitch, respectively.
Payload roll motion is not supported. The ACS valve commands can be linked to the servo
motor commands so that closed loop control with command uplink can be practiced.
 Air-bearing: The payload can also be mounted on a large bearing supported by a layer of air
that allows it to rotate freely in 3 dimensions under control of its thrusters. This can be setup
in conjunction with the star simulators in the dark room to simulate a CACS mission.
6.2.11.2 Capabilities at WSMR

WSMR supports both SPARCS VII (solar) missions and CACS (celestial) missions requiring optical
instruments. WSMR maintains a dark room with one star simulator to support CACS missions. Although
this room can support motion tests using a borrowed articulated cradle from WFF, it is not equipped to
support air-bearing tests.
The rest of the discussion pertains to optics capabilities relating to solar missions. An optics lab is
dedicated to maintaining, testing, and calibrating the MASS and LISS sensors. The essential equipment in
this lab is listed below:
 A sun simulator reflects light from a special incandescent bulb at 1/100th the intensity of the
Sun off a 15-inch parabolic mirror to generate collimated light to exercise the sensors.
 A rotary table to rotate the sensors with respect to the sun simulator. The rotation can be
controlled in angle or in speed.
 An optics-grade granite table supports the rotary table and other equipment.
 A German equatorial mount for the LISS gain ATP.
 Ground support equipment including computers, data acquisition cards, power supplies,
cables, etc. This equipment controls the rotary table and gathers and stores the sensor data
for analysis.
Activities requiring sunlight such as testing and aligning optical sensors can be done indoors in the heliostat
room. The essential equipment in and outside of this room is listed below:
 A heliostat or sun tracker sits immediately outside of the room, which faces South to
maximize sun exposure. Its 29-inch flat mirror reflects sunlight into the heliostat room
through a large window to illuminate the payload. About 50% of the light intensity makes it
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through atmospheric absorption and other losses to reach the payload. The heliostat control
system uses a sensor to determine the direction to the Sun and commands servo motors to
rotate the mirror in pitch and yaw to track it. This setup can be modified to allow the LISS
to control the heliostat mirror directly in closed-loop tests. If a command link is installed in
the payload, pitch/yaw closed-loop dynamic tests can be performed.
 Sometimes the beam of light reflected off the heliostat mirror is too small to illuminate the
entire payload. This commonly happens in winter when the Sun is low. These situations can
be remedied by using a secondary mirror in conjunction with the heliostat. A new 29-inch
flat mirror has been procured, and a custom mount for it will be finished by April, 2015.
 The heliostat room houses a 5 ft x 8 ft granite table, which can be floated to maximize
stability for critical alignment tasks, and a clean tent to shelter sensitive payload sections.
When inclement weather precludes the use of the heliostat, the team may choose to do the sensor
alignments and related tests with an auto-collimator in the integration lab. This instrument emits
collimated light from an incandescent bulb through its 16-inch aperture, similar to the sun simulator. But it
also has the capability to receive and measure reflections of this light off the surfaces of the sensors and
other objects placed in its path.
6.3.1 Static and Dynamic Balance

The Mechanical Engineer must first determine which payload configuration(s) must be balanced (or
measured for imbalance) in order to ensure mission success. The Mechanical Engineer must also provide
the Test Technician(s) with the stations of the upper and lower balance planes for placement of balance
weights. The payload launch configuration must then be measured for Tip Indicator Runout, which is the
amount of lateral misalignment of the payload measured at the nose tip. The payload shall then be balanced
such that the criteria in Table 6.3.1-1 are met. It is important to ensure that dynamic balancing is not
performed at a spin rate equal to the payload’s first natural frequency. This is done to avoid pitch-roll
coupling, which can damage both the payload and the balancing equipment.
Table 6.3.1-1 Static and Dynamic Balance Specifications

Tip Indicator Runout Static Imbalance Dynamic Imbalance
(in.) (oz.-in.) (oz.-in.2)
<0.25 <300 <20,000
These limits can be surpassed if the payload team, specifically the Performance Engineer, the Mechanical
Engineer, and the Mission Manager agree that the vehicle can still be launched successfully. When
applicable, the Mechanical Engineer must design the flight weights that act to transfer the effect of the test
weights internally
It is also required to perform a check balance of all spinning ACS payloads after flight balance weights have
been installed. The acceptable residual imbalance for this operation is defined by the ACS Engineer. Mission
managers should schedule extra time to accommodate this requirement.
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6.3.2 Static Load (Bending)

The Performance and Analysis Engineer must calculate the maximum expected bending moment at the aft
end of the payload (payload to motor interface) and predicted tip deflection under this load. The
Performance and Analysis Engineer must then supply the Mechanical Engineer with the lateral load
necessary to achieve 125% of the bending moment or 50% of the rated capacity of the joints; whichever is
greater. This load shall be applied near the forward end of the payload, usually at the first major joint.
It is important to bend the payload about more than one lateral axis, especially if the payload has multiple
doors and/or large doors. After the tests are complete, the Mechanical Engineer must provide the
Performance and Analysis Engineer with the maximum tip deflection of the payload during each bend test.
These data will be used in the flight profile analysis and will be presented at the MRR.
Bend tests shall also be used to measure the compliance of non-standard joints or joints that have been
modified significantly.
6.3.3 Mass Properties
Every payload must undergo mass properties measurements in both the launch and the control
configurations and any other configurations that are critical during the mission; e.g. re-entry, booms in,
booms deployed, etc. The following properties will be measured.
• Weight
• Center of Gravity
• Roll Moment of Inertia
• Pitch Moment of Inertia
The Mechanical Engineer must determine the angular orientation of the payload for the pitch MOI
measurement in order to obtain the best representation of this value for the Guidance, Navigation and
Control Group.
6.3.4 Vibration
The launch configuration of every payload must complete vibration testing in order to be considered
acceptable for launch. Before any full level tests are conducted in each axis, a thrust ½-g Sine Survey must
be performed in order to determine payload natural frequencies. Trickle tests are conducted for tests in the
lateral axes. This information can be used to limit vibration input and protect payloads and testing
equipment from excessive loads. The Mechanical Engineer must determine which vibration tests are
required according to the flow chart in Figure 6.3.4-1
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Figure 6.3.4-1 Vibration Decision Flow Chart
It is the responsibility of the Mechanical Engineer to provide the Environmental Testing Group with the
vibration test levels for a particular payload according to Table 6.3.4-1. It is important to heed the footnote
below Table 6.3.4-1 concerning payload bending during lateral vibration.
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Table 6.3.4-1 Vibration Test Levels for New Payload Designs
Vehicle Level One Vehicle Level Two

Sweep Rate: 4 oct./min. Sweep Rate: 4 oct./min.
Test Profile: Test Profile:
3.0 in./s 10-144 Hz 3.84 in./s 5-24 Hz
7.0 g 144-2000Hz 1.53 g 24-110 Hz
S
3.50 g 110-800 Hz
I
N THRUST AXIS ONLY 10.0 g 800-2000 Hz
E THRUST AXIS ONLY
Duration: 20 sec./axis Duration: 10 sec./axis

Thrust Axis Spectrum: Spectrum:
10.0 grms 12.7 grms
R 0.051 g2/Hz 20-2000 Hz 0.01 g2/Hz 20 Hz
A 2
Lateral Axis Spectrum: 0.10 g /Hz 1000 Hz
N
D 7.60 grms (on 1.8 db/oct. slope)
O 0.029 g2/Hz 20-2000 Hz 0.10 g2/Hz 1000-2000 Hz
M SAME IN ALL AXES
LEVEL 1 VEHICLES LEVEL 2 VEHICLES
T Single Stage Improved Orion Single Stage Black Brant
E Terrier MK12 – Improved Orion Terrier MK12 – Improved Malamute
S Terrier MK12 – Malemute Terrier MK70 – Improved Orion
T
Terrier MK12 – Lynx Terrier MK70 – Malamute
I Terrier MK70 – Improved Malamute
N Terrier MK70 – Lynx
F Terrier MK70 – Oriole
O Black Brant IX
Black Brant X
Black Brant XI and XIa
Black Brant XII and XIIa
Note: Input to payload during lateral sinusoidal vibration must be limited during first bending mode via
dual control accelerometer at CG of the payload. This is done to avoid exceeding the maximum bending
moment at the base of the payload.
6.3.5 Waivers
In the event that a Principal Investigator wishes to exclude or modify one or more of the above payload
tests, he or she must submit a request in writing to the Mission Manager. Another member of the mission
team may submit the request on the Principal Investigator’s behalf. The request shall include an explanation
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for the exclusion or modification and any other pertinent details. All requests must be reviewed and
approved by the Mechanical Engineer, the Mission Manager, and by the NSROC Chief Engineer.
6.3.6 Test Times
The following guide may be used for estimating the time required for each test.
 Balance (check, balance and re-check) 1 – 3 days
 Vibration ½ - 1 day
 Bend Test ½ - 1 day
 Mass Properties ½ - 1½ days
6.4 Component Testing

A sounding rocket component is any self-contained functional unit comprised of two or more mechanical
and/or electrical parts. This includes, but is not limited to, transmitters, batteries, receivers, gyroscopes, etc.
In general, components that are new designs and/or that have never been launched before are required to
undergo testing. See ME40280 for more information. The following is a list of typical tests that are
conducted on sounding rocket components.
 Thermal Cycling
 Vacuum and Thermal Vacuum
 Vibration and Shock
 Acceleration
 Deployment and Separation
 Magnetic Calibration
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SECTION 7: NASA/GSFC/WFF Safety Policy and Responsibilities

This Section provides an overview of GSFC/WFF safety policies, and associated organizational
responsibilities, operational procedures, and flight and ground safety rules. Safety is a major consideration
in all successful sounding rocket missions - from planning, design and engineering through launch, data
recovery and mission close-out. Safety requirements draw upon the unique and exhaustive experience of
the Goddard Space Flight Center's Wallops Flight Facility. As an experimental lab under the National
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, its later role as a research flight facility, and in its current role as a
GSFC facility, Wallops has more than 65 years of experience in sounding rocket operations, design, and
technology.
The policies, procedures and references in this Section apply to all mission activities conducted and
managed by GSFC/WFF and to all NASA employees, NSROC (NASA Sounding Rocket Operations
Contract), contractor personnel, Principal Investigators (PI), and support personnel. Missions conducted at
other launch ranges (such as WSMR) will comply with local range requirements, including requirements that
are more restrictive; however, policies and procedures described and referenced in this Section will be
considered the minimum requirements for all personnel. PIs should discuss safety considerations with their
designated Sounding Rocket MM and consult references for detailed design, engineering, operational and
procedural guidance.
Note: Department of Defense (DOD) personnel adhere to DOD rules; however, they must also
adhere to GSFC/WFF policy and guidelines while at WFF, when the rules are more restrictive.
NASA/GSFC/WFF and NSROC publications provide detailed safety policies to raise awareness of existing
or potential hazards and provide appropriate control techniques:
 Range Safety Manual (RSM-2002C) for Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)/Wallops
Flight Facility (WFF), dated 15 Mar 2015. This manual can be accessed online at
http://sites.wff.nasa.gov/code803/docs/RSM2002C.pdf
 NASA Safety Standards such as NSS 1740.12 for Explosive Safety, NPR8715.3 NASA
General Safety Program Requirements, NPD 8710.5 Policy for Pressure Vessels and
Pressurized Systems, GPR 8710.7B Cryogenics Safety and NASA-STD-8719.9 for Lifting
Devices Safety.
 NASA East/West Range Safety Requirements of EWR 127-1,
http://sites.wff.nasa.gov/code803/docs/ground/EWR-127-1.htm.
 NSROC Safety and Health Plan QS51007, NSROC Quality Manual QS47413.
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7.1 Safety Policy

Safety plays an integral role in NASA's quest to expand frontiers in aeronautics and space. As we move into
the 21st century, we have designated safety and health as our highest priority. We will not compromise the
safety and health of our people and property nor harm the environment. We are working to achieve zero
mishaps in the NASA workplace, keeping in mind that every employee's safety and health, both on and off
the job, is our concern.
The NASA Agency Safety Initiative (ASI) is aimed at strengthening NASA's capabilities so that safety
permeates every aspect of NASA work. By fully implementing this initiative and incorporating safety and
health principles and practices into NSROC’s daily decision making process, we will maintain our position
of leadership in maintaining the safety and occupational health of our work force and the safety of the
products and services we provide.
The ASI establishes the NASA safety hierarchy -the order we used to prioritize our safety efforts. The safety
hierarchy is:
 Safety for the public; we absolutely must protect the public from harm.
 Safety for astronauts and pilots; they expose themselves to risk in high hazard flight regimes
 Safety for employees; we owe it to our employees to provide them with a safe and healthful
workplace.
 Safety for high value equipment; we are stewards of the public's trust.
By focusing on the safety of NASA's mission and operations, we will improve quality and decrease cost and
schedule
GSFC/WFF will conduct all ground and flight operations with a degree of prudence appropriate for highly
hazardous operations and in accordance with sound technological principles. To achieve this objective, three
cardinal principles apply:
 It is impossible to completely eliminate human error or system failures; therefore, safety

planning and precautions are established to cope with the resulting hazard.
 One preventive measure is insufficient for hazard control. Planning procedures or system
requirements shall be established such that a combination of at least two extremely unlikely
events must occur to cause an accident.
 Safety is an integral function of each supervisor's responsibilities.
For any mission where these policies cannot be met, the risk will be analyzed and presented in a Risk
Analysis Report (See Section 8.4 below), with a recommendation for approval or disapproval, to the
Director of Suborbital and Special Orbital Projects Directorate, Code, Code 800.
Again, safety is THE priority for sounding rocket operations. It is inherent in all policies and procedures
and an integral part of the GSFC/WFF Quality Assurance and ISO 9001 programs. Responsibility for any
given mission is shared by all parties involved.
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7.2 The Range Safety Organization

The Director of GSFC is responsible for safety at WFF. The Director of SSOPD, who represents the
Director of GSFC, has established a programmatic safety organization and designated safety responsibilities
for other organizational elements. The references above describe the safety responsibilities for each
organizational component. The Safety Office of SSOPD (Code 803) is responsible for implementing the
range safety policies, criteria, and operations at WFF. The Safety Office is the principal safety coordinator
for GSFC/WFF sounding rocket missions performed at other ranges.
7.2.1 Safety Responsibilities of the Mission Manager (MM)

The Mission Manager is the primary safety planning point of contact for Principal Investigators. The MM
will provide to the Safety Office, no later than 90 days prior to the scheduled launch date, the following data
for all new or modified launch configurations:
 Flight Requirements Plan

 Nominal flight trajectory data
 Dispersion data
 Vehicle physical characteristics
 Rocket motor information
 Vehicle structural limitations
 Aerodynamic data
 Wind compensation methods
 Aeroelastic and flight loads analysis
 All hazards associated with the launch operation.
For standard vehicle configurations and payloads, nominal flight trajectory data, dispersion data, and wind
compensation methods should be provided two months prior to the scheduled test date. The MM reviews
vehicles and payloads to assure criteria and range safety standards are met and refers all exceptions to the
Safety Office (Code 803).
Approved safety procedures for vehicles and payloads meeting all range safety standards are published in the
Operations and Safety Directive for all campaigns and WFF operations and in the Flight Requirements Plan for
other ranges.
7.2.2 Safety Responsibilities of the Principal Investigator (PI)

It is the Principal Investigator’s responsibility to become fully acquainted with the safety policies and criteria
set forth in the Range Safety Manual for GSFC/WFF (RSM-2002C) as well as the other safety materials cited
in the introduction to this Section.
PIs must design vehicle and payload systems to fully conform to the policies and criteria established by the
GSFC/WFF; and must identify any vehicle or payload systems and/or operational requirements that cannot
meet the GSFC/WFF and NASA safety policies and criteria.
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PIs will provide data to the MM, either through conferences or formal documentation, for safety review.
The data will include information on payload systems, descriptions, and requirements of the project
operations. PIs must also submit requests for any waivers from prescribed procedures before arriving at the
GSFC/WFF. Appendix I details the data required in formal documentation. For additional information see
Range Safety Manual for Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)/Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) RSM-2002C,
dated 15 Mare 2015.
In the event of a mishap, a NASA Mishap Report, Form 1627, will be initiated and forwarded to the WFF
Safety Office, Code 803. The Safety Manager or the Operations Safety Supervisor will take reasonable and
proper actions to limit or prevent injury to personnel and damage to or loss of equipment and property.
Management and safety personnel will issue instructions for any investigation and reports required through
the MM.
PIs will be required to provide information requested to fully understand the cause of the mishap and
develop recommendations for any subsequent actions.
7.3 Ground Safety Plan (GSP)

The ground safety goal of GSFC/WFF is to minimize the risks to personnel and property involved in the
handling, preparation, and launch operations for launch vehicles and payloads. A Ground Safety Plan will be
prepared by the Safety Office, Code 803, prior to any launch operations conducted by GSFC/WFF at WFF
or other ranges. This plan covers operating variables involving the storage and handling of explosives and
propellants, vehicle and payload/experiment assembly, and pad preparations where other than normal
procedures are used or operating conditions are particularly hazardous.
The Ground Safety Plan is based on information provided by the Principal Investigator (See Appendix H
for details), the Mission Team, and Safety personnel.
Note: Ground safety data packages are provided for operations at established ranges: WSMR, Kiruna,
Andoya; Ground Safety Plans are provided for operations at WFF, Poker Flat Research Range, and
mobile campaigns, where NASA is the lead range.
The Ground Safety Plan will typically include information on the following:
• List of all hazards associated with the mission
• Exposure limits for personnel working with hazardous material. The cardinal principle is to limit the
exposure to the minimum number of personnel, minimum time, and minimum amount of
hazardous materials, consistent with safe and efficient operations.
• Operational restrictions to be observed by personnel during specific tests or operations
• Chemical Systems
• Cryogenic Systems
• Electro-explosive circuit requirements
• Electrical storm criteria and restrictions on safe operations
• RF restrictions on operations at specified RF levels
• Personnel requirements for safety devices, clothing, and procedures
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• Radioactive sources safety requirements

• Pressure vessel safety requirements
• Security warning and control procedures
• Operational control and procedures for all areas and material related to the mission.
7.4 Flight Safety Plan (FSP)
The flight safety goal of GSFC/WFF is to preclude an impact which might endanger human life, cause
damage to property, or result in embarrassment to NASA or the U. S. Government. While some degree of
risk exists for every mission, each flight must be carefully planned to minimize that risk while maximizing
the probability of attaining mission objectives.
Prepared by the Safety Office prior to any launch operation conducted at GSFC/WFF, the Flight Safety
Plan describes the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the proposed vehicle flight. For operations at other
ranges, any special flight safety restrictions or requirements will be documented in the Flight Requirements
Plan or other operations document.
The Flight Safety Plan is based on information provided by the Mission Team (See Appendix H for details)
and information provided by NASA/WFF and NSROC engineering, operations, and safety personnel.
Details on flight safety criteria are found in the Range Safety Manual (RSM-2002C) for Goddard Space
Flight Center (GSFC)/Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), dated 15 Mar 2015. This manual can be accessed
online at http://sites.wff.nasa.gov/code803/docs/RSM2002C.pdf.
PIs are expected to determine their minimum requirements for launch based on their scientific
needs/requirements. The MM will work with the Safety Office to ensure the mission requirements will meet
safety criteria. The PI may be requested to participate in the planning for other safety related aspects of the
mission as required.
The Flight Safety Plan will typically include information in the following areas.
7.4.1 Impact Criteria:
All flights will be planned in accordance with impact agreements and conducted so that the planned impact
or re-entry of any part of the launch vehicle over any landmass, sea, or airspace does not produce a casualty
expectancy greater than 10-6. Additionally, an impact probability on private property or off-range greater
than 10-3 must be approved by a waiver.
7.4.2 Overflight Criteria:
Vehicle overflight of a populated area may only be planned when flight termination capability exists and one
or more of the following criteria are met:
• The probability of a land impact and resultant CE due to an overflight failure does not violate
established criteria.
• Formal government or private agreements are established which allow the overflight.
• It is approved in a Risk Analysis Report and/or the Flight Safety Plan.
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7.4.3 Flight Termination Criteria:

GSFC/WFF flight safety policy requires a flight termination system in every stage of a launch vehicle unless
it is shown that the flight is inherently safe. Inherent safety is determined by probability estimates based on
known system errors and qualifying conditions specified in safety regulations. Typically, unguided, spin
stabilized, sounding rockets are deemed inherently safe at nominal flight elevations below 85 deg.
If a launch vehicle cannot meet the above set of conditions, a Flight Termination System (FTS) must be
employed whereby thrust may be terminated, stage ignition prevented or delayed, or other means employed
to ensure that the impact and overflight criteria are not exceeded. FTS’s are relatively high cost systems and
therefore missions should have a strong scientific justification if they are to be employed.
7.4.4 Flight Termination System Design Requirements:
The design of a vehicle flight termination system must be submitted to the Safety Office (Code 803) for
analysis and approval. The FTS design requirements are found in RCC 319-92 (FTS commonality standard).
7.4.5 Flight Planning Criteria:
Launch vehicle flight safety is usually associated with the containment of spent stages, hardware, and
payload components within planned impact areas. Since the entire set of variables (vehicle
aerodynamic/ballistic capabilities, azimuth and elevation angles, wind, air, and sea traffic, and proposed
impact areas) is never duplicated, each flight is unique. It is, therefore, imperative that the vehicle design,
reliability, performance, and error predictions for each flight case be analyzed by the Safety Office (Code
803) to ascertain the flight-worthiness of each launch vehicle.
7.4.6 Range Clearance Criteria for GSFC/WFF Launch Range:
GSFC/WFF coordinates flight operations with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the US. Navy,
and other organizations, as required, to clear impact areas. The hazard areas for each rocket are defined and
all flight safety criteria must be satisfied before a launch is allowed. No vehicles will be launched without
prior clearance.
7.4.7 Operational Procedures:
Criteria are specified for vehicles with and without flight termination provisions and include wind weighting,
shipping, launch limitations, and pre-launch checks.
7.5 Safety Analysis Report

When directed by GSFC/WFF, Safety Analysis Reports are prepared to document safety risks in reference
to baseline safety requirements and criteria. These reports include a summary of hard hazard analysis and
state the risks that may be incurred by a sounding rocket operation. Safety Analysis Reports are also used to
obtain GSFC/WFF approvals of waiver requests for exemptions from safety requirements. A typical Safety
Analysis Report includes:
• Introduction and project description
• Safety criteria
• Hazard specifications, preventive measures, and risk assessment for:
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- Ground safety
- Flight safety
- Environmental hazards
• Details of all safety procedures
Formal specification, justification, and risks for any waiver requested for exception from safety
requirements.
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SECTION 8: Launch Operations

Since its inception in the late 1950's, the NASA Sounding Rocket Program has conducted launch activities
throughout the free world. A listing of NASA-supported sounding rocket launch sites which have been and
are currently being used is included in Table 8-1.
Sounding rocket launch operations are currently conducted at a number of United States and foreign
locations. These facilities vary from very comprehensive launch and payload preparation, launch, recovery,
and data collection sites like WFF and WSMR to more austere sites equipped with mobile systems that are
tailored to a specific campaign. Although each range has some unique requirements, some commonality
exists across all ranges. This Section highlights some of the procedures generally common to all fixed and
mobile ranges.
8.1 Launch Ranges

Table 8-1 identifies the locations of many US and foreign ranges used for NASA sounding rocket flight
operations. Mobile facilities deployed from WFF can augment the established facilities at any range, as
needed. Details regarding the sounding rocket program support facilities, range operations, logistics, and
visitor information at WFF are in Section 10. Other frequently used fixed ranges are listed below and
detailed in Appendix I:
 U.S. Army White Sands Missile Range, Appendix I.l

 Poker Flat Research Range, Appendix I.2
 Andøya Rocket Range, Norway, Appendix I.3
Note: The principal point of contact for questions regarding procedures and requirements
related to use of the various ranges is the sounding rocket Mission Manager (MM).
Table 8-1: Sounding Rocket Launch Sites Worldwide

Currently Used Sites
Andoya, Norway Fixed Range (Full Facilities)

Kwajalein, Marshall Is. Fixed Range (Full Facilities)
Pacific Missile Range Facility, Barking Fixed Range (Full Facilities)
Sands, HI
Poker Flat Research Range, AK Fixed Range (Full Facilities)
Wallops Island, VA Fixed Range (Full Facilities)
White Sands Missile Range NM Fixed Range (Full Facilities)
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Infrequently Used Sites
Antigua, UK Mobile Range Site

Ascension Island, UK Mobile Range Site
Barter Island, AK Mobile Range Site
Camp Tortuguera, Puerto Rico Mobile Range Site
Cape Parry, Canada Mobile Range Site
Chikuni, Canada Mobile Range Site
Coronie, Suriname Mobile Range Site
Eglin AFB, FL Fixed Range (Full Facilities)
El Arenosillo, Spain Fixed Range
Fort Churchill, Canada Fixed Range (Decommissioned)
Fort Greely, AK Mobile Range Site
Fort Sherman, Panama Mobile Range Site
Fox Main, Canada Mobile Range Site
Karachi, Pakistan Fixed Range
Karikari, New Zealand Mobile Range Site
Kerguelen Island, France Mobile Range Site
Keweenaw, MI Mobile Range Site
Kiruna (Esrange), Sweden Fixed Range (Full Facilities)
Kourou, French Guiana Fixed Range (Full Facilities)
Natal, Brazil Fixed Range (Full Facilities)
Ny- Alsund,Svaldberg Fixed Range
Point Mugu, CA Fixed Range (Full Facilities)
Primrose Lake, Canada Mobile Range Site
Puerto Rico Mobile Range Site
Punta Lobos, Peru Mobile Range Site
Red Lake, Canada Mobile Range Site
Resolute Bay, Canada Mobile Range Site
San Marco, Kenya Fixed Range
San Nicholas Island, CA Fixed Range
Sardinia, Italy Mobile Range Site
Siple Station, Antarctica Mobile Range Site
Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland Mobile Range Site
Thumba, India Fixed Range
U.S.N S. Croatan Shipboard Range (Decommissioned)
U.S.N S. Range Recoverer Shipboard (Decommissioned)
Vandenburg Air Force Base, CA Fixed Range (Full Facilities)
Western Test Range, CA Fixed Range (Full Facilities)
Woomera, Australia Fixed Range (Partial Facilities)
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8.2 Launch Operations

As always, safety is the priority for NASA operations. Each range has unique safety considerations and all
members of the mission team must be familiar with local procedures and the governing protocols that
regulate operations. Be alert to signs and signals. Medical facilities may be minimal; and an accident may
end the participation in a campaign.
8.2.1 Rules to Remember

 Range Clearance: Range clearance requests must get to the range well before team and equipment
arrival; the MM coordinates clearance requests for all mission team members. Always hand-carry a
copy of the request to the range.
 Foreign Nationals: Check with the Mission Manager. Requirements vary widely and change often
but generally notice of foreign national participation must be given many months in advance.
Paragraph 10.3 outlines the information to be provided to the Mission Manager.
 Vehicle Pass: Most ranges require all vehicles to display a pass to allow entry. All private and rental
vehicles will be processed according to local range procedures.
 Alcoholic beverages: Some ranges have designated eating areas where alcoholic beverages are
permitted; on all other range property, consumption of alcoholic beverages is usually forbidden.
 Photography: Some ranges have very rigid restrictions on photography by other than designated
personnel, but rules vary from range to range. It is best to discuss your photography requirements
with the Mission Manager and appropriate range personnel so that arrangements can be made to
meet your requirements.
8.2.2 Role of the Mission Manager

The launch site is a place where fluctuation is almost inevitable and flexibility is a constant requirement.
The Mission Team is focused on operations; the PI’s Team is focused on science requirements and
everyone is adjusting to the safety and operational rules governing the location. Communications across all
areas is of paramount importance and the Mission Manager must be the primary point of contact for those
communications. Questions about re-scheduling, range boundaries and buffer zones, flight termination,
and transportation should be fielded through the MM; and the location of everyone participating in the
launch should be known to him/her at all times. The MM should be constantly apprised of changes made,
or delays and problems encountered. The Mission Manager will make sure that unresolved issues are
addressed, procedures strictly adhered to, and the overall success of the mission ensured.
8.2.3 The Flight Requirements Plan

The NSROC MM prepares the Flight Requirements Plan (FRP) or operations directive (discussed in Section
2). The plan is sent to the range several weeks before the PI arrives at the range. The FRP includes data on
the rocket and the experiment, and lists all of the supporting activities that the range must provide for
launch and recovery operations. Based on the FRP, the range coordinates its functions. For operations at
mobile ranges, the Campaign Manager includes the same information in the Operations Document.
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8.2.4 Test and Evaluation

Most launch ranges do not have test and evaluation facilities. Therefore, it is imperative that T&E be
completed prior to shipment of the experiment and support equipment to the range. Typically payloads are
integrated at WFF.
8.2.5 The Field Schedule

Prepared by the Mission Manager, the field schedule lists every major operation. Any change to the Field
Schedule should be made through the Mission Manager as promptly as possible.
8.2.6 The Preflight Conference

Shortly after arrival at some range sites, the PI and WFF personnel meet with the range personnel in a
Preflight Conference. Attendees review the requirements, thoroughly discuss all aspects of range support
operations, and coordinate those operations with the PI's activities. Any problems anticipated before or
after the launch are resolved or become action items.
8.2.7 Recovery
Payload recovery requires extensive prior planning. In the event of a failure, the recovered rocket (or parts)
is considered property of NASA until inspection has been completed at the site and the Mission Manager
decides that further disassembly or removal will not make an analysis of the failure more difficult.
8.2.8 Post-Flight Conference

Typically, before leaving the field, a Post-Flight Conference is held to present any compliments or
complaints regarding field services to range and NSROC personnel. Suggestions for improved operations
may also be presented at this time. Based on the information on hand, brief reports on the success of the
flight are presented and any known anomalies are reviewed.
8.3 Foreign Ranges

The use of foreign ranges entails several additional responsibilities and procedures for the PI. Although the
scientific and technical procedures are similar to those by U.S. ranges, the use of foreign ranges requires
shipping, travel, communications, and housing arrangements which pose additional challenges. For
example, special consideration regarding the coordination of data acquisition sites or special
communications provisions may be required. The SRPO is experienced in the use of foreign ranges and any
special provisions those ranges may require. The range at Andøya, Norway is discussed in Appendix I and
provide an idea of the types of facilities available. Figure 8.3-1 shows the range at Woomera, Australia - a
fixed range with partial facilities. NASA operations at this range are augmented by mobile range systems
provided by WFF.
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Figure 8.3-1. Range Facilities at Woomera, Australia
8.3.1 Experimental Techniques

Some experimental techniques such as chemical releases, onboard radioactive sources, and explosive
payloads, require additional coordination with the U.S. Department of State and foreign governments.
Adequate time must be built into the schedule to allow for obtaining the necessary authorizations.
8.3.2 Travel & Lodging

The Mission Manager can supply current information on available lodging and travel, including rates and
distance from the site. PIs are responsible for their travel and lodging arrangements.
8.3.3 Access
Access to foreign ranges is controlled by the foreign government or other institutions and their
requirements must be adhered to. The Mission Manager can advise on proper procedures. Current
passports and visas are mandatory when visiting foreign ranges.
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8.3.4 Foreign Nationals

The host country controls access to foreign ranges by other foreign nationals. However, as discussed in
Section 2, a TAA is often required when NSROC personnel are required to interface with foreign nationals.
8.3.5 Shipping and Export Control

The Mission Manager works closely with NASA shipping and export control personnel to ensure all payload
hardware, GSE, and support equipment arrives at the range in a timely manner. Since NASA must obtain
an export license for much of the shipment, planning must begin much earlier than for launches from US
ranges. Generally, for missions launched at foreign ranges, all experiment hardware and GSE is shipped to
WFF then consolidated into one foreign shipment that is covered by a NASA export license.
8.3.6 Postal Service

Usually a good postal service is available. The Mission Manager can provide the postal address of the
foreign range. Internet access is usually available at all ranges.
8.4 Mobile Range Operations

Mobile range operations are conducted worldwide in locations dictated by the scientific experiment
requirements. WFF has the mobile support systems necessary to establish and support sounding rocket
campaigns anywhere in the world.
The selection and use of a mobile range entails a high degree of planning, coordination, and cooperation.
Figure 8.4-1 shows an operation at the mobile range at Kangerlussuaq, Greenland. This range and the range
at Woomera, Australia (Figure 8.4-2), exemplify the adaptability of mobile operations in extreme conditions.
While rainfall at each range is similar, the temperatures are very different - the Australian range is a hot
desert and the Greenland range has arctic conditions. In spite of the differences, many requirements are
similar. For example, environmental protective covers and other similar ground support equipment is
required in both locations, and similar rockets are flown.
Figure 8.4-1 Range Support Operations in Kangerlussuaq, Greenland
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Figure 8.4-2 shows the Woomera, Australia launch range setup during the Supernova 1987A investigation.
Note the portable shelter to provide a controlled environment. This type shelter can be used worldwide.
Figure 8.4-2 Woomera, Australia
Mobile ranges generally have some common characteristics that provide challenges to the efficient and
effective planning required to conduct sounding rocket campaigns. Some of the more challenging
conditions are:
8.4.1 Remote Locations
Mobile ranges are frequently located in remote foreign locations with limited habitability and sparse land,
sea, or air communications. Transportation to and from the range, including customs clearance for
equipment and personnel, becomes a major planning consideration. Living conditions are sometimes
inconvenient or sparse. Adequate medical facilities may not be readily available. A medical emergency may
mean a quick trip home.
8.4.2 Harsh Environment:

Mobile ranges may be located in harsh environments which work against the proper functioning of
equipment. Careful consideration of range environmental conditions during the planning, design,
integration, and T & E phases is necessary.
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8.4.3 Limited Technical Facilities:

Because ranges frequently have very limited or no technical facilities, systems for communications, launch
preparation, launch, command and control, data collection, and recovery must be provided. Payloads must
be ready to go when they reach the range because T & E facilities are non-existent.
8.4.4 Limited Communications:

Communication circuits on the range and to and from the range may be fewer than desired. This places
additional burdens on communication planning so that at least minimum communications requirements can
be met. Campaigns at mobile ranges frequently involve observers in other locations or countries; sparse
communications may prohibit optimum communications among all participants in an experiment.
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SECTION 9: Data Processing and Analysis

WFF data processing and analysis systems and facilities provide a wide range of support for sounding rocket
planning, engineering, operations, data acquisition and analysis. This Section describes those systems and the
procedures by which PIs can obtain the support required for individual experiments.
9.1 Computer Systems
General purpose computer support is provided by two Silicon Graphics (SGI) minicomputers. These
computers are referred to as Range Data Acquisition Computer. The first is the prime called DQCA and
second is the backup DQCB. The third computer is a desktop that is used to process post flight radar data
reduction products and to generate preflight look angles and INP files for slaving.
9.1.1 Real-Time Computer Systems (DQCA,DQCB)
Used primarily as a range safety tool, the DQCA and DQCB are two systems in a network of tracking radars
and communications-supporting control and data display facilities in the Range Control Center. The single
point, failure- tolerant system accurately predicts the impact point of any vehicle launched from WFF and is
capable of transmitting separate command functions to the research vehicle. These can vary from stage
firing of the vehicle to actuating command devices aboard the experimental payload. In those instances
when the PI requires recovery of experimental equipment, the DQCA, DQCB directs recovery forces to the
recovery point.
Figure 9.1.1-1 RTBS, RTCS in Operation at WFF
Many of the research vehicles launched from WFF have no guidance or destruct capability. This type of
rocket must be launched in a way that compensates or offsets the impact of any forces acting on it that
could cause it to deviate from a desired flight path. To aid range safety personnel in determining the
compensation required, wind weighting is performed by the redundant Wind Weighting computers in the
Range Control Center. Data from meteorological system sensors, chaff, and radio Sondes are used to obtain
a profile of winds from ground level to an altitude of 129,000 feet and to compute the position of the
launcher to compensate for the wind forces acting on the launched vehicle. In addition to providing range
safety information, the Wind Weighting Computers can provide look angles (slave angles in elevation and
azimuth that enable the radar or telemetry antenna to acquire the target) to any radar or telemetry
installations which have compatible formats.
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9.1.2 Data Reduction Computer System (DRCS)

The primary application of the DRCS is to perform flight radar data reduction operations. Data from other
positional sources such as optics, telemetry, and special sensors can be incorporated. The DRCS also
processes some telemetry data such as attitude data reduction from the Space Vector Corporation MIDAS
platform gyros flown on many sounding rocket missions.
9.1.3 Engineering Computer System (ECS)
• The ECS directly supports sounding rocket programs. ECS analytical tools and capabilities include:
• Launch Vehicle Physical Properties
• Aerodynamic Characteristics Determination
- Subsonic, Supersonic, Hypersonic.
- Linear, Non-linear
- Launch Vehicles, Re-entry Bodies.
• Flight Simulation (Endo-Exoatmospheric)
- Launch Vehicle Performance (Flight Trajectory)
- Launch Vehicle Stability (Static, Dynamic)
- Launch Vehicle Guidance
- Payload Dynamics, Attitude Control
- Special Studies (Magnetic Field, Solar Eclipse Geometries)
• Flight Loads & Structural Analysis
- Launch Vehicle Vibrational Modes
- Aeroelastic Effects
- Vehicle/Payload Mechanical Design
• Thermal Analyses (1,2, & 3-D Nodal Networks)
- Aeroheating (Ascent and Re-entry)
- Spacecraft Thermal Studies
- Shuttle Bay Payload Thermal Analysis
9.1.4 Launch Status Review System (LSRS)
The LSRS, in association with the ECS, provides a capability for monitoring launch conditions during
operations at White Sands Missile Range. Wind profile data, launcher settings, and simulated trajectories are
transmitted to WFF in real time and captured in IBM PC/AT computers. Selected data are then sent to the
ECS for display. Wind profile data may be used as input to various flight simulations for guided vehicles; the
output is then used to assess control system behavior and vehicle flight characteristics.
9.1.5 Special Purpose Computers
Many special purpose microcomputer and minicomputer installations support sounding rocket experiments
and operations. The sounding rocket MM can advise which ones may be the most helpful in correlation
with the experiment.
9.2.4 Positional Data Policy

In order to standardize the earth model between impact prediction and data reduction, the WGS84
Ellipsoid/North American Datum of 1983, is used for data products generated by the WFF Data
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Processing Installation. Wallops Internal Publication WFF-822.95-001, Geodetic Coordinates Manual for
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Wallops Flight Facility, January 1995, contains coordinate information
on WFF and other sounding rocket and balloon facilities.
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SECTION 10: Wallops Flight Facility

Located on the Delmarva Peninsula approximately 80 miles northwest of Norfolk and 40 miles southeast of
Salisbury, WFF sprawls over some 6000 acres of prime property on Virginia’s scenic Eastern Shore. U.S.
Route 13 runs the entire length of the Peninsula and connects with major routes along the Atlantic Coastline
from Maine to Florida. WFF is linked with the Norfolk-Hampton Roads area by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Tunnel.
Figure 10-1: Wallops Flight Facility Map
WFF consists of three separate properties: the Main Base, the Wallops Island Launch Site and the Wallops
Mainland.
The Main Base (Figure 10-2) houses the management and engineering offices supporting NASA’s sounding
rocket, balloon and aircraft projects. This includes administrative offices, technical service support shops,
rocket inspection and storage areas, an experimental research airport, laboratories, the main telemetry
building, the Range Control Center, a large computer complex, and telemetry, radar, and communication
facilities. The Dobson Total Ozone Measurement Facility and the Ionosonde transmitters are also located
here. The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency, the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Coast Guard and the
Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport have tenant activities at located here.
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Figure 10-2. Wallops Main Base
The Wallops Island Launch Site, named after 17th Century surveyor John Wallop, a barrier island (six miles
long and one-half mile at its widest point), is located approximately seven miles southeast of the Main Base.
A causeway and bridge permit easy access across two miles of marsh and Intracoastal Waterway that
separate it from the mainland. Launch sites, assembly shops, blockhouses, dynamic balancing facilities,
rocket storage buildings, a radar site, the unmanned aerial vehicle runway, and related facilities are resident
on the Island Training and development of support personnel for the Navy’s AEGIS Command is
conducted there as well. Figure 10-3 is a photo of Wallops Island looking north.
Figure 10-3. Wallops Island
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Wallops Mainland, a half-mile strip of land at the opposite end of the causeway behind the Island, is the
location for the long-range radars, command destruct transmitters, and communications transmitter
facilities, this has been moved to Main base. Figure 10-4 is a photo of the Wallops Mainland.
Figure 10-4. Wallops Mainland
Geographically, WFF is located at 37.8° N 75.5° W.
10.1 WFF Sounding Rocket Program Support Facilities

The primary support functions for the NASA/WFF Sounding Rocket Program include sounding rocket
design, fabrication, mechanical testing, telemetry, environmental testing, assembly, launch, tracking,
recovery, and acquisition and analysis of scientific information; all have been thoroughly discussed in
previous sections of this Handbook. The facilities which house those functions are used by scientists and
engineers from the research centers of NASA, foreign and U. S. Government agencies, colleges and
universities, and the worldwide scientific community.
10.1.1 Engineering Support Facilities
Engineering support includes analytical, feasibility, and design studies; payload, vehicle, and recovery system
engineering; rocket and payload test and evaluation; and data analysis. Engineering and system design,
development, and acquisition for data and communications systems, radar and optical systems, telemetry
systems, and mechanical systems are performed by a highly qualified organization of engineers and
technicians supported by laboratories, test, calibration, and data processing facilities.
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10.1.2 Payload Integration Laboratory

The Payload Integration Laboratory includes facilities for complete (mechanical and electrical) payload
build-up and checkout. The laboratory can support the processing of multiple payloads simultaneously and
includes telemetry ground stations and. Clean room facilities are located in an adjacent building and can be
scheduled when required. Work areas are available for the PI and staff to perform pre- and post-integration
preparation and checks. The telemetry ground station is capable of supporting multiple links for all systems
flown. Figure 10.1.2-1 shows a complex plasma physics payload undergoing integration in the Payload
Integration Laboratory at WFF.
Figure 10.1.2-1 Plasma Physics Payload (49.002 UE) During Payload Integration
10.1.3 Environmental Testing Laboratory

Environmental testing of completed payloads, sub-assemblies and components is accomplished at WFF
Environmental Testing Laboratory where flight readiness is verified through exposure to intended flight
environments. This laboratory is adjacent to the Payload Integration Laboratory for convenience in payload
handling and logistics. A detailed discussion of environmental testing policies and test equipment is included
in Section 6.
10.1.4 Payload Construction
The WFF Mechanical and Electrical Fabrication Facilities is fully capable of fabricating sounding rocket
payloads and launch vehicle components, including electrical components such as circuit boards, cables, and
custom interfaces between experiment components and standard sounding rocket components. Assembly
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of payload and system components, calibration, and integration of the experiment and sounding rocket
vehicle is accomplished in WFF facilities.
Figure 10.1.4-1: Machine Shop
10.1.5 Computer Support

Special purpose and general purpose computer systems at WFF perform preflight and flight mission
analysis, data reduction, vehicle and payload analysis and support flight operations. Section 9: Data
Processing and Analysis explains the available capabilities in more detail and outlines how PIs obtain
support.
10.1.6 Range Operations
WFF has a comprehensive, flexible complement of operational facilities providing a broad range of support
for sounding rocket, balloon, and aircraft operations. These include:
• Meteorological Facilities: Wind data systems support launch operations. Fixed, balloon borne and
optical sensors are available for coordinating experimental data with existing conditions. WFF is
supported by NOAA data systems and a local forecasting office. The Ionospheric Sounding Rocket
Station provides detailed data on the ionospheric characteristics; the Dobson on the Wallops
Mainland provides total ozone measurements & the Main Base; and a lightning detection system
tracks lightning conditions over a wide area of the eastern United States.
• Ground Tracking Facilities: Several mobile and fixed radars and related data reporting facilities
support sounding rocket missions. The radars operate in the S, C, and X-bands. (tracking radars
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operate in C, the new debris radars from Kennedy operate in X. The surveillance radar operates in
S-band)
Figure 10.1.6-1: WFF Fixed Radar System
• Telemetry Facilities support real time telemetry acquisition and data reduction and provide data for
detailed analysis.
• Launch Facilities are located on Wallops Island. Facilities include pad, launcher, checkout, fire
control and communications systems. Facilities can support all NASA sounding rockets. The range
extends easterly over the Atlantic Ocean.
• A variety of Payload Recovery Facilities are available. Water recovery operations are coordinated
through either the local U.S. Coast Guard in Chincoteague, Virginia, or via a contract between
NASA and local commercial entities. Homing systems, which can be included in the payload
package, assist recovery.
• Aircraft and Airfield Support is available by contacting the WFF Range & Mission Management
Office (Code 840). This includes surveillance, transportation, optical and visual data acquisition,
and telemetry support. There are three runways ranging in length from 4,800 to 8,750 feet. Control
Tower support is available. Procedures for use of the airfield are contained in HDBK-000001,
36FC1, Rev B, Wallops Airfield Operations Manual). Would this manual be hyperlinked?
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• An extensive network of Command, Control, and Communications Facilities support launch

operations. Several facilities support specific aspects of the operation such as radar plots and quick-
look data acquisition. The focal point, however, is the Range Control Center on the Main Base
which controls launches, range safety, command/destruct functions, timing, and mission
countdowns through instantaneous communications with all involved activities. Quick look data
acquisition, graphic displays, and video views of launches are available.
• Mobile Range Facility and Rocket Launching. Mobile range instrumentation vans support payload,
meteorological, radar, control, telemetry, communications, power, and data functions. These
facilities serve as mobile launching and tracking stations which can be set up as land based stations
throughout the world or on board a large ship, such as a barge (a barge is more probable than
scheduling an aircraft carrier), for experiments in international waters. Vehicle and payload handling
and storage facilities are available. A number of launchers, variable in both elevation and azimuth,
which can safely handle multi-stage vehicles are also available. All instrumentation vans are
environmentally controlled and are provided with communications, local intercom, precision
timing, and data displays.
10.2 Working at Wallops – Rules, Regulations, and Logistics

Although the normal WFF workday is 0800 to 1630, Monday through Friday, the facility has a flexible work
schedule that permits employees to start as early as 0600 or work as late as 1800. Work at other times must
be coordinated with the MM to ensure access to required facilities and the availability of necessary technical
personnel. All U.S. Government holidays are observed.
10.2.1 Access
Access to the Main Base and the Island/Mainland complex is controlled by guarded gates, PIs should
provide the MM with identification, dates of visit, and confirmation of citizenship prior to arrival so that
necessary passes can be obtained. The Main Base Badging Office is a necessary first stop for any WFF visit.
10.2.2 Accommodations
Housing, cafeteria, internet, mail and express delivery, and telephone service is available at WFF:
• Housing: Two dormitories on the Main Base provide accommodations for NASA and other
personnel on temporary duty at WFF. Use must be coordinated through the Mission Manager.
Many visitors prefer to use local motels and restaurants, available year round on neighboring
Chincoteague Island. The MM will be happy to assist with housing arrangements for either venue.
• The Main Base Cafeteria is located in Building E-2. Breakfast (0700 to 0900) and lunch (1100 to
1300) are served. The Williamsburg Room may be reserved for special events including group
evening meals.
• Mail and Delivery Services: The WFF Post Office is located on Anderson Road, behind the
Cafeteria and adjacent to the E-series administrative buildings. Express Delivery Services are
provided by United Parcel Service (UPS) and Federal Express daily.
• Transportation: Once clearance is approved through the Main Base Security Office, personal
transportation is generally used on the Base. Transportation of sounding rocket components by
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truck is arranged by the MM. Packing, shipping/receiving and material handling of equipment and
components is detailed in Section 10.2.4 below.
• Telephone: Federal Telecommunications System (FTS) service is available to U. S. Government
users for official calls only. Access to the system is by dialing "9".
• Airport: Chartered and private aircraft, both propeller and jet types, may land for business purposes
at the WFF Airport, with prior approval clearance. The nearest commercial airports are in Salisbury,
Maryland, (40 miles north) and Norfolk, Virginia, (70 Miles south). Rental cars are available at these
locations.
• Medical: In addition to the WFF clinic for medical and emergency rescue capabilities, WFF
maintains communications with local emergency rescue and medical organizations. Major medical
and hospital facilities in the surrounding Virginia and Maryland counties include Shore Memorial
Hospital in Nassawadox, Virginia, and Peninsula Regional Medical Center in Salisbury, Maryland.
Emergency rescue and ambulance support is available from surrounding communities.
• Police: WFF maintains a Federally trained and certified Security Police force that provides access
control, law enforcement, response to calls for service and security for various operations both on
the Main Base and on the Island. They are armed and equipped with patrol vehicles and off road
vehicles that allow for total all weather access at both sites. A public safety dispatch center
provides a 911 emergency answering point and dispatch for WFF Police, Fire and EMS
operations. WFF dispatch maintains communications with local police, fire and EMS
services. Law Enforcement mutual aid as well as police services outside the confines of the WFF is
provided by the Accomack County Sheriff’s Office and the Virginia State Police.
• Fire Protection: WFF maintains its own Fire Department. Additional support is provided by
volunteer fire companies located in Accomack County. They are equipped with modern fire trucks,
firefighting equipment, ambulances and state certified volunteer staffs to provide emergency first
aid, and rescue and firefighting services.
• The NASA/WFF Gift Shop is located in Building E-2, adjacent to the Cafeteria.
• The NASA Visitors Center and Gift Shop is located on Route 175 about one mile from the WFF
Main Base Gate. The Visitors Center includes a collection of spacecraft and flight articles as well as
exhibits about America’s Space Flight Program. Special movies and video presentations can be
viewed and special events such as model rocket launches are scheduled. No admission is charged.
Smoking is prohibited in all GSFC buildings and around building main entrances. Designated
outdoor smoking areas are available.
10.2.3 WFF – Safety Rules and Regulations
Safety restrictions and industrial safety procedures are strictly enforced at WFF. Safety requirements for the
design, development and operation of sounding rocket operations are discussed in detail in Section 8 of this
Manual; the WFF Safety Manual is available on request or can be downloaded from the WFF website at
http://www.wff.nasa.gov. Safety questions should be directed to the MM or specific facility personnel.
Facility managers will advise on proper procedures for such things as safety shoes, hard hats, gloves, safety
glasses, static dissipative clothing, and masks.
Precaution
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PI's should notify the Mission Manager of the need for overnight operation of equipment or for the
necessity of not turning on equipment during their absence. Never radiate from equipment without approval
from the Mission Manager. It could be hazardous and wipe out someone else's test or day-to-day
operational activities.
Note: Obey control signals around high-energy emitters such as radar.

10.2.4 Shipping/Receiving and Transportation of Sounding Rocket Components
The following address should be used for shipment to WFF; be sure to include the name and code number
provided by the MM in Freight Destination Address.
Mailing Address: Name (NASA Code Number)
NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center
Wallops Island, Virginia 23337
Freight Destination Address: Name (NASA Code Number)

NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center
ATTN: Receiving, Building F-l9
Wallops Island, VA 23337
Delivery services generally include:

• Motor Freight Truck Services: All cargo and freight is received at Building F-l9, except Class "A"
and "B" explosives, and certain other hazardous material requiring advance notice of shipments.
Inbound shipments of Class "A" and "B" explosives, and other designated hazardous materials will
stop and park at the WFF Main Gate. Any shipment requiring the delivering carrier's equipment to
fly placards, and all shipments tendered as truckload, require RESHIP information in advance of
delivery. Normal receiving hours: 0800 to 1430 (for truckloads) and 0800 to 1600 (for partial loads),
Monday through Friday, excluding holidays.
• Air Freight Services to and from WFF is provided by Federal Express, Emery Worldwide, Bax
Global, T.F. Boyle, Roadway Express and Roberts Express.
• Packing: The PI is responsible for packing and unpacking the experiment and associated equipment.
The MM can furnish additional information on packing criteria upon request. Alcohol, explosives,
corrosives, flammables and radioactive sources must be packaged separately. Radioactive sources
require prior approval from the WFF Safety Office. Batteries must be packaged separately from
electrolytes. Squibs are normally sent in separate containers. If squibs are included in a payload, the
payload container must be marked to indicate squibs, and sent as a hazardous shipment.
• Material Handling Equipment: Forklifts, overhead hoists, and dollies are available for use at WFF.
All material handling equipment must be operated by WFF personnel, however, special training can
be arranged to allow customer operation of GSE. Any special equipment must be furnished by the
PI.
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• Customs: Any international shipment should be routed through the Port of Baltimore. Notify your
MM prior to shipment for coordination with US Customs clearance authorities.
10.3 Foreign Nationals
Foreign nationals who need to visit WFF or other launch facilities - particularly White Sands Missile Range -
must provide information to the MM regarding their visit(s). Requirements change often so the MM must be
notified as soon as possible; preferably at the MIC. PI’s should be aware that it often takes 3 months or more to
get the proper paperwork in place.
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APPENDICES
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Appendix A: SCIENCE REQUIREMENTS DATA PACKAGE

NSROC designs (or modifies) science structures and support systems based on the physical properties,
desired flight performance requirements, power, event timing, pyrotechnic, signal handshaking, and channel
monitoring/ sampling requirements of the desired science package (payload). The following information is
required from Mission Science for each payload (main, mother, daughter, etc.) proposed. A comprehensive
data package containing all science information is required before a complete design can be established.
Electrical Engineering
 List of Instruments to be flown.
 Voltage and current requirements for each instrument.
 Instruments requiring power at lift-off or by timer function?
 Minimum and maximum voltage required?
 Current limiting protection provided in the instrument?
 Are there power sharing issues?
 List of science booms (if any) and micro switch(s) monitor requirements.
 Handshake signal requirements for each instrument (major frame, etc.).
 Matrix requirements
 System word length (8--16 bits/word, analog data resolution up to 12 bit/word)
 Symmetrical or non-symmetrical data sampling requirements
 Complete list of data channels required (All analog data channels must be conditioned to 0-5v).
 Type of channel (serial, analog, counter, parallel, asynchronous, time-event) with label names (sciHV,
sci15v, etc.).
 Desired minimum sample rate (SPS) of each channel.
 Stipulate if symmetrical sampling of the channel is required.
 Stipulate if contiguous sampling is required.
 For Serial:
- Stipulate multiplexing if used (typical design is one wire-one channel)

- Stipulate single ended or differential (reflect on pin-out)
 For Counter:
- Stipulate single ended or differential (reflect on pin-out)

- Stipulate reset mode
 For Parallel:
- Stipulate pin for MSB on Parallel

- Stipulate read, strobe
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NOTE:
If not all channels have been defined allow for the maximum number of spare channels required, again with
desired sample rates.
If the science package includes its own encoding or Baseband system the following information is required.
 The encoder output must be adjustable for deviation setting.
- Baseband requirements
- System must have capability to interrupt the instrument output and send a calibrated tone to the
transmitter. This tone should be a calibrated amplitude that will be used for receiver and recorder*
calibration set-up. This calibration should be controlled from the GSE, through an umbilical line. It
is recommended that the experimenter provide output amplitude adjustment capability designed for
75-Ohm load impedance and voltages of up to one volt RMS.
Note: A Data Tape model DTR-6, -8, or -16 recorder must be used for Baseband recording.
- Wire pin-out of each interface connector.

- Connector size, type, sex (experiment side, 15,25,37-cannon, hard-mounted/pigtail, etc.)
- Power and ground requirements (pin 1-28v, pin2- pwr gnd, etc.)
- PCM timing signals (major frame sync, word clock, etc) If in doubt as to what signals, narrow the
list to the maximum signals needed and include all on the interface connector (after fully defined,
use only what is needed on the science side of the connector). Stipulate if data line requires shielded
cable, twisted pair, coax type, etc. (gnd which end?). All of this needs to be defined for each
instrument.
 Flight Events list (all timer controlled science/experimenter events with turn-on requirements such as
altitude or time)
 Altitude protected events
 ACS controlled or up-link command controlled requirements
 Special position determination requirements: GPS, Doppler, strobe lights
 GSE/Umbilical requirements
- External Experiment Switching

- External Experiment Monitoring
- Special umbi requirements (Fiber Optic, RS232, etc)
- Special launcher power requirements (3 phase 220 VAC)
 Miscellaneous - Any Special requirements such as an attitude gyro, solar aspect sensor, lunar aspect,
magnetometer, or high resolution time tagging should be also be specified. Special testing/calibration
such as magnetometer calibration, corona, etc. If the science package structure is to be furnished by
WFF accurate dimensions of the instrument(s) in addition to the connector information will be required
for hardware placement and wiring of the structure.
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Guidance Navigation and Control

 Guidance desired?
 Attitude Control desired?
- Stabilization: Two (payload spun) or Three Axis?

- Attitude Requirements:
 Pointing/rate requirements?
 Jitter requirements?
 Drift requirements?
- Uplink Command required?
 Instrument generated signal Interface to ACS required?

 Maneuvering requirements?
- Outgassing requirements?
- Nozzle location or firing restraints?
 Post-flight attitude data required?
Mechanical Engineering
If Mission Science plans to provide a complete structure (structure, mounted instruments, and skin) the
following is required.
 Mechanical Interface
 Mass Properties (Weight, CG, MOI)
 Special Testing
 Required Roll Rates (parameters for Boom deploy,etc.)
 Updated Drawing (includes openings-doors, etc.)
 Metal Finish required
 Shutter Door Required
 Crush Bumper
 Experiment pyrotechnics
 Magnetic Cleanliness
If NSROC will provide the structure and skin the following is required.
 All physical Characteristics
- Instrument(s) size, dimensions, and Weight & CG, drawings w/ connector locations, clearance
required for connectors, mounting hole patterns & sizes, (Boxes, Booms, etc.)
- Desired location of instruments (accessibility/doors)
- Out-gassing requirements
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- Experiment interfaces (umbilicals, nozzles, and access ports, etc.)

- Acceptable science view characteristics
 Separation velocities
 Special Testing
 Required Roll Rates (parameters for Boom deploy,etc.)
 Crush Bumper
If NSROC will provide the skin section only the following is required.
 Mass Properties of the hardware and structure (Wt. & CG)

 Mechanical interface with skin section
 Experiment interfaces (umbilicals, nozzles, and access ports, etc.)
 Acceptable science view characteristics
 Separation velocities
 Special Testing
 Required Roll Rates (parameters for Boom deploy, etc.))
 Crush Bumper
 Outgassing requirements
Performance Analysis
 Trajectory Information
 Desired Altitude
 Desired Time above a given Altitude
 Apogee
 Dynamic issues?
 Time line issues?
 Impact range
Vehicle Systems
 Launch range
 Ground support requirements (payload handling)
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- Thermal requirements on launcher
 Altitude
 Recovery required
The following information is required if Mission Science desires specific test or range facility support.
 What are the Estimated dates for Science Integration & Testing (I & T)?
 What are the Hazardous Material requirements?
 Are there Thermal requirements on launcher?
 What are the Ground Support requirements (payload handling) during I & T & launch range?
- Clean room environment for assembly / testing?

- Purging gasses (Type of Gas, % Purity and amount required) for assembly / testing?
- Cooling gasses (Type of Gas, % Purity and amount required) for assembly / testing?
- Special Power Requirements (A.C. / D.C.) ?
- Special Environmental Testing Facilities required (Magnetometer Calibration, Vacuum testing of
system(s) / components, boom / sensor deployment testing, etc.) ?
- Special GSE requirements?
- Special Payload Environmental Control Requirements (boxing of the payload for humidity and
temperature control) during Pre-launch and Launch operations?
- Requirements for handling of Non-launched / Aborted Launch Mission flight hardware, hazardous
materials?
- Computer / Communications Requirements?
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Appendix B: Principal Investigator's Data Package for Mission Initiation

Conference (MIC)
1. Description of scientific objectives and list of specific instruments.
2. History of the experiment including number of times the experiment or a similar one has flown,
giving flight history and any modifications of previously flown payloads.
3. Outline diagram with station numbers including weights, center of gravity, moment of inertia data,
deployable elements, doors, booms, nose cones, etc., if available.
4. Structures and Mechanisms
a) Payload Structure
b) Payload Housing
c) Openings
d) Doors
e) Booms - Antennas
f) Special Mechanisms
g) Hardware and Structures to be Fabricated at WFF.
5. Outgassing requirements, magnetic material sensitivity, radio frequency interference susceptibility.
6. Time/Altitudes of all experiment related events.
7. Instrumentation – Telemetry
a) Power Required
b) Quantity and Bit Rate of RF Links
c) Transmitter(s)
d) Antenna
e) Commutator(s)
f) Squib Circuits
g) Monitors
h) Aspect Sensors
i) Magnetometers
j) Accelerometer
k) Radar Beacon
l) Power
m) Uplink
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8. Vehicle
a) Performance
b) Minimum Altitude Required
c) Coning Angle Acceptable
d) De-spin
e) Special Systems
f) Type Nose Cone
g) Pointing Requirements
9. Flight qualification/operational status of experiment's subsystems, new flight items or deviation
from previously qualified systems.
10. Restrictions, precautions, special requirements, limitations for environmental testing of
integrated payload.
11. Range Support
a) Telemetry Ground Station

b) Tracking Requirements
c) Special Ground Support Equipment: Clean Tent, Temp Constraints, Purge, etc.
d) Recovery
12. Launch Conditions
a) Launch Range
b) Time of Day
c) Azimuth
d) Launch Angle
e) Window
f) Special Conditions – Restraints – Go/No-go Criteria
13. Unique or special range requirements including special checkout or support equipment. (Long lead
time items)
14. Radioactive Sources - Payload/Calibration or Hazardous Materials
15. Foreign National team members – Any non-US team members that will interact with NSROC
personnel must be listed in order that a Technical Assistance Agreement can be obtained.
16. High Pressure or Cryogenic systems – Any high pressure or cryogenic system required for ground
testing or flight must be described. NASA has very strict policies about what is allowed and
procedures required.
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17. List of Specific Minimum And Comprehensive Success Criteria. If the flight is part of a launch
series, criteria must be specified for each individual launch. Requirements should include such things
as apogee, time above altitude, pointing, coning, roll rate, etc., as appropriate.
18. List of Contacts, Titles, Address, Telephone Numbers.
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Appendix C: Principal Investigator's Data Package for a Design Review

Vehicle No.______________________________
1. Brief description of experiment.
2. Block diagram and all pertinent schematics and detailed drawings.
3. Outline diagram including estimated weights, center of gravity, moments of inertia (best data
available).
4. History of experiment including flights, problems and failures, number of times experiment or similar
one has flown, giving flight number.
5. Specific criteria (times/altitudes, etc.) of all experiment related events.
6. Pointing requirements including:
 ACS
 Coning
 Spin
 Azimuth
 Elevation
7. Launch window requirements.
8. Comprehensive mission success criteria, include a statement of vehicle performance, i.e.___, lb. to
___KM apogee or, ___lb, above ___KM for ___seconds,
9. Minimum success criteria, include a statement of vehicle performance, i.e. , ___lb. to ___KM apogee
or, ___lb above ___KM for seconds.
10. Support requirements including special considerations, i.e., real-time readouts, gases, environmental
control.
11. Flight qualification/operational status of experiment's subsystems. Where there are any new flight
items or deviations from previous qualified system, include all pertinent documentation.
12. Describe all redundant systems.
13. List history of items to be flown
14. Principal Investigator's go-no-go launch criteria (preliminary minimum success).
15. List experiment/instrumentation interface requirements including power, control/timing, data, power
bus protection, etc.
16. Describe in detail any high pressure or cryogenic systems required for ground testing or in flight.
Include schematics and component part number.
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Appendix D: Principal Investigator's Data Package for a Mission

Readiness Review
Vehicle No. ______________________________
1. Description of experiment.
2. Block diagram and all pertinent schematics and detailed drawings.
3. Power requirements including short circuit protection and corona precautions.
4. Outline diagram including weights, center of gravity, moments of inertia data.
5. History of the experiment, flights, problems, failures.
6. Specific criteria (times/altitudes, etc.) of all experiment related events.
7. Pointing requirements including:
 ACS
 Coning
 Spin
 Azimuth
 Elevation
8. Launch window requirements.
9. Comprehensive mission success criteria; include a statement of vehicle performance, i.e., ___lb. to
___KM apogee or, ___lb. above ___KM for ___seconds.
10. Final minimum success criteria; include a statement of vehicle performance, i.e., ___lb.to ___KM
apogee or, ___lb. above ___KM for ___seconds.
11. Support requirements including special considerations, i.e., real time readouts, gases, environmental
control.
12. Flight qualification/operational status of experiment's subsystems. Where there are any new flight
items or deviations from a previous qualified system, include all pertinent information,
documentation and test data.
13. Describe all redundant systems and list how they are tested.
14. Principal Investigator's master field check-off list with designated responsibilities.
15. Principal Investigator's Go-No-Go launch criteria.
16. List any special requirements in the event of a scrubbed mission.
17. List any post-flight requirements.
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18. Provide a testing and integration malfunction log including corrective actions for the experiment
system/subsystems.
19. List of all discrepancies still in the system to be corrected.
20. Summarize all suspect items in the experiment system/subsystem.
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Appendix E: Descriptions & Flight Performance Characteristics for

NASA Sounding Rockets and Special Projects Launch Vehicles
This appendix describes the various NASA sounding rocket launch vehicles and their performance.
Special Projects Launch Vehicles are flight vehicles in a developmental status, vehicle systems that
will be used only once, or systems presently in use by other organizations that will not be taken over
for use at NASA.
The following pages describe those vehicles currently used in the NASA Sounding Rocket Program
at Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia.
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E.1 Black Brant Launch Vehicle (21.XXX)

General
The Black Brant is a single stage solid propellant sounding rocket developed by Magellan Aerospace
in Winnipeg, Canada. There is a 3-fin and a 4-fin version. Figure E.1-1 shows the Black Brant launch
vehicle.
Figure E.1-1: Black Brant Launch Vehicle

Vehicle Performance
The single stage Black Brant rocket motor produces an average thrust level of 17,155 pounds and an
action time 34 seconds. The primary diameter of the Black Brant is 17.26 inches and it is 208 inches
long with the standard exit cone. Loaded weight of the motor, including hardware, is 2,793 pounds
which includes 2,237 pounds of propellant.
Payloads
The standard payload configuration for the Black Brant vehicle is 17.26 inches in diameter with a 3:1
ogive nose cone. Payload length and weight is typically limited to approximately 240 inches and
1,200 pounds. Because of the dynamic pressures, bulbous payloads larger than 17.26 inches in
diameter can't be accommodated on the single stage Black Brant vehicle. Standard sounding rocket
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subsystems are compatible with the Black Brant motor which provide flexibility in order to meet
experiment requirements. These modular systems include all attitude control systems, guidance
systems, recovery systems, separation systems, and de-spin systems.
Performance Graph
Performance capabilities for the single stage Black Brant vehicle are shown in Figure E.1-2.
Black Brant
3:1 ogive nosecone, sea level
280
260 85.0o
500 lb (226.8 kg) 84.0o
83.0o
82.0o
81.0o
240 350
80.0o
79.0o
600 lb (272.2 kg)
78.0o
220
77.0o
76.0o

700 lb (317.5 kg) 300
200 75.0o
180
250
160
200
140
800 lb (362.9 kg)
150
120 900 lb (408.2 kg)
100
1000 lb (453.6 kg) 50
100
1100 lb (499.0 kg)
1200 lb (544.3 kg)

80
60
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Impact Range (km)
Figure E.1-2: Black Brant Launch Vehicle Performance
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E.2 Improved Orion Launch Vehicle (30.XXX)

General
The Improved Orion motor is an unguided and spin stabilized surplus military rocket motor with a
dual phase propellant system that produces thrust levels of approximately 20,000 pounds about the
first 6 seconds and approximately 4,000 pounds until burnout at about 25 seconds. There is a 3-fin
and a 4-fin version. The fins are canted to generate a spin rate for in flight stability. Figure E.2-1
shows the Improved Orion launch vehicle.
Figure E.2-1. Improved Orion Launch Vehicle
Vehicle Performance
The Improved Orion is 14 inches in diameter, 105 inches long, and 943 pounds. The rocket has the
capability to carry a 100 pound payload to 110 kilometers and a 200 pound payload to 80 kilometers
when launched from sea level at an 85 degree launch elevation.
Payloads
The typical payload for the Improved Orion has a principal diameter of 14 inches and can utilize
many nose cone shapes. The typical length varies from 75 to 125 inches, although this is not the
maximum envelope. Standard 14 inch diameter hardware systems such as nosecones, separation
systems, recovery systems, and de-spin systems, are compatible with the Improved Orion vehicle.
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Performance Graph
Performance capabilities for the single stage Improved Orion vehicle are shown in Figure E.2-2.
Improved Orion (3-fin)

19o cone, sea level
130
120
85.0o 84.0o
100 lb(45.4 kg) 83.0o
82.0o
81.0o
80.0o
110 79.0o
78.0o
77.0o
76.0o
75.0o
100
150 lb(68.0 kg)
90
200 lb(90.7 kg)

80
70
250 lb(113.4 kg)

60
300 lb(146.6 kg)
50 350 lb(158.8 kg)
400 lb(181.4 kg)
40
30
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Impact Range (km)
Figure E.2-2: Improved Orion Launch Vehicle Performance
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E.3 Black Brant X Launch Vehicle (35.XXX)

General
The Black Brant X launch vehicle consisting of three stages. The first stage is a military surplus
Terrier booster. Second stage is the Black Brant motor and the finless third stage Nihka motor is
ignited once the vehicle reaches exo-atmospheric conditions. Figure E.3-1 shows the Black Brant X
launch vehicle.
Figure E.3-1: Black Brant X Launch Vehicle
Vehicle Performance
The first stage booster consists of a Terrier rocket motor with four 2.5 square feet fins arranged in a
cruciform configuration. The Terrier booster is 18 inches in diameter and 169 inches long. The
Black Brant rocket motor with the extended exit cone produces an average thrust level of 18,240
pounds with an action time of 34 seconds. The primary diameter of the Black Brant is 17.26 inches
and it is 223 inches long. The loaded motor weight, including hardware, is 2,840 pounds which
includes 2,237 pounds of propellant.
The third stage Nihka was developed by Magellan Aerospace specifically for exo-atmospheric
conditions. The average thrust is 9,414 pounds with a total impulse of 192,878 pound-seconds. The
diameter is 17.26 inches and the loaded motor weighs 907 pounds with 705 pounds being
propellant.
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Payload
The standard payload configuration for the Black Brant X vehicle is 17.26 inches in diameter with a
3:1 ogive nose cone. Payload length and weight limits are not as well defined as most Black Brant
vehicles. Payload acceptability is evaluated per mission. Flown payloads have reached 750 pounds
and 225 inches long. The nose cone can be removed before Nihka burn to increase overall
performance of the launch vehicle.
Standard sounding rocket subsystems are compatible with the Black Brant X motor stack which
provide flexibility in order to meet experiment requirements. These modular systems include all
attitude control systems, recovery systems, separation systems, and de-spin systems.
Performance Graph
Performance capabilities for the Black Brant X vehicle are shown in Figure E.3-2.
Terrier MK70-Black Brant-Nihka
17.26" diameter 3:1 ogive nosecone, sea level
1150
85.0o 84.0o
200 lb(90.7 kg) 83.0o o
82.0
1200 81.0o 1100
80.0o
79.0o
78.0o 1050
77.0o
o
76.0
1000
75.0o
1000 300 lb(136.1 kg)
950

900
400 lb(181.4 kg) 850

800
800
500 lb(226.8 kg)

750
700
600
650
600
600 lb(272.2 kg)
550
400 700 lb(317.5 kg)
500
800 lb(362.9 kg)
450
900 lb(408.2 kg)
400
1000 lb(453.6 kg)
350
200 300
250
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Impact Range (km)
Figure E.3-2: Black Brant X Launch Vehicle Performance
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E.4 Black Brant IX Launch Vehicle (36.XXX)
General
The Black Brant IX launch vehicle consisting of two stages. The first stage is a military surplus
Terrier MK12 or MK70 booster and the second stage is the Black Brant motor with extended exit
cone. The Black Brant IX MOD2 (MK70) and MOD3 (MK12) launch vehicles provide a wide range
of capabilities to the science community which is not met by other NASA launch vehicles. Figure
E.4-1 shows the Black Brant IX launch vehicle.
Figure E.4-1: Black Brant IX Launch Vehicle
Vehicle Performance
The Terrier booster consists of either a MK12 or MK70 rocket motor with 2.5 square feet fins
arranged in a cruciform configuration. The Terrier has a diameter of 18 inches and is 169 inches
long. The Black Brant rocket motor with extended exit cone produces an average thrust level of
18,240 pounds and has an action time of 34 seconds. The diameter is 17.26 inches and it is 223
inches long. The loaded motor weight, including hardware, is 2,840 pounds which includes 2,237
pounds of propellant. Typical burnout roll rate for the Black Brant IX is approximately 4 cycles per
second.
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Payload
The standard payload configuration for the Black Brant IX vehicle is 17.26 inches in diameter with a
3:1 ogive nose cone. Bulbous 22 inch diameter payloads are routinely flown on the Black Brant IX
vehicle. Payload weights have ranged from 500 to 1500 pounds and lengths from 100 to 350 inches.
Standard sounding rocket subsystems are compatible with the Black Brant IX motor stack which
provides flexibility in order to meet experiment requirements. These modular systems include all
attitude control systems, recovery systems, separation systems, and de-spin systems. Guidance
systems and thrust termination systems can be added as required.
Performance Graphs
Performance capabilities, sea level and WSMR launches, for the Black Brant IX MOD2 and MOD3
vehicles are shown in Figures E.4-2(a), E.4-2(b), E.4-3(a), and E.4-3(b).
Terrier-Black Brant (MOD 2)

17.26" 3:1 ogive nosecone, WSMR
550 650
88.0o 87.0o 86.0o
500 lb(226.8 kg) 85.0o 84.0o
500
600
600 lb(272.2 kg)
450

700 lb(317.5 kg)
550
400 800 lb(362.9 kg)
500
900 lb(408.2 kg)
350
1000 lb(453.6 kg) 450
300 1100 lb(499.0 kg)
1200 lb(544.3 kg) 400
1300 lb(589.7 kg)

250
1400 lb(635.0 kg) 350
1500 lb(680.4 kg)
WSMR standard impact range is approximately 78 kilometers and apogee is limited to approximately 400 kilometers 300
200
50 100 150 200 250

Impact Range (km)
Figure E.4-2(a): Black Brant IX (MOD2) Launch Vehicle Performance – WSMR
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Terrier-Black Brant (Mod 2)

17.26" 3:1 ogive, sea level
550 650
85.0o
500 lb(226.8 kg) 84.0o
83.0o
500 82.0o
81.0o
80.0o 600
79.0o
78.0o
600 lb(272.2 kg) 77.0o
450 76.0o
75.0o
550
700 lb(317.5 kg)

400
800 lb(362.9 kg) 500
350
900 lb(408.2 kg)
450
300
400
1000 lb(435.6 kg)

250
1100 lb(499.0 kg) 350
1200 lb(544.3 kg)
200 1300 lb(589.7 kg) 300

1400 lb(635.0 kg)
1500 lb(680.4 kg) 250
150 200
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Impact Range (km)
Figure E.4-2(b): Black Brant IX (MOD2) Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level
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17.26" 3:1 ogive nosecone, WSMR
450
88.0o 87.0o 86.0o
500 lb(226.8 kg) 85.0o 84.0o
550
400
600 lb(272.2 kg)
500

350 700 lb(317.5 kg)
450
800 lb(362.9 kg)
300
900 lb(408.2 kg)
400
1000 lb(453.6 kg)

250
1100 lb(499.0 kg) 350
1200 lb(544.3 kg)
1300 lb(589.7 kg) 300

200
1400 lb(635.0 kg)
1500 lb(680.4 kg) 250
WSMR standard impact range is approximately 78 kilometers and apogee is limited to approximately 400 kilometers
150 200
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Impact Range (km)
Figure E.4-3(a): Black Brant IX (MOD3) Launch Vehicle Performance – WSMR
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17.26" ogive nosecone, sea level
450
550
85.0o
500 lb(226.8 kg) 84.0o
83.0o
400 82.0o
81.0o
80.0o
600 lb(272.2 kg) 79.0o 500
78.0o
350 77.0o
76.0o
700 lb(317.5 kg)
75.0o 450

300 800 lb(362.9 kg)
400
900 lb(408.2 kg)
250
350
200 300
1000 lb(435.6 kg)

250
1100 lb(499.0 kg)
150 1200 lb(544.3 kg)

200
1300 lb(589.7 kg)
1400 lb(635.0 kg) 150
1500 lb(680.4 kg)
100
100 50
100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Impact Range (km)
Figure E.4-3(b): Black Brant IX (MOD3) Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level
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E.5 Terrier-Improved Orion Launch Vehicle (41.XXX)
General
The Terrier-Improved Orion rocket system consists of a two stage spin stabilized system which
utilizes a surplus military Terrier MK12 or MK70 for the first stage booster and an Improved Orion
for the second stage. The Terrier motor is 18 inches in diameter and is configured with four 4.8
square-feet fins arranged in a cruciform configuration. The Improved Orion motor is 14 inches in
diameter and 105 inches long. The vehicle can be configured with spin motors in order to reduce
dispersion. The total weight of the launch vehicle, without a payload, is approximately 2,850 pounds
using a MK12 booster and approximately 3,150 pounds using a MK70 booster. Figure E.5-1 shows
the Terrier-Improved Orion launch vehicle.
Figure E.5-1: Terrier-Improved Orion Launch Vehicle
Vehicle Performance
The Improved Orion motor is a surplus military rocket motor with a dual phase propellant system
that produces thrust levels of approximately 20,000 pounds during the first 6 seconds and
approximately 4,000 pounds until burnout at around 25 seconds. The fins are generally configured
to produce a burnout roll rate of 4 cycles per second. The Improved Orion can be equipped with a
clamp release or drag separated load bearing tail can to interface with the Terrier booster as required.
This is a rail launch configuration that can be supported at most fixed and mobile ranges.
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Payloads
Payload configurations supported by this vehicle include 14 inch, or less, diameter and bulbous
17.26 inch diameter. Payload weights range from 300 to 1100 pounds and lengths range from 70 to
290 inches.
Standard support systems for the 14 inch diameter payloads include aft recovery systems, attitude
control systems, various nose cone shapes, and mechanical de-spin. Most 17.26 inch diameter
sounding rocket subsystems are compatible with the bulbous payloads which provide flexibility in
order to meet experiment requirements. These modular systems include all attitude control systems,
recovery systems, separation systems, and de-spin systems.
Performance Graphs
Performance capabilities for the Terrier, MK12 and MK70, Improved Orion vehicles are shown in
Figures E.5-2(a), E.5-2(b).
Terrier Mk12-Improved Orion
14" diameter 19o cone, sea level
220
85.0o 84.0o
300 lb(136.1 kg) 83.0o
82.0o
81.0o 300
80.0o
200 79.0o o
78.0
77.0o
76.0o
75.0o
180
400 lb(181.4 kg) 250

160
500 lb(226.8 kg)

200
140
600 lb(272.2 kg)

150
120
100
50
100 700 lb(317.5 kg)
800 lb(362.9 kg)
80 900 lb(408.2 kg)
60
50 100 150 200 250 300

Impact Range (km)
Figure E.5-2(a): Terrier MK12-Imp. Orion Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level
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Terrier Mk70-Improved Orion

14" diameter 19o cone, sea level
450
85.0o 84.0o
300 lb(136.1 kg) 83.0o 82.0o o
81.0
80.0o
79.0o
78.0o
300 77.0o
76.0o
75.0o
400
400 lb(181.4 kg)

250
350
500 lb(226.8 kg)
600 lb(272.2 kg) 300

200
250
700 lb(317.5 kg)
150
800 lb(362.9 kg) 200
900 lb(408.2 kg)

150
1000 lb(453.6 kg)
1100 lb(499.0 kg) 100
50
100
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Impact Range (km)
Figure E.5-2(b): Terrier MK70-Imp. Orion Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level
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E.6 Terrier-Improved Malemute Launch Vehicle (46.XXX)
General
The Terrier-Improved Malemute rocket system consists of a two stage spin stabilized system which
utilizes a surplus military Terrier MK12 or MK70 for the first stage booster and an Improved
Malemute for the second stage. The Terrier motor is 18 inches in diameter and is configured with
four 4.8 square-feet fins arranged in a cruciform configuration. The Improved Malemute motor is 16
inches in diameter and 130 inches long. The total weight of the launch vehicle, without a payload, is
approximately 3,315 pounds using a MK12 booster and approximately 3,615 pounds using a MK70
booster. Figure E.6-1 shows the Terrier-Improved Malemute launch vehicle.
Figure E.6-1: Terrier-Improved Malemute Launch Vehicle
Vehicle Performance
The Improved Malemute motor is a surplus military rocket motor with a burn time of 11.7 seconds.
The fins are generally configured to produce a burnout roll rate of 4 cycles per second. The
Improved Malemute utilizes a drag separated tail can to interface with the Terrier booster.
Payloads
Payload configurations supported by this vehicle include 14 inch diameter and bulbous 17.26 inch
diameter, typically utilizing an 11 degree total angle cone. Payload length and weight limits are not
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yet well defined for this vehicle. Payload acceptability is evaluated per mission. Flown payloads have
ranged from 600 to 900 pounds and lengths have ranged from 180 to 250 inches.
Most 14 and 17.26 inch diameter sounding rocket subsystems are compatible with the payloads
which provide flexibility in order to meet experiment requirements. These modular systems include
attitude control systems, recovery systems, separation systems, and de-spin systems.
Performance Graphs
Performance capabilities for the Terrier, MK12 and MK70, Improved Malemute vehicles are shown
in Figures E.6-2(a), E.6-2(b).
Terrier Mk12 - Imroved Malemute
17.26" diameter 11o cone, sea level
280
85.0o
500 lb(226.8 kg) 84.0o
260 83.0o
82.0o
81.0o
80.0o
79.0o
240 78.0o 350
77.0o
600 lb(272.2 kg) 76.0o
75.0o
220

300
200
180
250
700 lb(317.5 kg)

160
200
800 lb(362.9 kg)
140
900 lb(408.2 kg) 150

120
1000 lb(499.0 kg)
100
50
100
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Impact Range (km)
Figure E.6-2(a): Terrier MK12-Imp. Malemute Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level
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Terrier MK70-Improved Malemute

17.26" diameter 11o cone, sea level
400
85.0o 84.0o
500 lb(226.8 kg) 83.0o
82.0o
81.0o 500
80.0o
79.0o
78.0o
77.0o
76.0o
350 75.0o
600 lb(272.2 kg)

450
300
400
700 lb(317.5 kg)
250
350
800 lb(362.9 kg)
900 lb(408.2 kg)

300
200
+ 1000 lb(453.6 kg)
250
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Impact Range (km)
Figure E.6-2(b): Terrier MK70-Imp. Malemute Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level
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E.7 Black Brant XI-A Launch Vehicle (51.XXX)
General
The Black Brant XI-A rocket uses a three stage system to carry heavy payloads to high altitudes. The
first and second military surplus motors are the Talos and Terrier MK70. The third stage is a Black
Brant with extended nozzle. Four spin motors are fixed to the forward end of the Talos to reduce
vehicle dispersion. The aft end of the Brant tail can clamps to the Terrier interstage to keep the
motors together during second stage coasting. The launch vehicle, without a payload, weighs
approximately 9,562 pounds. Figure E.7-1 shows a representation of the Black Brant XI-A launch
vehicle.
Figure E.7-1: Black Brant XI-A Launch Vehicle
Vehicle Performance
The Talos motor is 150 inches long with a diameter of 30.1 inches. This length includes a conical
adapter to the second stage. Differential drag force causes expended motor separation. Four 7.2
square feet fins are arranged in a cruciform configuration to generate a burnout roll rate of about 1.5
cycles per second.
The Terrier MK70 motor is 169 inches long with a principal diameter of 18 inches. The Terrier is
clamped to the third stage motor and has an action time of 6.2 seconds. Four 4.8 square feet fins are
arranged in a cruciform configuration to generate a burnout roll rate of about 2 cycles per second.
The third stage motor is the Black Brant with extended exit cone which produces an average thrust
level of 18,240 pounds and has an action time of 34 seconds. The diameter is 17.26 inches and it is
223 inches long. The loaded motor weight, including hardware, is 2,840 pounds which includes
2,237 pounds of propellant. Typical burnout roll rate for the Black Brant is approximately 3.5 cycles
per second.
Payloads
The standard payload configuration for the Black Brant XI-A vehicle is 17.26 inches in diameter
with a 3:1 ogive nose cone. Bulbous 22 inch diameter payloads have also been flown. Payload length
and weight limits are not yet well defined for this vehicle. Payload acceptability is evaluated per
mission. Flown payload weights on this class of vehicle have ranged from 600 to 1550 pounds and
lengths from 150 to 300 inches.
Standard sounding rocket subsystems are compatible with the Black Brant XI-A motor stack which
attitude control systems, separation systems, and de-spin systems.
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Performance Graph
Performance capabilities for the Black Brant XI-A vehicle are shown in Figure E.7-2.
Black Brant XI-A
17.26" diameter 3:1 ogive nose cone, sea level
850
800
85.0o
500 lb(226.8 kg) 84.0o
83.0o
82.0o
750 81.0o 800
80.0o
79.0o
700 600 lb(272.2 kg)

750
650
700 lb(317.5 kg)

700
600
800 lb(362.9 kg)
550 650
900 lb(408.2 kg)
500
600
450 1000 lb(453.6 kg)
550
1100 lb(499.0 kg)
400
1200 lb(544.3 kg)
500
1300 lb(589.7 kg)
350
1400 lb(635.0 kg)
1500 lb(680.4 kg) 450
300
400
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Impact Range (km)
Figure E.7-2: Black Brant XI-A Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level
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E.8 Black Brant XII-A Launch Vehicle (52.XXX)
General
The Black Brant XII-A rocket uses a four stage system to carry payloads to high altitudes. The first
and second military surplus motors are the Talos and Terrier MK70. The third stage is a Black Brant
with extended nozzle and the finless fourth stage Nihka motor is ignited once the vehicle reaches
exo-atmospheric conditions. Four spin motors are fixed to the forward end of the Talos to reduce
vehicle dispersion. The aft end of the Brant tail can clamps to the Terrier interstage to keep the
motors together during second stage coasting and the Nihka motor clamps to the forward end of
the Brant motor. The launch vehicle, without a payload, weighs approximately 10,510 pounds.
Figure E.7-1 shows a representation of the Black Brant XII-A launch vehicle.
Figure E.8-1: Black Brant XII-A Launch Vehicle
Vehicle Performance
The Talos motor is 150 inches long with a diameter of 30.1 inches. This length includes a conical
adapter to the second stage. Differential drag force causes expended motor separation. Four 7.2
square feet fins are arranged in a cruciform configuration to generate a burnout roll rate of about 1.5
cycles per second.
The Terrier MK70 motor is 169 inches long with a principal diameter of 18 inches. The Terrier is
clamped to the third stage motor and has an action time of 6.2 seconds. Four 4.8 square feet fins are
arranged in a cruciform configuration to generate a burnout roll rate of about 2 cycles per second.
The third stage motor is the Black Brant with extended exit cone which produces an average thrust
level of 18,240 pounds and has an action time of 34 seconds. The diameter is 17.26 inches and it is
223 inches long. The loaded motor weight, including hardware, is 2,840 pounds which includes
2,237 pounds of propellant. Typical burnout roll rate for the Black Brant is approximately 3.5 cycles
per second.
The fourth stage Nihka was developed by Magellan Aerospace specifically for exo-atmospheric
conditions. The average thrust is 9,414 pounds with a total impulse of 192,878 pound-seconds. The
diameter is 17.26 inches and the loaded motor weighs 907 pounds with 705 pounds being
propellant. The burnout roll rate of the Nihka is predicted to be approximately 4 cycles per second.
Payloads
The standard payload configuration for the Black Brant XII-A vehicle is 17.26 inches in diameter
with a 3:1 ogive nose cone. Payload length and weight limits are not yet well defined for this vehicle.
Payload acceptability is evaluated per mission. Flown payload weights on this class of vehicle have
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ranged from 250 to 1050 pounds and lengths from 90 to 250 inches. The nose cone can be removed
before Nihka burn to increase overall performance of the launch vehicle.
Standard sounding rocket subsystems are compatible with the Black Brant XII-A motor stack which
attitude control systems, separation systems, and de-spin systems.
Performance Graph
Performance capabilities for the Black Brant XII-A vehicle are shown in Figure E.8-2.
Black Brant XII-A
17.26" diamter 3:1 ogive nose cone, sea level
1450
1400
85.0o
200 lb(90.7 kg) o
84.0 1350
1600
83.0o
1300
82.0o
81.0o 1250
1400 o
80.0 1200
300 lb(136.1 kg) o
79.0 1150

1200 1100
1050
400 lb(181.4 kg)
1000
1000
950
500 lb(226.8 kg)
900
850
800
800
750
600 600 lb(272.2 kg) 700

650
700 lb(317.5 kg)
600
800 lb(362.9 kg)
550
400 900 lb(408.2 kg)
1000 lb(453.6 kg) 500
1100 lb(499.0 kg) 450
400
350
200 300
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Impact Range (km)
Figure E.8-2: Black Brant XII-A Launch Vehicle Performance – Sea Level
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Appendix F: PCM/FM and FM/FM Telemetry Systems

F.1 WFF93 Encoder System
This system is NSROC’s work horse PCM encoder hardware used in support of the NASA
Sounding Rocket Program. The WFF93 PCM encoder is a general purpose, versatile, re-
configurable high rate PCM telemetry system for use where system requirements are subject to
change. The format structure is configured by a software program designed for the PC
environment. The hardware is configured as a stack up system with various data modules, which
can be added as required. An EEPROM is used as the non-volatile program storage element,
permitting the system to be reprogrammed to meet changing mission requirements without
disassembly of the hardware. FCT logic and low power programmable logic devices minimize
power consumption. Digital inputs and outputs are FCT/HC or RS422 compatible. Refer to Table
F.1-1 for individual module characteristics.
Table F.1-1: Individual PCM Module Characteristics - WFF93 PCM System
Number of
Channels Possible
Module Description Data Type
(See *Note)
Power Supply +28V input to +/-12 & +5 volt output N/A N/A
power supply
Analog Analog 0 to 5 volt input range, 10 bits/word Analog, Addressing limit

maximum resolution, 32 channels per deck, 1 single ended of 992 channels
A/D converter per deck
Analog Analog 0 to 5 volt input range, 12 bits/word Analog, Addressing limit

maximum resolution with readout capability single ended of 248 channels
in 2 words for systems with less than 8 with –Signal
bits/word, 8 channels per deck, 8 A/D Reference
converters per deck
Analog Remote Differential Analog Deck with 0 to 5 Analog, Addressing limit

or +/-15 volt input range, 16 bits/word differential of 124 channels
maximum resolution with readout capability input
in 2 words for systems less than 16
bits/word, 4 channels per deck, 4 A/D
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converters per deck. System intended to be

remotely located from main WFF93 stack and
requires dedicated power supply. Data
transmitted serial digitally and each analog
channel requires dedicated serial channel in
main PCM stack.
Control Deck System clock, timing, formatting, output code N/A N/A
generation, and format programming control
module
Serial Serial digital single ended or differential input Serial Digital Addressing limit
operation, 8 to 16 bits/word, serial word of 124
enable, inverted load, gated bit clock timing
signal available for each input
Parallel Parallel digital single ended input, 8 to 16 Parallel Addressing limit

bits/word, parallel word enable timing signal digital of 62 channels
available for each input
Asynchronous Asynchronous RS232 or 422 inputs, 300 to Asynchrono Addressing limit

156K baud rates us of 124 channels
Counter Event counter single ended or differential Event Addressing limit

input, 8 to 18 bits/word. Differential input counter of 248 channels
count rates >10 MHz
Command Accepts uplink command video and Uplink N/A

demodulates and synchronizes data. Outputs command
two independent asynchronous channels at FSK video
rates from 1200 to 19.2K baud, plus parallel
command data to uplink command decoder
hardware
Time Event Time event with single ended or differential Time Event Addressing limit
inputs, buffered clock-minor frame-major of 62 simple time
frame-word clock outputs event and 62
alternating
register time
event channels
Pre Modulation Selectable 1 of 8 premodulation filters with N/A N/A

Filter output amplitude adjustability
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TV Video These modules digitize standard NTSC, RS- TV Video Maximum

Digitizer and 170 or SVHS TV video, compress the unknown at this
Compressor digitized data and are converted to MPEG-2 time.
format, and multiplexed with payload PCM
data to provide a single composite PCM
output signal.
Clock Driver Provides 16 programmable, buffered, RS422- Programmab N/A

compatible differential outputs for 2x Bit le Clock
Clock, 1x Bit Clock, Word Clock, Frame Driver
Strobe, Major Frame Strobe and PCM Code. Outputs
This module has both DS26C31 standard
differential & DS90C31 low voltage
differential quad drivers and either can be
selected as required.
IMU Inertial Measurement Unit that is compatible Honeywell N/A

with either the Litton LN-200 or the or Litton
Honeywell HG-1700 IMU’s. The IMU deck IMU/SDLC
accepts SDLC protocol 1-MHz RS422
differential data as well as provides a 1-MHz
RS422 differential clock to the IMU for
synchronous data transfer.
Note 1: The maximum values are based on theoretical limits. (i.e. number of channels per module
times 31, which is the module addressing limit) No one has ever attempted to fly the maximum.
Current limitations in the power supply module may actually determine the maximum number of data
modules that can be incorporated in a system.
Note 2: The number of words per major frame is limited to 8192 words maximum. A document
entitled Pulse Code Modulation Encoder handbook for Physical Science laboratory/NMSU Model
WFF93 System fully describes the WFF93 PCM System.
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F.2 Mesquito Encoder System

The Mesquito encoder hardware was developed for small form factor telemetry system that can be
programed through an RS-232 interface. Similar to the WFF93 encoder the Mesquito can be
reprogramed to fit mission requirements. The hardware is configured as a stack up system with
various data modules which can be added as required. Refer to Table F.2-1 for individual module
characteristics.
Table F.2-1 Individual PCM Module Characteristics – Mesquito Encoder System

Module Description Data Type # of Channels
Analog Analog 0 to 5 volt input range, Analog, single Currently limited to 64

16 bits/word maximum ended channels total
resolution, 16 channels per deck,
2 A/D converters per deck
Main System clock, timing, formatting, N/A N/A

output code generation, pre-mod
filtering and format
programming control. Uses RS-
232 control interface.
Serial (RS-422) Synchronous or asynchronous Serial Digital (RS- Currently limited to 2

operation. Asynchronous for 422) serial channels
baud rates from 19.2K to 115.2K
baud. Synchronous mode is 16-
bit words, with serial word
enable, inverted load, gated bit
clock timing signal available for
each input.
Serial (RS-232) Asynchronous operation only, Serial Digital (RS- Currently limited to 2
1200 baud to 115200 baud. 232) asynchronous serial
Three time event inputs are channels, and 3 time
available. events.
Power Supply Operates with supply voltages

from 7 to 26 VDC
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Appendix G Comparison and Performance of Various Battery Systems
Table G-1: Comparison and Performance of NiCad Battery Systems
Temp = 25C System Voltage Nominal = 28V

Cell Type 2/3 AF A C D F M
American American Saft Saft Saft Sanyo
Manufacturer
Toppower Toppower
Electrical Characteristics tt
Rated Capacity (AH) 0.600 1.4 2.3 5 8.8 10
Open Circuit Voltage (Volts)
Cell 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
24 Cell Pack 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4
Average Plateau Voltage at C/1:
Cell (Volts) 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
24 Cell Pack (Volts) 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8
Operating time to 27V Min (min) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
Physical Characteristics of a Cell:
Weight (oz) 0.63 1.2 2.64 5.27 7.76 14.1
Diameter (in) 0.66 .066 0.97 1.26 1.26 1.66
Height (in) 1.14 1.92 1.93 2.29 3.49 3.5
Physical Characteristics of a Pack:
Weight (lbs) 1.59 2.46 5.94 11.54 16.73 28.34
Length (in) 4.45 4.45 7.18 8.79 8.79 11.25
Height (in) 1.74 2.6 2.53 3.12 4.28 3.83
Width (in) 2.99 2.99 4.82 5.89 5.89 7.53
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Appendix H: GSFC/WFF Safety Data Requirements

REFERENCE: The GSFC/WFF safety data requirements in this Appendix are extracted from
Range Safety Manual for Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)/Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) RSM 2002C.
The Principal Investigator is responsible for providing the data outlined in this Appendix. Vehicle
Description Data is provided by WFF.
Payload Description Data - Hazardous Materials

Pyrotechnic Details - Principal Investigators will provide the GSFC/WFF Mission Manager with
six readily distinguishable copies of schematics and wiring diagrams of all pyrotechnic circuits and all
other circuits physically or electrically related to pyrotechnics.
For each squib, the minimum sure-fire current, maximum no-fire current, recommended firing
current, nominal resistance, and, if available, the RF characteristics must be shown. Provide a
description of the power source, including output, battery life, and details on battery charging.
Scale drawings must be supplied for any payloads having RF transmitters or beacons, showing the
location of all pyrotechnic devices in relation to all transmitting antennas. Schematics, drawings,
operation descriptions of pyrotechnic check out and monitoring equipment, and any other auxiliary
equipment will be supplied. The Range will be notified of changes as it is the responsibility of
Principal Investigators to certify that all drawings are up-to-date.
Chemicals & Cryogenics - The Principal Investigator will provide a description of all chemical
systems, including toxicity and necessary precautions to be taken. Along with the description, the PI
will be responsible for organizing and submitting the following for each chemical and/or cryogenic
system to be utilized: trade name of chemical/cryogenic gas or liquid, quantity in gallons or pounds,
number of vessels, volume (in3), operating pressure (psi), applicable Safety Data Sheets pertaining to
each individual chemical/cryogenic gas or liquid and Chemical Abstract Service (CAS#) if
applicable. Additional documentation unique or specific to any cryogenic system under review may
be requested as needed.
Pressure Vessels - The Principal Investigator will provide a description of any pressure vessels used
in the payload, their technical characteristics, and details on design and test pressure. The PI is
required to submit: the trade name of all gases used, number of vessels, the manufacturer, internal
volume (in3), design burst pressure (psi), proof pressure (psi), maximum allowable working pressure
(psi) and the materials of construction.
Laser Systems – The Principal Investigator will provide all technical specifications regarding the
laser system to be utilized. This is to be done by completing all necessary data requests and forms.
Each custodian and user are required to fill out GSFC 23-35LU to be approved by the WFF Laser
Safety Officer, Goddard Radiation Safety Officer and Non-Ionizing Radiation Safety Committee.
For each wavelength, the PI is required to complete GSFC 23-28L for each wavelength to be
utilized. If the laser is a class 3B and 4 including some visible lasers outdoors, GSFC 23-6L needs to
be completed. If the laser is to enter navigable air space, the PI may be required to prepare FAA
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Form 7140.1. If the laser has the potential to impact satellites, the US Space Command Laser
Clearinghouse must supply approval to use.
Transmitters/Beacons – The Principal Investigator shall furnish a completed Frequency

Utilization Request which notes all specifics of the transmitter/beacon they wish to fly. The PI is
expected to provide all RF characteristics including: type of emission, frequency (MHz), type of
radiating antenna, gain (dBi), peak radiated power (Watts) and avg. radiated power (Watts).
Radioactive Materials - For all materials planned for use at the GSFC/WFF, which will involve
exposure or possible exposure of personnel, application will be made by the GSFC/WFF to the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission for a license granting the GSFC/WFF the authority to:
a) Handle, store, ship, and control sources in use at the GSFC/WFF.

b) Establish operational procedures and provide monitoring, dosimetry, and the required
records.
c) Establish necessary emergency procedures in the event of malfunctions, explosions, or
destruct actions.
d) Dispose of waste materials.
Permission may be granted by the GSFC/WFF for licensed Principal Investigators to possess and
control small calibration or other small sources provided:
a) An operational procedure is submitted for storage, handling, shipment, etc.
b) Records are maintained for all radiation sources, etc.
c) Principal Investigators are responsible for the source as stated in the license
The following technical information on radioactive materials must be submitted:
a) Types and numbers of radioactive materials with their current curie content.
b) Size, shape, and general characteristics of the radioactive sources
c) Mission of each source
d) Radiation level versus distance from material.
e) Container description
f) Shipping and storage container and label description
g) Shipping date and method of shipment
h) Two copies of Nuclear Regulatory Commission's license details
i) Principal Investigator's personnel monitoring devices and methods of use (portable survey
instruments, personnel dosimeters, film badges, procedures, etc.).
j) Location of radioactive source on research vehicle
k) Principal Investigator's representatives who shall have responsibility at the Range
l) A record of exposure of each individual who will be exposed at the range prior to
operations at GSFC/WFF. This should include total exposure, last exposure date, etc.
m) A detailed breakdown of estimated time of source exposure during all build-up, test, and
launch operations
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n) Procedure for handling and use of external sources during all times exposed
o) All calibration procedures involving the use of exposed radioactive sources
The PI shall submit all necessary forms needed before radioactive sources can be brought to GSFC.
Each custodian of a radioactive material is required to submit GSFC 23-35IP, copy of NRC or State
Equivalent License and all procedures to be utilized.
PI must determine if the radioactive material is considered a source or a device and whether it will
be brought onto NASA WFF or WSMR facilities. If the material is to be brought to NASA WFF,
GSFC 23-6I and GSFC 23-28ID needs to be completed if the radiation is a device and GSFC 23-6I
and GSFC 23-28I needs to be completed if the radiation is a source.
The PI needs to determine if the radiation source will be part of the payload to be launched or used
as an external calibration source.
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Appendix I: Sounding Rocket Launch Ranges

I.1 U.S. Army White Sands Missile Range
Introduction
The White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) is the Department of Defense’s largest overland National
range. It is located in southern New Mexico (32.5° N 106.5° W) approximately 35 miles northeast of
Las Cruces, New Mexico, and about 70 miles north northwest of El Paso, Texas. The climate is
semi-arid with usually unlimited visibility, warm to hot temperatures, and low humidity. Occasionally
snows occur in the area during the winter months thereby disrupting traffic and launch operations.
Capabilities
There are two launchers available at WSMR both covered with environmentally controlled
retractable shelters and capable of launching large payloads. Typical missions are two stage Black
Brant vehicles with one thousand pound recovered telescope payloads. Since the range is only about
50 miles wide, apogee is limited to 250 or 300 km due to impact dispersion. Generally recovery is
accomplished by military helicopter within a few hours of launch.
NSROC maintains its own data tracking and receiving equipment which is supplemented by
numerous WSMR assets. Command uplink is a standard service.
One drawback to missions at WSMR is the large number of projects with much higher priority.
Often Sounding Rocket launch dates must be moved to accommodate these other projects. The
biggest advantage is payload recovery capability.
Facilities
Sounding Rocket operations are conducted from Launch Complex 36 (LC-36) which consists of the
launch area containing a blockhouse and the two launchers, and the Vehicle Assembly Building
(VAB).
All testing and assembly takes place in the VAB which has a clean integration lab as well as two class
10,000 clean tents and a class 1,000 flow bench. In addition the VAB contains the telemetry ground
station, SPARCS integration lab, magnetic calibration facility, ACS dark room for CACS alignments,
payload T&E equipment, conference room, and guest offices. More details can be found in Section
6.
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Range Interface and Coordination

The U. S. Naval Ordnance Missile Test Station sponsors the NASA sounding rocket launch
activities and coordinates range support. Telemetry support is provided by the New Mexico State
University Physical Sciences Laboratory using NASA owned equipment. The NSROC Mission
Manager will coordinate schedules and support with both groups.
For launch operations there will be an SRPO representative at the range to make a final GO/NO
GO call.
Safety and Environment

WSMR has been used as an ordnance and explosives test facility since its inception as a proving
ground in 1945 and is one of the world’s largest munitions impact areas. All visitors are required to
complete Unexploded Ordnance training prior to accessing the range.
Photographs are prohibited in all areas except the rocket display located near the main entrance. The
range can provide technical photos, e.g., your rocket, early stages of flight, recovered hardware. See
your Mission Manager for details.
If your payload requires radioactive sources for in-flight or preflight calibration, a pre-arrival written
clearance must be obtained. That should be coordinated well in advance with the Mission Manager.
Figure I.1-1. White Sands Missile Range
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Visit Requests
PI’s need to provide a list of their team members that will support field operations. The Mission
Manager will forward the list to appropriate personnel at WSMR. Visitors will then check in at the
security building just outside the main gate to receive a car pass which will allow them access to the
range.
Foreign National experiment team members will not be allowed access to the Launch Complex
unless a Technical Assistance Agreement is in place for the mission. This process takes many
months so advance planning is required.
Travel & Accommodations

Teams generally fly into El Paso, Texas, rent cars at the airport and drive to Las Cruces, New
Mexico where many different hotels are available for long term stays. It’s about a 45 minute drive
from Las Cruces to the VAB at LC-36 where test, integration, and launch takes place.
Lodging is also available on the main post of WSMR.
Shipping
The PI is responsible for shipping the experiment and associated support equipment to WSMR
unless it ships from WFF and can be combined with the main payload/GSE shipment. Air freight is
the usual mode. However some experiment teams choose to drive their own payload and GSE to
the range.
Freight shipments should be addressed to:
NSROC Program/VAB
Vehicle Assembly LC 36, Bldg. N242
White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002
Hold For: {Mission Number/PI Name}
Small FedEx type packages can be shipped to Las Cruces overnight.
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I.2 Poker Flat Research Range
Introduction
The Poker Flat Research Range (PFRR) is located in the center of
Alaska near Fairbanks, approximately 1-1/2° below the Arctic circle
at 65.2°N 147.5°W. The range is managed under contract by the
Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska. Figure
J.2-1 shows an aerial view of PFRR.
There are numerous range users; however, the major users are Department of Defense and NASA -
both university and NASA Center sponsored. More detailed information can be found on the
Poker Flat web site: http://www.pfrr.alaska.edu.
Figure I.2-1 Aerial View of PFRR
Capabilities
The major attributes of the range are:
 On United States real estate; high latitude site

 Land impact to 400 miles Ocean impact to 2800 miles
 S-band telemetry with trajectory option
 C-band transponder radar track
 Command uplink can be made available if required
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 Economical payload recovery for Black Brant IX and smaller payloads

 Five launch pads
 22,000 pound launch capability
 6,000 pound payload capability
Facilities
PFRR is situated at the 30 Mile Post on the Steese Highway, about 20 miles northeast of Fairbanks.
The complex, occupying about 7,000 acres, includes:
 Launch site, blockhouse, pads, communications, fire control, safety, and wind-weighting
 Payload and vehicle storage and assembly areas
 Clean room - 600 sq ft - Class 100 (can be made operational if required)
 An on range science site with geophysical monitoring and optical measurements
 Radar facilities
 Telemetry site
 Administrative and miscellaneous support facilities
 Down range science sites

The operations at PFRR are cooperative ventures invariably involving several organizations. For
example, WFF is responsible for managing, supporting, and operating a radar system, telemetry
system, timing system and related equipment at PFRR while the University of Alaska employees
manage and control launch operations. Therefore, it is important that all parties involved in a
mission be fully informed on a timely basis on any action which could affect technical arrangements,
operations, or scheduling. The NSROC Mission Manager will serve as the interface between the
experiment team and all range support groups.
For launch operations there will be a SRPO representative at the range to make a final GO/NO GO
call.

Most of the launch operations occur in mid-winter. Heated facilities are available to keep payloads
warm up until launch. However conditions can be extreme and some special protective features
may have to be designed into your payload. The Mission Manager can advise on any special
requirements.
PFRR does not provide environmental clothing to visitors. It will be necessary to have special
clothing in mid-winter if outside work is necessary. The PI is responsible for providing appropriate
cold weather clothing as appropriate.
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The Steese Highway between Fairbanks and PFRR is infrequently traveled at night. Temperatures
of -50°F and 50 knot winds produce a life threatening wind chill. Exposed skin can freeze in a
matter of seconds. Take warm clothing. A breakdown at night in the wrong place can be fatal.
There is a WFF cold weather policy that will be followed in case of extreme cold.
Photography is permitted anywhere on the range.
Visit Requests
The MM will submit a list of visitors to the range approximately two months prior to travel. Once
at the range, each visitor will provide a picture as well as contact information, then sign in and out
each day. Range access is controlled by an unmanned gate that requires a card that will be
distributed on the first day of the visit.
There are no special requirements for foreign national visitors.

Travel to Fairbanks is by commercial air. There are many hotels available in Fairbanks. Rental cars
are available at the airport for travel to and from the range. It’s about a 40 minute drive from
Fairbanks to the PFRR via two lane over a mountain range. Travel can sometimes be hazardous.
Travel to the remote downrange science sites can be arranged through personnel at Poker Flat.
Shipping
Payloads are normally shipped to PFRR through Fairbanks via air freight. The Principal Investigator
(PI) is responsible for arrangements and costs for experiment related equipment unless it ships from
WFF and can be combined with the main payload/GSE shipment.
Freight shipments should be addressed to:
Poker Flat Research Range

30 Mile Steese Highway
Fairbanks, Alaska 99712
Hold For: {Mission Number/PI Name}
Small FedEx type packages usually take 2 or 3 days to arrive at the range.
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I.3 Andøya Space Center, Norway
Introduction
Andøya Space Center is located in northern Norway at geographic
coordinates: 69°17' N 16°01' E. The range cooperates with European
Space Agency (ESA) program and supports orbital satellite operations,
sounding rocket and balloon operations. It is adjacent to the small
fishing village of Andenes on the northern coast.
More details can be found on their web site: http://andoyaspace.no.
Capabilities
The range offers a variety of possible trajectories and covers a large area both in latitude and
longitude. This, together with the extensive system of ground observations, provides a great
flexibility in selecting launch conditions and types of phenomena to be studied.
The impact areas in the Norwegian Sea set almost no practical limits to impact dispersion for
rockets. Rockets have been launched to an apogee of almost 1500 kilometers, with payload impact at
900 kilometers.
There are two launchers available, both with heated, retractable shelters, capable of launching large
four stage rockets.
Command uplink is typically not used but could be made available if required.
Facilities
In addition to the launchers mentioned above the launch area contains a large vehicle assembly area
attached to a blockhouse containing a launch control room and separate area for payload GSE.
Launch area access is controlled by a gate across the access road. A separate trailer is set up near the
WFF mobile TM station for science GSE.
A large payload assembly area provides internet access, 50 Hz 120 V AC, reconfigurable bench
space, crane, and 3 offices on a second floor mezzanine.
There are telemetry receiving station and dish that are usually supplemented with mobile assets from
Wallops as well as remote TM sites in Tromso and sometimes Svalbard, depending on mission
requirements. No radar tracking is available so payloads are usually designed with GPS and a PCM
stack that enables Doppler ranging to be used.
Wind weighting, flight safety, and launch control are conducted from the second story of the main
office complex. On the first floor of this complex is a large room set up for experimenters. It
contains a large array of video monitors that can be used to display data from most any source as
well as countdown communications and phone lines for access to off range support sites.
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Range support requirements are coordinated through the mission manager.
Figure I.3-1: Launch Facilities at Andøya Rocket Range, Norway Photo: Kohlbjoern Dahle

Primary interface to the range will be through the Mission Manager. Since it is a foreign range a
Technical Assistance Agreement will be required prior to travel. If the experiment team includes
foreign team members detailed information will be required many months in advance of the start of
field operations.
Range support requirements such as purge gas, special electrical connections, or locally purchased
chemicals must be coordinated well in advance since a detailed contract covering the launch services
must be negotiated and signed prior to start of field operations. The Mission Manager will work
with SRPO representatives to ensure these requirements are included in the contract.
For launch operations there will be a SRPO representative at the range to make a final GO/NO GO
call.

The winter climate in Andenes is very mild compared to Poker Flat. Temperatures are typically
around the freezing mark so snow, rain, and ice are all expected; along with periods of very high
wind. Styrofoam boxes are used to insulate the payloads which often must remain in the launch
shelters to avoid damage.
Travel to and from the range can sometimes be hazardous but is a very short commute through a
populated area. Rental cars are equipped with studded tires so driving is typically not extremely
hazardous. However, walking can be very hazardous during icy periods.
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Photography is permitted anywhere on the range.
Visit Requests
Mission Manager will need a final list of visitors 2 or three weeks prior to the start of field
operations. Once on site each visitor will be given a picture ID card with magnetic strip that will
allow access to the payload assembly area. Those that require access to the launch area will receive a
separate badge.

Travel to Andenes is a very long trip by commercial air. Rental cars are available at the local airport
but must be arranged for in advance as they must be transported from a larger town. Lodging
options consist of houses, hotels, and cabins in the town of Andenes as well as hotel room type
accommodations at the launch range. Andenes has a few small grocery stores and restaurants.
Many of the stores are closed on Sunday. The launch range is only a few miles from the center of
town.
Shipping
NASA is required to obtain an export license for much of the equipment shipped to the range so all
experiment hardware and GSE is shipped to Wallops first to be consolidated into one large
shipment. This typically takes at least two weeks to arrive. Even smaller FedEx shipments take at
least one week. Therefore it is very important to account for spare parts in the original shipment.
Figure I.3-2: Launch at Andoya
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Appendix J: Wallops Flight Facility Digital Telemetry System - Chapter 10

NSROC is capable of storing telemetry data in Chapter 10 format to transfer digitally to experimenters.
For more information please refer to the IRIG-106 Chapter 10 Digital Recording Document at
http://www.irig106.org/docs/106-07/chapter10.pdf.
Ulyssix Technologies and Dewesoft

With NSROC updating the telemetry hardware of the ground station equipment with the Ulyssix
hardware it will allow for recording in various data types. The Dewesoft program which runs on the
Ulyssix hardware is capable of recording raw data streams in a .D7D file which is proprietary to
Dewesoft but is also capable of simultaneously recording a .tad file of the data. The benefit of these
file types is that the data review is much easier because they will allow the experimenter to select a
start time within the data instead of needing to play back the entirety of the mission log. The
Dewesoft program also is capable of exporting the raw data taken from the mission recordings to
numerous file types most notably Matlab and Excel formats.
PTP CD-ROM Data Format

This document describes the CD-ROM data format generated by the “AVTEC SYSTEMS”
Programmable Telemetry Processor for Windows NT (PTP NT).
The source of data will be telemetry data obtained from NSROC Sounding Rocket Missions. This
Data Format is referred to as “PTP NT” format.
While NSROC currently uses this data type it is currently in process of being phased out.
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PTP PCM FORMAT
MUX Data Field

(8 bytes)
(depends on Frame Length and Word Size)
Format Option #1: File Recorder Format with Record MUX Header enabled.
MUX PB-4 Data Field

(8 bytes)
(6 bytes) (depends on Frame Length and Word Size)
Format Option #2: File Recorder Format with Record Time Stamp enabled. (MUX header is
automatically inserted).
MUX Appended Status Data Field

(8 bytes) (48 bytes)
(depends on Frame Length and Word Size)
Format Option #3: File Recorder Format with Record Status enabled.
(MUX header is automatically inserted).
MUX PB-4 Appended Status Data Field

(8 bytes) (48 bytes)
(6 bytes) (depends on Frame Length and Word
Size)
Format Option #4: File Recorder Format with Record Time Stamp and Record Status enabled.
(MUX header is automatically inserted).
It is intended to only provide format option #2.
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PTP MUX Header Format

Item Field Name Format & Size Value
1 Header Unsigned integer 30030330 hex

Synchronization
(4 bytes)
2 Source Module Unsigned integer Equal to the source module number minus 1. For
example, if Module 3 sends a buffer to the file
(1 byte) recorder, the Source Module field is equal to 2.
3 Header Types Unsigned integer Defines the other header types that follow the MUX
Header.
(1 byte)
0 = No additional headers
1 = PB-4 Time Code
2 = Serial Input Appended Status
3 = Both PB-4 and Appended Status
4 Next Header Offset Unsigned integer Offset to the next MUX header in the file relative to
the end of the current MUX header. Note that this is
(2 bytes) a Little Endian representation, the least significant
byte precedes the most significant byte in the file.
For example for 8 bit words and a PCM frame length
of 128, the Next Header Offset appears in the file as
80 00 hex. (A 6 byte time stamp is normally after the
header)
Total Length 8 bytes
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NASA PB-4 Time Code Format

Item Field Name Format & Size Value
1 Days of Year Unsigned integer (11 bits) Range 1 to 365
2 Milliseconds of Day Unsigned integer (27 bits) Range = 0 to 86399999
3 Microseconds of a Millisecond Unsigned integer (10 bits) Range = 0 to 999
Total Length 6 bytes
Note : “Days of Year” field uses only the least significant 9 bits of the 11 bit field.
PTP Data Field Format

Data field contains entire PCM minor frame including Frame synchronization pattern and any frame
counters. PCM word sizes greater than 8 bits will be right justified in 2-byte words. The most significant
byte will precede the least significant byte. If word lengths of 9 to 15 bits are used, the user will have to
mask out the uppermost bits in the first word. (They will not be zeros.) The most significant bit (MSB)
precedes the least significant bit (LSB) for each byte. The number of bytes per field is equal to the
number of PCM words per minor frame if PCM word length is 8 bits. For PCM word lengths greater
than 8 bits, the number of bytes per field is equal to 2 times the number of PCM words per minor frame.
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Appendix K: Radar Data Format 1.1.2155
PROGRAM NAME - POSDAT
FILE CODE - 4
MODE OF WRITING - FORMATTED
DISPOSITION - OUTPUT
Information is recorded in an ASCII character set at 800, 1600 or 6250 BPI. Each logical record is
composed of 312 eight bit ASCII characters. One logical record is included in each physical record. The
following is a definition of the parameters associated with each character position within the logical
record.
CHARACTERS PARAMETERS
1- 2 Year (1984 = 84)

3- 5 Day of Year (Jan 15 = 015)
6- 7 Epoch or launch time hours
8- 9 Epoch or launch time minutes
10- 11 Epoch or launch time seconds
12 Epoch or launch time tenths of seconds
13- 24 Elapsed time (seconds)
25- 36 Slant range from the tracker (meters)
37- 48 Azimuth from the tracker (degrees)
49- 60 Elevation from the tracker (degrees)
61- 72 Horizontal range from the launcher (meters)
73- 84 North-South range from the launcher (meters)
85- 96 East-West range from the launcher (meters)
97-108 Azimuth of vehicle from the launcher (degrees)
109-120 Altitude of vehicle (meters)
121-132 Latitude of sub-vehicle point (degrees)
133-144 Longitude of sub-vehicle point (degrees)
145-156 Earth relative velocity (meters/second)
157-168 East-West component of velocity (meters/second)
169-180 North-South component of velocity (meters/second)
181-192 Altitude component of velocity (meters/second)
193-204 Flight elevation angle (degrees)
205-216 Flight azimuth angle (degrees)
217-228 Slant range from look angle station (meters)
229-240 Azimuth from look angle station (degrees)
241-252 Elevation from look angle station (degrees)
253-312 Spare
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Acronyms
ACS Attitude Control System
AETD Applied Engineering and Technology Directorate
AIB Anomaly Investigation Board
ALVS Aft Looking Video System
ASI Agency Safety Initiative
BGS Boost Guidance System
CACS Celestial Attitude Control System
CDR Critical Design Review
CG Center of Gravity
CSS Coarse Sun Sensors
CUS Command Uplink System
DMARS Digital Attitude Reference System
DNMACS Digital NSROC Magnetic Attitude Control System
DRCS Data Reduction Computer System
ECS Engineering Computer System
EEPROM Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FCT Fast CMOS Technology
FOG Fiber Optic Gyro
FRP Flight Requirements Plan
FRP Flight Requirements Plan
FRR Flight Readiness Review
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
FSP Flight Safety Plan
FTS Flight Termination System
GLN-MAC Gimbal-mounted LN-200 with Sandia Miniature Airborne Computer
GNC Guidance, Navigation, Control
GSE Ground Support Equipment
GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center
GSP Ground Safety Plan
GUI Graphic User Interface
I&T Integration and Testing
IIP Inertial Impact Point
IMU Inertial Measurement Unit
ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulations
LIS Lost in Space
LISS Lockheed Intermediate Sun Sensor
LSRS Launch Status Review System
LTM Linear Thrust Module
MaNIACS Magnetic NSROC Inertial Attitude Control System
MASS Miniature Acquisition Sun Sensor
MCR Mission Close-out Report
MFT Multi-Function Timer
MIC Mission Initiation Conference
MM Mission Manager
MOI Moment of Inertia
MRR Mission Readiness Review
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MSB Most Significant Bit

MTF Magnetic Test Facility
NIACS NSROC Inertial Attitude Control System
NiCAD Nickel Cadmium
NiMH Nickel Metal Hydride
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NSROC NASA Sounding Rocket Operations Contract
NSRP NASA Sounding Rockets Program
ORSA Ogive Recovery System Assembly
PCD Power Control Distribution
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
PI Principal Investigator
PIR Pre-Integration Review
RDM Requirements Definition Meeting
RHC Right Hand Circular
RLG Ring Laser Gyro
RMFT Reprogrammable Multi-Function Timer
RMMO Range and Mission Management Office
RMS Root Mean Square
RNRZ Randomized Non-Return to Zero
RSM Range Safety Manual
SGI Silicon Graphics
SLIT Solar Likeness Indicating Transducer
SME Significant Military Equipment
SOQPSK Shaped Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
SPARCS Solar Pointing Attitude Rocket Control System
SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
SPS Separable Pneumatics System
SPS Samples per Second
SRWG Sounding Rocket Working Group
SSOPD Sub-orbital and Special Orbital Projects Office
ST Star Tracker
T&E Test and Evaluation
TAA Technical Assistance Agreement
TM Telemetry
TTC Telemetry, Tracking, Command
UMFT USB Reprogrammable Multifunction Timer
USML US Munitions List
VAB Vehicle Assembly Building
VCO Voltage-controlled oscillator
WAASP Wallops Accelerometer & Attitude Sensor Package
WFF Wallops Flight Facility
WSMR White Sands Missile Range
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810-HB-SRP

NASA Sounding Rockets User Handbook

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

1.3 Sounding Rocket Program Customer’s Role................................................................................... 14

1.4 Sounding Rocket Project Support Elements .................................................................................. 15

SECTION 2: The Sounding Rocket Mission Lifecycle......................................................................... 22

2.2 Requirements Definition Phase .................................................................................................... 25

2.8 Integration and Testing (I&T) Phase .............................................................................................. 27

2.9 Mission Readiness Review (MRR) ................................................................................................. 28

SECTION 3: Sounding Rocket Launch Vehicles and Performance Capabilities ................................... 32

3.3 Boost Guidance System (BGS)....................................................................................................... 36

Section 4: Sounding Rocket Payload Design Considerations............................................................. 38

4.3 Other Payload Design Considerations ........................................................................................... 40

SECTION 5: Payload Systems ........................................................................................................... 42

5.2 Attitude Instrument Systems Common to Several ACS's ................................................................ 44

5.3 Onboard Sensors and Instruments................................................................................................ 49

5.4 Transmitters ................................................................................................................................ 53

5.8 In-Flight Event Timing Systems ..................................................................................................... 55

5.9 Trajectory Measurement Systems ................................................................................................ 56

5.10 Mechanical Systems & Mechanisms ............................................................................................. 57

5.11 Recovery Systems ........................................................................................................................ 58

5.11.2 Water Recovery............................................................................................................................................. 58

5.12 Attitude Control Systems (ACSs) ................................................................................................... 59

SECTION 6: Environmental Testing Policies ..................................................................................... 79

6.2 Testing Equipment and Capabilities .............................................................................................. 79

6.2.11.1 Capabilities at WFF ................................................................................................................................... 89

6.4 Component Testing ...................................................................................................................... 95

SECTION 7: NASA/GSFC/WFF Safety Policy and Responsibilities ...................................................... 96

7.3 Ground Safety Plan (GSP) ............................................................................................................. 99

7.5 Safety Analysis Report ............................................................................................................... 101

SECTION 8: Launch Operations.......................................................................................................103

8.3 Foreign Ranges .......................................................................................................................... 106

8.3.6 Postal Service ................................................................................................................................................... 108

8.4 Mobile Range Operations ........................................................................................................... 108

SECTION 9: Data Processing and Analysis .......................................................................................111

SECTION 10: Wallops Flight Facility ................................................................................................114

10.2 Working at Wallops – Rules, Regulations, and Logistics ............................................................... 120

10.3 Foreign Nationals ....................................................................................................................... 123

E.2 Improved Orion Launch Vehicle (30.XXX) .................................................................................... 139

E.3 Black Brant X Launch Vehicle (35.XXX) ........................................................................................ 141

E.4 Black Brant IX Launch Vehicle (36.XXX) ....................................................................................... 143

E.5 Terrier-Improved Orion Launch Vehicle (41.XXX) ........................................................................ 148

E.6 Terrier-Improved Malemute Launch Vehicle (46.XXX) ................................................................. 151

E.7 Black Brant XI-A Launch Vehicle (51.XXX).................................................................................... 154

E.8 Black Brant XII-A Launch Vehicle (52.XXX)................................................................................... 156

Appendix F: PCM/FM and FM/FM Telemetry Systems ............................................................................ 158

Appendix G Comparison and Performance of Various Battery Systems .................................................... 162

Appendix I: Sounding Rocket Launch Ranges .......................................................................................... 166

Appendix K: Radar Data Format 1.1.2155 ............................................................................................... 179

SECTION 1: The NASA Sounding Rocket Program (NSRP)

1.1 The Program: 1959 – the Present

1.2 NASA Organizational Responsibilities

1.2.1 Program Management

1.2.2 Sounding Rocket Working Group (SRWG)

1.3 Sounding Rocket Program Customer’s Role

1.3.2 Payload and Instrumentation

1.4 Sounding Rocket Project Support Elements

Mission Initiation Conference (MIC)

Requirements Definition Meeting (RDM)