Abstract-A Compact Triple-Band H-Shaped Slot Antenna Fed by Mi
Abstract-A Compact Triple-Band H-Shaped Slot Antenna Fed by Mi
Abstract-A Compact Triple-Band H-Shaped Slot Antenna Fed by Mi
I. INTRODUCTION
With the growing demand of positioning, navigation, and WLAN
access on mobile phone, antennas on handheld devices are needed to Fig. 1. Configuration of H-shaped slot antenna fed by microstrip coupling. The
ground size is , and the distance from slot to edge is ,
support multiple bands of GPS (1.575 GHz) and Wi-Fi (2.4–2.485
(a) panoramic view, (b) top view.
GHz and 5.15–5.85 GHz). Handheld devices are preferred to be
thinner, leaving less space to accommodate separate antennas. More-
over, metal casing near conventional antennas, such as monopoles
and T-shaped monopole slots is proposed to achieve multiple bands
and inverted-F antennas, tend to reduce their bandwidth and radiation
for GSM/WCDMA/WLAN. In [18], three monopole slots are placed
efficiency. Hence, slot antennas become attractive for mobile devices,
at proximity to provide multiple wide bands for WWAN applications.
especially for those with metal casing.
Adding triangular patch to triangular ring slot antenna has been demon-
The bandwidth of slot antennas can be increased by altering the
strated dualband characteristic [19]. These approaches also take a large
shapes of the slots, the main radiating elements. Larger slot indicates
area or become too complicated to implement on small devices. In [20],
larger radiating area and a lower -factor, which implies a wider band-
a tunable dual-band slot antenna is designed by varying the capacitance
width [1]. With proper design, various structures or shapes of slot an-
of a varactor across the slot.
tennas have been proposed to achieve a wide bandwidth, including cir-
Several triple-band slot antennas have also been developed. For ex-
cular shape [2], elliptical shape [3], triangles [4], and fractal [5].
ample, a CPW-fed dipole-like slot antenna is reported to have three
In some cases, the feeding microstrip functions as a monopole an-
nearly uncoupled bands with wide tuning ranges [21]. In [8] and [9], a
tenna, contributing extra bandwidth to the plain slot antennas [6]–[9].
pair of strips are embedded in the inner edge of the slot to create addi-
A wide slot may also support more resonant modes, and two nearby
tional resonance and to interact with the feeding monopole to achieve
resonant modes can be merged to form a wider bandwidth [10], [11].
triple bands. However, the size of these triple-band slot antennas is
In [12], a wide-slot antenna is fed by a fork-shaped microstrip line, and
large if the 1.575 GHz band is to be covered.
the bandwidth can be optimized by tuning the stubs. An L-shaped slot
In this work, a compact triple-band H-shaped slot antenna is pro-
fed by a W-shaped stub has been designed to increase its bandwidth
posed, which can be used for GPS and Wi-Fi applications. Unlike [8]
[13]. Adding parasitic elements to the microstrip feed line can serve
and [9], in which strips are used to create additional resonances, our de-
the same purpose [14]. However, these designs require large area for
sign combines a narrow-width rectangular slot and a strip monopole to
slot, hence is not suitable for handheld devices.
generate four resonant modes, including the fundamental modes of the
It is a challenging task to design a small yet wideband slot antenna to
monopole and the rectangular slot, as well as their high-order modes.
cover 1.575 to 5.85 GHz. Multiband slot antenna is an alternative solu-
These resonant modes will be highlighted by their current or electric
tion, which is usually designed using multiple slots [15]–[18]. In [15],
field distributions. Simulations are conducted to better understand the
multiple bandwidths are achieved with two independent slots. Two ad-
antenna behavior, to tune their resonant frequencies, and to optimize
jacent open-ended slots, also called monopole slots, resonate at
the bandwidth. The radiation patterns and antenna efficiencies are also
and exhibit multiple bands [16]. In [17], a combination of E-shaped
presented.
Manuscript received December 16, 2012; revised March 16, 2013; accepted II. ANTENNA CONFIGURATION
April 20, 2013. Date of publication May 13, 2013; date of current version July Fig. 1 depicts the configuration of the H-shaped slot antenna, which
31, 2013. This work was supported in part by Foxconn and in part by the Na-
tional Science Council, Taiwan, ROC, under contract NSC 100-2221-E-002-
is fabricated on an FR4 substrate ( , ) of thick-
232. ness and 60 mm 60 mm in size, coated with copper on
T.-H. Chang was with the Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, one side. The H-shaped slot can be viewed as a wide aperture of size
National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. He is now with Foxconn, Shenzhen , inserted with two metal strips of dimensions
City, Guangdong Province, China.
and , respectively, leaving two slots of width on both edges of
J.-F. Kiang is with the Department of Electrical Engineering and the Graduate
Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, the aperture. A 50 microstrip line of width is printed
Taiwan (e-mail: [email protected]). on the opposite side to the ground plane on which the H-shaped slot is
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2013.2262666 carved, to couple energy to the slot antenna.
To further analyze the resonance behavior shown in Fig. 2, the cur- IV. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ON PARAMETERS
rent distribution on the inserted strips and the electric field distribution
Variation of the key geometrical parameters, , , and , on
on the slot arms are observed to explain their behaviors. Fig. 3(a) shows
the resonant frequencies is studied by simulation using HFSS. Each
the current distribution on the left strip of dimensions , connected
parameter is varied while keep the others the same.
to the ground plane on the left edge of the aperture. The left strip res-
onates at 1.575 GHz, like a monopole antenna at its fundamental mode.
A. Effect of
The strip is surrounded closely by the ground, over a slot of width ,
incurring strong capacitive effect. Hence, its resonant frequency and The fundamental mode of the slot arm at 2.5 GHz is primarily deter-
bandwidth are reduced. mined by . As shown in Fig. 5, when the slot length is increased from
Fig. 3(b) depicts the current distribution on the strip, of a higher- 44 to 46 mm, the resonant frequency decreases from 2.54 to 2.45 GHz.
order mode at 5.2 GHz. It is a standing wave of one and a half guided Also, as is increased, the distance between the two inserted strips with
wavelength along the strip. The resonant frequencies are mainly deter- lengths and increases as well, thus reducing the capacitive loading
mined by the length , and slightly affected by which is related to on the two strip monopoles. As a consequence, the fundamental and the
a capacitive loading. third-harmonic resonant frequencies of the monopole increase from 1.54
The H-shaped slot can be viewed as a rectangular aperture of dimen- to 1.56 GHz and from 4.96 to 5.28 GHz, respectively. The second res-
sions , perturbed by two strips of dimensions and onant mode of the slot arms at 5.6 GHz is slightly affected.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 61, NO. 8, AUGUST 2013 4347
Fig. 5. Effect of slot dimension , all parameters are the same as in Fig. 2 with Fig. 7. Effect of slot dimension , all parameters are the same as in Fig. 2
, : , : , : . with , : , : , :
.
Fig. 6. Effect of strip length , all parameters are the same as in Fig. 2 with
Fig. 8. Effect of strip length , all parameters are the same as in Fig. 2 with
, : , : , : .
, : , : , : .
B. Effect of In summary, the lengths and can be tuned to adjust the lowest
Fig. 6 shows that as increases from 4.5 to 5.5 mm, the separa- two resonant frequencies. Usually, the fundamental strip-monopole
tion between the two strips of lengths and is reduced, leading mode has a narrow bandwidth, but is sufficient to cover GPS ap-
to a larger capacitive loading to both strip-monopoles. Hence, the plications. The bandwidth of the first slot mode can be widened by
fundamental and the third-harmonic resonant frequencies of the increasing the slot area, for example, by increasing the width . The
strip-monopoles is decreased from 1.57 to 1.55 GHz and from 5.28 to two higher bands can be fine-tuned with and the microstrip position
5.09 GHz, respectively. In addition, the periphery around the slot is to merge the bands of the third-harmonic mode of the strip-monopole
also increased as increases, hence the second resonant frequency and the second slot mode. The 10-dB impedance bandwidth can be
of the slot arms is decreased from 5.7 to 5.56 GHz. Also note that optimized to cover 5.15–5.825 GHz.
the bandwidth of the slot mode is slightly reduced when increases
because of its reduced radiating aperture area. V. FINAL DESIGN AND RADIATION PATTERNS
A prototype H-shaped slot antenna is fabricated to verify the sim-
C. Effect of ulated results of both the input impedance and the radiation charac-
teristics. Fig. 9 shows the reflection coefficient of this H-shaped slot
Fig. 7 shows the effect of on the resonant frequencies. The funda-
antenna. The measurement results match the simulation results reason-
mental mode of the strip-monopoles is not affected by ; instead it is
ably well, the deviation may be caused by fabrication tolerance. Four
mainly determined by . Because , the fundamental mode
resonant modes are excited as expected. Its 10-dB bandwidths cover
of the slot arms is strongly affected by rather than . The outer pe-
1.555–1.5775 GHz (1.5%), 2.395–2.695 GHz (12%), and 4.975–5.935
riphery of the slot is lengthened as is increased, rendering the second
GHz (17%); ready for GPS and Wi-Fi applications.
resonant frequency of the slot reduced from 5.6 GHz. On the other
Fig. 10 shows the radiation patterns at 1.575 GHz. The measurement
hand, the third-harmonic resonant frequency of the strip-monopoles is
and simulation results match reasonably well. The current on the strip
inversely proportional to the effective length of the monopole. It is ob-
and the ground mainly flows in the direction. The electric field on
served that the higher-order mode is more sensitive to the antenna di-
the slots has and components, accounting for the and com-
mensions than the fundamental mode.
ponents of the radiation patterns. The component on the -plane
is nearly omnidirectional, with variations within 3 dB. Note that the
D. Effect of
strip monopole is surrounded by the ground, its gain is about 0.2 dBi
When the strip length is increased, the resonant frequencies of at 1.575 GHz; and the peak gain is 0.26 dBi, at 1.565 GHz.
the fundamental and the third-harmonic of the strip-monopoles are de- Fig. 11 shows the radiation patterns at 2.5 GHz. Again, the measure-
creased, as shown in Fig. 8. The resonant frequencies of the slot modes ment and simulation results match fairly well. The measured antenna
are rarely affected, and only the input impedance of the second slot gain is about 3.5 dBi. The radiation patterns are contributed by the slot
mode, at 5.6 GHz, is affected. arms laid on the -plane with strong component. The pattern
4348 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 61, NO. 8, AUGUST 2013
Fig. 12. Radiation patterns, (a) -plane at 5.2 GHz, (b) -plane at 5.2 GHz,
(c) -plane at 5.8 GHz, (d) -plane at 5.8 GHz, : measured , :
measured , : simulated , : simulated , all parameters
are the same as in Fig. 9.
Fig. 10. Radiation patterns at 1.575 GHz, (a) -plane, (b) -plane, :
measured , : measured , : simulated , : simulated
, all parameters are the same as in Fig. 9.
Fig. 13. Total efficiency, all parameters are the same as in Fig. 9, : mea-
surement, : simulation.
TABLE I
AVERAGE TOTAL EFFICIENCY AND PEAK GAIN
Fig. 11. Radiation patterns at 2.5 GHz, (a) -plane, (b) -plane, : mea-
sured , : measured , : simulated , : simulated
, all parameters are the same as in Fig. 9.
the average, the highest, and the lowest, respectively, over the 10-dB [16] C.-I. Lin and K.-L. Wong, “Printed monopole slot antenna for internal
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A Compact Dual-Polarized Double -Shaped Patch
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