THE

TEEASUEY OF BOTANY.

PART I.
 LONDON
PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO.
NEW-STREET SQUARE
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RON DAI
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THE
.-fc^f.
TREASURY OF BOTANY:
$ fitpta gwiioranr
OF

THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM;

"WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED

A GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

JOHN LINDLEY# PV£W,F.K.S., F.L.S.

Late Emeritus Professor of Botany in University College, London
Author of ' The Vegetable Kingdom
AND

"•.THOMAS" MOORE, F.L.S.

Curator of the Ctielsea Botanic Garden Author of Index Tilicum
;
;
'
' and
Co-EditoT'of The Gardeners' Chronicle.'
'

ASSISTED BY NUMEROUS CONTRIBUTORS.

ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS WOODCUTS BY FITCH AND BRANSTON

AND STEEX ENGRAVINGS BY ADEARD.

PARTS. - PART
"
IN TWO

LONDON :
:

-V
Cfl ,

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

1866.
v^A
 a

PKEFACE.

The object which it was proposed to accomplish by the publication of this

Treasury op Botany, was to bring together, into the form of a Dictionary,
a concise account of all the Plants concerning which a general reader was
likely to seek for information adding thereto, where practicable, longer
;

notices of the more remarkable species, together with such popular matter
as would give interest to the otherwise dry technical character of generic
or specific descriptions. This information was to be diversified by wood-
cuts, and illustrated by views of scenery, representing the peculiar physio-
gnomy of vegetation in different parts of the world.

The genera under which botanists have arranged the subjects of the Vege-
table Kingdom are however, as is well known, so numerous, that they could

not be allincluded in a moderate-sized textbook like the present and ;

hence selection became" a necessity. In the choice of subjects, it has been

made an especial object that none of the more important plants, whether
in regard to their utility, their beauty, or their interest to botanical students,
should be overlooked; although it is to be. borne in mind that, in a
progressive science like Botany, some omissions, such as of genera first
made known or brought into notice during the progress of the work, must
be inevitable.

"What the Treasury oe Botany really comprises, therefore, is a short

history of those genera of plants which are known to possess especial interest
oh account of the medicinal qualities or the economical uses of their species,
or by reason of their beauty or utility as garden plants while to these two
;

groups has been added a still larger one, comprising a selection of genera
serving as representatives of the whole series of Natural Orders and their
subdivisions. The space devoted to each separate genus is necessarily brief;
and, except in the case of medicinal or economically valuable plants, of
;vhich a rather fuller account is given, the object has been to convey some
notion of the characteristics of genera or families, rather than to attempt an
enumeration, much less a description, of the species of which they consist.
For that a massive Cyclopaedia would have been necessary.

The remaining features comprised in the text of the Treasury are—

Comprehensive Glossary of Botanical Terms, prepared by the late Dr. Lind-
ley an extensive selection of English Names of Plants, arranged, as far as
;
 — ;

\Bxziztc.

possible, under their substantiveterms and a series of French Names both of

;

genera and species, besides a large number of the Local Names of plants and
vegetable productions in different countries throughout the world. In the
Introduction, some excellent observations by Dr. Seemann, descriptive of the
Plates, serve as illustrations of Phyto-Geography.

The style which has been aimed at, and as far as practicable realised, in
the preparation of the several articles, is such that anyone, taking up the
book in an idle hour, may be able to< read a page without being reminded
that he knows nothing about the plants which clothe our beautiful earth
and such also as, it is hoped, will induce in him a desire to increase his know-
ledge concerning them.

The Nomenclature-in-chief (that is to say, the names under which the

articles pertaining to genera are written) is that of Lindley's Vegetable
Kingdom, or Decandolle's Prodromus,so far as those books contain generic
names forming the subject of an article.

The epitome of Botany depends very much on the able

utility of this
assistance which has been afforded, in carrying out the plan thus briefly
I sketched, by the various gentlemen, well-known in their several walks of
1

the science, who consented to become contributors. The following list of

their names, with the signatures adopted, will afford a sufficient guarantee
of the value of their communications. The whole of the articles, of what-
ever kind, without signatures are editorial :

Professor Balfour— [J. H. B.] Mr. R. Heward— [R. H.]

Rev. M. J. Berkeley— [M. J. B.] Rev. C. A. Johns— [C. A. J.]
Mr. A. A. Black-[ A A. B.] Dr. Masters— [M. T. M.]
Mr. W. B. Booth-[\V. B. B.] Dr. Moore— [D. M.]
Professor Buckman— [J. B.] Dr. Seemann— [B. S.]
Mr. W. Carruthers-[W. C] Mr. A. Smith-[A. S.]
Mr. B. Clarke— [B. C] Mr. J. T. Syme— [J. T. S.]
Professor Dickie— [G. D.] Mr. R. Thompson— [R. T.]
Mr. AV.'B. Hemsley-[W. B. H.] Mr. W. Thompson— [W. T.]

In the preparation of the- Illustrations, the work has had the advantage of
the admirable botanical and artistic talent of Mr. W. H. Fitch, by whom the
very expressive though diminished woodcut figures have been drawn. These
have been engraved with great fidelity by Mr. R. Branston while the Plates, ;

reduced by Mr. Adlard from well-known originals, are no less faithful as

pictures of the aspects of vegetation in other lands.

The length of time which is taken up in the passage through the press of
a book of so comprehensive a character, and into which, owing to the small
type adopted, so great an amount of matter is compressed, has on this occa-
sion been unhappily augmented by the complete failure of Dr. Lindley's
health, which took place at an early stage of the progress of the work, and
 Preface.

has not permitted him to witness its completion—for his labours, till lately
so unceasingly devoted to the science of which he stood as one of the
mightiest pillars, were stayed by the stroke of death shortly after this page
had passed into the printer's hands. The plan of the book had, indeed, been
perfected under his supervision, but he was unable to continue his editorial
labours beyond letter C and the superintendence of the subsequent portion
;

has devolved entirely upon the writer of these sorrowing words, who is de-
sirous of expressing not only his own keenly-felt sense of personal bereave-
ment, but the still greater blow which has fallen on botanical science, by
the loss of one of its ablest and most profound expositors.

In a book of so multifarious a character, it can scarcely be expected that

—
mistakes do not occur errors as to matters of fact as well as errors of the
press, notwithstanding that both have been guarded against as far as pos-
sible. The Editor will be grateful to those readers who may be good enough
to point out any such errata* that they may discover, with a view to their
being corrected hereafter, should the patronage of the public lead to the
issue of a subsequent edition.
T.M.
Botanic Gabdejt, Chelsea :

December 1865.

* One such, at p. 731 (line 3 of art. MrcLIACE JE), may be here pointed out, where violal ' has
been priuted for 'rutal.'
 LIST OF PLATES.

I. Epiphytal Rhododendrons op the Himalaya . = Frontispiece

II. Vegetation op the Caroline Islands, on the Out-

skirts op Wood . . . .To
. . face page 190

III. Antiaris and Cofpee Plantation in Java . 74

IT. Vegetation of Bamboos in Java . 120

V. Vegetation of New South Wales, near Port Jackson, „ 1239

VI. Forest on Guahan, one of the Marianne Islands . „ 3G8

Vll. coral Reef in the Carolines . 1157

vill. Vegetation of Teneriffe, with succulentEuphorbias „ 476

IX. Vegetation of Java— Tree-Ferns in the Foreground,

a Forest op Amentace^: in the Distance . . „ 494

X.
of Ualan ........
Swampy Forest, with Banyan Trees, in the Island
1139

XL Vegetation
Caldera .........
op the Canary Islands— View in the
89

XII.

XIII.
......
Vegetation op the Cinchona Forests op Peru, with
Palms and Tree-Ferns

.......
Vegetation of Java
284

840

xrv. Mountain Vegetation op Java „ 956

XV. Vegetation of New Holland— an Acacia 'Scrub' . „ 5

XVI. Vegetation of Kamtschatka, with tall Umbelli-

fers— a Birch Forest in the Distance . . „ 1189

! XVII. Cactus Vegetation on the Banks of the Gila, New

Mexico 256

XVlll. Hyph^ne or Doum Palm-trees in Upper Egypt . „ 612

Arctic America ....,.„

XIX. Vegetation on the Ice-Cliffs in Kotzebue Sound,

XX. Holy Cross Abbey, covered with Ivy .

1026

572
 —

ILLUSTKATIONS OF PHYTO-GEOGKAPHY.

The Plates of -which the following pages furnish explanations, have been prepared
with the view of showing some of the more remarkable aspects of the vegetation
which clothes the surface of the earth in different parts of our planet. From these
examples, which have been selected from a variety of sources, a tolerably adequate
notion may be formed of the nature of the luxuriant and diversified leafage to be
met with in tropical forests ; while some knowledge may also be obtained of the
quaint succulent vegetation which is scattered over the rocky arid wastes of the Sew j

World of the
; scarcely more abundant, and much less developed, clothing to be
found on arctic cliffs ; of the peculiar tree-growth of the Australian continent; and
of the characteristics of various other well-marked centres of plant life, the peculiar
features of which are pointed out in the descriptive notice of each Plate.

EPIPHYTAL RHODODENDRONS OF I
right hand and on the left hand of the
THE HIMALAYA. j
devious path, the old trees and bushes are
I
seen breast high or branching overhead,
(Plate I.— Frontispiece.) I
whilst the seedlings cover every mossy
I
bank. At 13,000 feet the flanks of the
[REFERENCE. Rhododendron I/alhousice.'] snowy mountains glow with the blood-red
blossoms of Rhododendron fulgens, whilst
The focus of the genus Rhododendron the beauty of R. campanulatum and the
seems to be East Nepal and the Sikkim great elegance and delicacy of the white
Himalaya mountains. It is there we find bells of R. campylocarpum excite the more
the species most numerous and their admiration from their being found in such
flowers of the greatest size and most regions of fog and rain. Some kinds grow
brilliant tints. The genus chiefly prevails habitually as epiphytes, among them R.
between 10,000 and 14,000 feet above the |
Dalhousice figured in our frontispiece, and
sea-level, its several species composing one of the many noble introductions for
three-fourths of the vegetation above the which we are indebted to the labours of
forest region (12,000 feet). There Rhodo- the indefatigable Dr. J. D. Hooker. R. Dal-
dendron wood supplies the native with housim is a slender straggling shrub, six
fuel, and, from its tough nature and to eight feet high, with oblong leaves, and
property of being easily worked, with white bell-shaped fragrant flowers with a
many domestic utensils, poles for his tent, I
delicate rosy tinge. It is generally grow-
stools, saddle, bowl and spoon. The bark |
ing, like many tropical orchids, amongst
is used as that of the birch is in the Arctic moss, with ferns and Aroidew, upon the
regions, and the leaves serve as plates and I
limbs of large trees, at from 6,000 to 9,000
wrappers for butter, curd, and cheese. It j
feet above the sea, in a region of fogs,
is the traveller's constant companion moisture, and rain, in sight of the snow-
throughout every day's march ; on the I
capped peaks of the Himalaya. [B. S.]
 — J

JHusttrattang at pj)j)tG--#nnjrap?)g,
fabulous accounts propagated about this
VEGETATION OF THE CAROLINE IS- famous poison plant by the early travel-
LANDS, ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF lers. There is no sign of the extreme
sterility of the ground in the vicinity of
WOOD. the poison trees, which was said for a
(Plate II.)
considerable distance round to produce
[REFERENCE. a. Artocarpus incisa; b. Cala-
neither grass nor any other vegetable.
dium; c. Pandamis odoratissimus in fruit; Nor can it, with such surroundings, be
d. Crimwm; e. Tree- Fern. true that, if the tree be pierced, those
standing to windward would quickly be
This illustration introduces us into a suffocated by its noxious effluvia, or that
valley of the island of Ualan, Caroline birds which fly over a recently wounded
Archipelago, where, without much labour, tree would meet the same fate. These and
the level land has been brought into a similar fables, Bennett and others have ex-
certain state of cultivation, being planted plained by transferring the odium to the
principally with those products of the marshy and unwholesome exhalations of
island which furnish food. Bread-fruit parts of the Indian Archipelago to which
trees, bananas, two gigantic species of state criminals, and especially those of the
Caladium, and the Tahitian sugar-cane highest class, were sometimes banished,
grow here so intermingled that there is and where they speedily died of malaria,
some difficulty in determining whether and not, as the vulgar believed, of the
there has been any arbitrary plantation or emanations of the Upas tree. The poison-
not. The Bread-fruit tree (Artocarpus in- ous nature of the Antiaris toxicaria,
cisa) on the left-hand side is quite a young stripped of all exaggeration, is, however,
specimen, just beginning to bear fruit. sufficiently powerful and deadly to make
The plantains and bananas of this place great precaution necessary. Dr. Horsfield
belong to four varieties, the specific types had some difficulty in inducing the inhabi-
of which are Musa paradisaica and Musa tants of Java to assist him in collecting
sapientum. Of the two larger Caladiums the juice which he required for his experi-
(fig. b) one is allied to, if not identical with, ments, as they feared a cutaneous eruption
the well-known C. macrorrhizum, the root and inflammation, resembling, according to
of which is used as an article of food. A the account they gave of it, that produced
third smaller species is the Caladium by the Rhus vernix of Japan, and the Rhus
esculentum, the Kalo or Taro of the South radicans of North America but they were
;

Sea Islands. Pandanus odoratissimus, the only affected by a slight heat and itching
Screw-pine, so called from its leaves being of the eyes. In clearing new grounds for
arranged like the windings of a screw, and cultivation, in which the Upas tree occurs,
its fruits having somewhat the outward it is with difficulty the inhabitants can be
appearance of pine-cones, is seen on the made to approach the Upas, as they dread
right-hand side of our illustration. Close the cutaneous eruption which it is known
to it will be seen the Morinda citrifolia, to produce when newly cut down. But
having a pale-green foliage and a whitish except when the tree is largely wounded,
edible fruit of poor flavour. To the most or when it is felled, by which a consider-
prominent plants of this island belongs the able portion of the juice is disengaged,
widely-diffused Draccena terminalis, com- the effluvia of which, mixing with the
monly used for hedges. A fine Crinum atmosphere, affect persons exposed to it
with massive leaves grows isolated about with the symptomsjust mentioned, the tree
the outskirts of the forests anda Maranta,
:
may be approached and ascended like the
growing gregariously, abounds. Almost other common trees of the forests. [B. S.]
in the very centre of our picture are seen
tree-ferns and just above them the Termi-
;

nalia Catappa, the horizontal branches of

which form distinctly marked stories
around the erect steins, imparting to the
tree the aspect of a pine tree, and to the
landscape a very peculiar and well-marked VEGETATION OF BAMBOOS IN
feature. [B. S.J JAVA.
(Plate IV.)

Those who compare the small meadow

grasses of northern couutries with the tall
ANTIARI3 AND COFFEE PLANTATION cocoa-nut trees of the tropics will probably
IN JAVA. think it fanciful that botanists should
proclaim the plebeian grasses to approach
(Plate III.) in their external structure, as well as their
internal organisation, nearest to the palms,
A glance our illustration, taken from
at termed by the illustrious Linnaeus, the
Blume's magnificent Rumphia, showing Princes of the Vegetable Kingdom. But
the An&iaria tomeoria or Upas tree of Java, this dictum of science will appear less
surrounded by coffee plantations and other fanciful wheu the huge bamboo, as the
indications of human industry, at once noblest representative of the grasses, with
disproves many of the exaggerated and its tree-like trunk fit for fuel and building
 —

Snus'tratt'ond ai pf;»tti=(gc0cjrapt)ij. Xlll

purposes, and its light feathery foliage, is trunks, grass-like leaves, and tall rod-like
placed by the side of some small rattau as scapes of flowers. We
can still revel
'

the representative of the palms. Indeed amongst leafless Acacias, Metrosideros,

.
grasses are regarded l>y many eminent strange forms of Proteacece, and Australian
botanists as a sort of palm of lower grade. Bignonias visit forests where the trees
;

In habit the two natural orders have much shed their bark instead of their leaves, and
in common their leaves are formed upon
: all the leaves are turned edgeways or cast
;

exactly the same plan, the only difference our eyes over large tracts of country still
!
being that those of the palms are generally wearing the same evergreen, or rather
I
(not always) divided. Even the siliceous brownish-green, mantle which it wore
secretions so characteristic of grasses, are when Captain Cook and his naturalists first
observable in rattans whilst about their
I

;
; set foot on the shores of Port Jackson,
flowers, it may be said that those of the then the unknown haunt of a few lawless
. grasses are those of the palms, with the savages, now the capital of Australia and
floral envelopes removed and only the the seat of the Governor-General. Unger,
bracts remaining. The group on the in his ' New Holland in Europe,' has shown
j
right-hand side of our plate affords a good us that at one period of the earth's history
manner in which bain-
illustration of -the there flourished in Europe a vegetation
boos grow. They delight in humid local i- very similar to that still beheld in Aus-
j ties,and are the ornament of most tropical tralia ; but that the whole of it has been
rivers, often forming impenetrable thick- swept away, to make room for other vege-
ets,the favourite retreat of wild animals. table forms, leaving no trace behind
Their young shoots come up like aspara- except what is recorded in the great stone-
gus, and in many Eastern countries are
J

| book of nature. Viewed in this light, the

picked and preserved. The growth of the vegetation of New Holland is highly in-
stem is rapid in the extreme. Bambusa structive. It is a faithful picture of what
gigantca was found to grow 25 feet the aspect of the flora of our planet must
9 inches in length during the thirty-one have been ages ago ; and on paying a visit
days of July, 1833, when it was measured to Australia,we are as it were transporting
inthe Calcutta Botanic Garden; and in ourselves back to antehistorical periods.
I the Botanic Garden at Glasgow the same The effect which such an inspection pro-
i
plant was ascertained to rise one foot in duces on one's mind is very singular. It
i
twenty-four hours so that an attentive
: kindles within feelings of curiosity, but
;
observer could actually see a bamboo grow no sympathy. We delight in bright green
I
as plainly as he could see the movements foliage, sweet-smelling flowers, and fruits
'

of the hands of a watch. [B. S.] with some kind of taste in them. But we
have here none of all that. The leaves are
of a dull green colour, the flowers have no
smell, and the fruits, without any excep-
tion, are tasteless and insipid. Not a single
edible plant has the whole of Australia
added to our tables, and Europeans who
VEGETATION OP NEW SOUTH should have to rely upon what Australian
WALES, NEAR PORT JACKSON. vegetation can supply for their food, would
have to share the melancholy fate of Burke
(Plate V.) and Wills when they tried to eke out their
existence by eating the wretched Nardoo
[REFERENCE. a. Banksia; b. Xanthorrkcea.] seeds of the Australian swamps. [B. S.J

The view here presented is that of Port

Jackson as it was when the illustrious
Bauer visited it, rather than as it is at the
present day, when Sydney has become a
large magnificent city, and its wealthy
inhabitants have scattered elegant villas FOREST ON GUAHAN, ONE OF THE
and country-seats all over the neighbour-
hood, when thousands of Araucarias have
MARIANNE ISLANDS.
been planted to give variety to the mono- (Plate VI.)
tony of the Australian vegetation, and
when foreign trees, shrubs, and weeds are
as fast taking the place of native produc-
[Reference. — Ficus with suspended roots;
a.
b Cycas circinalis ; c. Cordia ; d. Cycas
tions as the white race has usurped that circinalis,old and branched ; e. Cerbera
of the black. Yet there is still a great Odollam ? ; f Gigantic Ficus ; g. Slender
deal of the original vegetation left. Even leaved tandanusf\
in Sydney itself, much that is seen in the
parks and gardens consists of gum trees As far as the Mariannes are represented
and other Myrtacece, which the hand of by Guahan, the most extensive and south-
j
man has not planted. We
need not go far ernmost of these islands, they are at once
from the town still to see Banksias with distinguished, from the more northern
their thick coriaceous leaves and singular Caroline group by their dry climate, which
flower-heads so much like a grenadier's imparts to the whole country the look of
cap, or to come across the much more a steppe. The month of March, in which
singular gra=3 trees, with their charred our illustration was taken, is evidently the
 ;

XIV MlusttYRtiani at 13f)gta--<&e0grap|)2.

dry season everywhere is aridity, very
;
CORAL REEF IN THE CAROLINES.
few trees with fresh foliage are seen in the
forest, and perhaps the third part of all is
(Plate VII.)
quite leafless. The sea-shores are either
kept supplied with moisture by rivulets [REFERENCE.— a. Myrtaceous tree; b. Scaevola ;
from the interior, and then overgrown c.Tournefortia ; d. Cocoa-nut Palms ; e.Ar-
with Bruguiera and other Mangroves or ; locarpus incisa ; f. Tournefortia ; g. Pan-
they are sandy, and in that case distinguish- danus odoratissimus.']
ed by two forms very characteristic of this
island— Cycas circinalis, very common here- Imagine a chain of comparatively long
abouts, and a shrubby pyram idal Casuariiia, narrow sandbanks, hardly elevated above
which is again met with in the upper the level of the ocean, having a general
steppes of the interior. Banks of coral horseshoe-like outline, and sheltered
surround the shores on all sides, making against the waves by a coral reef surround-
this larger island, as the high Carolines, ing the whole. Everywhere within the
appear like mountains risen in the centre latter the water is shallow; the bottom,
of extensive coral plains. The plain, shown consisting of coral sand, is evidently rising
in our illustration, though destitute of and gradually becoming dry land, so that
springs, is nevertheless covered with fine the open narrow channels crossing the long
tall trees, and, although thorny underwood ridge of land and dividing it into several
abounds, is on the whole tolerably easy to islands, will in time disappear. The present
penetrate. True, there are occasionally view represents one of these channels.
considerable thickets of luxuriant Cycas, Standing at the extremity of one island,
as shown in the centre of our illustration, we look across upon the other. On the
a few old trees of considerable height form- right we have an expanded view of the
ing an agreeable contrast with this rather reef, distant about 200 paces, and behind it
chaotic group of saplings. Amongst them the surf of the ocean on the left we be-
;

are a few branching apparently very old hold the basin of unequal depth, surround-
specimens, as seen on the left of our plate. ed by the horseshoe-like chain, where the
The forest trees include one distinguished prospect is closed by a few islets of this
by its slender growth and thick foliage (the selfsame chain. Such coral islands, but
leaves resembling those of the ash), which recently risen above the sea-level, exhibit
vernacularly is termed Pai-pai,' and es-
' no trace of that vegetation which esta-
teemed on account of its extremely hard blishes itself on the older ones. The first
wood. The same remark applies to another green appearing on the hitherto naked
tree of similar aspect, the leaves of which sand invariably consists of shrubby Sccevo-
are, however, more like those of the myrtle, las with small white flowers, which after-
whilst the bark is pale yellow. A screw- wards form also the principal brushwood
pine, Pandanus, though isolated, is rather of the shores, and a specimen of which is
common. It does not seem to differ essen- represented in thecentreof theforeground.
tially from Pandanus odoratissimus, and is The rich juicy foliage of this plant may be
conspicuous by its slender undulated I
well suited to the formation of vegetable
branches, and long narrow leaves, of which j
mould, in which afterwards a more diver-
there are comparatively few in each crown. I
sified vegetation finds a home. Next fol-
Several species of Cordia exhibit their j
lows a Tournefortia, common in all the
gigantic growth, and are in the dry season islands of these seas, which assumes more
but sparingly clad with leaves; here and the look of a small tree, and has a less
there their stem is surrounded by a net- bushy habit the silvery grey colour of its
;

work of creepers. But the most striking leaves forms a strong contrast with the
of all the trees is a huge species of Fig, the fresh light green of the Scozvola. A young
representative of the banyan in this place. specimen of this exclusively littoral plaut
It differs evidently in every respect from is seen on the right-hand side of the fore-
that of Ualan, the height of which it no- ground, and an older one in the distance.
where seems to attain. Its comparatively Close by will be noticed the delicate f ol iage
tall stem has the appearance of a gigantic of another probably myrtaceous shrub pe-
bundle of sticks, the component parts of culiar to the outskirts of these forests an :

which must be considered as being curious- old fully grown specimen of it is seen in
ly twisted around each other, and grown the foreground to the left. In the out-
together into a compact mass. On the skirts of the forest at a distance are found,
upper end of this rather conical bundle besides theexclusivelylittoralplants, other
spreads out like an umbrella a crown form- half-shrubby trees. Two specimens of
ed of fantastically twisted branches, which Pandanus odoratissimus, so common in all
has numerous fine leaves of a dark rather these islands, will easily be recognised by
greyish-green. The tree seen on the right- their peculiar habit. Their trunks exhibit
hand side of the foreground is a smaller numerous crowns. On the right-hand side
species of fig, the aerial roots of which of the smaller specimen to the left are seen,
have quite the look of creepers. Elegant besides the low Scwvola and the just-men-
ferns cover its branches. There is also a tioned Myrtacea, a species of Hibiscus,
species of Cerbera, frequently met in the with cordate leaves and dark carmine-
Caroline, Marianne, and Bonine Islands coloured flowers, which either occurs as a
it resembles in growth and in its leaves shrub or small tree and above it a Calo-
;

he Terminalia Catappa, but its principal phyllum, which in other places becomes a
ranches are more rectangular. [B. S.] stately forest tree, and has a dark green
 I

£lltts'tratt0ng of }3t)j)t0--<©c03nqpV)g. XV

foliage. Immediately behind it rises an great a change in everything surrounding

isolated cocoa palm, and more to the right him, that he can hardly believe himself to
a young specimen of Barringtonia spedosa, be in the same island. Instead of the sul-
one of the most beautiful trees of this try heat and clammy atmosphere, he now
region, but which grows less freely in these inhales a pure cool air which exercises a
I , coral islands. Groups of cocoa-nut palms, delightful reaction upon his spirits. Moun-
II which suffer little underwood to spring tain streams of delicious coolness are met
II up, show themselves here, and through with at every step, and a bright ver.dure is
I
i
these may be seen the other end of the spread over hill and dale. Our illustration
I
forest, a proof of the limited extent of introduces us to a view in the mountains
1
1 such an island as this. In its centre, where of Java, where a large waterfall dashing
j
the accumulation of vegetable mould has over the edge of high perpendicular rocks,
I been going on the longest, stately forest looking like a stream of silver from a dis-
i I trees have already found a home, among tance, diffuses an unusual amount of mois-
them a large Eugenia with lanceolate ture, and favours a great luxuriance of
leaves, and fruits about the size of a large vegetation. Ferns, especially tree-ferns,
plum of a pale green colour tinged with those palm-like plants, unrivalled in their
red, and several bread-fruit trees {Artocar- grace and beauty by any other members of
pusincisa) of considerable height. [B. SJ the vegetable kingdom, are here plentiful,
and attain often forty to seventy feet in
height, their fronds measuring several
yards in length. The background of this
view is filled by a variety of amentaceous
trees, chiefly species of evergreen oaks and
Castanopsis, growing gregariously together
VEGETATION" OF TENERIFFE, WITH as do their congeners in more temperate
climates. [B. S.]
SUCCULENT EUPHORBIAS.
(Plate VIII.)

Ourillustration introduces us to a wild

rocky glen, a barranco, on the east coast
of Teneriffe, Canary Islands, where succu- SWAMPY FOREST, WITH BANYAN
1
1 lent cactus-like Euphorbias (E. canariensis TREES, IN THE ISLAND OF UALAN.
I and piscatoria), arborescent Composite and
i Rubiacece are the leading plants. The ve- (Plate X.)
getation has a glaucous look. The Euphor-
bia canariensis, with its straight stiff [Reference.— a. Spiny Cyperaceous plant;
branches, all springing from the root, is 6.Ficus, with root-covered trunk ;c. Epi-
phytal Freyeinetia ; d. Barringtonia acu-
generally seen on the top of rocks and tangula, young plants ; e. Cordia ; f. Tham-
. the very edges of precipices, imparting a nopteris Ntdus, nestling on a fig stem.]
;
peculiar feature to the landscape, and con-
j
trasting strangely with the tree-like Klei- A description of forest peculiar to the
\ nia neriifolia with its long naked branches tropics. The adjacent ground, just above
'
crowded at the top with tufts of leaves, or high-water mark, becomes inundated by
,
Plocama pendula, almost resembling a the high tide forcing back the water dis-
weeping willow, and seen in close proxi- charged by rivers and rivulets. A soil
! mity to a Kleinia in the lowermost right- thu& periodically submerged is never quite
hand corner of our illustration. Pyrethrum dry, and only becomes somewhat firm by
crithmifolium, Conyza sericea, and Periploca the gigantic roots of the trees occupying
laevigata, are three plants also found in this it. In Ualan, these swarnpy forests have a
spot. The whole may be taken as a fair twofold character. Where the underwood
illustration of the aspect of the vegetation consists of the Hibiscus tiliaceus, they a e
of the coast region of the Canary Islands, almost impenetrable ; where this is want-
where herbage is so scanty ?s to afford pas- ing, there is, under the huge bower formed
turage to only a few flocks of goats. [B. S.] by the crown of large trees, a wider pro-
spect. The underwood is composed of nu-
merous small trees, the crowns of which
have not been able to attain the height of
the larger trees, and therefore remained
undeveloped. The greater number of them
belong to Barringtonia acutangula,the fine
drooping flower-bunches of which are often
VEGETATION OF JAVA-TREE-FERNS seen on the ground. The stems are cover-
IN THE FOREGROUND, A FOREST ed with epiphytal ferns amongst them
:

OF AMENTACE.E IN THE DISTANCE. Thamnopteris Nidus, which imparts a strik-

ing character to the landscape. No less
(Plate IX.) ornamental are the isolated Freycinetias,
which in Ualan mostly grow epiphytically,
The traveller in Java, after emerging and are shown quite in the foreground of
from the coast region and ascending to the the picture. The principal features of the
height of 4,000 to 6,000 feet, experiences so
1

plate are gigantic Fig-trees, such a6 are

 — ;

XY1 Sllutftrattona of ^f)sta--(©e0srap5e»

often met with in these forests. Those perpendicular walls of rock 4,000 feet high,
here represented may be assumed as having that glen enjoys, like a garden conserva-
established, above the heads of other trees, tory, a temperature always uniform, allow
a connection with each other by means of ing plants from all heights to flourish in
their branches, as is common in this kind company with each other— the Canarian
of plant throughout India, where entire cedar (Juniperus Cedrus) from the most
forests are formed, the stems of which are elevated mountain ridge, and Kleimanerii-
connected. These latter are the far-famed foliu from the hot coast region. Here may
banyan-trees, regarded in some places, as still be witnessed the strange phenomenon
sacred. Among the wonderful phenomena of date-palms and pine-trees growing in
of the vegetable kingdom, as displayed in the same spot harmoniously together. Leo-
the tropics, they occupy the foremost place. pold von Buch doubted the existence of
The most striking peculiarity of these trees this vegetative harmony, which had been
is their aerial roots, which, springing from mentioned by Viera, one of the earliest
the bark, grow downwards, often from a writers on the Canaries. But the fact is
considerable height, but as soon as they now placed beyond doubt by the united
touch the ground they enter it and form a testimony of Berthelot, Webb, and Bolle.
new stem. They also have, in a prominent But the hand of man, even in this myste-
degree, a tendency to grow together as rious, almost inaccessible workshop of Na-
soon as their different parts come in con- ture, the way to which leads through so
tact with each other, by which is caused many dangers along yawning precipices,
that extremely fantastic shape generally has not spared the Fawns of the wilder-
'

observed in these trees. The present spe- ness' banished hither. It has allowed the
cies differs from other kinds of banyan, Are to accomplish what the axe was not
not only in its astonishing height (our able to do. In September 1852, says Bolle,
illustration shows only the lower parts of there stood only, on one inaccessible rock
the stems), but especially by its drooping near the Barranco del Almendrero Amargo,
aerial roots. These roots, appearing in surrounded by pine-trees, one solitary wild
bundles of tender, originally disconnected palm. Heine's conception of the longing
fibres, gradually grow together, and, after of the two trees, so beautifully expressed
reaching the ground, increase in thickness. in one of his elegies, had here found its
The new stem thus formed soon loses, realisation. [B. S.]
more or less, all traces of its original for-
mation. The height of the whole is so
considerable that the crowns reach above
that of other trees, and here and there
form as it were a forest above a forest.
The spectator, standing below, soon loses
sight of the upper parts of the tree, and VEGETATION OF THE CINCHONA FO-
only notices accidentally the connection RESTS OF PERU, WITH PALMS AND
existing amongst trees which at first view
would seem to be perfectly unconnected.
TREE-FERNS.
It has been found impracticable to show in (Plate XII.)
our plate the foliage of this tree of the ;

crown little was visible, and the leaves are The valley of San Juan del Oro represent-
small and of roundish shape. All the young ed in the accompanying engraving, is a
saplings growing about here are those of continuation of the ravine of Sandia, in
the Barringtonia acutangula, which in the Peruvian province of Caravaya. In
these woods assumes an epiphytal charac- this province great spurs run out from
ter. [B. SJ the main chain of the Cordillera, and gra-
dually subside into the vast plains, cover-
ed with virgin forest and traversed by na-
vigable rivers, which extend to the At-
lantic. These spurs form beautiful valleys,
such as that of San Juan del Oro, which
was once famous for its gold washings.
VEGETATION OF THE CANARY IS- Here torrents and cascades pour down on
LANDS-VIEW IN THE CALDERA. every side into the river flowing through
the valley, and the mountain-sides are
(Plate XI.) clothed with the richest subtropical vege-
tation. Here may be seen gigantic but-
[REFERENCE. a. Pistacia atlantica ; b. Juni- tressed trees, festooned with creepers and
perus Cedrus; c. Phcunix dactylifera; d. fringed with graceful ferns and orchids ;

Laurus indica ; ». Pinus canariensis.] here are tall tree-ferns, bright-flowering

melastomaceous shrubs, and numerous
The Canary Islands are covered with a species of palms. Among them are the
vegetation singularly characteristic of tall chorta, with its hard serviceable wood
their Reo?raphicalposition. It is neither the slender beautiful chiralla {Exderpe) ;

strictly tropical, nor typical of the tempe- the towering muruna (Iriartea), with its
rate zone, but rather a blending of the roots shooting out from eight feet above
forms most peculiar to either. A singular the ground ;and an Astrocaryum with
instance of this is presented to us in Webb's thorny leaves, and a lofty stem thickly set
view of the Caldera. Surrounded by steep 1
with alternate rings of spines. But the
 —

illustration]* af pi)j)tif--<!9cag.rajpl)g. XVll

prevailing: vegetation of this valley, which with botanical treasures. Ferns and or- |

is about 5,000 feet above the sea, consists chids, palms and oaks, bananas and nut- I

of plants of the cinchonaceous order, with megs, vines and convolvuli, and an end-
their graceful foliage and panicles of fra- less host of other plants of which not even
grant flowers. Among them are several the name has penetrated beyond the circle
species of the Cinchona which yields the of scientific botanists, cover its surface.
inestimable bark of commerce. It was in In the illustration before us, the artist has
these lovely Caravayan valleys that Mr. contrived to introduce us to a genus of
Clements Markham made a collection of plants which bears the most gigantic of
cinchona plants for introduction into In- flowers, the famous Rafflesia. Nature has
dia, while he caused other collections of equally divided her gifts by according to
plants and seeds to be made in Northern the New "World the plant with the largest
Peru and Ecuador. Thus the cultivation leaves (Victoria regia), to the Old World
of those precious quinine-yielding trees, that with the largest flowers (Rafflesia Ar-
which were until lately only met with noldi) and it is not a little singular that
;

arrowing wild in such valleys as that of San both these plants, notwithstanding their
Juan delOro, is now successfully establish- prominence, have only been discovered in
ed in our great Indian possessions. The recent times. Rafflesia Arnoldi has flowers
cascarilleros or bark collectors are repre- often three feet across, but, alas it has
!
|

sented in the plate as engaged in packing no leaves. The gigantic flowers are seated |

the bark, previous to its being forwarded on the stems of vines, different, kinds of
to the nearest depot, on the hacks of In- Vitis (Cissus), from which they draw their
dians. [B. S.J nourishment pai-asitically. The species ;

figured in our illustration is Rafflesia Ro-

chasseni, not quite so large as the first-
mentioned species, surrounded by creep-
ing Vanillas, Freycinetias, ferns, and other
VEGETATION OF JAVA. mountain plants. A Dutch gardener, M.
Teysmann,was the first who, by carefully
(Plate XIII.) observing the way in which Rafflesias grow,
succeeded in cultivating and flowering
[REFERENCE. a. Pandanus latifolius; b. Erio- them in the Botanic Garden at Buitenzorg
dendron indicum. ] in Java, and there is reason to hope that
at no distant day we may grow in our hot-
Perhaps one of the most singular genera
houses the largest-flowered plant of the
of plants of the eastern hemisphere is that
eastern, as we do the largest-leaved plant
of the Screw-pines (Pandanus), go called
of the western hemisphere. [B. S.]
from their long narrow sword-shaped
leaves being arranged around the stem
like the windings of a screw, and their
fruits having the outward appearance of
pine cones. In many instances their stem
is branched and tree-like, and in several of
our plates specimens of this mode of VEGETATION OF NEW HOLLAND-
growth may be seen but in some in-
;
AN ACACIA 'SCRUB.
stances the stem is simple, and on the
left-hand side of our present illustration
(Plate XV.)
will be noticed one of the finest and most
robust species inhabiting the island of Among those plants which by beauty and
Java, the Pandayius latifolius. It grows elegance attract our attention, the Acacias
here in company with feathery palms and occupy a prominent place. Few genera
the Eriodendron indicum the latter easi-
; are richer in singular forms, or possess a
ly recognised by its strictly horizontal greater number of truly ornamental spe-
branches, arranged in distinct whorls at cies. Their graceful branches, airy foliage,
certain intervals around the stem, and im- and numerous often fragrant blossoms,
parting to it the look of a coniferous tree. have made them favourites with all those
There are very few plants in the lower who are sensible to the charms of the ve-
coast region of the tropics that have a simi- getable kingdom. Especially the Acacias
lar habit. We can only recall Terminalia called Phyllodinece, are, by their habit,
Catappa, and some Myristicas. [B. S.J their curiously shaped and highly develop-
ed leaf-stalks, the absence of true leaves
in old plants, and their diversified tints,
even if destitute of flowers, objects of
particular interest; and although the spe-
MOUNTAIN VEGETATION OP JAVA. cies with pinnated leaves do not rank so
high in this respect, they are nevertheless
(Plate XIV.)
not destitute of grace or beauty. The ge-
[REFERENCE.— a. Rafflesia Rochusseni ; b. Va- nus Acacia, though now considerably re-
nilla; c. Freycinetia ; d. SelligueaS] duced, contains upwards of 500 species, a
ereat number of which are peculiar to New
Few spots on the globe support a more Holland and the adjacent islands. Indeed,
luxuriant and diversified vegetation than the Phyllodinece are almost exclusively
the island of Java. It is literally teeming Australian, only one species, Acacia Koa,
 — —

xvm Sttusftxntiani of IB^ta^tastii^.

being found north of the Equator in the measure been displaced, on the Kamt-
Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands. The aca- schatka river, by plantations of hemp,
cias are social plants ; woods are often which also attains an astonishing height.
entirely formed of them, a fact which in- In the western plains, however, it abounds
creases the commercial importance of in such quantities as to have preserved its
several species. Our illustration intro- place in the domestic economy of the in-
duces us to a grove of Acacias in Eastern habitants. The forest at the background
Australia, the burying-ground of Milmeri- consists of Betula Ermanni, edged by low
dien. ' On reaching the spot,' says Mit- willows. [B. s ]
chell, in his Three Expeditions into Eastern.
Australia, * the natives became silent and
held down their heads. Nor did their cu-
riosity restrain them from passing on, al-
though I unfolded my sketch-boolc, which
they had not seen before, and remained
there half an hour for a purpose of which CACTUS VEGETATION ON THE BANKS
they could have no idea. The burying- OF THE GILA, NEW MEXICO.
ground was a fairy-like spot, in the midst
of a " scrub " of drooping Acacias. It was (Plate XVII.)
extensive, and laid out in walks, which
were narrow and smooth, as if intended [REFERENCE a. Cereus giganteus.']
only for" sprites," and they meandered in
gracefully curved lines among the heaps The Cactacem or family of Cactuses fur-
of reddish earth which contrasted finely nish perhaps the most singular plants of
with the Acacias and dark Casuarinas the present creation. Though a few spe-
around. Others girt with moss shot far cies are found in the Old World, the bulk
into the recesses of the bush, where slight of this natural order is confined to the
traces of still more ancient graves proved New ; and in no part of America do we
the antiquity of these simple but touching encounter a greater number both of spe-
records of humanity. With all our art, cies and individuals than in Mexico, Cali-
we could do no more for the dead than fornia, and those countries until recently
these poor savages had done.' [B. S.J part and parcel of Mexican territory. In
that region, but seldom visited by refresh-
ing showers of rain, the Cactus is the
leading plant, imparting a peculiar cha-
racter to the landscape. The greater
number of Cactuses are without leaves,
aud the generality present fleshy, globu-
VEGETATION OF KAMTSCHATKA, lar, oblong compressed, or cylindrical
WITH TALL UMBELLIFERS — A
I

|
stems, densely covered with bundles of
BIRCH FOREST IN THE DISTANCE. '
spines. An estimate may be formed of
I the number of these spines, by stating
(Plate XVI.) that a single specimen of an Echinocactus
I
Yisnaga, the Toothpick Cactus, was found
[REFERENCE a. b. Tall species of Nettle ; c. An- [
to have 51 ,000, and a Pilocereus senilis, the
gelica.] Old Man Cactus, 71,000. Yet the specimens
on which they were counted were only
I

Gigantic umbelliferous plants are more such as had been brought over to Eng-
1

characteristic of the grassy plains of land. The giants met with in Mexico and
Kamtschatka than of any other part of surrounding regions have hundreds of
the Bolschaja Reka district. The tallest thousands of spines. Tne favourite haunts
,

among them are the Heracleum dulce (? of Cacti are the mountain ridges which in
and a species of Angelica of surprising tersect or border the Mexican tableland,
dimensions; it abounds in a few level 5,000 to 7,000 feet above the sea. The view
valleys of the western slopes, principally chosen as an illustration of this singular
in the district traversed by the Bannaja vegetation is a landscape on the banks of
Reka, a tributary of the Bolschaja Reka, the river Gila, in the Colorado region of
but is not met with again even in the New Mexico, representing the largest
neighbourhood of its real home. This form of all known Cactacem, the Cereus gi-
stately herb is known throughout the ganteus, which rises like a huge candela-
country by the Russian name of Medwe- brum amongst the rocks and ravines of
'

shie Koren' (Bear's root); its hollow stems that barren wilderness. In front is a
are dark reddish in the autumn. Another specimen which, though already nearly
plant is a tall, always gregariously grow- sixty feet high, is still in vigorous health,
ing nettle (Urtica dioica), which contri- and sending forth young side branches.
butes an essentially characteristic feature On the right, a little towards the back-
to the country, but which does not occur ground, is a specimen in a decaying state,
anywhere in such masses as in these west- showing the form of a woody skeleton
ern districts. It is generally ten feet high. and around them at short distances may
|

Its long stems yield a superior fibre for be seen younger plants in various stages
|

nettle yarn, which in former times was of development. A few Opuntias (Cactuses
I

the only material the Kamtschatkans had with compressed articulated stems), fea-
for fishing-nets lately it has in some
; thery Mimosem, the usual companions of
'
 I

SllttftrattfltuJ of pi;gto-<tosrajpf}g. XIX

Cactus vegetation, affording shelter of ancient columns is evidently copied

I against the sun to the young plants, a from the trunk of the Deleb palm, of "which
I <
couple of Agaves also typical of Mexico, a singular bulging out is oue of the most
and some herbs, are distributed over the striking characteristics whilst the capi-
;

wild tals of the column are, in many instances,

soil, as yet the roving-grouud of the
slavish copies of the crowns of the date-
I

Indian. Young plants of Cereus giganteus

palm, as may be seen in the ancient temple
i i

'

retain a globular shape for several years ;

at Edfoo. The exact geographical range

and thev begin to flower when about ten
i

to twelve feet high. We have actual mea- of Hyphcene thebaica has as yet to be ascer-
I

tained. We know it extends considerably

1 1

sureinent of stems 46 feet high, so that

into Central Af rica,but do not know exactly
j

there is nothing improbable in Colonel

1

Emory's disputed statement that the Cereus where it leaves off, as we have no botanical
attains 50 to 60 feet in height. The stem specimens to decide the question, and have
is thickest at or a little above the
middle, to depend upon the information of travel- j

and tapers upwards and downwards. It is lers not able to discriminate between this i

mostly simple, but the older ones hare species and those allied to it. It is certain,
often a few erect branches. Both stem and however, that there are more than one I

branches are ribbed, almost fluted like co- species of Hyphcene, and that some, of
lumns, and covered with bundles of spines. them at least have a straight cylindrical
The flowers are produced in abundance and unbranched trunk, like that of the
near the summit, and the fruit has a crim- generality of palms. [B. S.J
son-coloured, sweet, but rather insipid
pulp. [B.S.]

VEGETATION ON THE ICE-CLIFFS IN

KOTZEBUE SOUND, ARCTIC AMERICA.
HYPH^XE OR DOUM PALM-TREES
IN UPPER EGYPT. (Plate XIX.)

(Plate XVIII.) The soil of the Arctic region is always

frozen,and merely thaws during the sum-
As the traveller is leaving the lower and mer months a few feet below the surface.
gradually ascending into the upper por- But the thawing is by no means uniform.
tion of Egypt, he meets with the most In peat it extends not deeper than two
characteristic of African trees, in the feet, while in other formations, especially
shape of branched Palms, the famous in sand or gravel, the ground is free from
Hyphcene thebaica. They are seen in their frost to the depth of nearly a fathom. The
full beauty about the cataracts of the Nile, roots of the plants, even those of shrubs
as represented in our plate. The contrast and trees, do not penetrate into the frozen
between these trees and the rest of the subsoil. On reaching it they recoil as if
palm tribe i3 very great. "Whilst most of they touched upon a rock through which
the palms have a straight pole to which at no passage could be forced. It may be sur-
the upper extremity a number of feathery prising to behold a vegetation flourishing
, leaves are attached, we have here a regu- under such circumstances, existing inde-
i
larly branched tree, somewhat like a screw- pendent as it were of terrestrial heat. But
pine or Pandanus, and large fan-shaped surprise is changed into amazement on
! leaves, between which grow large bunches visiting Ko.tzebue Sound, where, on the
I
of light yellow fruits with a thick mealy top of icebergs, herbs and shrubs are
! rind, so much resembling in look and thriving with a luxuriance only equalled in
j
taste real gingerbread as to have conferred more favoured climes. There, from Ele-
I
upon the palm the name of Gingerbread phant to Eschscholtz Point, is a series of
j
tree. In Cairo and other towns of Egypt cliffs from 70 to 90 feet high, whicM present
|
these bunches are exposed for sale in the some striking illustrations of the manner
I
market-places, together with dates, figs, in which Arctic plants grow. As may be
i oranges, and other produce of the country. seen in our plate, three distinct layers
The wood of the tree is used for various compose these cliffs. The lower, as far as
,
domestic purposes; the seed of the fruit is it can be seen above the ground, is ice,
: eaten and the kernels turned into beads
; pure ice, and from 20 to 50 feet high. The
|
for rosaries, and at Kano into toys. From central is clay, varying in thickness from
!
the hieroglyphics we know that it was cul- 2 to 20 feet, and being intermingled with
I
tivated more than 4,000 years ago in and remains of fossil elephants, horses, deer,
|
about Thebes but though always a leading
; and musk oxen. The clay is covered with
I
tree and a most striking object of the peat, the third layer, bearing the vegeta-
Egyptian landscape of the Upper Nile, the tion to which it owes its existence. Every
Hyphcene dova not seem to have exercised, year, during July, August, and September,
as far as we know, any decisive influence masses of the ice melt, by which the up-
upon ancient Egyptian architecture, like permost layers are deprived of support and
the date palm (Phcenix dactylifera) and the tumble down. A complete chaos is thus
j
Deleb palm (Borassusl cethiopum), for in- created; ice, plants, bones, peat, clay, are
i stance, have done. The peculiar swelling mixed in the most disorderly manner. It
 ;

XX $nustratt0ng al ffi)$ta*<StasKz$)£.
is hardly possible to imagine a more gro- tion, however, would convey but a vague
tesque aspect. Here are seen pieces of notion of what the vegetation of the Bri-
peat still covered with lichens, mosses, tish Islands really looked like to one who
and saxifrages there a shoal of earth with
; had nothad an opportunity of familiarising
bushes of willow at one place a lump of
; himself with the nature of the different
clay with Senecios and Polygonums at an-
;
zones, or the character of the types. To
other the remnants of the mammoth, tufts conjure up any idea of what the British
of its hair, and some brown dust which flora really appears like, we should have to
emits the smell peculiar to burial-places, speak of waving corn fields, smiling mea-
and is evidently decomposed animal mat- dows, shady lanes, mossy tombstones, yew-
ter. The foot frequently stumbles over girt churches, gloomy pine woods, purple
enormous osteological remains— some ele- heather, and golden furze— objects which
phant's tusks measuring as much as 12 at once recall scenes and aspects of nature
feet in length, and weighing more than familiarised by the pen of the poet and
240 pounds. Nor is this formation confined the brush of the painter. For that reason
to Eschscholtz Bay. It is observed in vari- we have chosen as one of the most charac-
ous parts of Kotzebue Sound, on the river teristic features of the vegetation of the
Buck land, and in other localities, making British Islands, Holy Cross Abbey covered
it probable that a great portion of extreme with Ivy. This ivy, it is true, is not pecu-
North-Western America is, underneath, a liarly British, butdiffused over the whole
solid mass of ice. With such facts before of Europe in several distinct varieties,
us, we must acknowledge that terrestrial some of which have white, some yellow,
heat exercises but a limited and indirect and some black berries. The yellow-berried
influence upon vegetable life, and that to Ivy is confined to the south of Europe,
the solar rays we are mainly indebted for and is the plant with which in times gone
the existence of those forms which clothe by poets were crowned, and which played
with verdure and gay flowers the surface so prominent a part in the festivals held in
of our planet. [B. S.] honour of Bacchus. The black-fruited va-
riety is much more common, and the one
indigenous to our islands. Though it can-
not claim the distinction of having en-
circled the heads of poets, it has furnished
the theme of many a poet's song, and in
no part of Europe does it thrive with such
HOLY CROSS ABBEY, COVERED WITH luxuriance as in the British Islands, espe-
IVY. cially in Ireland, where, favoured by a hu-
mid and mild climate, it ascends the tops
(Plate XX.) of the highest trees, covers with its thick
evergreen foliage rocks and walls, and
It now, thanks to the indefatigable
is gives a picturesqueness to many an old
labours of Mr. H. C. Watson, an easy task ruined castle or Gothic abbey. It has been
to give a scientificman a clear idea of the mentioned that in remote times our Euro-
nature and extent of the flora of our pean Ivy, Hedera Helix— sX least th e yellow-
British Islands, by explaining to him that berried variety— was brought from the
the whole territory is divisible into six highlands of Asia; -but the Ivy which flou-
zones of altitude, the super-arctic, the rishes in Nepal and throughout the Hima-
mid-arctic, the infer-arctic, the super-agra- layas with such luxuriance is a species
rian, the mid-agrarian, and the infer-agra- quite distinct, being covered with minute
rian, and into botanical provinces, the yellow bcales instead of white stellate
boundaries of which are founded upon hairs, as our Ivy is. Our Hedera Helix is
physical and not upon political differences a strictly European plant, which may be
and that the vegetation comprised in said to attain in Britain its highest de-
these divisions is composed of so-called velopment, imparting to some of its land-
Germanic, Scandinavian, Iberian, Boreal, scapes a striking and characteristic pecu-
and North-American types. This explana- liarity. [B. S.]
 :

THE TREASURY OF BOTANY.

AARON'S BEARD. Hypericum calyci- ABELE TREE. Populus alba.

nur.i.
ABELIA. A small genus of ornamental
ABACA. A name given in the Philippine shrubs, found in India, China, Japan, and
Islands to Musa textilis, which yields Ma- Mexico, and belonging to the natural order
nilla hemp. Caprifoliacece. The species are of slender
branching habit, bearing opposite leaves
ABACOPTERIS. A name given by Fee and terminal bunches of showy tubular
to a croup of the species of Nephrodmm, in
which the veins of the fronds are united in
flowers. The genus is distinguished by
having an oblong calyx-tube, which is
numerous superposed angles. [T. M.]
connate with the ovary, and terminated by
ABATIA. A small genus of Lythracece, a live-parted limb of foliaceous segments ;

consisting of Peruvian and Brazilian a tubular funnel-shaped corolla, with a flve-

shrubs with greyish tomentum opposite, lobed spreading limb four subdidynamous
;
;

shortly stalked, undivided crenate-serrate or nearly equal scarcely exserted stamens ;

leaves, and terminal racemes of rather a capitate stigma and a three-celled ovary,
;

small, dull purplish, apetalous flowers, with of which two of the cells are many-ovuled,
numerous stamens. [J. T. S.] but abortive, and the other one-seeded
and fertile, becoming a coriaceous berry.
ABBREVIATIONS. Signs to express A. floribunda, which is a native of Mexico,
particular attributes arc largely employed is a very handsome freely-branching shrub,
by botanists. The following are those most naturally rather straggling in habit, pro-
in use ducing opposite, blunt, ovate, crenate
J = ma!e. leaves, which are smooth on the surface,
9 = female. and having large showy blossoms, which
come from the axils of the leaves, at the
g = hermaphrodite, or bisexual. ends of branches, so as to form a pendent
g . g - Q = polygamous. leafy panicle. These flowers are a couple
$ 9 = dioecious. of inches in length, rich purple-red, tubular,
the tube narrowing at the base and enlarg-
,^-Q = monoecious. ing upwards, and Anally spreading out into
$ - g - 9 = trioecious. a limb of live nearly equal rounded lobes.
(X or = annual.
O .4. rwpestris, a native of China, on the
(§;. or $ = biennial.
Chamoo hills, has shorter tubular flowers,
of a pale rose colour, and forms a lovely
% = perennial. dwarf bush, loaded towards autumn with
1? = a tree or shrub. its ornamental blossoms. The few known
00 = an indefinite and considerable num- species are rather objects of ornament than
ber of anything. of utility. [T.M.]
! placed after a person's name, indicates ABELICEA. A genus of Ulmacem, con-
that an authentic specimen from that taining a single species from Greece and
person has been seen. Eastern Asia. It is so nearly related to
* at the end of a citation, denotes that a Planera that it would perhaps be better to
plant is fully described in the place consider it as a section of that genus, sepa-
referred to. rated from the true Planerm by its smooth
v.v. = seen alive. capsule and subsessile leaves. Both have
v.s. = seen in a dried state.
alternate, ovate, crenate-serrate leaves, like
the elm. The flowers are hermaphrodite, or
v.c. = seen cultivated.
polygamous from the non-development of
v.sp. = seen wild. parts. They occur in axillary fasciculate
'" '" When these signs are placed after a clusters, the inferior flowers of the fascicle
number, they express a foot, an inch, being stamina!, the superior hermaphrodite
or a line respectively ; thus, or rarely pistilline. There are four or five
5'= 5 feet. stamens. The ovoid ovary is one-celled and
5"= 5 inches. one-ovuled, and crowned with two spread-
5'"= 5 lines. ing styles, which are stigmatose down the
A very full account of
all such signs is
inner side. [W.C.]
given in Lindley's Introduction to Botany, ABELMOSCHUS. The name applied to
ed. 4, ii. 384. a genus of plants of the mallow family
(Malvacece). The word is derived from the are boiled down in water to form essence
Arabic, signifying musk seed, and was of spruce, from which spruce beer is made.
given in allusion to the agreeable odour A. balsamea is the Balm of Gilead Fir, an
of the seeds of one species, A. moschatus, American tree of much smaller stature than
a native of Bengal. The seeds of this plant the common spruce fir, with fiat leaves,
were formerly mixed with hair powder, and whitish beneath. Its cones are erect. It
are still used to perfume pomatum. They yields a pure form of turpentine, called
possess cordial and stomachic properties, Canada balsam, much used for optical pur-
and are mixed with coffee by the Arabs. poses, and for preserving certain micro-
In the West Indies the bruised seeds, scopic objects.
steeped in rum, are used both externally A. canadensis, or the Hemlock Spruce, is
and internally as a remedy for snake-bites. a native of North America and Canada, and,
A. esculentus, formerly called Hibiscus es- from its abundance and eminent beauty,
culentus, a native of the West Indies, but is frequently referred to by the American
naturalised in India, furnishes the Ochro poets under the name of the hemlock. The
or Gobbo pods, that are much used in bark is much used for tanning purposes.
thickening soups, for which their abundant A. Picea, the Silver Fir, is so called from
mucilage well fits them. The young pods its leaves, which are whitish on their under
are gathered green and pickled like capers. surface, arranged in two rows, and have
The plant is cultivated in the south of their points turned upwards. The cones
France for the sake of its pods, which when are erect, of a greenish purple colour, their
ripe are of a conical shape, covered with scales provided with long tapering bracts
hair, and about an inch in length. All the on their outer surface. The beauty of this
species of this genus furnish excellent fibre. tree is such that Virgil has applied to it the
The genus is botanically characterised by epithet pulcherrima, 'very beautiful.' It
a deciduous ten-leaved involucel, a spathe- attains a height of 100 feet and upwards,
like, tubular, conical, five-toothed calyx, and is a native of Central Europe and
spreading petals, one-celled anthers, a style Northern Asia. Its timber is not so much
cleft into five divisions at the top, a capsule prized as that of some other species, but is
with five cells and five valves, whose edges durable under water, and from its bark
are not bent inwards. [M. T. M.] exudes a resin which, when purified, is
ABERRANT. Something which differs
known as Strasburg turpentine.
A. Larix is the common Larch fir. Its
from customary structure. Also a group of needle-shaped leaves are at first arranged
plants which stands intermediate, as it
in tufts, but subsequently become separated
were, between two other groups :— e. g. Fu-
one from the other by the lengthening of
mariacece, which are by some regarded as
the branch upon which they grow. They
an aberrant group of Papaveracece. fall off at the approach of winter. The
ABIES. In this genus of the cone-bear- cones are small, erect, somewhat egg-
ing family (Conifera) are included the plants shaped, but blunt-pointed, and the scales
commonly called Firs, in contradistinction have irregular margins for these reasons
:

to pines (Plnus). The firs are for the most the larch is sometimes placed in a distinct
part lofty trees, with small, narrow ever- genus, and called Larix europcea. The
green leaves, placed in two rows along the wood of the larch is much prized, and very
sides of the branches, or occasionally tufted. durable its bark is employed by tanners,
;

The flowers are unisexual but the male

; and it, as well as the trunk, affords what is
flowers are borne upon the same trees as known as Venice turpentine, which differs
the female ones, and both kinds are pro- from most other kinds of turpentine in not
duced in catkins. The mature female in- becoming hard by exposure to the air for a
florescence constitutes the cone, which is considerable period. A kind of sugary mat-
usually of a cylindrical form, consisting of ter exudes from the larch in summer time,
a number of woody scales overlapping each and is collected under the name of Manna
other, but not thickened at their points, as of Brian<;on. The larch attains a great
in pines. The species of fir are remarkable size, and forms a most beautiful object on
as timber trees, and for yielding turpen- the mountain sides in Swizerland and other
tine, &c. Alpine districts of Europe, and is much
A. excelsa is the common or Norway cultivated in this country for the sake of
Spruce Fir, which when well grown is a hand- its timber, while its pyramidal form, pen-
some tree, sometimes reaching the height of dent branches, light green leaves, and
one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet. purplish cones render it a very beautiful
The leaves are of a dull green colour, of a tree for ornamental purposes. Round some
four-cornered shape, and sharply point- of the meres or lakes in Shropshire the larch
ed; the cones are cylindrical, pendulous, is abundantly planted. Its leaves fall into
their scales bluntish, or slightly waved or the water, and become felted together into
toothed. The tree is a native of Norway, large ball-like masses by the agency of a
Russia, and the mountainous parts of Eu- peculiar species of Conferva. These larch
rope generally, thriving best on a damp balls may be met with of all sizes,. from
soil. Its timber is much used under the that of a marble to that of a child's head ;

name of white deal. From its trunk exudes they lie at the bottom of the lake, and are
a resin commonly called frankincense, washed up round its margins.
which, when melted in water and strained, A. Cedrus, or, as it is sometimes called,
constitutes Burgundy pitch. The young Cedms Libani, is the well-known Cedar of
leaf -buds or shoots of this and other species Lebanon. It is principally distinguished
 '

from the larch by its evergreen leaves, and i in the length of its leaves. The form and
by its cones, which are from three to Ave size of the cones are too variable to consti-
inches in length, oblong, blunt, erect, and
j

tute a point of distinction.

composed of numerous densely packed Several other species of this genus are
scales of a purplish-brown colour. They i
grown in this country as ornamental trees,
are not fully ripened till the third year, and among which A. bracteata and A. Douglasii
remain on the tree for several years. The
tree is a native of the mountains of Leba-
non and of Taurus, where its majestic form
and huge spreading branches render it a
very prominent feature. A recent traveller
in Syria, Mr. Urquhart, thus speaks of it.
'
The" trunk dividing at from ten to twenty
feet from the ground, the branches con-
torted and snake-like, spreading out as
from a centre, and giving to the tree the
figure of a dome; the leaf-bearing boughs
spread horizontally, the leaves or spicule
point upwards, growing from the bough
like grass from the earth. The leaves are
thick and short, about an inch in length.
The cones stand up in like manner, and are
seen in rows above the straight boughs.
The timber is in colour like the red pine.'
The wood has been said to be very durable,
but there is some reason to think that the
wood of a species of Thuja has been mis-
taken for that of the cedar of Lebanon,
which is not so indestructible as was once
supposed. From the noble appearance that Abies Douglasii (cone).
the tree presents, it is frequently met with
in parks, &c, the habit or general appear- may be mentioned as particularly inter-
ance of the tree, and the arrangement of esting species. [M. T. MJ
its branches, differing considerably in dif-
ferent individual trees. Many magnificent
ABNORMAL. Opposed to usual struc-
ture. Thus, stamens standing opposite to
trees of this species are to be seen in
petals, and nowhere else, as in Rhamnads,
Blenheim Park, Oxfordshire but scarcely
;
are abnormal, it being usual for stamens to
any two are alike in the disposition of their i

be alternate with petals, if equal to them in

branches or the colour of the leaves. number. Leaves growing in pairs from the
A. Deodara, or Cedrus Deodara, the same side of a stem, as in Atropa Belladonna,
Deodar or Indian Cedar, differs from the and flower-stalks adherent to the midi-ib
cedar of Lebanon, in having the cones
of a bract, as in Tilia, are also abnormal.
placed on short thick stalks; and the scales i

of the ripe cone fall off, instead of being ABO :j A. radiata is a curious little orchid
persistent, as in the Lebanon cedar, while from New Grenada, differing from Odonto-
its leaves are longer and more distinctly glossum and Oncidium in having a slender
three-sided than in that plant but it is by
; delicate caudicle, and solid pollen masses.
no means certain that the two plants are The flowers are brown, with yellow streaks
really specifically distinct. The individual and a white lip.
plants forming the species of this genus
differ so remarkably in habit and general
j
ABOLBODA. A genus of Xyridacear, con-
taining six or seven species of stemless
!

appearance one from the other, that great

plants, growing in tufts in the marshes of
i

caution is necessary in dogmatising as to

the distinctness of this or that form. The
i

South America. This genus is nearly al-

lied to Xyris, but differs from it in having
Indian or Deodar cedar is a native of Nepal i

the ovary and capsule always three-celled,

and of the Himalayas, where it attains a while the predominant form in Xyris is one-
height of from fifty to one hundred feet and
celled, and, when otherwise, but imperfectly
I

upwards. Its timber is of great value from

three-celled. The ovules also are attached
its durability, and it furnishes a turpentine
j

to the central axis, while in Xyris they rise

which is much employed as a medicament
by the natives in North-Western India. It from parietal placenta. [W. C]
was introduced into this country in the ABORTIVE. Imperfectly developed as ;

year 1822, and is now much cultivated as abortive stamens, which consist of a fila-
an ornamental tree, from its elegant form, ment only abortive petals, which are mere
;

! gracefully pendent branches, and the glau- bristles or scales.

cous hue of its foliage.
,

A.atlantica, the Algerian, or Mount Atlas

ABRICOT SAUVAGE. A French name,
Cedar, called also Cedrus atlantica, forms
used in the West Indies for the Mammee
apple. Also applied in Cayenne to the fruit
almost the entire vegetation of the upper
of Couroupita guianensis.
;

j
mountainous regions of certain provinces
of Algeria. According to M. Cosson, there ABRODICTYUM. A name given byPresl
is no doubt but that this is a mere variety to a very elegant species of Trichomanes,
of the Lebanon cedar, from which it differs differing only in the form and arrangement
of the cells of Its tissue. A. Cuming ii purposes, and nre employed in India as a
isnow generally called T. Smithii. Van den standard of weight under the name of
Bosch has revived the name under the form Rati. The weight of the famous Koh-i-
of Habrodictyon. [T. M.] noor diamond is known to have been ascer-
tained in this way. The roots also are made
ABROMA. The name given to a genus of use of in the same manner as the roots
the byttneriaceous family. They are small
of the liquorice plant. The Abrus is of twin-
trees, with hairy lobed leaves, and termi-
ing habit, with pinnate leaves, numerous
nal or axillary clusters of yellow or purple
stalked flowers in axillary clusters, a bell-
flowers. Their fruits are capsular, five-celled,
shaped slightly four-lobed calyx, the upper
with five membranous wings, and many lobe broadest, and a pale purple corolla,
seeds in each cell. They are natives of succeeded by an oblong compressed pod
India, Java, and the tropical parts of New
containing four to six seeds. [M. T. M.]
Holland. Three species are known one :

of them, A. augusta, is the Wollut Comul, ABSINTHE. (Fr.) Artemisia Absinthium.

or Wullut Cumal, of the Bengalese. Its — PETITE. Artemisia pontica.
bark abounds with strong white fibres,
which afford a good cordage. The plant
ABUTIL2EA. An E. Australian plant of
the mallow family, not really distinct from
grows quickly, and may be so managed as Abutilon. [A.A.B.]
to afford three crops of cuttings in the
year. The bark is separated from the shoots ABUTILON. A genus of Malvaceae (mal-
by maceration in stagnant water. From low family), known by having a cup-shaped
four to eight days is sufficient to effect calyx without an involucre, an ovary of
this in hot weather, but in the cold season five carpels which open at the top, and are
a mucn longer time is required. The fibre inseparably adherent one to the other by
requires no artificial cleaning. Cord made their inner angles. They are annual or
from it, though not to be compared with shrubby plants, often very ornamental, in-
that of hemp, is strong, and is not liable to habiting the W. Indies, Siberia, and even
be weakened, as many others are, by ex- Piedmont. The flowers of one species,
posure to wet. [A. A. B.] A. esculentum, are used as a vegetable in
Brazil. A.indiciun and polyandrum, Indian
ABRONIA. A
small genus of monochla-
shrubs, furnish fibre fit for the manufacture
mydeous plants, belonging to the order
of ropes. Their leaves contain a large
Nyctaginacece. In this genus the leading
quantity of mucilage. [M. T. M.]
peculiarities of structure are a five-leaved
A. striatum, venosum, insigne, and some
involucre, surrounding a close head of many
others, are favourite garden plants, often
flowers a coloured corolla-like salver-
;
seen in our gardens and greenhouses. They
shaped perigone, having the tube inflated have palmately-divided or heart-shaped
below, and the deciduous limb flve-lobed,
leaves, and axillary pendulous flowers, of
spreading, with obovate lobes five hypo- ;
which the petals converge so as to give
gynous included stamens, connate at the them a semi-globular bell-shaped outline.
base, and having oblong anthers a simple ;
They are of considerable size, yellow or
style with a club-shaped stigma and a one-
;
white, beautifully veined with red. [T.M.]
celled ovary containing one erect ovule.
There are but few species known, and these ACACALLIS cyanea. Under this name
natives of N.W.America. A.umbellata, one Lindley describes a handsome Brazilian
of the best known, is a handsome dwarf orchid with the habit of a Huntleya and
trailing perennial herb, producing opposite large light blue flowers. It is distinguished
stalked, bluntly ovate, rather succulent from that genus by having a long narrow
leaves, and, from their axils, long-stalked, hypochil with a deep sac at its point, sur-
close umbels of pretty primula-like flowers, rounded by a flve-lobed border. It was found
of a purplish rose colour. These flowers con- by Spruce, on trees near the Rio Negro.
sist of a coloured calyx, the corolla being
wanting and they are very deliriously fra-
; ACACIA. A genus of shrubs or trees
grant, especially towards evening. The belonging to the Mimosa tribe of the legu-
other species are of similar character. They minous family. Its principal points of dis-
are not applied to any use. [T. M.] tinction are the calyx, which is provided
with four or five teeth, the corolla of four
ABRUPT. Suddenly terminating as ;
or five petals, the numerous stamens, and
abruptly pinnated, when several pairs of
the pod, which is not divided into joints, and
leaflets are formed without any intermedi- I

which does not contain a pulp. The great

ate oue at the end.
I

number of the stamens and the nature of

ABRUS. The name of a genus of plants j
the pod particularly distinguish this genus
of but one species, A. precatorius, and be- from the allied genus Mimosa. The flowers,
longing to the pea tribe, of the order j
which are small, are collected in large
Leguminosce. The plant was originally a numbers in globular heads, or in long
native of India, but is now found in the spikes. The true leaves are twice or thrice
W. Indies, the Mauritius, and other tropi- pinnated, and the small leaflets, being very
cal regions. It is chiefly remarkable for numerous, confer a very elegant feathery
its small egg-shaped seeds, which are of a |
appearance on the plants, but in many of
brilliant scarlet colour, with a black scar the species, particularly those found wild in
indicating the place where they were at- New Holland, the true leaves are seldom or
tached to the pods. These seeds are much never developed, but, to compensate for
used for necklaces and other ornamental , their absence, the leaf-stalk, which is usu-
 (JTi)e Crcatfurg of 23atann. [acal

ally more or less cjiindrical, and of small coction subsequently evaporated, so as to

dimensions, becomes flattened out, and as- form an. extract much used in medicine as
sumes a leaf-like appearance these dilated : an astringent. The bark of A. arabica is
Ie:if-stalks, or, as they are technically used in India for tanning leather, under the
termed, phyllodes, fulfil the functions of name of Bubul bark that of A. Melanoxylon
;

the leaves, and are of very varied form is used for the same purposes in Australia.
in the different species. They are al- The pods of other species are likewise
ways so placed that their edges look up- similarly employed in Egypt and Nubia.
wards and downwards, so that by this Many furnish excellent timber, and the
means, as well as by the arrangement flowers of one species, A. Farnesiana, yield a
delicious perfume. The pods of A. concinna
,s **
are used in India like those of the soap-nut
for washing the head the leaves also are
;

acid, and used in cookery like those of

tamarinds. The pounded seeds of A. Niopo
are employed by certain of the Indian
tribes on the river Amazon as the basis of a
snuff, into the composition of which lime
and the juice of a species of Cocculus also
enter its effects are to produce a kind of
;

intoxication and invigoration of spirits.

Many kinds are cultivated in greenhouses
in this country, for the beauty of their
flowers or for their foliage some few even,
;

such as A. Julibrissin and A. lophantha, will

succeed out of doors in warm situations.
The name Acacia is also commonly given to
the locust-tree of North America, a very
different plant. See Robinia, and Mimosa.
The aspect of an Acacia scrub, which is one
of the characteristic features of Australian
vegetation, is shown in Plate 15.
[M. T. M.]
ACACIA BLANC. (Fr.) Robinia Pseud-
.Acacia argyrophylla (with phyllodes). Acacia. — BOITEE. Robiniaumbracidifera.
— DE CONSTANTINOPLE. Acacia Juli-
brisshi. — DE SAINTE-HE'LE NE. Acacia
V

of the veins, they may be distinguished

vesiita. — DE SIBE'RIE. Caragana frutes-
from true leaves, which have their surfaces
looking upwards and downwards. It results cens. — PARASOL. Robinia umbrae ulifera.
from the singular position of these organs ACACIA, BASTARD or FALSE. Robinia
that the trees possessing them give but Pseud-Acacia, sometimes called the Locust-
little shade, as the light is not intercepted tree. —ROSE. Robinia hispida.
in its passage to so great an extent as it is
by the leaves of ordinary trees. This pecu- AOENA. A genus of the Sanguisorbacea?.
liar direction of the leaf is not confined
They are small herbs, mostly with woody
to the acacias, but is also found in other
stems. The leaves are unequally pinnate,
Australian trees : e. g. Eucalyptus. At the the flowers small, white or purple, borne
base of the leaf-stalk of the acacias, where on scapes and arranged in terminal balls,
it ]oinsj:he branch, are two small stipules,
or sometimes in spikes. Their calyces
which are sometimes represented by spines. are often beset with slender spines which
The species of acacia are very numerous, are furnished at their apex with reflexed
and widely diffused in the warmer regions bristles. A. ovina is a common weed in S.
of the globe. A. gummifera is found in
Australia and Tasmania, and is troublesome
in grazing districts from the bristles of the
Mogadon A. Xemu is abundant in the en-
fruit getting entangled in the wool of the
virons of Nagasaki, Japan. A. glandulosa
and A. brachyloba adorn the banks of the sheep it is also a pest to housewives from
;

their adhering to linen exposed to dry on

Mississippi. Some of the species are of
great importance, as furnishing gum; others the grass; and, as well as many of the
species, a common annoyance to travellers
contain an abundance of tannin, which
renders them useful for tanning purposes, by catching their dress. A decoction of
and in medicine as astringent drugs. Gum the leaves of A.Sanguisorba is used in New
arabic, or gum acacia, is an exudation from
Zealand as tea and as a medicine. It is
various species of acacia, such as A. Verek, the Piri Piri of the natives. There are
A. arabica, A. vera, A. Adansonii, and others, upwards of forty species in the genus,
chiefly natives of the temperate regions
for the most part natives of Arabia, Bar-
bary, and the East Indies. Gum Senegal is of S.America; commencing in California,
a similar product from other species of the they extend through the Andes (where
genus. Some Australian kinds called Wattle some of them reach the elevation of 15,000
tre^s furnish gum. The drug known as ca- feet) to Cape Horn they attain their maxi-
;

techu is prepared from various trees, but mum in Chili. ' [A. A. B.]
especially from Acacia, Catechu, the wood ACALYPHA. A large genus of Spurge-
of which, is boiled down, and the de- worts (Euphorbiace(B), comprising upwards
of a hundred species, which are more or cesses, which are most commonly hooked.
less distributed over all tropical and sub- In the form of their embryo they agree
tropical regions, attaining their maximum, with bignoniads. They are of little impor-
however, in S. America. Agoodly number tance to man. The greater part are mere
are annual, but the great mass perennial weeds, but some are plants of great beauty,
shrubby plants, having much the appear- especially the species of Justicia, ApheUni-
ance of nettles, and readily known in the dra, and Ruellia. For the most part they
family from their nettle-like leaves and are mucilaginous and slightly bitter occa- ;

the disposition of their flowers, which, sionally the bitterness increases, and they
usually of a green or reddish colour, and become pectoral medicines some are dyers'
;

inconspicuotts, are disposed generally in plants. The genuine acanths, formerly

erect or drooping bracted spikes, which called Brancursines, are emollients, as
arise singly from the axils of the leaves
or the end of the shoot, and vary in length
from an inch to a foot, the upper portion
of the spike bearing sterile, the lower fer-
tile flowers, or the entire spike devoted
to the one or the other. The sterile have a
calyx of four triangular lobes, enclosing
eight to sixteen stamens, whose curious
flexuose anther cells are quite distinct from
each other, and stand out nearly at right
angles to their stalk. The fertile flowers
have a calyx of three to five divisions, and
a three-branched style, the branches deeply
ramifying, crowning a three-lo'oed ovary,
which, when ripe, is a three-celled and
three-sided capsule of the size of a small pea.
The Stringwood of St. Helena (A. rubra)
is interesting as being one of a com-
paratively small number of plants now
known to be extinct. It formed a beau-
tiful small tree, and got its name of string-
wood from the long spikes of reddish- Acanthus spinosus leaves growing round a pot ;

coloured sterile flowers which hung in whence, as is said, the idea was derived of the
Corinthian capital in Architecture.
great profusion from the twigs. A. iudica,
an annual Indian weed, one to two feet
high, with nettle-like leaves, and flower- also is Anisotes trisulcus, an Egyptian
spikes having toothed leafy bracts, has, ac- plant. About 1500 species are mentioned
cording to Nimmo, roots which attract in books.
cats quite as much as do those of Valerian.
This plant is the Cupameni of Rheede, who
ACANTHE D'ALLEMAGNE. (Pr.) He-
says the root bruised in hot water is ca-
racleum Sphondylium.
thartic, and a decoction of the leaves laxa- ACANTHODIUM. A genus of acantha-
tive. [A. A. BJ ceous plants, distinguished by Delile from
the genus Acanthus by reason of its two-
ACAMPE. Under this genus Lindley col- celled pod, each cell of which contains one
lects a few Indian and Chinese epiphytal or-
chids, formerly referred to Vanda, from
compressed seed, the radicle or young root
j
of which is placed near the scar of the seed,
which they differ in having small brittle
or that part where it is attached to the pod,
I

flowers with a lip adnate to the edges of

the column. They are of no interest except
J
whereas in Acanthus the rootlet is placed
to botanists. The handsomest is Acampe
\

at a distance from the scar. The only

species, A. spicatum, is a native of Egypt.
(formerly Vanda) longifolia, a fine-looking
It is provided with a very short stem, from
species with small yellow flowers, occasion-
which proceed three or four spikes of
ally met with in gardens.
flowers, each provided with very spiny
ACANTHACE.E (Acanthads). An order bracts. [M.T.M.]
of monopetalous exogens, nearly related to ACANTHOGLOSSUM. An epiphytal or-
scrophulariads.and for the most part tropi-
cal. In such regions they are extremely
chid from Java, now merged in Pholidota.
common, constituting a large part of the ACANTHOLIMON. A genus of Pluviba-
herbage. Nevertheless the genus Acanthus ginacece containing about forty species,
is found in Greece, and one species inhabits most of which are natives of Persia, Asia
the United States. In a majority of cases ]
Minor, and Greece. The technical characters
Acanthacece are to be recognised by the j
are the union of the five styles at the base,
presence of large leafy bracts, in the axils and the capitate stigmas; but they are
of which the flowers are partly concealed, readily distinguished from their allies by
and also by their calyx being composed of their rigid, sharp-pointed leaves, which re-
deeply imbricated sepals forming a broken semble those of juniper. The stems are
.

whorl. But their most exact difference very' short, and much branched, so that
from other Orders of the' Bignonal Alliance the plants form dense prickly cushions on
consists in the singular structure of their the rocks on which they grow the flower-
;

placenta, which expands into hard pro- stalks are simple or forked the spikelets in
;
 ; ;

Zl)t Crcatfurj) of Matziw. [acek

a spike which is generally lax the calyx ; literally stemless, but a plant without a
white, its limb surrounding the rose- stem cannot exist, unless it is a mere vesi-
coloured corolla like a frill. A. glumaceum cle.
is a very pretty garden rock plant. [J. T. S.]
ACATJLOSIA. A diseased condition of
ACANTHOPHIPPII7M. A genus of ter- plants, in which the stem is imperfectly
restrial orchids allied to Bletia, with large, developed or wholly wanting. Its forma-
fleshy tubular flowers, growing almost at tion may moreover be retarded by the
the base of the leaves. These flowers are main powers of vegetation being directed
white or pink, and occasionally streaked to some other quarter, as in turnips to the
with a deeper colour. The few species that formation of an enormous root. There
are known come from the tropical regions may moreover be stemless varieties of some
of Asia. particular species the primrose represent-
;

ing, for instance, a form of the cowslip in

ACANTHUS. The genus from which the which the axis is reduced to little more
order Acanthacem derives its name. The than a point. The common hyacinth some-
species of the genus are remarkable for
times flowers imperfectly without any
the beauty of their foliage. The calyx con-
elongation of the stem, a state which
sists of four unequal pieces, the two side
arises from injury or decay of the roots
ones being much smaller than the other and from similar affections a like condition
two the corolla is also irregular, and has
;
may 'be produced by heat. The stem of
but one lip the stamens are four in number,
;
Cnicus acaulis is not developed in poor dry
one pair longer than the other the anthers
;
pastures, though it occasionally acquires a
are one-celled, and covered with hairs
foot or more in length. The stunted growth
the capsule is two-celled, each cell contain-
of trees also may arise from a like cause,
ing two rounded seeds. A. mollis and
but is more frequently produced by actual
A. spinosus both grow in Italy, Spain, and
injury, intentional or otherwise. [M. J. B.]
ACCRESCENT. Growing larger after
flowering. The calyx of Melanorrhcca,
which is small and green when in flower,
becomes large and leafy when the fruit is
ripe, and is therefore accrescent.

ACCTJMBENT. Lying against anything :

used in opposition to incumbent, or lying

upon something a term employed in de-
;

scribing the embryo of crucifers.

ACER. Under this name are included
the Sycamore (not of Scripture) and the
Maples, trees indigenous to the temperate
regions of both the Old and New World,
where they are either large-sized shrubs or
moderate trees. They are mostly of rapid
growth, and easily propagated. For these
qualities, and for the beauty and variety of
their foliage, the species are much planted
in England for ornamental purposes, while
in America one species has great economic
value, being employed in the manufacture
Acanthu3 spinosu3. of sugar, a substance which is found more
or less in the sap of all. The flowers, though
south of France, &c. The leaves of the they display no striking colours, attract the
latter plant are supposed to have furnished attention from their number, graceful ar-
to Caliimachus the model for the decora- rangement, or the multitude of winged
tion of the capital of the columns in the insects which, at a season when flowers are
Corinthian style of architecture. Both scarce, resort to them for food. The leaves
species are cultivated in this country, but are mostly lobed and toothed, in some spe-
are ill adapted to resist frost. [M. T.*M.] cies very large and the seed-vessels (called
;

ACARPH-SA. A genus samarce by botanists), which are winged

of the composite
family capsules, each containing a single seed and
(Covipositm)containing but one
species, A. artemisicefolia, a native of Cali-
united by their bases into pairs, are strongly
fornia. It is an herb with ragwort-like
characteristic of the family.
leaves three to four inches long, glandular The common sycamore, A. Pseudo-plata-
above, and hoary beneath the flower-heads nus, abundant as it is in England, and
readily though it propagates itself by seed,
;

few and stalked, the florets yellow. The

is, on good grounds, supposed not to be
name has reference to the absence of the
chaffy pappus of Chomactis, and the chaffy indigenous, but to have been introduced
receptacle of Madia, to both of which it is from the European continent in the four-
allied. The name has been by mistake teenth century. Of a tree so well known
it is unnecessary to give any description.
printed Acicarphaia, instead of Acarpkcea,
Its uses are numerous. The wood is used
|

in some books. [A. A. BJ

for various articles of domestic furniture,
ACAULIS. Having a very short stem : musical instruments, and toys as fuel it is
;
acee] Clje ULiza&uxr) at tSotanji. s

said to the most valuable of all woods,

tie are liable to a peculiarity of growth which
and it may be converted into excellent gives to their timber the knotted structure
charcoal. Prom the sap collected in early known by the name of bird's-eye maple.
The wood called ' curled maple is obtained
'

from old distorted trunks of A. rubrum,

also a native of America. For an enumera-
tion of other species, see Loudon's Arbo-
retum. The common maple is the badge of
the clan Oliphant. [C. A. J.]
According to Mr. Hind, the ash-leaved
maple, Acer Negundo, is tapped for sugar
in the Red River settlement of Canada "W.

ACERACE2E (Acera ; Acerinece ; the order

of Maples). A natural order of trees and
shrubs inhabiting Europe, the temperate
parts of Asia, the north of India, and North
America. The order is unknown in Africa
and the southern hemisphere. The most
important product is the sweet sap of some
species, from which sugar is extracted. It
is said, however, that their juices become
acrid as the season advances. They yield a
light useful timber. The bark of some is
astringent, and yields reddish-brown and
yellow colours. The order only contains
Acer Pseudo-platanus. three genera, and rather more than fifty
species.
spring, sugar may be made, but not in re- ACERANTHUS. A genus of Berber idacece
munerating quantities. The name Sycamore containing a single species from Japan, a
was given to it at an early period, from a slender plant nearly allied to Epimedium,
supposition that it was the tree mentioned but having plain and not spurred petals.
in the New Testament, which, however, as [W. C .]
the etymology indicates, is a species of fig,
(sykun, a fig, and morea, a mulberry-tree, ACERAS. An Orchis without a spur,
resembling the former in its fruit, and the there being no other difference between
latter in its leaf), Ficus Sycomorus. In the two genez-a, except that Aceras has
Scotland it is popularly known as the only one pollen gland instead of two. The
Plane. man-orchis, Aceras anthropophora. so called
The Maple (A. caynpestre) is a low hedge because of a fancied resemblance between
tree most conspicuous for the golden and its lip and the body of a man hung by the
purple tints of its foliage in autumn. The head, is common in meadows and grassy
gnarled stems and knotted roots of this slopes all over Europe. It has greenish-
species have long been prized by turners yellow flowers bordered with red, a pair of
and cabinet-makers for making choice ar- oblong knobs or tubercles for its roots, and
ticles of furniture. The wood also makes a heavy rather unpleasant odour. Aceras
excellent fuel, and the best of charcoal. hircina, the lizard-orchis, is a much finer
But the most important species of this and rarer plant, with long spikes of dirty
family is the Sugar Maple (A.saccharhium), rose-coloured flowers, the middle lobe of
a native of North America. This tree forms whose lip has the form of a long, twisted
extensive forests in Canada, NewBrunswick, strap they emit an unpleasant odour like
;

and Nova Scotia, and yields a saccharine that of a goat. This species is occasionally
juice in such abundance that maple-sugar found in chalky districts all over the tem-
is an important article of manufacture. It perate regions of Europe. Haller says that
has been computed that in the northern the bruised root increases the flow of milk
parts of the two States of New York and in milch cattle. Other species occur in
Pennsylvania there are ten millions of Asia, reaching as far as Gossain Than in
acres which produce these trees, in the pro- the Himalayas; and one {A. secundiflora)
portion of thirty to an acre. The season for found in Barbary and Madeira is occasion-
tapping is in February and March, while ally seen living in the gardens of curious
the cold continues intense and the snow is collectors.
still on the ground. A tree of ordinary size ACE ROSE. Needle-shaped; as in the
yieldsfrom fifteen to thirty gallons of sap, leaves of heaths and pine trees.
from which are made from two to four
pounds of sugar. The tree is not at all ACETABULARIA. A beautiful genus of
injured by the operation, but continues calcareous green-spored Alga?, the species
to flourish after having been annually of which resemble little umbrellas or such
tapped for forty years without interruption. delicate gill-bearing fungi as Copriyius pli-
Greater facilities of intercommunication catilis. An erect articulated stem bears
and the decreased cost of cane-sugar, which above a whorl of threads which are united
is far superior, have tended of late years laterally so as to form an umbilicate orbi-
greatly to check the manufacture of sugar cular disk, from the centre of which arises
from the maple. Old trees of this species a bunch of delicate branched threads. The
 ; : ;

Oje Cnras'urn at 230tani?. [ACKI

most remarkable species is not uncommon I rary. The older English botanists called it
in the Mediterranean, but none has yet !
Nose-bleed, 'because the leaves being put
been observed on our own coasts. [M. J. B.] into the nose caused it to bleed.' Several
foreign species are cultivated as border
ACETABULUM. The receptacle of cer-
plants, and are conspicuous either by their
tain fungals.
flowers or hoary foliage,. [C. A. J.]
ACHJEXE or ACHENE. Any small, brit-
tle, seed-like fruit, such as Linnteus called ACHIMENES. An extensive genus of
a naked seed. very handsome tropical and sub-tropical
herbs, furnished with scaly underground
ACHANIA. The name given to a genus tubers, by which they are perpetuated. They
of plants of the mallow family (Malvacea?), I are much cultivated in hothouses on ac-
some of the species of which are cultivated count of their ornamental character and ;

in our stoves for the beauty of their flowers. |

many new forms, developing greater va-

They are shrubs inhabiting South America, J

riety and attractiveness than are to be found

Mexico, the West Indies, &c. The calyx is in the original kinds, have been obtained
double, the outer of many pieces, the inner in the cultivated state. They belong to the
tubular and five-toothed; there are five J

order Gesneracece., and their most obvious

petals with appendages at their base the ;
peculiarities consist in a five-parted sub-
filaments are united into a spirally twisted
[

equal calyx, the tube of which is joined

tube, bearing the anthers on the summit with the ovary at its base a, funnel-shaped
;
and the flowers are succeeded by a five- j

corolla, of which the tube is somewhat

celled fruit. A. JLTalvaviscus is remark- oblique, and gibbous behind at the base,
able for the beauty of its scarlet axillary
]

and the limb spreading flve-lobed and nearly

and its green, heart-shaped, sharp-
I

flowers, : equal four didynamous included stamens

;

ly-pointed leaves. [M. T. M.] inserted on the tube of the corolla, with
A
I

ACHARIA. genus of erect, slender, the rudiment of a fifth a simple style with
;

glaucous Cape herbs, belonging to the natu- a subcapitate obsoletely two-lobed stigma
ral order Papayacece. They have alternate and an ovary coherent with the base of the
deeply trifid leaves, and axillary unisexual calyx, bordered by an annular or ring-
flowers, with a three-leaved involucel, and formed glandular disk, one-celled, contain-
a ca m panulate trifl d caly x. Th e male flower ing many ovules, which are attached to a
has three stamens, alternating with three of pair parietal placenta. They have fleshy
scales. In the females the three scales sur- ! erect stems opposite, serrated, often hairy
;

round the one-celled stipitate ovary. [W. C] leaves and axillary flowers, the pedicels of
;

which are not unfrequently accompanied

ACHE. (Fr.) Apium. —
DE MONTAGJTE. by little scaly, bulbiform tubers, like those
Levisticum officinale. —
DE8 CEIE3TS. ;

produced at the base of the stem beneath

JEthusa Cynapium. the surface of the ground. The genus has
ACHE'E. (Fr.) Polygonum aviculare. been divided into several by modern bota-
'

nists, but few of the proposed groups have

ACIIIAR. An Eastern condiment, formed been generally received. The principal of
of the young shoots of Bambusa arundi- I these new genera, in addition to Achimencs
naria. itself,— which is made to consist of erect
ACHILLEA. A name anciently given to herbs with axillary flowers, having a mem-
a plant 'wherewith Achilles cured the branaceous entire glandular ring, and a
wounds of his soldiers.' It is now applied two-cleft stigma,— are the following
to a family of plants belonging to the |
Kollikeria: dwarf herbs with a terminal
natural order of compound flowers. Most racemose inflorescence, a membranaceous
of the species have deeply-divided woolly nearly entire glandular ring, and a stomato-
leaves, and bear their flower-heads, which morphous stigma.
are white, yellow, or purple, in flat clusters I
Locheria : erect herbs, with axillary or
(corymbs) at the extremity of the stem. '

sub-panicled flowers, a thickened fleshy

Two species only are common in Great nearly entire five-angled glandular ring,
Britain :
—
A. Pto/rmica, Sneezewort, an her- |
and a two-cleft stigma.
baceous plant, a foot high or more, bearing I
G-uthnickia: erect herbs, with axillary
heads rather less in size than a daisy, flowers, a thickened fleshy nearly entire
which have the disk, as well as the ray, five-angled glandular ring, and a stomato
white. This is frequent in moist meadows, |
morphous stigma.
especially in the hill countries. It derives |
Scheeria : erect herbs, with large axillary
its name from its alleged property of ex- 1
flowers, a thick fleshy subentire glandular
citing sneezing when pulverised, a virtue j
ring, and stomatomorphous stigma.
which it probably possesses, though not to Mandirola : erect herbs, with axillary or
an extent beyond that of many other plants
I

sometimes panicled flowers, having the

undistinfruished by special names. A. Mil- glandular ring membranaceous, and com-
lefolium, Milfoil or common Tarrow, is posed of five crenatures or lobes, and a two-
an herbaceous perennial, with tough up- lobed stigma.
right stems, more or less woolly deeply-cut Tydcea: erect herbs, with axillary or j

jaa-sed leaves, and flat corymbs of flower- somewhat panicled flowers, having the i

heads, containing very few florets, which glandular ring composed of five distinct
are either white, pink, or, rarely, deep pur- glands, and a two-cleft stigma.
ple. Its properties are highly astringent, Of these new genera Tydcea is the most
and it was anciently much prized as a vuine- distinct and the most generally accepted. !
 !

ACHX] &l)c Crw^urji nf Botany. 10

Achimenes as above restricted, consists of ovule, and has a simple style, and capitate
two distinct series, one of which is well re- j
stigma. The leaves are opposite. A. aspera
presented by A. coccinea,a species found in and fruticosa are administered in India in
Jamaica and Central America. This plant ;
cases of dropsy A. globulifera is used in
;

has slender, erect, branching stems a foot Madagascar as a remedy for syphilis. Up-
or rather more in height, furnished with wards of thirty species have been described.
small ovate, acute, serrated leaves, and I
Though natives of the Old World, three or
axillary one- or few-flowered peduncles four species have been accidentally carried
bearing small scarlet, somewhat salver- to the United States, where they have
shaped flowers, having a broadish cylindri- rapidly spread, becoming perfectly natural-
cal or somewhat swollen tube, nearly equal -ised. [W. C]
at the base, and a spreading limb of five
rounded segments. The other series is ACHYROPHORUS. A
'genus of annual
represented by the Mexican and Central or perennial herbs belonging to the
American A. long flora, in which the steins chicory group of the composite family,
i

are also erect, about a foot and a half in and only distinguished from Hypochceris
height, with ovate, acute, serrated leaves, by the feathery pappus-hairs being in a
and axillary peduncles supporting one large single instead of a double series. Of about
flower, of which the tube is elongated, twenty-five species four are S. European
slender, curved, and deflexed, saccate at and Altasian and one of these, A. maculatus
;

the base, and the limb very broad, plane, is also common to Britain, but usually
and lying in a direction oblique to the tube. placed in Hypochceris in our floras. The
The species are for the most part natives remainder are entirely S. American, and
of Central America, They are not applied chiefly extend from Chili southwards. A
to any use, but are much prized for few, found in the Andes at elevations of
their ornamental properties. The mode of 10,000 feet and upwards, are neat little
increase from the scaly tubers is very stemless plants, with a rosette of linear or
curious, every one of the scales, when se- lance-shaped toothed or entire leaves, and
parated, being capable of forming a new nestling in their midst a large and hand-
plant. The name Achimenes is also a some yellow flower-head often more than
synonym of Artanema,a. genus of the order an inch across. One of this set, A. sessili-
ScropkatariactCE itsderivatiou is unknown. Jtorus, is called in N. Granada Chicoria dela
;

[T. M.] tierra Caliente and, according to Purdie,

;

a decoction of its thick white tapering

ACHLAMYDEOUS. Havingneither calyx roots is employed in affections of the
nor corolla. chest. In those species found at low eleva-
ACHOTE. The seeds of the Arnotto, tions, the root-leaves are spreading, en-
Bixa Orellana. tire and grassy, or pinnatifld like those of
our hawkbits (Leontodon), their surface
ACH-ROOT. The root of Morinda tinc- smooth or hairy; the yellow flower-heads
toria, used in India as a dye. single on the ends of unbranched stalks,
ACHYRACH^ENA. The generic name or the stalks branching and furnished with
of a Californian annual of the composite leaves at the points of forking. A. apar-
family (Com])ositce~), nearly related to the gioides and A. Scorzonerce are known in
better known and much prettier genera Chili as Escorzonera, and their tapering
CaUichroaand Oxyura, but differing from roots are eaten for their refreshing and
them in the nature of the pappus which purifying qualities, as those of the Spanish
crowns the cylindrical achenes, and con- Scorzonera (Scorzonera hispanica) are in
sists of about ten very thin and membra- this country. [A. A. B.]
nous silvery scales, each about half an inch ACIANTHUS. A genus of Australian
in length. The whole plant is clothed with terrestrial orchids with solitary heart-
soft white hairs, whence its specific name shaped leaves and erect racemes of small
of mollis. The stems are seldom more green or dull purple flowers. They inhabit
thaneightinches high, branched or simple, shady or dam]) places, and represent in the
furnished with grassy leaves one to two southern hemisphere the Malaxis and Li-
inches long, and terminate in a single head paris of the northern.
of flowers half an inch across, with purple
inconspicuous florets. The plant has also ACICARPHA. A
genus of Calyceracea?,
been called Lepidostephmius madioides. It comprising seven species, all of them
has been cultivated at Kew. [A. A. B.] found in the provinces bordering on the
river Plate. They are small herbs with
ACHYRANTHES. A genus of Amaran- toothed or entire leaves, and lateral or
thacew, found in the tropical and sub-tropi- terminal heads of flowers which are en-
cal districts of the Old World and consisting closed in a spiny involucre. In general thev
of erect, procumbent, or sometimes climb- are found in saline or rocky soils, and
ing trees and shrubs, many of them being may be considered as mere weeds. They
troublesome weeds in cultivated grounds. do not appear to be applied to any useful
The flowers are in loose spikes, hermaphro- purpose. Acicarpha embraces most of
dite, and have three spinous bracts. The the members of the family found on the
calyx consists of five, rarely four, sepals. eastern side of the Cordillera. A name
The stamens, the same in number as the very similar to this, Acicarphcea, has by
sepals, are united at their bases into a cup. mis-spelling been given to Acarphcca in
The one-celled ovary contains a single some books. [A. A. B]
 11 Ojc Crcas'tm) of 3Satamn [acon
ACICUL. A. A bristle. The bristle-like
'

orchids founded by Griffith upon monsters

abortive flower of a grass. of certain species of Dendrobium, in which
regularity in the parts of the flower is sub-
ACICULAR. Shaped like a needle. stituted for their customary irregularity;
ACICUL ATED. Marked by Que impressed the lip resembling the sepals and petals,
lines, as if produced by the point of a and the column being triandrous, or nearly
needle. so. Five cases of the kind are recorded by
Lindley, in the Journal of the Linncean
ACIES. The edge of anything. The Society (.August 1858).
angles of certain stems.
ACINACIFORM. Scimetar-shaped that ;
ACOCANTHERA. Lycium cinereum.
is, curved, rounded towards the point; thick
on the straighter side, thin on the con- ACONIOPTERIS. A group of the Acro-
sticliece, in which the parallel veins of the
vexity.
fronds are angularly united near the margin.
ACINETA. Noble epiphytal orchids from It is now included in Olfersia. [T. M.]
Central America, with angular pseudo-
bulbs, membranous ribbed leaves, and large ACONITE. Aconitum. — WINTER. Eran-
fragrant fleshy flowers in pendulous or occa- tliis liy emails.
sionally erect racemes some brownish-
:
ACONITUM. Animportant genus be-
purple, others more or less yellow. The longing to the order Ranunculacece and ,
genus was founded upon the Anguloa botanically characterised by the calyx be-
superba of Humboldt and Bonpland, whose ing not of a green colour, but blue or
artist imagined the great drooping raceme
yellow, of five pieces, the upper of which
to be erect, and otherwise misunderstood is convex, and in form like a helmet.
the true structure. Several species are Within this are concealed two singularly
known, but they are not very well distin- shaped petals, formerly considered to be
guished in all the lip is united to the
;
nectaries the form of these bodies is some-
:

column by a solid immovable concave what like that of a hammer. There are also
base, is three-lobed in various ways, and is three other petals, very small and incon-
furnished with a singular fleshy appendage spicuous, though occasionally they also
rising from the middle- in the form of a become hammer-shaped, like the two upper
truncated body or of a mere horn. The ones. The stamens are numerous and the
;
species mentioned in books are A. Hum- from three to five follicles.
fruit consists of
boldti, Barkeri, chrysantha (alias densa),
The plants constituting this genus are
Warczeivitzii, erythroxantha (alias chamse- found in Europe and Northern Asia, and
cycnoches), sella turcica, and cryptndonta, a few are natives of North America. One
all fine plants, and, with the exception of
species, A. napellus, is said to have been
sella turcica, all in cultivation.
found wild in Britain, but this is open
ACINODENDRON. A genus of Gronovius to grave doubts. All the plants of this
now reduced to Sagrcea, and supposed by genus possess virulently poisonous proper-
De Candoile to be the same as S. guadalu- ties the roots of some of the Indian species
;

pensis. produce the Bikli poison of Nepal, one of

the most dangerous of poisons. The roots
ACINUS. A bunch of fleshy fruits, as of A. ferox (supposed to be a variety of
of currants or grapes. Now confined to A. napellus) are used in the northern parts
the berries of such bunches. of Hindostan for poisoning arrows, with
ACIS. A small genus of bulbous plants, which tigers are destroyed. A tiger shot
belonging to the order Amaryllidacece, and from a bow in Assam was found dead at
separated from Leucojum, from which they only sixty yards from the spot, so soon did
are distinguished by having a filiform style, the poison take effect. Several kinds are
and fleshy angular seeds. Both have a bell- commonly cultivated in gardens, especially
shaped perianth, consisting of six nearly A. napellus, the fleshy roots of which have
equal divisions, six stamens inserted in the been occasionally used by mistake for
epigynous disk, and an inferior three-celled horse-radish, and produced fatal results.
ovary, containing numerous ovules. The This plant has a stem about three feet in
species referred to Acis are plants of height, with dark green glossy leaves,
Southern Europe and Northern Africa, deeply divided in a palmate manner the ;

and are pretty subjects for bulb gardens. flowers are placed in erect clusters, and are
A. rosea, one of the nicest species, has of a dull blue colour. The roots, or more
a small_ round bulb, narrow blunt linear properly rootstocks, are of a tapering form,
green leaves, and from one to three one- of a dark brown colour externally, and
flowered scapes, blooming in succession, the white internally the younger roots, which
;

flowers pendent, pale rose-coloured. The are placed on either side of the older one,
other species are A. autumnalis and A. are of a lighter colour. The taste is bitter
grandiflora. [T.M.] at first, but after a time numbness and
tingling of the lips and tongue are per-
ACKAWAI NUTMEG. The fruit of Acro- ceived. The root has none of the acridity
diclidium Camara. or pungency that fresh horse-radish pos-
ACKROOT or AKROOT. An Indian lar sesses. The two plants are so dissimi-
name for the Walnut. that it would seem impossible so ter-
rible a mistake should be made, but it has
ACLINIA. A supposed genus of Indian generally arisen from taking the root of the
acon] &i)z Cira^uro of $j0tang. 12
aconite when the leaves and flowers, which I knob at the extremity.This species does
are so unmistakable, have died away. The not possess such virulent properties as the
rootstock of the horse-radish is much larger others. [M. T. M.]
than that of the aconite, not of a tapering
form, dirty yellow externally, and the top ACONTIAS. A genus of plants so named
in allusion to the spots on the stem, which
or crown marked with transverse scars, in-
dicating the position of the old leaves its ;
resemble those of a species of serpent so
called. The genus belongs to the Caladium
tribe of the arum family, and has tuberous
rootstocks, lobed pedate leaves, green
erect spathes, enclosing a spadix or fleshy
spike, with female flowers at the lower
portion, and male flowers at the upper.
The species inhabit Brazil. [M. T. M.]
ACORE ODORANT. (Fn) Acorus Cala-
mus.
ACORIDIUM. A genus of csespitose
plants, natives of Manilla. They have slen-
der stems, sheathed at the base, and bear
dioecious flowers in a linear spike. They
are too little known to refer them satis-
factorily to their position, although they
seem to be allied to Burmanniacece and
Xyridacea:. [W. C]
ACORN. The fruit of the Oak or Quercus
family.— SWEET. The fruit of
, Quercus
Ballota.
ACORUS. The name of a genus of plants
referred by some .to the Aracece, and by
others to the Orontiacece. The most interest-
Aconitum Napellus. ing plant of the genus is Acorus Calamus,

dour and taste are at first pungent and

acrid. The venom of the aconite appears
to depend upon the presence of an alkaloid
called Aconitina, which is so extremely
poisonous that so small a dose as one-
flftieth part of a grain has wellnigh pro-
duced fatal results. A
tincture of aconite
root, or a solution of the alkaloid, is occa-
sionally used with much success as an ap-
plication to relieve rheumatic pains, but
it should be employed with the greatest
caution.
Aconitum variegatum is also commonly
cultivated it has, as its name implies,
;

flowers variegated with white and blue.

Aconitum Lycoctonum, or Wolfsbane, is a
common plant in the Alps of Switzerland
and Styria. Its leaves are palmate and

Acorus Calamus.
Aconitum Lycoctonum (flower).
or sweet flag, a plant apparently known
hairy, of a dull yellowish green. Its flowers, to the Greeks, though not to be confounded
which are borne in slightly branching with the Calamus aromaticus, which, ac-
clusters, are of a dull yellowish colour. cording to Royle, was a species of grass.
and the shape of the upper sepal is that The sweet flas? grows in ponds, by the banks
of an extinguisher, with a thick rounded I
of rivers, and other wet places in England.
 ;;

13 Cijc Crcasuni of 2S0tauj). [acko

It is found in the cooler parts of
also a true locomotive action is observable in
Europe, of India, and of North America. the matter emitted by the male organs
From the lower part of the thick jointed and that in the higher orders, that is to
stem or rhizome, the plant sends down say in Ferns, Lycopods, and Horsetails, the
numerous roots, while from the upper sur- plant, properly so calle,d, does not proceed
face it pushes upwards a number of lance- directly from the spore or seed, but from a
shaped leaves from two to three feet in rudimentary intermediate organ called pro-
length, sheathing at the base, also a long thallium, on which the organs of fertilisa-
leaf-like stalk, from one edge of which, a tion are formed, these organs not pro-
foot or more above the rootstock, issues a ducing a spore or seed, but the very plant
spike of densely packed greenish flowers, itself.
each provided with a perianth of six pieces,
enclosing six stamens and a three-celled
ACOTTLEDONOUS. Having no cotyle-
dons, as in Cuscuta. But, in systematical
ovary with a sessile stigma. All parts of
botany, applied to what are now called
the plant, but especially the rhizome, have
spores, which were formerly thought to be
a strong, aromatic, and slightly acrid taste
hence it has been used as a stimulant and
;
embryos without cotyledons.
mild tonic in medical practice, especially in ACOUCHI RESIN. The inspissated juice
some kinds of indigestion, and is said to of Idea heterophylla.
be useful in ague. The rhizome is also
used by confectioners as a candy, and by ACRADENIA. A plant found wild in the
perfumers in the preparation of aromatic neighbourhood of Macquarrie Harbour,
vinegar and other perfumed articles. A.
Tasmania, has been included in a genus of
gramineus is a much smaller plant, some- rutaceous plants of the above name. It
times cultivated in gardens, especially the belongs to the tribe Boronim, and its dis-
tinguishing characters are the following :—
form with variegated leaves. [M.T.M.]
parts of the flower in fives stamens free,
The Aconts Calamus imparts at once an ;

aromatic taste, and an agreeable bouquet not united together, perfectly smooth
odour, to liquids in which it is infused. anthers smooth, not provided with any
Professor Johnston states, in his Chemistry
appendage. The ovaries adhere closely to-
gether, and are everywhere clothed with a
of Common Life, that it is used by the recti-
fiers to improve the flavour of .gin, and is
dense woolly covering, except that each
largely employed to give a peculiar taste
bears at its summit a small gland, whence
the name of the genus. "When the fruit is
and fragrance to certain varieties of beer.
ripe the inner shell remains firmly attached
It abounds near the rivers of Norfolk, and,
to the outer shell, instead of separating from
according to the same authority, the Lon-
it in- two elastic valves, as in the neigh-
don market used to be principally supplied
from this locality; as much as 401. having bouring genera. A. Frankliniw, a species
been sometimes obtained for the year's named after Lady Franklin, is a shrub now
in cultivation at Kew, with opposite ternate
crop of a single acre of riverside land,
leaves, which are thick, very rough and
on which it naturally grows. It is still
used, as "rushes," to strew the floor of
harsh on the upper surface, smooth on the
Norwich Cathedral on certain festivals. under surface, and fragrant. [M. T. M.]
[T. M.] ACR^EA. A small genus of terrestrial
orchids with fleshy fasciculate roots, and
ACOTTLEDONS. A name often applied close racemes of yellowish, downy flowers.
to Cryptogams, or flowerless plants, in In general aspect the species resemble the
consequence of their reproductive organs European Spiranthes. The three or four
or spores, when germinating, having no that are described come from Central
seed-leaves or cotyledons. There is, how- America.
ever, no rule without an exception, and
some lycopods present when young some- ACRAMPHIBRYA. Plants that grow
thing very like cotyledons. Though Crypto- both- at the point and along the sides, as
gams have no trne cotyledons, their spores endogens and exogens.
produce, mostly by cell-division, a mass of
threads, a leafy expansion, or a solid body,
ACRIOPSIS. In Burmah, Borneo, and
the Malay Archipelago, are found several
to which the name of false cotyledons (pseu-
epiphytal orchids with small reddish pani-
do-cotyledons)hasbeengiven,andsuch pro- j

culate flowers, having their lip united firmly

ductions, as the false cotyledons of mosses
to the front of the column, from which it
for example, have often been considered as
projects at right angles, in addition to
distinct plants, belonging to a distinct
natural order from the parent plant. Under
which the column has two glandular arms,
this name are included all those plants
and is extended behind into a hood cover-
called by Linnseus Cryptogamia, because he
ing the anther. They belong to the van-
was unable to discover their organs of fer-
deous sub-class, and are nearly related to
the South American genus Aspasia. Three
tilisation, ifthey had any. They comprehend
or four species are known, of which two,
Sea-weeds, Fungi, Lichens, Mosses,
Ferns, and their allies which see. It is A. densiflora and picta, have been culti-
:

vated. Beyond the very curious structure

now known that all are multiplied hy a
sexual apparatus in structure wholly differ- of the parts of fructification, they have
little to recommend them to notice.
ent from that of pha?nogamous plants, but
in function the same. One very great pe- ACROBRTA. A term used hy Endlicher;
culiarity is that in the majority of the orders synonymous with Acrogens. [M. J. BJ
 ACIlo] &t)£ dTrca^uiM of 3Batan». 14

ACROCARPI. A division of mosses con- j

snow-white silky down, and is surmounted
taining those species in which the female by a pappus of from fifteen to twenty
fruit terminates the branches. Unfortu- \
feathery hairs or scales, flattened and con-
nately even in the same genus, as Fissidens, nected at their base, and tipped with a
species with lateral and terminal fruit yellow tassel-like brush, by which charac-
occur, so that the distinction is not with- ters the genus is chiefly distinguished. The
out grave exceptions. [M. J. B.] yellow colour of the disk is due less to the
colour of the florets themselves than to the
ACROCARPIDIUM. The plants constitut- brush-like tips of the pappus hairs, which
ing this genus of the natural order Piperacece under a lens are very interesting objects.
are closely allied to those included in the Four other species occur in the same lo-
genus Peperomia, from which they differ cality, but do not appear to have been yet
in habit and in the pseudo-pedicellate fruit. introduced. [W. T.]
They are for the most part creeping plants,
growing upon trunks of trees or mossy ACROCOMIA. The name given to a
banks, with hairy or smooth, alternate genus of palms, in allusion to the elegant
roundish or kidney-shaped leaves, which tufts of leaves at the summit of the stem.
have three or five prominent nerves the ;
One species, A. sclerocarpa, grows almost
flowers are placed in rings on long-stalked all over South America, occurring in dry
catkins with somewhat fleshy bracts they ;
soil, rarely in woods. The tree belongs to
have two distinct stamens, a simple stigma the same tribe as the cocoa-nut palm its;

crowning the stalkless ovary, which latter trunk rises to twenty or thirty feet in
ripens into a fruit so contracted at its base height, and is sometimes swollen in the
as to give an appearance as if it were middle the leaves are from ten to fifteen
;

placed on a stalk. They are natives of tro- feet in length, pinnate, with from seventy
pical America and the West Indies, and to eighty leaflets on each side. The young
partake in some degree of the general leaves are eaten as a vegetable. It is culti-
cordial properties of the family to which vated in our hothouses. [M. T. M.]
they belong. A. hispidulum is made use of ACROGENS. A large and most important
in the West Indies as a bitter and sto- division of Cryptogams, distinguished
machic. Several kinds are cultivated in for the most part from Thallogens, as
stoves as objects of curiosity or of botani- Funguses, Seaweeds, and Lichens, by their
cal interest rather than for their beauty. herbaceous growth, the presence of leafy
They are best known under the old name appendages which are frequently furnished
of Peperomia. .[M. T. MJ with stomates, the different mode of im-
ACROCH^JTE punctata. An epiphytal pregnation, and the presence of vascular
orchid from the Sikkira Himalaya, where tissue. A few acrogenous Liverworts have
it was found by Dr. Hooker at the height
the habit of Lichens, but differ totally in
of 4,000 feet above the sea. It has an ovate structure.
pseudo-bulb, a long solitary coriaceous leaf, The most important distinction, however,
and an erect radical inflorescence. The undoubtedly is that the impregnation takes
flowers are straw-coloured, dotted with place somewhat after the manner of Ph^;-
crimson. It is nearly related to Sicnipia, nogams, by an impression made upon the
with which it agrees in having a couple of contents of the embryonic sac, and not upon
long taper caudicles for the pollen masses. the spore itself, as is decidedly the case
amongst Thallogens where the mode of
ACROCLINIUM. A beautiful genus of impregnation has been ascertained, as
annual composites, at present represented in Algce. In Cliaracece alone the spore
in our gardens by the A. roseum, recently seems to be immediately impregnated,
introduced from the Champion Bay dis- though even in this case it is uncertain
trict, Western Australia. Its flower-heads whether impregnation does not take place
resemble those of the well-known Rho- before the spore is perfected.
dantJie Manglesii, but are larger, and the In Mosses, Liverworts, and Ferns, the
habit of the plant is entirely distinct. It spore after germination produces at first
produces numerous erect unbranched stems either a web of threads, a solid mass, or a
a foot or more high, the primary one emit- membranous expansion (prothallium). In
ting two opposite shoots from its base, the two former a distinct plant arises from
each of which in their turn throws out the threads with frequently symmetrical
two additional ones, which again become leaves, and on these plants urn-shaped
the parents of others, until the plant as- organs are produced (called archegones)
sumes a bushy character. The stems are analogous to pistils, which contain at their
clothed with numerous linear, smooth, base a cell which, after impregnation, pro-
pointed leaves, and bear at the summit a duces the proper fruit. In perennial spe-
sinarle handsome flower-head an inch and a cies a fresh crop of archegones may be
half in diameter, consisting of a bright produced in two or three successive years,
yellow disk of tubular florets, surrounded which require a distinct act of impregna-
by a many-leaved, imbricated involucrum, tion for the development of the capsules.
the innermost leaflets of which have In Ferns and their allies, on the contrary,
spreading rose-coloured tips, presenting, the archegones give rise to a new plant,
as in Ehodanthe, Helichrysum, and other which for one or for many successive years
allied genera, the appearance of ray florets. produces a fresh crop of fruit without fur-
The fruit, or, as it is popularly but in- ther impregnation. The result of impreg-
correctly termed, the seed, is clothed with nation in the two cases, then, is quite
 ;

15 Oje Crcasuri) of 3Botaitg. [acko

different. In Mosses the whole plant is, a position equally related to both these
as to functions, a prothallium in ferns, ; orders. The flowers are small, sessile, in
merely the membranous expansion imme- axillary cymes. The calyx consists of five
diately produced on the germination of the equal erect sepals. There are two stamens,
spores. Further details may be reserved for and a unilocular ovary, with a single ovule.
each successive group. In those species of The leaves are alternate, unequally dentate,
Fungi, asPuccinia, Podisoma, &c, where a and strongly reticulated below. [W. C.J
prothallium is produced, it has the nature
of a spore, and germinates in the same
ACROLASIA. A genus of Chilian Loa-
sacecE, allied to Hentzelia, from which it
manner. differs in having a definite number of sta-
As regards the tissues, it may be observed mens white flowers, and sinuate-pin-
(ten),
that the stem of many acrogens contains
natifld leaves, which are opposite below
distinct vascular tissue. In Jungermannice,
and alternate above. [W. C]
where such tissue is rare elsewhere, it
almost universally accompanies the spores. ACRONIA. A spurious genus of orchids,
In Mosses, as in Sphagnum, there are some- now reduced to Pleurothallis. The only
times distinct spirals in the cells of the species was A.phalangifera, which proves to
leaves. The vascular tissue in most of the be identical with Pleurothallis Mathewsii.
higher cryptogams is scalariform but in
Isoetes and Equisetum it is annular, with
;
ACRONYCHIA. A genus of rue-like
plants (liutacea), distinguished by a short
transitions to short spirals, while in Sela-
four-parted calyx, four petals, eight sta-
ginella and Lycopodium there is a transition
from short spiral and reticulated cells to
mens inserted on a disk style short stigma
; ;

capitate, four-lobed fruit berry-like, four-

elongated cells, which may be called spiral ;

celled, each cell containing one seed. A.

vessels. In the stem of Sphagnum there
Cunninghami, a.n evergreen shrub, a native
is tissue closely resembling the glandular
of Moreton Bay, is cultivated in this coun-
tissue of conifers. The spiral coats of the
spores in Equisetum will be noticed here-
try. The flowers have a perfume like those
of the orange, and the leaves abound in
after. The impregnating bodies or sper-
resinous or oily fluid of a powerful turpen-
matozoids have always flagelliform ap-
pendages, sometimes much more highly
tine-like odour. [M.T.M.]
developed than in the spermatozoa of ani- ACROPERA Loddigesii. A Mexican and
mals. The principal divisions of acrogens Central American genus of orchids, con-
are: sisting of about four species, growing
1. Charace^;. Spores solitary. on the bark of trees. They have the habit
of Maxillaric:, with fleshy pseudo-bulbs
2. Ricciace-E. Capsules valveless, with-
out spiral cells or elaters.
and a drooping radical inflorescence. Their
3. Marchaxtiace^:. Capsules depen- name, which signifies a pouch at the point,
dent, containing elaters. was given them in consequence of there
4. Jungermanniace^e. Capsules erect, being a sac at the end of their labellum.
containing elaters. The flowers are of some dull yellowish
colour, with very small misshapen petals.
5. Muscr. Capsules mostly valveless,
without elaters. The genus is very near Gongora, to which
it is reduced by Reichenbach.
In these five orders the archegones give
rise to the capsule.
ACROPHORUS. A genus of polypo-
diaceous ferns of the group Cy stopfer due, i

6. Filices. Capsules mostly with an distinguished by having its globose patches

elastic ring, but sometimes densely of fructification, situated mostly at the tips,
crowded and ringless. rarely axillary in the forks of the veins,
7. OPHioGLOSSACEiE. Capsules ringless, these sori being covered by suborbicular
bivalvate. indusia affixed by their posterior side.
8. Eqcisetaceje. Capsules dependent. They form a small genus, serving to unite
Coat of spores spiral. the BavallicB with the Cystopterideae. The
9. Marsileaceje. Capsules multilocular. plants have creeping rhizomes, and very
10. Lycopodiace^:. Capsules axillar, uni- elegant membranaceous, pinnate or decom-
locular. pound, free-veined fronds, of which the
divisions are either equal-sided or dimi-
In these five orders the spores produce a diate. There are about a score of species,
prothallium bearingarchegones which yield
including those referred sometimes to
new plants and not capsules. For further Leucostegia and Odontoloma. The larger
details see Berkeley's Cryptogaraic Botany,
proportion of these are natives of India
p. 421. [M. J. BJ and the East. [T. M.J

ACROGLOCHIX. A
genus containing ACROPHYLLTJM. A genus of Cuno-
only a single species, A.chenopodioides, from niocea?, founded upon a Tasmanian plant
Nepal. It has been referred by some to allied to Weinmannia, but distinguished
Salsolacece, because of the horizontal posi- by the absence of -a disk in the flowers.
tion of the seed, as in Chenopodium but ; A. venosum is a small erect shrub with
the dehiscent utricle seems to separate it evergreen leaves placed in whorls of three
from the true Salsolacea? and join it to the they are nearly sessile, oblong, cordate,
Amarantfoacece, with which, however, it acute, serrated, and smooth the stipules
;

does not perfectly agree, for in this order are small and membranous and the flowers
;

the seeds are vertical. It in fact occupies are small, white tinged with red, in dense
 J :

ACRO] El)t (ErnuSurij ai JSntani?. 16

whorls round theupperpart of the stem and and Tasmania, and distin-
of Australia
branches. Above the whorls of flowers guished by having a bi-bracteate calyx
there is a terminal tuft of leaves, from a funnel-shaped corolla, the segments of
which the genus takes its name. The sepals which are clothed at the apex with deflexed
and petals are five each, and stamens ten. hairs, and five slightly exserted stamens,
It was introduced into this country in 1836, which are shorter than the lobes of the
and forms a very striking and handsome corolla. The fruit is a depressed globose
greenhouse shrub. [J. T. S.J berry. They are shrubs of dwarfish habit,
the branches usually divaricate, and clothed
ACROPTERIS. A name sometimes given, with scattered ovate or lanceolate leaves.
to Asplenium septentrionale, and a few other
[T. M.]
The flowers grow in short lateral or ax-
asplenioid ferns.
illary spikes, and are white or pale red. The
ACROSPIRE. The first leaf that appears name of Frcebelia fasciculiflora has been
when corn sprouts. It is a developed proposed for Acrotriche ramiflora. [R. H
plumule.
ACTiEA. A genus of plants so called
ACROSTICHE^. A section of polypodi-
from the resemblance borne by their leaves
neous ferns, in which the sori occupy al- and fruit to those of the elder, in Greek
most or quite the whole fructiferous sur- akte. The only British species, A. spicata,
face, and are not confined to distinct and
Baneberry, is of rare occurrence, and is
determinate points of the veins. [T. M.]
found only in bushy, mountainous lime-
ACROSTICPIUM. A genus of polypo- stone districts in the north of England. It
diaceous ferns, typical of the group Acro- bears its flowers, which are white, slightly
with which, in the wider sense, it is
stichece, tinged with blush, in a spike. The berries
synonymous. As restricted by modern are black and poisonous. The root has been
pteridologists, the name is chiefly confined used in nervous disorders, but is said to be a
to a somewhat variable subaquatic tropical precarious remedy. It is sometimes called
fern found in different parts of the world, Herb Christopher, a name also formerly
which is distinguished by having the veins given to the flowering fern Osmunda
of its fronds uniting everywhere in a close regalis. It is indigenous to the greater part
network of small meshes, and by the lower- of Europe. Two American species are occa-
most leaflets or pinnae being sterile, and sionally to be found in the gardens of the
the upper ones fertile. The fertile parts, curious, introduced from their native
both in this genus and the rest of the Acro- country, where they are abundant in rocky
stichece, are entirely occupied by the densely mountainous districts, from Canada to Vir-
packed spore-cases, which thus form uni- ginia, particularly about Lake Huron.
versal or shapeless masses, without any These are considered valuable medicines by
special covering or indusium. The typical the natives, especially as a remedy against
species is A. aureum, which, in one or other the bite of the rattlesnake hence they are,
;

of its forms, is found in the West Indies, with several other plants, sometimes known
j

South America.Australia, the Pacific Islands j

as the Rattlesnake herbs. [C. A. J.]
and Eastern Archipelago, India, Mascaren
Islands, Madagascar, South Africa, and ACTINIOPTER IS. A genus of polypodia-
Tropical Western Africa. It is a tall-grow- ceous ferns of the section Aspleniece, and
ing plant, eight to ten feet high, with a consisting of curious little plants like mi-
thick rhizome or rootstock, and bold pin- niature fan-palms, by which appearance
nated fronds, the upper pinnas of which are they may be known. The technical pecu-
smaller, and clothed with the dense mass liarities of the genus among the Aspleniece,
of confluent spore-cases. The plant is consist in the simple, distinct indusia,
generally found near the sea, in morasses free veins, and linear elongate sori, which
or moist situations. There are very few- are marginal on the contracted rachiform
other species retained in the genus, and segments of the small flabelliform fronds.
these mostly of doubtful character. [T.M.] One of the species, A. radiata,.is plentiful in
Southern India; and both this and its ally.
ACROTOME. A genus of Labiate?, con- A. australis, occur in Africa. The former
taining three species, natives of Southern
grows three to six inches high, and pro-
Africa. They are shrubs or herbaceous duces an erect tuft of fronds which have a
plants, with small opposite leaves. The roundish outline, and are divided inwards
flowers are in dense verticillasters in the
from the margin very much indeed like
axils on the upper portion of the stem.
what occurs in the fan-palms. [T. M.]
The calyx consists of a campanulate tube
with ten nerves and five or ten teeth. The ACTINODAPHNE. A name derived from
tube of the corolla is scarcely longer than Greek words signifying ray laurel, and ap-
the calyx; its upper lip is erect, entire,
plied to a genus of the laurel family (Laura-
and slightly arching, the lower trifid, the ceec). The plants are Indian trees with al-
middle lobe being largest. The stamens ternate leaves, sometimes clustered or
and style are included. This genus is nearly whorled, feather-nerved or
related on the one hand to Leucas, and on
somewhat
palmi-nerved. Flowers in clusters or tufts,
the other to Marrubhim and Sideritis, but it the male and female sexes on different
is distinguished from all of them by its dis-
plants. The male flowers have nine fer-
tinctly one-celled anthers. [W.C.]
tile stamens, in three rows, those of the
ACROTRICHE. A genus of Epacridacece, inner row having a gland on either side of
found in the eastern and southern portions its base. The style is thick, the stigma
 Et)C 2ucas'un> nf 23atann. [AD AN

disk-shaped, the fruit berry-like, placed in ADAM and EVE. Aplectrum hyemale.
the cup-shaped tube of the calyx. [M. T. M.]
ADAM'S NEEDLE. The vulgar name for
ACTIXOMERIS. A genus of perennial Yucca.
BT. American and Mexican herbs of the ADAMIA. A genus of the order Saxi-
composite family, closely allied to sun- fragaceo?, related to Hydrangea, found in
flowers (Helianthus), but differing in the India, China, and other eastern countries.
compressed and winged,— instead of 4-sided It has a short five-toothed calyx, a five to
and wingless,— achenes, which have a pap- seven-petaled corolla, ten to twenty sta-
pus of two smooth bristles. There are mens, .and a half-inferior ovary becoming a
about eight known species, most of them berry, which is many-seeded. A. versicolor,
tall branching herbs, with alternate or op- one of the most beautiful of the few-known
posite ovate or lance-shaped serrate leaves,, species, is a native of China, and forms a
which are smooth or rough, often tapering dwarf smooth-branched shrub, furnished
to the base, and decurient on the stem, with largish opposite leaves, resembling
thus giving it a winged appearance. The those of Hydrangea japonica. The flowers
rayed flower-heads, disposed usually in a are collected into a pyramidal panicle,
corymbose manner, are white or yellow, nearly a foot in diameter they are each six
;

sometimes li inches across, and not un- or seven-petaled, forming a pointed star,
like those of some species of Coreopsis. and while in bud are whitish, but they
The generic name alludes to the fewness gradually change to purple and violet; they
or irregularity of the rays. A
number of have twenty stamens. The berries are blue.
the species is cultivated in collections of Another species found in Nepal, A. cyanea,
herbaceous plants. [A. A. B.] also bears blue berries. [T. M.]

ACTINOPHLEBIA. A small group of ADANSONIA. This genus belongs to the

now included in Hemi-
cvatheaceous ferns, natural family Bombacea. The Adansonia
tonia. [T. MJ has, until lately, been considered the largest
ACTINOSTROBUS pyramidalis. A small tree in the world, but it must now give
shrub from Swan River, belonging to place to the mammoth tree of California
the coniferous order. The branches are (Wellingtonia gigantea). Its height is from
three-cornered, and jointed like a Callitris, 40 to 70 feet, and not at all in proportion to
from which genus it having six
differs in the size of its trunk, which sometimes at-
equal valves to its cones, and three wiaged tains the great diameter of 30 feet. It soon
seeds. It inhabits salt marshes. divides into branches of great size, which
bear a dense mass of deciduous leaves,
ACTIXOTUS. A genus of Umbelliferce, somewhat like those of the horse-chestnut.
containing three species, natives of the The flowers are large, white, solitary, and
eastern districts of New Holland. It is pendent on long stalks, and when ex-
nearly related to Sanicula, but differs from panded are about 6 inches across. The fruit
that and allied genera in having no petals. is an oblong woody capsule, covered with a
It is characterised also by a one-ovuled short down, and from 8 inches to a foot
ovary, crowned by two styles; the fruit is and a half long, in appearance somewhat
ovate, villous, and marked with fine strias. like a gourd internally, it is divided into
;

The leaves are alternate, petiolate, and 8 or 10 cells, each cell filled with a pulpy
deeply trisected. The umbels are simple substance in which the seeds are immersed.
and many-flowered, the flowers on short A.digitata, the Baobab, Ethiopian Sour
pedicels, and surrounded by a many-leaved Gourd, or Monkey-bread, is a native of many
large involucre, which gives the genus parts of Africa, It has been found in Sene-
somewhat the appearance of belonging to gal and Abyssinia, as well as on the west
the Composite. [W. C] coast, extending to Angola, and from
thence across the country to Lake Ngami.
ACULEUS. A prickle a conical elevation
;
It is cultivated in many of the warm parts
of the skin of a plant, becoming hard and
of the world. It has been called ' the tree of
sharp-pointed: as in the rose.
a thousand years,' and Humboldt speaks of
ACUMINATE. A term applied to leaves it as * the oldest organic monument of our
or other flat bodies which narrow gradually planet.' Adanson, whose name the genus
till they form a long termination if the : bears, and who travelled in Senegal in 1794,
narrowing takes place towards the base, it has given an account of this tree. He made
is so stated, e.g. acuminate at the base if ; a calculation to show that one of them, 30
towards the point, the term is used without feet in diameter, must be 5,150 years old ! !

qualification. He saw two trees, from 5 to 6 feet in dia-

meter, on the bark of which were cut to a
ACUYARI WOOD. The aromatic wood
considerable depth a number of European
of Idea altissima.
names; two of these were dated, the one
ADA aurantiaca. Under this name has in the 14th, the other in the 15th century.
been published a New Grenada epiphyte, In 1555, the same trees were seen by Thevet,
found in the neighbourhood of Pamplona, another French traveller, who mentions
at 8,500 feet above the sea. It has closely them in the account of his voyage. Living-
packed bright orange-coloured flowers, stone says of the tree, I would back a true
'

with much the same structure as Brassia, Moicana (the name given to it in the
except that the lip is firmly consolidated neighbourhood of Lake Ngami) against a
with the base of the column. dozen floods, provided you do not boil it in
 ;

Cf)£ CreaSurg af 28fltantJ. 18

salt water ; cannot believe that any

but I f ADDER'S MOUTH. An American name
of those now alive had a chance of being for Microstylis.
subjected to the experiment of even the
ADDER'S TONGUE. The English name
Noachian deluge.'
The bark of the Baobab furnishes a fibre for Ophioglossum. — YELLOW. Erythro-
which is made into ropes, and in Senegal
nium americanurn.
woven into cloth. The fibre is so strong ADECTUM. A synonym of Dennstcedtia,
as to give rise to a common saying in a handsome free-growing genus of ferns,
Bengal 'As secure as an elephant bound
: related to Dicksonia. [T. M.]
with a baobab rope.' The wood is soft, and ADELASTER (Gr. like something un-
subject to the attacks of a fungus which known). A name proposed for those garden
destroys its life, and renders the part af- plants which, having come into cultivation
fected'easily hollowed out. This is done by
without their flowers being known, cannot
the negroes, and within these hollows they '
be definitively referred to their proper
suspend the dead bodies of those who are genus. All Adelasters are therefore pro-
refused the honour of burial. There they
visional names, to be abandoned as soon
become mummies, perfectly dry and well as the true names of the plants so called
preserved, without any further preparation
can be ascertained.
or embalmment.' Livingstone speaks of a
hollow trunk, within which 20 to 30 men ADENANDRA. A genus of rutaceous or
could lie down with ease. The leaves rue-like plants, so named on account of the
pounded constitute Lalo, which the Afri- presence of a small gland on the top of the
cans mix with their soups, sauces, &c, not stamens. They consist of small shrubs,
as a relish, but to diminish the excessive natives of the Cape of Good Hope, and
perspiration, and keep the blood in a some of them are cultivated for the sake
healthy state. ' The pulp of the fruit is of their pink-coloured flowers. The genus
slightly acid, agreeable, and often eaten is principally distinguished by its 5 sterile
and the juice expressed from it constitutes stamens, which are in form like the 5 fer-
a drink which is valued as a specific' in tile ones, but longer: both kinds tipped
putrid and pestilential fevers. Owing to with a gland. The leaves are used for the
this circumstance it forms an article of same purposes as those of Diosma at the
commerce.' The ashes of the fruit and Cape. [M. T. M.]
bark boiled in rancid palm oil are used as a
soap by the negroes.
ADEN ANTHER A. A genus of the pea
family (Leguminosce). The species are chiefly
The only other species of the genus is A. found in eastern India and the Malayan
Qregorii. It is a native of the sandy plains
Islands, and one is wild in Madagascar.
of N. Australia, and is known as Sour
They are trees or shrubs, with bipinnate
gourd and Cream of tartar tree. It dif-
or decompound leaves and spikes of small
yellow flowers, the anthers of which are
tipped with a stalked gland; and these
gland-tipped anthers give rise to the
generic name. A. pavonina grows to a
great size in the East Indies, and yields a
solid useful timber, called Red Sandal wood,
a name which is also given to the wood of
Pterocarpus savtalinus. A dye is obtained
by simply rubbing the wood against a wet
stone and this is used by the Brahmins
;

for marking their foreheads after religious

bathing. The seeds are of a bright scarlet
colour, and are used by the jewellers in the
East as weights, each seed weighing uni-
formly four grains. Pounded and mixed
with borax, they form an adhesive sub-
stance. They are sometimes used as an
article of food, and are frequently made
into ornaments, such as bracelets, neck-
laces, &c. [A. A. B.]

ADENOCALYMNA. The name given to

a genus of Bignoniacece. The species are
Adansonia Gregorii.
large climbers, and all of them natives of
Brazil, where they scramble over trees,
enlivening the forests with their clusters
fers chiefly from A. digitata in its smaller of bright-coloured yellow, orange, or pink
fruit with a shorter foot stalk. The largest flowers. Their stems are slender and often
tree seen in Gregory's expedition was 85 rough. Their leaves are ternate, or some-
feet in girth at 2 feet from the ground. times only binate when this latter is the
;

The pulp of its fruit 'has an agreeable ^acid case, a tendril-like appendage takes tbe
taste, like cream of tartar, and is peculiarly place of the third leaflet. Numbers of
refreshing in the sultry climates where the depressed circular glands are found on
tree is found. It consists of gum, starch, their surface, as well as on the calyx and;

sugary matter, and malic acid.' [A. A. B.] from this circumstance the genus receive?
 19 Cfje Ereatfurg at Matmiy. [ades

its name Adenocah/mna, which is com- ADENOPHORl'S. A

small group of
posed of Greek words signifying gland ferns, in which the sori are terminal on
and covering. The flowers are borne ou the free veins, the receptacle at the apex
long racemes they are trumpet-shaped,
; of the simple costa-like or central veins
and, intermixed with them, are large being dilated or obovate. The fronds are
bracts, which fall off early. Some of the small, very elegant in-character, and bear
species are cultivated in our stoves for glands over their surface. The species are
their beauty. [A. A. B.] now referred to Polypodium. [T. M.]

ADEXOCARPUS. This is a genus of the ADENOPUS. An imperfectly known

pea family (Leguminosce), composed of genus belonging to the gourd family (Cu-
plants which are most of them extremely curbitacece). The male and female flowers
handsome, from their bearing profuse are on different plants, and the female
racemes of yellow flowers. The genus only flowers are not at present known. The
differs from that of the common English male flowers have a tubular five-toothed
broom (Genista) in having pods covered calyx five petals inserted on the top of
;

with glands whence its name Adenocarpus,

: the calyx tubes, entire or slightly crisped
which is derived from two Greek words at the margin five stamens, in two par-
;

signifying gland and fruit. They are cels, attached to the middle of the tube of
found in the Pyrenees, the Sierra Nevada, the calyx, with very short filaments and
and in other parts of southern Europe, long wavy anthers. The leaves are palm-
but chiefly at high elevations. One ately-lobed, stalked, with two glands at
species is found in Madeira, and a few in the extremity of the leaf-stalk. The plants
the Canaries, Mr. Bunbury, in writing on are natives of Sierra Leone and Western
the botany of the Peak of Teneriffe, says : Tropical Africa. [M. T. M.J
*
To the region of the heath succeeds, as ADENOSMA. A
genus of Acanthacece,
we ascend, that of the Codeso del Pico containing eight or nine species, natives
(Adenocarpus frankenioides). The limit of Asia. They are annual herbaceous
of this plant is particularly well marked.
plants, having the odour of the Mints,
For a little space it is intermixed with with opposite leaves, and sessile flowers
scattered and stunted bushes of the heath,
in the axils of the small leaves on the
but this soon thins out and disappears,
upper portion of the stem, so aggregated
and for miles the whole slope is covered
as to form a leafy spike. The genus is cha-
with the Adenocarpus alone, as some of
racterised by a five-partite calyx, a gaping
our commons and wastes in England are
corolla, four didynamous stamens, with
-covered with Furze. It is in general a low
anthers composed of two parallel cells.
compact rigid bush, peculiar in its multi- The long capsule is many-seeded. It dif-
tude of short lateral branches, and the
fers from the allied genus Ebermayera in
minute closely-crowded grey-green leaves ;
the gaping corolla, and in the structure of
by no means a handsome plant when out
the anthers. [W. C]
of flower but here and there, in sheltered
;

spots, it assumes the character of a little ADEMOSTYLIS. A

genus of the com-
tree. It is one of the most eminently posite family, comprising but few species.
social plants in the world.' Several species They are perennial mountain herbs, with
are cultivated in gardens. [A. A. B.] alternate stalked, cordate, or reniform
leaves, which are smooth, or covered with a
ADEXOPHORA. A genus of plants al-
loose white cotton. Their flower-heads are
lied to Campanula, and like it bearing bell- numerous in terminal compact corymbs,
shaped flowers, the chief mark of distinc-
with florets of a purple or white colour
tion being that the style of the present
In appearance these plants are much like
plant is surrounded by a cylindrical gland,
the common coltsfoot (Tussilago Farfara),
whence its name (from the Greek aden, a but tney differ from the coltsfoot in having
gland, and phero, to bear). The plants of
all their florets fertile. They are all natives
this family are perennial, rarely biennial
of mountain districts in southern Europe,
herbs, with erect stems, alternate or some-
the greater part of them being found in
what whorled leaves, which below, are
the Pyrenees, where they grow luxuriantly
broad and stalked, but gradually becoming
in stony places beside alpine rivulets. The
narrower as they ascend the stem. The
leaves of A. glabra have been recommended
flowers are blue, stalked and drooping, and
in coughs. [A. A. B.]
for the most part are situated towards the
top of the stem, where, in some instances, ADESMIA. A large genus of the pea
they form a spike or cluster, while in family (Leguminosce) confined to the tem-
,

others they are few in number. Most of perate parts of S. America. Commencing in
the species are natives of Siberia, China, the Bolivian Andes, they extend southward
and Japan. One species, A. liliifoUa, or A. to Cape Horn but are found in greatest
;

suaveolens, is found in many countries of numbers in Chili. They are annual or

eastern Europe, and occurs also in France, perennial some of them shrubs four or
;

Hungary, and Candia. In this the flowers five feet high, and most of them with
are numerous, sweet-scented, and disposed alternate equally pinnate leaves termi-
in a loose pyramidal panicle. The root is nated by a bristle. Their flowers are dis-
thick and esculent, as are those of some of posed in racemes at the apex of the
the other species. All are elegant border branches, or solitary in the axils of the
flowers, and are, therefore, worth culti- leaves, and are generally yellow with purple
vating in gardens. [C. A. J.] stripes. The pods are jointed, rough on
AD HA] &fje Ereagurjj at 23atang. 20
the surface, and sometimes beset with countries. They have all black shining
leathery bristles. One of the species, A. stipites.and mostly roundish or rhomboidal
aphylla, has its leaves reduced to mere or lunately-curved pinnules, the fronds
scales; and in another, A. trifoliata, they being very various in size and general
are not unlike those of the common wood character. The structure is very peculiar,
sorrel. A. balsamifera, a Chilian species unlike that ol any other lerns. The sori
called Jarilla, is a plant of great beauty are marginal, covered by indusia, which
when in flower it yields a balsam which
; are either roundish and distinct, or be-
has a very pleasant odour, perceptible at come blended into a linear form, these
a great distance. This balsam is said to be two conditions respectively resembling the
ol great efficacy in healing wounds. A few Iructification seen in Cheilanthes and Pteris;
of the species have their abortive flower- but it is resemblance only, the Iructifica-
stalks converted into forked spines. There tion (spore-cases) being in the latter genera
are upwards of fifty species. [A. A. B.] seated on the Irond itself, and covered by
the indusium, while in Adiantum they
ADHATODA. A
genus of acanthaceous are not attached to the Irond, but to the
plants, consisting of herbs or shrubs with under side ol the indusium, and are there-
opposite leaves, and axillary spikes of lore turned upside down on to the surface
flowers, each flower furnished with three ol the Irond. This structural peculiarity
bracts, the outer one of which is large and distinguishes Adiantum Irom all otherferns
persistent, covering the calyx ; the two except Hewardia, which is known by hav-
inner ones smaller. The calyx is five- ing a reticulated venation, that of Adian-
parted the corolla two-lipped ; the four
; tum being free. The genus is represented
stamens are inserted on the throat ol the in the British Flora, by A. Capillus-veneris,
corolla the anthers are two-celled, with a
; the Maidenhair Fern, a very elegant plant,
large connective.the lobes unequal, and the with a creeping scaly rhizome, and bipin-
inferior ones often spurred the filaments
; nate fronds, the leaflets of which are be-
compressed, bent downwards the style
; tween rhomboidal and wedge-shaped, mar-
thread-shaped, bent downwards and the ; gined with oblong sori, and more or less
capsule stalked, two-celled, four-seeded, deeply lobed. This species is very exten-
bursting by two valves. A. vasica, the sively distributed in the temperate or
Justicia Adhatoda of Linnaeus, is a common tropical parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, and
plant in India its wood is soft, and its
; America, and not very materially varying
charcoal is excellent lor the manulacture in form, notwithstanding this wide range.
ol gunpowder. The flowers, leaves, root, Some species, as the A. reniforme ol Ma-
and especially the Iruit, are considered as deira, have entire Ironds in others, as the
;

anti-spasmodic, and are given in cases ol A. lunulatum of India, they are pinnate not ;

asthma and intermittent lever, The word a few species are, like our native one,
Adhatoda is a latinised lorni ol the native bipinnate ; and numerous others are tri-
Malabar or Cingalese name. [M. T. MJ pinnate, or still more divided. A. pedatum,
a very beautiful North American species,
ADIANTE.E. A section of polypodia- which has the fronds pedate, the divisions
ccous ferns, in which the receptacles to pinnate, and the pinnules halved oblong
which the spore-cases are attached, are and lunate, incised along the upper edge
placed on the under surface of the indu- it is sometimes used in the preparation of
;

sium itself, so that the fructification is, as capillaire. The species are great favourites
it were, upside down, and is hence said to
in hothouses. [T. M.]
be resupinate. [T. M.]
ADLUMIA. A climbing genus of fume-
ADIANTOPSIS. A
small genus ol ele- worts, consisting only of the A. cirrhosa, a
gant polypodiaceous lems, ol the section pretty North American biennial, formerly
Cheilanthece, distinguished partly by their
known as Corydalis fungosa. It is distin-
adiantoid aspect, but technically by having guished from the other genera of the
marginal punctiform sori terminal on the Order by the permanent cohesion of its
free veins, and covered by distinct orbi- four spongy petals into one piece, and by a
cular indusia. The plants bear generally many-seeded pod, splitting, when ripe, into
tulted stems, and small elegantly-divided two valves. Its chief attraction consists
fronds. The species are found in South in its delicate pale green triply pinnate
America, the West Indies, and Africa. A. foliage, the twining footstalks of which
radiata, one ol the best known ol them, act as tendrils the small flesh-coloured
;

common in the West Indies and South blossoms are Ireely produced, but possess
America, grows about a loot high, Irom a little beauty. The plant neither climbs
tufted crown, the stipites shining black, nor flowers till the second year. [W. T.]
and the fronds spreading out at top of the
stipites into a radiate tuft ol pinnate ADNATE. Grown to anything by the
branches. The species are olten seen in whole surface when an ovary
; is united to
cultivation, on account of their small size the side ol a calyx it is adnate.
and elegant character. [T. M.j
ADONIS. A small genus ol ranuncu-
ADIANTUM. An extensive and much lads,mostly European, comprising several
admired genus ol polypodiaceous lerus, popular border flowers, both annual and
typical ol the group Adiantece. The spe- perennial. It is characterised by the
cies are scattered nearly over the whole absence ol an involucre, a calyx ol five
world, but are most abundant in tropical sepals, a corolla ol Irom five to fifteen
 ;

21 HH)t Ereasurg ai 23atang. [JECID

petals, and numerous dry ovate carpels, times spiny at the margin and from the
;

pointed with the style, and grouped in a J

centre of these is developed the flower
short spike or head all the species have
; scape, which is branched in a panicled
the foliage cleft into numerous linear seg- [
manner and bears numerous flowers. JE.
ments, and produce hut a single flower at ! discolor, one of the most striking of the
the summit of each stem and branch. Of I
species, has broad recurved leaves, which
the annual section, eight or ten species are ;
are dull green above and purplish beneath.
described, but only two are to be found in |
The panicle is longer than the leaves, of a
general cultivation : the A. autuinnalis, t scarlet colour in the upper part, bearing
and A. aestivalis, both indigenous plants, the flowers distantly spiked along the
with small, deep crimson flowers, the ! branches. The flowers are without brac-
latter having the petals much longer than teoles, in which respect it is peculiar.
1

the calyx; whilst those of the former j

The calycine segments are oblique and
scarcely exceed it. They are popularly obtuse, coral-red below, blackish above,
known as Pheasant's Eye, and Flos Adonis. the petaline ones twisted, purplish. The
The perennial species are all showy, dwarf unexpanded buds have a most striking re-
herbaceous plants, with long black fasci- semblance to the seeds of Abrns precatorius,
cled roots, and large glossy yellow flowers. commonly called crab's eyes, and some-
The best and most commonly cultivated times strung as beads. [T. 31.]
species is the A. rernalis, a desirable and tECHMOLEPIS. A genus of Asclepia-
very effective early bloomer. [W. T.] dacece,containing a single species, a native
ADOXA. A small genus referred by of Angola. It is a shrub with ternate
Mr. Bentham to the Caprifoliacece, consist- leaves, glabrous above, hoary and reticu-
ing of a single species, A. Mosehalellina, lated beneath. It is characterised by its
the Tuberous Moschatel, found blooming filaments being connate at their base and
in spring in woods and on shady banks distinct above, by having its anthers co-
in many parts of England, and extending hering at the apex, though free from the
through Northern and Central Europe and stigma, and by its twenty granular pollen
parts of Asia and North America, far into masses. [W. C]
the Arctic regions. The genus is distin- iECIDIUM. A genus of Fungi, compos-
guished by bearing a calyx of two or three ing a large number of parasites, which
spreading lobes a short-tubed corolla, with
;
grow upon the living parts of plants.
four or five spreading divisions eight or
;
The reproductive organs or spores are
ten stamens in pairs alternating with the nearly globose, arranged in little neck-
divisions of the corolla, and inserted on a laces, which radiate from a thin cellular
little ring at its base; three to five short base, and, as they easily break off, form a
styles united at the base a three to five-
;
heap, which is white, yel-
little dust-like
celled ovary, with one ovule in each cell low, orange, &c, according to the species.
and maturing into a berry. The plant is a The whole mass is surrounded by a mem-
low herb, of four to six incheshigh, smooth, branous coat or peridium, which some-
pale green, forming creeping half-buried times bursts irregularly at the tip, but
runners, the leaves ternately divided, more frequently splits into a number of
with broad deeply three-lobed segments, nearly equal lobes, which curl back, and
and the musky-scented flowers pale green have a very pretty appearance under the
in a little globular head at the top of the microscope. They grow on the leaves,
short leafy flower-stems. The upper flower petioles, fruit, or young shoots, some-
in each head has generally a tetramerous times producing but little constitutional
arrangement of parts, two calyx lobes, four derangement, but occasionally causing the
corolla lobes, and eight stamens while the
;
adjacent parts to swell, or producing great
lateral ones have three calyx lobes, five co- distortion, as in a species which attacks
rolla lobes, and ten stamens. The A doxa the shoots of elder in North America.
has, until recently, been classed with the Sometimes the whole appearance of the
Araliacece. [T. 31.] plant is altered, as in one which commonly
attacks species of Epilobium; while, again,
ADPRESSED. Brought into contact with at times, particular leaves only are affected,
anything without adhering. as in the garden and wood anemone,
ADELPHIA. A fraternity— a Linnean where the outline is somewhat changed,
term denoting a collection of stamens. and the substance is greatly thickened.
Monadelphia=oae such collection; Bia- Where the plant is only partially affected,
delphia— two such collections; and so on. the general health is not much impaired
but where the parasite is very vigorous,
JSCH3IEA. A genus of Bromeliaceee, death may ultimately ensue. We are not
having a six-parted perianth, of which the aware that any species attacks our cereals.
three outer sepahne divisions are equal, There has, however, been a very unjust
and much shorter than the inner petaloid charge brought against JEcidium berberidis,
ones. The flowers have six stamens, and a beautiful species, which attacks the
an inferior three-celled ovary containing leaves, flowers, and young fruit of the
numerous ovules, and becoming a sub-glo- berberry, as if it were the cause of
bate berry. The species are found in tro- mildew in wheat. Great, however, as are
pical America, often epiphytal on the trunks the changes which Fungi undergo occa-
of trees m the dense forests. They have sionally in passing from one condition to
strap-shaped or sword-shaped leaves, some- another, there is not the slightest reason
.3SGIA] SH)c EreaSury ai 23otaug. 22

for imagining that the JEcidium is a tran- germinating while yet in the fruit, and
sitional state of wheat mildew. It has its sending down strong perpendicular roots
own mode of propagation, and passes into the mud, without separating from their
through nearly the same phases of vege- parents. They have obovate entire dotted
leaves, the upper surface of which is
often covered with a saline inci-ustation,
which, according to Blume, they secrete.
Their flowers are white, fragrant, in ter-
minal or axillary umbels the flower-stalks
;

articulated at the base. A. majus is the

only vegetation to be seen for miles along
the coast of Sumatra. [A. A. B.]

yEGILOPS. A genus of grasses allied to

Trhicum, or wheat grass. It occurs wild
in the south of Europe and parts of Asia.
Botanists have recognisedas many as three
species ; but from recent experiments in
the culture of JEgilops, there is reason to
believe, not only that all the so-called
species are referable to one, namely, JE.
ovata, but that the JEgilops is, in reality,
the plant from which has originated our
^cidium tUssilaginis cereal wheats. Upon this subject will be
found an interesting paper, translated from
tation as the mildew, without affording
the French, in the Journal of the Royal
Agricultural Society (vol. xv.l, from which
a suspicion that it is not a perfect plant.
it would appear that M. Esprit Fabre, of
The whole story has no doubt arisen from
the JEcidium being common on the ber-
Agde, has made the JE. ovata the subject
berry in hedges surrounding wheat fields of experiment, and that from it he obtained
and there is reason to believe the report is
;
the form known as JE. Triticoides, the con-
true, that wheat has been especially mil-
tinued cultivation of which latter, for six
years, resulted in the production of very
dewed in the neighbourhood of the JEci-
dium. The peculiar situation, however, respectable ears of wheat. The changes
that occurred were a lessening in the
may be equally favourable to either para- numbers of the awns, and a gradual con-
site and it is to be observed, that mildew
;

is peculiarly prevalent in districts where

forming of the chaff scales to those of
the berberry is unknown, except as a
wheat, a greater length and regularity of
garden plant. JEcidia attack phaenogam- growth in the ear, an enlargement of the
seed to that of the wheat, and a taller and
ous plants of various kinds, but they are
far less frequent on endogens than exo-
more upright habit of growth of the whole
plant. Both the experimental results, and
gens. Species occur in all parts of the
the conclusions of M. Fabre have been
world, but are more common in temperate
regions. [M. T. B.]
doubted by some of the specific botanists,
and we are, therefore, glad to have an op-
^GIALITIS. A genus of Plumbagi- portunity of recording the result of our
naccce, containing a small number of Aus- own experiments in this interesting mat-
tralian and Indian undershrubs, with thick ter. In 1854, we planted a plot with seed
articulated stems, and alternate-stalked of JE. ovata, from which was gathered seed
ovate or roundish leaves of leathery tex- for a second plot in 1855, leaving the rest
ture flowers in spikelets, arranged in
; of the first plot to seed itself, which it did,
branched spikes; calyx tubular-cylindri- and came up spontaneously. This plot has
cal; petals small and white; styles quite since continued to bring forth its annual
free and glabrous with awl-shaped stig- crop in a wild state, in which the spikes
mas. The seeds of A. annulosa, which are short, and so brittle that they fall to
grows in mangrove swamps, are said to pieces below each spikelet the moment the
germinate while on the plant. [J. T. S.] seed is at all ripe. The produce of the
1855 crop has, in the same manner, been
J3GICERACEJE. This name has been
cultivated year by year in different parts
given by Blume to JEgiceras, viewed as the
of the experimental garden of the Royal
representative of a natural order contain- j

Agricultural College, and our crop for 1860

ing no other genus than itself. It is, I

however, generally included in myrsin- j

had many specimens upwards of two feet
high, and with spikes of flowers contain-
ace^e, which see. ]

ing as many as twelve spikelets. Our con-

^EGICERAS. A genus of Myrsinacem, clusions then are, that with us the JEgilops
differing from all the other genera in that is steadily advancing and we fully expect,
;

family by its follicular fruit. The species, in three or four years, to arrive at a true
of which there are five, consist of small variety of cereal wheat. What too is con-
trees, inhabiting swampy shores in the firmatory of this matter, is that the bruised
tropical parts of India, the Indian Archi- foliage of the wild grass, and the cultivated
pelago, and Australia, where they form wheat, emits the same peculiar odour, and,
impenetrable thickets like the mangroves besides the JEgilops, is subject to attacks
(Rhizophora), in consequence of their seeds of the same species of parasites (blights),
 ;

23 Ctjc Crcas'urg flf ^atanju [jEONI

our examples of this year being much af- rollawith salver-shaped limb, distinguish
fected with the rust (Uredo rubigo), mildew them from the allied genera. The species
(Puccinia graminis), and others. These, it have, for the most part, pinnate or pin-
natifid clammy foliage, more or less spin-
ous, and small-clustered gilia-like flowers.
Noue of them are remarkable for their
beauty, and, with the exception of JE. pun-
gens, are not known in British gardens.
By some authors the species are classed
under the genus Navarretia. [W. T.]
jEGOPODIUM. An umbelliferous plant
with smooth thrice-ternate leaves, unat-
tractive white flowers, and an unpleasant
odour when bruised: a common pest of
orchards, shrubberies, and ill-kept gardens,
where, by means of its creeping roots, or
rather subterraneous stems, which are of
rapid growth and singularly vivacious, it
soon establishes itself when once admitted,
and defies eradication, smothering all vege-
tation less rampant than its own, and dis-
figuring where i-t finds nothing to choke.
Its old English names were Gout-wort or
Gout-weed, Herb Gerard, Ash-weed, and
JEeilops: —a JE. ovata; h IE. ovata triticoides; English Master-wort. It was, at one time,
c the same after four years' cultivation ; d the accounted a specific for the gout, hence its
same after five years' cultivation
specific name Podagraria ; but though, like
the rest of the umbelliferous tribe, partak-
would seem, are the effects of civilization ;
ing of aromatic properties, it is really of
and it is not a little remarkable, that in no more value in the pharmacopoeia than
this respect this grass should he so much
in the garden. Linnaeus says it is eaten in
like our field crops, which were par-
Sweden, boiled for greens when tender
ticularly liable to blight in the straw and
in the spring. It is a native of the whole
foliage during 1860. [J. B.]
of Europe to Caucasus and Siberia. Gerarde
^EGIXETIA. A genus of the broomrape says of it: 'Herb Gerarde groweth of it-
family (Orobanchacece), found in India and selfe in gardens without setting or sow-
the islands of the Indian Archipelago. ing, and is so fruitfull in its increase, that
They are annual, leafless, parasitical herbs, when it hath once taken roote, it will
growing on the roots of various grasses, hardly be gotten out againe, spoiling and
their stems from three inches to a foot getting every yeere more ground, to the
high, bearing a solitary terminal flower, annoying of better herbes.' An Alpine
and having at their base a few scales. The species is found in Asia, which appears to
whole plant is of a brown colour, except possess all the bad properties of its con-
the flower, which is large and tubular the ; gener. [C. A. J.]
tube white, and the limb rose, or alto-
gether purple outside, and the throat yel- ^GOTOXICTJM. A genus doubtfully
low. The calyx is one-leaved and cleft placed in the spurgewort family (Eaphor-
in front. A. indica, prepared with sugar
' biacece). There is but one species, JE. punc-
and nutmeg, is considered an antiscor- tatum, which is a native of Chili, and is de-
butic' [A. A. B.] scribed as a sombre-looking tree, forming
immense woods. The leaves are opposite,
iEGLE. The name of a genus of plants shortly stalked, oblong, and entire, the
belonging to the orange family (Auran- upper surface smooth, the under covered
tiacerp.). The fruit, known in India as the with rusty scales. The flowers are male
Bhel fruit, is the product of JE. Marmelos. and female, the males alone on one tree,
In appearance it is much like the orange. and the females on another they are dis-
;

The thick rind of the unripe fruit pos- posed in axillary racemes. The fruit is a
sesses astringent properties, on which ac- one-seeded drupe, about the size of a pea.
count it is used in India in cases of dysen- Planks and beams are made of the wood
tery and diarrhoea. The ripe fruit has an and the fruits are said to be a powerful
exquisite flavour and perfume. Not only poison to goats. [A. A. B.]
the fruit, but other portions of the plant
are used for medicinal purposes; and a IONIUM. The plants that are com-
yellow dye is prepared from the rind of the prised in this genus of Crassulacere are
fruit. The penus is distinguished by its much more generally known as species of
numerous disunited stamens, from the Sempervivum, from which, however, they
oranare (Citric), to which, in other particu- differ in their seed-vessels being partially
lars, it is closely allied. [M. T. M.] sunk in the receptacle, and not regularly
opening by their ventral suture, but only
^EGOCHLOA. A genus of dwarf, hardy at the base and back by an irregular tear-
annuals of the Polemonium family, chiefly ing. JE. arboreum is well known to gar-
Californian. Their tubular calyx, with un- deners as the tree houseleek its loose
;

equal, rigid, multifld segments, and co- panicles, with a profusion of clammy yel-
 ;

mqva] €3)£ EreaSurg ai 33a tang. 24

low blossoms, are very elegant. JE. tabula- gorgeous ornaments of hothouses in this
forme, as well as others of the genus, is country, many of them having been intro-
remarkable for the stem being so con- duced to cultivation. They have mostly
tracted that the leaves are closely packed pendent stems, opposite fleshy leaves, and
in flat rosettes. Like other succulent scarlet or orange-scarlet flowers. One Of
plants, their tenacity of life is remarkable. the finest species, JE. speciosus, is of sub-
They are natives of the Levant. Madeira, erect habit, with ovate lanceolate acumi-
the Canaries, &c. [M. T. MJ nate fleshy leaves, and a terminal fascicle
of from ten to twenty erect long-tubed
jEQUALIS. This term signifies equality flowers, of a rich orange-yellow below.pass-
or similarity in size, and is also used in the ing into scarlet at the top, and marked on
sense of uniformity thus, an equal umbel,
;
the face of the limb with yellow and black ;

is an umbel of which the florets are all the corolla tube in this species is narrow
alike. club-shaped, slightly curving towards the
AERANTHTTS grandiflora, is a Madagas- top, and the rich yellow of the throat, sur-
car epiphytal orchid with distichous leaves, rounded by a black band or zone, contrast-
and large green solitary flowers at the end ing with the scarlet of the outer portion
of weak, flexible scapes. It is sometimes of the limb, produces a fine effect. This is
seen in cultivation. From Angrcecum it a native of Java, as also is JE. longiflorus,
differs in having a lip articulated with the which has flowers of a similar shape, but
foot of the column. of a deep crimson. The calyx, in these
species, consists of narrow segments cut
AERIDES. A large genus of tropical down nearly to the base but in some
;

orchids, with distichous leaves, mostly other kinds, the calyx forms a deep vase-
channelled and unequally truncate, but shaped tube, with a short slightly spread-
sometimes terete. All the species inhabit ing limb. JE. Lobbianus is one of these,
the warmer parts of Asia. The flowers are with short elliptic leaves, and a large con-
usually among the largest of the order, spicuous purple calyx, covering half the
of all tints except blue, and frequently ex- length of the scarlet flower tubes. An-
tremely sweet. One of them, with small other, JE. javanicus, has the long tubular
flowers, clings to the branches of trees in calyx green edged with red, and the
Sylhet with such long flat roots, resem- flowers bright red, marked with yellow
bling bands of a tape-worm, that it has rays from the throat; these are both na-
pained the name of Aerides tceniale. This tives of Java. A still different form is
is not in cultivation. met with in JE. tricolor, a slender drooping
AEROCYSTS. The air-cells of algals. Bornean plant, with ovate leaves, in which
the calyx is cup-shaped with five short
AEROPHYTES. Plants growing wholly rounded lobes, and the flowers have a
in the air; such as epiphytal orchids, many much shorter tube than in the foregoing.
lichens, bromeliads. There are many other species, nearly all
2ERTTA, or CERVA, a genus of Amaran-
of ornamental character. [T. M .]

shrubs and herbaceous

<7iacefl?,consisting of
^ESCHYNOMENE. A genus of the pea
plants from Africa, tropical Asia, and pro- family (Lcguminosce), of which between
bably Central America. The plants have a thirty and forty species are known. They
more or less white tomentose appearance. are herbs or small shrubs, with unequally
The leaves are alternate. The minute pinnate leaves and half arrow-headed sti-
flowers are in dense terminal or axillary pules. The flowers are disposed in axillary
spikes, and are hermaphrodite, with three
or terminal racemes, and are often of a
concave persistent bracts. The calyx bright yellow colour. The pods are jointed.
consists of five nearly equal, erect, and
The species are found in the greatest
hairy sepals; the five stamens are united
numbers in Brazil, but they are to be
into a cup at their base ; the ovary is one-
met with in most tropical countries. The
celled, with a single ovule in each cell
pith-like stem of JE. aspera is, on account
the style is short, and the two stigmas are
of its extreme lightness, used in India
very minute. The fruit is a roundish utri-
(where it is called solah) for making hats,
cle, included in the calyx, and the seed
bottle-cases, swimming jackets, and for
is vertical. Nineteen or twenty species
have been described. [W. CJ
many other purposes where elasticity and
lightness are required. To construct some
^RUGINOUS. Yerdigris-coloured. of these articles, the wood is cut into thin
slices and pasted together. It is sold in the
iESCHYNAXTHUS. A beautiful genus bazaars of Calcutta, being brought from
of tropical plants of epiphytal habit, be- the neighbouring marshy places, where it
longing to the cyrtandreous group of the grows to a great size. This substance is
Gesneracece. The peculiarities of structure purchased by the natives, who use it for
are a tubulous five-cleft equal calyx, a floats for fishing nets, and make fancy
monopetalous corolla with a curved tube articles, as model temples, &c, from it.
dilated at the throat, and a two-lipped JE. montevidensis is called the humming-
'

spreading five-lobed limb; there are four bird bush 'at Buenos Ayres, because that
didynamous stamens, and the ovary is bird seems to take more delight in it
surrounded by a fleshy hypogynous glandu- than in any other flower. JE. viscidula, a
lar ring. The species inhabit the tropi- native of Florida, has sensitive leaves;
cal parts of Asia, and are among the most and so also, as its name implies, has JE.
 25 pjc Crcatfurn of SSotanrn [.ETHE

sensitiva, which common in the West rigid prickles, attain their full size in
Indies. [A. A. B.] October, when they fall off, and, splitting
with even valves, disclose three cells, in
JESCFLUS. The Horse-chestnut. The each of which is contained a roundish
name -Esculus (from esca, food) was ap- polished nut, resembling the sweet chest-
plied originally to a species of oak which, nut in colour, but not, like it, terminating
according to Plinj-, was highly prized for in a point. It rarely happens that all
its acorns ; but how it came to be trans- three nuts are perfected frequently only
;

ferred to the horse-chestnut is very un- two are developed, but the rudiments of
certain perhaps, as Loudon suggests, it
: all may be discovered. The nuts abound
was given ironically, nuts bear
because its in farinaceous matter, but are too bitter
a great resemblance, externally, to those to be fit for human food. They serve,
of the sweet chestnut, but are unfit for however, as food for goats, sheep, and
food. Hippocastanum (the specific name of deer, and are sometimes boiled and given
the common sort) is a translation of the to poultry. Reduced to powder, and mixed
modern name, which was given, Evelyn M-ith a third pare of flour, they are said to
tells us, 'from its curing horses broken- make better paste than that composed of
winded and other cattle of coughs.' The flour alone. The timber, owing to its
Horse-chestnut is a tree of large size, fre- rapid growth, is soft and of loose fibre, and
quently reaching a height of fifty or sixty is consequently of little value. The Horse-
feet, with an erect trunk and a broad chestnut is supposed to be a native of Asia,
pyramidal outline. It may be readily dis- probably of northern India, whence it was
tinguished, even in the depth of winter, introduced into Europe about the middle
by its unusually large buds, set on the of the sixteenth century. There is a very
extremities of thick and heavy-looking fine variety with deep rose-coloured blos-
branches, which are evidently destined to soms; and in North America is found an-
bear a weighty tuft of foliage and leaves. other species, the jE. ohiotensis or Buckeye,
These buds are covered thickly with a which is far inferior to the common sort in
gummy substance, which protects the ten- the beauty of its flowers. The tree some-
der interior from the cold and wet. As times called the Scarlet Horse-chestnut be-
the sun gains power, the gummy cover- longs to a closely allied genus, Pavia, which
ing melts and yields to the expanding pres- see. [C. A. J.]
sure from within, and then the scales on
which it is overlaid fall off, and the ^STIVAL. Of or belonging to the sum-
delicate green leaves are rapidly unfolded, mer.
en circling a conical mass of embryo flowers. ESTIVATION. The manner in which the
In this stage the leaves present a singular parts of a flower are folded up before the
appearance, drooping with their points to- flower expands.
wards the ground, as if not strong enough iETHALIUM. A genus of myxogastrous
to assume a horizontal position. The buds funguses, inhabiting more especially stoves
expand very early in spring, but not pre- and garden-frames where a strong heat is
maturely, for within three or four weeks
kept up, and doing much damage, by first
of their first unfolding they have attained
involving everything in a slimy mass, and
their full length, amounting sometimes to
then contaminating what it has not over-
eighteen inches. The leaves and flower-
run, by its myriads of dust-like spores.
buds continue to increase in size until The principal species, uEthaliumflavum (if,
May, when the latter expand; and now indeed, the others are not mere varieties,
the tree, having reached the meridian of
differing only in colour), appears first under
its glory, stands forth prominently in all
the form of a yellow cream-like mass,
the gorgeousness of leaf and blossom.
which is found to consist, when closely ex-
The downy covering, which was observ- amined, of little wavy viscid strings this
;
able on the leaves in their early stage,
at length swells, and produces abundant
has disappeared, and they have assumed dark spores, collected in little heaps sepa-
instead a rich full green. Each leaf is
rated from each other by thin irregular
composed of seven broad leaflets, unequal yellow partitions ; the outer surface is
in size, which radiate from a common
rough and scurfy. It sometimes occurs on
centre, a character of foliage different
leaves and rotten wood, in groves and
from that of any other British tree. The forests, and is found in various parts of
flowers, which grow in long cone-shaped
the world. The best way of getting rid of
clusters, are snowy white, dashed with
it, is dusting the plant, as soon as it ap-
pink and yellow, destitute of perfume, but pears, with quicklime or salt. This treat-
attractive to insects, and, as long as they
ment must, however, be followed up per-
continue in perfection, very beautiful. severingly, as the growth is so rapid that
They soon, however, become tarnished, the dusty stage, in which the lime or salt
and the tree consequently loses much is of little use, may recur before a se-
of its grace ; yet it is still a fine tree,
cond application is made. [M. J. B.]
readily distinguished at a considerable
distance by its tiers of large and massive ETHERIA. A genus of terrestrial orchids
foliage. Out of the numerous flowers con- found in the tropics of Central Asia, and
tained in every bunch, a few only mature nearly allied to Goodyera, from which it
their fruit ; the rest drop off soon after differs, indeed, in little except the presence
they have begun to lose their beauty. The of two callosities at the base of the lip.
seed-vessels, which are set with short J Five or six species are known.
 , ,

iETHI ©t)£ Crcasury at i&ataity. 26

.ETHIONEMA. A genus of
Cruciferce, which hang down vertically.
floral leaves,
containing fifteen or sixteen species, chieflyIts flavour and odour are unpleasaut, and
natives of southern Europe and Central the seeds are very nauseous. The whole
Asia, closely allied to the cress (Lepidium) plant is said to be poisonous, and there are
but differing from it, as well as from instances on record of persons having been
Thlaspi and Hutchinsia, by having its four made ill by eating it, even in the small
longer stamens winged and with a tooth quantities in which it is likely to have
;

also from Teesdalia, by having the pla- been present when mixed with parsley.
centas dilated at the base, and all the seeds Of its two names, JEthusa Cynapium, the
attached to their lateral portions; and from former is derived from the Greek aitho, to
Iberis by the petals being all equal. Some burn, from its acrid properties; the latter,
of the species, when in fruit, present a kynos apion, 'dog's parsley,' would seem
curious appearance, as the large dorsally- to denote its worthlessness. [C. A. J.]
compressed and concave fringed pods are
so closely imbricated, that the fruiting
AFFINITY. A term in systematic bo-
tany, signifying that one thing resembles
raceme resembles the fruit catkin of the another in the principal part of its struc-
hop, the individual pods representing the
ture, as is the case with Crowfoots and
scale-like bracts. [J. T. SJ Poppyworts.
iETHUSA. Under the name of Fool's AGALLOCHUM. The fragrant resinous
Parsley, this plant is well known even to heart-wood of Aquilaria ; also called agila
cottage gardeners. It is a common weed wood, aloes wood, and eagle wood.
in cultivated ground, and is consequently
likely to spring up uninvited in the parsley AGALMYLA. A small genus of Gesner-
bed. "When this happens, it runs a risk of acece allied to JEscliynanthus, having creep-
being mistaken for true parsley, to the ing stems, alternate leaves, and fascicles
same natural order with which plant it of axillary flowers. It differs in having
belongs this, however, can scarcely occur,
:
the oblique flve-lobed limb of the corolla
except in an early stage of growth. It scarcely two-lipped, and in having but
may then be distinguished by the bluish- two anther-bearins stamens. The species
green tint of its leaves, and by their fine are tropical, inhabiting the islands of the
subdivision. Being an annual, it comes Eastern Archipelago. A. staminea is a very
into flower before parsley shows any indi- handsome plant, epiphytal in habit, creep-
cation of sending up a flowering stalk. ing and rooting on the trunks of trees, hav-
By this unfailing criterion it may be dis- ing robust stems, large fleshy gloxinia-like
criminated when growing with the favour- leaves, and axillary fascicles of from twelve
ite pot-herb which it is supposed to simu- to fifteen flowers, which are a couple of
late. By equally certain marks it may inches long, curved tubular, bright scarlet.
he distinguished from any other umbel- The stamens are exserted an inch beyond
liferous plant which approaches it in habit: the corolla. [T. M.]
each partial umbel, which helps to com- AGAM^E. A name sometimes given to
pose the general umbel of flowers termi- cryptogams, resting on the supposition
that they are asexual plants. [M. J.B.]
AGANISIA pulchella is an orchid with
a creeping stem, throwing off at intervals
rib-leaved pseudo-bulbs, from the base of
which arise spikes of white or cream-
coloured flowers. It is a native of Deme-
rara, and has been figured in plate 32 of the
Botanical Register for 1840.
AGAXOSMA. A genus of Apocynacece
separated from Echites, with which it
agrees, except that the coronet is cup-
shaped or cylindrical, having its five parts
so united that they appear only as lobes
round the mouth of the cup, while in
Echites the scales of the coronet are free or
but slightly connate. The restricted genus
contains eight or nine species, which are
shrubs or creepers in the woods of India.
Their large panicles of flowers have a
showy appearance, and several have a fra-
grant smell. [W. C.j
AGAPAXTHTS (literally Love-flower).
A small genus of ornamental liliaceous
plants, natives of South Africa, and long
cultivated as ornaments of our greenhouses
and terrace-gardens. The perianth in this
./Ethusa Cynapium. family is tubular, with a short tube and
six-parted spreading equal limb there
;

natlne the stalk, has at its base three are six stamens inserted at the base of the
approximate narrow pointed bracts or limb, with somewhat declinate filaments :
 Cf)c CrcaSurw of 33atan». [agak
the ovary is three-celled, with many ovules over, so as to bring them into their normal
arranged in two series. The species form position ; in a very few instances alone,
strong growing perennial herbs, with thick the whole plant is permanently resupi-
fleshy roots, and linear or somewhat lorate nate.
arching radical leaves, from among which The genus Agaricus is divided into five
springs the scape terminated by a large tun- natural groups, according as the colour of
nel of bright blue flowers. The species differ the spores is white, pink, ferruginous,
chiefly in size, in the breadth of their purple-brown, or black. These divisions,
leaves, and in the intensity of colour in the though presenting a few exceptional cases,
flowers. The common one is called A. um- are on the whole satisfactory, and, after a
bellatus. [T.M.] little experience, easy of determination.
% ^ These groups are divided into sub-genera,
AGAR-AGAR (or Agal-agal). The native according as they have a common wrapper
name of the Ceylon Moss, Gracilaria lichen-
or volva surrounding the whole plant, or a
oides, a seaweed which is largely used in partial veil attached to the margin or
the East for soups and jellies. Another
forming a ring upon the stem and then
;
alga of equal excellence, Gigartina speciosa,
from various conditions of the stem and
is abundant on the coasts of the Swan
gills. Considering the fact that there are
River. The far-famed swallows' nests were
at least a thousand good species, it may
formerly supposed to be formed of some
readily be expected that some difficulties
seaweed abounding in gelatine; but it is exist in the arrangement, and that, the
now ascertained that they are formed from species are not always easily determined.
a peculiar secretion derived from the birds
Though, however, as in other parts of
themselves. [M. J. B.] the vegetable kingdom, the limits of spe-
AGARIC BLASC. A (Ft.) Polyporus offi- cies are not easily defined, it may be
cinalis. — CHAMPETRE. Agancus cam- asserted that no more certain species
pestris. exist in the vegetable world, and that
they are not to be considered as mere
AGARICIKI. A
group of Fungi agreeing creatures of chance, without any stability.
with each other in having the hymenium or Many of them are of great beauty and
fructifying surface formed into distinct
elegance of form and colour, and are at-
gill-like plates, the modifications of which,
tractive from a thousand differences of
in combination with other circumstances, sculpture, clothing, &c. They occur in
serve to distinguish the genera. The all parts of the world, but abound most
mushrooms and toadstools are familiar where the air is moist, with a tolerable
examples, in which the gills are highly degree of warmth. Some species afford
developed. The chantarelle, on the con- the most delicious articles of food, while
trary, presents a case in which they are others are deleterious even when taken in
reduced to mere veins. Sometimes the small quantities. It is probable that the
gills become hard and corky, as in Lenzites,
number of esculent species is far more
of which a common species, Lenzites betu-
numerous than is usually supposed but as
;
lina, grows on old rails. [II. J. B.]
accidents are not unfrequent from con-
AGARICUS (Agaric). One of the largest founding species altogether, or mixing poi-
and most important genera of Fungi, sonous kinds with those which are whole-
containing some of the highest forms some, they are far more neglected in this
which these plants are capable of attain- country than they deserve. It is impos-
ing, of which the Common Mushroom is sible to give any positive rules for distin-
one of the most familiar examples. It is guishing those which are wholesome but ;

distinguished by the more or less fleshy in general, where the taste of the raw
substance of the hat-shaped receptacle, agaric is not decidedly unpleasant, there
by being furnished on the under surface, is little danger, though even this is not
whether supported by a stem or not, with without grave exceptions. With proper
gill-like plates, easily separable in the caution, the really useful kinds may readily
centre, as if composed of two membranes, be determined w.thout the slightest risk.
the central substance consisting, not of The common mushroom, however, is said
subglobose cells, but of delicate filaments, to be poisonous in Italy, and as the bad
and being immediately derived from the properties depend upon the degree in
flesh of the cap or pileus. Avhich the poisonous alkali is developed —
The pileus may be either central or a circumstance which varies with climate
lateral, and, in a few instances, where the and situation — even those species which
stem becomes at length obsolete, or is are usually wholesome may at times prove
wholly wanting, it is attached to the sub- deleterious.
stance on which it grows by the upper Agarics grow in various situations. A
surface, in which case the gills become vast variety affect dead wood, fallen leaves,
superior instead of inferior directed, that
: and other matters when passing into a
is, towards the light, and not, as is usually state of decay. Some affect the half-dead
the case, away from it. Where there is roots of grass, or large herbaceous plants,
originally a very short stem, the pileus is as the Eryngo. Many grow in pastures, or
at first in the usual position, but gradually on the naked ground. Several occur only
turns over, so as to bring the gills towards on dung or in highly-manured land while ;

the light. Sometimes the border of the a few inhabit principally stoves and other
pileus, which was at first resupinate, or structures where the temperature is arti-
having the gill3 on the upper side, turns ficially kept up. Occasi onally they i
agar] dDfje Eveagurg at 330tanj). 28
under curious circumstances. In Naples, I shrubs, with alternate linear-filiform leaves
for instance, the grounds of coffee are |
and terminal flower-spikes, belonging to
placed in a heap in some subterranean the natural order Selaginacece. The genus
place of moderate temperature, and an is characterised by having a five-toothed
esculent species almost invariably makes tubular calyx, an elongated tubular corolla,
its appearance. It is not, however, to be two included stamens, and a bilocular ovary
supposed that species which appear under with a single ovule. By the abortion of
such exceptional cases are creatures of one of the cells of the ovary, the fruit is a
spontaneous growth. They are generally simple achene, covered by the persistent
mere altered forms of species which have calyx. [W. C]
usually a different habitat.
The word agaric, amongst the old herbal-
AGATHOPHYLLUM. A name intended
to express the good qualities of the leaves
ists, had a wider signification than it has
of the plants to which it is applied. The
now, and was applied to many of the corky genus belongs to the laurel family, among
funguses. [M. J. B.]
which it may be known by its persistent
AGARTTM. A genus of olive-seeded A Jgce, calyx enclosing the fruit, and by its pos-
distinguished from Laminaria principally sessing nine stamens in three rows. The
by the frond being always perforated with innermost stamens have, on either side
roundish holes. These plants are peculiar of their base, a sessile awl-shaped gland
to the northern parts of the Atlantic and or abortive stamen. The anthers are four-
Pacific Oceans,on the American and Asiatic celled. One species, A. aromaticum, grows
shores. [M. J. B.] in Madagascar, where the natives use the
leaves for a condiment. The fruit is aro-
AGASTACHYS. A Tasmanian genus of matic, but encloses a kernel of an acrid
Proteacecv, containing only a single species, caustic taste, known as Madagascar clove
A. odorata, which has yellow apetalous nutmegs. [M. T. M.]
flowers of four sepals and four stamens,
one of which is attached by a short fila- AGATHOSMA. A genus of rutaceous
ment to the middle of each sepal; the plants, so named from their fragrance.
style is filiform, rather shorter than the They are natives of the Cape, and have
stamens, and bearing a two-lobed stigma. regular flowers. The petals are divided,
The flower-spikes are numerous, and, as with long claws. They have ten stamens,
the name implies, very handsome, from five of which are fertile, with the anthers
four to five inches in height, and crowded tipped by a small gland, and five sterile,
with flowers. The leaves are about two dilated above into a petal-like mass, thread-
inches long, obtusely lanceolate, occasion- shaped below. The fruit is two to three-
ally notched at the apex, with a smooth celled, each cell containing two ovules
plane surface, subsessile, and rather thick placed side by side. A. pulchella is said to
in substance. [R. H.] be made use of by the Hottentots to an-
oint their bodies, a process very distaste-
AGASYLLIS. A genus belonging to the ful to European noses. Some of the spe-
umbelliferous order, and consisting of a cies are cultivated for their pretty white
single species, found in the Caucasus. It or purplish flowers. [M. T. M.j
is a stout perennial herb, about three feet
high, furnished with ternately decompound
AGATHOTES. A genus of plants of the
slightly downy having lanceolate,
leaves,
gentian family, principally distinguished
The stems ter- by its corolla, which is divided above into
decurrent, serrate leaflets.
four pieces, while at the base are a number
minate in many-rayed umbels, without
of small glandular pits, each protected by a
general, but with partial involucres of
fringed scale; and by the stamens, which
narrow leaflets. The flowers are small and
are four in number, slightly connected to-
white. The chief characters of the genus
gether at the base. The dried stems of
are an obsolete calyx margin, compressed
A. Chirayta, a native of the north of India,
oval fruit, with five primary obtuse ribs to
furnish a pure bitter, very similar in its
each carpel, the two lateral ones shorter
properties to gentian, and used for like
than the others, and the number of vittae
eight to ten on the back, and five to six on
purposes under the name of Chiretta. By
the face of each carpel. [A. A. B.]
some this plant is referred to the genu's
Ophelia. [M. T. M.]
AGATH.EA. A genus of the composite
AGATI. A genus of the pea family
family (Compositfc), comprising twenty
(Lerjuminosa?). A. grand/flora is the only
species, one of them, A. abyssinica, found,
species. It is a native of the East Indies
as its name implies, in Abyssinia, the others
They are herbs or and tropical Australia, but is commonly
all natives of S. Africa.
cultivated in tropical countries for the
shrubs, with opposite, toothed or entire
beauty of its flowers. It is a small slender
leaves, and solitary terminal flower-heads ;
tree twenty or thirty feet high, of rapid
the ray florets blue and pistilliferous,
growth and short duration; its leaves
those of the disk yellow, and having both
alternate, abruptly-pinnate, with from
stamens and pistils. They are nearly allied
eight to ten pairs of small leaflets. Flower
to the well-known Michaelmas daisy (Aster),
stalks axillary, bearing from two to four
from which they differ chiefly in the pappus large pea-like red or white flowers. The
of their aehenes consisting of one series of
pods are about eighteen inches long, and
bristles. [A. A. B.]
as thick as a common quill. In India the
AGATHELPIS. A genus of Cape under- flowers, pods, and young leaves are used
 ; .

29 El)£ Crcas'urp at 23fltau«. [agat

by the natives in their curries a juice is

; I mains for someweeks an object of interest,
pressed from the flowers and used in cur- the flowers being durable and produced
ing dimness of vision and the seeds are
; ; in succession.
eagerly sought after by birds. The bark is I
The American Aloe appears to have been
powerfully tonic and bitter, and considered introduced to Europe in 1561, at which
first
effective in small-pox. The wood is use- date it is recorded as being in the posses-
less except for fuel. The tree, being a fast sion of Cortusus. Parkinson, in 1640, re-
grower and sparingly clad with leaves, is lates that it was first brought into Spain,
used for the purpose of training the betel and from thence spread into all quarters,
{Piper Betel). [A. A. B.] but is silent as to its being in England.
m
A plant flowered in Paris 1663. Mr. Ver-
AGAVE. A noble genus of Amarylli- sprit, of Lambeth, flowered one, twelve to
dacece, principally found in Mexico and fifteen feet high, about 1698, it being then a
other parts of South America. The spe- great rarity. Two were bloomed at Hamp-
cies, of which several are known, are ton Court about 1714. There is a wood
mostly of large size, with massive spiny- engraving extant with the inscription
toothed fleshy leaves, forming a large 'Aloe americana quae Sonderbusas floritu
spreading tuft, from the centre of which 1662.' A plant flowered at Leipsic in 1700.
rises the tall flower scape, supporting a Mr. Cowell, in 1729, flowered one at his
large compound inflorescence. The peri- garden in Hoxton; and this, he asserts,
anth is funnel-shaped, persistent, parted was the first seen in England, the others,
into a limb of six nearly equal divisions ; mentioned above, not being the true
the stamens are six in number, inserted in Americau Aloe. There is a plate of this
the tube of the perianth, and becoming ex- plant, by Kirkall, in mezzotinto, dated
serted after the expansion of the flowers September 23, 1729. Another flowered at
the ovary is inferior, three-celled, with Eaton Hall, in 1737 a plate of it, engraved
;

many ovules in twT o rows in the central by Toms from a drawing by Badeslade,
angle of each cell. Some of the species bearing date November of that year. This
become caulescent, and they are mostly plant opened the crown for flowering on
long-lived plants, making comparatively June 5th the stem-bud appeared on the
;

slow progress in growth until the ap- 15th, and grew Ave inches a day for some
pearance of the flower stem, which, on the weeks the flower branches were perfected
;

other hand, shoots up very rapidly. The in twelve weeks, and then it stood for a
best known species, A. americana, com- month while the buds were forming the ;

monly called the American Aloe, affords number of flowers was about 1,050. Two
a very good illustration of the family. plants, about fifty years of age, flowered
This species is almost stemless that is to
: at Hampton Court in 1743, their respective
say, its tuft of massive leaves is seated heights being twenty-seven feet and
close to the ground, and they spread out twenty-four feet. The flower stems ap-
on all sides so as to occupy considerable peared on June 3rd, were in perfection in
space. These leaves are very thick and the middle of August, and continued
fleshy, consisting of hard, firm pulpy blooming till the middle of October. A
matter intermixed with fibres they are
; plant which flowered near Carlsbad in
from three to six feet long, furnished with 1754 was twenty-six feet high, and pro-
hard spines, both along the margins and duced twenty-eight branches, which bore
at thepoint. These leaves are very durable, above 3,000 flowers. Another flowered at
continuing to exist for many years. The Lcyden in 1760, and a third at Friedricks-
plants are long in arriving at a mature or berg, in Denmark, twenty-two feet high,
flowering age ; indeed, so slow is their with nineteen branches and more than
progress, under the artificial conditions in 4,000 flowers. The tallest of which we
which they are placed in our gardens, as to have any account, was one that bloomed
have led to a popular though erroneous in the King of Prussia's garden, and this
notion that they flower once only in a reached forty feet in height.
century'. In reality they flower but once, The species of Agave are not only orna-
the mature condition being attained in a mental in character, but are important on
longer or shorter period, ten to fifty or account of their uses and products. The
seventy years or more, according to the ac- plants themselves, with their hard, un-
celerating or retarding influences under yielding spiny leaves, form impenetrable
which they are placed. Having, however, fences, and they are used for this purpose
acquired full growth, the plant produces its in many parts. The roots as well as the
giant flower-stem from the centre of the leaves of A. americana and some allied
leaves, after which it perishes. .New plants species, especially the Pita plant, furnish a
are formed around the base of the old fibre (pita thread) which is extremely
one in the form of suckers. After the tough, and is useful for making twine and
first appearance of the stem, it grows very rope, and for various other purposes, such
rapidly, until a height of from fifteen to as paper-making. Humboldt describes a
twenty or even forty feet is reached and,; bridpe of upwards of 130 feet span, over
towards the tip, a multitude of symmetri- the Chimbo in Quito, of which the main
cally-disposed horizontal branches are pro- ropes, four inches in diameter, were made
duced, at the ends of which branches are of agave fibre. The fibre is separated
crowded bearing the numerous erect yel- by bruising the leaves, steeping them m
lowish-green flowers, by which a sweetish water, and afterwards beating them.
liquid is secreted. The flowering plant re- The juice of the Agave leaves yields a
agde] Cf)e Ereatfurg af 230taug. 30
very useful succedaneum for soap. For it may be
distinguished by its cup-shaped
this purpose the juice is expressed, and involucre of numerous imbricated linear
then the watery part is evaporated, either leaflets, its naked receptacle, and its elon-
by artificial heat or exposure to the sun, gated angular fruit, crowned by a pappus
until it is reduced to a thick consistence, of several awned scales, which are dilated
when it may be made up into balls at the base. The genus includes some
with the help of lye ashes. This soap other annual species in addition to the
lathers with salt water as well as fresh. A. mexicanum, but none of them exceed,
A gallon of the juice yields about a pound and few equal it in value for gardening
of the soft extract. The roots of A. sapo- purposes. The A. conysoides very closely
naria, a powerful detergent, are employed resembles it, and has recently appeared in
in Mexico for a similar purpose. gardens under the name of Phalacrwa
The most important product, however, of ccelestina. The A. angustifolium and A.
the Agave, and especially of .4. americana, latifolium have white flowers, but are pro-
is the sap, which continues to flow for bably not in cultivation. There is a so-
some time upon cutting out the inner called white variety of A. mexicanum, but
leaves just before the flower scape is ready its flowers are really of a bluish cast. A
to burst forth. The plant is called Metl by few perennial spe,eies are comprised in the
the Mexicans, and Maguay de Cociuza in genus; they possess, however, ^mt little
Caraccas. Pittes, Acametl, Sequametl, and general interest. The Ccelestina agera-
Maguey-metl, are varieties of this species, toides, a half-hardy perennial, with blue
which is stated to be common everywhere ageratum-like flower heads, much em-
in Equinoctial America, from the plains ployed in bedding, must not be con-
even to elevations of 9,000 to 10,000 feet. A. founded with the true Ageratums. [W. T.]
mexicana, a closely allied species, is some-
times called Maguei-metl, and also Man- AGGLOMERATE. Heaped up; as the
guai. According to Humboldt, the plant stamens in Anona and Magnolia, or the
is extensively cultivated in the interior male flowers in a pine tree.
cable-land of Mexico, and, indeed, extends
as far as the Aztec language. A.vivipara
AGGREGATE. Several things collected
together into one body; as the achenes
isTheo-metl or Manguei divinum and in
:

inthe fruit of a strawberry the flowers of

;
Cumana and Caraccas, A. cubens is is called Cuscuta.
Maguay de Cocay.
The sai» above referred to is of a sourish AGILA WOOD. The fragrant wood of
taste, and easily ferments, on account of Aquilaria ovata, and A. Agallochum.
the mucilage and sugar it contains, and in
in fermented state is called pulque by the AGLANDEAU. (Fr.) A kind of Olive.
Spaniards. This vinous beverage, which AGLAOMORPHA. A genus of poly-
resembles cider, has an odour of putrid podiaceous ferns, of the group Polypodiea',
meat, extremely di.-:e-nveaUe ; but Euro- distinguished by having the veins cf the
peans who have been able to overcome fronds reticulated, with free included vein-
Che aversion which the fetid odour in- lets in the areoles, combined with the fol-
spires, prefer the pulque to every other lowing peculiarities —
the free veinlets
:

liquor. A very intoxicating brandy, called are divaricated the fronds are naked, that
;

Mexical or Aguardiente de Maguey, is is, not clothed with scales they are arti-
;

funned from the pulque. Royle states that culated with the rhizome, and dimorphous,
the Government drew from the agave that is, certain sterile dwarfed oak-leaf-like
juice a net revenue of l<iG,49~l. in three fronds are produced as well as the larger
cities. The fresh Leaves of A. americana, fertiip ones and, finally, the fertile ones
;

nt into slices, are occasionally used as have the fertile segments, which are the
fodder for cattle and the centre of the
;
upper ones, much narrower than the lower
'.lowering stein, split lengthways, is said to sterile ones. There is but one species, A.
form no bad substitute for a European Mcimitana, a native of the Philippine
razor-strop, on account of the minute par- Islands. [T.M.]
ticles of silica in its composition. The
leaves are also said to be used for scouring AGNOSTUS. A synonym of Stenocar-
pewter. [T. MJ pus.
AGNUS CASTES. Yitex Agnus-castus.
AGDESTIS. A Mexican twining plant
originally described by De Candolle, from a AGRAPH1S The poets feign that the
'

drawing of Mocino and Sesse's collection, boy Hyacinth us, who was unfortunately
and which has till lately been very little killed by Apollo, was changed by that deity
understood. Specimens recently examined into a Hyacinth, which, therefore, was
however, shown that it forms a marked with the letters AI, alas to ex- !

very distinct and somewhat anomalous press Apollo's grief. It is also feigned,
genus of Phytolaccacece. that the same flower arose from the blood
of Ajax when he slew himself those let- :

AGERATUM. A genus of composites, ters being half the hero's name.'— Note in
belonging to the Eupatorium tribe of the Martin's Virgil. The flower referred to is
order, ofwhich the A. mexicanum, a well- now supposed to be the Martason lily,
known occupant of the flower-border, with the spots on the petals of which some-
densely clustered lavender-blue capitules, times run together so as to assume the
may be taken as the type. Botanically, required form but the name Hyacinthus
;
31 Cfje Crca^urp at 23ctang. [aigr
was given by the earlier botanists to a with large, entire, purple petals, is the
very different family, of which our com- only species belonging to the section as it
mon woodland plant, the wild Hyacinth or is now limited ;the rest of the Linnean
Blue-bell, was one. This, presenting no species being referred to the section Coro-
tracing of letters on its petals, even to the naria. [j. t. S.j
most imaginative eye, was named by Liu-
nceus -ST. non-scriptus, or uninscribed Hya- AGROSTIS. A genus of grasses, typical
cinth. It has now been removed by Link of the tribe Agrostidea?, and known by the
into a distinct genus and named Agra- English name of Bent grasses. The prin-
phis, a Greek compound bearing the same cipal characters, which serve to distinguish
meaning as non-scriptus. The wild Hya- this genus from its allies, are the flowers
cinth, as it continues to be popularly called, being single within the calyx glumes, and
is a liliaceous plant common in woods, having short hairs at their base, and
and too well known to need any descrip- the upper glume being smaller than the
tion. The blue-bell of Scotland, the hare- lower. The species are numerous, no fewer
bell in poetry, is a totally different plant, than 171 being described in SteudeVs Synop-
Campanula rotundifolia. [C. A. J.] sis Plantarum Graminearum, and their
range over the surface of the globe is
AGRIMONIA. A family of herbaceous also very extensive. The Falkland Islands,
perennial plants with yellow flowers, be- Kootka Sound, and Tasmania may be qui ited
longing to the natural order Rosacea', as some of the outlying stations for the
among which they are distinguished by species of Agrostis. In the British Isles,
bearing their enclosed seeds in the hard- the Bent grasses are of general currence
ened calyx, which is furnished on the on all damp pastures, as well as on dry
outside with a circle of hooked bristles. waste ground. The Marsh Bent, Agrostis
The British representative of the genus, alba, is the once famous Fiorin grass of the
A. Eupatoria, is a common way-side plant, late Dr. Richardson, who, by his writings
with interruptedly pinnate leaves, a scarce- on the subject, brought it prominently be-
ly branched stem about a foot and a half fore the agricultural public, and caused it
high, and an elongated spike of starry to be cultivated on a rather extensive
yellow flowers. When in fruit the calyx scale, particularly in Ireland. It has not,
becomes inverted. The foliage is astrin- however, been found to realise the expec-
gent and aromatic, and is an ingredient in tations held concerning its worth, and,
several herb teas.' Its medicinal virtues,
'
consequently, is not extensively grown at
though far inferior to what they were the present time. It is remarkable for hav-
anciently supposed to be, have retained for ing the long stems lying prostrate on the
it a place in the repertory of herb col-
surface of the ground, and throwing out
lectors, who recommend it as tonic and roots at their nodes or joints, by which
astringent. It contains tannin, and will means they frequently extend four feet or
dye wool of a nankeen colour. A Cana- more from the main root of the plant with-
dian species is said to be used with success out flowering. The Dog Bent, Agrostis
as a febrifuge. [C. A. J.] cannia, is the grass which sick dogs, and
even cats, sometimes chew, for the pur-
AGRIMONY. Agrimonia. — .HEMP. pose, it is supposed, of causing them to
Ei'imtnrhim cannabinum. — WATER
,
vomit. This species wants the inner glume
HEMP. An old English name for Bidens or pale to the flower. Agrostis pulchelh: a
cernua and B. tripartita.
native of Quito, is cultivated in gardens,
AGPJOPHYLLUM. A for the beauty of its elegant panicles
small genus of of
Salsolacea, containing two species, na- flowers, which, on being cut before they
tives of Caucasian Siberia. are fully ripe, remain a long time in a dry
They are an-
nual plants, with alternate, sessile, entire state, without much alteration in their ap-
leaves, and sessile axillarv flowers in
pearance. Some of the foreign species of
short squarrose spikes. this genus are valuable as pasture grasses
The" calyx, when
present, consists of a single membra- in the parts of the world where thev ltow
naceous sepal. There are three to five spontaneously. [D. M.]
stamens, and two filiform styles. The
fruit is a vescicular compressed capsule
AGROSTOPHYLLTJM. A genus of Java
Orchids with fleshy stems, narrow leave*
[W. C] and small flowers packed closely into ter-
AGRIPAUME. minal heads. Two or three unimportant
(Fr.) Leonurus Car-
diaca. known to botanists.
species are

AGROSTEMMA. A genus of
AGUILBOQUIL. A Chilian name for
Caryo- the berries of Lardizabala biternata.
phyllacem, of the tribe Silenece, founded
by Linnseus, but now generally regarded as AIAULT. (Fr.) Narcissus Pseudo-Nar-
a section of the genus Lychnis, from which cissus.
it only differs in the elongated segments
of
the calyx limb, in the petals being without AIGLANTINE. (Fr.) Aquilegia vulgar
a prominent scale at the base of the ex-
panded portion, and in the capsule opening
by valves alternate with and not opposite to AIGLE-IMPERIAL. (Fr.) Pteris aqui-
the calyx segments. Lychnis (Agrostemma) Una.
(rithago, the well-known weed Corn Cockle, AIGRELIER. (Fr.) Pyrus tormindlis.
aige] €fye Crcagurg at 3Satang. 32

AIGREMOINE. (Fr.) Agrimonia; also are specimens, both in England and on the
Aremonia agrimonioidcs. Continent, exceeding sixty feet in height.
The name 'Japan varnish,' seems to have
AIGUILLE DE BERGER. (Fr.) Scandix been applied to it through some mistake:
Pecten-Veneris. probably from its having been mistaken for
AIL. (Fr.) Allium sativum. —A. TO IT- Rhus succedaneum. Other species are
PET. Muscari comosum. DES BOIS.— stove-plants. [C. A. J.]

Allium ursinum. —
D'ESPAGNE. Allium AINSWORTHIA. A genus of Umbelli'
Scorodoprasum. —
DORE'. Allium Moly. /era?, containing three species, natives of
— D'ORIENT. Allium Ampeloprasicm. Palestine,having the habit of and nearly re-
lated to Tordyliam, from which, however,
AILANTUS. The Vernis du Japon of it differs in the absence of the calyx teeth,
the French, A. glandulosa of botanists, is
and in having the margin of the fruit
fn its native countries, China and India,
smooth. This genus was separated from
where it is called Ailanto, a tree of
Hasselquistia by Boissier, because of the
large size and handsome appearance, hear-
breadth of the oleiferous vittce in the fruit,
ing numerous pinnate leaves from one to
two feet long or more, and clusters of and also from the characters of the calyx
greenish flowers of a disagreeable odour.
and fruit, which are the same in Hassel-
It is of rapid growth, making, when favour-
quistia as in Tordylium. [W. O]
ably situated, annual shoots from three to AIR PLANTS. A common name for
six feet in length. Its German name, Got- Aerides. The name is also applied to Epi-
terbaum, ' Tree of the gods,' is said to be phytes, or plants which grow on trees and
a translation of Ailanto. French arbori- other elevated objects, not in the earth,
culturists recommend that its lateral and derive their nutriment from atmo-
branches should be annually lopped off, spheric moisture. They are to be distin-
when the main trunk will ascend perpen- guished from terrestrial plants, or those
dicularly an J sustain a symmetrical spread- growing in earth, and from parasites,
ing canopy. In France and Italy, it is
which derive nourishment directly from
other plants on which they grow. [T. M.]
AIRA. A genus of grasses, belonging
t<>the tribe Avenea>, distinguished by hav-
ing two perfect florets and frequently the
rudiment of a third floret within the
glumes. The pales are notched at the
point, and bear short awns on the back, the
awns being in most instances kneed or
bent. The species are numerous, and have
an extensive ranpe of localities over the
surface of the earth. Those that are na-
tive- of the British Isles are not heM in
great estimation for agricultural purposes,
being of a coarse wiry, nature.
The tufted Hair-grass, Aira ccespitosa, is
one of the tallest-growing British grasses:
indeed, under favourable circumstances,
the culms, or stems frequently attain a
neislit of six feet. In boggy land, the close
graving tufts form what are called tus-
uhich are found extremely useful
for stepping on when walking over soft
watery places. [D. M.j

AIRELLE. (Fr/) Vaccinmm. —RAISIN

D'OURS. Yaceinium ArctoMaphylos. —
ROUGE. Vaccinium Vitia-idcea.
Ailantus glandulosus.
AIROCHLOA. A name given to certain
festucaceous grasses, now generally refer-
much valued as a tree for shading public
walks, and is planted for that purpose
red to Kceleria. [T. MJ
along with the tulip-tree, horse-chestnut, AIROPSIS. A genus of grasses belong-
plane, 4c. Its leaves are not liable to be in!? to
the tribe Avenece, distinguished-
attacked by insects, which is a great re- from the genus Aira by the pales berns?
commendation nevertheless they are the
; partly attached, or adnate to the corn or
favourite food of the silk moth, Bombyx seed. The majority of authors do not,
Cynthia and they continue on the tree
; however, consider this character, along
and retain their green colour till the with some others of minor importance,
rir~r trusts of November, when the leaflets sufficient to separate it permanently from
suddenly drop off, the leaf-stalks remaining Aira, and, consequently, retain the species
ou often a week or two longer. The wood is which Fries included under it, as a section
yellowish-white, satiny, and well suited for of the penus Aim. The two British spe-
the curposes of the cabinet-maker. There cies, namely, Airopns caryophyllea and
38 t£f)£ CrcaSurg of 28ntan». [AX AM

A. prcecox, small elegant grasses,

are and bracts. A section of the family, named
which flower in spring and the early part of Ground Pines, is represented in Britain by
summer, neither of them of much value as A. Chamcepitys, a tufted spreading herb
agricultural grasses, being only of annual with three-cleft, very narrow hairy leaves,
duration, and loving to grow on dry bar- and yellow flowers dotted with red. Bugle
ren sandy spots which produce little else was formerly held in high esteem for its
besides them. [D. M.] vulnerary properties. 'Ruellius writeth
that they commonly said in France, howe
AITONTA. This name is applied to cer- he needeth neither phisician nor surgeon
tain plants (usually referred, but with some that hath Bugle and Sanickle, for it doth
doubt, to the family of Meliacece,) in honour not onely cure woundes, being inwardly
of Mr. Aiton, the former superintendent taken, but also applied to them outwardly.'
of Kew Gardens. The calyx is deeply —Gerarde. Other medical virtues assigned
divided into four divisions the petals are
;
to the Bugle have as little foundation, in
four; the stamens eight, projecting from fact, as the above. [C. A. JJ
the corolla, their filaments united into a
AKEBIA. A small genus of Lardiza-
I

tube arising from beneath the ovary,

baktcece, distinguished by having separate
)

which surmounted by a thread-

latter is
shaped style, terminated by an obtuse male and female flowers the former con-
;

stigma. The fruit is membranous and sisting of a three-leaved calyx of ovate-

triangular, of one cell, with several seeds lanceolate, concave, nearly equal segments,
attached to a central receptacle. A. ca- i
six subequal free stamens in two rows, and
pcn?>? is a small shrub sometimes culti- ;
the rudiments of six ovaries the latter ;

yated in this country. [M. T. M.] formed of three large roundish concave
sepals, six to nine dwarfed abortive sta-
AIZOON. A genus of plants referred by \
mens, and from three to nine distinct ob-
Endlicher to Portulacece, but separated long-cylindraceous ovaries, crowned by a
from that order by Lindley on account of short peltate stigma. The species are climb-
their want of petals and the small number ing plants of Japan and China, commonly
of stamens, and formed, with some allied cultivated in gardens, and also forming
genera, into a distinct order, Tetragoniacece. !
welcome half-hardy climbers in those of
The calyx is five-partite, and coloured on our own country. One of them, A. quinuta,
the inner surface. The stamens, about i
has its freely running stems furnished with
twenty in number, are inserted singly or j
very pretty leaves, consisting of three to
in from three to five bundles in the base of five ovate or obovate entire obtuse emargi-
the calyx. There are five subclavate stig- i nate leaflets ; and from the axils of these
mas the ovary has five cells, each con-
; leaves grow the racemes of dull-coloured
taining from two to ten ovules. The fragrant flowers, of which the upper are
genus contains more than twenty species smaller and sterile, the lower larger and
of prostrate herbaceous plants, very abun- fertile. Mr. Fortune found this plant in
dant in Southern Africa, and found spar- Chusan, growing on the lower sides of the
ingly also in Southern Europe, Northern hills in hedges ; when climbing on other
Africa, and Arabia. The ashes of A. can- trees, its branches hung down in grace-
ariense and A. hispanicum abound in soda. ful festoons, attractiug attention by the
[W. C] |
delightful fragrance of their flowers, the
colour of which, a dark purplish brown, is
AJAX. A subdivision of the genus Nar- !

not particularly showy. [T. M.]

cissus,including the common Daffodil, and
The New Zealand MetrosideroB
i

other species having a long trumpet-shaped AKA.

coronet to the flowers. [T. M.] scandens.

AJONC, or AJONC MARIN. (Fr.) Ulex AKEE TREE. Blighia (or Cupania) sa-
europceus. pida.

AJOWAINS. The carminative fruits of AKHROUT, INDIAN. Aleurites triloba.

some Indian species of Ptychotis. Also AKRA. The name, in India, of the fodder
called Ajicains.
Vetch, Yicia sativa.
AJTTGA. A genus of plants belonging to AKUND. The Calotropis gigantea of
the labiate family, presenting nothing re-
India.
markable in appearance, nor possessing
any properties which render it valua- ALA. One of the lateral petals of a
ble. The species are all herbaceous, and papilionaceous flower. Also a membranous
the majority are annuals. The flowers expansion of any kind as that round the
;

either grow in whorls of six or more, or seed of a bignoniad, from the summit or
singly in the axils of the opposite leaves : side of a seed-vessel, or on the angles of a
sometimes contracted so as to resemble a stem. Formerly, the axil, but not now em-
spike, in other species more loosely, but ployed in that sense. The word is generally
in all casei accompanied by leaves or leaf- used in the plural form, alas.
like bracts. Several species are furnished
with stolons or runners. Of the four ALABASTRUS. A flower-bud.
British species, the commonest is A. AL AM AN I A punicea. A little creep-
reptens (common Bugle), a woodland and ing Mexican orchid, scarcely distinct from
hedge-side plant, rendered noticeable by Epidendrum. It has crimson flowers, with
the dull purple tinge of its upper leaves a small bar across the lip.
 ALANGIACEiE (Alanqiads). A natural ALASANDI or ARHAR. An Indian
order of plants inhabiting tropical Asia. name for a common Eastern pulse, Boli-.
With the exception of the genus Nyssa, chos Catjang.
which is found in the United States, all ALATE. Furnished with a thin wing or
are trees or shrubs with inconspicuous expansion.
flowers, structurally similar to those of
certain myrtles. Their fruit is succulent ALATERNUS. The common garden
and eatable, but not agreeable to European name of Rhamnus Alaternus, a well-known
tastes. The principal genera are Alaniiium evergreen shrub.
and Nyssa. Eight or nine species are all ALBEPACTIO. A condition of plants
that are known. induced by absence of light, commonly
ALANGIUM. A genus of Indian trees, called Blanching, in which little or no
containing two, or perhaps three species, chlorophyll is formed, the peculiar secre-
and belonging to the natural order Alan- tions are diminished, and the tissues are
giacece. The leaves are alternate, exstipu- tender and unnaturally drawn out and ;

late, entire, and reticulated on the under

thus plants, which in a state of health are
surface with transverse veins. The calyx tough, unwholesome, and unfit for food,
is campanulate, five to ten-toothed ; the become palatable and wholesome. If light
petals, equal in number to the segments of be restored, the plant may gradually re-
the calyx, are linear and reflexed. The cover its tone, but if it is absent for any
stamens are twice or four times as many great length of time death is sure to ensue.
as the petals, and have filaments which Some succulent plants, and those which
are very hairy towards the base, and bear have tubers,will sometimes survive the first
adnate anthers. The ovary is coherent with season, but in general the confinement of
the tube of the calyx, and somewhat a few months at the time of active growth
crowned with its limb; it is one-celled, is fatal. Flowers, when bleached, as of the
with one pendulous ovule. The single phyllanthoid Cacti, sometimes recover their
subulate style is expanded at the base into colour when exposed to light, but lilacs
a coloured thick fleshy disk, covering the which are blanched for ornamental pur-
top of the ovary. The fruit, a fleshy one- poses remain white, though their leaves ac-
seeded drupe, is edible but not palatable, quire a yellowish-green tinge. [M. J. B.]
being mucilaginous and insipid. The roots ALBERTINIA. A
genus of the com-
are aromatic, and the timber good and beau-
posite family, containing about a dozen
tiful. Some of the branches occasionally species. They are shrubs or small trees,
become spinescent. The Malays believe with alternate, stalked, entire leaves atte-
the species of Alangium to have a purga- nuated at both ends, and either covered
tive hydragogic property. De Candolle with short white hairs, or entirely smooth.
established the natural order Alavgieai on
Their flower-heads are arranged in compact
this genus, separating it from Myrtacece
globular bunches at the ends of the
and other allied orders, because of its more branches, each head containing from one
numerous petals, adnate anthers, and one- to three florets. The hairs of the pappus
celled fruit; and from Combretacece, on
are filiform, arranged in two or many series,
account of its adnate anthers, albuminous and often rose-coloured. All of them are
seeds, and flat cotyledons. [W. C]
natives of Brazil. Their uses, if any, are
AL ARI A. A genus of dark-spored A Igce, not known. [A. A. B.]
consisting of a vei'y few species, confined ALBIZZIA. A genus of the leguminous
to the colder regions of the North Atlantic family, related to Acacia. The name Be-
and Pacific. The frond is from three to senna was given by M. Richard to an
twenty feet long, of a membranous sub- Abyssinian tree, of which the flowers and
stance, but is furnished with a strong cen- fruits were unknown to him. Since then
tral nerve or rib, and is frequently much the plant has been found in flower, and
torn and split by the action of the waves it
;
proves to be a species of Albizzia. This
is supported below by a short cylindrical plant, the Albizzia anthelmintica, is a small
stem, from the sides of which finger- tree, with bipinnate leaves made up of one
shaped processes are given off, in whose or two pinnae, each of which bears three or
outer coat the spore cases are immersed, four pairs of obovate, unequal-sided leaf-
supported on short peduncles, the con- lets, about an inch long and half an inch
tents of which are ultimately divided into broad. The flowers are in axillary stalked
four spores. We have a single species heads. The Abyssinian name of the plant
only upon our own coasts, Alaria esculenta, is Besenna or Mesenna, and its bark is
which is, however, well known by the much used in that country in the treat-
Scotch under the name of Badderlocks, ment of tapeworm (Tcenia solium), a pest
Henware, Honeyware, and Murlins, and is to which the Abyssinians are much subject
the best of all the esculent Alga? when from their eating raw meat. [A. A. B.]
eaten raw, the midrib and fruit-bearing
appendages being the parts most in use.
1
ALBITCA. A genus of African Liliacece,
The name of Badderlocks, which has puz- chiefly from the Cape of Good Hope, closely
zled etymologists, is clearly a corruption resembling Ornithogalum, but having the
of Ralderlocks, or the locks of Balder, a three inner segments of the perianth
Scandinavian deity to whom other plants closed over the stamens, while the three
have been dedicated. [M. J. B.] outer ones are spreading; three of the
 ' ;

35 CIjc Crnuauri? at 33fltanp. [alet

six stamens are often sterile. They ALDER. The common name for Inus.
are bulbous plants, easily cultivated in the — BERRY-BEARING. Rhamnus AFran-
,
greenhouse when grown in pots with sandy gula. — BLACK. An old English name
,

peat earth ; but they are not very orna- for Rhamnus Frangida; also applied in
mental, having green or yellowish flowers America to Prinos verticillatus. , RED. —
striped with white, and leaves more or less A name given at the Cape of Good Hope to
like those of the hyacinth. Seventeen or Cunvnia capensis: — WHITE. A name
,

eighteen species have been in cultivation given to Platylophus trifoliatus in South

in this country. [J. T. S.] Africa; also to Clethra alnifolia in North
America.
ALBUMEN. The matter that is inter-
posed between the skin of a seed and the ALDROVANDA. A genus of Brose-
embryo, or the vitellus, if there is one. racece, containing a single species found in
It is, in reality, whatever substance is de-
Southern Europe, growing in still water.
posited in the cells of the nucleus during This plant, A. vesiculosa, is remarkable
the growth of the seed. for its curious leaves, which are in whorl?
of six to nine; they are pellucid, and
ALBUMINOUS. Furnished with albu- inflated at the extremity, so as to form a
men when perfectly ripe. A term ex- vesicle, which acts as a float the leaf-
;

clusively applied to seeds. stalk is flat (not inflated), with four or Ave
ALBURNITAS. A tendency to remain bristles at the extremity; the stems are
like alburnum. A disease of trees, when
only a few inches long, generally simple,
white rings of wood are interposed among with the whorls of leaves approximate
heart-wood. the flowers are white, and rather small
and solitary, borne on longish slender
ALBURNUM. The sap wood of a tree peduncles, springing from the axils of the
the younger wood, not choked up by sedi- leaves. [J. T. S.]
mentary deposit, and therefore permeable
to fluids. ALE-COST. An old English name for
Pyrethrum Tanacetum, commonly known
ALCAMPHORA. A remedial prepara- as Balsamita vulgaris, the Costmary of
tion from Croton perdicipes. gardens.
ALCE'E DE LA FLORIDE. (Fr.) Gor- ALE-HOOP. An old English name for
donia Lasianthus. Nepeta Glechoma, the Ground Ivy.
ALCHEMILLA. A genus of herbaceous ALEPYRTJM. A genus of Besvauxiacece,
annual or perennial plants, belonging to containing three species of small tufted
the natural order Rosacea?. All the species herbaceous plants, natives of the shores of
have lobed leaves, and inconspicuous New Holland. They have solitary or few
yellow or greenish flowers. A. vulgaris, the terminal flowers, with two bracts a single ;

common Lady's Mantle, is frequent in wet stamen; and six or eight ovaries, with
pastures and the borders of woods the simple styles to each. The genus differs
:

leaves are rather large, roundish, seven to from Centrolepis in wanting bracteoles,
nine lobed, plaited, and notched at the and in the spathe consisting of one or
edges; the flowers, though small, are nu- very few flowers. [W. C.]
merous, of a golden green colour, and col-
lected into forked clusters. It often occurs ALETRIS. A genus of North American
in gardens, where it is valued more for the herbaceous B~cemodoracece, distinguished
pleasant green of its foliage than for any by the following features: The perianth —
showiness while in flower. Its properties is half-inferior, tubular, with a six-cleft
are astringent, and slightly tonic hence it spreading or funnel-shaped limb the six
;
;

comes within the province of the 'sim- stamens are inserted into the base of the
pler.' A. alpina is a mountain species, perianth segments, and have flat filaments
found on the banks of rivulets in Scotland and somewhat arrow-shaped anthers the ;

and the North of England. The leaves of ovary is three-lobed, pyramidal, with a
this species are deeply divided into five style composed of three connate bristles,
oblong leaflets, and are thickly covered distinct at the base, but joined at the top
with lustrous silky hair. To this species into a simple stigma; the capsule is py-
probably belongs of right the not inappro- ramidal, three-celled, tricoccous, enclosed
priate name of ' Lady's Mantle,' which is in the perianth, and opening at the point
shared in virtue of kin alone by its less in three directions and the seeds are
;

daintily clothed- relative. A. arvensis numerous, minute, striated. A. farinosa,

(Parsley-Piert) is a small annual plant, a called Colic root and Star grass, is a dwarf
few inches long, with jagged leaves, and perennial with somewhat distichous radical
tufts of minute green flowers growing in leaves, which are lance-shaped, ribbed, and
their axils. It grows abundantly in cul- sessile or somewhat sheathing at the base.
tivated fields, and on hedge banks. A. The stem is simple, invested with remote
alpina, and some of the foreign species, scales, one to three feet high, terminating
are well adapted for rock-work. [C. A. J.] in a spiked raceme of short-stalked, white,
oblong, bell-shaped flowers, the outer sur-
ALCORNOCO, or ALCORNOQUE BARK- face of which has a roughish frosted or
The bai k of several species of Byrsonima- mealy appearance. It is one of the most
The Alcoruoque of Spain is the bark of intense bitters known, and is used both as
the cork-tree. a tonic and a stomachic. [T. M.]
 ;

ALEU] Wfyz CrcaSurg of 2S0tang.

ALEURITES. A genus of the spurge- yellow thistle-head, rather more than an
wort family (Euphorbiacece). The only inch across, containing numerous- tubular
species, A. triloba, called the Candleberry florets, enclosed by an involucre of spiny-
tree, forms a tree of considerable magni- pointed and lacerated scales. From Ser-
tude, attaining the height of thirty to forty ratula the genus differs in the pappus
feet, and, though originally a native of hairs (which crown the obovate streaked
the Moluccas and the S. Pacific Isles, is achenes) being bearded instead of rough,
commonly cultivated in tropical countries as well as in the long feathery tails of the
for the sake of its nuts. The leaves are al- anthers. Four species are known, all
ternate, four to eight inches long, stalked, Siberian. [A. A. B.]
and without stipules, either oval acute and
entire, or from three to five lobed, and, ALG2E. A large and important tribe of
like all the young parts, covered with a cryptogams, far the greater part of which
whitish starry pubescence. The flowers live either in salt or fresh water, a few only
are small and white, growing in clusters deriving their nourishment from the mois-
at the apex of the branches, the males and ture contained in the surrounding air.
females together in the same cluster, the Though many of them are confined to par-
former being the most numerous. The ticular kinds of rocks, and have something
fruit is two-celled, fleshy, roundish, and resembling a root, it is not probable that
when ripe of an olive colour, its greatest they draw any important part of their
diameter about two and a half inches each :
nourishment from the substance on which
cell contains one seed, in form something tbey grow.
like a small walnut, the outer shell of which The higher Algce have a distinct stem,
is very hard. The kernels, when dried and from which arise variously-shaped expan-
stuck on a reed, are used by the Polyne- sions, which often assume the semblance
sian islanders as a substitute for candles; of leaves; but, though these are often
and as an article of food in New Georgia. strictly symmetrical, they never follow the
Tbey are said to taste like walnuts. When spiral arrangement which is so marked in
pressed they yield a large proportion of phrenogams, and which exists even among
pure palatable oil, used as a drying oil for mosses. In many the stem is quite ob-
paint, and known as Country "Walnut Oil literated, and the whole plant consists of
and Artists' Oil. In Ceylon it is called Ke- an expanded membrane, consisting of one
kune Oil, and in the Sandwich Islands, or more strata of cells, as the case may be.
where it 'is used as a mordant for their Frequently there is no expansion, and the
vegetable dyes,' Kukui Oil. In these is- whole plant, whether solid or flstulose,
lands alone about 10,000 gallons are annu- simple or branched, is everywhere more or
ally produced. It has been imported to this less cylindrical. In other cases, again, it
country, but not to any considerable extent, consists of a mere string of articulations
and fetches about 20/. per imperial ton. The while in others, the whole is reduced to an
cake, after the oil has been expressed, is adnate crust or a shapeless jelly, or to
esteemed as a food for cattle, and also as single cells. In one curious division, the
manure. '
The root of the tree affords a frond, though often much divided, con-
brown dye, which is used by the Sandwich sists of a single cell only, however com-
Islanders for their native cloths.' The plicated, filled with endochrome. Whatever
plant is known in India under the name of the colour of Algce may be, it appears that
Indian Akhrout. [A. A. B.] they act upon the atmosphere in the same
way as pha?nogams, that is to say, that
ALEXANDERS. A common name for they absorb carbonic acid and give out
Smymium olnsatrnm. Sometimes written oxyeren under the influence of light.
Alisanders. —.GOLDEN. An American Algce, whatever may be their outer form,
name for Ztzia. or whatever their degree of complication,
are cellular plants, in a very few instances
ALFA. The fibre of Macrochloa tenacis- only presenting anything like vessels,
shna, used in Algeria for paper-making. though the cell-walls themselves have fre-
ALFALFA. The Spanish name of Lu- quently a spiral structure. The spores are
cerne, Medicago sativa, often nothing more than the endochromes
of cells, whether terminal, or chained to-
ALFREDIA. Agenus of the composite gether like the beads of a necklace, more
family, founded on the Cnicu? cernuus of consolidated than usual, and occasionally
old authors, which was cultivated in this broken up into four or more distinct re-
country so long ago as 1760 by Miller in productive bodies. There are often two
the Chelsea garden, and was figured by sorts of fruit upon the same or on-different
him in a publication illustrating his re- fronds, the one of which is regularly tetra-
nowned Gardener's Dictionary. A.ccrnua, spermous, the other variable in character,
a native of Siberia, is a rank-grow- presenting often the appearance of a cap-
iiitr, thistle-like plant, one to seven feet sule perforated at the apex. Amongst the
high, with stalked heart-shaped root-leaves lower Algce the spores are often furnished
nearly a foot long, having their serrate with one or more flagelliform pro© -

blades white underneath, and their foot- with vibrating cilia?, by means of which
stalks crisped and prickly; the stem they move from place to place for a greater
leaves are sessile and heart-shaped, except or less time, as if endowed with spontane-
the uppermost, which are narrow lance- ous motion, till they become attached and
shaped. Each branch ends in a nodding germinate. In most of the subdivisions
 37 £Ijf Crcatfurg of 3Snian». [AJLG2E

sexual differences hare been observed; the tention of all wanderers along the coast.
antheridia, or male organs, containing These are often very abundant, but they
bodies often closely resembling the sper- seldom attain any considerable size, and
matozoa of animals. In some of the spe- some of them are as delicate as moulds.
cies fructification does not take place till The third class contains most of the
the threads throw out little processes, by smaller species, in which the frond seldom
means of which a complete union with one assumes the form of a membrane, but is
another is established, the endochrome of more frequently reduced to a mere thread,
the joint of one thread passing through or even to single articulations. A few only
their lateral tube and uniting with that of are conspicuous objects, amongst which
an opposite joint, and then forming a per- the genus Caulerpa is most remarkable, af-
fect spore. fording on warm sandy coasts an ahundant
In many of the lower Algce, as indeed in supply of nutritive food for turtles. Of
some of the higher, reproduction takes i
the smaller and more obscure species, in
place for an indefinite time by repeated which there is often no point of attach-
subdivision of the original individual. At ment, we have the most exquisite micro-
times, however, the proper fruit makes its scopical objects, exhibiting an almost
appearance, and sometimes in such an inexhaustible variety of form and sculp-
anomalous form as to cause much per- i. ture.
plexity. In the two latter classes, more especially,
Algce are related on the one hand to |
many species are so masked by calcareous
fuguses, and on the other to lichens. Dis- matter as to present the appearance of
tinctive characters are more easily derived corals, with which productions they have
from their respective habits than from accordingly been arranged. A weak solu-
differences of structure. tion of hydrochloric acid, however, soon
The term Alga had formerly a far wider changes the fixed carbonate of lime into
range than at present, and it is now almost soluble chloride of calcium, and the struc-
entirely confined to aquatic cryptogams. ture and fruit are then unmasked and found
There is no English word which will com- to correspond with those of true Algce. In
prise the whole. The most convenient, Diatomacece, silex instead of lime is im-
perhaps, is that of Hydrophytes, which, bedded in the substance of the cells.
however, does not apply to the aerial spe- Amongst the productions which appear
cies, and is objectionable because there are upon rocks exposed
to the action of the
many plants with a submerged habit which atmosphere, the lower Algce are often the
are not Algce. first to make their appearance. Even the
Algce are divided into three great classes, cold surface of snow and ice produce the
I

each of which comprises a number of very bright red Alga, known under the name of
|

distinct groups, the more prominent of Red Snow, while allied species appear on
|

which will be noticed in their proper order. darker grounds. These gradually, by their
These three classes are characterised by decomposition, afford soil for higher
the colour of their seeds, which correspond growths.
for the greater part with the general tint The larger species of Algce afford a useful
of the plants. though coarse article of food to men and
domestic animals, not to mention the
1. Mela>-osper3ie^:, or olive-spored: numberless tribes which they support in
2. RHODOSPEE3rEiE, or rose-spored.
their own element. The Laver of our south-
western coasts is, however, considered by
3. Chlobospeeme^:, or green-spored.
many an object of luxury, though, like
olives, it is not in general relished at first.
The first of these comprises the olive- "With use, however, it is esteemed by many
coloured species, which from their size and a most acceptable condiment. Many of the
abundance are so conspicuous on our shores, rose-coloured Algce abound in gelatine, and
or which float in dense masses, sometimes in consequence they are collected to make
many leagues in extent, on the surface of a fine kind of glue, or as a substitute for
the ocean. On our own coasts they attain isinglass. Carrageen or Irish moss, which
the length occasionally of twenty feet or consists, in great measure, of common spe-
more, and in the genus Laminaria indi- cies of Chondrus, is a most useful article in
viduals are sometimes large enough to be cattle feeding, when boiled and mixed with
a load for a man; but this is nothing to other nutritious matters. Amongst the
the size attained in the southern seas, or Chlorosperms.besides the Laver above men-
even in some parts of the northern hemi- tioned, a species of Nostoc is much used as
sphere. Individuals of the genus Macro- an ingredient in soup by the Chinese but it
;

cystis attain a length of a hundred feet seems not to have much to recommend it
or more, and Lessonia forms submarine beyond the quantity of bassorin which it
forests, the stems resembling the trunks contains. Durvillcea util{s is employed for
of trees. Some of the lower species have the same purpose in Chili. The siliceous
nothing like leaves, and are reduced to coats of Diatomacece, of which the substance
mere articulated threads, or a shapeless called Tripoli is entirely composed, form a
mass. capital substance for polishing, and the
The second class comprises those charm- close parallel lines of extreme fineness,
ing seaweeds, remarkable for their ele- with which they are frequently grooved,
gance of form, delicacy of texture, and make them very useful in microscopical
brilliancy of colour, which attract the at- researches as a test.
alga] QLty Cr*a£urg of Ufltaug. 38

The larger were formerly much

Algol ALIBOUFIER. (Fr.) Sif/racc officinale,.
employed in the manufacture of kelp. ALISIER. (Fr.) Pyrus Aria. — ,DE
More advanced chemical knowledge has, FONTAINEBLEAU. Cratcegus or Storms
however, entirely suspended the
tice, carbonate of soda being now ob-
prac-
hit! Mia. — ,TRANCHANT or DES BOIS.
Pyrus torminalis.
tained from other sources, to the great
detriment of many of the proprietors on ALISMA. A family of aquatic plants,
the sea-coasts of Scotland. They form characterised by the parallel veins of their
also a very valuable manure, and it has leaves, and their unimportant flowers of
lately been proposed by the writer of three lilac petals. A. Plantago grows com-
this notice to manufacture a portable monly in still water, and bears large
manure from Algce partially dried and smooth, taper-pointed root-leaves on long
then ground down with conical crushers, stalks. These are thought to have some
the pulpy mass being mixed with peat resemblance to the leaves of the plantain ;

ashes and dried in strongly ventilated and hence its name. The stem, which is
sheds. leafless, is bluntly triangular, from two to
Some of the lower Algce approach, as be- three feet high, much branched in its
fore observed, very near to moulds, and in upper part, and bearing numerous flowers
consequence many of these, when sub- in a loose pyramidal panicle or irregular
merged and barren, havo been assigned to clustor. The flowers, though not con-
Algm. Such productions, however, as spicuous, are singular from the unusual
yeast, and other matters which occur in number of their petals and the light
;

fermenting bodies, are now pretty well spray-like subdivision of their stalks,
understood, and are referred to a more joined to the vigorous habit of the leaves,
befitting place in the vegetable kingdom. claim for the plant a place among orna-
It is very doubtful whether any true alga mental aquatics. The solid part of the root
is parasitic on animals, those which have contains farinaceous matter, and, when
been supposed to be so, as Sarcina, &c, deprivod of its acrid properties by drying,
being in all probability Fungi. The curious is eaten by the Kalmucks. From some
productions which grow on fish and other fanciful notion that the fearful disease
aquatic animals, as Leptomitus, &c, are the hydrophobia could be counteracted by
only exception, if, indeed, these also should water-plants, Alisma was idly pitched on
not be excluded. Algce extend to the ut- as a specific by empirics, but is now no
most limits of vegetation, and some of longer in repute. Two other species occur
them are found at great depths in the sea. in Britain one of these, A. natans, is a
:

The limits of the distribution of species floating plant, with larger flowers than
are not so extensive as in Fungi, though the common water plantain the other,
;

some have a very wide range. Many fossil A. ranunculoides, is smaller in all its
species are described, but the nature of the parts, and possesses no attractive quali-
greater part is obscure. [M. J. B.] ties. [C. A. J.]

ALGAROBA BEAN. The fruit of Cera- ALISMACEJE (Alismoidece), a small group

Also applied to that of some
tonia Siliqua. of aquatic plants, with tripetaloid flowers
South American species of Prosopis. and superior ovaries, each containing only
one or two seeds. In some respects, al-
ALGAROYILLA. The seeds and husks though endogens, they much resemble
of Prosopis pallida, a tannin material ob- ranunculaceous exogens, Ranunculus par-
tained from Chili. nassifolius, having altogether the appear-
ALHAGI. An Arabic name applied to a ance of an Alisma. Although for the
genus of Leguminosce, characterised by most part natives of the northern parts
having papilionaceous flowers in clusters, of the world, some species of Sagitiaria
the pod stalked, woody, contracted between and Damasoniwm inhabit the tropics.
the seeds, but not dividing into separate Alisma and Sagittaria have a fleshy rhi-
joints. The plants are shrubby, with sim- zome, which is eatable ;a species of
ple leaves and spiny flower stalks, and in- the latter genus, S. sinensis, is culti-
habit Southern Asia and Western Africa. vated for food in China, although its
A manna-like substance is produced from herbage is acrid. Various Brazilian Sagit-
tarias are very astringent; and their ex-
some of these plants in Persia and Bok-
and is collected by merely shaking pressed juice is even employed in the pre-
hara,
the branches. It is an exudation from the
paration of ink. The whole number of
species does not exceed litfty, divided among
leaves and branches of the plant, only ap-
the genera Alisma, Sagittaria, and Dama-
pearing in hot weather in the form of
drops which soon harden by exposure senium, which see.
to the air. Camels are very fond of it. ALK. A gum-resin obtained in North
A. maurorum, the plant mentioned as Africa from Pistacia Terebinthus.
producing it, certainly does not do so in
India. The secretion is supposed by some
ALKANET. The root of Alkanna tinc-
toria, which is used as a dye. Also
to be identical with the manna by which the
Israelites were miraculously fed. [M. T. M.]
applied in America to Lithospermum
I canescens.
ALIAKOO An Indian tree, Memecylon ALKANNA. A genus of Mediterranean
|

tinct oriu m, whose leaves are used for dyeing and Oriental Boraginacece, closely allied to
;

yellow. Litliospcrmuin, of which it perhaps ought

;
 ,;

so Ei)C CrraslurB at Matting. [alli

to be considered a section, as it only differs panulate faux (throat), of a deeper yellow

by having the four small nuts which form inside the limb of five rotundate spread-
;

the fruit contracted at the base. In habit ing segments, often with a tooth or angle
however, more like Anchusa, but the
it is, on one side. A. neriifolia, another Brazilian
absence of scales closing the throat of the species, has a more compact shrubby
corolla, and the nuts not excavated at the habit of growth, broader, more oblong
base, are distinctive characters. The spe- leaves, and a panicle of many flowers,
cies are hispid or pubescent herbs, with which are really terminal, but by and by
oblong entire leaves and bracteated become lateral, from innovations, or young
racemes, rolled up before the flowers shoots, which grow past them and termi-
expand. The corolla is rather small, be- nate also in clusters of flowers. The
tween funnel and salver-shaped; usually flowers of this species have a shorter tube
purplish blue, but in some species yellow and a longer faux or throat, and are deep
or whitish ;the calyx enlarges in fruit. yellow, streaked with orange. Though
The root, which is often very large in pro- generally producing yellow flowers, the
portion to the size of the plant, yields a family yields, in the A. violacea described
red dye from the rind in many of the by Dr. Gardner, a species with flowers of a
species. Alkanet, (A. tinctoria, Anchusa reddish-violet colour. The genus has,
tinctoria of some authors, andLWiospermum moreover, a medicinal reputation the ;

tinctorium of others') is cultivated in Cen- leaves of A. cathartica (perhaps not dif-

tral and Southern Europe on account of ferent from A. Aubletii, already mentioned)
this dye, which is readily extracted by oils being considered a valuable cathartic in
and spirit of wine. It is employed in moderate doses, especially in the cure of
pharmacy to give a red colour to salves, painters' colic, though in over-doses it is
&c, and in staining wood in imitation of said to be violently emetic and purgative.
rosewood,which is done by rubbing with oil An infusion of the leaves is used in
in which the Alkanet root has been soaked. Surinam as a remedy for colic. [T. MJ
About eight or ten tons are annually
imported from France and Germany. It is ALLANTODIA. A genus of polypo-
also said to be used in colouring some of diaceous ferns, belonging to the As-
the mixtures called by courtesy port wine ;
pleniecB, among which they are distin-
so it is to be feared that the whole quan- guished by having the indusia simple and
tity grown may not be applied to the distinct the veins of the frond reticu-
;

legitimate purposes first mentioned. It is, lated, with free veinlets at the margin
however, perfectly harmless, which is so and a vaulted or convex indusium. As
far satisfactory. [J. T. S.] thus defined, it includes one Indian spe-
cies, A. Brunoniana, with pinnated fronds
ALKE'KENGE. (Fr.) Cardiospermum Ha- of large size. With this are sometimes
licacabum. — JAUNE DOUCE. Phy salts associated various free-veined species,
pubescens. with short tumid sori, which are not dis-
tinctfrom Asplenium. [T. MJ
ALKEKENGI. The common Winter
Cherry, Phy salts Alkekengi. ALLELUIA. (Fr.) Oxalis Acetosella.
ALLAMASDA. A genus of Apocynacece ALL-GOOD. An old English name for
consisting of handsome climbing shrubs, Chenopodium Bonus Eenricus.
found in Brazil and other parts of South —
America. They are well known in gar- ALL-HEAL. Valeriana officinalis.
dens, where they are prized for the gor-
CLOWN'S. Stachys palustris.
geous profusion of their rich golden ALLIACEOUS. Having the smell of
flowers. The peculiarities of the genus garlic.
reside in a small five-parted calyx a large ;

funnel-shaped corolla, having the tube ALLIAIRE. (Fr.) Sisymbrium Alliaria,

often called Erysimum Alliaria, or Al-
narrow and cylindrical, the limb cam-
liaria officinalis.
panulate, and then spreading out into five
obtuse lobes, the throat bearing five ALLIEZ. Ervum Ervilia.
ciliated scales five included stamens in-
;

serted in the throat, and a one-celled

ALLIGATOR WOOD. The timber of
compressed ovary, containing numerous Guarea grandifolia.
ovules. There are several species. A. ALLIONIA. A name given
in honor of
Aubletii, one of the commonest found in Charles Allioni, an Italian botanist, and
Guiana, is a -shrub with long trailing applied to a genus of plants of the order
branches,bearing whorls of oblong-lanceo- Xi/cfaginacece. Some of them are cultivated
late leaves, and terminal or interpetiolar as annuals in this country, though natives
many-flowered panicles of large, showy, of central America. They are characterised
rich yellow flowers, of which the tube is by their flowers being placed within athree-
an inch long or more and the limb forms
; or four-parted involucre four free stamens
;

an irregular bell, about two inches long. arising from below the ovary, and included
Another still finer of similar
species, within the perianth, not projecting from
habit, A. Schottii, a native of Brazil, has it. The ovary is superior. [M. T. MJ
larger flowers, which are of a full yellow,
funnel-formed, the lower half, or rather ALLIUM. A genus of bulbous plants of
less, forming a narrow contracted tube, the lily family, remarkable for their pun-
thence suddenly expanding into a cam- gent odour, having grassy or fistular
AXLl] Kl)t Erea^urg at 2Sfltaii£). 40

and star-shaped six-parted hexan-

i, variety of the common Onion, which it re-
drous flowers, growing in an umbel at the sembles in appearance. It differs in its
top of the scape. The species are nume- flower-stem being surmounted by a cluster
rous, very few of them ornamental hut ; of small green bulbs, instead of bearing
several are cultivated as esculents. flowers and seed. These bulbs are very
The Onion, A. Cepa, has been known and similar to small Onions, and are said to be
cultivated as an article of food from the excellent in pickles, for which their
very earliest period. Its native country is diminutive size is a great recommenda-
unknown, but it is believed to have ori- tion.
ginated in the East. In the sacred writings The "Welsh Onion is A. fistulosum. How
(Numbers xi. 5) we find it mentioned as this obtained the name of Welsh Onion it
one of the things for which the Israelites is impossible to say, as it is a native of Si-
longed when in the wilderness, and com- beria and certain parts of Piussia, where it
plained to Moses. To show how much it is known as the Rock Onion, or Stone
was esteemed by the ancient Egyptians, Leek, and regarded as an article of food.
we need only mention that Herodotus It has been cultivated in this country
says in his time there was an inscription since 1629. It never forms a bulb like the
on the Great Pyramid, stating that a sum common Onion, but has long tapering
amounting to 1,600 talents had been paid roots and strong fibres. From being very
for onions, radishes, and garlic, which had hardy, it is sometimes sown to furnish
been consumed by the workmen during the small green onions for spring salads.
progress of its erection. Even at the pre- The Leek, A.Porrum, is of great antiquity,
sent day, the people of "Western Asia, as and.although said to be a native of Switzer-
well as the inhabitants of cold countries, land, and to. have been introduced in 1562,
are all large consumers of Onions, which, we think ft is far more probable that,
for culinary purposes, are more universally like the Onion, it originated in the East,
cultivated than almost any other veget- mention being made in the sacred writings
able. It is distinguished from other of both having been cultivated by the
alliaceous plants by its larger fistular Egyptians in the days of Pharaoh. Ac-
leaves, swelling stalk, and coated bulbous cording to Pliny, Leeks were brought
root. The uses to which it is applied are into great notice by the Emperor Nero,
very numerous. From the time the plants and the best were produced at Aricia, in
are as large as an ordinary needle, until Italy. Tusser and Gerarde, two of our
they attain the height of live or six inches, earliest writers on gardening, speak of the
they are chopped and mixed in salads, Leek almost as if it were indigenous and
which, according to the witty Sydney in common use in their time. It is still
Smith, would not be perfect without very generally cultivated, not only in
them — En eland, but more especially in Scotland
*
Let onions, atoms, lurk within the bowl, and Wales, where it is esteemed as an ex-
cellent and wholesome vegetable. The
And, scarce suspected, animate the whole.'
whole plant, except the roots, is used in
When bulbing and mature, they form an soups and stews. The stems are blanched
indispensable component in all soups and by being planted deep for the purpose, and
stews at least, Dean Swift says
;
— are much used in French cookery. The
*
This every cook's opinion-
is
Leek, from time immemorial, has been re-
No savoury dish without an onion; garded as the badge of Welchmen, who
But lest your kissing should be spoiled, continue to wear it on St. David's day, in
Your onions should be thoroughly commemoration of a victory which the
boiled.'
Welch obtained over the Saxons in the
sixth century, and which they attributed
The smaller-sized bulbs are highly prized to the Leeks they wore by the 'order of St.
for preserving in vinegar as a pickle. A David to distinguish them in the battle.
number of varieties are cultivated, and es- The Shallot, A. ascalouicum, is a hardy
teemed in proportion to their being hardy, bulbous perennial, native of Palestine, and
and good keepers. more immediately of the neighbourhood of
The Under-ground, or Potato Onion, is ;
the once famous city of Ascalon, where
supposed to be a variety of the common Richard the First, King of England, de-
Onion, which it greatly resembles, but has feated Saladin's army in 1192. It was first
the singular property of multiplying itself brought to this country in 1548. The
by the formation of young bulbs on the bulbs are compound, separating into what
parent root, and thus produces an ample are termed cloves, like those of garlic.
crop below the surface. Like the potato, !
They are used for culinary purposes, like
its origin is not exactly known but, from ;
I
onions, but are considered milder in
being sometimes called the Egyptian flavour. In a raw state, they are occa-
Onion, it is supposed to have been ori- sionally cut very small and used to season
ginally brought front Egypt about the chops or steaks or mixed in winter
;

beginning of the present century. In the salads. In French cookery, the Shallot is
West of England it is much cultivated, in great request, and several varieties are
being quite hardy, productive, and as mild i
noticed by French writers, which have
in quality as the Spanish onion. |
scarcely any other difference than that of
The bulb-bearing Tree-Onion, A. Cepa var. '
the bulbs being larser or smaller than the
bulbiferum, was introduced from Canada ordinary size. They make an excellent
in 1820, and is considered to be a viviparous pickle and, by putting half a dozen cloves
;
 ;

41 erfje Cmtfurg of Matmxi}. [allo

into a quart "bottle of vinegar, an agreeable the base behind, and often ventricose in
sauce may tie formed. front above, the limb five-toothed or shortly
The Garlic, A. sativum, is a hardy five-cleft; four didynamous included sta-
bulbous perennial, indigenous to the South mens, with the rudiment of a fifth and ;

of France, Sicily, and the South of Europe. a free ovary surrounded by an annular
It is stated to have been introduced in disk. The genus consists of tropical
1545, but appears to have been well known American soft-wooded or sub-shrubby
to the ancients. Homer makes it part of plants, of scandent habit, with opposite,
the entertainment which Nestor served up fleshy, often unequal leaves, and axillary
to his guest ilachaon; and among the flowers which are solitary or aggregated,
Greeks and Romans we are told it formed sessile or racemose. There are several
a favourite viand of the common people. species, most of which form desirable hot-
Even at the present day, in many parts of house plants. A. dichrbus is a Brazilian
the Continent the peasantry eat their sub-shrub, of erect habit, with ovate-ob-
brown bread with slices of Garlic, which long entire leaves, having several flowers
give it a flavour they seem to relish. At seated in their axils these flowers consist
;

Ovar, in Portugal, a great deal of this root of a large purple-red calyx of five trian-
|

is grown for exportation to Brazil. The gular or cordate lobes, the three outer of i

bulb is compound, being composed of ten which are larger and include the two inner, I

or twelve smaller bulbs, called cloves and of a large club-shaped tubular yellow
and, although seldom employed with us, it hairy corolla, the colour of which contrasts
is much used in Italian cookery for flavour- strongly with that of the calyx. A. con-
ing dishes, and is far more powerful for color is of similar habit, but has rather
this purpose than any of the other species. smaller flowers, of which both calyx and
The common Chive or Cive, A. Schceno- corolla are scarlet. The corolla in this
prasum, is indigenous to Britain, having latter plant is inserted at what appears to
been found in Oxfordshire, as well as in be the side of the tube near the base, and
Argyleshire, in the "West of Scotland. It is thus forms a blunt spur, whilst above it
perennial. The leaves, which rise from is remarkably ventricose on the upper
small slender bulbs, are about six or eight side, with the mouth very oblique, as if
inches long, erect, awl-shaped and thread- the opening were at the side opposite to
like, and form dense tufts. They are that by which it is aflixed, thus producing
generally cut off close to the ground, and a very singularly curved flower. A. capi-
used early in spring for salads, for which tatus is very distinct from the foregoing
purpose they are much milder than onions kinds, having tall stout red stems and
or scaUions —
a name usually given to large ovate leaves, from which the axils of
onions which have been sown thick for the uppermost leaves are produced on
drawing, without forming bulbs. They short stalks, a few dense globular heads or
are also used for seasoning soups, ome- umbels of flowers, having a very large
lets, &c. In England they are little known ;
blood-coloured calyx, and a comparatively
but in Scotland they are to be found in small yellow tubular coi-olla. The most re-
almost every cottage garden. markable peculiarity of the genus among
Hocambole, A. Scorodoprasum, is a gesneraceous plants, is the large coloured
native of Denmark and other parts of calyx, which adds much to the beauty of
Europe, whence it was introduced in 1596. the flowers. [T. M.]
It is a hardy, bulbous-rooted perennial,
with compound bulbs like garlic, but the ALLOSORUS. A genus of dwarf elegant
cloves are smaller. It is used for nearly polypodiaceous ferns, variously referred to
the same purposes as the shallot and the Polypodies, the Cheilanthece, and the
garlic and, although its flavour is con-
; Pteridece. They have punctiform sori at
sidered more delicate than either, it is not the apices of the free veins, and are with-
much cultivated in this country. [W. B. B.] out true indusia, the margin of the fronds
being folded over the spore cases and
ALLOBIUM. A genus of Viscacece, somewhat altered in texture, so as to be-
consisting of yellowish-green woody para- come indusia. Added to this, their fronds
sites on the branches of trees, with jointed, are dimorphous, the fertile and sterile
much-branched stems; thick firm per- being different in character, the former
sistent leaves, or only scales in their contracted by the involution of their mar-
place and small axillary spikes of flowers.
; gins, so that the divisions become pod-
The flowers are dieecious the calyx is ; shaped or siliculiform. One of the species,
globular and three-lobed, each lobe in the A. crispus, is a native of England, and is
male flowers bearing a transversely two- found also throughout Europe and in
celled sessile anther in the female flowers
; North America. This is a pretty dwarf
the calyx tube adheres to the ovary, which deciduous species, with bipinnate or tri-
has a sessile obtuse stigma. The ovary pinnate fronds. It is called the Rock
contains a single pidpy seed, with a small Brake. There is another species, A. Stel-
embryo. The species of this genus are leri, found in Siberia, India, and North
natives of America. [W. C] America. The genus has a very close
affinity with Cryptogramma. The name has
ALLOPLECTTJS. A genus of Gesneracece, been applied to various other ferns, espe-
distinguished by having a free, coloured, cially to certain species which are more
five-leaved calyx a fannel-shaped or club-
; correctly referred to Cheilanthes and Platy-
tubulose corolla, with the tube gibbous at loma. [T. MJ
AXLO VEfyz Crcasfuri) of 23ataug. 42

ALLOUCHIER. (Fr.) Pyrus Aria. and light and if exposed alternately to wet
;

and dry, will scarcely last a year; but if

ALLSEED. The common name for Poly- kept entirely submersed, or buried in damp
carpon. Also sometimes applied to Che- earth, no wood is more durable. By lying
nopodium polyspermism, and Badiola Mll- for a long time in peat bogs, it acquires a
legrana. black hue, but from its softness will not
ALLSPICE. The fruit of Eugenia Pi- take a good polish. The young branches
menta. —.CAROLINA. Calycanihusfloridus. are much used for the purpose of filling in
— JAPAN. The common name for Chimo-
,
drains, and are more durable than any
nanthus. — WILD. Benzoin odoriferum.
,
other kind of brushwood. The charcoal is
highly valued in the manufacture of gun-
ALLSPICE TREE. The common name powder, for which purpose it is in some
for Calycantlms. places largely planted. The colour of the
ALLUBODON, ALUBO. The wood of wood when first cut is white, but by expo-
Calyptrantttes Jamholana, a common build- sure it becomes of a bright orange-red, as
ing material in Ceylon. is shown by the chips which are left about
where a tree has been felled. Several
ALMEIDIA. The founder of this genus varieties are grown which differ from the
of rutaceous trees has devoted it to a typical species in having laciniated, lobed,
Portuguese nobleman who assisted him in or variegated leaves. Of the other species
prosecuting his botanical researches in enumerated by Loudon, A. cordifolia, a na-
Brazil. The genus is allied to Diosma, but tive of Italy, is well adapted to this cli-
is known by its five equal, spoon-shaped mate. It grows with rapidity, and is a
petals, five fertile distinct stamens with most interesting and ornamental tree. The
flattened hairy filaments, an hypogynous common Alder is the badge of the clanChis-
cup-shaped disc, and a fruit opening by holm. [C. A. J.]
two valves. A. rubra is a handsome shrub
with rose-coloured flowers, sometimes seen
ALOCASIA. A name applied to a sec-
[M. T. MJ tion of the genus Colocasia, by some con-
in hot-houses.
sidered as a distinct genus. The species
ALMOND. The fruit of Amy g dolus com- are natives of India, with peltate leaves
munis; the Bitter and Sweet Almonds are springing from an erect root-stock spathes
;

the produce of different varieties of this glaucous, on short stalks. [M. T. M.]
species. — , AFRICAN. Brabcjion stcllati- A. metallica is a magnificent Bornean
fulium. —COUNTRY. The fruit of Ter- species, with very large cordate-ovate pel-
wmalia Catappa. — , JAVA. Canarium tate leaves, having a rich bronze-coloured
commune. surface, and is a very conspicuous orna-
ment of our hot-houses. The leaves look
ALMOND WORTS. An English name like great polished metal shields. [T. MJ
proposed for the group Drupacece.
ALOE. A Latinised form of an Arabic
ALNUS. A family of trees belonging to name given to a genus of succulent plants
the natural order Betulacece, and all more of the lily family (Liliacea;). The species of
or less approaching in character the com- the genus vary very much in height, and in
mon Alder, A. glutinosa. They inhabit the appearance of their leaves and flowers,
most temperate countries of the northern but are especially distinguished from al-
hemisphere, and delight in a moist soil. lied genera by their having a stem, some-
The common Alder, in its young state, is a times a very short one permanent fleshy
;

bushy shrub of a pyramidal form, heavily leaves flowers arranged in erect spikes or
;

clothed with dark green leaves, which, as clusters, each with a cylindrical perianth
well as the young shoots, are covered with divided into six pieces, secreting nectar at
a glutinous substance. The leaves are the base; six stamens arising like the
stalked, roundish, blunt, jagged at the perianth from below the genu en a mem-
;

edge, shining above, and furnished at the branous fruit, consisting of three cells,
angles of the veins beneath with minute each containing a great number of seeds.
tufts of whitish down. The flowers are of The species of Aloe are abundant in all
two kinds the barren are long drooping
; warm countries, especially in the southern
eat kins, which appear in the autumn and part of Africa and the isle of Socotra, where
hanc; on the tree all the winter; and the 'the bristling aloes' give a character of
fertile are oval, like little fir-cones, but are their own to the landscape.
not produced till spring. When these ripen, A. vulgaris, a native of the East and
the thick scales of which they are com- West Indies has been introduced into
posed separate, and allow the seeds to faD, Italy, Sicily, Malta, and the Mediterranean
but remain attached to the tree themselves region in general. The most important
all the winter; and by them the tree may product of this genus is the drug known
be distinguished when stripped of all its as aloes, which is the dried juice derived
leaves. In young trees the bark is smooth from the leaves of several species in the
and of a dark purple-brown hue, but in old East and West Indies, Cape of Good Hope,
trees it is rugged and nearly black. When and elsewhere. The finest kind of aloes is
allowed to attain its full growth, it reaches supposed to be derived from Aloe socotrina.
a height of forty or fifty feet, if the situa- The bitter resinous juice is stored up in
tion be favourable but in the mountains
; greenish vessels, lying beneath the skin of
and in hieh latitudes it does not rise above the leaf, so that when the leaves are cut
a shrub." The wood of the Alder is soft transversely, the juice exudes and is gradu-
 ;

43 STIje Crcajattrg al 23fltan», [alon

ally evaporated to a firm consistence. The ncan Aloe a species of agave much like
is
inferior kinds of aloes are prepared by an Aloe in general appearance, but particu-
pressing the leaves, when the resinous larly distinguished from it by the perianth
juice becomes mixed with the mucilagi- being adherent to the ovary, or, as it is
nous fluid from the central part of the called, superior. [M. T. M.]
leaves, and becomes proportionately dete-
riorated. In other cases the leaves are cut ALOE, AMERICAN. Agave americana.
in pieces and boiled, and the decoction — FALSE. Agave virginica.
evaporated to a proper consistence. ALOE r
S BEC DE CANNE. (Ft.) Aloe, or
The drug is imported in chests, in skins Gustcria disticha. — CORXE DE BE'LIER.
of animals, and sometimes in the cavity of
large calabash gourds. It is largely used as
Aloe arborescens. —
LANGUE-DE-CHAT.
—
Aloe or Gasteria lingua and angulata.
a purgative, and in small doses as atonic; POUCE-E'CRASE'. Aloeretusa.
the taste is peculiarly bitter and disagreea-
ble, though the perfume of the finer sorts, ALOES-WOOD. The wood of Aloexylon
when breathed on, is aromatic, and by no Agallochum.
means so offensive as the taste. What is ALOEXYLON. The name given to a
called aloes fibre seems rather to be the
genus of the pea family (Leguminosa?)
produce of an Agave, though it is stated which is said to grow on the high moun-
that the negroes of Western Africa make
tains of Cochin China. There is but one
nets and cords of the fibres of various spe- species, A. Agallochum, which is described
cies of Aloe.
as being a tree of about sixty feet in height,
Many of the species of Aloe are cultivated with simple, alternate, stalked, entire,
in this country, being extremely easy to
lanceolate leaves, and terminal panicles
grow, ifplanted in a dry soil and very of small flowers. The wood of this tree is
little if any water supplied to them in the
one of the two woods known as Calambac,
winter season. The thick leathery skin of Lign-aloes or Eagle-wood. It yields the
the leaves prevents the internal moisture
perfume the most esteemed by Orientals,
from escaping so readily, hence these who apply it to their clothes and apart-
plants retain their vitality for a long time
ments, and use it in medicine, in the
under apparently adverse circumstances. treatment of paralytic affections. The
perfume by some is said to originate by
the concoction of oily particles into a
resin which action takes place in the
;

centre of the trunk, and is occasioned by a

disease which ultimately causes the death
of the tree. This is, however, questioned
by others. The wood is very valuable —
selling at about 201. per cwt. in Sumatra. It
is sometimes used for inlaying in cabinet
work. Some of the most precious jewels
of East Indian manufacture are set in it
and, so highly is it prized, that it is con-
sidered equal to gold in point of value.
The perfume derived from it is thought by
some to be alluded to in the Bible, where
said (Psalm xlv. 8), All thy garments
it is '

smell of myrrh, aloes, and cassia.' The

wood said to retain its fragrance for
is
years. Many conflicting statements have
been published about this tree, and the
Aquilaria Agallocha, which is also called
Eagle-wood, and belongs to a very dif-
ferent family and it is possible that some
;

of the statements above given may apply

to the Aquilaria rather than to the plant
under consideration, which is, botanieally,
almost unknown. [A. A. B.]
ALONA. A small genus of South Ameri-
can Nolanacece, separated from Nolana by
having several ovaries,withfrom one to six
Aloe ferox. cells (not five, each of them four-celled, as
in Nolana). Mr. Miers restricts the genus
Sailors sometimes bring home pieces of Alona to the species with woody stems and
Aloe from the West Indies with a tarred fasciculate terete or triquetrous leaves, as
cloth tied tightly round the cut end, so as he finds that, in the allied genus Sorcma,
to prevent the escape of the juices. Dr. the way in which the carpels are combined
Pereira mentions having had such a speci- varies in the same genus, and therefore
men suspended from the ceiling of his cannot by itself be sufficient to make a
room for two years, and it was still living generic distinction. The species have
and growing when he wrote. large handsome flowers, resembling those
What is commonly known as the Ame- of the bindweeds. A. ccelestis is cultivated
 ;

alon] Clje CrwjSurjj of 33fltanin 44

in this country for the beauty of its large ALPHONSEA. Certain Indian plants
pale blue flowers. It is a native of the are comprised in a genus bearing the
coast of Chili. [J. T. S J above name, in honour of M. Alphonse
de Candolle, the eminent botanist who
ALONSOA. A small group of the Scro- has especially studied the natural order
phalariacece, forming dwarf frutescent Anonacece, to which this genus belongs.
herbs, with opposite or ternately whorled Its principal characters are petals —
serrated leaves, and axillary, subracemose, valvate in the bud, nearly equal in size;
pretty vermilion-coloured flowers. They stamens loosely imbricate. By these cir-
are commonly cultivated in green-houses, cumstances the genus may be distin-
and in the open air during summer. The guished from its nearest ally, Saccopeta-
characteristic features are a five-parted, lum. The species comprise tall trees fur-
sub-equal calyx a resupinate corolla, hav-
; nished with thick shining leaves, and small
ing a very short tube, and a sub-rotate, flowers, closely packed in tufts opposite to
five-cleft limb, of which the front, or upper the leaves. [M. T. MJ
lobe, is larger, and all rotundate four ;
ALPINIA. A genus of plants deriving
didynamous declimate exserted stamens, itsname from Prosper Alpinus, an Italian
affixed to the corolla tube and a two-
;
botanist who lived in the 16th century.
celled many-seeded ovary. The few species The genus belongs to the same natural
are mostly natives of Peru, where one of family as the ginger (Zingiber acece), and is
the species is famed for its anodyne and known by its thick, tuber-like, aromatic
stomachic properties and several of them
;
rhizomes; and by its flowers arranged in ter-
have been introduced to our gardens. A. minal spikes. Each flower has an outer row
linearis, a pretty dwarf, bushy, suffruticose of three pieces, and an inner of four pieces,
plant, of a span or foot in height, has the the lowermost of which is three-lobed. The
leaves, which are narrow linear, opposite filament is petal-like, and not prolonged be-
or in threes, mostly fasciculate, from the yond thetwo-lobed anther, as in some of the
non-evolution of the axillary shoots and ;
plants of this order. Stigma triangular, on
the branches terminate in racemes of a long style. The fruit is a somewhat fleshy
curious, obliquely-rotate scarlet flowers, capsule of three many-seeded cells. The
with a black spot at the base. In Peru it is species are natives of tropical America, the
called Ricaco and Ricarco, which mean Indian Archipelago, etc. A. Galanga and
Mask-flower. One of the best known spe- other kinds furnish the aromatic stimulant
cies, A. incisifolia (sometimes called Celsia root known as Galangale root, employed by
v ri icafolia), is of a rather more vigorous the natives in cases of indigestion. The
habit, and has ovate, acute, deeply-toothed fruits of A. alba are known as ovoid
leaves, and elongated racemose panicles of China Cardamoms; others, as A. nutans,
scarlet and black flowers A. Warscewiczii, are remarkable for the exceeding beauty of
a species more recently obtained from the their flowers, and are therefore cultivated
mountains of Peru, is an erect, branched, in our stoves. [M. T. MJ
sub-shrubby plant, with sub-cordate or
ovate-lanceolate leaves, and racemes of ALPISTE. (Fr.) Phalaris canariensis.
scarlet flowers, without the black spot ALSINE. Agenus of small caryophyl-
which is conspicuous in the other species laceous herbs, generally distributed in
already noticed. There are about a dozen temperate regions, and in alpine situa-
described species. [T. MJ tions in warmer climates closely re-
;

sembling A renaria, from which it differs by

ALOPECURUS. A genus of grasses called having the valves of the capsule equal in
Fox-tail Grasses, of the tribe Phlehucr,
distinguished from Phleum, to which
number to the styles, and not twice as
many. The leaves are generally narrow,
some of the species are nearly allied, by often subulate the sepals strongly nerved
having only one inner glume or pale ;

the petals white. Four species are natives

to each flower, this bearing a long awn
of Britain A. verna, a tufted perennial,
:
attached to the back portion of it. The
with the petals longer than the calyx ; A.
species are mostly from temperate climates,
rubella, a tufted alpine perennial, with
and have an extensive range from their short flower-stalks, and the petals not ex-
southern to their northern limits. Among
ceeding the calyx A. uliginosa, also a
those which are natives of Britain, the
;

tufted perennial, with the petals scarcely

meadow Fox-tail Grass is one of the very exceeding the calyx, but with long pedicels
best kinds, and forms a portion of all good
pastures and meadows —
particularly on
and smaller flowers than the last and A.
ten in folia, a slender annual, not uncommon
;

limestone soils : the seeds are conse-

on wall tops and on dry commons in the
quently sown in most instances as part of
South-east of England. [J. T. SJ
a mixture of grass seeds. It is one of the
earliest kinds to flower in spring, and, ALSODEIA. A genus of ornamental
when chemically analysed, is found to con- plants, belonging to the order V-iolacem,
tain a large share of nutritive matter in its and inhabiting the islands of Madagascar
composition. The other species which are and Timor. Some of the species are culti-
natives of Britain are of less agricultural vated in this country. They are distin-
value. The alpine Fox-tail Grass (Alopecurus guished by their petals being all equal in
alpinus) is one of the rarest native species, size by the absence of scales between the
;

being much prized and eagerly sought petals and stamens the stamens spring
;

after as a botanical rarity [D. MJ from a disc surrounding the base of the
 —

45 &Ije €rea£urg af SSntang. [alst

ovary, free above filament dilated, not

;
ous ferns, in which the sori have no cover.
narrowed into a claw. They are woody The plants referred to here are sometimes
plants, with white flowers, and thickly not easily distinguished from Poly podium,
heset with leaves hence the name —
;
the compression of the spore cases being
from the Greek alsodes, leafy. [M. T. M.] less marked, and the receptacle less ob-
viously elevated than in the more typical
ALSOPHILA. A genus of cyatheaceous species. [T. MJ
ferns, representing the Alsophilece ; often
becoming magnificent umbrageous trees.
ALSTONIA. A genusof the periwinkle
Among the cyatheaceous ferns, which family (Apocynacea) differing from most
are known by the obliquity of the ring
others in the seeds having a tuft of silky
of their spore-cases, and by having
hairs at each end, instead of at one end
an elevated receptacle, Alsophila is dis- only and from its nearest ally, Blaberopus,
;
tinguished, primarily, by the absence of in the absence of the two nectary scales
any indusium or cover to the sorus and, ;
seen in the flowers of that genus. There
secondarily, by producing only one sorus
are about a dozen species distributed over
on each vein or venule. There are a con- India, the Moluccas, tropical Australia, and
siderable number of species, some of which
"West Africa. They are trees or shrubs with
have been imported for the decoration of milky juice opposite, often whorled, and
our hot-houses. The species have bipinnate ;

entire leaves ; small white flowers disposed

fronds, and a considerable number of
in cymes at the ends of the branches, the
them are found in the West Indies, South corolla funnel-shaped with a flat border of
America, and Mexico, a few in Australia
five rounded lobes ; and fruits consisting
and the South Sea Islands, and several of two cylindrical pods (follicles) the thick-
more in the East Indies and Malay Islands.
A. exxelsa —a native of Norfolk Island
ness of a quill, and often a foot in length.
A.scholaris, called Devil-tree or Pali-mara
is stated by Capt. King to grow to a height
about Bombay, is a widely-diffused plant in
of eighty feet. The branches (fronds),
'
India and the Moluccas. It is a tree of
which resemble those of the palm-tree in
fifty to eighty feet, with a furrowed trunk ;
their growth, fall off every year, leaving
oblong stalked leaves, three to six inches
an indentation on the trunk. The middle
long, and two to four wide, disposed in
of the tree, from the root to the apex,
whorls of four to six round the stem, their
consists of a white substance, resembling
upper surface glossy, the under white, and
a yam, which, when boiled, tastes like a
bad turnip this the hogs feed on greedily.
:
marked with nerves running at right angles
to the midrib. It has a powerfully bitter
The outside of the trunk is hard wood, and bark, which is used by the natives In India
full of regular indentations, from the top
in bowel complaints, and its light wood is
to the bottom.' Another tree of the same
used in Ceylon for making coffins. The
genus, cut down by Mr. Allan Cunningham,
was fifty-seven feet long without the fronds; wood taken from near the root of what ap-
pears to be the same species in Borneo, is
and Mr .Backhouse measured some forty feet
of a white colour, very light, and used for
high, crowned with magnificent circular
floats for nets, and household utensils, as
crests of fronds. It is altogether a noble
trenchers, corks, &c. The genus bears the
plant, having the stipes and main rachis of
its fronds muricate, or rough, with small
name of Alston, once Professor of Botany
at Edinburgh. [A. A. BJ
raised points. The fronds are bipinnate ;

the pinnules, or secondary divisions, ob- ALSTROMERIA. A genus of very hand-

long-lanceolate, acuminated, pimiatifid, some amaryllidaceous plants, distinguished
with oblong acutish segments. A. aus- by having a six-parted regular subcam-
tralis, from the same region, is another panulate perianth, of which the interior
fine species. In Tasmania, where Mr. Back- segments are narrower, and two of them
house met with tree ferns in profusion, this somewhat tubuloseatthebase six stamens ;
species was seen with stems of all degrees inserted with the perianth a trifid stig- ;

of elevation up to twenty-five or thirty feet, i

ma and an inferior three-celled

; ovary with
some of them at the lower part as stout as many horizontal ovules. They are tropical
a man's body, the whole length clothed or extra-tropical herbs of South America,
with the bases of old leaves, which were !

with fasciculate tuberous roots, and erect

rough, like the stems of raspberries, leafy stems, terminating in umbels of
closely tiled over each other, and pointing showy flowers. The numerous species, many
upwards. Some of the larger fronds were of which have ornamented our gardens, are
thirteen feet long — maMng the diameter very similar in character. The leaves in
of the crest twenty-six feet. Some of the this genus are, by the twisting of the
Indian species are also remarkable for petiole, resupinate ;the upper surface,
their stature. There is preserved in the which is usually smooth, even, and desti-
British Museum a stately trunk, forty- i

tute both of ribs and stomata, having the

five feet long, of A. Brunoniana and ;
peculiar structure and performmg the func-
another of equal height, belonging to A. tions of the under surface. This curious
gi'jonteri, is in the museum of the Linnasan
economy in the leaves of Alstromeria was
Society of London. Some of the species
firstpointed out by the late Robert Brown.
are, however, without these elongated Amongst the handsomest of the species
trunks, although all produce fronds of may be mentioned A. aurea, an erect herb
large size. [T. MJ
one to three feet high, with scattered, lan-
ALSOPHILEiE. A section of cyatheine- |
ceolate, obtuse leaves, reversed, as is the
 ;

alte] €f)t Cr^as'uri? of 3Satmv, 46

case throughout the genus, by the twisting name of Guiruauve, to form demulcent
of the foot stalk. The flowers are produced drinks. A. hirsuta is a rare English plant,
several in a terminal umbel, the perianth which has been probably introduced along
consisting of three outer spathulate, deep with foreign agricultural seeds. It is an
orange-coloured segments, and three inner erect slender annual, much smaller than
ones, which are narrower, lanceolate, acu- the preceding, with bluish flowers, and
minate, orange-coloured, the two upper of covered with long spreading stiff hairs.
them marked with several dark red lines A. rosea is the origin of the hollyhock of
distributed over their surface. Quite dis- gardens. It grows wild in China, also in
tinct from this is A. Flos Martini, the St. the South of Europe. It possesses similar
Martin's Flower of Chili, which has an properties to the common marsh mallow,
erect stem, linear acute leaves, and a and is used for similar purposes in Greece.
perianth consisting of three outer cuneately The leaves furnish a blue dye. Several
obcordate yellowish-white segments, and species of Althwa are in cultivation, but the
an inner series of one short lower whitish gay flowering shrub commonly called Al-
lobe, and two upper oblong spathulate ones thcea frutex is, properly speaking, a Hib i*cus,
which are bright yellow in the upper half, syriacus. [M. T. M.]
and stained with irregular dark red spots, ALTH.EA PRUTEX. The garden name
the spots becoming confluent towards the for Hibiscus syriacus.
top. A. Ligtu, so named because, according
to Feuillee, it is called Ligtu in Chili, is an- ALTHE'E. (Pr.) Althcea officinalis,
other very beautiful kind, in which the ALTHENIA. A genus of Naiadacece,
leaves are linear or linear-lanceolate, and containing a single species, a native of
the flowers, on corymbose two-flowered France. It is a slender tufted plant,
peduncles, are large, blush-coloured, with growing in salt lakes, and resembling
obovate emarginate sepaline divisions, the Zannicliellia—except that that genus has
two upper petaline divisions narrow spa- male and hermaphrodite flowers whereas, ;
thulate, yellow, striped with red below, and
in Alihenia, the flowers are dioecious; the
tipped with crimson. A. psittacinaha.s the male flowers being solitary, and below the
flowers a little hooded, rich crimson at the
female. [W. C]
base, and at the tips green, spotted with
purple. Another fine ornamental species ALTINGIACELE. (Liqitidambars, Balsa-
is A. Simsiana, which has orange-scarlet maccce, Balsamifluce.) A
solitary genus,
flowers. The greater number of the spe- Liquidambar, represents this natural order,
cies are natives either of Chili or of the of which three species only are known —
Andes of Peru, a few being distributed all trees of some magnitude —
producing a
in other parts of South America. The fragrant resin called storax, or resembling
A. pallida furnishes in Chili a kind of that substance. They are nearly related
arrowroot, which is prepared from its suc- to plane-trees and willows, from which
culent roots. [T. M.] they differ in having seed vessels with two
distinct cells, instead of one; and seeds
ALTERNATE. Placed on opposite sides with broad membranous wings. See Liqui-
of an axis on a different level, as in alter- dambar and Storax.
nate leaves. Placed between other bodies
of the same or different whorls, as in an ALUM ROOT. The root of Geranium
umbellifer, where the stamens are alter- mocHlatum; also applied to some species
nate with, that is between, the petals. of Heuchera.
ALTERNATIVE. A term applied to ALTJTNE. (Fr.) Artemisia Absinthium,
aestivation,when of the pieces of a flower, ALVEOLATE. Socketed, honey-combed
being in two rows, the inner is so covered when a flat surface is excavated into con-
by the outer that each exterior piece over- spicuous cavities, as in the receptacles of
laps half two of the interior row. many Composites.
ALTHAEA. The Marsh-Mallow is, as the ALVIER, ALVIES. (Fr.) Pinus Cembra.
name implies, one of the Malvacece, and is
distinguished by its flowers having an outer ALTSSUM. The generic name of several
calyx of from six to nine pieces, and an herbaceous annual plants with yellow
inner one, partly divided above into Ave flowers, belonging to the cruciferous
pieces. In other respects Althaea much re- tribe, and generally employed in deco-
sembles Malva. A. officinalis, the common rating rock-work, or the open border.
Marsh Mallow, grows in marshes near the A. saxatile, a native of Transylvania, &c,
sea in this country, and also in Central and popularly known as Gold-dust— in French,
Southern Europe. The rootstock is peren- Corbeille d'Or — has somewhat woody,
nial; the flowering stems are erect, diffuse stems, lanceolate, hoary leaves,
branched, three or four feet high, covered and numerous small flowers of a brilliant
with a soft velvety down, as also are the yellow colour, growing in dense clusters.
stalked, egg-shaped, cordate leaves, which These appear early in May, when flowers
axe slightly notched at the margin, the : are scarce, and are consequently much
lower ones five-lobed, the upper onesthree- prized. This species, like the rest of the
lobed. The flowers are of a pale rose colour, family, thrives best in dry, somewhat
on short stalks, which spring from the ;

stony ground-; but may be made to grow

axils of the upper leaves. The roots are anywhere. Several other species are culti-
much used, especially in France, under the
[

j
vated, under the name of Madwort. [C. A. J.]
*7 &\)£ CreasurD of 23fltann. [amae
ALYSSUM, SWEET. Glyce (or Edniga) AMANITA. A sub-genus of Agaricus,
maritima. distinguished by its gills producing white
spores, and the whole plant being covered
ALYXLA A
germs of Apocynacece, con- at first by a distinct universal wrapper, or
taining sixteen species: natives of Austral- volva. It contains some of the most ex-
asia,Madagascar, and tropical Asia. They cellent and poisonous of Agarics— amongst
consist of evergreen trees or shrubs, with the former being the Oronge and A.
ternate, quaternate, or sometimes oppo- vaginatus; and among the latter the Fly
and shortly-petiolate leaves.
site, entire, Agaric and A. virosas. Some of the species
The flowers are fragrant (.some species have a distinct ring upon the stem while ;

smelling like jasmine), axillary or ter- others are wholly deficient in this orna-
minal and solitary, or in cymes. The ment. Tho Fly Agaric {A. muscarius),
calyx is five-partite the corolla ishypocra-
;
with its vermilion pileum studded with
teriform, its long tube is swollen above white or yellow warts, and its stately stem,
the middle ; the Ave included stamens, on is the ornament of beech woods in most
short filaments, and with lanceolate an- parts of the kingdom, and seldom fails to
thers, are inserted on the dilated portion excite admiration, especially when illumi-
of the tube; there are two ovaries, with a nated by a strong gleam of light. Several
single included style. While this genus species —
and especially those of Sikkim,
has all the habit and the structure of the where they abound —are amongst the
flowers of the true Apocynacece, it differs largest of the fleshy Fungi. [M. J. B.]
from the other genera of the order in
having baccate, or sub-drupaceous fruits, AMANSIA. A lovely genus of rose-
in the shape of its seed, in its ruminated spored Algce, mostly inhabiting the south-
albumen, and in its erect embryo in : ern hemisphere, with a pinnate frond and
these two last particulars it agrees with generally involute tips. The frond is
Anonacece. The dark green foliage and ribbed the membrane formed of oblong
;

fragrant flowers make the members of six-sided cells, of equal length, arranged in
this genus an ornament in the conserva- transverse lines the tetraspores are in
;

tory, where they flower freely in the marginal or superficial podshaped pro-
autumn. [W. C] cesses —generally in two rows; and the
pyriform spaces form a little fascicle at
AMADOU. A soft leathery substance, the base of the sub-globose capsules, which
derived from Polyporus fomentarius and are perforated at the tip. Some species
some other Polypori, and used for tinder, have almost exactly the habit of Junger-
moxa, and other economical or medical mannio?. [M. J. B.]
purposes. It is prepared by cutting off
carefully the cuticle and pores of the fun-
AMARACUS. (Fr.) Origanum Dictamnus.
gus, dividing it into convenient slices, AMARANTH, GLOBE. Gomphrena
beating them out, and steeping them in a globosa.
solution of saltpetre. Occasionally, it is
used to make coarse clothing, and then AMARANTHACEiE. (Amaranthi Poly- ;

the latter process is omitted. The best cnemece.) Under this name are included
Amadou is prepared in Germany, from about 500 species of weeds, or, occasion-
Polyporus fomentarius, but P. igniarius ally, showy annual plants (very seldom
and other species afford an inferior undershrubs),with inconspicuous apetalous
quality. The softer and more silky the flowers, in almost all cases of a scarious
substance of the fungus, the better the texture, and most commonly with a white
material. The fungus is generally collected colour — although now and then pink, or
from trunks of trees in the forests, where orange, or intensely crimson. They are
it is tolerably abundant but attempts have
;
very nearly the same as chenopods, a still
also been made at cultivating it by collect- more weedy order. They occupy dry,
ing timber in proper situations, and water- stony, barren stations, or thickets upon
ing it at proper intervals. The species the borders of woods, or even salt
occurs pretty generally in this country', marshes are much more frequent within
;

but is not sufficiently frequent to make its the tropics than beyond them and are ;

collection a matter of interest. [M. J. BJ unknown in the coldest regions of the

Amadou is sometimes called German world. Many of the species are used, with
Tinder in the shops. The wood of Her- the addition of lemon-juice, as pot-herbs, on
nandia guianensis is used in a similar way account of the wholesome mucilaginous
in South America. [T. M.] qualities of the leaves. Gomphrena offici-
nalis and macrocephala in Brazil, where
AMADOUYIER. (Fr.) Polyporus ig- they are called Para todo, Perpetua, and
marius. Raiz do Padre Salerma, are esteemed
useful in all kinds of diseases, especially
AMALAGA Chovica offlcinarum.
in cases of intermittent fever, colic, and
A3IAXDE DE TERRE. .(Fr.) Cyperns diarrhoea, and against the bite of ser-
esculentus. pents.
AMANDIER. Amygdalus. — A LA v
AMARANTHUS. A genus of tropical
MAIN, or DES DAMES. Amygdalus annual plants, the type of a natural order,
fragilis. — DE GE'ORGIE. Amygdalus to which it gives its name —
the Amaran-
nana. — SATINE'. Amygdalus orientalis. thads. They are readily distinguished from
— DU BOIS. Hippocratea the few other genera of the order by their
 ;

amar] Cije Erwtfurg at 33otang, 48

three-bracted coloured calyx of three or AMARYLLIS. The type of tho amaryl-

five pieces, and their one-seeded fruit, split- lidaceous family, and formerly made to
ting circularly round when ripe. The genus include a large number of species. It is
includes several handsome garden plants, now, however, generally limited in extent,
the chief being the A. caudatus, popularly and confined to those which have the tube
known as Love-lies-bleeding, and in Prance of the perianth short,narrow funnel-shaped,
as Queue de Renard and Discipline de Reli- and ribbed the three petalous filaments
;

gieuse,having long pendulous compound inserted at the base of the segments the ;

racemes of crimson flowers the A. hypo-

; three sepalous ones adhering to the mouth
chondriacus, or Prince's Feather, with of the tube the style declinate the
; ;

erect flower spikes and purplish foliage capsule obovate. They are handsome
the A. speciosus, or larger Prince's Feather, bulbous plants, with an autumnal flower-
resembling the last, but differing by its scape appearing before the leaves, which
more vigorous growth, and the A. tricolor, are hiemal. The scape supports a many-
from China, are interesting species, more flowered umbel of large stalked flowers,
remarkable for the vivid colours of their the anthers of which are incumbent, at-
foliage than for their flowers, which are in- tached in the middle. The typical species
significant. The last-named is much more is A. Belladonna,M-hich is separated by some
tender than the other species and, in the
; as a distinct genus. This plant is a native
open air in this country, it is only in warm of the Cape of Good Hope, and is of vigor-
summers that its leaves assume the glow- ous habit, producing flower-scapes one and
ing tints to which the plant owes its a half foot high, and large, showy, funnel-
specific name. In the gardens of the shaped flowers of a pale delicate rose
Southern United States, these hues are so beautifully pencilled with red, in the
richly developed as to have procured for month of September, the flowers being
it the popular appellation of Joseph's succeeded by the leaves, which are ligu-
Coat. The plant known as Globe Amaranth late or strap-shaped. A. Josephine, and
belongs to another genus —
Gomphrena. A. grandiflora, sometimes placed in Bruns-
The name of this genus is often written vigia, are referred hither by Herbert.
Amarantus. '

[W. T.] Most of the plants called Amaryllis in

gardens, e.g. A. equestris, are now referred
AMARANTINE. (Fr.) Gomphrena to Eippeastrum others, as A. formosis-
;
globosa.
sima to Sprekelia, A. lutea to Oporanthus,
AMARANTOIDE. (Fr.) Gomphrena and A. purpurea to Vallota. The A. Bella-
coccinea. donna has been said to be employed for
poisoning in the "West Indies, but this state-
AMARELLE. (Fr.) Cerasus avium. ment appears to be a mistake, and pro-
bably refers to some other plant of the
AMARINIER. (Fr.) Salix vitellina.
same order, the Belladonna being a Cape
AMARYLLIDACEJE {Narcissi). large A plant. The name Belladonna Lily was given
natural order, consisting for the most to the flower in Italy from the charmingly
part of bulbous plants, but occasionally blended red and white of the perianth,
forming a tall, cylindrical, woody stem, resembling the complexion of a beautiful
as in the genus Agave. They differ from woman. [T. M.J
Irids in having six introrse stamens, and
from liliaceous plants in their ovary being AMARYLLIS CANDE'LABRE, or GI-
inferior. A few species of Narcissus and RANDOLE. (Fr.) Cobiur/ia -mult/flora. —
Galanthus are found in the North of Eu- SALTIMBANQUE. Sprekelia Cybister. —
rope and the same parallels. As we pro- DE GUERNESEY. Nerine samiensis. —
ceed south they increase Pancratium ap- DE VIRGINIE. Zephyranthes Atamasco
:

pears on the shores of the Mediterranean — JAUNE. Oporanthus luteus. — REINE

DE BEAUTE'. Sprekelia formosissima. —
;

Crinum and Pancratium in the West and

East Indies Ecemanthus is found for the
;
VE'NE'NETJSE. Bufphane toxicaria.
first time with some of the latter on the
Gold Coast Eippeastra show themselves
AMASONIA. A
genus of the vervain
;
family (Yerbenacece) nearly allied to Clero-
in countless numbers in Brazil, and across dendron, and chiefly differing from that
the whole continent of South America; genus in its habit. The species enume-
and, finally, at the Cape of Good Hope, the rated are six, all of them natives of
maximum of the order is beheld in all the southern tropical America and the greater
beauty of Ecemanthus, Crinum, Olivia, part of them found in Brazil. They are
Oyrtanthus, and Brunsvigia. A few are perennial dwarf shrubs»with alternate or
found in New Holland, the most remark- opposite leaves, and terminal racemed
able of which is Doryanthes. Poisonous panicles of flowers, each little group of
properties occur in the viscid juice of the yellow flowers being supported by a large
bulbs of Buphane toxicaria and Eippe- scarlet-coloured or beautifully variegated
astra those of Leucoium vernum, the
;
bract, which bears on its outer surface a
Snowdrop and Daffodil, and other kinds of number of pellucid glands. They are well-
Narcissus are emetic. Nevertheless the deserving of cultivation, but seldom met
Agave, or American aloe, as it is called, with. [A. A. BJ
has an insipid sweet juice. Others are de-
tergent, and a few yield a kind of arrow- AMA-TSJA. Tea of Heaven a kind of
;

root. Between 300 and 400 species are tea prepared in Japan from the leaves of
known. Eydrangea Tliunbergii.
 49 Cf)£ €n?a£urg at 3Sotait|?. [ambr
AMATJROPELTA. A name given by and conical, and the villous fruit is
Kunze to a "West Indian Fern, supposed to crowned by a pappus of five broad, blunt,
have some affinity with the davallioid transparent, colourless scales. [W. T.]
group, sometimes called Saccoloma. It is
now referred to Lastrea. [T. MJ AMBORA. A genus of Monimiacece, con-
of trees from Madagascar and
sisting
AMBATCHA. Arum abyssinicum. Mauritius, with entire evergreen leaves,
and monoecious flowers,
AMBER TREE. A common name for cemes, though sometimesgenerally in ra-
solitary, rising
Anthospermum. from the trunk or lower parts of the
AMBERBOA. A genus of composites, branches. The male flowers are scattered
several of the plants composing which among the more numerous females.
have long been cultivated under the more The stamens are numerous, with short
familiar name of C'entaurea, from which filaments and bilocular anthers. There
genus the present one differs only in a few are many one-celled ovaries, each contain-
obscure and minute characters of the fruit ing a single ovule. The fruit consists of
and pappus. The two best-known species many one-seeded drupes, enclosed in the
are the A. odorata, or Yellow Sweet Sultan, enlarged calyx, which gives it a baccate
and the A. moschata or Purple Sultan. appearance. The bark and leaves exhale
Both are branching annuals, growing a an aromatic odour. [W.CJ
foot or more high, with oblong pinnatifld
foliage, and large terminal showy flower-
AM
BORN. (Fr.) Cytisus Laburnum.
heads. Those of the first are character- AMBOYNA WOOD. The beautifully
ised by having the outer florets much mottled wood of Pterospermum indicium.
longer than those of the centre, and the
fruit is crowned with a short pappus of AMBRETTE JATJNE. (Fr.) Amberboa
hairs. In the case of the latter species, odorata. —
MUSQUE'E. Hibiscus Abel-
A. moschata, the pappus is altogether moschus.
wanting, and the florets of the circumfer-
ence are scarcely longer than the central
AMBRINA. A genus of plants belong-
ing to the natural order Chenopodiacece.
ones. The odour of this species is hardly
It comprises annual or perennial plants,
suggestive of musk, as its name would im-
with alternate, nearly sessile, cleft or
ply, but is rather honey-like, differing but
sinuous leaves, covered, like the whole of
little from that of the Yellow Sultan, ex-
the plants, wijh resinous spots. The
cept in its greater intensity. [W. TJ flowers are clustered in heads, which are
AMBLYOCARPUM. The generic name placed in the axils of the leaves, or in
of a Persian weed of no beauty, belonging leafless or leafy terminal spikes. The
to the composite family, and closely re- genus is allied to Chenopodium, from which
lated to Carpesium, but differing in the itdiffers in its obovate fruit, not depressed
strap-shaped and female ray florets being in the centre, and by the seeds being
in a single row, as well as in the achenes placed vertically in the seed vessel, not
—which are five, angular, and without pap- horizontally. From the genus Blitum it
pus — being beakless. The plant is called differs in the calyx, becoming of a pen-
A. inuloides from its resemblance to our tagonal shape when it invests the fruit.
fleabane (Inula Pulicaria). Its lance- All the species have an aromatic odourj
shaped leaves are, however, longer and and possess tonic and stimulant pro-
smooth, not downy. The yellow flower perties. A. pinnatiflda is cultivated for
heads are single at the ends of the twigs, the sake of its elegant and aromatic foli-
and nearly half an men across. [A. A. BJ age. A. ambrosioides, or Mexican Tea, ori-
ginally a native of North America, but
AMBLYOLEPI8. A Texian genus of long naturalised in the south of Europe is
composites, of which a single species, A used medicinally in the
form of an infu-
setigera, is in cultivation, and possesses sion, having antispasmodic
some interest from the pleasing fragrance carminative properties. A.vermifuge and
anthrhahdica
of its flowers, which they retain for many is common in the
Southern States of
years when dried. This fragrance, which America, where it is employed
as a ver-
the seeds of the plant possess in a high mifuge.
[M. T. MJ
degree, is doubtless due to the presence
of coumarin, the chemical principle to AMBROISE. A name given in Jersey
which the well-known tonka bean, and to Teucrium Scorodonia.
the common vernal grass, Anthoxanthum AMBROISINE. (Fr.) Chenopodium am-
odoratum, also owe their agreeable scent. brosioides.
The species in question is a dwarf, erect,
branching annual, with entire, ovate, AMBROSIA. A genus of the composite
lance-shaped, stem-clasping leaves, two family (Compositce), chiefly annual coarse-
to three inches long, the branches being habited weeds, with opposite, or alternate
terminated by a single flower-head one lobed, or dissected leaves and the flower-
and a half inch in diameter, with a ray of heads in racemes or in bundles in the
broadly wedge-shaped florets, and a disk axils of the leaves. The sterile and fer-
of tubular ones, both being of a uniform tile flowers occupy different heads on the
orange-yellow colour. The involucre con- same plant. The sterile involucres, some-
i about ten ovate, lance-shaped, what top-shaped, composed of seven to
spreading bracts, the receptacle is naked twelve scales, united into a cup, and con-
J
A.MBR] Etje Creatfurj) of 2o0taity. 50

taining five to twenty staminate flowers. ! the Crees both in a fresh and dried state-
The fertile ones top-shaped, closed, pointed, |
They form a pleasant addition to pem-
and usually with four to eight horns or mican, and make puddings very little in-
tubercules near the top in one row, and ferior to plum-pudding.' [C. A. J.]
containing a single flower composed of
a pistil only. The species, of which there
AMELLINGUE. (Pr.) A kind of Olive.
are about twelve, are pretty widely dif- AMELLON. (Fr.) A kind of Olive.
fused, being found in India, tropical Africa, AMELLUS. A genus of the composite
South Europe, and in North and South family (Govipositai) containing twelve spe-
Ainerica,growing in fields and waste places. cies, all of them natives of South Africa.
,

A. artemisifolia is very plentiful on the They are herbs or shrubs, their lower
plains of the Saskatchawan and Red River ;
leaves opposite, the upper alternate, ob-
while A. tenuifolia is said to cover thou- long, entire or toothed, and hairy or ca-
sands of miles of the Pampas, south of nescent. Flower-stalks terminal, bearing a
Buenos Ayres, giving them a black ap- solitary head of flowers ; the florets of the
pearance like that of the Scotch moors. disc yellow, those of the ray blue. A.
A. trifida is called the Great Rag-weed in Lychnitis is cultivated in gardens. The
America, and A. artemisifolia the Roman flowers of it, and most of the species, are
Wormwood indeed, all the species bear a a good deal like those of the Michaelmas
;

great resemblance to the Wormwood (Ar- daisy (Aster), to which genus this is
temisia). A. maritima, found in Italy and allied, differing chiefly in the opposite
the Levant, is said to be tonic and resolu- lower leaves, and in having the bristles of
tive all its parts give out a sweet odour the pappus in a single series.
;
[A.A.B.]
and have an aromatic taste, a little bitter,
but agreeable. [A. A. B.] AMENTACE^E. Under this name were
once comprehended all apetalous unisexual
AMBROSINIA. A genus of Aroidece, con- plants, whose flowers grow in catkins, or
tains a few species, natives of Sicily and amenta. Modern botanists find it more
Sardinia. They are small land plants, with convenient to distribute them through
tuberous, stoloniferous rhizomes, entire several different orders, the chief of which
leaves, and a small spathe, inclosing a are Salicaceo?, Corylacew, Betulacece, Casu-
couple of scentless flowers, of which the arinacece, Altingiacece, Myricacece, which
uppermost has many monadelphous sta-
see. A forest of these amentaceous plants
mens perfectly destitute of a calyx, and as they grow in the island of Java, is shown
a single unilocular ovary.' They are re-
in Plate IX.
ferred by Endlicher to Aroidem, but Lindley
considers that the paucity of flowers in AMENTUM. A catkin. A deciduous
the spadix affords sufficient ground for spike of unisexual apetalous flowers, such
establishing another order, which he calls as appears in the spring on the hazel and
Pistiacece, and which includes Lemna, Pis- willow.
and some other allied genera. [W. C]
tia,
AMESIUM. A name once proposed to
the Savoy name of the be given to Asplenium septentrionale and
AMELANCHIER, some allied species. [T. M.]
medlar, is given to a family of small trees,
natives of Europe and North America, AMETHYSTEA. An insignificant Si-
allied both to Mespilus and Cotoneaster. In berian genus of labiates, belonging to the
British gardens they are cultivated for Ajuga or bugle division of the order, and
their flowers, which are white, abundant, distinguished by the very short upper lip
showy, and produced early in the season ; of its corolla, and the abortion of its upper
for their fruit, which ripens in June and ; pair of stamens. The only species, A.
for the deep red or rich yellow hue which cairulea,was formerly cultivated, but is
their foliage assumes in autumn. The com- now seldom met with, so many more de-
mon Amelanchier, A. vulgaris, has long serving plants being available. It is a
been cultivated in England, where it some- hardy annual, growing a foot or more
times attains the height of fifteen or high, with erect, square, branched steins ;

twenty feet. It bears abundance of flowers, opposite, three-parted leaves ; the seg-
and its fruit, though not highly palatable, ments oblong lance-shaped and short ;

is eatable. This is a native of Southern terminal leafy racemes of very small pale-
Europe, where it grows in rocky moun- blue flowers, the corollas of which are
tainous woods. Of the American species, scarcely longer than the calyx. As an or-
A. Botryapium, the Grape-Pear, bears spar- namental plant, it is entirely worthless,
ingly small fruit of a purplish colour and but it possesses the merit of being slightly
of an agreeable sweet taste, which ripens fragrant. [W. TJ
in June, before that of any other tree.
A. ovalis, considered by some to be mere-
AMHERSTIA. A genus of the pea
ly a variety of the preceding, abounds,
family (Leguminosw), named in honour of
according to Dr. Richardson, in the sandy the Countess Amherst. A. nobilis is the
plains of the Saskatchawan.
' Its wood is only species. It grows near Martaban, in
prized by the Crees for making arrows the Malayan peninsula, and attains a
and pipe-stems, and is thence termed by height of about forty feet. When in
flower, it is said to be one of the most
the Canadian voyageurs Bois de flSche. Its
'

berries about the size of a pea, are the superb objects imaginable, unrivalled in
finest fruit in the country, and are used by
India or in any other part of the world.'
 ;;

51 Wfyz Ercaguri? at 2Sotang. [ammo

The leaves are equally pinnate, large, and, plants, with the habit of the carrot (Daic-
when young, of a pale purple colour. cus), spindle-shaped roots, and many-parted
'
The flowers are large, scentless, and of a leaves it is remarkable for the large
;

bright vermilion colour, diversified with size of the outer petals of the umbel. As
three yellow spots, and disposed in gigantic the name denotes (.from the Greek ammo.?,
ovate* pendulous hunches.' The tree is sand), they affect sandy ground, but wall
cultivated in some of the larger English thrive if sown in the common soil of the
gardens but, requiring so much space, is
; garden border. Common Bishop-weed, A.
seldom met with in collections. The Bur- majus, is a native of the south and middle
mese name of the plant is Thoca, and of Europe, Egypt, and the Levant, where
handfuls of the flowers are offered before it attains the height of three or four feet.
the images of Buddha. [A. A. B.] Tooth-pick Bishop-weed, A. Yisnaga, is so
called on account of the use made in Spain
AMLASTEIUM. The name of a genus of the rays or stalks of the main umbel.
of Isorth American plants, belonging to These, after flowering, shrink, and become
the same family —
Melanthacece —
as the so hard that they form convenient tooth-
Colchicum and Yeratrum. The species have picks. "When they have fulfilled this pur-
a widely-spreading petal-like perianth, pose, they are chewed, and are supposed to
without glands six stamens attached be-
;
be of service in cleaning and fastening the
neath the ovary, with their anthers burst- gums: however this may be, the leaves
ing outwardly; a capsule of three cells, have a pleasant aromatic flavour in the
which separate one from the other when -
mouth. [C. A. J.]
ripe. One species, A. musccetoxicum, con-
tains a narcotic poison which is injurious AMMOBIUM. The A. alatum, the only
known
J

to cattle that browse on its foliage. Its species, is a curious Australian

bulbs, pouuded and mixed with honey, are annual of the composite order, remarkable
used as a fly poison. [M. T. M.] for its winged stem. In a structural point
AMICIA. A
genus of the pea family j
of view, it is allied to the genera Gnapha-
(Leguminosce), named in honour of Prof. lium and Antennaria, from which it differs
but slightly, except in habit. The root-
J. B. Amici, of Modena, a distinguished
|

microscopical observer. There are but two leaves are lance-shaped, with a long nar-
species known, one of them found in the j
row foot-stalk, those of the stem and
vicinity of Loxa, and the other in the Cor- j
branches very small, and prolonged down-
dilleras of Mexico, at an elevation of 5,000 !
wards in a narrow, wing-like form. The
to 8,000 feet. They are both straggling flower heads, which are of the dry everlast-
shrubs, having alternate pinnate leaves, ing character so common to plants of the
with few leaflets. Their flower stalks are i Australian continent, are nearly an inch
axillary or terminal, having at their base I
across, with a disk of tubular florets a re- ;

two large, kidney-shaped, coloured bracts. j

ceptacle set with oblong, pointed, tooth-
Two of the segments of the calyx are j
leted, chaffy scales an involucre of im-
;

bricated leaflets, the inner series of which

large compared with the others, and
!

roundish in form. The pods are com- I have membranous margins, and a four-
pressed, and jointed. All the parts of the j
angled, elongated fruit, furnished at the
plant are covered with pellucid, glandular apex with four teeth, the two larger of
dots, somewhat like those of St. John's
which are terminated by a bristle. The
wort. A. zygomeris, the Mexican species, is
plant remains some time in flower, and is
sometimes to be found in gardens, and is not without a certain degree of interest;
well worth cultivation, especially as it
though, as an ornamental plant, it is almost
flowers late in autumn, or during the
superseded by the more recent species of
II click ry sum, RJwdanthe, and Acroclinhnn,
early part of winter. It is generally treated
as a greenhouse plant but, in the South
;
from the same continent. [W. T.]
of England, if planted out of doors in the
spring, it generally flowers well in the AMMOCHARIS. A genus of Amarylli-
autumn. The flowers are large, and of a dacece, in which the tube of the six-parted
pale yellow colour— about the size of an perianth enlarged, the sepa-
is cylindrical,
line divisions not imbricating thereon
everlasting pea. [A. A. B.]
the filaments of the stamens are adjusted
AMIDOXXIER. <Tr.) Triticum dlcoccum. almost equally at the base of the limb
sometimes called T. the anthers are short, affixed in the mid-
AMMAXXIA. A genus of inconspicuous dle and the capsule is turbinate, threes
;

herbs, of the order Lythracece, growing in celled. The leaves are vernal, and not
wet places in the warmer regions of the sheathing. The genus is intermediate be-
globe ; mostly glabrous annuals, with tween Crinum and Buphane, differing from
square stems, opposite entire leaves, and the first in its anthers, its filaments inserted
small axillary, nearly sessile flowers, just within instead of without the tube,
its shorter limb and wider-mouthed tube,
often without petals. Several specieshave
and its leaves not sheathing; and from the
been introduced, but are more curious
than beautiful. A. vesicatcrria has acrid last, by the wider mouth of the tube of
leaves, which, when bruised, are used by the perianth, the insertion of the filaments
the native practitioners of India to raise within the tube, and the more numerous
blisters. [J. T. S.]
ovules. The two species, sometimes re-
ferred to Brunsvigia, are South African.
AMMI. A small genus of umbelliferous A. falcata has ligulate glaucous leaves, and
ammo] Ct)E CreaSurg at 2Satang. 52

a many-flowered umbel of greenish-white and 500Z. respectively), it would seem as if

flowers, which afterwards become pinkish such an opinion were entertained.
and finally rose-colour. [T. M.] The large round China Cardamoms are
supposed to be produced by A. globosum,
AMMONIACUM. A drug said to be ob- the hairy round China sort by A. villosum,
tained from Dorema Ammoniacuvi, and Java Cardamoms by A. maximum but the ;

also from Ferula tingitana. botanical history of the plants producing

AMMOPHILA. A genus of grasses of
the tribe Arundinece, inhabiting the sandy
sea-shores of the coasts of Europe and
North America, and extensively cultivated
in many places, as in the eastern counties
of England and in Holland, for preserving
the sand-banks which prevent the inroads
of the sea. In the northern parts of Eng-
land, it is used for making table mats and
basket work. It is the widely-creeping and
matted rhizomes which serve to bind to-
gether the sand-banks on which it grows.
The stems grow two or three feet high,
and bear long, narrow, rigid involute
leaves and a spiked cylindrical panicle,
with laterally compressed spikelets. The
glumes are nearly equal, and lance-shaped,
stiff and chaffy. The flowering glumes, or
outer pales, are the shorter, with a tuft of
hairs outside, but the inner pales nearly
equal them in length. The genus is nearly
related to Calamagrostis, from which the
inflorescence, the stiff glumes, and the ab-
sence of an awn to the flowering glume,
serve to distinguish it. The only species,
A. arundinacea, or Psamma arenaria, is
variously called Maram, Mamma, Sea-reed,
or Sea Matweed. [T. .] M Amomum Grana Paradisi.

AMNIOS. The that is produced

fluid the various kinds of Cardamoms, Grains of
within the sac which receives the embryo- Paradise, etc., is involved in much con-
rudiment and engenders it. fusion and obscurity. Several species of
the genus are in cultivation as ornamental
AMOMUM. A genus ofaromatic herbs, stove plants. [M. T. MJ
belonging to the ginger family, Zingi-
beracece. The root-stocks are jointed, AMOMUM. (Fr.) Solatium pseudo-Cap-
creeping the leaves placed in two rows,
;
sicum.
sheathing at the base, lance-shaped, and
undivided at the margin. The flowers, in AMOREUXIA. A genus of Cistacece con-
taining two species from Mexico and New
a spike or cluster, are provided with
bracts, and but little raised above the Granada. They are herbaceous plants, with
ground there is but one stamen, whose the habit of Malva. The root is a large
;

filament is prolonged beyond the two- ligneous tuber. The leaves are alternate,
celled anther, so as to form a more or on long petioles, and digitato-partite. The
less
lobed crest the capsule is three-celled, large flowers are in terminal racemes, and
;

and opens, when ripe, by three pieces, so consist of five oblong persistent sepals,
as to liberate the numerous small seeds. and five caducous obovate petals. The
These plants are natives of India, the stamens are indefinite and arranged in
islands of the Indian Archipelago, etc. two bundles, the one having very much
Their seeds are aromatic and stimulant, longer and stouter filaments than the
other. The ovary is ovate and trilocular,
and form, with other seeds of similar
plants,what are known as Cardamoms, with many ovules attached to a central
of
which there are many kinds. placenta. M. Planchon has joined this
Attare, Malaguetta Pepper.or Grains of
genus with Cochlospermum to form a small
Paradise, are the seeds of one, perhaps
order Cochlospermece, which he places near
two, species of this genus, A. Grana Para-
Malvacea and Zygophyllacece but his rea-
;

disi and A. Meleguetta. They are imported

sons are not satisfactory for separating
from Guinea, and have a very warm,
them from Cistacece, with which they are
slightly camphor-like taste. These seedsare
more nearly allied. [TV. O]
made use of illegally to give a fictitious AMORPHA. The flowers which belong
strength to spirits and beer, but they are to the natural order Leguminosae, though
not particularly injurious although, from
; composed of petals unequal in size and ir-
the very heavy penalty inflicted on brewers regular in form, have, for the most part,
who have them in their possession, and on these organs symmetrically arranged, after
druggists who sell them to brewers (200?. the type of the pea and beam In the pre-
 ;

C'C Cfjc Crca^urg ai 3Sateti£. [amph

sent genus, nowever, the two pairs of or American Ivy, is a shrubby climber,
retals, termed severally the wings and often planted in this country to cover
keel, are absent, the only representative walls, for which, from the rapidity of its
of petals being the standard or vexillum, growth, it is well adapted the leaves, ;

and hence its name Amorpha, 'deformed.' which have five large elliptical leaflets,
All The plants of the genus are deciduous turn red before they fall in autumn, when
shrubs, natives of North America. The the plant presents a very beautiful ap-
leaves are pinnate with a terminal leaflet, pearance. The flowers are small and yel-
covered with pellucid dots; and the flowers, lowish-green, in a many-flowered panicle.
of a blue-violet colour, are disposed in long The tendrils are curious, adhering to sup-
spiked clusters, grouped at the tops of the porting bodies by small sucker-like expan-
branches. All the species are ornamental. sions which are formed at the apex of each
The foliage is graceful and the flowers, of their divisions.
; [J. T. S.J
though individually small, are attractive
from their numbers and colour, which is AMPELOPTERIS. A name proposed by
violet spangled with the golden anthers. now referred
Kunze for a few Indian ferns
As they only attain the height of a few to Goniopteris. [T. MJ
feet, they are well adapted for small shrub- AMPHEREPHIS. A Brazilian genus of
beries, or the front of large ones, and composites, of which A. intermedia is oc-
thrive well in common garden soil. A. casionally found in cultivation. It is a
fruticosa, thecommonest species in Euro- branched spreading annual, growing a foot
pean gardens, was introduced to Britain or more high, with ovate, serrated foliage,
in 1724 by Mark Catesby, who states and terminal flower heads, an inch across,
that the inhabitants of Carolina at one composed wholly of tubular florets of a
time made a coarse sort of indigo from purple colour, and surrounded by a double
the young shoots. Hence it is sometimes series of leafy bracts or scales. It pos-
called Bastard Indigo. [C. A. J.] sesses few, if any, claims to general notice.
AMORPHOPHALLTTS. Aname given to [W. T.]
a genus of plants of the araceous family, AMPHIBLESTRA. A genus of polypo-
and used to indicate the exceedingly curi- diaceous ferns belonging to Pteridece, and
ous appearance of the plants, which are pe- distinguished in this group by having the
rennial, with tuberous rootstocks flattened veins of the fronds compoundly reticu-
on the upper surface. The leaves and spa- lated, with free included veinlets, or little
dices are solitary, invested below with im- veins within the meshes or areoles. It is
bricated scales. The spathe is spreading a coarse-looking fern of South America,
so as to fully expose the thick fleshy spadix, with much the aspect of Aspidium trifo-
which is diluted and fungus-like at the Uatum, but having the pteroid linear mar-
upper extremity. The male flowers are ginal indusiate fructification. [T. MJ
placed above the females their anthers
;

are sessile and open by pores the ovary ; AMPHIBOLIS. A genus of Zosteracece,
has either two, three, or four cells, with formed to include a plant found in the
erect ovules. These plants were formerly Pacific Ocean and on the -coast of New
included in the genus Arum, from which Holland and considered by Endlicherand
;

they are distinguished by their spreading Kunth to belong to Cymodocea. The only
not convolute spathes by their anthers species, A. zosterifolia, has branched annu-
;

opening by pores, not by longitudinal slits lated stems, and approximate alternate,
by the numerous cells to*he ovary and by linear, truncate, and bidentate leaves,
:

the solitary erect ovule, those of Arum with short truncated stipules. [J. T. S.]
being horizontal. They are natives of India
and other parts of tropical Asia, where AMPHICOME. A genus of the bignonia
they are cultivated for the sake of the family (Bignoniacec). Two species are
abundance of starch which is found in known, and both of them natives of the
the rootstock. The presence of this starch, temperate regions of North "Western India.
and especially the mode of preparation, They are perennial herbs, with alternate, un-
deprives the roots of their otherwise acrid equally pinnate leaves, and toothed leaflets.
caustic properties. Dr. "Wight says of A. The flowers are pink, tubular, and ar-
campanulatum, that when in flower the ranged in axillary or terminal racemes.
fetor it exhales is most overpowering, and The fruits are about the length and thick-
so perfectly resembles that of carrion, as ness of a crowquill, and their seeds are
to 'induce flies to cover the club of the provided with a tuft of hairs at each end,
spadix with their eggs.' [M. T. M.] this circumstance giving rise to the name
of the genus— amphi, on both sides, and
AMORPHOUS. Having no definite koma, a head of hairs. They are both in
form. cultivation. A. Emodi is a remarkably
AMOURETTE. (Fr.) Briza media ; also handsome plant, and well deserves a place
Saxifraga unibrosa. in choice collections it is about one foot
;

high, and the flowers, which are large for

AMPELOPSIS. A North American genus the plant, stand erect when expanded, A.
of Vitaceoe, distinguished from Vitis and argvta is about the same size, but it has
Cissus, to which it is closely allied, by the
smaller drooping flowers. [A. A. B.]
absence of the disk or expansion of the
receptacle in a ring round the base of the AMPHICOSMIA. A genus of cyathe-
ovary. A. hederacea, the Virginian Creeper, aceous ferns, belonging to the section
amph] &i)e CreaSurg of Untattg. oi

Cyathece, inwhich group it is distinguished AMPHITROPAL. When an ovule is at-

by having beneath the sorus, on the hinder tached by its middle, so that the two ends
side, a half-cup-shaped indusium, and by- are equidistant from the point of inser-
having the veins of the fronds free. The tion.
species are sometimes referred to Also-
phlia, to Heniitelta, or to Cyathea. Several
AMPLEXICATTL. Embracing; as when
a leaf clasps a stem with its base.
species, chiefly South American, agreeing
in having the half-cup indusium and free AMPOULLEATT. (Fr.) A kind of olive.
veins, are referred to the genus in Index
FHi cum; but there is also one species from
AMPULLA. The metamorphosed flask-
like leaves found on certain aquatics such
the Cape of Good Hope, two from India, and
as Utricularia not different from Asci-
one from New Holland. The typical spe-
:

dium.
cies is A. capensis, found both at the Cape
and in Java, a tree-fern growing twelve to AMSINCKIA. A genus of the borage
fourteen feet high, and of which, accord- family, numbering seven species, found in
ing to Dr. Harvey, there is a noble forest Oregon, California, Mexico, and Chili.
in the woods on the east side of Table They are annual erect herbs, of little
Mountain. The fronds of this are three beauty all their parts more or less
;

times pinnate, and unarmed. [T. M.] clothed with rusty hairs. The stems, six
inches to one and a half feet high, are
AMPHIDESMIUM. A genus of cyathe- furnished with alternate and entire linear,
aceous ferns, closely related to AlsnphUa. lance-shaped, or ovate leaves, one to five
They are distinguished — having oblique- inches long, and terminate in one or more
ringed spore-cases and naked sori with one-sided racemes of yellow funnel-shaped
elevated receptacles— by producing two or flowers, with a flat border of five rounded
three sori in different positions on the lobes. In the largest flowered species (A.
same vein, the veins in Alsophila bear-
j

spectabilis, from California), the corolla

ing one only. They are also different in j
tube is three-quarters of an inch in length.
aspect, having bold pinnate fronds, which The fruit consists of four triangular one-
give them a noble appearance. The spe-
j

j seeded nuts, their dorsal face smooth, or

cies A. blechnoides is found in various covered with warty excrescences. The
parts of South America and in the West seeds are remarkable, from having their
Indies. [T. M.] cotyledons deeply biparted. [A. A. B.]
AMPHIGASTRIA. The so-called stipules AMSONIA. A genus of Apocynacece,
of Scale-mosses, or Jungermannias.
consisting of five species, natives of
AMPHIGE15L3E. A name applied by North America. They are perennial her-
Brongniart to Thallogens, implying that baceous plants, with alternate leaves, and
they are developed in every direction, with- pale blue flowers, in terminal panicled
out any distinct axis and appendages and ;
cymes. The calyx is small and five-parted ;

not especially at the apex, like ferns and the corolla has the same number of long
mosses, to which he has applied the name linear lobes its narrow funnel-shaped tube
;

of Acrogens, and which, in contradiction is bearded inside, especially at the throat.

to Thallogens, are furnished with both axis There are five included stamens, with ob-
and appendages. [M. J. BJ tuse anthers, which are longer than the
filaments two ovaries, a single style, and
;

AMPHILOCHIA. A genus of Vochy- a rounded stigma, surrounded with a cup-

siacece,containing four species from Brazil. shaped membrane. The two pods are long
They are trees, with opposite petiolate and and slender, with many naked cylindrical
entire leaves, and glands at the base of the seeds, in a single row. [W. C]
petioles. The flowers are in terminal ra-
cemes. The calyx consists of five coloured AMTGDALOPSIS. A supposed genus of
sepals, combined at the base, the upper drupaceous plants formed on the Japanese
being much the largest and spurred. The Primus triloba. Its distinctive character
corolla has only a single petal, inserted in is having several carpels in each flower
the base of the calyx between the two instead of one probably a mere malfor-
:

front sepals. There are two stamens, one mation, such as occurs in the peach and
on either side of the petal. The ovary is plum themselves.
three-celled, with few ovules. [W. C] AMYGDALUS. The name applied to
AMPHISARCA. A many-seeded many- the genus to which the Almond, the Peach,
celled superior indehi scent fruit, woody and the Nectarine belong. It is placed
on the outside, pulpy within. by botanists in the drupaceous subdivision
of the rose family, and is especially known
AMPHISTEMON, a genus of Dioscore- by the stone of the fruit, which encloses
acece, formed by Grisebach by the sub- the kernel or seed, being coarsely fur-
division of Dioscorea into many new rowed or wrinkled, and by the leaves being
genera. The section to which this name folded in halves, not rolled round when
has been given, is separated from the young.
others by having six short fertile stamens, The Almond-tree (A. communis) appears
which are inserted on the apex of the to have been originally a native of Barbary
calyx tube. It contains eleven species and Morocco but by long cultivation it
;

of tropical, chiefly Brazilian, herbaceous has become distributed over almost the
plants. [W. C] whole of the warmer temperate zones of
 ;

JJ £f)C Crcas'wrg flf SBataug. [amyg

the old world. It is a small tree, with the neighbourhood of London was in full
oblong lance-shaped leaves, slightly saw- flower in the end of January. De Candolle
toothed at the margin. The flowers, which is of opinion that the Almond is a
appear in spring, before the leaves, are native of Persia, Asia Minor, Syria, and
solitary and of a beautiful pink colour. even Algeria. It is found growing spon-
The fruit is a drupe, which is somewhat taneously in many other countries, to
egg-shaped, downy externally its middle ; which, however, it is not supposed to be
portion tough and somewhat fibrous its ; indigenous, the plants met with having
inner portion forming the hard wrinkled probably been derived from others intro-
stone enclosing the seed within it. Many duced for the purpose of cultivation. In
varieties of the Almond are cultivated, dif- Palestine, it appears to have been culti-
fering in the nature of their fruits but the : vated from the earliest ages for we find it
;

two principal are the Sweet and the Bitter enumerated among the best fruits of
Almond. The Bitter Almond has larger Canaan which were sent into Egypt as a
flowers than the sweet variety, and they present for Joseph, upwards of 3,500 years
are of a white colour. The styles are not ago. The fruit of the Almond is of an ovate,
longer than the stamens, and the seeds are somewhat curved, tapering form. It con-
bitter. The seeds of the Sweet Almond are sists of a husk, which dries up and splits
much esteemed at the dessert table, in at maturity, exposing the stone, within
spite of their indigestibility. The bitter which is the kernel, the only edible portion.
almonds, though occasionally used for There is a variety with bitter kernels, from
flavouring purposes, should be employed which, like the sweet, oil can be extracted,
in small quantities, as they contain a poi- but which are otherwise unfit for use,
sonous principle which is similar in its as they contain prussic acid in notable
effects to prussic acid. The essential oil of quantity. There are several varieties of
almonds, which is much used as a flavour- the sweet-kernelled some with hard, and
;

ing ingredient by cooks and confectioners, others with comparatively tender, shells
is a most virulent poison : it contains or stones. The most esteemed is the large
prussic acid, and should therefore be em- thin-shelled, or Jordan Almond.
ployed with great care and in a diluted The Peach (A. persica) differs essentially
form, as in what is called in shops Essence from the Almond in the nature of the cover-
of Almonds. It is curious that this oil does ing of the stone, which, instead of a dry
not exist naturally in the almond, but is husk, is fleshy, succulent, and delicious,
formed by the chemical agency of water on when the fruit is ripened under favourable
some of its constituents. circumstances. The species comprises the
A. persica is the botanical name given Peach and Nectarine, the skin of the former
to the Peach, which is sometimes included being downy, and that of the latter quite
in a separate genus (Persica), but it only smooth. They were supposed to be natives
differs from the almond in having a fleshy, of Persia, and, on their introduction into
not leathery, drupe. Instances have been the South of Europe, were called the
cited of almonds having fleshy drupes, and Mains persica, or Persian apple. Professor
thus assuming the character of the Peach. De Candolle is, however, of opinion that
Three principal varieties of the Peach China is the native country of the Peach.
exist— clingstones, melters or freestones, His reasons are, that if it had originally
and nectarines. The latter only differ existed in Persia or Armenia, the know-
from the peach in having smooth, not ledge and culture of so delicious a fruit
downy fruits but both peaches and nec-
; would have spread sooner into Asia Minor
tarines are occasionally met with on the and Greece. The expedition of Alexander
same bough. The leaves of the Peach and is probably what made it known to Theo-
Nectarine contain a small quantity of phrastus, b.c. 322, who speaks of it as a
prussic acid, and have the taste and odour Persian fruit. It has no name in Sanscrit
of bitter almonds. The fruits, taken in nevertheless, the people speaking that
moderation, are as wholesome as they are language came into India from the north-
delicious but the kernels and blossoms
; west, the country generally assigned to
contain prussic acid. The Peach is very the species. Admitting this to be its coun-
extensively cultivated in America, but try, how can it be explained that neither
little attention is paid to the culture the : the early Greeks, nor the Hebrews, nor the
fruits are used in the manufacture of peach people who speak Sanscrit,— and who have
brandy, and for feeding hogs [M. T. M.]
! all sprung from the upper region of the
The common Almond-tree grows to the Euphrates, or from parts communicating
height of about twenty feet. The leaves with it,— had grown the Peach-tree ? On
closely resemble those of the Peach (A. the contrary, it is very possible that the
persica), but the flowers are larger than stones of a fruit tree cultivated from all
those of that species. Its fruits, which antiquity in China, may have been car-
are the Almonds of commerce, are well ried across the mountains from the centre
known. They seldom attain maturity in of Asia into Cashmere, or Bokhara and
this country, in which, however, the tree is Persia for the Chinese had discovered this
;

frequently to be seen, on account of its road at a very remote period. This im-
showy blossoms, which appear in great portation must have been made between
abundance very early in spring, when the the time of the Sanscrit emigration and
season is not unusually cold they often
; the intercourse of the Persians with the
appear in February, and, in the mild Greeks. The cultivation of the Peach-tree,
winter of 1834, a standard almond-tree in once established at this point, would easily
amyl] €i)£ ftreatfurg at Matzny. 56

extend on one side towards the west, and sizeand round form, with succulent melt-
on the other, by Cabul, towards the North ing flesh, of tolerably good quality, better,
of India. In support of the supposition of indeed, than some seedlings of the Peach
a Chinese origin, it may be added that the itself.
Peach-tree was introduced from China into The varieties of Peaches and Nectarines
Cochin-China, and that the Japanese call it are very numerous, and would be difficult
by the Chinese name, Too. In the Japanese to distinguish, were it not for a classifica-
encyclopedia it is stated to be a tree tion formed from certain, characters af-
from western countries, which applies to forded by the fruit, leaves, and flowers.
China with regard to Japan, or rather to In some varieties the fruit has firm flesh,
the interior of 'China relatively to its adhering to the stone such are termed
;

eastern coast the statement having been

; clingstones. Others have melting flesh,
taken from a Chinese author. The Peach parting readily from the stone these are ;

is mentioned in the books of Confucius, called melters or freestones. The leaves

5th century before the Christian era; and are either glandless, or are furnished with
the antiquity of the knowledge of the fruit globose, or with reniform glands at their
in China is further proved by the represen- bases. And in some the flowers are large,
tations of it in sculpture and on porcelain. in others small. Formerly the Peaches and
The above are some of the arguments ad- Nectarines, known in Europe, had all
duced by De Candolle against the com- bitter kernels but sweet-kernelled varie-
;

monly-received opinion that the Peach ties have of late y^ars been introduced
originated in Persia for the full investi-
: from Syria. The following are some of the
gation of the subject, we must refer the best varieties of Peaches Noblesse, Royal
:

reader to his Geographie Botanique, accord- George, Acton Scot, Grosse Mignonne,
ing to which excellent authority the con- Bellegarde, Late Admirable, andWalburton
clusion is that China is the native country Admirable. Of Nectarines, the yiolette
of this esteemed fruit. That it is there Hative, Pitmaston Orange, Downton, El-
cultivated extensively, and to great per- ruge, Imperatrice, and Balgowan are
fection, is certain. The Flat Peach of amongst the most esteemed sorts. [R.T.]
China was introduced into this country
more than thirty years ago. It is figured AMYLACEOUS GRANULES. Grains of
in the Transactions of the Horticultural starch.
Society (iv. 512, t. 19) and, more recently,
;
AMYLIDE2E. Cells in algals, secreting
a very large variety was brought from starch.
Shangbae by Mr. Fortune, which has the
usual form exhibited by those cultivated AMYLUM. Starch that ;organised
in Europe. granular matter erf plants which iodine
In the South of France, and in other stains violet or blue.
Continental countries possessing a similar
climate, Peach-trees ripen their fruit very-
AMYLOID. A
substance analogous to
starch, but becoming yellow in water
well as standards in the open air; but at
after having been coloured blue by iodine.
Paris they require a wall and, with this
;

assistance, they also succeed very well AMYRIDACE.3E. {Terebintacece, Burse-

in the southern parts of England, but in racece,Amyrids.) With the appearance of
the northern the aid of fire-heat, and oranges, and sometimes with the dotted
the protection of glass, are necessary. In leaves of that order, these plants differ in
America, the Peach grows almost without their fruit, forming a shell whose husk
—
any care extensive orchards, containing eventually splits into valve-like segments.
from 10,000 to 20,000 trees, being reared In general, moreover, the petals have a
from the stones. At first the trees there valvate aestivation. The genera collected
make rapid and healthy growth, and in a under this name are by no means perfectly
few years bear in great abundance; but known, and demand a scrupulous revision.
they soon decay, their Jeaves becoming The tropics of India, Africa, and America
tinged with yellow, even in summer, when exclusively produce the species. Their re-
they should be green. This is owing to sinous juice is of great importance, form-
their being grown on their own roots for;
ing an ingredient in frankincense and
when that is the case in this country, the other preparations demanding a fragrant
trees present a similar appearance. They combustible matter. See Amyris, Bur-
require, therefore, to be budded on the sera, BOSWELLIA, BALSAMODEXDROX,
plum or on the almond. Some doubts have Icica, and Caxarium.
been entertained as to whether the Peach
is not the same species as the Almond. AMYRIS. A genus of trees belonging
They appear, however, to maintain their to the order Amyridacece, known by their
respective characters sufficiently distinct, unequally pinnate leaves, and by then-
unless artificially or by accident they are solitary ovary, which contains two pen-
crossed with each other. The possibility dulous ovules. The plants are natives of
of this being effected was successfully tried tropical America and India, and are re--
by Mr. Knight; and the circumstance of markable for yielding resinous products.
their crossing readily proves their close It is supposed that the resin called Elena
affinity.He fertilised an almond blossom is produced from some species of Amyris,
with pollen from a Peach blossom. Ad al- such as A. hexandraand A. Plumieri, though
mond was the result but from its kernel
; there is much doubt, not only as to the
be raised a tree which bore peaches of fait plant or plants producing the drug, but
57 Cfje ftrcatfurg of 33otang. [anac

even as to whence imported. Indian

it is Anacards, Terebinths).
suviece, Spcmdiacece,
Bdellium, or False Myrrh, is obtained from "When trees or bushes have a resinous,
A. commiphora it is a gum resin, possess-
; milky, often caustic juice, dotless leaves,
ing properties somewhat similar to those and small inconspicuous flowers, with an
of the Myrrh, but is not so highly valued. ovary containing a single ovule suspended
A. ba&sqmifera yields some descriptions of at the end of an erect cord, it is pretty
the wood which is called Lignum Rho- certain that they belong to this order, of
dium. A. toxifera is poisonous. See Bal- which more than 100 species are described,
SAMODEXDEOil. [M. T. M.] inhabiting the tropics both north and
south of the equator, but not known to oc-
ANABAINA. A genus of green-spored cur in Australia. Pistacia, and some kinds
Algce, the species of which consist of neck- of Bhxis, inhabit temperate latitudes.
lace-shaped threads, of which some of the Among the products of the order are the
articulations are much larger than the Mango fruit, and that called in the "West
rest. They either form a shapeless scum Indies the Hog Plum; the nuts named
on the surface of pools, or roundish patches Pistachios and Cashews, the Black Varnish
on the bare soil. They never develop a of Burmah and elsewhere, Mastich, Fustic,
distinct solid frond like that of Nostoc. &c. These varnishes are extremely acrid,
One of the species, A. licheniformis, is and produce dangerous consequences to
extremely common in gardens where the persons who use them incautiously. See
ground has been much trodden, as amongst Melanoeehcea, Mangifeea, Spondias,
raspberry bushes. The threads are a pretty Rhus, Anacaedium, Schinus, &c.
object under the microscope, the large ar-
ticulations being reproductive. One or two ANACARDITTM. A genus of woody
closely allied Algce, as, for example, Apha- plants, from which the family to which they
hizomenon, are remarkable for being sus- belong derives its systematic name, Ana-
pended in the water in which they grow, cardiacece. The plants of this group are
and giving to it a green tint. [M.J.B.] chiefly remarkable for their kidney-shaped
fruit, which is placed on the end of the
ANABASIS. A genus of Salsolacece, con- thickened fleshy pear-like receptacle. A.
and shrubs, natives of
sisting of trees occidentale, a plant cultivated in the West
Central and Eastern Asia, and of the Indies and other tropical countries, pro-
eastern shores of the Mediterranean. They duces the fruits known as Cashew Nuts.
are jointed plants, generally aphyllous, or It is a large tree, somewhat like a walnut-
with leaves small and opposite. The flowers tree in appearance, but with oval, blunt,
are sessile and single, or in a glomerulus,
hermaphrodite, and furnished with two
bracts. There are five sepals, and the same
number of stamens inserted in the re-
ceptacle; between these and united to
their bases are five minute scales or sta-
minodes. The ovary is unilocular and uni-
ovulate, and the style double and divari-
cate. There are' seventeen species. [W. C]
ANACAMPSEROS. A
genus of under-
shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope, re-
ferred to the order Portulacacecs. They are
succulent plants with crowded, imbrica-
ted, sessile, ovate-trigonous terete or sub-
globose leaves with stipules cut into five
segments, often hair-like. Flowers large,
white, rose, purple, or yellow, with twelve
to twenty stamens; peduncles in some
species very short, in others elongated,
simple or branched. Several species are
cultivated in greenhouses. [J. T. S.]

ANACAMPTIS. A genus of orchids,

established by A. Richard for the Orchis
pyramidalis, which differs from the rest
of the genus by two small plates or ap-
pendages at the base of the labellum. A
South European species in which these
two plates are united into one horse-shoe-
shaped appendage has since been added,
and some botanists unite both species with Anacardium occidentale.
Gymnadenia or with Aceras, but in a more
natural arrangement they would be re- alternate leaves the fragrant rose-coloured
;

tained in Orchis. The Anacamptis (or flowers are borne in panicles. The stem
Orchis) pyra.mid.alis is not uncommon in
furnishes a milky juice, which, as it dries,
central and southern Europe, extending
becomes black and hard, and is used as a
eastward to the Caucasus. varnish. A gum is also secreted by this
ANACARDIACE^E (Terebintacece, Cas- plant, having qualities like those of gum
 ;

ANAC Ctye QLxckSutv of JSntanp. 58

arabic. imported into this country

It is
I
itselffrom a small portion either of stalk
from S. America, under the name of Cadjii j
or root, and is of wonderfully rapid growth ;

gum, and is used in S. America by book- hence it has in many instances destroyed
hinders, who wash their books with it, to the beauty of ornamental pieces of water,
keep away moths and ants. The thickened impaired navigation in not a few inland
receptacle has an agreeable acid flavour, canals, and interferes with the working
with some degree of astringency the fruit
; of water-mills, by choking the outlets of
at its extremity is kidney-shaped, of an reservoirs, especially towards the close of
ash colour the shell of the fruit consists
; summer, when its debris are often brought
of three layers, the outer and inner of down by the current in large quantities.
which are hard and dry, but the interme- Great efforts have been made to eradicate
diate layer contains a quantity of black, it in various places, but with imperfect
extremely acrid, caustic oil, which gives success. It is greedily eaten by swans and
rise to severe excoriation of the lips and some other water-birds but even this ser-
;

tongue in those who attempt to crack the vice is not without its disadvantages,
nut with their teeth. This oil is sometimes since portions of the stem, torn off but
applied to the floors of houses in India, to not consumed by these seeming allies, are
protect them from the attacks of white carried away by the current, and trans-
ants. The acrid matter is destroyed by planted elsewhere. In some places it is said
heat, hence the kernels are roasted before to have almost disappeared, from having
being eaten, and then become wholesome exhausted of its specific nutriment the
and agreeable. The process of roasting soil in which it was rooted but whether
;

has to be carefully conducted, the acridity the ground will not, after a certain lapse
of the fnmes being so great as to pro- of time, recover its productiveness, and
duce severe inflammation in the face of bear afresh crop of Anachar is Alsinastrum,
persons approaching too near. [M. T. M.] remains to be seen. [C. A. J.]

ANACHARIS. A submerged aquatic, ANACHASTE sanguined is a terrestrial

belonging to the natural order Hydrocha- orchid, found at the sources of the Ama-
ridacece, having long, much-branched zon river by Warczewitz, a Polish tra-
stems, small pellucid leaves, which are veller. It has the habit of Epidendrum
usually inserted in whorls of three, or less maculatum, with rich blood-red or rose-
frequentlyfour, and inconspicuous flowers: coloured flowers, having somewhat the
an American plant, which made its appear- form of a Comparettia, without the spur.
ance in several remote parts of Britain al- It is a native of the forest of Talancay, on
most simultaneously about the middle of the borders of the river Ohanchan. Living
the nineteenth century. How it was intro- plants were introduced by Mr. Skinner in
1853. The genus is nearly related to Coch-
lioda.

ASTACYCLUS. A genus of the composite

family (Composites), comprising eight spe-
cies, which are found chiefly on the coasts
of countries bordering on the Mediter-
ranean sea. They are herbs with alternate,
pinnati-lobed, much-cut leaves, and termi-
nal solitary flcwer-heads the ray florets
;

white. In appearance they much resemble

Chamomiles (Anthemis),aiida.re chiefly dis-
tinguished from them by their achenes
being bordered with a membranous wing.
A. Pyrethrum grows in Barbary, Arabia,
and Syria, and is cultivated in many places
for the sake of its roots, which are used in
medicine, and are called Pellitory of Spain.
They are imported by the French from
Africa, in pieces about the size of the fin-
ger. These, when fresh, if applied to the
skin, cause a singularly cold sensation,
immediately followed by heat. It is very
pungent, and causes the saliva to flow
freely. Sometimes it is given in tooth-
ache, but is seldom taken inwardly.
'When chewed, it causes a pricking sen-
Anacharis Alsinastrum. sation in the lips and tongue, and a glow-
ing heat.' [A. A. B.]

duced is unknown, and it is equally a ANADEOTA. The name given to a

mystery by what means it traversed the number of plants belonging to the large
wide tracts of country which separate the family of Proteaceoe, but which are now
various stations in which it first appeared generally included in the genus Grevillea.
f or,as it is dioecious, and pistilliferous plants They are shrubs chiefly of West Australia,
alone have found their way to this country, with variously cut and lobed leaves.
it perfects no seeds. It easily propagates [A. A. B.]
 ;;

59 Zl)Z CrcaSurg at 330tang. [AN AN

ANADYOMENE. A geims of calcareous ana, signifying backwards, and gyros, a

green-spored Alga, consisting of branched circle. It is found in the South of Prance,
or dichotomous articulated threads, which Spain, and other countries bordering on
are laterally confluent with each other, so the Mediterranean Sea. The seeds are
as to form a more or less fan-shaped mem- kidney-shaped, violet in colour, and are
brane. They are most beautiful objects said to be poisonous, like those of the la-
under a low power of the microscope, and burnum. [A. A. B.]
might susgest elegant designs for the
silversmith" The species, which are few in ANALOGY. Resemblance to a thing in
number, occur in the warmer seas, and form, but not in function or in function,
;

consequently we have none upon our own but not in form. Corresponding with a
coast. Some'species of Cladophora, of which thing in many points, but differing in
we possess so many, give a good idea of more, or in points of more importance.
the nature of the filaments. [M. J. B.] Thus, the flowers of Potentilla and Ranun-
culus are analogous.
ANSCTOCHILTJS. A genus of terres- ANAMIRTA. A genus of plants in-
trial orchids,nearly allied to Goodyera and
habiting Malabar, Ceylon, and the Eastern
JEtheria, with creeping slender-jointed
Isles of India, and belonging to the Menis-
rhizomes, one or two radical leaves, and
permacece. The flowers are unisexual and
spikes of white or yellow flowers. Some
of the species have the leaves traversed
dioecious —
that is, the male blossoms are
on different plants from the female
by beautiful silver or golden veins, on a borne
blossoms. The sepals are six in number
rich green or purplish ground hence they
petals; the stamens are
;

have become favourites in the gardens of there are no one parcel,

the curious. There are other tropical numerous, but united into
terrestrial orchids, with similarly veined
forming a globular head. The ovaries of
leaves, belonging to other genera, one of
the female flower are three in number,
attached to a short thick hemispherical
the commonest of which is Physurus
receptacle; they become succulent and
pictus.
drupe-like in the fruit. The most import-
ANAGALLIS. An interesting genus of ant, if not the only plant of this genus, is
primworts, consisting of dwarf trailing the A. Cocculus, the plant which produces I

herbaceous plants, annual or perennial the fruits known as Cocculus indicus. It is

roots, angular stems, opposite leaves in a climbing plant, with ash-coloured, corky
pairs or threes, and pretty axillary blue or bark. The leaves are stalked, more or less
red flowers. The Pimpernels, by which heart-shaped, smooth above, pale beneath,
name the species are popularly known, and provided with tufts of hairs at the
are easily distinguished from the rest of junctions of the nerves, the larger of which
the order by their conspicuous wheel- radiate from the base of the leaf. The
shaped, five-parted corolla, five stamens flowers are borne in pendulous panicles.
with bearded filaments, and especially by The fruits are roundish or kidney-shaped
their many-seeded globular pods, opening the outer coat is thin and dry, of a dark
when ripe by a transverse Assure all round, brown or black colour and wrinkled ap-
the top falling off like a lid. With the ex- pearance within this is a white hard
;

ception of Centunculus, an obscure weed, shell, divided into two pieces this en-
;

no other genus of the order presents this closes the whitish seed, which is very oily,
feature. Every- one is familiar with the of a crescent-like shape, and much smaller
common red Pimpernel (A. arvensis). The than the fruit, so that it never entirely fills
A. indica, with blue flowers, scarcely differs up the cavity.
from it, except in colour and the larger Cocculus indicus is imported from the
size of its blossoms. Of much greater East Indies, and is used for adulterating
interest are the Italian Pimpernel (A. porter, though, very properly, a heavy
Monelli), with still larger flowers and of penalty is inflicted upon brewers detected
stronger habit, and the A.fruticosa, a Bar- in so doing, and upon druggists who sup-
bary species, with handsome light red ply brewers, as it contains an acrid irritant
tinted corollas, which, unlike those of the poison, called picrotoxin. It is used to
other species, remain expanded even in poison fish, and to increase the intoxicat-
the absence of sunshine. It is probable ing properties of porter, being employed in
that most of the varieties now cultivated the shape of a black extract. Its effects
in gardens, among which may be men- are to produce giddiness, convulsions, and
tioned A. PhiWpsii, with deep blue, and insensibility. It has been occasionally
A. Parksii, with red flowers, are either used externally to destroy vermin, and in
hybrids or mere seminal variations of some skin diseases. [M. T. M.]
these two species. [W. T.]
ANANASSA. A genus of tropical Bro-
ANAGYRIS. A genus of the pea- meliacece, having rigid foliage, with sharp
flower tribe, of the leguminous family. spines along the edge, distinguished among
One species only is known, a large the inferior-fruited genera of the order,
bush, with trifoliolate leaves, entire ellip- chiefly by its berries being consolidated
tical leaflets, and axillary racemes of with the bracts into a compound or syncar-
yellow flowers, much like those of the pous fruit, which is edible.
laburnum. The pod is narrow, com- The Pine Apple, A. sativa, is generally
pressed, and curved backwards; and from believed to have derived its name from
this circumstance the genus is named — I the great resemblance which the fruit
ANAN Ef)£ Crca£urj? of aSataug. 60

bears in its form to the cone of some spe- After a great many trials he at last hit
cies of the pine or fir tribe. It is universally upon a plan by which he obtained a suffi-
acknowledged to be one of the most deli- cient degree of heat to produce fruit
cious fruits in existence. Three hundred equally good, though not so large, as that
years ago it was described by Jean de Lery, produced in the West Indies. According
a Huguenot priest, as being of such excel- to the best authorities, the first plants
lence that the gods might luxuriate upon introduced into England were brought
it, and that it should only be gathered by from Holland by the Earl of Portland in
the hand of a Venus. It is stated to be a 1690. Twenty years afterwards we find
native of Brazil, and having been carried Pines successfully cultivated by Sir Ma-
from thence to the West, and afterwards thew Decker, in his garden at Richmond ;

to the 'East Indies, cannot be regarded and to this gentleman the honour has
as indigenous to the tropical parts of Asia, usually been ascribed of having first
Africa, and South America. It first became fruited the Pine Apple in Britain, about
known to Europeans in Peru, where it is the year 1712. From that time to the
called Nanus, and under this name it was present every possible means that art and
described in 1555 by Andre Thevet, a monk, ingenuity could devise for the culture of
who says it was often preserved in sugar. this fine fruit have been adopted, and in
The plant is biennial, not unlike an Aloe, no other instance, perhaps, has the care
but the leaves are much thinner, and of a and skill of the gardener been attended
hard fibrous texture, with numerous short with more signal success, Pine Apples
sharp spines on the edges. The fruit is having been produced in this country far
produced on a short stem which rises from surpassing in size and flavour the very
the centre of the plant, and bears a scaly best of those matured in a tropical climate.
conical spike, surmounted by a number of The difficulties which formerly attended
small spiny leaves called the crown. This the cultivation of the Pine Apple have dis-
conical body, after flowering, gradually appeared since the mode of heating hot-
enlarges and eventually becomes the rich houses with hot water was introduced, and
and succulent Pine Apple we so highly handsome fruit weighing from six to twelve
prize. Besides being the first of dessert pounds, are by no means uncommon ; but
fruits, it is made into marmalades and va- the heaviest on record, we believe, was
rious confectioneries, and is used to flavour grown in 1826 by Dixon, gardener to John
rum. The earliest account of Pine Apples Edwards, Esq., Rheola, Neath, Glamor-
bein.ff seen in England, is that of a present ganshire, and weighed fourteen pounds
of some having been received by the twelve ounces! The most remarkable
Protector Cromwell. We next find them experiment, however, that has been made
noticed by the celebrated Evelyn, from in pine growing was one by Barnes,
whose Diary we subjoin the following gardener to Lady Rolle, at Bicton, in
extract :— August 9, 1661. I first saw the
' Devonshire, who, in September 1845, cut
famous Queen Pine brought from Barba- some excellent fruit of four and five pounds
dos and presented to His Majesty' (Charles weight from plants that had been exposed
II.); again under date of July 19, 1688, in the open air during the whole of the sum-
he observes, I was at a banquet which the
' mer. Pine Apples are no longer a novelty,
King gave to the French Ambassador. large quantities being annually imported
Standing by His Majesty at dinner in the and sold at a cheap rate in the principal
presence, there was of that rare fruit towns throughout the kingdom. Like
called the King Pine, growing in Barba- most of our cultivated fruits, they vary in
dos, in the West Indies. The fruit of quality and appearance no less than fifty-
;

them I had never seen. His Majesty two sorts being described in the Trans-
cutting it up was pleased to give me a actions of the Horticultural Society (2 ser.
piece from his own plate to taste of but
; i. 1). The greater number have been intro-
in my opinion it falls far short of those ra- duced from abroad but several have ori-
;

vishing varieties of deliciousness ascribed ginated from seed in England. That which
to it.' It has been conjectured that from is now so commonly imported from the
the crowns of these Pines, Mr. Rose, the Bahamas is a sort called the Providence,
royal gardener, succeeded in raising plants, one of the least valuable of the race.
and that one of the latter might have pro- [W.B.B.]
duced the fruit he is represented, in a well- ANANDR^E. A name sometimes given
known picture, as presenting on his knee to Cryptogams on the supposition that
to King Charles II. as the first Pine Apple
thev have no male organs. See Asexual
grown in England. It is just possible that Plants. [M. J. B.]
such might have been the case, but, unless
in the picture above alluded to (of which ANANDRIA. A genus of the composite
a copy is in the possession of the Horticul- family, and of the tribe Mutisiacece, in
tural Society), we have no evidence to show which the florets are two-lipped. A. Belli-
that the Pine Apple was then cultivated in diastrum is a stemless herb of Siberia and
the royal gardens, or at any other place in Japan, having rosettes of stalked lyrate
this country, until many years afterwards. toothed leaves, covered with white down
For its introduction into Europe we are underneath, and arising from their midst a
indebted to M. Le Cour, a Dutch merchant, flower scape bearing a single head about
who about the middle of the seventeenth half an inch across, containing numerous
century made an attempt to cultivate it in white or purple florets. When the plant is
his ga'rden at Driehock, near Leyden. in flower the leaves are seldom more than
 ;

61 STf)S €rea£urg of aSntang. [anbu

three inches long, hut, when mature,

are perienced in our autumnal fruits. In some
from five to six inches. The flower scape cases, as in elms, there is sometimes
also lengthens after the flowers wither, direct extravasation, and then the fluid
and is often upwards of a foot in length. accumulates, and at length forces its way
The naked receptacle and broad-beaked through the bark, producing permanent
achenes terminating in a small cavity, ulcers. [M. J. B.]
are the characters which distinguish the
genus from Perdicium, to which this plant ANASTATICA. A genus of Cruciferce,
was formerly referred. It has been cul- consisting of a single species, the Rose of
tivated in this country, and is the only
Jericho (A. Hierochuntina) a small annual
,

species of its genus. [A. A. B.] growing in the arid wastes of the extra-
European Mediterranean region, from
ANAPATTSIA. A genus of polypodia- Syria to Algeria. The stem is short,
ceous ferns belonging to the Acrostichece, branched in a corymbose manner at the
among which they are distinguished by top the leaves obovate, with stellate
;

having a portion of their fronds wholly hairs, the lower ones entire, the upper
fertile, and the veins of their fronds com- remotely toothed the flowers are small
;

poundly reticulated, with free divaricate and white, forming spikes along the
veinlets in the areoles. The species are branches ;the fruit is a short pouch,
mostly found in the West Indies and with two ear-like projections at the top,
South America, and form coarse-growing and divided by a transverse partition
herbaceous plants with compound fronds, within into two cells, in each of which
a portion of which are entirely sterile, and there is a seed. This plant is interesting
the remainder somewhat contracted and on account of its hygroscopic properties :

covered with the fructification. A. vesper- when the plant is in flower, the branches
tilio, a Javanese species, has coriaceous lu- spread rigidly, but when the seed ripens,
nately bilobed sterile fronds, and linear- the leaves wither and drop, and the
lanceolate fertile ones. [T. M.] whole plant becomes dry, each branch
curls inwards, until the plant presents
ANARRHINUM. Agenus of biennial, the appearance of a little ball of wicker-
or perennial herbaceous plants, natives of work at the top of the unbranched part of
Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and the stem. In this state it is soon loosened
Syria, belonging to Scrophulariacece, and from the soil, and carried about by the
containing seven species. The radical I wind, and often blown into the sea when
:

leaves are generally rosulate, the cauline I

this happens, or the plant is otherwise
opposite or alternate, sometimes both on I
wetted, the branches unbend, and the pods
the same plant. The flowers are small in ! begin to open by splitting longitudinally,
spike- shaped racemes. The calyx is so that, when thrown on shore by the
deeply five-fid, the corolla tubular and waves, the circumstances are favourable
bilabiate, the upper lip erect, then re- for the production of fresh individuals in a
flexed, the lower patent. The stamens are locality remote from the original place of
included, four being fertile, and the fifth growth. The plant retains its property of
sterile and undeveloped. The ovary is expanding when moistened, and again
bilocular, with many ovules. [W. C] curling up when dry for a long time.
Specimens, collected ten years ago, ex-
ANARTHRIA. A genus of
Eestiacece, hibit the phenomenon as perfectly as
containing five species of perennial plants, ever. In Palestine it is called 'Kaf
with flattened simple or branched stems, Maryan,' or Mary's Flower; and there is a
indigenous to the eastern shores of New tradition that the plant expanded at the
Holland. The flowers are dioecious, and birth of the Saviour. [J. T. SJ
have six glumes. The male flower has
three free stamens, with bilocular anthers ANASTOMOSIS. The angle formed by
the female has three styles. The capsule the union of veins, or of their branches.
is three-lobed and tri-locular, with a single
seed in each loculament. [W. C] ANATHERUM. A group of grasses, the
species of which are now included in the
ANASARCA. Acondition of plants
genus Andropogon. [D. MJ
analogous to dropsy, though not always
attended by extravasation. In extremely ANATROPA. A
generic name given to
wet weather the tissues get gorged with a small, succulent, herbaceous plant from
fluid, and as the vegetative powers are Syria, belonging to the natural order
generally lowered by the decrease of tem- Elatinacem. Except that it has stipules,
perature, the contents of the cells are it differs in no respect from Tetradiclis,
badly supplied, and, in consequence, their to which it is consequently generally re-
walls, unconsolidated, become subject ferred. [W. C]
to decay, which is soon exhibited in a
variety of untoward symptoms. Fruit,
ANATROPAL. When an ovule is turned
in consequence, which has been produced
down upon itself, so that the foramen, or
true apex, points to the base, and the cha-
in a wet season, is notoriously subject to
laza is at the apex.
decay, except compensated, as in the late
ungenial summer, by a high state of the ANBURY. A gouty nodular condition
hygrometer, a circumstance which may of certain roots, as turnips, arising from
perhaps account for the extremely small the presence of grubs. It must not be
quantity of decay which has been ex- confounded with dactylorhiza, which is a
 %\yt Ereatfurg of Stotang. 62
'

very different affection, and entirely inde- panicle; ten stamens in one row, five
pendent of the attacks of insects. [M. J; B.] shorter than the others, all slightly ad-
herent one to the other at their base the ;

ANCHIETEA. P. Anchietea, a Brazilian anthers have a slightly prolonged crest at

writer on plants, is commemoratedin the the top the one-celled ovary has a single
;

name of this genus of violetworts, Vio- ovule at its base, and ripens into a sort of
lacece. The species are shrubs, with un- nut, crowned by the persistent calyx. The
divided leaves, and small white flowers in genus is by Planchon referred to a new
axillary tufts. The calyx consists of five
|

order, Ancistrocladew, more nearly allied

unequal divisions, not prolonged at the i
to DipterocarpacecB than to any other
base; petals, four, unequal, the hinder- group. It combines,' he says,
'
with the '

most one large, and prolonged into a spur ; vegetation of Nepenthes, the leaves of
filaments very short anthers fixed toge-
;
Lopltira, the stamens and stigmata of
ther, membranous at the top, two of them certain malpighiaceous plants, the adhe-
prolonged by means of their connectives rent calyx of Dipterocarpus, the adherent
into the spur of the petals. Fruit large, ovary of Symplocos, the hook-like branches
capsular, membranous, and bladder-like. of Hugonia, and a peculiar fleshy fungus-
Of A. salutaris, a creeping bush, with a like embryo, with a cylindrical rather long
nauseous taste, and a smell of cabbage, radicle, and a disc-shaped cotyledonary
the root is used as a purgative by the Bra- mass.' [M. T. MJ
zilians, and as a remedy in skin diseases.
A. pyrifolia is an ornamental stove-creeper, ANCOLIE. (Pr.) Aquilegia.
with white flowers. [M. T. MJ ANDER. In names formed from the
Greek=the male sex or stamen. Monan-
ANCHUSA. A genus of Boraginacece, c?er=having one stamen.
consisting of rough or hispid plants, most
of which are natives of Southern Europe ANDERSONIA. A genus of squarrose-
and the Eag;,resembling Lithospermum and leaved shrubs, belonging to the natural
Alkanna, but with the nuts which form order Epacridacece, containing several
the fruit hollowed out at the base, and the species, remarkable for the great beauty of
corolla, which is from funnel-shaped to their flowers and the singular structure of
salver-shaped, closed by five scales at the their leaves. They are natives of New
throat flowers purple, blue or yellowish,
; Holland. The flowers are terminal, and
in scorpioid racemes, which are generally solitary or in spikes. The calyx is co-
bracteated, and in pairs. Three species loured, five-partite, with two or more
The corolla is subcampanulate,
J

occur in Britain, but two of them appear to bracts.

be doubtful natives. The evergreen Al- hypocrateriform, and five-lobed, the lobes
kanet, .4. semperrircns, has broad ovate |
bearded at their base. The five hypo-
leaves, those of the root large, and on :
gynous stamens just appear beyond the
long stalks with sky-blue flowers in short
; throat of the corolla. The existence of a
twin racemes on short stalks, from the nectary, consisting of five scales, separates
axils of the leaves. The common Alkanet, this genus from Sprengelia, with which it
A. officinalis, has narrow oblong leaves, is otherwise identical. The ovary is five-
and deep purple flowers, in several ra- celled, with many ovules in each cell. The
cemes, at the top of the stems. The small fruit, a berry, is esculent. [W. C]
Bugloss, A. arve?isis, is often separated
from the other species, under the name of ANDIRA. A genus of the peaflower
tribe, of the natural family Leguminosce.
Lycopsis arvensis, on account of the tube
of the corolla being curved it is a very
About twelve species are known, all of
:

bristly annual, with small pale blue lit >wers,

them trees of moderate height, with alter-
nate unequally pinnate leaves, about one
and narrow oblong leaves, and is a com-
foot long, of five to ten pairs of leaflets.
mon weed on cultivated ground. The first The stipules are sometimes large and per-
two species are often cultivated in gar- sistent, or they are small and fall early.
dens, but the biennial European A. pani-
culata, or italica, is the most common in
The flowers are often showy, and are dis-
flower borders, as its flowers are as large
posed in axillary or terminal panicles —
the reddish lilac of their petals contrasting
as a fourpenny piece, and bright azure
well with the often dark purple branches
blue. A. capensis is from the Cape of Good
Hope. A. tinctoria, the Alkanet, is now of the flower-stalks. The pod is one-
seeded, drupaceous, and somewhat like a
called Alkanna tinctoria. [J. T. S.]
plum in appearance. All the species are
ANCIPITOUS. Two-edged, as the stem natives of tropical America, but a variety
of an Iris. of A. inermis is found in SenegamMa.
This species is called in the West Indies
AXCISTROCLADExE. Under this name the Cabbage-tree. Its bark is anthelmintic,
Planchon proposes to form a new natural
but requires great care in its administra-
order, out of the solitary genus Ancistro-
tion, being powerfully narcotic. It has a
cladus— which see
sweetish taste, but a disagreeable smell,
AXCISTROCLADTTS. A genus of climb- and is given in the form of a powder, de-
ing plants, inhabiting the East Indies. Its coction, or extract. The decoction is gene-
prominent characters are the branches, rally preferred, and is made by boiling an
some of which are curved and hook-like ;
ounce of the dried bark in a quart of
the alternate, stalked, leathery leaves un- water, until it assumes the colour of Ma-
provided with stipules; inflorescence a deira wine. The effects of an over-dose
 ; ;

63 CJ)E KxcaXurn of Matmu. [andr

are vomiting, delirium, and fever the : at theapex only. All the species are of a
antidote for this is lime-juice or castor peculiar dark hue, and the leaves, which
oil. The powder, administered in doses are of a close texture, are of a beautiful
of three or four grains, purges like jalap. yellow or golden brown under the mi-
The bark is known as Bastard Cabbage croscope. [M. J. B.j
Bark, or Worm Bark ; formerly it was used
as a medicine in English practice, but its ANDROCYMBIUM. A genus of Melan-
use is now obsolete. A* retusa, a Brazilian thacece,containing three or four species
species, has purple flowers, having an from the Cape of Good Hope. They are
odour of oranges, with a slight aroma: plants with tunicated bulbs, and simple,
the fruit is said to smell like the tonka short, subterranean stems, crowned with
bean. Most of the species are beautiful from two to four ovate, lanceolate, or
objects when in flower. [A. A. B.] linear leaves, and having one to nine
flowers in short spikes, hid in coloured
AXDR ACHXE. genus of spurge-worts,
A foliaceous bracts. [W. C]
(Eupliorbiacece) comprising ten species
distributed over the Mediterranean region, ANDRCECEUM. The male system of a
X. India and China, one species occurring flower. The stamens taken collectively.
in Arkansas. They are perennial herbs of ANDROGLOSSTTM. A genus founded on
no beauty, with erect or prostrate stems, a single species, A. reticulation, a native of
furnished with alternate,- shortly-stalked the Island of Hongkong. It seems to
leaves, having rounded or ovate and entire belong to the natural order Ehamnacece:
blades of a pea-green colour, varying from the arrangement of the stamens being pre-
a quarter of an inch to two inches in cisely the same as in that order but it
;
length while the small greenish flowers
;
differs from it in the structure of the
—which are sterile and fertile on different ovary, the carpels being almost if not
plants—are borne singly, or two to four quite distinct, and the ovules, two in each
together, in the axils of the leaves. The carpel, horizontally attached to the axis,
sterile flowers have a calyx of five to six
instead of being solitary and erect from
sepals, a like number of petals, five entire
the base. The calyx is five-partite the ;
or bifid glands opposite the petals, and five corolla five petaled the five stamens are
;

stamens, slightly united below by their opposite to and inserted in the petals
filaments, and surrounding an abortive
there are two styles. The fruit from the
ovary. The fertile flowers have a like abortion of one of the carpels, is simple,
calyx and corolla, rather larger glands, spherical, and subdrupaceous, with a crust-
and an ovary surmounted by a three- aceous covering. [W. C]
branched style, each of the branches
forked. The fruits are trilobed capsules, ANDROGYNOUS. A term applied to
of the size of peas, with three cells, and such kinds of inflorescence as consist of
two seeds in each cell. [A. A. B.] both male and female flowers.
AXDRE.EA. A
genus of mosses named ANDROMEDA. A genus of Ericacece,
after Andrea, a Hanoverian Doctor. It consisting of shrubs and trees having
is remarkable for having a capsule which
various habits, and a wide geographical
splits into four or sometimes six valves,
range; but found chiefly in boreal districts,
which, however, do not expand as in or at considerable heights on mountains
Junnermaitnice, but adhere at the apex
in North America, Europe, and Asia. The
to which the columella is attached. The
genus has a calyx of five nearly or partly
capsule is always sessile, even to matu- distinct sepals, valvate in the early bud,
rity, but is at length supported by the
but very soon separate or open. The
elongated base or pseudopodium. In con- corolla is ovate or campanulate, five-
sequence of this arrangement, the calyptra toothed, and deciduous. The stamens are
does not burst so soon as in most other ten in number, with the anthers fixed near
mosses, as it is ruptured by the swelling of
the middle; the cells generally opening
the capsule and not by the elongation of
by a terminal pore. The ovary is five-
the peduncle. The species are Alpine or
celled, with many ovules in each cell. The
sub-Alpine,occurring on quartzose or grani-
style is simple. The fruit is a dry cap-
tic,never on calcareous rocks, and are found
sule, superior, globular, five-celled and
in cold or temperate regions of either hemi-
five-valved, and loculicidal, the dissepi-
spnere,or at considerable heights in wanner
ments being from the middle of the valves.
countries, asin the Himalayas. Four species
in which the leaves have a central nerve,
The genus is by some modern botanists
limited to the single British species, A.
occur in this country, while in the others jiniifolia but it is usually extended to
;
the leaves are nerveless. [M. J. BJ include a very large number of species.
AXDRE.EACE^E. A natural order, or, ac- So extended, it is divided into the follow-
cording to some, a distinct tribe of mosses. ing sub-genera:— 1. Andromeda proper, bo-
They do not, however, differ essentially, real herb-like plants, with calyx five-cleft,
being distinguished mainly by the longi- corolla sub-globose, filaments bearded,
tudinal splitting of the valves at maturity. anthers having a slender ascending awn,
It consists of but two genera, Andrecea just and seed smooth. 2. Cassiope, Arctic and
described, and Acroschisma, an Antarctic Alpine under-shrubs, with calyx five-part-
genus, distinguished by the cylindrical ed, without bracts, corolla campanulate,
capsule splitting into four or eight valves anthers fixed by the apex, and having a long
 ;

andr] &f)e CrouSiirj! of 3Sfltanp. 64

recurved awn, stigma truncate, and seeds under the genus of Andropogon,
this species
smooth and wingless. 3. Cassandra, boreal nor give any synonym of it. [D. M.]
shrubs, with calyx five-parted, and having
two bracts, corolla tubular, anthers with- ANDROSACE. Mountain plants, with
out awns, and seeds flattened and wingless. flowers much resembling the primrose,
from which they differ principally in hav-
4. Zenobia, North American shrubs, with
calyx five-toothed, corolla campanulate, ing the mouth of the corolla contracted.
deeply five-parted, anthers two-awned, and They are found on the mountains of Eu-
rope, from Siberia to the Pyrenees, and
seeds angular. 5. Leucotho'e, North Ame-
rican shrubs, with calyx five-parted, corolla are well adapted for growing on rockwork,
thouech not easy of culture. The leaves,
tubular, five-toothed, anthers naked, or
with one or two awns, and stigmas broadly which vary in shape in the different spe-
cies, are tufted, and grow close to the
capitate. 6. Pieris, Nepal trees or shrubs,
with calyx five-parted, corolla tubular or ground the flowers are either white or
:

pink, and grow on a scape or leafless stalk,

ovate, anthers two-awned, and stigmas
in umbels in one species, A. Vitaliana,
7. Agarista, tropical American
;
truncate.
evergreen shrubs, with calyx five-parted, they are solitary. Some of the species are
corolla ovate, anthers with two bristles,
annuals, and some perennials one only is a
;

biennial. They vary in height from two

stigmas capitate, and seeds angular.
to six inches. [C. A. J.]
The members of this genus are more or
less narcotic. A. polifolia, the only British ANDROSiEMUM. Under the name of
species, but found also in peat bogs officinale, the Tutsan, Hypericum Andro-
A.
throughout the north of Europe, Asia, scemwm, is sometimes separated from the
and America, is an acrid narcotic, and rest of the Hypericece,lrom which it differs
proves fatal to sheep. Similar properties chiefly in having a berry-like capsule but ;

have been observed in the United States in the genus is not generally adopted. [T. M.]
A. mariana and other species. The shoots
of A. ovalifolia poison goats in Nepal. Dr. ANDROSTEMMA. A genus of Hamo-
liorsfield states that a very volatile heating doracem, nearly allied to Conostylis, con-
oil, with a peculiar odour, used by the taining a single species, from Swan River
Javanese in rheumatic affections, is ob- Colony, New Holland. It is a rushy plant,
tained from one of the species. [W. C] of no beauty, although its flowers are an
inch and a half long, for they are green,
ANDROPHORB. The tube formed by and buried among the leaves. [W. C]
monadelphous filaments, as in mallow.
ANDROUS, in the composition of
ANDROPOGON. An extensive genus of names derived from the Greek, refers to
grasses, typical of the tribe Andropogonece, the stamens thus, mon-androus signifies
;

which, according to Steudel's Synopsis having one stamen, &c.

Plantarum Graminearum, contains 458
species. The flowers are polygamous. The
ANDRYALA. A family of evergreen
species are mostly natives of the warmer herbaceous plants, belonging to the na-
parts of the globe, especially South Ame- tural order Compositm, growing to the
rica; none of them British. Among the height of about half a foot, and having
more interesting kinds, the Sweet-scented yellow flowers. Two species are found in
Lemon Grass, A.Schamanthus, maybe men- dry stony fields about Nice, near the Var
tioned, which is a native of Malabar, and the others are natives of Madeira and the
well-known in British gardens as a stove North of Africa, and, when cultivated in
this country, require the protection of a
conservatory plant. The fresh leaves,
greenhouse. [C. A. J.]
when bruised, emit a delightful odour,
and when roasted are used in India for ANE'E. (Fr.) Alnus glutinosa.
medicinal purposes. One of the grass
oils is yielded by a species of this genus.
ANEILEMA. A genus of Commelynacece,
(See Brewster's Journal, ix. 333.) A. muri- the flowers of which have a six-parted
catus, called in India khus, is employed unequal perianth, the three outer divi-
there for making covers for palanquins, sions or sepals persistent, and the three
and screens, &c. (see Lindlefs Vegetable inner deciduous; six stamens, of which
Kingdom, p. 113)— 'The roots are woven three are dissimilar, scarcely polliniferous ;

neatly into screens or mats, and suspended and no involucre. It is principally distin-
before the doors or windows, so that the guished from Commelyna by the latter cir-
breeze, in passing through them, is cooled cumstance. There are several species,
and regains a portion of its healthy elas- natives of New Holland and India. [T. M.]
ticity, while a slight but very agreeable ANEMIA, often erroneously written
fragrance is diffused around.' Mrs. Calcott Aneimia. A genus of schizasaceous ferns,
in the Scripture Herbal, considers A. Cala- belonging to the section Schizceew, in
mus aromaticus to be the Sweet Cane of which it is distinguished by having the
Isaiah, the Sweet Calamus of Exodus, fructifications paniculate on distinct
the Calamus of the Canticles and of fronds, or on lateral branches of the fronds,
Ezekiel. Dr. Royle also considered the and the veins free. The separate branches
plant of that name described by Dios- of fructification produce the appearance of
corides to be the Sweet Cane and 'rich a flowering plant, with a spicate inflores-
aromatic reed from a far country' of cence. There are numerous species of
Scripture. Steudel does not enumerate South America and the West Indies, some
6fi Clje CrcaStirD flf Matmy. [anem

of -which are of a very ornamental charac- [ stamens into narrow petals this is often
;

ter, and much prized in gardens. One of |

seen in gardens, but occurs even in wild
the most beautiful is A. adiantifolia, a spe- plants of some species found in the South
cieshaving the barren branch triangular of Europe — a very unusual circumstance.
and tripinnatifid, and the two fertile The genus forms three groups or sec-
branches erect, rising from its base, and tions. (1) Anemone proper, or Anemanthus,
bearing a cylindrical spike of small fertile of Endlicher, in which the carpels termi-
segments. Several species, with a similar ! nate in a short point (not a feathery tail),

arraneenient of the parts, have the sterile J

and the involucre is remote from the
branch pinnate. Other species, as, for ex- ;
flower. (2) Hepatica, with the carpels as in
ample, A. millefolia and A. buniifolia, have |
Anemanthus, but the involucre close to
the fertile parts distinct, rising from the ! the flower, resembling a calyx. (3) Pulsa-
One species, A. WigMiana, is found '

tilla, in which the carpels end in a long

base.
on the Neilgherry Hills of India, and feathery tail, formed by the persistent
another, A. Dreaeana, is met with in South styles, which elongate after the flower
Africa and Natal. [T. M.] fades. Of the first section, three species
occur in Britain. The Wood Anemone, A.
ANEMTDICTYON. A genus of schizasa- nemorosa, is the only one truly native it ;

ceous ferns, distinguished from Anemia has white flowers, sometimes tinged with
only,, by the reticulated venation of its purple on the outside. A. ranunculoides, a
fronds. It is consequently included in common European plant, naturalised in a
that genus by those who do not admit the few stations in Britain, has bright yellow
generic importance of the venation in flowers, otherwise like the wood Anemone.
ferns. The principal species, A. PhylUtidis, A. apennina, a native of Southern Europe,
occurs in various forms in the West In- also naturalised in a few British localities,
diesand South America, and is a fine her- has the flowers bright blue on the inside
baceous species, with pinnate sterile of the sepals, which are narrow, and more
branches, and tall, compactly-pauicled fer- numerous than in the other two the root-
;

tile ones. [T. M.] stalk is also shorter and thicker. The last
A two are often cultivated in gardens, as well
ANEMIOPSIS. genus of the small
as the more showy Japan Anemone, A.ja-
family Saururece, peciiliar to California and
ponica, which has ternate leaves, branched
New Mexico, and represented by a single flowering stems, and large purplish-red
species, A. californica, a semi-aquatic pe-
flowers. The Star Anemone, A. hortensis,
rennial herb, with stalked and nearly
or stellata, has ternate leaves, with the
smooth root-leaves, like those of the sor-
segments not finely divided, unbranched
rel, Rumex Acetosa, but of a much thicker
flower stalks, and star-like flowers, smaller
texture. The flower scape, nearly a foot in
than those of the Japan Anemone and very
length, and exceeding the root leaves,
variable in colour; and the Poppy Anemone,
bears near its middle a leafy bract (which
A. co?-ow«r«o,which, like the last, is a native
often produces in its axil a young plant),
of the Mediterranean region, has ternate
and terminates in a compact cone of small leaves, with the divisions cut into fine seg-
green flowers, surrounded by an involucre ments, unbranched flower-stalks, and large
of six oblong petal-like leaves of a white
flowers, with broad sepals, very variable
colour, spotted with red, so that the whole — scarlet, purple, blue, whitish,
in colour
head has some resemblance to an ane- striped, or with an eye of a different hue
mone flower. The flowers are destitute of from the rest of the flower. The last two,
calyx and corolla, have six to eight sta- and especially the Poppy Anemone, are
mens seated on the top of an ovary, which florists' flowers. [J. T. S.]
is one-celled, with three bundles of ovules
hangincrfrom the topof the cell, and crown- ANEMONE, B.UE. Tiialictrum anemo-
ed with three short styles. The plant is in noides.
cultivation in this country. [A. A. BJ
ANEMONOPSIS. A genus of Ranuncu-
ANEMONE. A large genus of Ranuncu- lacece, containing a single species, A. ma-
lacece, generally distributed in temperate crophylla, a native of Japan. It is allied to
regions —
most numerous in alpine situa- Helleborus, having three to five follicles to
tions in the warmer districts. They have form the fruit. The flower, however, re-
tuberous or thickened root-stalks and root- sembles in aspect that of an Anemone,
leaves, often ternately divided or cleft. whence the name. The calyx has nine
The stem, or rather scape, is leafless, and sepals ; the corolla ten petals and the
;

often unbranched, with an involucre below leaves are three or four times ternately
the flower, formed by a whorl of three divided, resembling an Aetata. [J. T. SJ
(rarely two) bracts when the scape is un-
;

branched, there is only one involucre, ANEMOSIS. The condition known in

when branched, each flower has one, and timber by the name of wind shaken. A
the branches spring from the interior of trunk which is apparently sound exter-
the involucre, together with the peduncle, nally, proves, when felled, to have given
which bears the central flower. The flowers way in the direction of the concentric
are handsome, for, though the petals are layers of which it is composed, so that the
absent in single flowers, the sepals are connection between them is more or less
brightly coloured, especially on their inner completely broken. This occurs in many
faces. The flowers very readily become kinds of exogenous timbers, and is no
double by the conversion of the numerous less common in foreign woods than in
ANES] Clje ©rca^urg at SSotang. 66

those of native growth, being, as it is the IlemionitidecL', among which it is dis-

supposed, due to the pressure of extremely- tinguished by having the veins of the
violent gales. This, however, is very doubt- fronds uniform, reticulate, and the sori
ful, the effect being more probably due sporadic, or dispersed, sometimes reticu-
to frost or lightning. "Wind, however, may lated following the veins, and in some
be injurious to trees without producing places distributed on the surface, but
absolute fractures or separation of parts, everywhere partial, as if scattered. The
by causing too rapid evaporation and species A. citrifolium, is a West Indian
and
in consequence chilling the tissues to such South American plant.producing narrowish
a degree as to retard developement, or simple fronds. [T. M.]
induce an unhealthy condition, or tempo- ANETTE. (Fr.) Lathyrus tuberosus.
rary sterility. [M. J. B.]
ANEURA, ANEUREiE. The name of a
ANESORHIZA. A genus of Umbelliferce, division and genus of f rondose Jungerman-
containing seven or eight species of bi- macece. A. multifida and A. pinguis, found
ennial or perennial herbaceous plants,with on the margins of ponds, on the walls of
one or more fusiform roots natives of the
:
wells, and in similar damp situations,
Cape of Good Hope. The root of A. capen- associated with Pellia, differ from that
sis, known vulgarly as Anyswortel, is used genus in having more divided and irregu-
as an esculent. The radical leaves are lar ribless fronds, with the fruit marginal
petiolate, and two or three times pinnati- and ventral, the capsule oval or oblong,
sect; those of the stem are scale-like. and the elaters attached to the tips of the
The umbels are few or many radiate in :
valves. Aneura is the only genus of the
some species being as few as three, in division Aneurece, a name indicative of the
others as many
as twenty-eight radiate. ribless fronds. [M. J. B.]
The limb of the calyx is five-toothed and
persistent. The petals are elliptical and ANFRACTUOSE. Twisted or sinuous,
acuminate. The involucres and involu- like the anther of a cucumber.
cels are many-leaved, the margins of the
leaves being often scarious. [W. C] ANGELICA. A family of umbelliferous
plants, the several species of which in-
ANETHUM. The name applied to a habit Europe and America. The name was
genus of umbelliferous plants, which is given as a record of the angelic virtues pos-
distinguished by the absence of involucre sessed by some of the species for not only
;

to the umbel, by the absence of the limb was it a singular remedy against poison,
the plague, all kinds of infection, and ma-
J

or upper part of the calyx, by the fruit

being flattened from back to front, pro- laria, but it was invaluable against witch-
vided with a' membranous border or wing, |
craft and enchantments. The British
and with six ridges, three on each half of \
species, A. sylvestris is a tall and stately
the fruits. In each of the furrows, between plant, five or six feet high, with a polished
these ridges, is placed a broad channel, or I stem, most frequently tinged with purple
vitta, filled with volatile oil. The Common ;
and covered with a glaucous bloom like
Dill, A. graveolens, which in appearance |
that of a plum, much branched, bearing
resembles the fennel, is cultivated in herb large compound leaves covered with a
gardens in this country for the sake of its bloom like that of the stem, and at the
fruits, and is a native of the south of extremity of each branch a large convex
Europe, Egypt, the Cape of Good Hope, umbel of white flowers tinged with pink.
&c. The fruits, or as they are commonly : It is common on the banks of rivers in
but erroneously called, the seeds, when : withy-holts and other watery places,
distilled with water, furnish an oil on '

and may often be distinguished at a con-

which the carminative effects of the plant ;
siderable distance by the large egg-shaped
depend. It is generally used in the form |
expansions of the leaf stalks, which serve
of dill water, to relieve flatulence in as an integument for the as yet unex-
children, and to prevent the griping pro- panded flowers. The plant is now little
perties of some purgative medicines. The regarded for any intrinsic virtues it may
plant and the fruit are used as condiments possess but it forms a picturesque addi-
:

in the East. It is supposed to be the plant tion to the landscape, and may be made
which is called Anise in the New Testament very useful fn the garden by cutting the
narrative. [M. T. M.] j
hollow stalks into convenient lengths and
! placing them about in the shrubs as traps
ANETIA. A genus of Homalmece, con- ; for earwigs. Candied Angelica is made
taining a single species, from tropical from the stalks of an allied plant, Archan-
Africa. It is a shrub with alternate short ly gelica. The appearance of a tall species of
petiolate leaves, and small cinereous flowers j
this genus growing in Kamtchatka is
in branched spikes. It is nearly allied to shown in plate 16. [C. A. J.]
Homalium, but differs from it in having a ANGELICA. The garden name for Arch-
double series of stamens and glands, angelica officinalis.
fifteen of each, that is three times the
number of the calyx segments, and in ANGELICA TREE. Aralia spinosa.
having five diverging styles. [W. C]
ANGELICO. Ligusticum actmifolium.
ANETIUM. A genus of polyp'odia- ANGELIQUE. (Fr.) Archangelica offici-
ceous ferns, sometimes referred to the
Acrostichece, but more closely allied to nalis. — DE BOHEME. Trochiscanthes
 ;

67 Wfyz Ercatfurg at 38ntanj?. [anha

nodiflorus. EPINEUSE. Aralia spi- ANGLE-POD. A common name for
nosa. Gonolobus.
ANGELONIA. A genus of Scrophulari- ANGOLA "WEED. Ramulina furfuracea.
acece distinguished by its five-cleft or five-
parted calyx its short-tubed corolla, with
;
ANGOPHOR A. A genus of New Holland
fornicate throat, and somewhat two-lipped plants, belonging to the myrtle family,
limb the upper lip very blunt, two-lobed,
:
Mi/rtacece. They are large trees, with
the lower one longer, three lobed with the large, opposite, not dotted leaves. The
middle lobe saccate at the base four didy- flowers, which are of a white or yellow
;

namous included stamens, and a two- colour, are arranged in a corymbose man-
celled many-ovuled ovary. The species, ner, and have their calyx divided into five
which are rather numerous, inhabit South or six segments, a circumstance that serves
America, and form erect or procumbent to distinguish them from the members of
with opposite leaves alternate on the
herbs-, the genus Eucalyptus their petals are
;

upper part of the stems, and solitary one- free, the ; the fruit is
stamens are distinct
flowered axillary or racemose peduncles. dry, dehiscent, many-celled, containing
A. salicaricefolia is a pretty perennial several seeds, which are not winged. Some
species, with tallish stems, lance-shaped of the species furnish a dark-coloured as-
leaves, and a long racemose inflorescence tringent gum. [M. T. MJ
consisting of light purple flowers. A.
angustifolia is another species of similar
ANGR^ECUM. The tropics of Africa, and
its islands, some parts of the West Indies,
character, but dwarfer it has smooth, nar-
;

row, lance-shaped leaves, and dense, termi- and the Cape Colony, yield this remark-
able genus of orchids, one of whose spe-
nal, erect racemes of deep violet-coloured
cies produces the largest flowers known in
fiowers. The species have no particular the order —
the sepals and petals and pro-
use, but are ornamental. [T. M.]
digious spur extending to the length of
ANGIOPTERIDE.E. A section of the more than a foot in A. sesquipedale, a
marattineous division of marattiaceous native of Madagascar. But although
ferns, in which the spore cases are free, others approach this, yet the species are
and set close together, face to face, in two for the greater part small flowered, and
opposite contiguous lines. [T. MJ little better than weeds. A
whole section
of them consists of leafless plants, clinging
ANGIOPTERIS. A noble genus of ma- to the branches of trees by their flat bands,
rattiaceous ferns, representing the group
representing roots, as in Aerides tceniale,
Angiopteridece. The genus is eastern, The finest species, after Madagascar, are
being common in India, Ceylon, and the
islands of the Eastern Archipelago. There
from the West of Africa, where they as-
are probably but few species, though they
sume some extraordinary forms. None are
have been very much extended by De found except in the hottest latitudes.
Vriese, the author of a monograph of the ANGUILLAEJA. A genus of Melan-
family. The differences observed perhaps thacece,containing a few species from New
rather indicate varieties than species. The Holland. They have the leaves and roots,
plants form a large round massive rhizome and the general habit of Melanthium, with
or rootstock, covered with the great scale- the structure of Omitlioglossum. [W. O]
like bases of the fronds, and from this
solid mass rise up the stout stipites, sup-
ANGTJLOA. A
genus of very remark-
porting the very large bipinnated fronds, able terrestrial orchids, inhabiting the
the pinnules of which are articulated on forests of tropical America. They have
the rachides. The genus is known by its broad, ribbed leaves, and short leafy
spore-cases being destitute of any elastic scapes, bearing a single large fleshy flower,
or jointed ring, and by having oblong either white, yellow, or spotted with crim-
distinct dorsal sori longitudinally bivalved, son, on a pale yellow ground. One of them
the spore-cases being separate though grows in the Equator, at the height of
crowded into two opposite linear series. 7,000 feet above the sea. Six or seven
The original species, A. evecta, was found species are cultivated in this country.
in the Society Isles. A. angustifolia, a ANGURIA. Under this name are in-
Philippine Island plant, is described as cluded certain plants belonging to the
having a cylindrical caudex, three feet gourd family, Cucurbitacece. They are
high the other species, so far as they are
; natives of South America, and have lateral
known, have the caudex of a depressed tendrils, male and female flowers distinct,
globular form. These plants form noble but on the same plant the male fiowers
:

objects when cultivated in our hot-houses, provided with two distinct, not united
but require much space. [T. M.] stamens and the fruit a gourd. Some of
;

the species are cultivated. [M. T. M.]

ANGIOSPERM8. In modern classifi-
cations all exogens are divided into those ANHALONIUM. A
genus of South
whose seeds are enclosed in a seed-vessel, American Cactacece, containing two species
and those with seeds produced and ripened of napif orm plants. The genus approaches
without the production of a seed-vessel. Mrimmillaria in the arrangement and
The former are An'giosperits, and con- structure of its flowers, and has by some
stitute the principal part of the species been made a section of that genus ; but its
the latter are Gyiixosperms, and chiefly fruit and seed unite it on the other hand
consist of conifers and cycads. with Echinocactus. [W. O]
ania] VL\)t Crsagurg of iUatang. 68

ANIA. A genusof terrestrial orchids of ANIS. (Fr.) Pimpinetta Anisum. —

little interest, related to Bletia. They E'TOILE', or DE LA CHINE. TlUcium
have plaited radical leaves, and flowers in anisatum, — DES VOSGES. Carum
spikes. Only two are known, inhabiting Carui.
the hottest parts of Asia.
ANISADENIA. A genus of Fran-
ANIBA, A
Guiana plant, described by keniacece, containing a single species,
Aublet under this name, but which has not from Nepal, a plant having the appearance
since been recognised. It is probably of Trientalis, with a simple erect stem,
some genus of the Lauraceous order. bearing a number of alternate, entire,
membranaceous leaves at its summit. The
ANIGOSANTHUS. A curious and hand- calyx and corolla consist of five parts. The
some genus of Hcemodoracece, distinguished petals are unguiculate. There are five
by having its woolly, tubular, elongated, filiform fertile, and five short barren sta-
often-curved perianth connate with the mens. The ovary is sessile, and trilocular,
ovary, but at length deciduous the limb ; with two ovules in each cell. There are
six-cleft, and turned to one sidesix sta-; three filiform styles. [W. C]
mens inserted in the throat a filiform
;

style and simple stigma ; and a three-celled ANISE. Pimpinella Anisum. — , STAR.
ovary, containing numerous ovules. The Illicitim anisatum.
species, which are not very numerous, are ANISEED TREE. A common name of
herbs of the Australian continent, pro- Ulicium.
ducing linear-ensiform leaves, slightly
sheathing at the base, and a tall flower- ANISOCALTX. A genus of Scrophu-
scape, supporting a branching subcorym- lariacece, containing a single species,
bose head, or short raceme of large and found on the margins of streams in the
often showy flowers. The outer surface of island of Hong Kong. The calyx is un-
the perianth, and the upper part of the equally five-partite; the is de- corolla
flowering stem, are clothed with a peculiar ciduous, and nearly equally five-partite.
short dense pile of bi-anching coloured There are four didynamous stamens,
hairs, which are very curious objects when scarcely longer than the corolla, with ob-
slightly magnified. Several of the species long purple and bilocular anthers; the
have found their way to our greenhouses, style has a simple capitate stigma. [W. C]
where they form desirable plants, on ac-
count of their distinct and peculiar, and ANISOCHiETA. A genus of the com-
not unornamental aspect when in flower. posite family (Compositai). There is but
The flowers last a considerable time. One one species, which a native of Caffre-
is
land. It is a sub-climbing shrub, with
of the best-known species is A. Manglcxii,
a perennial tufted^growing plant, with alternate, ovate, coarsely-toothed leaves,
glaucous green leaves, a foot to eighteen and terminal panicles of flower-heads. The
inches long, and an erect branched stem, genus is nearly related to the Ageratum
clothed with a short thick crimson felt of of our gardens, but differs in habit, as
the branched hairs above alluded to. The well as in the scales of the pappus and
flowers are arranged on the branches in in the form of the achenes. It is a plant
short terminal spiked racemes, and are of no beauty. [A. A. B.]
two to three inches long, curved, clothed ANTSOCHILUS. A genus of Labiatcc,
with velvety hairs, which, for the greater consisting of annual or perennial her-
part of the length of the tube, are of a baceous plants, natives of Asia, chiefly of
bright green colour, and on the peduncles, India, and containing nine species. The
as well as the swollen base of the perianth verticillasters are in ovate-oblong, or cy-
enveloping the ovary, are rich crimson. lindrical terminal spikes, compact and im-
Another species well known in gardens, bricate the floral leaves are bract-like.
;

A. coccineiis, has a dichotomously-forked The calyx is ovate, swollen below, con-

inflorescence, and flowers of a dull tracted above. The tube of the corolla is
crimson below, and green towards the bent down after leaving the calyx; the
tips. In another beautiful species, A. pul- throat is inflated the upper lip is three or
;

cherriimis, in which the infloresence is four-fid, the lower lip is longer, entire, and
branched and loaded with flowers, the concave. There are four- stamens, and a
colour of the short velvety hairs on the bifid style. [W. O]
flowers is bright yellow, while those on the
stems are scarlet, curiously branched, on a ANISODUS. A
genus of plants belong-
yellow ground. A. tyrianthinus, again, has ing to the Solatium family, or by Miers re-
the paniculated branches and copious ferred to Atropacece. Its name is derived
flowers clothed with dense tomentum of from its calyx, which is irregularly five-
the richest Tynan purple while in A.
;
toothed, a circumstance which distin-
fuliginosus, which has been called a flower guishes it from Eyoscyamus, or the hen-
of mourning, the upper parts of the stem, bane genus. A. luridus, a Nepalese plant,
and the lower parts of the flower, are is common in cultivation it has a tap- ;

downy, as if covered with black velvet. shaped root, alternate leaves, which are
These species are all from the Swan River stalked, oval, somewhat woolly on their
district. [T. M,] under surface the greenish-yellow, bell-
;

shaped flowers are borne on axillary flower

ANIME. A resin procured from Ey- stalks, and the fruit bursts by a transverse
menaa Courbaril. crack, like that of the henbane. [M. T. M.]
 69 €fje &nra£uri? at 33Dtang. [anon
ANISOMELES. A genus of Lohir.irc, !
seeds are covered with a blackish testa.
containing eight sppcies, natives of South- The whole plant of A. latifolia, when
eastern Asia, the Mauritius, and tropical bruised, emits an aromatic smell. [W. C]
Australia. They are herbaceous plants,
having the habit of Stachys. The terminal ANNOTINOUS. A year old. Rami an-
verticiilasters are dense and many-flowered, notini are branches one year old.
or lax and few-flowered ; the axillary are ANNUAL. Flowering and fruiting in
few-flowered. The calyx is ovate, tubular, the same year when raised from seed.
and five-toothed. The corolla is the same
length as the tube of the calyx its upper
: ANNULAR. Having the form of a ring,
lip is erect, oblong, and entire; the lower lip as in certain embryos.
has the two lateral lobes, ovate and obtuse,
the middle one emarginate and bifid. The ANNULATE. Surrounded by elevated
stamens, four in number, are longer than rings or bands, or by scars in that form.
the upper lip. The style is bifid at the I
ANNULUS. A ring, as that which
apex. A. malabaricus has the reputation surrounds the spore-case of a fern, or the
of being a tonic and febrifuge, and is so
I

peristome of a moss; or the membrane

used by the natives of India, [W. C] |

remaining round the stipe of an agaric

ANISOMERIA. A genus of Phytolacca- I
when the cap has expanded. In the latter
case, it is a membranous or filamentous
cece, containing a single species from I

veil, inserted on the one hand round the

Chili. It is so nearly related to Phytolacca
stem, and on the other into the edge of
that it is generally considered as a sub- ;

the pileus, so as to cover the organs of

genus, differing from the true Phytolacca
in the inequality of the lobes of the calyx,
reproduction.
the ascending stamens, and the absence of ANODA. A genus of Malvacem differ-
an elevated central axis, leaving the ova- ing little, if at all, from Sida, except in
ries free at their inner edge. [W. C] the fact that its peduncles are not jointed,
from which circumstance also its name
ANISOMEROUS. When the parts of a has been derived. The species are natives
flower are unequal in number. The same of tropical America, north of the equator,
as Unsymmetrical. and are herbaceous plants with solitary
ANTSOPTERA. Agenus of Dipterocarpew, violet or yellow flowers. Some of them
containing six species of trees, natives are in cultivation. [M. T. M.]
of the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago.
They are nearly related to JDipterocarpus, ANOMALOUS. Irregular, unusual, con-
trary to rule.
but differ from it in having alternate
leaves, and in the stamens, twenty-five ANOMATHECA. A small genus of
in number, having their short filaments pretty Iridaceous bulbs, inhabiting South
united together at the base. [W. C] Africa.The genus is distinguished by
J

having a hypocrateriform perianth with a

ANISOTES. A genus of Lythracece, !

filiform triquetrous tube constricted at

founded on the Brazilian Lythrum anoma- 1

the throat, and a six-parted limb of oblong

lum, which differs from Lythrum in having spreading segments, of which the three
irregular flowers, the upper pair of petals hinder ones are approximate three sub- ;

being much larger than the rest, and the secund stamens inserted in the throat of
stamens only six. [J. T. S.] the perianth, and having short filaments ;

ANISOTOMA. A genus of Asclepiadacece I

a filiform style bearing three narrow linear
from the Cape of Good Hope, consisting of stigmata and an inferior roundish ovate
;

ovary, three-celled, containing many ovules.

;

climbing herbs, with heart-shaped or kid-

ney-shaped leaves, and small lateral umbels A. cruenta is a very pleasing dwarf plant,
of subsessile flowers having a downy co- often seen in gardens. This produces a
rolla. [T. M.] stem six to twelve inches high, furnished
at the base with two-ranked, narrow,
ANISOTOME. A genus of TJmbelliferce, sword-shaped leaves, branched above, and
containing three or four species, natives terminating in a subsecund spike of
of Auckland and Campbell Islands. They flowers, of which the long slender tube is
are amongst the largest and noblest plants whitish, and the limb rich carmine crimson;
of the natural order to which they belong, the three lower segments have also a
attaining a height of six feet, and bearing deep blood-coloured basal spot. There are
large umbels of rose-coloured or purple one or two other species. [T. M.j
flowers. The stem is strong, erect, and
furrowed. The leaves are large, petiolate, ANONA. A South American and West
and two or three-pinnate. The flowers are Indian genus of shrubs and trees, from
dicecious, with the calyx margin five-lobed, which the name of the order to which they
and one or more of the lobes longer and belong, Anonacece, is derived. The generic
more lanceolate than the remainder. In characters are a calyx of three minute
the male flower there are two rudimentary sepals, united at the base a corolla of six
;

abortive ovaries, with the styles as mere petals in two rows the stamens numerous
;

points on their inner margins. In the with linear, two-celled anthers, surmounted
female flowers the ovaries are conical, and by an oval crest numerous ovaries placed
;

terminate in long stout recurved styles, on a rounded receptacle and partly united
capitate at the extremity. The furrowed together, becoming completely fused when
 a

anon] Ktyt Creasurg of 23otang» 70

mature into a many-celled, fleshy, oval or aromatic properties. The wood of A. pa-
rounded fruit. lustris is so soft and compressible that
Several species of this genus are culti-
it is made use of in Jamaica in place of
cork the fruit is called the Alligator Apple,
;
vated in tropical countries for the sake of
but is not eaten, as it contains a narcotic
their fruits. The Sour-sop of the West principle. [M. T. M.]
Indies is the fruit of A. muricata. It is of
considerable size, often weighing upwards ANONACE^E (Anonm, Anonads, Glypto-
of two pounds it is greenish and covered
; spermas) form an important natural order of
with prickles, the pulp is white, and has tropical trees, remarkable for the powerful
an agreeable slightly acid flavour. The aromatic qualities of some of the species.
They are nearly allied to magnoliads, dif-
fering mainly in the want of stipules, and
in having an albumen ruminated like a
nutmeg. In most species, moreover, the
aestivation of the petals is valvate, so that
the flowers, being formed on a ternary
pjan, the buds are three-sided pyramids.
Some bear eatable pulpy fruit, like the
Cherimoyers and Custard Apples; in others
it isdry, aromatic, and pungent, like pep-
per; in all there seems to be present a
stimulating quality, which renders them
unsafe as articles of food, or as condiments,
except in small quantities. The timber of
some is extremely elastic, as lancewood,
and occasionally is intensely bitter. See
Xylopia, Uvaria, Guatteria, Anona,
Monodora, etc.

ANONYMOS. A name occasionally

given by the older botanists to various
plants which they could not readily com-
pare with any one that had a name already.
It has been entirely rejected from the mo-
dern nomenclature.
ANOPL ANTHUS. A genus of the broom-
rape family (Orobanchacece). They are
Anona squamosa. annual, leafless, parasitical herbs, growing
on the roots of various plants; seldom
Sweet-sop is the fruit of a tree, A. more than one foot in height, and the
squamosa, native of the Malay Islands, whole plant of a brown or purple colour.
but extensively cultivated in the East and The flower-stalks are naked above and
West Indies. The fruit is ovate, covered scaly below, bearing a single terminal
with projecting scales, the rind is thick, flower; the corolla with a curved tube
but encloses a luscious pulp, concerning about an inch long, or short, and some-
which, however, tastes differ; it appears what bell-shaped. There are five species
to be highly esteemed by the Creoles, known, three of them found in North
while the Europeans think lightly of it. America the other two, which have large
;

The fruit grown in the Indian Archipelago scarlet flowers, are natives of Asia Minor.
is said to possess a finer flavour than that A. uniflorus, a N. American species, is called
grown in the West Indies. The leaves of one-flowered Cancer root. [A. A. B.]
this plant have a heavy disagreeable odour, ANOSMIA. A genus of Umbelliferce,
and the seeds, according to Royle, contain containing a single speoies from Candia—
an acrid principle, fatal to insects, on which biennial, erect, herbaceous plant, with a
account the natives of India use them fusiform root, obtusely-trifid leaves, and
powdered and mixed with the flour of white hermaphrodite flowers. It is nearly
gram (Cicer arietinum)fov washing the hair. related to Smyrnium, from which, how-
The Cherimoyer of Peru is the fruit of ever, it is separated by the want of invo-
A. Cherimclia, which is nearly allied to lucres and involucels. [W. C]
the preceding. The fruit is somewhat ANOTTA, or ARNOTTO. Bixa orellana.
heart-shaped and scaly on the exterior, and
is counted by the Creoles as being the ANREDERA. A genus of Basellacece,
most delicious fruit in the world, a verdict containing a single species, a native of the
which Europeans do not confirm. The West Indies and Peru. It is a climbing
common Custard Apple, or Bullock's Heart, herbaceous plant, with alternate petiolate
is an eatable fruit produced by A. reti- leaves, and pedicellate flowers, arranged in
culata, a native of the West Indies, but many-flowered simple axillary spikes. The
cultivated in the East Indies also. Its calyx, consists of five membranaceous se-
yellowish pulp is not so much relished as pals. The five stamens rise from the base
that of the other kinds. In addition to of the sepals. The ovary is unilocular, and
their fruits, the plants of this genus are uniovulate, with a short style, and three
remarkable for their fragrant leaves and long slender stigmas. [W. CJ
 ;

71 £i)£ €rea£urj) nf 2Batanp. [anth

ANSELLIA africana. A very fine or- to accompany different species of Coccus,
chid, found growing on oil-palm trees in from whose exudations they probably de-
the island of Fernando Po. It has a tall rive their nutriment. [M. J. B.]
stem, not unlike a sugar-cane broad ;

strap-shaped leaves, and great drooping ANTHEMIS. The genus of plants to

panicles of greenish flowers, blotched which the Chamomile belongs. It forms
with purple. There is also a plant of this part of the composite family, among which
it may be known by its involucre, consist-
genus found at Natal, and called Ansellia
gigantea ; but it does not seem to be dis- ing of a number of overlapping scales,
tinct from the plant of the West Coast. with membranous margins by the absence
;

of pappus, or feathery calyx by its outer

ANSE'RINE. (Fr.) Chenopodium ; also, florets — ;

flowers of the ray, as they are

Potent ilia anserina. called —being in one row, ligulate, or
strap-shaped, containing pistils only
ANT TREE. Triplaris Bonplandiana,
while those of the centre, or disc, are
the habitation of a species of ant {Myr-
numerous, tubular in form, and contain
mica).
both stamens and pistils. The receptacle
ANTENNARIA. A family of herbaceous on which the flowers are placed is convex,
evergreen perennials, belonging to the and covered with little chaffy scales or
natural order Compositce, and distinguished bracts, which stand up between the florets.
by the dry, coloured, chaffy scales encircl- The Chamomile, A. nobilis, is a native of
ing each head of flowers, of which the sta- Britain. Its stems are procumbent or
mens and pistils are on different plants. A. erect, much-branched, leafy, furrowed,
margaritacea, the Pearly Everlasting (Gna- and hollow in the interior. The leaves are
phalium of Linna?us), is a native of North downy, pinnately divided into narrow seg-
America, where it grows in some districts ments. The bitterness of the Chamomile
in great profusion. It has long been a fa- is due'to a principle which possesses tonic
vourite garden plant in this country, and, properties. The aromatic fragrance is due
having escaped from cultivation, has in to the presence of an essential oil, which
some places thoroughly established itself is of a light blue colour when freshly ex-
as a denizen. Gathered just before their tracted. Both these ingredients exist in
prime, the flowers retain their form and larger quantities in the central yellow flo-
lustrous pearly hue for an indefinite rets than in the outer white ones ; hence
period hence they are often laid by to be
; the wild Chamomile is preferred for medi-
added to winter bouquets, or, having been cal purposes, as in the cultivated variety
previously dyed of various colours, to be the flowers are apt to become double by
employed in decorating rooms. On the the conversion of the yellow tubular cen-
Continent, under the name of Immortelles, tral florets into white strap-shaped ones
they are much used in the construction of like those of the ray. Owing to its stimu-
wreaths, to be placed as votive offerings lant tonic properties, it is much used in
on the graves of the departed, and renewed certain cases of weak digestion, and oc-
on the anniversaries of their saints' days. casionally as an emetic, in the form of an
A. dioica is a British species, not unfre- infusion. A. tinctoria furnishes a yellow
quent in hilly and mountainous districts. dye. A. Cotula is a common weed in the
It is a much smaller plant than the preced- South of England, where it is called Stink-
ing, from five to six inches high, with de- ing May-weed. The leaves differ from
cumbent stems, cottony leaves, and white those of the true Chamomile in being
or rose-coloured flowers. [C. A. J.] quite smooth, not downy. The plant is
ANTENNARIA (bis). The black web-like covered with glands, which emit a power-
masses which hang down from the ceil-
ful and disagreeable perfume, and cause
swelling of the hands of persons employed
ings of wine vaults, and from thence cling
to pull the plant up as a weed. [M. T. M.]
to the casks and bottles, forming the pride
of the -wine-merchant, are derived from a ANTHER. The case which contains the
fungus of this genus, belonging to the race pollen of a plant ; the terminal hollow of
of sac-bearing moulds, Physomycetes. a stamen.
Other species creep over living leaves,
covering them with a black felt, and hin- ANTHERICTJM. An extensive genus of
dering both the proper access of light and Liliacece, distinguished by its six-leaved,
their especial functions of breathing and equal spreading, or campanulately conni-
perspiration. The threads of which the vent perianth ; six hypogynous stamens
mass is composed are either even, or with short filaments a filiform declinate
;

swollen into joints, like necklaces, and the style, with an obtuse subcapitate stigma;
fruit arises from swollen portions of the and a three-celled ovary, containing nume-
threads, a miniature plant being sometimes rous ovules. The species consist of herbs
produced within the swellings or speran- having fleshy fasciculate roots, radical
gia, without distinct spores. Since many filiform or linear lanceolate leaves, some-
of the species are succeeded by a Capno- times fleshy, often hairy, and flower scapes
diurn, it is possible that the greater part bearing racemes or panicles of white
are only imperfect or transitional forms of flowers. They are found indigenous in
that genus. Antennariw are far more the middle and south of Europe, in New
common in warm than in cold climates, Holland, and in South Africa. The species
and are the pest of orange groves and are ranged in three groups, viz. :— 1. Anthe-
coffee plantations. They seem frequently ricum proper, in which the perianth is
ANTH ®\)t CrsaSurp of Matmw. 72

spreading, and the stamens smooth. 2. Bul- stamens, and as such petaloid stamens are
bine, in which the perianth is spreading generally devoid of anthers, the fertility
and the stamens are all, or each alternate of the plant may in consequence be af-
one, bearded. 3. Czackia, in which the fected. [M. J. B.]
perianth is campanulately connivent, and
the stamens smooth. A.Liliastrmn, which ANTHISTIRIA. A genus of grasses of
belongs to the last group, is a pretty plant the tribe Andropogonece. The flowers are
with broadish grassy leaves, and a scape polygamous, the hermaphrodite being ses-
one and a-half foot high, bearing several sile, or very shortly stipitate, whilst the
largish white sweet-scented flowers, marked male flowers are pedicellate. The species
on each segment with a green dot. This are all foreign, and many of them only
is called St. Bruno's Lily. [T. M.] grow spontaneously in tropical countries.
One of the most interesting is the Kan-
ANTHERIDIA (Antherids). A term ap- garoo grass of Australia, A. australis, which
plied to the male organs in cryptogams, supplies a considerable portion of food to
which, though analogous to anthers in the cattle in some parts of that country,
phsenogams, cannot be considered as pre- and is consequently, valuable to the colo-
cisely the same organs, or, in strict botani-
nists. A. arundinacea grows from six to
cal language, their homologues. They are of
twelve feet high, in the East Indies, ac-
very various character and variously seated cording to Roxburgh. [D. M.]
in the different sections. While amongst ANTHOCARPOUS. Composed of flowers
the higher cryptogams, in ferns and some and fruit blended into a solid mass, as in
other allied sections, they consist of little the pine apple.
sacs, seated on the threads or membrane
immediately derived from the spores, pro- ANTHOCERCIS. A genus of plants
ducing bodies altogether analogous with and belonging to the
allied to Salpiglossis
the spermatozoa of animals in Selaginella,
;
same natural family, Scrophulariacece. The
Pilularia, &c, they appear under the guise plants are shrubs, natives of the extra-
of a second smaller spore, which after a tropical parts of New Holland. Some of
time produces the spermatozoids and in ;
them are cultivated in greenhouses. The
mosses they appear on the plant itself, once calyx is five-parted, equal; the corolla
only, or more frequently, according as it bell-shaped, its tube contracted at the
is annual or perennial. In Characece the an-
base, its limb five-parted there are four
;

theridia are of a very complicated structure, perfect stamens, and a rudiment of the
as described under that head. fifth. [M. T. MJ
In the lower cryptogams there is no less ANTHOCERIDEiE, ANTHOCEROS. A
difference in the character of the anthe- small natural order and genus of liver-
ridia. Amongst the rose-spored and dark- worts, distinguished by the capsule, which
spored Algce there are several distinct is threaded by a linear columella, bursting
types amongst the green-spored we have
; longitudinally on one or both sides, and
sometimes free bodies, analogous to the by the fronds being without the pores
small spores of Selaginella. The sperma- which are so conspicuous in Marchantia-
tozoids are not, however, spiral, as in the cece. It consists of about three genera
higher cryptogams, though still endowed only, which occur in different parts of the
with active motion by means of delicate world, one of which, Carpobolus,is remark-
appendages. Amongst funguses and lichens able for the absence of the spiral vessels
we have again a totally different type, the or elaters in the capsule, that are so
spermatozoids, or spermatia as they are characteristic of the tribe. Two species,
called, not having active motion or ex- Anthoceros Icevis and A. punctatus occur in
ternal motile appendages. Amongst the this country on the ground, principally in
lower kinds it is possible that they may be the eastern counties. None of the species
merely representative, without any active bear anything like the true leaves of the
functions, and in some cases, probably, higher Jungermannice. [M. J. B.]
they exist merely as a sort of conidia.
The whole subject is, however, at the ANTHOCHORTUS. A genus containing
present obscure, as far as Fungi and lichens a single species of Restiacece, a native of
are concerned. Organs which are some- the Cape of Good Hope. It is a little-
times called antheridia, are occasionally known herbaceous plant with filiform
so denominated without any sufficient leafless stems. The flowers are dioecious,
grounds, as for example the prominent I
The male has a six-parted infundibuliform,
cells on the gills of the hotbed toadstools, and purple-coloured calyx, and three sta-
Coprini. [M. J.B.] mens the female is unknown. [W. C]
;

ANTHEROMANIA. An unnatural de- ANTHOCYANE. The blue colouring

velopment of stamens. This may take matter of plants.
place without any detriment to the plant. ANTHODISCUS. A genus of Rhizobola-
As the petals are multiplied, the stamens cece,containing a single species, a tree
are usually multiplied but where the
; from Guiana. It has alternate or opposite
stamens are epigynous, the addition will trifoliate leaves,and flowers in racemes,
sometimes materially disturb the normal each flower having a short pedicel with
construction of the flower. In some double two bracts. The small persistent calyx
flowers, the apparent multiplication of the is cup-shaped, and obscurely flve-lobed.
petals is really a multiplication of the The five caducous petals are concave and
 73 Cf)c Crea£uvj) at Stafang. ANTH
coherent. The stamens are very numerous, by ringing, provided the weather be not
and inserted with the petals on a hypogy- very unfavourable. In many instances
nous disc they have filiform and glandu-
;
the fall of the flower naturally follows
lar filaments, and bilocular anthers. The impregnation, and cannot be regarded as a
ovary is globose with many loculaments, disease indeed, the time of its fall seems
;

each containing a sinarle ovule. There are to depend upon the process of fertilisation,
as many oblong incurved styles as there for even in cases where the flowers natu-
are cells in the ovary. [W. C] [
rally fade very rapidly, their duration may
be prolonged by preventing the access of
ANTHODIFM. The head of flowers, or j
pollen to the style. [M. J. B.]
capitulum of composites.
ANTHOXANTHINE. The yellow colour-
ANTHOGONITJM gracile. A terrestrial !

ing matter of plants.

orchid from the north of India, with long,
narrow, grassy, leaves. The flowers form j
ANTHOXANTHUM. A genus of grasses
pretty complete tubes of a crimson colour, of the tribe Phalaridece. The few species
at the end of slender scapes. which belong to the genus are all from
ANTHOLYSIS. The retrograde metamor- temperate parts of the globe, and there is
phosis of a flower as when carpels change
;
only one British, namely, the sweet-scented
Vernal grass, A. odoratum. It is distin-
to stamens, stamens to petals, petals to
sepals, and sepals to leaves, more or less
guished from its allies by having mem-
branous, awnless glumes, compressed and
completely.
connate below pales, one to each flower,
;

ANTHOLYZA. A small genus of showy bearing an awn on its back part. This
Iridaceo?, having a tubulose perianth, of grass is rather remarkable botanically, by
which the limb is six-parted, unequal, the having flowers diandrous, i. e. with two
upper segment being much the longest, stamens to each, three being the normal
straight, spoon-shaped, the two lateral ones number in grasses; hence, in accordance
spreading and ascending, and the three with the Linuaean system, it is included in
lower ones very small ;there are three a different class from most of the other
stamens, and three stigmata, and a three- grasses. It forms a large proportion of
celled ovary, containing numerous ovules. many meadows and pastures, but is not
They are herbs with bulb-tubers or corms, considered a first-class species, having a
and are allied to Gladiolus. A. splendens, less quantity of saccharine matter and
one of the pretty species sometimes seen more mucilage than some other kinds in
in gardens, has the corms about as large its composition. The peculiar odour which
as a hazel nut, a stem two to three feet high, well-saved new hay gives out, is supposed
bearing at the base, long linear or linear- to be principally emitted from this grass,
ensiform strongly-nerved leaves, and ter- hence the English name. [D. M.]
minated by a many-flowered spike of | The fragrant resinous principle which
distichous flowers, the tubular portion of occurs in this grass, and is called cou-
which is slender at the base, and triangu- marin, is a widely-diffused natural per-
larly gibbous about the middle the limb fume, being found, according to Professor
being bright scarlet. The flowers appear to Johnstone, in the Tonka Bean (Diptcrix
be long tubular, with a pair of expanded odorata), the Faham Tea-plant of the Mau-
wings. A. Cunonia, another well-known ritius (Angrwcum fragrans), the common
species, has the flowers scarlet, yellow Sweet Woodruff (Asperula odorata), the
towards the base of the tube, and arranged Sweet-scented Vernal Grass (Anthoxa nth um
in a secund manner, instead of being odoratum), the common Melilot (Melilotus
distichous on the spike. There are a few officinalis), and the blue, or Swiss Melilot
other species, all South African. [T. M.] |
(Melilotus ccerulea). ' It is the same odour,'
he continues, 'therefore, which gives
AXTHOPTERUS. Under this name are
'

fragrance to the Tonka Bean, to the

comprised certain plants belonging to the Faham Tea of the Mauritius, to our Melilot
order Yacciniacece. Their prominent charac- I

Trefoil, and to sweet-smelling hay-fields.

ters are a calyx tube provided with five j In Switzerland the blue Melilot is mixed
wings, a corolla with a tube similarly with particular kinds of scented cheese,
winged, and ten stamens, united together and the coumarin it contains gives to that
into a membranous tube. [M. T. M .] of Schabzieger its peculiar well-known
odour.' The vapour of coumarin is stated
ANTHOPTOSIS. Most flowers are mere to act powerfully on the brain; and it is
temporary organs, which, when they have !

not improbable that hay fever, to which

performed their functions, are destined to j

many susceptible people are liable, may be

fall. In many cases, however, the flowers owing to the presence of this substance in
fall before impregnation has taken place, unusual quantities during the period of
or shortly after, involving with them the haymaking. [T. M.]
pistil, and so inducing sterility. This may
arisefrom various causes, as excess or
j

]
ANTHRISCUS. A genus of umbellifer-
want of proper moisture, but more fre- ous plants, with thin, finely-divided leaves,
1

quently from late frosts or cold winds. and small, inconspicuous white flowers,
The disease amongst grapes known by arranged in umbels. Two species only are
the name of coulure,' is of this descrip-
'
j
—
cultivated the Chervil, A. Cerefolium, for
tion. This, however, arises frequently flavouring salads, &c, and the Parsnip
from poverty of sap, and may be prevented I Chervil, A. bulbosus, for its roots as a veget-
anth] Cfjs &r?agurg of SSotang. 74

able. Chervil an old-fashioned pot-herb,

is The flowers thus. constituted are densely
having been cultivated by Gerarde in his packed upon a cylindrical often almost ses-
garden in Holborn in 15'90. It is a native sile spadix or spike,, at the base of which is
of various parts of Europe, and occasion- a large bract or spathe, which becomes
ally met with in England in waste places. bent backwards as the flowers come to
The young leaves, when about two inches maturity. [M.T.M.]
high, are considered fit for gathering, and
are then used in soups and stews, to which
ANTHYLLIS. A genus of plants belong-
ing to the natural order Leguminosce, her-
they impart a warm aromatic flavour. They
baceous or shrubby, having a permanent
are also used with mustard and cress in
calyx, which, after flowering, becomes in-
small salads, but are not much in demand
flated petals all nearly of equal length and
;
in this country. The French and Dutch,, ;

a pod always hidden by the calyx, and con-

however, have scarcely a soup or salad in
taining one or two seeds. The only Bri-
which Chervil does not form a part and,
tish species is A. Vulneraria, so called from
;

as a seasoner, it is by many preferred to

its supposed property of staunching the
parsley. There is a curled leafed variety
blood of wounds, which virtue it probably
of this plant, which makes a very hand-
possesses to the same extent with many
some garnish for dishes, and is on this ac- other plants having equally downy leaves.
count more esteemed than the common
Its popular name is Kidney Vetch, or
sort. The Cerfeuil frisd of the French is
Lady's Fingers, and it is frequently met
very similar to the last, the only difference
with in dry pastures, especially such as are
being in the leaves, which are even more
chalky, or near the sea. The leaves are
frizzled than those of plants raised from
rather large, of a bluish tinge, hairy,
seed saved in England. Care must be
pinnate, with the terminal leaflet largest.
taken not to confound this plant with
Anthriscus vulgaris, the common rough
The flowers are most commonly yellow,
and grow in crowded heads, which are dis-
Chervil, which bears so great a resem-
blance to it as to have deceived some
posed in pairs, with large deeply-lobed
bracts beneath each the calyx is of a deli-
Dutch soldiers, who gathered it, when in ;

cate straw colour. In some of the marine

England, in 1745, and put it into their —
stations especially at the Lizard, in Corn-
soups, by which several of them were
poisoned. The Parsnip Chervil, sometimes
wall —the colour of the flowers varies to a
remarkable extent, yellow, cream-coloured,
called Charoplujllum bulbosum, is a native
white, purple, and crimson being found all
of France, and, although known to gar-
growing together. Of the shrubby species,
deners since its introduction to this coun-
A. Barba-Jovis is an evergreen shrub, a
try in 1726, it is only within the last few
native of the South of Europe. This also
years that attention has been directed to
has pinnate leaves and yellow flowers, and
its culture as an esculent vegetable. In
the whole plant has a silvery appearance,
size and shape the root attains the dimen-
from which it derived its name of Jupiter's
sions of a small Dutch carrot. It is out-
Beard and the Silver-bush. ' The elegance
wardly of a grey colour, but when cut the
of this shrub did not escape the ancients ;
flesh is white, mealy, somewhat nutty in a
and Pliny mentions its beauty, adding that
raw state, and by no means unpleasant to it dislikes water, and that it makes a
the taste. When boiled, the flavour is in-
veiy elegant ornament for gardens, when
termediate between that of the chestnut
clipped into a round shape. It is one of
and potato, in consequence of which it has the finest shrubs that can be planted
been recommended for cultivation as a against a conservatory wall. It wilt grow
substitute for the latter root. [W. B. B.]
in any light soil.' [C. A. J.]

ANTHURIUM. A genus of plants of the ANTIARIS, the artocarpaceous genus of

Ai~nm or by some referred to
family, plants to which the Upas-tree of Java
The name is derived from two
Orontiacece. belongs. The stamens and pistils are in
Greek words, signifying flower-tail, and is separate flowers, on the same tree. The
given in allusion to the inflorescence, male flowers are numerous, and enclosed
which is a spike somewhat like a tail. The within a hairy involucre, formed of several
plants are better known under the old fleshy divisions, rolled inwards. The
name of Pothos. They comprise several calyx is in three or four pieces, and en-
tropical plants, natives of Central or Tropi- closes an equal number of stalkless an-
cal America, for the most part growing thers. The female flower has an adherent
upon trees, or in their forks, and hence calyx of several leaves, and is terminated
called epiphytes, in contradistinction to by a long two-parted style. It contains a
parasites, which not only grow upon other single suspended ovule, and becomes con-
plants, but also derive their nourishment verted when ripe into a succulent drupe-
from them. From the root-like stems the like fruit. The female flowers are solitar3r ,
leaves arise these are of varied shape, in
;
placed in the axils of the leaves, side by
some entire, in others palmate or digitate, side with the heads of male floMr ers.
sometime? with swollen leaf-stalks, but in The Upas-tree, when pierced, exudes a
all invested below by a small sheath. The milky juice, which contains an acrid viru-
stem also gives off numerous aerial roots, lent poison, called antiarin. Most ex-
like those of the common ivy, but on a aggerated statements respectiug this plant
larger scale. The flowers contain both were circulated by a Dutch surgeon about
stamens and pistils, enclosed within aperi- the close of the last century. The tree
anth. The ovary is two to four-celled. was described as growing in a desert
ANTIARIS & COFFEE PLANTATION IN JAVA
BLUME)
tract, with no other plant near it for the which is given off in such abundance as
distance of ten or twelve miles. Criminals to be fatal to animals that approach too
condemned to die were offered the chance closely. These pestiferous valleys are con-
of life if they would go to the Upas-tree nected with the numerous volcanoes in
and collect some of the poison. They were the island. The craters of some of these
furnished with proper directions, and emit, according to Reinwardt, sulphureous
armed with due precaution, but not more vapours in such abundance as to cause
than two out of every twenty ever re- the death of great numbers of tigers
turned. The Dutch surgeon, Foersch, states birds, and insects; while the rivers and
that he had derived his information from lakes are in some cases so charged with
some of those who had been lucky enough sulphuric acid, that no fish can live in
to escape, albeit the ground around was them. So that doubtless the Upas-tree has
strewn with the bones of their predeces- had to bear the opprobrium really due to
sors and such was the virulence of the
; the volcanoes and their products not that
:

poison, that there are no fish in the waters,

' the Upas is by any means innocent, for
nor has any rat, mouse, or any other ver- severe effects have been felt by those who
min been seen there and when any birds
;
have climbed the tree for the purpose of
fly so near this tree that the effluvia bringing clown the branches and flowers.
reaches them, they fall a sacrifice to the The inner bark of the young trees, which
effects of the poison.' Out of a population is fabricated into a coarse garment, ex-
of 1,600 persons, who were compelled, on cites the most horrible itching. It clings
to the skiii, if exposed to the wet before
being properly prepared. The dried juice,
mixed with other ingredients, forms a
most venomous poison, in which the na-
tives dip their arrows. A view of one of
these trees in the midst of coffee planta-
tions, will be found in Plate 3.
A species of Antiaris, called also Lepu-
randra saccidora, furnishes the natives of
Bombay with sacks, which are made by
beating the cloth-like bark, and peeling
it off from the felled branches, leaving a
small portion of wood to form the bottom
of the sacks. They are used to hold rice.
Specimens of these maybe seen in the Kew
Museum. [M. T. M.]
ANTICAL. Placed in front of a flower,
the front being regarded as the part most
remote from tihe axis. Thus, the lip of an
Orchis is antical.

AJSTIDAPHNE. A genus of Lorantha-

cece,containing a single species parasitic on
the trees of the primeval forests of Peru,
found chiefly on laurels. It has alternate,
obovate, and entire leaves. The flowers
are monoecious, arranged in small axillary
spikes. The male flowers have a simple,
three-lobed calyx, three stamens, with
petaloid filaments, and bilocular anthers.
Antiaris innoxia. The calyx of the female flowers is simple,
with an entire margin the ovary is unilo-
;

account of civil dissensions, to reside cular, and uniovulate, with a subsessile

within twelve or fourteen miles of the tree, capitate stigma. [W. C]
not more than three hundred remained in
less than two months. Foersch states ANTIDESMA. A
genus of the natural
that he conversed with some of the sur- family Stilaginacece. Upwards of thirty
vivors, and proceeds to give an account of species are known, all of them natives of
some experiments that he witnessed with tropical India, Africa, and Australia, and
the gum of this tree, these experiments their islands. They are trees or shrubs, with
consisting principally in the execution of alternate, simple, entire leaves, and spicate
several women, by direction of the Em- inflorescence- The flowers are inconspicu-
peror Now, as specimens of this tree are
! ous, the males and females on the same
cultivated in botanic gardens, the tree plant. The fruit is a one-seeded drupe
cannot have such virulent properties as it about the size of a pea. The bark of A.
was stated to have; moreover, it is now Binims, which is a native of Java and the
known to grow in woods with other trees, adjacent isles, affords a fibre from which
and birds and lizards have been observed ropes are made. The fruits are of a bright
on its branches. It occasionally grows in red colour, ripening into an intense black,
certain low valleys in Java, rendered un- with a sub-acid taste. They are used in
wholesome by an escape of carbonic acid Java for preserving, principally by Euro-
gas from crevices in the ground, and peans, bringing about twopence per quart.
 —

The leaves are used as a remedy against ANTJAR. The poisonous Antiaris toxi-
snake bites, and in syphilitic affections. caria ; also called Antschar.
The wood, when immersed in water, he- ANTROPHYUM. A genus of polypodia-
comes black and as heavy as iron. All the ceous ferns, belonging to the Hemionitidece,
parts of the plant have a bitter taste. The
distinguished by having the veins of the
berries of A. diandrum are eaten in India
fronds uniform and reticulated, and the
by the natives, as well as those of A. pube- which is linear, and usually
fructification,
scens, also a native of India and its bruised
;
immersed in a shallow groove, also more or
leaves are used in native practice, and ap-
less, but only partially, reticulated. It is a
plied in the form of a poultice to ulcers
group of very distinct aspect, though in
and tumours. [A. A. B.]
technical characters coming close to Hemi-
ANTIGRAMMA. A genus of polypodia- onitis, in which latter, however, the lines
ceous ferns of the Aspleniece section, of spore-cases are more completely joined
belonging to that series in which the sori together into a network, and superficial on
are connivent in pairs, with the indusia the frond. There are several species, all
opening face to face (scolopendrioid). In simple fronded, found in various parts of
that series it is known by having the the tropics of both hemispheres. [T. MJ
veins of its fronds reticulated, and its sori
parallel and oblique. The genus comprises
ANTCHIA. A
genus of knotworts, Ule-
cebracece, near to Paronychia, but differing
a couple of Brazilian species, having
in the absence of petals as well as of awns
simple fronds. [T. M.]
to the calyx leaves. There are two known
ANTIRRH.EA. A genus of cinchona- species, both North American weeds of
ceous plants inhabiting Mauritius and no beauty. The Forked Chickweed, A. dicho-
Bourbon, consisting of shrubs with leaves toma, is a slender herb four to ten inches
arranged in whorls of three. The flowers high, with capillary, many-times-forked
are borne on forked peduncles, and have a branehlets, bearing minute flowers in the
calyx which is short, bell-shaped, and four- forks, and opposite oblong leaves rather
toothed and a tubular corolla, with four
;
more than half an inch in length, accom-
sessile anthers attached to its interior. The panied with stipules like those of buck-
fruit is succulent, externally, and contains wheats (Polygonum). [A. A. B.]
a kernel with two one-seeded cells. The
name of these plants is expressive of their AOTUS. A genus of Australian and
valuable properties in arresting hemor- Tasmanian shrubs, belonging to the pea-
rhages, and as astringents. [M. T. M.] flowered section of the leguminose fa-
mily, containing ten species. They are
ANTIRRHINUM. A
genus of Scrophu- slender plants, with heath-like leaves, ar-
lariacem, containing fourteen species, na- ranged in whorls round the stem, three in
tives chiefly of the Mediterranean region, a whorl. The flowers are small, bright
though some are found in California. yellow, with short stalks, and the calyx is
They are annual or perennial, rarely shrub- destitute of the two small bracts which are
by herbaceous plants, with the lower leaves found on those of the allied genera: this
often opposite, and the upper ones alter- gives rise to the name of the genus
nate. The flowers are commonly showy, Aotus, signifying without ears. A. gracih
and solitary in the axils of the upper lima, a native of West Australia, is a fa-
leaves, or forming terminal racemes. The vourite greenhouse plant. It is a slender
calyx is five-partite. The corolla has a shrub, with copious yellow flowers, which
broad tube, saccate and slightly protruding are so thickly set on the stems as to hide
below the calyx on the lower side, but not the leaves from view. One or two other
spurred as in Linaria, The throat is species are in cultivation, but many very
closed by a large, projecting, bearded pa- pretty species have yet to be introduced.
late, which gives to the flower a resem- The pods of most of the species are not
blance to the face of an animal or a mask, larger than a grain of barley, and contain
whence the name, meaning 'snout-like.' each two seeds. [A. A. B.]
The capsule is two-celled, oblique, and
opening by two or three pores at the top. APACTIS. A Japanese tree, very im-
The seeds are truncate. perfectly described by Thunberg, and not
The genus has been divided into three since recognised.
sections, l. Orontium, annual plants with
penninerved entire leaves and compressed
APALANCHE VERT. (Fr.) Prino3 ver-
ticillatus.
seeds. 2. Autlrrhlnastrum, perennial plants
with penninerved entire leaves and obo-
j

APALANTHE. A generic name given

by Planchon to a few species of Anacharls,
|

vate seeds. And 3. Asarina, with palmi-

nerved lobed leaves and ovoid oblong.
;

separated from that prenus because of their

seeds. Two species are found in Britain ;
: having hermaphrodite flowers. It has,
the larger, A. majus, has probably escaped however, been found that one of these spe-
from gardens, and is found on old walls cies, A. Schweinitzii, is the same as Ana-
[

and in clefts of rocks A. Orontium occurs

;
charls Alsinastrum, which, although its
in the corn-fields of the south of England flowers are generally dioecious, vet fre-
and Ireland. [W. CJ quently bears fertile flowers with three to
six stamens: sometimes merely shoit ste-
ANTITROPAL. The same as Ortho- rile filaments without anthers or with im-
ropal. I
perfect ones, and sometimes with oblong
 almost sessile anthers. It is probable that, APETALON. A minute leafless orchid,
when the other species are more carefully found beneath the shade of Bamboos in
examined, no foundation will be found for Coorg.
the separation of Apalanthe. [W. C]
APETALOUS. Having no petals. Also
APARGIA. This name is used in some extended to plants that have neither calyx
English books for one or two species of nor corolla.
Hawkbit, Leontodan, called A. hispida and APHANBS. A synonym of Alchemilla.
A. autumnalis, the latter of which is some-
times referred to Oporina. [T. M.] APHANOSTEPHTJS. A genus of the
composite family, numbering three spe-
APATURIA. Terrestrial leafless orchids, cies, which are found in Texas and New
! from the continent of India, Ceylon, and Mexico. They are related on the one hand
China. They are of no interest, their pallid to the daisy (Bellis), from which they differ
flowers hanging down from the side of a in the presence of a pappus to the achenes,
rather long spike. One of the marks by and on the other to the Australian genus
which they are most easily known is hav-
I

I
;
Brachycome, from which the rounded and
ing, along with a structure similar to that striate, instead of flattened, achenes at
! of Bletia, stems covered by thin mem- once distinguish them. They are much-
i
branous scales. branched annual plants, six inches to a
foot high, having linear or spathulate,
I APEIBA. A genus of the lime-tree
toothed or entire, more or less hoary
family, Tiliacece,containing twelve spe-
leaves, and slender twigs, terminating in
!
ties. They are trees or shrubs with alter- a single stalked flower-head about half an
nate, stalked, entire or serrate leaves,which
inch across, the rays pink or white, the
:

are covered on both surfaces with starry

j

pubescence, and having at the base of their

disc yellow. A —
ramosissimus called also
footstalk two stipules, which fall early. Egletes ramosissima —
is quite a pretty
I

plant in cultivation, producing a great

The peduncles are terminal and opposite abundance of flower-heads, with white
the leaves, much-branched and many-
I

rays, tinged with pink underneath; and

flowered the flower3 yellow or greenish,
;
it lasts through the summer. [A. A. B.]
interspersed with bracteas. Their fruits
are woody, roundish, and often covered APHELANDRA. This name is applied
with tubercules, or stiff prickles. The spe- in consequence of the flowers of the plants
cies are found in Mexico, the West Indies, of this genus having one-celled anthers.
and Southern tropical America. The fibrous They are small shrubs, natives of tropical
bark of A. Petoumo is known in Panama as America. The inflorescence consists of
Cortega, and is used for making cordage, four-sided spikes, with slightly mem-
being strong, tough, and distinguished branous bracts, handsome reddish or scar-
from other indigenous fibres by its white- let flowers, with a gaping two-lipped
ness. The wood of A. Tibourbou being light corolla, the lower lip divided into three
and soft, is used in Brazil for making the lobes, the central one of which is much
raft-boats called jangadas. Its fruit, in larger than the lateral ones; the stamens
size and appearance, is much like that of are four in number, one pair longer than
the Spanish chestnut. A aspera has a flat- the other (didynamous), the anthers one-
tened circular fruit, with rough points, celled the capsule is sessile roundish, two-
;
resembling the cup of an acorn, only celled, each cell containing two compressed
closed at the top. [A. B.] A seeds. A. cristata is a remarkably hand-
APERA genus of grasses of the tribe some stove plant, with fine ovate pointed
A leaves, and showy spikes of blossom. It
Agrostidece. As defined by Adanson and was formerly referred to the genus Jus-
Beauvois, a few species only are referable
ticiar, and belongs to the order Acanthaceoz.
to this genus, which in more modern
A. aurantiaca is scarcely less handsome
works will be found described under the
than the other. [M. T. M.]
genera Agrostis, Muhlenbergia, and Yulpia.
The principal characters depended on to APHELEXIS. A
genus of Madagascar
separate it from Agrostis are the lower plants, belonging to the composite family
glume being smaller than the upper, and {Composite), having much resemblance
the presence of a rudimentary second to the everlasting flowers (Helichrysum),
floret, beside the perfect floret. The Bri- and differing from these chiefly in the
tish species, Apera Spica-venti, TVind-Bent hairs of the pappus. Five species are
Grass, is one of the prettiest of English known, all of them having very small
grasses, the light feathery panicles of in- leaves, which are closely pressed to the
floresence, with the long awns attached to stein, like those of the club-moss. The
the glumes, seldom failing to attract atten- flower-heads are either large, solitary, and
tion from even those who are' little in the
of a pink colour, or small, yellow, and two
habit ofobserving plants. Although of small or three together at the ends of the
importance as an agricultural species, it is branches. The plants known in gardens
valued for the beauty of its flowers, which as Aphelexis, and so commonly cultivated
remain long on the rachis, and form a in greenhouses, are natives of the Cape,
handsome drawing-room ornament, even not of Madagascar, and are generally pla ced
in their natural state, but particularly so in the genus Helipterum. [A. A. BJ
when dyed crimson, green, or any other
bright colour. [D. MJ APHELIA. A genus of Desvauxiacece,
 ; ! 1

APHx] Cfje Crea^ur^ ai 2S0tang. 78

consisting of a small sedge-like plant, A. ,
numbers at least 1,500 species, divided
cyperoides, from the southern shores of among nearly 300 genera, not a tree is
New Holland, which grows in small tufts, known among them; a very few only
|

with short thread-like leaves and naked attaining the condition of woody bushes. !

stems, a few inches high, at the top of Many are important as producing articles
which are short two-ranked spikes of of food ;many are poisons most are ;
j

'

glumaceous flowers, the lower glumes fre- merely unimportant weeds a few, like; ;

quently empty; the outer glume of each ;

Astrantia, are furnished with gay colours,

flower is mucli acuminate, the upper glume and thus become objects of decoration,
One of them, Bulax Glebaria, forms huge
j

shorter, hispid at the base. [J. T. SJ I

tussocks in the Falkland Islands, resemb-

APHLOIA. A genus of the Flacourtia ling haycocks. Of the harmless species,
j

family, containing but few species. They •

in which, with a little aroma, there is no

are small trees, with much-cut, serrate, or considerable quantity of acrid watery
entire alternate leaves, and axillary, soli- matter or gum-resinous secretion, must be
tary, or fascicled flowers, without petals. more particularly named celery, fennel,
From all the allied genera, they are dis- samphire, parsley, and the roots of the
tinguished by their single one-sided pla- carrot, parsnip, and skirret (Slum tiisarum ).
cental line, to which the ovules are The root of Eryngium campestre and mari-
attached. They are natives of Madagas- timum, vulgarly called Eryngo, is sweet,
car or the Mauritius, some of them varying aromatic, and tonic. The aromatic roots
much in their foliage, entire or pinnatifid of Meum athamanticum and Mutellina
leaves being found on the same plant. A. form an ingredient in Venice treacle.
theiformis has an emetic bark. [A. A. B.] Angelica root, belonging to Archmujelira
officinalis, is fragrant, sweet when first
APHYLLjE. A name applied to that tasted, but leaving a glowing heat in the
portion of cryptogamic plants compre- j
mouth. Others are gum-resinous, as the
hended under the term Thallogens, in con- species of Ferula, yielding Asafoetida, the
sequence of the greater part of them being fetid odour of which is supposed to be
destitute of such modifications of leaves owing to sulphur in combination with a
as occur in mosses, ferns, &c. Some sea- peculiar essential oiL For aromatic and
weeds, or Algcs, indeed, have leaf-like carminative fruits, the most celebrated
organs, but these differ in many respects are anise (Pimpinella Anisum), dill (Ane-
from leaves, and are mere expansions of thuni grareulens), caraway {Carum C'aruh,
the common stem. [M. J. BJ [
and coriander {Conundrum sativum). Be-
sides these, great numbers of less note
APHYLLANTHES. A genus of Liliacece, !

are also employed for the same reason, the

consisting of a single species, found in
chief of which are the ajwains or ajo-
the South of Europe. It is a perennial, '

slender, rush-like herb, leafless, the scapes

wains of India (species of Ptychotis), hone-
having membranous sheaths at the base, wort (Sison Amumum), whose fruits smell
like those of the rush, and being terminated
of bugs, and cummin (Cuminum Cymi-
by a small head of fugacious blue flowers. num), now only used in veterinary practice.
The perianth is six-parted, spreading at Among poisons, hemlock (Conium macula-
turn) holds the first place. Anthriscus vul-
the apex, connivent into a short tube
garis and sylvestris are not so dangerous.
at the base six stamens, with thread-like
;

filaments, are inserted above the base of

JEthusa Cynapium, OEnanthe crocata, CE.
Phellandrium, Cicuta maculata, and C. vi-
the perianth; the filiform style is termi-
nated by a three-lobed stigma and the
;
rosa are other fatal species. See Plate 16.
ovary is three-celled, with a solitary basal
ovule in each cell. The scapes appear like i
APICRA. A division of the genus Aloe,
grassy leaves, but are seen to be tipped by sometimes regarded as distinct, and com-
the glumaceous scales which protect the prising, along with Haworthia, a group of
blossom-buds. [T. M.] species of very different aspect from the
j

great cylindrical or tubular-flowered aloes

A.Vl\CKM(Umbelliferw,Umbellifers). Un- more commonly associated with the name.
derthisnameis collected a very large num- The present are dwarf or acaulescent
ber of plants inhabiting for the most part, plants, with very crowded leaves and slen-
in the northern regions of the northern der flower-scapes, bearing erect greenish-
hemisphere, woods, bogs, marshes, and white flowers, which consist in the Apicra
dry places. As we approach the equator series of a regular cylindrical perianth,
they become less and less known, and having short, spreading, conformable limb
in the southern hemisphere, are compa- segments. A
considerable group of species
ratively rare. They all have a double—, is referred hither. [T. M,]
didymous— inferior ovary, separating when
ripe into two similar parts, vulgarly called
APICULATE. Terminating abruptly in
i

a little point.
!

seeds, surmounted by a superior calyx, |

which is generally scarcely, and often APIOS. An elegant climbing plant be-
not at all observable five separate petals
; longing to the natural order Leguminosa,
five intervening epigynous stamens ; and having pinnate leaves, with a terminal leaf-
two styles proceeding from what is not very let, and lateral clusters of brownish-purple
correctly termed a double epigynous disk. sweet-scented flowers. It is a native of
Hemlock, carrot, parsley, and parsnip are North America, from Pennsylvania to Caro-
familiar examples. Although the order lina,on the mountains,inhedges,and among
 ; ;

re Ci)£ &rea£urj) at ISotanj?. [aplo

bushes. In this country it grows freely in states that in his time there was not a
common garden soil, and is easily increased salad or sauce presented at table without
by tubers. It requires to be supported like it. The ancients supposed that its grateful
peas. The tubers, though small, are nume- smell absorbed the inebriating fumes of
rous, farinaceous, and eatable. [C. A. J.] wine, and by that means prevented intoxi-
cation ; but however this may be, we
API08PERMUM. A genus of Pistiacece, believe nothing is more effectual than
containing a single species, a native of the
the eating a leaf or two of Parsley to take
marshes of Cuba. The genus has been off the smell and prevent the after-taste of
separated from Pistia, with which it agrees,
any dish that has been strongly flavoured
except that its spadix is continued beyond with onions. In Cornwall it is much
the whorl of stamens, and its seeds are esteemed and largely used in parsley pies,
smooth. [W. C]
which are peculiar to that part of England.
APIUM. A genus of umbelliferous plants If dried and preserved in bottles from
consisting of but few species, one of which which the air is excluded, it will retain its
is the well-known Celery, A. graveoiens; flavour for a long time, and be found
and the other the common Parsley, A. Petro- extremely useful for seasoning omelets
selinum, which occupies a spot in almost and similar dishes. The curled-leaved
j
every garden. Parsley is always preferred for use as
I The Celery, in its wild state, is found being more ornamental than the common
I in marshy places and ditches near the sea sort, of which it is nothing more than a
]
coast in various parts of England. It is a variety obtained and continued by careful
|
biennial ; and as grown in its native ditches cultivation.
the whole plant has a strong taste and Hamburgh Parsley, A. Petroselinum var.
smell, and is acrid and dangerous to eat. fusiformis, is a variety of the preceding,
Such, however, are the wonderful changes and may be used for the same purposes
effected by cultivation, that this rank, but it is chiefly grown for the sake of its
coarse, and more than suspicious plant has long spindle-shaped roots, which are
i
by degrees been transformed into the dressed and served at table as a separate
sweet/crisp, wholesome, and most agree- dish like those of the parsnip. [W. B. B.]
able of our cultivated vegetables. In
APLECTRUM. A genus of melasto-
;

Italy and the Levant, where it is much

grown, but not blanched, the green leaves maceous shrubs, from the Moluccas, with
,
and stalks are used as an ingredient in opposite, stalked, elliptical-oblong, entire,
soups. In this country they are always five-ribbed leaves, and flowers in axillary
I

! blanched and used raw as a salad, or and terminal panicles, with four petals
i
dressed as a dinner vegetable. They are and eight stamens; fruit, a sub-globose
,
also sometimes made into an agreeable berry. [J. T. S.]
conserve. There are two kinds of Celery
:

the red and white-stalked, of both of APLECTRUM hyemale belongs to a dis-

tinct race from the foregoing. This plant,
i

which there are many sub-varieties. The

seeds, when bruised and tied into a bag,
which bears in the United States the
names of Putty-root and Adam-and-Eve,
i

form an excellent substitute for flavouring

is a terrestrial orchid, allied to the genus
i

soups when Celery cannot be procured.

Corallorhiza, and inhabiting woods in rich
.

Celeriac or turnip-rooted Celery, is a

variety of the preceding, obtained by cul- mould.butrare. It forms tubers an inch in
I

diameter, and scapes a foot high, bearing

tivation. It is very seldom grown in this
a few dingy green flowers. Owing to its
I

country but in France, and more especially

;
j

tubers containing a large quantity of very

in Germany, it is commonly employed as a
vegetable, and is considered hardier than
adhesive mucilage, which is employed in
j

Celery, and capable of being preserved

mending broken porcelain, it has gained
in the United States the name of Putty-
for use much later in spring. It is excel-
root. The solitary leaf is broad and ribbed,
j

i lent for soups, in which slices of it are

like that of a Veratrum.
used as ingredients, and readily impart
j
their flavour. With the Germans it is also APLOCARTA. A genus of South Ameri-
a favourite salad: the roots being prepared can scrubby shrubs, of the order Nolano-
by boiling until a fork will pass readily cecR,with fleshy leaves, separated from
through them, and when cold eaten with Nolana on account of the five ovaries
oil and vinegar. being free, and the fruit of five separate
Parsley, which is sometimes called Pe- nuts. [J. T. S.]
troselinum sativum, is a hardy biennial
plant and although so common as to be
;
APLOPHTLLUM. The plants consti-
naturalised in some parts of England and tuting this genus of the rue family (Ru-
Scotland, was originally introduced from tacea) are perennials or small shrubs, with j

Sardinia, of which it is a native, in 1548. simple, alternate, dotted leaves, no stipules,

It is a well-known seasoning herb, and is and bearing yellow or white flowers in pan-
in constant demand throughout the year icled cymes. They are distinguished from
for a variety of culinary purposes, such as rue (Ruta) by their simple, undivided leaves,
sauces, soups, &c, and for garnishing whence also they derive their name, as
various dishes. Among the ancient Greeks well as by the parts of the flower being ar-
and Romans, Parsley always formed a part ranged in fives, not in fours. They are na-
of their festive garlands, on account of tives of S. Europe, etc. [M. T. M.]
retaining its colour so long; and Pliny APLOTAXIS. A genus of the compo-
 ;

APOC] &f)e CrsaSurg at Untang. 80

site family (Composite), chiefly found the Vinca, or Periwinkle, Nerium, or
in the alpine and temperate regions of Oleander, and a few more. In general the
the Himalayas, one only being known in species form a poisonous, acrid, milky
Siberia. Upwards of twenty species are secretion, which renders them dangerous
recorded. They are herbs from one inch to but others are mild enough in their action
three feet in height, varying much in ap- to be useful in medicine, and in a few cases
pearance, those growing in the high alpine the milk is bland enough to form a palat-
regions being very dwarf, the taller spe- able beverage. Some yield the gum-elastic
cies being found at much lower eleva- Caoutchouc (see Vahea) while some
;

tions, and some of them not unlike bur- Hancornias and Carissas produce an eat-
docks, but the scales of their involucres able, and, as travellers say, a pleasant
are not hooked, as in that genus. The hairs fruit. See Tanghinia, Tabeenjemon-
of the pappus being in a single series, tana, Hancornia, &c. The commoner
give rise to the name of the genus. A. gossy- forms in cultivation are those of Alla-
pina is found in Kumaon, at an elevation of manda, Parsonsia, Vinca, and Tuberncemon-
from 16,000 to 18,000 feet. The plant, alto- tana. About 600 species are known, dis-
gether not higher than two or four inches, tributed through about 100 genera.
has its leaves densely clothed with long
cottony hairs, which form an admirable APOCYNUM. A genus of Apocynacew,
covering to protect it from the cold to containing four species of perennial herbs,
which it is exposed. A. Lappa, the root of with upright branching stems, opposite,
which is the Oostus of the ancients, is mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous
found on the mountain slopes of the Cash- bark, and small, pale, and terminal or
mere Valley, at an altitude of 8,000 to 9,000 axillary flowers on short pedicels. The
feet. It is a gregarious herb, six to seven calyx is five-parted, and the corolla cam-
feet high, with an annual stem and peren- panulate, five-cleft, bearing five triangular
nial root, which is thick and aromatic. The scales in the throat opposite the lobes.
leaves lyrate-pinnatifld, and about two feet Thefive stamens, inserted on the very base
long. The flower-heads two to three, ses- of the corolla, have the filaments flat and
sile, and the florets of a purple colour. Dr. shorter than the arrow-shaped anthers,
Falconer (from whose account the follow- which converge around the ovoid ob-
ing is abridged) described the plant under scurely two-lobed stigma, and slightly ad-
the name of Aucklandia Costus. In Cash- here to it by their inner face. The fruit
mere the plant is called Koot, in Bengal consists of two long, slender and coria-
Putchuk, and the Arabic name is Koost. ceous follicles, containing numerous ovoid
It isgathered largely, the greater portion seeds, comose, with a long tuft of silky
being laden on bullocks, sent through the down at the apex. From the fibrous bark
Punjab to Bombay, and there shipped for of A. cannabinum (commonly called Indian
the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and China. Hemp), and hy per icifolium, the Indians
A portion of it finds its way to Calcutta, prepare a substitute for hemp, of which
through Hindostan. The roots are dug up they make twine, bags, fishing-nets, and
inSeptember and October, cut into pieces, lines, as well as linen for their own use. The
two to six inches long, and exported with- members of the genus afford by incision a
out further preparation. The quantity milky juice, which, when sufficiently
collected amounts to about 200,000 lbs. per dried, exhibits the properties of India-
annum the cost of collecting and trans-
;
rubber.
port to a mercantile depot in Cashmere is A. androswmifolium, the Fly Trap of
said to be 2,s.4d. per cwt., but -when it reaches North America, is cultivated as an object
Canton it is sold for 47s. 5d. per cwt. The of curiosity in this country. Thefive scales
root is used by the Chinese as an aphro- in the throat of the corolla of this plant se-
disiac, and for burning as incense in their crete a sweet liquid, which attracts flies
temples. In Cashmere the root is only em- and other insects to settle on them the ;

ployed for protecting bales of shawls from scales are endowed with a peculiar irrita-
the attacks of moths and the stems of the
;
bility, the cause of which has not been
plants are suspended from the necks of accurately determined, but which causes
children, to avert the evil eye. [A. A. B.] them to bend inwards towards the centre
of the flower, when touched, and to retain
APOCARPOUS. Having the carpels, or the unlucky flies as prisoners. Numbers
at least their styles, disunited. of dead flies may be seen in the several
APOCYN GOBE-MOUCHE. Fr. Apo- flowers of this plant: the movement of
cynum androsmmifolium. the scales probably serves to scatter the
pollen on the stigma. These plants are
APOCYNACE^E. (Contortce, Vincece, Apo- more or less poisonous and acrid, and
crines, Dogbanes.) A natural order of corol- produce emetic and diaphoretic effects.
lifloral exogens.with a superior ovary, free They are widely distributed over the tem-
epipetalous stamens, a pulley-shaped (troch- perate parts of both hemispheres, and a
lear) stigma, and unequal-sided lobes of few are in cultivation, but possess no great
the corolla, on which last account Linnaeus beauty. [M. T. M.]
called them com orted, or twisted-flowered
plants, the corolla having some resen APODANTHES. One of the genera of
blance to a Catharine-wheel firework in B.afnesiacece, characterised by unisexual
motion. Most of the species inhabit tro- flowers, a four-cleft calyx, which is pro-
pical countries the northern forms are
; vided with two bracts, petals inserted
 on the ovary. The male flowers are not indehiscent beaked carpels, containing
known :the female flowers have a half- about four seeds each, and readily tearing
superior ovary which, when mature, he- at the sides.' This species is common at
comes a fleshy fruit with a four-cornered the Cape of Good Hope, where it bears the
cavity, containing several seeds with a name of Water Uintjies. The flowering tops
hard-pitted covering. The plants are na- are, according to Mr. Bunbury, sometimes
tives of Guiana. [M. T. M.] used in the colony both as a pickle and as
a substitute for asparagus. Martyn states
APODTTES. A
genus of Olacacece, con- that the bulbs are eaten roasted. There
'
'

taining a single species from Port Natal, are one or two other species from South
South Africa. It is a tree or shrub, with Africa. The Indian A. monostachys is now
alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, and en- referred to Spathium. [T.M.]
tire leaves. The flowers are in loosely-
hranched terminal racemes. The calyx is APOO. (Fr.) Urtica.
small, five-toothed, and persistent. The
corolla consists of five oblong linear petals, APOPHYSIS. A
name given to a swell-
rising from the receptacle. The stamens ing, often hollow, or of extremely loose
are five in number, alternating with the texture, at the base of the capsules in
petals, and, by thin dilated filaments,uuiting several mosses. It is developed extremely
the petals together through two-thirds of in the natural order Splachnei, where it
their length. The ovary is free and unilo- often exceeds in size the true capsule. It
cular, with two ovules. The style is ex- attains its maximum in Splachnum luteam
centric, and kneed at the base the stigma
;
and rubrum, where it is a most conspicuous
isminute. The fruit is a drupe, one-celled, object,hanging down like an umbrella or the
and one-seeded by abortion, of a pecu- vesicle of Ascophora. In (Edipodium almost
liarkidney shape, with a fleshy protu- the whole of the stem consists of apo-
berance from the hollow side. [W. C] physis, which is confluent at once with it
and the capsule. [M. J. B.]
APOXOGETOX. A genus of aquatic
plants belonging to the Juncaginacece, APOROCACTUS. A genus of Cactacece,
and remarkable for producing its flowers in distinguished from Cereus by the elongated
conjugate or binate spikes at the ends of narrow tube of the perianth, and its
the flower scapes. The flowers consist of obliquely gaping, somewhat two-lipped
several (six to eighteen) stamens with limb, and also by the graduated insertion of
subulate filaments, and are destitute of the fewer stamens, all of which are ex-
both calyx and corolla, the conspicuous se-rted, and the upper ones longer than the
part of the inflorescence being a double rest. It includes a few species known in
row of large white bracts, at the base of gardens under the name of Cereus. A.
which the minute apetalous flowers are Baumanni, sometimes called Cereus Tivee-
seated. A. distachyon, a very handsome, diei, is a handsome, cylindraceous, erect-
deliriously fragrant water-plant, a great stemmed succulent plant from Buenos
favourite in gardens, has been well figured Ayres, having a many-angled stem, and
and described from vigorous, well-deve- numerous rich orange-crimson, slender-
loped specimens in Paxton's Floicer Garden tubed flowers, curving at the base so as
(ii. t. 43) by Dr. Lindley, who writes :
—
In '
to be inserted obliquely, and also curving
appearance it resembles a pondweed (Pota- in an opposite direction at the mouth,
mogeton nutans), except that it is of a clear which is slightly spreading. A. fiagelli-
green colour without any tinge of brown. formis, the Cereus flagelliformis or Creeping
Its bulb or conn is described as being as Cereus of gardens, is a well-known plant,
large as a hen's egg. The leaves float with long, slender, pendent stems, pro-
on the surface of the water, are oblong, ducing a profusion of narrow rose-coloured
about eieoteen inches long when full flowers, ' so beautiful, and produced in such
grown, fiat, and have three distinct veins great plenty, that this may be placed in
running parallel with the main rib. When the first class of exotic plants' in point of
young their sides are rolled inwards. The ornament. It is a native of Peru. [T.M.]
flowers are placed on a forked inflorescence,
originally included within a taper-pointed
APORUM. A division of the great
genus DendroMum, distinguished by having
calyptrate spathe (cap), which is forced off
fleshy equitant leaves. The flowers are
as they advance in size. When fully formed
small, and have no beauty.
each fork of the inflorescence is very pale ;

green, and is bordered by two rows of I

APOSTASIA. Among the forests of
large, ovate-oblong, obtuse, ivory-white Malacca, Burmah, and Assam are found two
bracts, in the axils of which stand the species of Endogens, with low stems, co-
minute flowers. The latter are bisexual, vered with grassy leaves, and terminal
and destitute of both calyx and corolla. ! panicles of small yellow flowers, which
Twelve hypogynous free stamens, with j
throw an unexpected light upon the struc-
dark purple anthers, surround from four j
ture of the curious order of orchids. The
to six distinct carpels, each of which has a calyx and corolla consist each of three
—
I

short curved style, a simple minute stigma, narrow equal pieces. The anthers two or
and six erect anatropal ovules. After
j

1 three — are distinct; the style is perfectly

flowering the bracts and inflorescence grow '
free from the stamens, and the ovary is
rapidly, acquire a deep green colour, and i
three-celled so that the gynandrous struc-
;

soon resemble tufts of leaves, among ture of orchids wholly disappears. Another
which lie in abundance large membranous
I

1 genus nearly related is Neowiedia, a Borneo

 , ,

APOS] Qfyz Ersagurg of 33 o tang. 82

plant resembling palm, with

a dwarf The fruit of Feronia elephantum. —
dense spikes of triandrous flowers, and a KANGAROO. The fruit of Solanum
three-winged ovary, terminating in a nar- laciniatum. , —
KAU. The name, in
row neck. South Africa, of a fruit supposed to be-
long to Diospyrus. LOVE. The fruit — ,

APOSTASIACE/E. This is a very small of Lycopersicum esculentum. MAD, or — ,

group, bordering on the limits of the vast JEW'S. The fruit of Solanum esculentum.
orchidaceous order, from which it differs —, MAMMEE. The fruit of Mavnnca
mainly in its stamens not being gynan- americana. — MANDRAKE.
, The fruit
drous, but distinct from each other and of Mandragora officinalis. — , MAY. Po-
from the style. It stands near the genus dophyllum peltatum. —
MONKEY. A ,

Gypripedium, some of the reputed species West Indian name for Clusia jlava. —
of which, now called Selenipediuin, have a OAK. A spongy excrescence, formed on
three-celled ovary. The flowers of all the the branches of the oak-tree. of PERU. — ,

known species are small and inconspic- The fruit of Nicandra physaloides. of — ,

uous, while the leaves are strongly marked SODOM. The fruit of Solanum sodomeum.
by stout parallel larger veins, as in Cur- — OTAHEITE. The fruit of Spondias
,

culigo, or any similarplant. dulcis. —

PERSIAN. A name given to
,

APOSTAXIS. Unusual discharge of the the peach, when first introduced into Eu-
This may arise merely
juices of plants. rope. —
PINE. Ananassa sativa. —
,

from an extreme abundance of fluid, which PRAIRIE. Psoralea esculenta. — ROSE. ,

is in consequence discharged, as in Indian The fruit of Eugenia malaccensis, E.aquea,

shot or the vine, from the point, or ser- E. Jambos, and others. STAR. The — ,

rated top of the leaves. If, however, it is fruit of Chrysopliyllum Cainito. — THORN.
,

elaborated sap which flows out, either Datura Stramonium. — WILD, BALSAM.
from injury or weakness of the tissues, Echinocystis lobata.
the effect may be injurious. And this is APPLE BERRY. A colonial name for
exactly the case in what is called gum- Billardiera.
ming a condition which may be induced
;

artificially, by allowing water to drop con- APPLE-TREE, MALAY. Eugenia ma-

stantly over, a branch. This always pro- laccensis.
ceeds from injured or diseased tissues, and
is with difficulty arrested when once set APPLEWORTS. An English name pro-
up, and, if so, is the certain forerunner posed for the order Pomacem.
of fatal canker. In some cases, as in the APRICOT. Prunus Armeniaca; for-
tragacanth plant, the gum is organised, merly sometimes written Apricock. —
and is derived apparently from the medul- WILD. Mammea americana.
lary rays. In conifers, a flow of resin is
often attended with the same fatal results APTANDRACEJS. Out of the genus
as gumming in plums and other allied Aptandra, Mr. Miers has proposed to
plants. In this case it seems to arise form a natural order, bearing this name.
generally from root-confinement and a con- Only one species is known, a tree with
sequent check of circulation. [M. J. B.] alternate leaves and minute flowers, a na-
tive of the banks of the river Amazon. It
APOTHBCIA. The shields of lichens; is usually referred to Humiriads. Its crreat
firm horny disks arising from a thallus, feature is having anthers opening by re-
&c, containing spores. flexed valves, as in Lauracece.
APPENDAGES. Leaves and all their APTERIA setacea. An obscure North
modifications are appendages of the axis.
American plant related to Burmannia, but
Hairs, prickles, &c, are appendages of the
destitute of wings to the fruit.
part which bears them. A name applied
to processes of any kind. AQUIFOLIACE.E {Ilicinece, Rollyworts).
APPENDICULA. A genus of incon- The common holly-tree is the type of
spicuous orchids, inhabiting tropical Asia. a small natural order of shrubs and trees,
They have long stems, clothed with ob- with rotate monopetalous flowers, a de-
long distichous leaves, bearing at the end finite number of epipetalous stamens, and
a few green flowers. About twenty spe- a fleshy fruit. The species may be said
cies are known, one only of which has been to possess in general emetic qualities,
in cultivation in Europe. variously modified in various instances.
Birdlime is obtained from the bark of the
APPE'TIT. (Fr.) Allium Schcenoprasum. common holly, and the beautiful white
APPLE. PyrusMdlus. — .ADAM'S. A wood is much esteemed by cabinet-makers
for inlaying. A decoction of Ilex vomitoria,
variety of the Lime, Citrus Limetta.
ALLIGATOR. The fruit of Anona palus-
— called Black drink, is used by the Creek
tris. —BALSAM. The fruit of Momor-
,
Indians at the opening of their councils,
dica Balsamina. , —
CHERRY. The and it acts as a mild emetic. But the most
celebrated product of the order is Mate,
Siberian Crab, Pyrus baccata. , CUS- — or Paraguay tea, the dried leaves of Rex
TARD. The fruit of Anona reticulata;
also a common name for the family of paraguayensis which see. :

Anona. —
DEVIL'S. The fruit of Mau-
, AQUILARIA. The Eagle-wood, or Ajjal-
dragora officinalis. —
EGG. The fruit of lochum of the antients, is produced from
,

Solanum esculentum. , —
ELEPHANT. certain species of this genus hence the :
 83 Elje Crcasitirp of Botany ARAC
name. The genus gives its name to the leaves twice or thrice-ternate. A. vulgaris,
j
order Aquilariacew, and is characterized the Common Columbine, is apparently na-
by a top-shaped leathery calyx, downy ex- tive in Britain. It has the flowers usually
ternally, whose limb is divided into five purplish blue, but in cultivation they vary
small oblong, reflexed segments from much, being dark purple, dull reddish, or
;

the throat of the calyx project ten woolly white. A. alpina has much larger flowers
scales, which adhere to the whole length and shorter spurs, and stamens hardly ex-
1 1 of the interior of the calyx tube, and alter- ceeding the petals. A. canadensis has
nate with the ten stamens, the filaments of scarlet and yellow flowers, with very long
which also adhere for nearly their whole slender straight spurs, and very long sta-
length to the calyx tube, and are attached mens. The species are quite hardy in the
to the back of the anthers below their open border. [J. T. S.]
middle. The ovary is two-celled, each cell
:

containing a single ovule, suspended from ARABETTE. (Fr.) Arabis.

: the placenta; these ovules are flat on one ARABIS. An extensive genus of annual
side, convex on the other, and winged, the or perennial herbaceous plants, belonging
wing being prolonged downwards into a to the natural order Cruciferce, and bearing
horn-like process the ovary is surmounted
;
white, or (rarely) purple flowers. For the
by a short style, terminated by a large most part they are under a foot in height,
round stigma, which is depressed in the the root-leaves are stalked, but the upper
centre. A. Agallocha, k large tree, inhabiting ones clasp the stem, and all are more or
Silhet, and provided with alternate lance- less thickly set with forked hairs. They
shaped stalked leaves, furnishes an odo- inhabit various countries, but the British
riferous wood, called Aloes- wood, or Eagle- species possess little interest. The name
wood, supposed to be the aloes-wood of Arabis was probably given to the genus
Scripture. The wood contains an abund- because most of the species delight in
ance of resin, and an essential oil, which is stony or sandy soil, such as that of Arabia
separated, and highly esteemed as a per- is presumed to be Wall-cress, the English
:
fume. The Orientals burn it in their tem- name, has similar reference to the usual
ples for the sake of its slight fragrance, on place of growth. Many species are well
which account also it was used in the palace adapted for rock-work, and others are
of Xapoleon the First. It has been pre-
equally fitted to be grown as border
scribed in rheumatic affections in Europe. flowers, as they bloom earlier than most
Other but inferior kinds of this wood are garden plants. The genus being closely
said to be furnished by species of Aloexy- allied with others, some confusion exists
i lum and Exccecaria. [M. T. M.] as to the names severally assigned to the
AQUILARIACEJE (Aquilariads) consist plants which it contains. Some species
of fragrant tropical Asiatic trees, with are described under the names of Turrit is
small apetalous flowers, resembling those and Cardamine. [C. A. J.]
of a Rhamnus. Only ten species are
known, of which the most important is ARACA. A name given to the fruit of
: the genus Aquilaria which see.
:
some Brazilian Eugenias.

AQUILEGIA. A genus of Ranunculacece, ARACEiE (Aroidece, Arads) are incom-

widely distributed over the temperate plete plants of theEndogenous class, with
regions of the northern hemisphere. It is numerous naked unisexual flowers, closely
generally considered to consist of many packed upon a spadix, shielded when young
species, but the authors of the Flora Indica by the hooded leaf called a spathe, as is
believe that the greater number of these seen in the common wake-robin (Arum
are merely varieties. It is distinguished maculatum). They are common in tropical
,
by the curious structure of the flowers, countries, but rare in those with a cold or
which have five fiat, elliptical coloured temperate climate. Botanists have mixed
sepals, alternating with as many spurred them with Orontiads, from which their
petals the spurs are very large, and pro-
: hermaphrodite flowers distinguish them.
duced backwards into hollow tubes, like Most have tuberous roots (corms;, but
a cornucopia with the mouth downward, some acquire the stature of little trees,
and are frequently curved round towards the most interesting of which is the
the central axis of the flower at the ex- Dumb-cane, a species of the genus Dieffen-
tremity. The fruit consists of five f ollicles, bachia. The acrid poisonous qualities
with numerous seeds. In cultivation, which have given rise to the latter name
double varieties occur, which have a sei-ies are characteristic of the order. Neverthe-
of spurred petals, with the spurs included less the whole contain starch in such
in those of the exterior ones, like a nest of abundance that it may be separated in the
crucibles. Stellate varieties also occur, form of arrowroot or used as food in its
which have the petals flat, and destitute of combined state only, however, after care-
;

a spur. The flowers are drooping, unless ful washing to remove the acrid juices.
A. parviflwa, which Ledebour describes Thus, the common spotted Arum was eaten
;
with the flowers perfectly erect, be an with us in time of scarcity, and yields a kind
exception. The five-spurred petals with in- of arrowroot, and the Colocasias are grown
'

curved heads have been compared to five everywhere in hot countries as common
doves, the sepals representing the wings, field crops. See all these names. Among
|
and to this the English name Columbine the peculiarities of the order is to extend
I
refers. The leaves are ternate. the root- the end of the spadix into a soft, cellular,
 ;

ARAC] Q\)t Ereatfurg ai 3Sfltanp. 84

enlarged process, which is the growing ARACHNIS ffrom the Greek
a spider):
point of the flower-branch, and analogous A Javanese orchid, of epiphytal habit,
to the succulent receptacle of the straw- whose name has been derived from the
berry, the dry core of the raspberry, extraordinary resemblance of its flowers
the spongy excrescence called the oak to a huge spider. The plant has flowers
apple, and even the stiff hard spine of live inches in diameter, of a lemon colour,
the Gleditschia. Scarcely more than 200 with great purple spots; they grow as
species are known. The appearance pre- many as twelve together, on a long loose
sented by this very distinct race of plants, spike arising from one side of a strong
is shown in plate 2, in which a group of scrambling stem. They are said to have
Caladiums is seen at fig. b. the most delicate smell of musk, but so
penetrating withal that a sinsle spike will
ARACHIS. A genus of leguminous scent an entire meeting-hall. Koempfer,
plants, remarkable for the peculiar struc- however, asserts that this odour resides
ture of its calyx, and the habit of thrusting exclusively in the ends of the sepals and
its fruit into the ground. M. Poiteau, in petals, which are broader at the end than
the Annates des Sc. Nat, 1853 (xix. 268), elsewhere and he says that if they are
;

gives a good description and figure of I cut off all fragrance ceases. The plant
A. hypogcea. The principal characters of the has had several names, as Epidendrumflos
genus are the immensely long tube of the aeris, Aerides arachnites, Renanthefd ara-
calyx, whose limb is two-lipped ; the corolla chnites, and Arachnls moschifera. It is
papilionaceous and yellow; and eight sta- \
called in Java, Katong ging. Undoubtedly
mens united into one parcel. The ovary ;
it is one of the most remarkable plants of
is very small, and placed at the bottom its remarkable order, and it is not a little
of the very long calyx tube ; it contains surprising that it should never have been
two ovules, and is terminated by a very introduced into Europe.
long style, thickened at its extremity, and
covered with hairs at the place where it J
ARACHNITIS is a name given to the
comes in contact with the stamens. After ;
spider Ophrys.
the fall of the flower, the ovary, which is
very small, is gradually raised upon a stalk |
ARACHNOID. Resembling cobweb in
which in time attains a length of two to appearance seeming to be covered with
;

three inches, and in its growth curves cobweb, in consequence of the entangle-
downwards, so that at length the small ment of long white hairs.
ovary at its extremity is thrust into the
ground. When this happens, the ovary
ARACHNOTHRIX. A genus of plants
closely related to Bondeletia, from which it
begins to enlarge, and ripens into a pale
differs in having the corolla four-pai-ted,
yellowish wrinkled slightly curved pod,
with its tube and throat smooth. The
often contracted in the middle, and con-
anthers are placed towards the top of the
taining two seeds. Should the ovary by
tube of the corolla on very short filaments.
some accident not be enabled to thrust its
pods into the ground, it withers and does
The plants are covered with a more or less
cobweb-like clothing of hairs, hence the
not attain perfection. The plant was name. It belongs to the natural order
originally a native of the West Indies and
Cinchonacece. [M. T. M.]
West Africa, but is now cultivated in
warm climates, preferring a light sandy ARADS. An English name for the
soil. The seeds which are of the size of Arum family.
Aracece or
a pea are eaten as food, but are chiefly
valuable for the quantity of oil they pro- ARALIA. This genus is the type of the
duce when pressed. The oil is used as a order Araliacece, and consists of trees,
substitute for that of olives, to which it shrubs, and herbs of rather striking cha-
is equal in quality. The plant might with racter, found in North America, and in
much advantage be extensively cultivated New Zealand, Japan, and the East. The
in Australia and others of our colonies for flowers are inconspicuous, collected in um-
the sake of its excellent oil, while the bels, the umbels not unfrequently ranged
herbage would form valuable forage for in large compound panicles. The calyx
cattle, who eat it greedily. The pods are has a very short superior limb, which
known in this country as Ground Nuts. is entire or five-toothed the corolla con-
;

The peculiarity of thrusting the fruit into sists of five petals inserted on the margin
the soil to effect its maturation there, is of the epigynous disk the stamens are
;

not confined to this genus, but exists also five in number, alternating with the petals
in the allied genus Voandzeia, a native of and the ovary is inferior, five to ten-lobed,
Surinam, where its seeds are eaten, like with a solitary pendulous ovule in each
those of the Arachis, as peas by the cell, and becomes a berry-like drupe. The
negroes. [M. T. M.] foliage is very various in character, but
generally of an ornamental aspect some- ;

ARACHNIODES. A doubtful genus of 1

times simple, entire, or lobed, sometimes

ferns, supposed to belong to the Peranemecr. digitate, pinnate, twice ternate, bipinnate,
or Alsophilerp. The veins of the fronds are j
or supradecompound. Some of the species
free, and the sori are said to have an have smooth, and others prickly stems.
arachnoid or cobweb-like involucre cover- One of the former, A. racemosa, grows three
ing them. The only recorded species is a to four feet-in height, with a divaricately-
native of Java. [T. M.] I branched herbaceous stem, bearing com-
 pound leaves, the petioles of which are See Hedera, Aealia, Panax, Gunnera,
tripartite, each division hearing from Adoxa, &c.
three to five ovate or heart-shaped serrated I . „ .
pnn ™ _,. onT„„ „„ A „, *
Arrow-root,
! leaflets. This plant is called Spikenard in
'

^.^'3?
" mLU see
:

North America, and is highly esteemed as ;

-

I a medicine. The roots of A. nudicaulis, |

ARAR TREE. Callitris quadrivalvis,
I
another North American herbaceous spe- formerly called Thuja articulata, a great
cies, were formerly imported and sold for coniferous tree, which yields gum sandarac.
sarsaparilla and they are stated to be used
;
j

hy the Crees, under the name of Rabbit- ARATICU DO MATO. A Brazilian name
Anona sylvatica.
I

for
root, as a remedy against syphilis, and
also as an application to recent wounds, ARAUCARIA. A genus of Conifer cr,
i
A. spinosa, one of the prickly species, is a consisting of lofty evergreen trees, with
j
small, simple-stemmed tree, eight to twelve verticillate spreading branches, covered
feet high, the stems and leafstalks both with stiff, flattened, pointed leaves, usually
prickly, the leaves doubly and triply imbricate, but more or less spreading.
pinnated with ovate serrate leaflets, The spikes of male flowers are cylindrical
and the panicle much branched, downy, and terminal; each anther divided into
bearing numerous umbels of flowers. This from six to twenty cells. The ripe cones
is known in America under the name of in the females are large, globular, terminal,
Angelica tree, and the berries are used in densely imbricated with numerous woody
an infusion of wine or spirits for relieving/ scales, sometimes winged, each bearing a
rheumatic pains and violent colic. TheW single adnate seed, and 'many of them
tincture has also been found to relieve usually barren.
\
There are five or six
toothache. The Rice Paper plant of China species known, all from the southern
i

has been referred to this genus by Sir TV. J. hemisphere. A. imbricata is the species
Hooker, under the name of A. papyrifera. commonly planted in this country, and
This plant grows in the deep swampy the only one which will tear our climate
forests of the island of Formosa, and appa- without protection. It is a native of the
rently there only, forming a small tree, mountains of Southern Chili, where it
branching in the upper part, the younger forms vast forests, attaining a great height,
portions of the stem, together with the and supplying a hard and durable timber.
leaves and inflorescence, covered with co- The seeds are also edible when fresh. The
pious stellate down. The full-grown leaves leaves are very spreading, vertically flat-
are sometimes a foot long, cordate, Ave to tened, broadly lanceolate, very stiff, with
seven-lobed, of a soft and flaccid texture. long pungent points, and attain a couple
The panicles of flowers come from the j
f inches in length. The cones, sessile afe
extremities of the stem and branches, the extremities of the branches, are of
rising above them, and then becoming the size of a child's head. A. brasiliensis
pendulous, one to three feet long, bearing forms large forests in south tropical
the numerous capitate umbels of small Brazil. It much resembles the Chilian
greenish flowers. The stems are filled species, but is rather more elegant in
with pith of very fine texture, and white growth and of a better colour. It is
as snow, which when cut forms the article occasionally planted in Southern Europe,
known as rice paper. Large quantities of where it succeeds better than the A. imbri-
the stems are taken in native crafts from cata, but is too tender for this country.
'

Formosa to Chinchew, where they are cut A. excelsa, the Norfolk Island pine, attains
into thin sheets for the manufacture of the height of 200 feet. The leaves are
artificial flowers/ A lengthened account of much shorter than in the two preceding
this interesting plant will be found in species, and but slightly flattened, and the
Hooker's Journal of Botany. [T. M.] scales of the cone are broadly winged with
a hooked point. It will not bear the open
ARALIACEJ2 (Araliads, Ivyworts) form air in our climate, but forms a conspicuous
a small natural order closely approaching object in lofty conservatories. It has been
umbellifers, from which they in reality considered by some botanists as forming,
differ in little, except their fruit always with two Australian species, a distinct
consisting of more carpels than two, and genus under the name of Eutassa or
having no double epigynous disk. They Eutacta.
are also more generally arborescent, many
of them being trees or large shrubs, and
ARBOL BE CORAL. Mexican name A
very few herbs. Several are conspicuous for Picramnia Corallodendron.
DEL — !

for their broad noble foliage. The species CERA. A South

American name for Elcea-
are found in the tropical and sub-tropi-
(jia utilis. DE LECHE. —
The Cow Tree,
\

cal regions of the world; and in some

Brosimum Galactodendron. DE ULE. — A j

of the coldest, as in Canada, the north- Mexican name for Castilloa

elastica.

west coast of America, and Japan. Aralia ARBOR JTJD^E. A common name for
polaris even occurs in Lord Auckland's Cercis or Judas tree. VITiE. The common —
Islands, in 50J° south latitude. They have name for Thuja.
aromatic qualities, usually slight, but
occasionally intense. One of them forms
ARBOUSIER. (Fr.) Arbutus.

a soft white spongy pith, which when cut ARBRE Av CHAPELET. (Fr.) Melia
into thin plates and flattened becomes the Azedarach. — A v FRANCES. Cliionanthus
so-called Rice Paper plant of the Chinese. virginica. —
AN LA CIB.E. Myrica ceri-
fer a — A PERRUQUE.
v
Rhus Cut hi it*. only species grown for culinary ormedicinal
— .

A x
SU1F. Stillingia sebifera. — AU purposes. Angelica is a hardy biennial, from
POIVRE. Vitex Agnus-castus. — AUX three to six feet high, found in England in
ANE'MONES. Calycanthus florid us. —AUX moist situations, but believed to be origi-
PRAISES. Arbutus Unedo. — AUX QUA- nally a native of the northern parts of
RANTE E'CUS. Salisburia adiautifulia. Europe. It has been in cultivation since
— D'ARGENT. Leucadendron argenteum. 1568. The leaf stalks were formerly blanch-
— DE CASTOR. Magnolia glauca. DE — ed and eaten like Celery. They have,
JUDE'E. Cercis Siliquastrum. — DE however, long ceased to be so, and are
NEIGE. Chionanthus virginica. — DE now in request for the use of confectioners,
SOIE. Acacia Julibrissin. DE STE. — who make an excellent sweetmeat with
LUCIE. Cerasus Mahaleb. DE VIE. — the tender stems, stalks, and ribs of the
Cupressus thuioides, Thuja occidentnlis, leaves, candied with sugar. The seeds and
and Thuja orientalis. DU VOYAGEUR. — leaves are powerfully aromatic, and are
Ravenala madagascariensis, sometimes used in country places for their supposed
called Urania speciosa. SAINT. Melia — medicinal properties. [W. B. B.]
Azedarach.
ARCHEGONE. A term applied to the
ARBUTUS. A genus of Ericaceae., con- long-necked cellular sacs which occur in
sisting of and shrubs, natives of
trees the higher or acrogenous cryptogams, and
Southern Europe, the Canary Islands, which are analogous to the pistils of
North America and Chili. Twenty-five phfenogams. They contain at the base of
species have been described. They have their cavity a sac which is analogous to
alternate, entire, or toothed evergreen the embryo sac of pha?nogams, and which is
leaves. The pedicellate and bracteate flowers impregnated by the agency of spermato-
are in terminal paniculate racemes; the zoids. Within this latter sac, either the
corolla is white or reddish ; the calyx young plant as in ferns, or the capsule as
inferior, and consisting of five small sepals. in mosses, is formed by means of cellular
The deciduous corolla is globosely or division. [M. J. B.]
ovately campanulate, with a small con-
tracted five-cleft and reflexed border.
ARCHILL, or ORCHIL. A colouring
It encloses the ten stamens, which have
matter obtained from various species of
lichens, especially Roccella tinctoria.
flattened filaments, and anthers com-
pressed at the sides, opening by two ARCTIUM. One of the familiar plants,
terminal pores, and attached below the which, without culture or management,
apex, where two reflexed awns are pro- flourishes in nearly all climates and every
duced. The ovary has five cells, with many kind of soil. To the agriculturist it is
ovules in each. There is a single style best known as a troublesome weed, always
with an obtuse stigma. The fruit is a ready to make its appearance in neglected
globular indehisceut berry, rough with ground, growing rapidly, and with its
granular tubercles, and containing five large spreading leaves checking all other
many-seeded cells. The berries are edible vegetation to the artist it affords a bold
;
though not agreeable. A. Unedo is called and striking foreground for his landscapes ;
the Strawberry tree from its fruit resem- and to the school boy its heads of flowers,
bling a strawberry at a distance. When under the name of burs, offer an ever wel-
eaten in quantities this fruit is said to be come supply of means for playing practical
narcotic. A wine is made from it in jokes. The Burdock is of no utility to man,
Corsica, but it has the same property as as no domesticated animals, except, it is
the fruit. In Spain both a sugar and a |
said, the ass, will eat its leaves though it
;

spirit are obtained from it. The bark and is a question whether it might not be sown
leaves of the same plant are used as with advantage as a cover for pheasants in
astringents in some parts of Greece they
;
places where there is a difficulty in raising
are employed for tanning leather. This underwood. It was formerly commended
species grows abundantly on the rocks at for its medicinal virtues, and was prescribed
Killarney. It is cultivated as an orna- for rheumatic affections. Some writers
mental shrub, and as it ripens its fruit the too speak of its excellence as a culinary
second year, it is peculiarly beautiful in vegetable. The stems, they say, should
October and November, being covered at be gathered young, stripped of their rind,
the same time with blossoms and ripe and treated as asparagus. When burnt
fruit. [W. C] ;
the ashes afford a large quantity of alkaline
ARBUTUS, TRAILING. An American '
salt. There is but one British species of
name of Epigcea repens. Burdock, of which modern botanists reckon
two varieties, A. bardana, with a cottony
ARCEUTHOS. (Gr.) Juniperus oxyce- I
substance investing the heads; and A.
drus and Juniperus phcenicea. Lappa, which is destitute of this appen-
ARCHANGEL. A common name for
dage. By some continental authorities,
La mi urn and Galeobdolon ; also applied to Lappa is made the name of the genus, and
Archangelica the two plants are described as distinct
officinalis.
species, L. tomentosa and L. major. A
third
ARCHANGELICA. A genus of umbelli- species, L. minor, grows on the continent
ferous plants, whose stems and leaves have of Europe, but does not occur in Britain.
a very powerful and agreeable aromatic The name Lappa is derived from the
smell. The Angelica, A. officinalis, is the 1 Celtic llap, a hand, from its prehensile pro-
 ; ;

87 €i)C CreaSurn of 33ctang. [ardi

perries. Arctiumfrom arctos, the Great

is in manyseries ; pappus none ; achenes
Bear, from the rough character of the wingless and four-sided. [A. A. BJ
plant. [C. A. J.]
A. Lappa, under the name of Gobo, is ARCTOTIS. A genus of composites, all
cultivated in Japan as a vegetable. natives of the Cape of Good Hope, with
showy orange-coloured flower heads, of
ARCTO CALYX. A genus of Gesneracece, which several species occur in gardens.
It has a honey-combed receptacle set with
consisting of half -shrubby plants inhabit-
bristles, oval grooved achenes crowned
ing the mountains of Mexico. They have
ovare-lanceolate or elliptical leaves, axil- with several broad membranous scales, and
lary flowers of an unusually large size for
an involucre of numerous imbricated
leaflets with chaffy margins. The A. speci-
the order, and of a bright orange spotted
with brown or pui'ple. The calyx is large, osa is not unfrequently cultivated under
tubulose-bellshaped, fifteen-nerved, and the name of A. breviscapa, as a half-hardy
five-toothed. The corolla is funnel-bell- border annual, though our English sum-
shaped, and the ovary sunk into the mers are too short and too cool to bring it
to the perfection it attains in its southern
calyx, and surrounded by a glandular disk.
A. Endlicherianus is not uncommon in our home. It would probably be seen to more
gardens. advantage if treated as a tender biennial.
L B. S.]
As grown in our gardens, it is a dwarf,
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. A genus of Erica- tufted, tomentose plant, with numerous,
ceae, consisting of procumbent shrubs, short, prostrate stems, proceeding from the
with small deciduous or persistent leaves, crown of the root three-nerved leaves,
;

and rather small bracteate flowers, two or varying froin oval and entire to lyrately
three together, in very short terminal pinnatifld, in the latter case with a large
racemes. It is very nearly related to terminal lobe and large terminal flower-
;

Arbutus, differing from it in having a heads, with a brownish disk and orange-
glabrous berry with five stones, and each coloured ray, expanded only in fine weather
stone being one-seeded. The genus has during the middle of the day. Many of
been recently very much limited. Ten the species are greenhouse perennials,
species have been separated and placed which would succeed in the open ground
under the generic title of Comarostaplnjlis, in summer in warm situations, and some
having as their distinctive characteristic a of them would be desirable additions to
drupaceous fruit, with a single hard five our gardens. Of this section, probably
to nine-celled stone, and a single seed in the only attainable species is the A.grandi-
each cell. Five more species have been flora,with handsome deep orange-coloured
removed to a new genus Laplinidostapliylis, capitules, four inches in diameter, and
which is characterised by having the silvery-grey pinnatifld foliage, blooming
ovary placed on a ten-angled, hypogynous freely during the whole summer, in a
disk, and containing six to ten cells. The sunny situation and dry soil. [W. T.]
restricted genus Arctostaphylos, containing
only the two species found in Britain, has ARCTURIA. A section of the genus
Drosera, of which the Tasmanian D. Arc-
the ovary without true dissepiments. The
turi is the type. This has three undivided
three genera have all alike a five -partite,
styles with thickened stigmas ; the stem is
persistent, and hypogynous calyx, a five-
short, and not bulbous, with narrow leaves
lobed reflexed corolla, inserted on the
The two species passing insensibly into the leaf- stalk
calyx, and ten stamens.
scape with a single white flower. [J. T. S.]
are natives of the northern regions of
both the old and the new world. The ARCTURUS. A genus of Scroplmlaria-
whole plant of A. uva-ursi is astringent cece, established by Bentham, but subse-
it has been used for tanning leather. The quently abolished by him ; the name being
berries form a favourite food of grouse and retained to characterise a group of the
other game. The plant is a valuable medi- genus Celsia, in which the anthers are
cal astringent, used to check an excessive
attached by their middle. [W. G]
secretion of mucus, as in urinary and
bronchial affections, and even in calculus. ARDISIA. This is a large genus of the
The ArctostopJuilos alpina, or Black Bear- family Myrsinacece, containing upwards
berry, is the badge of the clan Ross. [W. C] of 100 species. They are evergreen shrubs
or small trees, with alternate, rarely oppo-
ARCTOTHECA. A genus of the com- site, leaves covered with transparent dots.
posite family, consisting of two species, Their flowers are white or rose coloured,
both perennial herbs, peculiar to Southern and arranged in panicles, the branches of
Africa, and found in sandy spots near the which are often of an intense rose colour,
sea. A. repens, which has been cultivated thereby adding greatly to the beauty of
in this country, is a branching plant, six the plant. The flower-stalks are often
inches to a foot high, with pinnatifld disposed in little timbellets on the branches
leaves, about six inches long, covered of the panicle. They are found in India,
underneath, as are also the stems, with a the islands of the Indian Ocean, and
white tomentum.and bearing solitary yel- America. The bark of A. colorata is
low flower heads, nearly three-quarters of known in Ceylon as Dan, and is used in
an inch across, borne on long naked stalks. native practice in bowel complaints, fevers,
The ray florets are strapshaped and neuter, and externally for healing ulcers. It is
those of the disc perfect ; involucral scales tonic and astringent. A. solanacea, a na-
 ! ;

AEDl] &fyz €r£a£urg at 3Batang. 88

tive of India, is to be met with in some Dicksoni, is found wild, and furnishes a
gardens the juice of its berries is of a
; substitute for the true betel nut to the
beautiful red colour, which, when put on poorer classes.
paper, changes to a durable brown. A. is the Cabbage Palm which
A. oleracea
crenata,& native of China and Penang, is is found in abundance in the West Indies.
a beautiful dwarf bush often cultivated in It derives its name from the bud which
greenhouses. The leaves are glossy green, terminates its lofty stem. This bud
and in the winter season, if well managed, consists of a great number of leaves
the plant is covered with a mass of scarlet densely packed, so that the inner ones are
berries, much like those of the holly. A. of a white colour, and delicate flavour, and
primulifolia, a native of Hong Kong, is serve as a vegetable. The noble trees are
only about six inches high, and has thin destroyed for the sake of this luxury and ;

leaves like those of the common primrose. it is related that in the cavity formed by
A number of species are in cultivation in the removal of the ' cabbage a kind of '

English gardens. [A. A. B.] beetle deposits its eggs, from which mag-
gots are produced which are an article
ARDISIADS. An English name for the of diet much relished by the negroes of
order Myrsinacece. Guiana [M. T. M.]
AREC. (Fr.1 Areca oleracea. AREGMA. A
remarkable genus of para-
ARECA. The generic name applied to sitic Fungi, which abound on several
certain species of palms, characterised by species of Rosaceoe. Their first appearance
having a lofty stem, pinnated leaves is that of some yellow Credo, in which
whose stalks are rolled up into a cylinder condition the fruit is not distinguishable
at their base, a double spathe enclosing from that of the genus just mentioned,
the flowers, which are borne upon, a but, after a time, cylindrical dark multi-
branched spadix, and are unisexual. The septate bodies are produced on long bul-
male flowers have a six-parted perianth ;
bous stalks, forming a sort of sporeshaped
the female flower contains six rudimentary j
prothallus, the articulations of which ger-
stamens, and a superior one-seeded ovary minate, and produce at length the true
which ripens into' a drupe-like fruit with a spores. Nothing is more common than the
fibrous rind. Aregmaof the Rose and Bramble (A. Rosas
A. Catechu is a handsome tree, cultivated & A. rubi), which afford interesting objects
in all the warmer parts of Asia for the for the microscope, and food for much re-
sake of its fruits, which are of the size of flection, from their peculiar mode of re-
a hen's egg, of a reddish yellow colour, and production. [M. J. B.]
with a thick fibrous rind, within which is AREMONIA. A name altered from
the seed. This is known under the name
Agrimonia, and now applied to an ever-
of areca nut, pinang, and betel nut, and is
green herb belonging to the natural order
about the size of a nutmeg, but conical [

Rosacea?. It grows about a foot high and

in shape, flattened at the base, brownish j

bears irregularly pinnate downy jagged

externally, and mottled internally like a '
leaves, of which the upper leaflets are
nutmeg. These nuts are cut into narrow largest, those of the stem in threes the ;
pieces, which are rolled up with a little
flowers are small, yellow, and grow in
lime in leaves of the betle pepper. The tufts. The plant is a native of Italy and
pellet ischewed, and is hot and acrid, but Carniola. [C. A. J.]
-

possesses aromatic and astringent proper-

ties. It tinges the saliva red, and stains ARENARIA or Sandwort. A genus of
the teeth, and is said to produce intoxica- CaryophyUacece, belonging to the tribe
tion, when the practice of chewing it is Alsinecc, consisting of small herbs, distin-
begun. The effects seem to be as much guished from the others of the tribe by
due to the other ingredients as to the having the styles generally three ; the cap-
areca nut. So addicted are the natives to sule opening by twice as many valves as
the practice, that Blume tells us, ' they there are styles, at last splitting down to
would rather forego meat and drink than the base the seeds without an appendage
;
;

their favourite areca nuts, whole ship and the petals not cleft into two segments.
loads of which are annually exported from The species are extensively distributed
j

Sumatra, Malacca, Siam, and Cochin China. three occur wild in Britain A. serpylli- :

The practice is considered beneficial, folia, which is a common annual plant,

;

rather than otherwise. In this country with the petals not exceeding the calyx.
the charcoal of the nuts is used as tooth Some authors consider we have two spe-
powder, for which it is well adapted by its cies included under this name, and sepa-
hardness. A sort of Catechu is furnished rate from the common form, A. leptoclaclos,
by boiling down the seeds of this palm to which is a much more slender plant, with
j

the consistence of an extract, but the softer capsules. A. ciliata, a perennial

greatest quantity of the drug called found on Ben Bulben, in the West of Ire-
Catechu used in this country is the pro- land, has the petals much longer than the
:

duce of Acacia Catechu. The flowers of calyx, and the leaves fringed with hair.
the tree are very fragrant, and used on A. norvegica, also a perennial, from the
>

festive occasions in Borneo, where they are Orkney and Shetland Islands, is closely
considered a necessary ingredient in me- allied to the last, but the leaves are not
dicines, and charms employed for healing fringed. A. trinervia is sometimes placed in
the sick. In Malabar another species, A the genus Mochringia, as the seeds have an
'
CALDERA
 ;

89 ®t)e STrcaSurj) of 23otanj). [ARIL

appendage : it, however, accords ill with Tasmanian Brexiacece, with alternate
the other species of that genus. [J. T. S.] stalked ovate undivided leaves, silky and
silvery on the under side. The flowers are
ARE OL ATE. Divided off into distinct very small, in terminal many-flowered
spaces usually more or less angular. The corymbose or paniculate cymes. A curious
skin of a plant is areolate. cup from which the stamens rise, is cut
I ARETHPSA bulbosa is a small swamp into comb-like teeth. [J. T. S.]
plant, belonging to the order of orchids, ARGOUSIER. (Fr.) Hippopliiie. — DU
,
with a one-leaved scape, terminated by a CANADA. Shepherdia canadensis.
i single very handsome rosy-purple sweet-
scented flower. It is found exclusively in ARGTLIA. A genus of Bignoniacece,
!
Xorth America, and is the only species of containing eight species, from Chili, of
|
its genus. Other supposed species belong perennial herbs, with fleshy roots, an
j
to Pogonia. angled stem, petiolate palmate and alter-
nate leaves, and white or purplish axillary
ARGALOP. (Ft.) Paliurus aculeatus. flowers. The genus has a five-partite
ARGAJvTA. A genus of plants belong- calyx ; a tubular corolla, with a flve-lobed
I ing to the family of Sapotacece. The limb ; four didynainous stamens and a ;

'

calyx has ten sepals, in two rows the ;

bilocular ovary. [TV\ C]
;
throat of the corolla has five scales or ARGYREIA. A
genus of the natural
abortive stamens, alternating with the order Corivolviilacece, having large hand-
i
five fertile stamens anthers opening out-
;
some flowers, with a bell-shaped corolla, in-
wardly; style awl-shaped. A. Sideroxylon to the base of the tube of which the stamens
!
is the Argan tree of Morocco, in certain are inserted. The ovary is two-celled,
i
provinces of which it grows in woods. each cell containing two seeds, unless,
j
It is a spiny evergreen tree, with a trunk as often happens, some of them become ab-
!
of considerable size, but of low stature. ortive. Fruit berry-like, indehiscent. They
It gives off branches at a few feet from the are natives of tropical Asia. The leaves of
j
ground, which incline downwards till they A. bracteata and A. speciosa are used in
j rest on the earth; at length, at a con- India as a poultice in cases of scrofulous
i
siderable distance from the stem, they as- disease of the joints, and as a cooling
|
cend. A tree mentioned in the Journal of application in headaches. The root of
Botany for April 1854, measured 16 feet A. malabarica possesses purgative proper-
only in height, while the circumference was ties. Two or three species are in cultiva-
as much as 220 feet. The fruit is an egg- tion. They are climbing plants with white
shaped or roundish drupe, dotted with or purple flowers, and much resemble Ipo-
i white. These fruits are much relished mosa. [M. T. M.]
|
by all ruminating animals, who, in chew-
: ing the cud, eject the hard seeds, from ARGTROLOBIUM. A
genus of the
|
which a valuable oil is extracted. The pea-flower tribe of the natural family Le-
i
culture of the plant for the sake of its guminosce, containing upwards of forty
I
oil has been recommended in Australia species, all of them herbs or dwarf shrubs
!
and certain parts of Cape Colony subject with trifoliolate stalked or nearly sessile
to droughts. The wood is very hard, and leaves, having two stipules at their base,
so heavy as to sink in water. [M. T. M.] and generally covered with silvery hairs.
The flowers are yellow, solitary or racemed,
ARGEL, or ARGHEL. Syrian name A with bracts. About thirty species are
for Solenostemma Arghel, the leaves of found in South Africa, a number in
I which are common in Egyptian senna. the countries bordering on the Mediterra-
ARGEMONE. The name of a genus of nean, and some extending through Aff-
the Poppy family, Papaveracece, thus cha- ghanistan into N.W. India. The name of
racterised : petals 4-8 stamens
sepals 2-3 :
the genus has reference to the pod which
;

numerous; stigmas 4-7, radiating, ses- is often clad with silvery hairs. [A. A. B.]

I
sile, or elevated on a very short style ARGTRORCHIS. An obscure terrestrial
j
capsules obovate, opening at the top by a orchid from Java, with pinkish flowers.
'

number of little valves. A. rnexicana, a It appears to be a mere Peloria of Macoucs

native of Mexico, has become widely Petola.
distributed over the globe, abounding in
roadsides, and waste places in proximity to ARHTNCHIUM labrosum, an epiphyte
human habitations. The seeds possess from tropical Asia, with dull green and
acrid, narcotic, and purgative properties, brown flowers, referred by the younger
and are employed as a substitute for Reichenbach to Renanthera bilinguis. Its
ipecacuanha. They also contain an oil lip is so constructed as to look as if com-
which has been recommended as what — posed of two tongues laid one upon the
other.
has not?— as a remedy for cholera. The
yellow juice of the plant is used in ARIL, ARILLUS. A body which rises
ophthalmia. [M. T. MJ up from the placenta, and encompasses the
ARGENTINE. CFr.) Cerastium tomen- seed like the mace in nutmeg, and the red
toswn ; also Potentilla anserina. sac in Euonymus.

ARGOMOXE. The same as Arge-mone. ARILLODE. A false aril ; a coating of

the seed proceeding from its own surface,
ARGOPHYLLFM. A small genus of and not from the placenta.
 ;

ARIOPSIS. A curious genus of plants Europe and North America, and the Aris-
belonging to the Aracece, and similar to tolochia Clematitis,which has become as
the genus Arum in appearance, hence the itwere naturalized in England. The wood
name. The species were formerly included of these plants, when they have any,
in the genus Remusatia, and consist of small consists of parallel plates, held loosely
Indian herbs with inconspicuous stems, glo- together by soft medullary processes. The
bular rhizomes, and glaucous heart-shaped ovary is inferior, with many ovules, and
peltate leaves, on long stalks. The spathe is for the most part consists of six cells, the
nodding, boat-shaped, adherent to the number three being, as in Endogens,
lower part of the spadix, on the upper characteristic of the floral apparatus of
part of which the male flowers are placed the order. In medicine these plants are
in little depressions; each little cavity slightly aromatic stimulating tonics, use-
contains six globular anthers, bursting by ful in the latter stages of low fever;
one pore. The female flowers at the lower the taste is bitter and acrid; the odour
portion of the spadix, consist of obliquely strong and disagreeable. They are also
ovate ovaries with three to five stigmas. said to be sudorific, emmenagogue, purga-
The fruit is like a berry, but somewhat tive, and diuretic. The principal genera are
dry, angular, one-celled, with four to five Aristolochia and Asarum, which see.
placentas, and several seeds placed in two
rows along each placenta. A. peltata is ARISTOLOCHIA. A remarkable genus
sometimes met with in cultivation as an of plants belonging to the family Aristolo-
object of curiosity. [M. T. M.] chiacere, and characterized by the posses-
sion of a calyx of some other colour than
ARIS.EM A. The plants of this genus green, of an irregularly tubular form, in-
of the Arum family have tuber-like root- flated at its lower portion, and adherent at
stocks, from which proceed peltate, pedate, its base to the ovary. The stamens are six
palmate, or more rarely undivided leaves. in number, and adhere to the solitary
The spathe is rolled round the spadix at style ; the fruit is a six-celled capsule
the base, the spadix has unisexual flowers with numerous seeds. The wood of these
below, itsjipper part covered with rudi- plants differs much in appearance from
mentary flowers the anthers are provided
; that of Exogenous trees or shrubs in
with distinct filaments; the ovaries are general, as it consists of radiating plates
numerous, and contain 2-6 ovules, and of wood, surrounding a pith and encircled
are terminated by very short styles. The by the bark, not disposed in rings.
tuberous rootstocks of two species are The plants of this genus are for the
used by the natives of Sikkim Himalaya, most part shrubs, generally climbing round
as food; they are beaten into a pulp with the branches of trees. They are abundant
water, and allowed to ferment, a process in tropical South America, while a few
which destroys their acridity. The Dra- species are distributed throughout North
gon-root, or Indian turnip of America, is America, Europe, and India. One species
the tuber of A. atrorubens, which fur- A. indica, is common to India and to New
nishes a kind of starch. [M. T. M.] Holland. The flowers of some of the
kinds are remarkable for the oddity of
ARISARUM. A genus of plants of the their form, and for their large size. Hum-
Arum family, closely allied to Ariscema. boldt mentions one, A. cordata, as growing
The lower part of the spadix has uni- on the shady banks of the Magdalena, and
sexual flowers, but no rudimentary ones, having blossoms measuring four feet in
and is naked at the top the ovaries are
;
circumference, and which the Indian chil-
few in number, and have a distinct style. dren sportively draw on their heads as
The plants are herbaceous, with a tuberous caps. A. Clematitis, the common Birth-
or branching and creeping rootstock, wort, is found in this country, but gene-
heart-shaped or spear-shaped leaves, on rally in the neighbourhood of old ruins, as
long stalks, and livid purple spathes. They if it had at some time been cultivated in
are natives of Southern Europe and the the gardens attached to such buildings ;
Mediterranean region. [M. T. M.] probably for medical purposes, as an aid
ARISTA. The awn or beard in parturition. It is a low growing shrub,
of corn, or
any such like process. with slender erect greenish furrowed
stems, stalked heart-shaped leaves, in the
ARISTATE. Furnished with an arista. axils of which the yellowish trumpet-
shaped flowers are produced in clusters.
ARlSTOhOCHIACEM(Aristolochice,Asa- Others of the species had formerly a
rinece, Pistolochince, Birthivorts). In the similar reputation, such as A. rotunda and
tropical parts of both hemispheres, and A. langa.
occasionally beyond those limits, occurs A. Serpentaria is the Virginian Snake-
a race of plants with singularly inflated root, furnishing the dimg known as serpen-
irregular flowers, consisting of a calyx tary, which is esteemed in the southern
only, of a dull dingy colour, varying from states of America as a cure for the bite of
yellow to shades of chocolate, purple, or the rattlesnake or of a mad dog. Its
brown, and often emitting an offensive effects, when given in large doses, are a
odour. A hot summer appears to be one feeling of sickness, purging, and subse-
condition of their existence, with a few quently increased fulness of the pulse
exceptions, the most striking of which are hence it is still occasionally used as a
I
Asarums, little stemless plants, wild in stimulant in fevers.
 ; :

91 Wfyz Crca£ur« of 23otaiti?. [aeis

The roots of other species are used in snakes, stupefies them, and kills them if
the United States for the same purposes, |
they do come, and cures them if bitten by
as A. hastaia auAA.tomentosa and several
;
'

a fellow snake, and likewise cures human

kinds are employed in Brazil for their beings bitten by these venomous reptile-.
stimulant properties. Many of these j
There can be no doubt of the partial truth
plants, besides those above mentioned, are of some of these statements, and hence,
said to be useful in effecting the cure of not only the botanical history, but the
snake bites, not only in tropical America, medical properties of Guaco, demand accu-
but also in the "West Indies, Hindostan, rate investigation.
and Egypt. It is stated that the Egyptian
jugglers use some of these plants to
stupify the snakes before they handle
them ; and Jacquin relates that the juice
of the root of A. aaguicida, if introduced
into the mouth of a serpent, so stupifies
it, that it may be handled with impunity.
If the reptile be compelled to swallow a
few drops, it perishes in .convulsions
hence it is perhaps, on' homoeopathic
principles, that the root is affirmed to be
an antidote to snake bites. A. bractcata
and A. indica are both used for similar
purposes in India, so that there is the
concurrent testimony of the natives of
different quarters of the globe as to the
peculiar property of these plants. The
two kinds just named are bitter plants,
used as purgatives and vermifuges, and
for other purposes in India.
In Central America one or more plants,
called Guaco by the natives, are held in liiuii
esteem for the cure of snake bites. It is
conjectured, with much probability, that
the Guaco is some species of Aristolochia.
Aristolochia gigantea.
So satisfied are the natives of Peru, Central
America, and Mexico of its extraordinary
medicinal powers and specific virtues in Several different kinds of Aristolochia
cases of snake bite, that every Indian or are cultivated in hot-houses for the singu-
larity, and in some cases for the handsome
Negro who has to traverse the country, in- ;

variably has a supply of this friendly plant !

appearance, of their flowers, albeit their
in a dry or prepared state, to meet any I
colour is usually of a dingy hue. The
flowers of A. glauca act as a sort of fly-trap
accident that may befall him, by inadver- j

the flowers are bent in the middle, and

tently placing his foot upon one of these
lined with hairs pointed downwards, so
dreaded and deadly foes of mankind. Mr.
that ingress is easy but escape impossible
Temple, to whose account of this plant,
to the unlucky insect, which thus, it may
published in the Journal of the Society of
Art* for the year 1855, we are indebted in
be unconsciously, aids in the ripening of
the seed. A. Sipho, a native of the Alle-
drawing up this notice, states that he em-
ployed the tincture in four cases of snake
ghany mountains, is cultivated as a climb-
ing plant, out of doors, for the sake of its
bite with complete success. He also gives
large, heart-shaped leaves the flower is
a strange account of the way in which
;

the Guaco is reported to have been first

curved like a siphon, hence its name it has;

also received the name of Pipe-vine, from

discovered, the substance of which is as
follows :— A traveller passing through a
a resemblance in the form of the flowers
to that of a tobacco-pipe. [M. T. MJ
forest observed two formidable snakes en-
gaged in deadly encounter after a short
; AE.ISTOTELIA. A genus of the natural
time one was severely bitten and fled from family Tiliacece. There are four species
! the scene of conflict, until it reached a known shrubs or small trees with opposite
:

creeping plant, of the leaves of which it or ternate stalked leaves, which vary much
i

; partook with greediness —that plant was in size and form. The flowers are small
i
the Guaco. He secured the reptile, and and white, arranged in axillary fascicles
brought away the plant the leaves of which or in racemes the berries roundish, vary-
;

it had eaten. The snake, although bitten ing in colour from pink to black, and in size
by one of a most deadly species, quite re- from that of a small pea to a cherry. The
covered. Another report, as probable as the wood of A. Macqui, a native of Chili, is
other, is that snakes have been observed used for making musical instruments, its
carefully to avoid localities where the plant tough barkformirg the strings. Theberries
grows. Many persons are so firmly per- are acid but eatable, and a wine is made
suaded that the snake will not approach from them by the Chilians which is given
the Guaco, that when travelling in the in malignant fever. It was employed by
'

bush, they carry a small piece of the root Dombey in Chili during the plague of 1782,
of the plant in their pocket. So then, this with boasted success.' Two species are
wonderful plant prevents the access of found in N. Zealand the berries of A
:
 —

ARJO] Cfje {Frtatfurji at 3S0taup. 92

racemosa, the Mako-Mako of the natives, the apex, and the stigmas often forming
are eaten. The genus is named in honour four lobes. The species are small and very
of the Greek philosopher. [A. A. BJ hispid or bristly, with pale yellow or pur-
plish-blue flowers. [J. T. S.]
ARJOONA. A genus of Olacacea, con-
taining three species of under-shrubs or ARNICA. The name applied to a genus
herbaceous plants, with alternate rigid of the composite family, distinguished by
and acute leaves, and flowers in spikes at the following characteristics —Involucre
:

the end of the branches. The calyx consists bell-shaped, of two rows of bracts ; outer-
of a cylindrical flve-lobed tube. The sta- most florets strap-shaped, containing pis-
mens, five in number, have slender fila- tils only with rudimentary stamens cen- ;

ments and oblong anthers. The inferior tral ones tubular, five-toothed, containing
ovary is fleshy and contains three ovules. both stamens and pistils ; the tube of
There is a thread-like style, and three short the corolla hairy; style with long arms
linear stigmas. The fruit, included in the covered with downy hairs ; fruit cylindri-
persistent bracts and bracteoles, is one- cal, tapering at each end, ribbed, hairy,
seeded. The species are natives of South and surmounted by a pappus, consisting of
America. [W. C] close rigid rough hairs arranged in one
row.
ARMARINTHE. (Fr.) Cachrys. A. montana, the Mountain Tobacco, is a
ARMATURE, ARMS. Any kind of de- native of Central Europe. Its roots and
fence consisting of spines, prickles, &c. leaves possess powerfully acrid proper-
ties, but in small doses it is employed as
ARMENIACA. The Apricot, Prumcs a stimulant in low fevers and other condi-
Armeniaca.
tions of debility, also in paralytic affec-
ARMENIACTJS. A native of Armenia ; tions externally it is much used as a
;

but more generally used to signify apricot- tincture applied to bruises, wounds, and !

coloured. sprains. It promotes the speedy absorp- |

tion and removal of the effused blood.

ARMERIA. Thrift. A genus
of Plum-
The peculiar properties seem especially
baginacece, with narrow often grass-like
!

due to a resinous substance called arnicin,

leaves and naked scapes, terminating in
\

and to a volatile oil. [M. T. M.]

compact heads, almost like those of the \

scabious, surrounded by an involucre of ARNOLDIA. The name of a section of

bracts, the two outermost of which have the genus Dimorphotheca, which see. The
the bases produced downwards, forming a
j

same name was applied by Blume to a !

cylindrical sheath or tube, enclosing the Java plant, which is now placed in the
upper part of the scape. The flowers are
;

genus Weinmannia.
rose-coloured, purple or white. Two species
are included in the British Flora, but one ARNOSERIS. Nipplewort. An insignifi- I

of them, A plantaginea, which has the cant native annual weed belonging to the
tribe Cichoracew, of compound flowers. It
j

leaves three or five-nerved, broader to- |

wards the end, is only found in Jersey. grows from six to eight inches high, with
The other, A. vulgaris, is the common Sea-
j

a branched leafless stem, the upper branches

Pink or Thrift, and occurs on all the coasts being hollow and singularly swollen up- ;

and many of the mountains of the British wards so as to assume a club-shaped form.
Islands the leaves are narrow and parallel-
:
The flowers are small and yellow. By
sided. This plant is often cultivated in Smith, Hooker, and others, it is placed in
gardens, where it is sometimes used to the genus Lapsana, from which it was
supply the place of box-edging, for which separated by Gartner on account of the
its compact tufted growth makes it very fruit being crowned with a pappus of
suitable. [J. T. S.] many short entire broad scales in Lap- ;

sana the fruit is naked. [C. A. J.]

ARMILLARIA. A sub-genus of Agari-
cus, distinguished from other white-spored ARNOTTO or ANATTO. Bixa Orel-
groups by its partial ring-like veil, without lana.
any universal volva, which remains at- ARONICUM. A genus of the composite
tached to the stem. Agaricus melleas, a family, closely allied to, and only differing
species common on almost every rotten from, Doronleum, in all the achenes being
stump in autumn, is the most prominent furnished with a pilose pappus, instead of
example mc„
cidmiPic met with
,ulu hi ™,= wuai.
in this country.
j This is
'=
. ^» of the disc only. There are four
those ot toui
frequently eaten abroad under the name of I

known species, all of them pretty peren

dimasch but it is very acrid, and causes
;
nial herbs restricted to mountain districts
a strong constriction of the throat when in Central Europe and Asia. They have
eaten raw. It would not be an acceptable stems varying from three inches to two
article of food in this country, even were feet high, terminating in one or more
it free from danger. [M. J. B.] yellow-rayed flower-heads, sometimes two
ARMOISE. (Fr.) Artemisia. inches across ; the root-leaves are stalked,
heart-shaped or oblong, and toothed, with
ARMORACIA. The Horse-Radish, Coch-
a smooth or downy surface, and those of
earia Armoracia.
the stem sessile and arranged alternately
ARXEBIA. A small genus of oriental not opposite as in the nearly allied genus
and North African Boraginacece, allied to Arnica. A. Clusii is a neat little Alpine
Lithospermum, but having the style bifid at species, three to five inches high, fre-
 93 Cf)£ €rea£urg nf 3Sntani). [arro
quently met with in collections of Alpine !
petals ovate or lance-shaped, purplish, with
plants. [A. A. B.] j
the point bent inwards ; fruit turgid, com-
pressed from side to side, wingless, sur-
ARPOPHYLLUM. Under this name are I

mounted by the thickened bases of the

collected about four species of epiphytal i style ; albumen curved. A. esculenta is
Orchids, inhabiting Mexico and New cultivated in the cooler mountainous dis-
Grenada. They have slender bulb-like tricts of Northern South America, where
stems, invested with stout sheaths and one the roots form the staple diet of the in-
or two narrow leathery leaves at their tip. habitants. The plant is somewhat like the
The flowers are collected in close cylin- hemlock (Conium maculatum), but its
drical spikes, are small, somewhat globose, leaves are broader, its stem not spotted,
and have a rich deep crimson colour. One and its flowers are of a dingy purple co-
of the species, A. cardinalis, is as much as lour the roots are large and divided into
;

three feet high. One or two species exist several fleshy lobes of the size of a carrot,
in gardens, where they are valued for their which when boiled are firm and have a
elegant manner of growth. A. alpinum is flavour intermediate between a chesnut
the hardiest, inhabiting Mount Totanica- and a parsnip. Trials have been made to
pan, at the elevation of 10,000 feet above cultivate the plant in this country, but
the sea level, where it rides on the branches the climate has not been found suited
of the Mexican alder, in a region where for it. It might be tried in some of our
oaks refuse to grow. colonies with advantage. [M. T. M.]
ARRABIDJEA. A genus of Bignoni- The name Arracacha is also given to one
acere, composed of about twenty South of the tuber-bearing species of Oxalis, 0.
American, chiefly Brazilian species, all of crenata. [T. M.]
which are climbing shrubs, having, when
young, pinnate or trifoliate, when old bi- ARRETE-B03UF. (Fr.) Ononis procur-
foliate leaves, generally furnished with rens.
tendrils. The genus may be readily dis-
tinguished from all other Bignoniacece by ARRHENATHERTTM. A genus of grasses
having by far the smallest flowers in the of the tribe Avenacece, distinguished chiefly
order, the corollas being, in some in- by having two florets within the glumes,
stances, only three to four lines long also the lower of which is abortive. The only
;

by its stamens, four of which are fertile, British species is the tall Oat-grass, A.
whilst the fifth is sterile and of equal avenaceum, which in many instances forms
i length with the rest. The calyx is cup- a very considerable portion of good mea-
shaped the corolla hypocrateriform the
; ;
dows and pastures. Although a large
fruit a dehiscent, smooth, flattened cap- growing species, and one which cattle ap-
sule, linear in shape, and having a septum pear to like, it is found, on being chemi-
cally analyzed, to be low in nutritive pro-
placed parallel with the valves of the latter.
perties compared with some other kinds,
The flowers, though small, are arranged in
i
large terminal panicles, and render the consequently, it is mostly cultivated as a
Arrabidaas ornamental objects. The leaves portion in mixtures of grasses, and never
of several have a deep rose or purplish alone as a crop. For this purpose it is use-
ful in assisting the weaker stemmed kinds
\

: tint, and are used for dyes. One of these

species is A. rosea, from which a purplish to stand upright while ripening. The few
species which were formally included under
;

! colour is extracted in the forests of Rio Ne-

this genus, as defined by Beauvois, will be
i gro, and im ported to Europe. The doubtful
Bignonia Cliica, probably also a congener, found described under the genus Avena in
j

Steudel's Synopsis. [D. M.]

I furnishes, by boiling its leaves in water,
a red feculent substance, which is quickly ARROCHE EPINARD. fFr.) Atriplex
— FRAISE.
j

precipitated by adding some juices of the hortcnsis. Blitum capitatmn.

j

! bark of an unknown tree, called Arayana ; — POURPIER. Atriplex portulacoides.

the Indians use it for painting their body
red. It is also an article of importance to ARROW-GRASS. A common name for
dyers. In nature it approaches the resins, Triglochin. The name Arrow-grass is also
but contains some peculiar properties it applied to the Juncaginacece generally.
;

gives an orange colour to cotton. Big- ARROW-HEAD. Sagittaria sagittifolia.

noniaiV) Cliica, termed Chica' in the Ori-
'

noco districts, is probably identical with ARROW-ROOT. A pure kind of starch

the ' Carajura.' In the Isthmus of Panama obtained from various plants, and employed
it is known as ' Hojita de tenir,' and used for dietary and other purposes. That called
for dyeing Spanish hammocks. Silk-worms Bermuda or West Indian Arrow- root is ob-
fed with the leaves are stated to produce tained from Maranta arundinacea. Brazil-
red silk. ** ian Arrow-root or Tapioca meal is obtained
[B. SJ from Manihot uMlissima. Chinese Arrow-
ARRACACHA. A name applied by the root is said to come from the tubers of
•natives of the northern parts of South Nelumbium spcciosum. East Indian Arrow-
America to several kinds of plants, pos- root is obtained from different species of
sessing tubers or tuberous roots, but, bota- Curcuma. English Arrow-root is the starch
nically speaking, confined to a srenus of obtained from the tubers of the potato,
umbelliferous plants allied to the hem- Solanum tuberosum. The seeds of Dion
lock. Its principal distinguishing cha- edale furnish a kind of Arrow-root in Mex-
racteristics are— limb of the calyx entire ;
ico. Oswego Arrow-root is obtained in
 ;

ARRO] Cf)£ Ereagurg at SSotang. 94

America from Indian corn, Zea Mays. A ing four scales inside the tube, and having
kind of Arrow-root, called Tous les mois, a four-cleft somewhat two-lipped limb, the
which comes from the West Indies, is sup- upper segment of which is broader four ;

posed to be the produce of Canna edulis, didynamous stamens inserted in the tube
C. Achiras, and probably of other species. of the corolla, the hinder ones shorter a ;

That of the Sandwich Islands comes from simple style with a bilammellate stigma
Tacca oceanica. Though the name Arrow- and a two-celled ovary containing many
root is that applied to the produce of ovules. The species are glabrous herbs of
various plants, it is more particularly as- India and the East, and have opposite
sociated with that of the Maranta. The leaves, with terminal racemes of flowers.
word is a corruption of the name Ara- A. fimbriatum is an ornamental species,
root. [T. M.] sometimes seen in gardens. [T. MJ

ARROW-WOOD. An American name ARTANTHE. The name of a genus of

for certain species of Viburnum, as V. plants belonging to the pepper family
dentatum, pubescens, etc. (Piperacece). They are woody plants with
jointed stems, rough leaves, and spikes of
ARRUDE A. A genus of the mangosteen flowers opposite the leaves. The flowers
family (Clusiacece), differing from Clusia, are perfect with peltate or hooded bracts.
to which it is most nearly related, in having A. elongata, formerly called Piper angustifo-
a many-leaved calyx, a larger number of lium, furnishes one of the articles known
petals and stamens, as well as a stalked by the Peruvians as Matico, and which is
stigma. Three species are known two of ; used by them for the same purposes as
them found in Brazil, the other in Surinam. cubebs, the produce of a nearly-allied
Their leaves are opposite, smooth and plant but its chief value is as a styptic,
;

leathery, and their flowers solitary, stalked the rough leaves of the plant having the
at the ends of the branches, and sometimes power of staunching blood. The under sur-
as large as those of a camellia. A. clusioidcs, face of the leaf is rough, traversed by a
a Brazilian species, is said to be a small network of projecting veins, and covered
tree, from the branches of which a viscid with hairs hence its effect in stopping
;

gum exudes while A. rosea, the Surinam

;
haemorrhage is probably mechanical like
species, is said to grow on the trunks of that of lint.cobweb, and other commonly-
other trees which it clasps with its long used styptics. It has also been employed
stringy roots so tightly as eventually to internally to check haemorrhages, but with
kill them. As in the other species, a gum doubtful effect. Its aromatic bitter stim-
exudes from the stems, which sometimes ulant properties are like those of cubebs,
are upwards of forty feet long, while their and depend probably on a volatile oil, a
greatest thickness is two and a half feet. dark green resin, and a peculiar bitter
The genus is named in honour of M. Arruda principle called maticin. A. aduncate made
de Camara, who wrote on fibrous plants of use of in Brazil for its pungent aromatic
Brazil. [A. A. B.] stimulant qualities, as well as for its spe-
cific effects. Other plants appear to furnish
ARTABOTRYS. A genus of plants be-
leaves having similar properties, and called
longing to the family of Anonacew. Its
by the same name by the Columbians. See
name is derived from the hook-like form
Eupatorium. [M. T. M.]
of the flower stalks, by the aid of which
the fruit is hung or suspended. The pro-
minent characters of the genus are: hooked ARTEMISIA. A
genus of plants com-
monly called Wormwood, belonging to the
woody flower stalks three sepals, coherent
;

at the base six petals in two rows, all of

tribe Senecioneoe of the Composilo?. The
;

the same shape, and so placed in the flower Wormwoods

are shrubby or herbaceous
plants with their leaves usually much di-
bnd that they touch by the margins only,
hollowed at the base, and constricted vided and frequently of a grey colour. The
around the ovaries numerous densely flower heads are small, borne in panicles,
;

packed stamens ovaries indefinite in num- and provided with an involucre of over-
;
lapping bracts the florets are as long as
;
ber, each containing at the base two erect
ovules. The plants constituting this genus
the involucre, yellow or greenish, either
all tubular and five-toothed, or the central
are shrubs or climbing plants, natives of
India and the Indian Archipelago chiefly, ones tubular, five-toothed and barren, and
but one is found in the western part of the outer ones filiform or three-toothed,
tropical Africa. A. odoratisslma is culti-
female and fertile; the florets are placed
vated as an ornamental shrub, and for the
on a receptacle without scales, and the
fruits are obovate and not provided with
sake of its fragrant flowers, throughout
the East, and also in hot-houses in this a pappus. The genus is widely distributed
country. The leaves of certain kinds are over the temperate and warmer temperate
regions of the globe, and most of them are
highly esteemed in Java, against cholera,
remarkable for their strong odour and
their value being probably dependent on
bitter taste. Three or four species grow
the warm aromatic principle pervading
Avild in this country. In certain of the
them. [M. T. M.]
Western states of North America, as Utah,
ARTANEMA. A genus of Scrophulariacea?, Texas, New Mexico, &c, are large tracts
synonymous with Achimenes of Vahl. It almost entirely destitute of other vegeta-
is characterised by a five-parted subequal tion than that afforded by certain kinds of
calyx a funnel or bell-shaped corolla, bear- Artemisia, which cover vast plains, and
;
 :

95 ®%c €rcx£ur£ at SSotang. [arth

give them an universal greyish green hue. in excavations in the axis. The calyx also
The plants are known under various names istrigonous or tetragonous, with three to
by the trappers, who find the gnarled and and without wing or appendase.
five teeth,
interlacing branches an almost insur- The seed has a distinctly double integu-
mountable obstacle to man or horse. The ment, while in Salicornia it is single.
plants, moreover, are of no value as forage. Otherwise the two genera agree. They
The few wild animals that feed on them are have perfect flowers, without scales one ;

said to have their flesh rendered of a hitter or two stamens two styles and an ovate
; ;

taste in consequence. The Artemisias also one-celled and one-seeded ovary. The
abound in the arid soil of the Tartarian species are found in the salt marshes of
Steppes, and in other similar situations. all parts of the world. A. fruticosum is
! The Common Wormwood, A. Absinth ium, abundant on the British coasts. [W. C]
is found wild in some parts of Britain and
cultivated in cottage-gardens. It possesses ARTHROLEPIS. The name given to a
aromatic bitter and tonic properties, and genus of the composite family (Compo-
was formerly much employed as a vermi- site). There is but one species known, a
fuge. The active properties of the plant, perennial herb, native of Syria, a foot high,
and probably those of the other kinds used with alternate linear pinnatisect leaves,
for like purposes, depend on a volatile oil, a the segments very small and closely over-
peculiar bitter principle called absinthine, lapping each other. The flower-heads are
and an acid called absinthic acid. What is single at the ends of the branches the ray
;

called salt of wormwood is an impure car- florets yellow. All the parts of the plant
bonate of potash, obtained from the ashes are covered with a white mealy pube-
of wormwood. scence. It is nearly related to the Chamo-
A large number of the species possess miles (Anthemis) and the Millfoils (Achil-
similar properties to those found in the lea) ;differing from the first in its winged
common wormwood, and are hence used achenes, from the second in its single
for the same purposes in various parts of flower-heads, and from both in the jointed
the world. The flower stalks and heads of scales of the involucre. The name of the
several species of Artemisia are sold by genus is derived from this latter circum-
herbalists under the name of Wormseed stance. [A. A. B.]
they are chiefly imported from the Levant,
and are the produce of plants growing in ARTHROLOBIUM. An unimportant
Syria.Persia, and Barbary. Others imported genus of leguminous plants distinguished
from India are employed as vermifuges. from the equally unpretending Ornithopus,
A. Moxa is said by Dr. Lindley to be the by the heads of flowers being destitute of
plant used by the Chinese and Japanese in a floral leaf, or bract, at the base. There
the formation of their Moxa, a small pellet are two European species, one of which,
of combustible material, placed on the skin A. ebracteatum, grows in the Channel Isles
and burnt there so as to produce a sore. and in Scilly. It is a small plant with pros-
It is used for the same puiposes, and on trate stems, pinnate leaves, and minute
the same principle as a blister, but it is cream-coloured flowers veined with crim-
exceedingly painful and now very rarely son, growing in heads of four or five, and
employed. Some of the species of Arte- succeeded by as many-jointed and curved
misia growing in Switzerland are used in pods, which together bear a singular re-
the manufacture of the bitter aromatic semblance to a bird's foot. [C. A. J.]
Extrait d' Absinthe.
The Southernwood of gardens, A. Abro- ARTHROPHYLLUM. A genus of the
tanum, sometimes called by country people Bignonia family, containing five species,
Old Man, is a shrub with finely divided all of them shrubs or small trees, found in
greyish greenleaves, which have a fragrant Madagascar and the islands of Eastern
aromatic odour, said to be disagreeable to tropical Africa. Their leaves are com-
bees and other insects. The plant is a pound, opposite, or alternate, and very
native of the South of Europe. peculiar in structure; indeed, in four of
The Tarragon, A. Dracunculus, differs the species no true leaves may be said to
from the majority of its fellows in that its be developed, but their petioles, or leaf-
leaves are undivided they are narrow and
;. stalks are winged and leaf-like, with two
lance-shaped, of a bright green colour, and to four joints, the segments between the
possess a peculiar aromatic taste, without joints being wedge-shaped, and the ter-
the characteristic bitterness of the genus. minal one acute. In A. Thoiu irsianum
The plant is a native of Siberia. [M. T. M.] leaflets are produced from the joints of the
petiole. Their flowers are generally large
ABTHANITA. (Ft.) Cyclamen europosum. and tubular, disposed in racemes or co-
ARTHROBOTRYS. A name proposed rymbs from the ultimate f orkings of the
branches. A. madagascariense is cultivated
for a small group of Indian ferns,now in England. Its flowers are pink in colour,
referred to Lastrea. [T. MJ large and tubular, the limb of the corolla
ARTHROCXEMU.M. A genus of Che;io five-lobed, with crisped margins. The
pod.iacece,separated from Salicornia to re- name Arthrophyllwm signifies jointed leaf.
ceive fruticosa and a few other species,
.S'. It has been changed by some authors to
which differ from the restricted Salicornia Phyllarthron because the name Arthro-
in having the flowers hidden in the articu- phyllum is given also to a genus of the
lations of the branches, and not concealed Aralia family. [A. A. B.]
 ,

arth] &\)t Crca^urii of Watmy. 96

ARTHROPODIUM. A genus of Aus- wards. These female flowers soon grow

tralian and New Zealand Liliacew, allied to together, and form one large fleshy mass,
Anther team, with grass-like radical leaves, which becomes the fruit, which is thus
fasciculate roots, and small purplish or formed exactly in the same way as the
white flowers in lax racemes or panicles; mulberry is, but in the bread-fruit fari-
the filaments of the stamens are clothed naceous matter takes the place of the
with fine short hairs for half their length. suerar and vegetable jelly of the former.
A few species are cultivated in our green- The Bread-fruit tree of the South Sea
houses. [J- T. S.] Islands (A. incisa) is a moderate-sized tree,
whose young branches are marked with
ARTHROPTERIS. A name proposed ring-like scars indicating the spotwhere the
for a few tropical ferns distinguished by large convolute stipules have been placed.
having a jointed stalk. They are referred The leaves are large rough dark green, di-
severally to the genera Lastrea, Nephru- vided into lobes, something like those of a
lepis, and Polypodium. [T. M.] fig tree. The fruit is roundish, of the size
of a melon, rough on the exterior, marked
ARTHROSTEMMA. A genus of tro- with hexagonal knobs, or in some of the
pical American Melastomacece, which have varieties smooth and of a green colour.
littleresemblance to each other, but agree
The pulp in the interior is whitish, and of
in having the parts of the flower in fours,
the consistence of newbi-ead. It is roasted
the anthers eared at the base, the ovary
before it is eaten, but has little flavour.
bristly at the apex. Some of the species
The best varieties contain no seeds, the tree
are handsome, resembling the Bhe.rias.
being propagated bj shoots that spring from
A few of the species are cultivated in the roots. The tree contains a viscid milky
our stoves and greenhouses. [J. T. SJ
juice, containing caoutchouc, which is
ARTHROTAXIS. A
genus of Goniferce, used instead of glue, and for caulking the
consisting of much branched evergreen canoes of the South Sea Islanders, who
trees of no great height, with short, thick,
densely imbricated leaves, closely covering
the branches. The male flowers form very
short terminal spikes with two-celled an-
thers. The ripe cones are also terminal,
sessile, small, and globular, with almost
woody peltate scales, each bearing three
to six inverted seeds. There are only
three species known, all natives of Tas-
mania.
ARTICHAUT. (Fr.) Cynara Scohjmus.
ARTICHOKE. Cynara Scolymus. —
JERUSALEM. Helianthus tuberosus.
ARTICULUS. A joint ; a place where
spontaneous or easy separation takes
place.
ARTILLERY PLANT. Pilea serpylli-
folia, and herniaricefolia.
ARTOCARPACEvE (Artocarpece, Artocar-
pads). A group of apetalous trees.not unlike
the plane trees of Europe, but for the most
part inhabiting the tropics and always the
warmer parts of the world. They abound
in a milky juice, and have for the most
part their female flowers collected into
fleshy masses or heads. Moreover, they
have great sheathing convolute stipules
like those of a fig tree. The more im-
portant genera are Artocarpus and An-
tiaris. Artocarpus incisa.

ARTOCARPUS. This name, signifying make use also of the timber of the tree,
Bread-fruit, is applied to the genus of trees which is soft, and is said to attain a ma-
furnishing the well-known fruit of that hogany colour by exposure. The bark of
name. It gives the name to the order the young tree is also fabricated into a
Artocarpacece, and is distinguished by hav- coarse cloth. In the South Sea Islands, the
ing its male or stamen-bearing flowers bread-fruit constitutes the principal article
borne on long club-shaped spikes, and the of diet, which is prepared by baking it in
pistil-hearing ones in round heads. The an oven heated by hot stones. The plant
male flowers have a tubular calyx of two is now cultivated in the West Indies, but
sepals containing a single stamen the ; does not equal the plaintain as an article
female flowers have a simple ovary, con- of food. The history of its introduction
taining a single ovule, and surmounted by into these islands is associated with the
a style with two stigmas curved down- well-known incidents of the mutiny of the
 ;

crew of the ' Bountv,' which had been sent Isle of Wight a much larger plant
out under the command of Lieut. Bligh to than the common^. maculatum,the leaves,
procure bread-fruit trees, at the earnest with white veins, have the lobes at the
request of Captain Cook, and the natural- base spreading more widely than in
ists who accompanied him in his voyages. that species, and the spathe is rolled
The first attempt was frustrated by the backwards at the point as the flowers
mutiny of the crew after the plants had ripen.
been procured, and all promised well. A The root of A. montanum is used in
second attempt, four years subsequently, India to poison tigers. The roots of A.
proved successful. lyratiim furnish an article of diet to the
The Jack, A. intecjrifolia, is a native of natives of the Circar mountains. They
the Indian Archipelago it produces a fruit
; require, however, to be carefully boiled
like that of the above-named kind, but the several times, and dressed in a particular
leaves are not at all lobed or divided. It is manner, to divest them of a somewhat dis-
cultivated in Southern India and all the agreeable taste.
warm parts of Asia. The fruit is a favourite All the species of Arum, and those of
article of food among the natives, as also allied genera, such as Ariscema, Colocasia,
are the roasted seeds. The timber is much Caladium, Amorplwphallus and others, pos-
used for making furniture it is at first of
; sess a similar combination of extremely
a pale colour, but subsequently becomes acrid properties, with the presence of
r dark, approaching to a mahogany tint. a large quantity of farina, which can be
Bird-lime is manufactured from the juice. separated from the poisonous ingredient
A. hirsvia, 'a native of Malabar, possesses by heat or water, or by merely drying in
similar qualities. A. incisa is shown in some instances.
Plates 2a and 7e. [M. T. M.] A. Dracunculus is commonly cultivated
in gardens for the sake of its large pedate
ARUM. A genus of plants of the family leaves, its spotted stem, and purple spadix.
Aracece, known by having a large spathe, The smell is fetid, and apt to produce
whose edges are rolled over one another headache. The Arums have been made
at the base. The flowers are unisexual, and use of in experimenting upon vegetable
placed on a fleshy spike or spadix, which heat, as by reason of the investing spathe,
s club-shaped and destitute of flowers at |
the heat generated by the flowers does not
the summit, but at the lower portion :
so easily escape as in other plants, and
bears male flowers or stamens, oonsistins its degree can the more readily be ascer-
merely of anthers, opening by lateral slits, tained. Moreover, it appears that these
unprovided with filaments, and not in- plants really do generate more heat than
|
vested by a perianth. Between the male other flowers for instance, a difference of
;

flowers and the female are a number of more than 50° is recorded between the
abortive flowers having the appearance temperature of the air and that of the
of threads or hairs. Quite at the base of flowers of A. cordifolium. [M. T. M.]
the spadix the female flowers are placed
these consist merely of ovaries, containing ARUM, ARROW. Peltandra virginica
two to six ovules, andripening into a berry- —, WATER. Calla palustris.
like fruit.
The common Arum of the hedges (A. ma-
ARUM D'ETHIOPIE. (Fr.) Bichardia
(Ethiopica.
j
culatum),or, as it is commonly called,
Lords and Ladies, or Wake Robin, isan ex- ARUXDIXA. Reed-like terrestrial or-
tremely acrid poisonous plant, but by dry- chids, with slender stems and narrow
;
ing, or the agency of heat, the acrid matter r ftbed leaves. The flowers are large, thin,
is destroyed. It has a whitish rootstock richly coloured with rose or purple, but
from which proceed ovate arrow-shaped Yery fugitive. Three or four species are
green leaves^frequently marked with dark known all inhabitants of tropical Asia,
: .

blotches and placed on long stalks the The genus is nearly allied to Bletia.
;

spathe is green. The spadix is of various

shades of purple, or more rarely of a dull ARUXDrNARIA. A genus of grasses
I

yellowish colour. When the fruits are belonging to the tribe Bambusidce. The
!

ripe, they are of a brilliant red colour, and species are either of a shrubby or arbores-
!

very conspicuous, at not only the tops of cent nature, with strong jointed stems,
j

the spadix, but also the investing spathe resembling those of the bamboo cane.
wither, and fall off as the fruit attains to t 1*^-"
They '
j

n «h, from
<>i-o mostly
are ™
+v, Q wc,™^,-
ivr,™ the mvt c of
warmer parts rvF

maturity. From the tubers of this plant, the globe, and in some instances attain a
in the Isle of Portland, a starch called great size, where they grow spontaneously.
Portland Arrowroot was formerly exten- A. falcata is one of the hardiest kinds,
sively prepared by pounding the tubers being able to bear the cold of ordinary win-
with water, and then straining. On allow- ters in Britain, especially in the southern
ing the strained liquid to stand the starch counties of England and Ireland. In the
was deposited. Care was necessary from county of Cork, several brakes were planted
the extremely acrid nature of the plant, of this plant about the year 1848, and in
Indeed, Mr. A. Irvine, in his Illustrated ten years after the canes bad reached a
Handbook of British Plants, records that height of from sixteen to twenty feet,
many hours' boiling did not suffice to dissi- being about afoot in circumference at the
I

pate the acrid matter. base. The joints on the stems are nearly
A. iiaZicztr/! has been found togrowinthe of equal growths, and owing to their re-
'
AKUN €tyz fea^ury at ^otaug. 98

gularity the plantations present a curious is prepared. The plantbulbous, with

is
appearance, to those, particularly,who have long linear grass-like leaves, and a long
not seen tropical vegetation. In Nepal bractless cluster of flowers which have a :

and on the slopes of the great Himalayan six-parted perianth six stamens, three
;

range of mountains, they are used in many shorter than the remainder anthers heart- ;

instances by the inhabitants in the way of shaped, becoming shield-shaped, and burst-
thatch to cover their dwellings, for which ing vertically; and fruit consisting of three
purpose it is valuable, resisting, as it does, lance-shaped pointed follicles, of thin
the effects of weather a long time, owing papery consistence, and containing a num-
to the large amount of silica contained in ber of winged seeds. The seeds, called
the joints and on the cuticle of the Cebadilla seeds, were formerly used to de-
stems. stroy vermin, but are now employed in the
Another important species is A. Srtwm- preparation of veratria, an alkaline sub-
hnn;ikii, a native of Guiana, where the stance, of a powerfully irritant poisonous
straight canes attain a height of sixteen nature, occasionally made use of in neu-
feet and upwards, with a diameter of one ralgia and rheumatic affections. It has
to one and a half foot at their base. It is been given internally, but from its doubt-
this plant, which chiefly furnishes the ful action and dangerous nature, it is now
tubes to the native Indians, from which rarely if ever employed. [M. T. •
.] M
they blow their poisoned arrows, which
after being clipped in the deadly woorali ASARABACCA. The common name for
poison, act with such fatal effect on the Asarum.
victims they are aimed at. [D. M.]
ASARTJM. A genus of the order Aris-
ARTJNDO. A genus of grasses typical tnlochiacece, known by its bell-shaped
of the tribe Arundinece. This genus, as three-cleft perianth, twelve stamens in-
now defined by Steudel and other authors, serted at the base of the style, and with
excludes the British species, which were the connective of the anthers prolonged
formerly included in it they will be found
: into an awl-shaped process. The fruit is a
in the genera Psamma and Phragmites. six-celled capsule, surmounted by the per-
A. Bonax is one of the most important sistent limb of the calyx. The species of
kinds, and may be seen occasionally cul- this genus are dispersed over Europe, and
tivated in British gardens, for the orna- the temperate parts of Asia, and North
mental effect it produces when growing in America.
groups. The stems attain a height of A. europceum is the Asarabacca of herba-
eight to ten feet in this country but in
; lists it is said to be found wild in West-
;

Spain and other parts of the south of moreland and other places in the north of
Europe they grow much taller. The leaves England. It is a low growing plant, with
are broad, of a fine glaucous green colour, a creeping rootstock, from which proceed
and in one variety they are beautifully a number of roots, and also two rounded
striped in different colours, similar to kidney-shaped stalked leaves; between
those of the common ribbon-grass of them is placed the dull brownish flower.
gardens (Ph.ala.ris arundinacea variegata). The roots and leaves are acrid and some-
The reeds are sometimes used in making what aromatic, they contain a volatile oil,
bagpipes and some other musical instru- a bitter matter, and a substance like cam-
ments. Mrs. Callcott, in the Scripture Her- phor. Asarabacca was formerly used as a
bal, considers it probable that A. Bonax is purgative and emetic, and also to promote
one of the plants alluded to in Scripture as sneezing, but it is now rarely used, having
the Reed, especially when the original word been supplanted by safer and more certain
is ' kaneh: The canes being long, straight, remedies. A canadense is sometimes met
.

and light, make admirable fishing-rods, and with in gardens it greatly resembles the
;

excellent arrows the latter quality being

: European plant, but has larger leaves pro-
of great importance to the warlike Jews, vided with a short spine. [M. T. M.]
after they began to practise archery with
effect. The heroes of Homer made their ASARINEiE. A synonym of Aristolo-
arrows of this reed (Iliad xi.), and the chiacece.
tent of Achilles was thatched with its ASCARINA, a genus of CJiloranthaceo?,
leaves. [D. M.] founded by Forster on a single species
ARVORE DE PAINA. A Brazilian name from the Society Islands. It is a tree with
of Chorisia speciosa. opposite, petiolate, and serrate leaves.
The flowers are dioecious and unibracteate,
ASA DULCIS. A drug held in high re- on lax spikes. The male flower consists of
pute among the ancients, supposed to be a single stamen with a short filament, and
the produce of Thapsia garganica. a large oblong quadrisulcate anther. The
ASAFCETIDA. A drug formed of the ovary is globular-truncate, one-celled, and
concreted milky juice of Narthex, and of one-seeded. The stigma is sessile, de-
various species of Ferula. pressed, and obsoletely three-lobed. [W. C]

ASAGRJEA. A Mexican genus of plants ASCENDING. Directed upwards as the ;

belonging to the colchicum family, Melan- stem, which is the ascending axis. Rising
thaceee. The single species of this genus, upwards with a curve, from the horizontal
A. officinalis, furnishes the Cebadilla seeds to a vertical position, as many stems.
from which the alkaline poison veratrine Simply rising upwards.
 :

ASCI. The name of the fruit-bearing they ultimately find their way by a spon-
! cells in the important division of Fungi, taneous emission, and reach the surface of
! called Ascomycetes. These may be thread- the stigma without being projected upon
j
shaped, cylindrical like little sausages, cla- it, conducted by some inherent vital power.
vate, or subglobose. In the latter case they For a full account of this extraordinary
;
are mostly few in number, aud are occa- fact, see Lindley's Introduction to Botany,
;
sionally reduced to one in each cyst or 4th edition.
perithecium, as in Splicerotheca, to which
genus belongs the felted mildew of Rose- ASCLEPIAS. From this genus the order
Asclepiadacece takes its name. Its charac-
leaves and the Hop mildew. [M. J. B.]
The term Asci is also applied to spore- ters are as follow : —
The corolla consists of
five petals, bent downwards towards the
cases, consisting of a long or roundish cell
stalk; within the petals are five curious
containing spores. These are characteristic
boat-shaped processes or cups, forming
of lichens.
what is called the coronet, and from each of
ASCIDIT7M. A pitcher ; various modifi- these cups a curved horn-like body pro-
cations of leaves containing, or capable of jects within these are five stamens, whose
;

holding fluid, such as are found in Sarra- filaments are united into a pentangular
cenia, Nepenthes, Cephalotus, or even Utri- tube bearing five anthers, which adhere to
cularia. the five-angled stigma ; the pollen is also
ASCLEPIADACE^E. {Asclepiadew, Ascle- remarkable in being aggregated into two
separate parcels, suspended on two threads
piads, Apocynece in part.) Among monopeta-
lous exogens with a superior ovary, the
from a sort of gland, but this is a peculiarity
not confined to the plants of this genus
very lar^re natural order which -bears this
the fruit consists of a pair of follicles,
I name is known by its pollen being col- which opening, disclose a number of seeds
:

lected in the form of waxy masses or bags,

derived from the separable inner lining of provided with a tuft of glossy silk-like
hairs.
the anther cells, and by the fruit consisting
,

i most commonly of a pair of divaricating The genus consists of herbaceous plants

follicles. The species differ from Apocy- with a milky juice, and which are for the
nacece or Dogbanes in the peculiar struc-
most part natives of America. Several
the species are cultivated for the sake of their
j

'
ture of the stamina! apparatus :

stamens in the latter order being distinct, showy flowers. All of them are more or
less poisonous. A. curassavica is employed
the pollen powdery, the stigma not par-
|

in the West Indies as an emetic, and goes

ticularly dilated, and all these parts distinct
the name of Ipecacuanha: the drug
i

the one from the other. But in Asclepiads

by
truly so named, however, is derived from
i

;
the whole of the sexual apparatus is con-
a very different plant see Cephaelis. A.
soiidated into a single body, the centre of
;

the Butterfly-weed, has mild, pur-

which is occupied by a broad disk-like tuberosa,
j

gative properties, and promotes perspira-

stigma, and the grains of pollen cohere in
tion and expectoration. A. syriaca, a plant
the shape of waxy bodies attached finally misnamed,
as it is a native of America
to the five corners of this stigma, to which
j

and Canada, is frequently to be met with

they adhere by the intervention of pecu- in gardens its dull red flowers are very
;

liar glands.
|
fragrant, and the young shoots are eaten as
Fully 1000 species are known, for the asparagus in Canada, where a sort of sugar
I
most part inhabiting the tropics of the is also prepared from the flowers, while the
I
Old and New Worlds. Two genera only are silk-like down of the seeds is employed to
]
found in northern latitudes, one of which, stuff pillows. Some of the species furnish
]
Asclepias, has many species, and is con- excellent fibre, which is woven into mus-
!
fined apparently to North America; the lins, and in certain parts of India is made
j
other, Cynanclium, is remarkable for ex- into paper. Some one of the species of Ascle-
'

tending from 59 D north latitude to 32° south pias\s thought to be the Soma plant so often
latitude. A. Stapelia is found in Sicily. They
alluded to as an object of prayer and praise
i vary extremely in appearance many being by the antient natives of India, in the
:

leafless succulents, like Stapelia ; others,

Sanskrit Vedas, which are of a not less re-
|
and they are the more numerous, consist- mote antiquity than the thirteenth cen-
i
ing of twiners, like Roya while another tury B.C., while some place them so far
;

portion consists of upright herbaceous back

as twenty centuries B.C. 'The bruised
plants, such as Asclepias and Yincetoxicum ;
stem and leaves of the Soma plant yield a
a few are tropical trees. As a general rule juice which, by standing, ferments into an
the species are poisonous an acrid milk intoxicating liquor, which is supposed to
;

"which pervades all their parts being emi-

gratifv the gods, and animate them to ex-
nently emetic and purgative. traordinary exploits. The elevation of the
The genera Stapelia, Hoy a, Asclepias, Yin- plant to the rank of a deity can only have
cetoxicum, Ceropegia, Periploca, are good
originated in a stage of semi-barbarism, in
examples of the orders. The manner in the same way as we can imagine that ar-
which the ovules of these plants are fer- dent spirits might have won the adoration
tilised by the pollen is among the most
of the North American Indians when first
curious phenomena known in plants. In-
introduced among them. See Max Midler's
stead of the grains of pollen falling on a
History of Sanskrit Literature. [M. T. M.]
viscid stigmatic surface, and then pro-
ducing tubes of impregnation, the tubes ASCOBOLUS. A
genus of ascomycetous
are formed inside the pollen bags, whence Fungi, distinguished from Peziza by its
ASCO] ۤz Ereagurg al Uotaitg. 100
shooting out its asci when mature. The in question. Some of the moulds again
species grow almost exclusively on the produce fruit containing a single spore,
dung of various animals. One, however, or a number of asci; but whether these
is found on decayed leather and another,
; moulds are true allies of the Ascomycetes
whicii is perhaps a doubtful species, occurs or not is at present doubtful. The Morel
on clover leaves. The sporidia are often is one of the most familiar examples of
of a beautiful colour and form exquisite the division, and one of the most highly
objects under the microscope. Few Fungi organised. The Truffle belongs to the
are more common than Ascdbolns furfnra- same division, though so different at first
cens, on old cow-dung. [M. J. B.] sight from its near allies. [M. J. B.]
ASCOMYCES. A
small genus of Fungi ASCOPHORA. A genus of vesicular
of the most simple construction, remark- moulds (Physomycetes), differing from Mu-
able principally for the effect they have cor principally in the head being ac length
upon the plants upon which they are de- flaccid and hanging over the top of the
veloped. The whole plant consists of a stem like a cap or bonnet. The Bread-
stratum of club-shaped cells filled with mould belongs to this genus, and there
sporidia, with scarcely any filamentous or are one or two more species of some con-
cellular base developed in the shape of a sequence. A singular fact about some of
white powder on the surface of the leaves, the species is that the fruit upon the sides
which are generally swollen and distorted, of the stem is different from that at the
as is especially in the case with blistered apex, retaining its globular form, and con-
peach-leaves, when attacked by Ascomyces taining sporidia of a different size. Asco-
deformans. The asci are either accompani ed is a most beautiful object,
phora elegans
by naked spores which sprout like the cells from the repeated and regular forked
of yeast, or else the sporidia, when set free, branching of the lateral threads, each divi-
are propagated after the same fashion. sion of which is terminated by a fertile
The genus occurs on the leaves of trees, vesicle. The Bread-mould is easily culti-
or sometimes of herbaceous plants, as vated, and the whole developement of the
Trientalis europcea. The most obvious plant in consequence readily traced. Other
examples besides those mentioned above species, like A. elegans, may be cultivated
are the Ascomyces of the walnut and pear, on rice paste under a bell glass, and are in-
which trees are, however, far less de-
teresting objects of study. [M. J. B.]
formed by it than the peach. [M. J. B.]
ASCYRTJM. A genus of the St. John's
ASCOMYCETES. A large division of
wort family (Hyper icacece), numbering five
Fungi distinguished by their fruitbeing species, all of them American, with a dis-
and not
contained in hyaline sacs (asci),
situated at the top of certain privileged
tribution from the K
United States south-
wards to N. Grenada. All the species have
cells as in the mushrooms and allied Fungi.
been cultivated in Britain, and one of
The asci are placed parallel to each other, them (A.CruxAndrece) is called St. Andrew's
barren threads or sacs intervening, and Cross, from the circumstance of the four
are packed into a thin stratum, which pale yellow petals approaching each other
equally with the fructifying stratum of
in pairs, so that they appear like a cross
mushrooms is called the hymenium. This with equal arms. Collectively, they are
may be entirely exposed, or may be in eluded called St. Peter's worts, to distinguish them
in an especial organ called a perithecium. [A. A. BJ
from St. John's worts.
The asci are for the most part colourless, The species are all under-shrubs, re-
and vary from mere threads to globose sembling the St. John's worts in general
sacs. The sporidia or fructifying bodies
appearance, having opposite sessile leaves,
which they contain are generally definite sprinkled below with black dots, and large
in number and multiples of two. Their terminal yellow flowers, singly or three
most usual number is eight, but when they together. The genus is characterised by
are very large these are reduced to four or the tetramerous (four-part) arrangement of
two, or even one and in other cases their
;
the calyx and corolla; the two exterior
number is greatly increased, so as in par- sepals of the persistent calyx much larger
ticular instances to be indefinite as far as
than the inner pair ; the deciduous petals
our powers of observation go. In a par- cruciate and widely-spreading the stamens
;

ticular condition a large proportion of these indefinite, from nine to a hundred, with
fungi produce also naked spores on distinct slender filaments, and ovoid two-celled
plants, and occasionally naked spores and
anthers the ovary ovoid, one-celled and
;

asci are produced upon the samehymenfum.

two to four-lobed, with as many styles,
The distinction from sporigerous fungi is and numerous ovules and the capsule en-
;
not therefore as definite as might be veloped in the enlarged calyx. [W. C]
wished, though the group is strictly na-
tural. Some of the species approach the ASEROE. Agenus of phalloid Fungi,
lichens so nearly as to be scarcely distin- distinguished by the bifid rays of the re-
guishable. It is said that asci have been ceptacle. The species, which may probably
lately found on the gills of one at least of be reduced to three, are of a delicate pink or
the higher fungi, Agaricus melleus, which green. They vary greatly in the degree to
is largely consumed abroad under the title which the rays are divided. Like others
of halimasch, though justly neglected of the group, they are very fetid when
here. This, however, wants confirmation, fresh. They are confined to the islands of
and an assurance that some parasite is not the southern hemisphere. The genus de-
 ASPALATHUS. A
large genus of S.
African shrubs or under-shrubs belonging
to the pea-flowered tribe of the legumi-
nous family. Their leaves are commonly
heath-like, often three together (teniato,
or sometimes tufted, that is, a number of
additional small leaves grow from nearly
the same point. The flowers are terminal,
racemed, or spiked, and generally yellow,
but sometimes bluish purple, red, or white.
About 150 species are known, but there is
not much of interest about them many of
;

them have spiny-pointed leaves, and are

not unlike dwarf furze bushes. [A. A. B.]

ASPARAGUS belongs to the natural

order Liliacece, and represents the sub
order Asparagece, which are lilies with
succulent fruit. The genus consists of
many species, but only one is cultivated,
the common Asparagus, A. officinalis, so
well known for its powerful properties
as a diuretic, which are ascribed to the
presence of a peculiar principle called as-
paragin. See Lindley's Vegetable Kingdom,
p. 205.
The Common Asparagus is a native of
several places in Britain near the sea : such
Aseroe pentactina. as the Isle of Portland, and Kynance Cove,
near the Lizard, Cornwall. In the southern
mands more especial notice here, as one of parts of Russia and Poland the waste
the species appeared in great perfection steppes are covered with this plant, which
some years since in one of the stoves at is there- eaten by horses and cattle as
Kew. pVT. J. B.] j
grass. It is also common in Greece, and
was formerly much esteemed as a vegetable
ASEXUAL PLANTS. This term was by the Greeks and Romans. It appears to
once applied to cryptogams, but since the have been cultivated in the time of Cato
discoveries which have been made during
the Elder, 200 years B.C. ; and Pliny men-
the last thirty years, it is no more applic- tions a sort that grew in bis time near
able to them than to phsenogams. Sexual
Ravenua, of which three heads would
i
organs have now been discovered in every weigh a pound.
branch of cryptogams. Amongst Fungi I In this country Asparagus is reckoned
alone they are still obscure in several
divisions, but if such genera as Leptomitus
among the oldest and most delicate of our
culinary vegetables and in its cultivated
;
really belong to Fungi, of which there is
state the whole plant has a very graceful
little doubt, there is even among them the
appearance. It is noticed by Gerarde in
same type 'as amongst the higher crypto- 1597 ;and in 1670 forced Asparagus was
gams. j

supplied to the London market. At

It is, moreover, singular that the impreg-
Mortlake, Battersea, and other places near
nation of cryptogams comes nearer the
London, where the soil is suitable, Aspa-
type of that in animals than in phseno- ;

ragus is extensively cultivated, and by

gams. Their spermatozoids resemble closely
skilful management is brought to a higher
those of animals, and indeed are often
degree of perfection, perhaps, than in any
more complicated. Amongst Fungi alone, other part of the world. The part of the
and lichens, which nearly approach Fungi,
plant which is used is about six or eight
they are mere cells, without motion, ana-
logous to pollen-srains, though they do not inches of the young shoot, which is con-
sidered to be fit for cutting when it has
germinate like them, at least, so far as has
been observed at present. emerged two or three inches out of the
[M. J. B.] I
ground, and has a firm, compact, roundish
ASH. The common name for Fraxinus. point, of a fine green colour, slightly
— BITTER. A West Indian name for
, tinged with purple. In preparing Aspa-
Simaruba excelsa. —, CAPE, ffleebergia ragus for table, its delicate flavour is
copensis. — HOOP. Celtis crassifo'lia.
— MANNA or FLOWERING. Ornus eu-
, rather deteriorated than improved by the
additions which skilful cooks deem neces-
ropcea. — MOUNTAIN. The Rowan tree,
,

sary for it and other vegetables. It is

Pyrus Aucuparia. — POISON. Rhus vene-
,

usually boiled and served alone with melted

natum. — PRICKLY. Xanthoxylon fraxi-
,

, butter and salt, or on toasted bread with

•newm. — RED. Alphitonia excelsa.
, i white sauce and the smallest heads are
;

ASH-WEED. An
'

sometimes cut into small pieces and served

old English name for
as a substitute for green peas. Its virtues
JZgopodium Podagraria. j

!
are well known as a diuretic it is un-
;

ASPALATHE. (Fr.) Caragana equalled and for those of sedentary habits

;

cens. '
who suffer from symptoms of gravel, it
 ;

aspa] €l)t &vtz$uv$ of 28otanp. 102

has been found very beneficial, as well as Woodrowel (so called from the resemblance
in cases of dropsy. between its whorled leaves and the rowel
Prussian Asparagus, which is brought to of a spur), is a common woodland plant,
the markets in Bath, is not a species of As- conspicuous in May and June by its bril-
paragus at all, but consists of the spikes, liantly white flowers, and at other seasons
when about 8 inches long, of Ornithogalum by its bright green leaves, arranged in a
pyrenaicum, which grows abundantly in star-like form round the stem. The flowers
hedges and pastures in that locality. are sweet-scented, but the plant derives its
[W. B. B.] name from the fragrance of its leaves.
This is not perceptible while the herbage
ASPASIA. Under this name are col-
is fresh, but after being gathered a short
lected a few species of epiphytal orchids of time it gives out the perfume of new hay,
the Vandeous sub-order, with a lip half and it retains this property for years. "Wood-
united to the column. They have broad ruff is a usefid plant in shrubberies, in-
oval thin pseudobulbs, and flowers mot- creasing rapidly and thriving under the
tled with purple on a violet ground. The
shade of most trees, even the beech. It is
most important species is A. epidcndmides, used in Germany to impart a flavour to
a plant from Central America. The other some of the Rhine wines. A. Cynanchica, a
species are from the tropics of the same small trailing plant with slender stems,
continent."
very narrow leaves, four in a whorl, and
ASPEN, or ASP. Populus tremula. small white flowers delicately tinged with
ASPERGE. (Fr.) Asparagus officina- pink, occurs on chalky doMTis in many
lis.
parts of Britain. It owes its specific name,
ASPERGILLUS. A genus of filamentous and its popular name Quinsy-wort, to its
moulds, characterised by the hyaline or supposed virtues in curing quinsy. In the
brightly-coloured jointed thread being time of Gerarde, A. arvensis, a species with
swollen at the apex, and there studded blue flowers, grew in ' many places of Essex
with radiating cells, each of which pro- and divers other parts, in sandie ground.'
It was also found during the present cen-
duces a necklace of spores. The most com-
mon species, A. glaucus, distinguished by tury in a slate-quarry in Devonshire, but
itsglobose echinulate spores, is one of the has disappeared. Most of the foreign
Fungi which produce the well-known blue species are hardy and may be raised from
mould, and whose spores form occasion- seed. [C. A
.J.]

ally a part,with other common species, of ASPHODEL. Asphodelus. —BOG, or

the substance called yeast. It is distin- LANCASHIRE. Narthecium ossifragum.
guished from the genus Rhinotrichum, — FALSE. An American name for Tofiel-
,
formerly associated with it, by the fertile — SCOTCH.
dia. Tofleldia palustris.
radiating cells, which in Rhinotrichum axe
replaced by a few spicules. There is some ASPHODELUS. The Asphodel. A genus
reason to believe that there is a second of Liliacem, distinguished by having a six-
form of fruit in Aspergillus, which con- leaved equal spreading perianth ; six
stitutes the genus Eurotium, but this re- hypogynous stamens, of which the alter-
quires confirmation. [M. J. BJ nate ones are shorter, the filaments de-
cimate a filiform or subclavate style, with
ASPERIFOLL3E. An old name for what ;

a capitate three-lobed stigma; a three-

are now called Borageworts, or Boragin-
celled ovary, with three collateral ovules
acea, derived from the remarkable rough-
in each cell. The species are perennial
ness of the leaves of the greater part of the herbs of Southern Europe, with fleshy,
species.
fasciculated roots ; radical, subulate, tri-
ASPERUGO. A genus of Boraginacece, quetrous, or linear-lanceolate leaves and ;

consisting of a single species, A procum- a simple or branched scape bearing the

bens, which occurs in Britain as well as the white flowers in close racemes. There are
whole of Europe and agreat part of Central several species. A. albus is a common gar-
Asia. It is an annual plant with trailing den plant, formerly called King's Spear
dichotomous stems, which, as well as the and this, and A. ramosus, which is prob-
obovate leaves, are rough with curved ably only a branched variety of it, are very
bristles the flowers are very small, bluish-
;
ornamental plants. It is stated on the
purple. The calyx is curious; it enlarges as authority of Symonds to cover large tracts
the fruit ripens, and takes the form of two of land in Apulia, au ancient province of
large jagged valves, which are triangular , Italy, and to afford good nourishment to
and marked with prominent veins these ; !
sheep. [T. M.]
valves are applied flat to each other, and ASPHYXIA. Plants, like animals, re-
enclose the fruit which has the structure quire free access to atmospheric air, and if
common to the order. [J. T. S.]
j

this is impeded, or the air is loaded with

ASPERULA. A family of herbaceous noxious gases, a greater or less degree of
plants with square stems, whorled leaves mischief is sure to follow. Death may not
and four-cleft flowers, which are either be the immediate consequence, but the
pure white, white tinged with purple ex- : tissues may be so impaired that there is
ternally, or more rarely blue or yellow. only a short respite. The communication
Many of the species are ornamental, and between these tissues is carried on in
well fitted by their habit for the decora- pha?nogams, and many cryptogams by
tion of rock-work. A. odorata, Woodruff or i
means of the stomates. If, therefore, these
 ;;

103 €l)t Crca£urg of 230tan». [aspl

are cloarged up, the proper degree of aera- and sometimes decidedly pinnate, with the
tion cannot take place, and since the same
!

pinnas more or less deeply lobed, all these

apertures are the safety-valves for the forms being sufficiently developed to be-
discharge of superabundant moisture or come fertile. These facts clearly show the
eases which have performed their office, variableness to which the species of ferns
the whole system becomes gorged, and the are liable. A. singaporianum, a simple-
proper functions impeded. In such cases fronded species, has the fronds very re-
a true Asphyxia or suffocation takes place markably narrowed at the base, and is
and the same effect may be produced by furnished with very numerous evenly ar-
the air-passages being filled with gummy ranged sori. [T. M.]
matter, or then- apertures covered by para- ASPIDOSPERMA. A
genus of Apocy-
sitic fungi, as Antennaria, Capnodium, Cla- nacece, consisting of about twenty-five
dosporium, &c. Plants may also be drowned species of trees, from tropical America.
bv a few days' immersion in water, though The leaves are alternate, and mostly entire.
in some instances there is a provision by The flowers are small and arranged in
which such an effect is altogether pre- solitary or numerous dichotomously-
vented. [M. J. B.]
branched cymes, at the ends of the
ASPIC. (Tr.) Lavandula Spica. branches. The calyx is five-partite. The
corolla is hypogynous, suh-inf undibulif orm
ASPIDIE^E. A section of polypodineous and five-lobed. Theincluded stamens
five
ferns, in which the sori are punctif orm, or are inserted in the middle of the corolla
dot-like, and covered either by renif orm or
tube they bear ovate sub-sessile anthers.
peltate indusia. [T. MJ ;

There are two ovaries, with many ovules

ASPIDISTRA. A genus ofLiliacem attached to the ventral suture. The fruit
found in China and Japan. They are stem- is a double, rarely a single follicle, com-
less glabrous herbs, with oblong-lanceolate pound, obovate, and woody, with numerous
striate leaves, and radical one-flowered membranaceous seeds. The wood of this
peduncles, bearing a single dull purple genus is valuable. A. excelsum, called by
flower. The perianth is bell-shaped, six to the colonists Paddle-wood, is remarkable
eight cleft, with spreading segments the ; for its singularly fluted trunk, composed of
stamens six to eight, inserted in the tube solid projecting radii, which the Indians
of the perianth the ovary small, cylin-
; use as ready-made planks. [W. C]
drical, three to four celled, with two ovules A
ASPLENTDICTYOiSr. synonyme of
in each cell the style short, thick, con-
;
Eemidictyum, a genus of large growing as-
tinuous with the ovary, terminated by a
large discoid, radiate, lobed stigma. Three
plenium-like ferns. [T. MJ
or four species are known. [T. M.] ASPLENIE^. A section of polypodine-
ous ferns, in which the simple linear or
ASPIDICM. The name formerly given oblong sori are parallel with the veins,
to a group of polypodiaceous ferns, includ-
ing all those in which the dot-like or punc-
and oblique to the midrib, produced on
tiform sori were covered by a roundish
one side of the vein, and covered by in-
dusia of the same form. The modern
cover or indusium. In this sense it is
group, Aspleniece, is nearly synonymous
synonymous with the modern section As- with the genus Asplenium of the older
pidiecp. It is now, however, generally
divided into a greater or lesser number of
and some modern writers. [T. M.]

genera, according to the views of indi- ASPLEXITJM. A genus of polypodiace-

vidual pteridologists. The smallest amount ous ferns established by Linnaeus, and, as
of division is adopted by those who sepa- originally defined, synonymous with the
rate the group into two, having the in- modern group Aspleniem, including the
dusia respectively peltate or renif orm, the Scolopendriece, and Diplaziem. In this sense
first being then called Aspidium, and the it included all the ferns with lines of fruc-
second Nephrodium. Those who subdivide tification lying parallel, or nearly so, on
more extensively, and separate the free- the disk of the frond (not marginal). The
veined from the net-veined species, re- group is now considerably subdivided, and
strict the name to a few typical kinds the name Asplenium restricted to those
having the indusium orbicular and peltate, species in which the veins of the frond are
and the veins of the fronds compoundly free, the sori are linear or oblong, and
reticulated, with free included veinlets, lying obliquely on the parts of the frond,
which are divaricate or variously directed. and the indusia are simple and distinct.
Thus limited it comprises about a dozen Even thus reduced it is a very extensive
species, with as many more doubtful ones, family, found in all parts of the world,
chiefly found in India and the east, but mostly evergreens, numbering about 300
also occurring in South America and the species, of which nine are natives of Great
"West Indian Islands. The majority of the Britain. As might be anticipated in so
species are strong-growing pinnate ferns, large a family, the species are exceedingly
with the pinna? sometimes lobed. The varied, especially as to division, some being
typical A. trifoliatwm is sometimes seen simple, others lobed, or pinnate, or bipin-
cordate and undivided, a stunted condi- nate, or tripinnate, or even decompound ;

tion, caused probably by the depressing in- and while some are delicately membrana-
fluences under which the plants are .grown ; ceous in texture, others are of a stouter
sometimes three-leaved, which seems to herbaceous character, and some are thick
have been the form originall described and leathery. A. Adiantum nigrum, the
 ; ;,

assa] ®i)e &tzng\ixv at 23otattM. 104

Black Maidenhair Spleenwort, one of the j
ASTEPHANUS. A genus of Asclepia-
commoner British species, has bipinnate dacece, containing thirteen species, natives •

fronds another common one, A. Tricho-

; chiefly of the Cape of Good Hope and Ma-
manes, the common Maidenhair Spleen- dagascar, but found also sparingly in
wort, has pinnate fronds while A. sep- ; America. They are climbing or decumbent
tentrionale, one of the rarer native species under-shrubs, with small opposite leaves,
of northern habitats, has the fronds re- and interpetiolar umbels, consisting of a
duced to the appearance of two or three j
few small and generally white flowers.
forked rigid ribs. Some of the exotic The calyx consists of five acute sepals
species are very beautiful in form and ; the corolla is campanulate and has no
many of them are cultivated on account squamae within the tube (the character by
of their beauty in our gardens and hot- which this genus is distinguished from
houses. Several species have the very Metastelma). There are ten small pendu-
singular property, strongly developed, of lous masses of pollen. [W. C]
hearing little buds on their surface, from
which young plants are formed even ASTER. A well-known genus of the
while they are retained upon the parent composite family, numbering nearly 200
frond. The genus has been named Asple- species, which are distributed sparingly
nium, or Spleenwort, on account of some over Europe, Asia, and S. America, but
supposed potency in the plants over dis- occur in great abundance in N. America,
eases or affections of the spleen but, as ; where three-fourths of them are indigen-
in many other instances, these virtues are ous. They are perennial (rarely annual)
both fanciful and fabulous. The principal herbs with alternate and simple entire or
genera, separated from Asplenium by mo- toothed leaves, and panicled, racemed, or
dern pteridologists, are Diplazium, Athy- corymbose star-like flower-heads, having
rium, Thamnopteris, Hemidictyum, Allan- an involucre of numerous imbricated
toclia, Ceterach, and Callipteris. [T. MJ scales, enclosing many florets, the outer
row strap-shaped and pistil-bearing, those
ASSAGAY-TREE. Curtisia faginea. in the centre tubular, and all having more
or less flattened achenes crowned with
ASSARACUS. A subdivision T
of the
a pappus of numerous capillary bristles.
genus Narcissus, including A capax and .
From their time of flowering, Asters are
N. reflexus, in which the segments of the often called Michaelmas Daisies and Christ-
perianth are semi-reflexed, and the coronet mas Daisies, some of them continuing in
poculiform, about equalling the perianth flower in the open air in mild seasons up
segments. [T. MJ
to the latter period and for this reason
J

j
;

ASTELIA. A genus
of sedge-like Jun- they are valuable garden plants, because
caceo?, from the Islands of the Southern there are few things but themselves which
Ocean, with polygamous-dioecious flowers, . flower so late in the year. The Seaside
having a perianth of glumaceous texture, I
Aster, A. Tripolium, is the only British
as in the rush ovary three-celled or one-
;
'
species. It is a pretty plant, six inches to
celled by the incompleteness of the par- |
two feet high, with linear or lance-shaped
titions fruit berry -like stem very short
; ;
smooth and fleshy leaves, and stems ter-
leaves broadly-linear, hairy, very silky at I
minating in corymbs of purple-rayed
the base. A. alpina has leaves three-quar- flower-heads, rather more than half an
ters of an inch broad, and an extremely inch across. It occurs pretty generally
short flatteued scape, crowned by a dense over all the British as well as European
panicle of rather large chesnut-coloured coasts. The Alpine Aster, A. alpinus, is
flowers. The leaves of this species, which the type of a small group which inhabit
grows on the sand-hills of the coast of Tas- Alpine regions alone. It is found on the
mania, are edible, and are said to have a mountains of Central Europe, Asia, and N.
nutty flavour. [J. T. S] America, growing from three inches to a
foot high, the stem furnished with lance-
ASTEMON. A genus of labiates, found shaped or linear leaves, one to two inches
in Bolivia ; it is related to Colebrookia, from long, and terminating in a blue-rayed
which differs in having a non-plumose
it flower-head, one to two inches across.
calyx, and a five-lobed, not four-lobed, co- : The remainder are mostly branching plants,
rolla. The calyx
is tubulose-campanulate, 1

from one to ten feet high, with heart-

with subequal lanceolate acuminate
five [
shaped, willow or heath-like leaves, and
teeth. The corolla tube is as long as the starry flower-heads, always with the cen-
calyx, the limb short and nearly equally tral tubular florets yellow, and the rays
flve-lobed, and the throat bearded. The varying from white to lilac blue or pur-
stamens, described as wanting, are in re- ple. There is a great sameness about many
ality reduced to four small distant stalk- of the species, and they are most difficult
less anthers, adnate to the corolla-tube. to determine. We can only name as some
A. graveolens is a shrub six to eight feet of the more showy kinds A. spectabilis,
high, having an unpleasant odour the ; A. Novai-Anglice, A. versicolor, and A. turbi-
leaves oblong-lanceolate,attenuately acute, nellus, all North American A.sikkimevsis,
;

green and smoothish above, whitish and from the Sikkim Himalaya and the Italian
tomentose beneath and the flowers small,
; Star wort, A. Amellus, from S. Europe.
white, in a terminal panicle, which is still [A. A. B.]
more densely clothed than the stems and
leaves with white tomentum. [T. M.] ASTER, CAPE. Agathcea amelloides. —
 ,

105 £i)C (TrcaSurs of 3Sofcms. [aste

CHINA. CaUistephuschinensis. —GOLDEN. florets all tubular, with an articulation

A common name for Chrysopsis. — beiow the stigma Labiatiflor^:
; : florets
WHITE-TOPPED. An American name for bilabiate.
Sericocarpus.
ASTERANTHOS. A genus represented
ASTERACEiE. (Composite, SynantherecB.) by a single African shrub, whose true affini-
ties have not yet been established, and may
This is the largest natural order of plants,
the species occurring in all parts of the be one of the survivors of an extinct world.
•world, and in all places, and forming a total
A natural order (provisional to some ex-
tent), Napoleonece, has been created to re-
equal to about a tenth of the whole vege-
table kingdom. They are recognised by ceive it, and the allied genus Napoleona,
their monopetalous flowers, growing in both possessing sufficient characters to
close heads (capitula), and having at once separate them -from every known family.
an inferior one-celled ovary, and stamens This genus has alternate, ovate-'lanceolate,
whose anthers cohere in a tube (i.e. are entire, and shortly petiolate leaves, and
solitary axillary flowers. It has a short
syngenesious). De Candolle states as the
result of his examination of their natural campanulate, many-toothed calyx, adhe-
habit, that out of 8,523, 1,229 were annuals, rent to the ovary, and a simple many-lobed
243 biennials, 2,491 perennials, 2,264 under- corolla. The indefinite stamens are in- ;

shrubs from 1 to 3 feet high, 366 shrubs serted at the base of the corolla, and have
filiform filaments, and oblong anthers.
j

from 4 to 15 feet high, 72 small trees, 4 !

The inferior ovary has a simple style, and

;

large trees above 25 feet high, 81 woody

plants of which nothing further was an obtusely six-lobed stigma. [W. C] i

known, 126 twiners or climbers, and 1,201, ASTE RE D'AFRIQUE.

V
(Fr.) Agathcea I

about which nothing certain could be amelloides.

ascertained. Of these 347 grow in the
South Sea Islands, 2,224 in Africa, 1,827 in ASTEROLINUM. A genus of the prim |

Asia, 1,042 in Europe, and 3,590 in Amer- rose family, with a single species, A. stel-
ica the Cape of Good Hope possessed 1,540,
:
latum, found in S. Europe and Asia Minor,
Mexico 725, Brazil 722, United States and chiefly on the sea coast. It is" a little erect
j

Canada 678, the Levant 610, the Continent or decumbent annual, one to three inches ,

of India 681, north and middle Europe 447, high, with opposite linear leaves, one-sixth
Europe in the Mediterranean 595, Australia of an inch in length, bearing in their
294. But these numbers greatly require axils single stalked minute flowers, whose
rectification. The uses of the order, real greenish-white corollas are nearly hidden
or imaginary, are very numerous and con- by the calyx. The minute corollas and few-
flicting. Some are tonic and aromatic like seeded capsules are the chief distinguish-
wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium, and ing marks between this genus and Lysi-
others); or vermifuges like those other machia, in which the plant was placed by
! Artemisias known in foreign pharmacy as Linnaeus with the name Lysimachia li-
Semen-contra, or Semencine. A few are numrstellatum, alluding to its flax-like
powerful rubefacients, as pellitory of leaves and starry flowers. [A. A. BJ
Spain (Anacyclus Pyrethrum), and various
kinds of Spilanthes which excite salivation. ASTEROSTEMMA. A genus of Ascle- I

Arnica montana is powerfully narcotic and piadece, having the following distinguish-
acrid. Similar evil qualities belong to ing characters the coronet of the stamens
:

Cnpis lacera, a most venomous species, five-lobed, fleshy, short, coloured, and cup-
said to be no infrequent cause of fatal shaped, its lobes crescent-like, or three-
consequences to those who, in the South toothed, opposite to the anthers, which
of Europe, incautiously use it as salad. latter are terminated by a membranous
Nor are Hieracium virosum and H. sabau- crest ; the pollen masses are erect. A. ;

dum altogether free from suspicion. repandum is a climbing shrub inhabiting

'

Some species of Pyrethrum have the power Java. [M. T. M.] j

of driving away fleas. Many yield in abun-

dance a bland oil when their achenes or ASTEROSTIGMA. A genus of the
'seeds' are crushed: such are the sun- family Aracece, comprising one or two
flower (HeUanthus animus), the til or ram- Brazilian species, which have a tuberous
til (Yerbesina sativa), largely cultivated
rootstock, from which arise the leaves and
in India, and Madia, sativa. A purgative also the stalked spadix, encircled by a !

resin is obtained from some allies of the spreading purplish spathe. The male j

thistles flowers are at the upper part of the spadix; I

others, as Aucklandia Costus,

the anthers open by a terminal pore. The
;

now referred to Aplotaxis Lappa, have aro-

matic roots, and are looked upon by Orien ovaries which are placed at the lower part
tals as aphrodisiacs. of the spadix surrounded by abortive sta-
Finally, under the
name of artichoke, succory, scorzonera, mens, are three or four-celled, each cell
endive, salsafy, and lettuce, we have containing a single erect ovule. The style
is short and terminated by a flattened
some of our most harmless and useful
stigma, which is divided into three or
esculents. Botanists adopt various modes
of classifying this immense mass of
four segments, each of which is again
divided into two, giving to the stigma that
species ;but all are subordinate to the
star-like or radiating appearance denoted
four following capital groups, viz :— Cicho-
by the name of the genus. [M. T. MJ
EACEiE florets allligulate; Corvmbifer^;:
:

florets tubular in the disk: Cynarace^e: ASTRAGALUS. A genus of perennial

 ;

astb] Cije EreaSurjj at ISntanj). 106

plants 'belonging to the -papilionaceous taining some ten or twelve species. They
subdivision of the leguminous family. are perennial herbs, with black, aromatic
They have woody roots unequally pinnate
; roots, palmilobed, petiolate, radical leaves,
leaves flowers in axillary clusters a tubu-
; ; and few generally sessile stem leaves. The
lar or bell-shaped calyx, with five teeth a ; umbels have a leaf-like involucre, and few
corolla with the standard larger than the umbellules consisting of many white or
wings, and a blunt keel stamens in two
; rose-coloured, often polygamous flowers,
parcels a curved fruit or legume, divided
; surrounded by a conspicuous involucel,
into two cavities by the projection inwards consisting of many membranaceous, whit-
of the hinder wall of the fruit. They have ish or slightly-coloured leaves. The tube
compound leaves, and frequently spiny j
of the calyx is tuberculated, and the limb
branches. There is a large number of has Ave foliaceous lobes. The petals are
species distributed all over Europe, Cen-
j

connivent, oblong-obovate, and divided

tral and Northern Asia, North America, I from the middle. The fruit is compressed
the Andes, penetrating into the Arctic the mericarp, without vittae, has five pro-
regions, ascending high Alpine summits, minent toothed juga, with smaller juga in
and abundant in the hot rocky districts of the intervening spaces. [TV. C]
the Mediterranean region. A
great num-
ber are cultivated in this country, and ASTRAP^EA. A genus of small trees,
three species are found wild. One, A. glycy- belonging to the natural family Byttneri-
plu/llos, has long stems, trailing on the !
acece. Their leaves are alternate, stalked,
ground like those of a pea, large leaves, \
cordate, and from three to five-lobed,
and yellow flowers. The other two are generally hairy or viscid, and having at
their base large stipules. The peduncles
;

humble plants with small leaves A. hypo-:

glottis has purplish flowers and erect pods, are axillary, long, pendulous or erect,
rather longer than the calyx and A. alpi-
;
bearing on their apex an umbel of large
nus, which is only found in the Clova moun- sessile flowers, enclosed in a leafy invo-
tains, has pendulous pods, which are three lucre. A. Wallichii has large leaves and
times the length of the calyx. bright red flowers, nearly as large as those
of some rhododendrons the leaves are
;

sometimes one and a half feet long, and of

the same breadth. It has long been in cul-
tivation in England, is an elegant plant,
and the drooping heads of flowers give it
a peculiar appearance. A. inscosa has erect
peduncles and much smaller flowers, which
are white with a pink centre. The bark of
A. cannabina is used- in Madagascar (where
all the species are found) for making
cords. [A. A. B.]

ASTROLOMA. A genus of Epacridacece,

containing eight species, natives of New
Holland and Tasmania. They are low un-
der-shrubs, often prostrate, with crowded
alternate linear or obovate-lanceolate and
mucronate leaves and with solitary ax-
;

illary flowers of a reddish colour. The

calyx is five-partite, with four or more
bracteoles. The corolla is hypogynous and
tubular, distended above the middle, and
with a short five-cleft limb it has five;

bundles of hairs in the inside near its

base. There are five included stamens, with
linear filaments, and oblong simple an-
thers. The disk is hypogynous and cyathi-
form. The ovary is flve-celled, with one
Astragalus gumraifer. ovule in each cell the style is simple, and
;

the stigma capitate. The fruit is a drupe,

The gum-like substance called Traga- composed almost entirely of solid putamen
canth is the produce of several species of with five cells. [W. C.]
Astragalus growing in Persia, Asia Minor,
Kurdistan, etc. The gum exudes naturally ASTRONIA. A genus of melastoma-
from the bark in the same way that gum eeous trees, from the Moluccas, with the
exudes from the bark of cherry or plum habit of Melastoma. The leaves are op-
trees. The seeds of Astragalus bceticus posite, long-stalked, three-ribbed, oblong
are used in place of, and sometimes mixed acuminate the flowers small, purplish, in
:

with, coffee; the plant is cultivated for terminal panicles; petals five or six; sta-
those seeds in certain parts of Germany mens ten or twelve fruit a three or four-
;

and Hungary. [M. T.M.] celled many-seeded berry, branches four-

anpled, and, as well as the peduncles and
ASTRANCE. (Fr.) Astrantia.
calyx, with dark scales. A. papetaria has
ASTRANTIA. A genus of umbellifera, subacid leaves, which are cooked as a
natives of Europe and Western Asia, con- sauce to fish. [J. T. S.]
 107 Efjc CreaSurg of 2Sntamn [athe

ASTROPHEA. A section of the genus ovary. The trees and shrubs of this genus
Passijlora, characterised by the absence of are natives of the East Indies. The wood
cirrhi and involucre, toy its ten partite of A. monophylla, a native of Coromandel,
calyx and five stamens. The species are furnishes a heavy closely grained yellow
South American trees. [W. C] wood, suitable for cabinet work. [M. T. M.]

ASTJL. The Arabic name of Tamarix ATAXIA. A

genus of grasses of the
orientalis. Also, an Indian name for Tama- tribe Phalaridece, with the inflorescence
rix ferax, a nut-gall tree. in thyrsoid panicles spiculse three flowered;
;

inferior flower male, with two pales, inter-

ASTSTASIA. A genus
of acanthaceous mediate neuter with one pale, and the ter-
plants, natives of the East Indies, the minal hermaphrodite, triandrous glumes ;

warmer and temperate parts of Asia and unequal. Steudel describes four species,
Africa. They are herbaceous, or shrub- none of which are A. HorsfiMii,
British.
like, -with slender branches; axillary or a native of Java, has the peculiar property
terminal clusters of flowers, which are of emitting, when bruised, a similar odour
blue or yellowish, and handsome, with a to that given out by the English sweet-
regularly five-parted calyx, a somewhat scented vernal grass, which is supposed to
funnel-shaped corolla, with a limb divided result from the presence of a portion of
into five nearly equal segments stamens
; benzoic acid (?) in their tissues. [D. M.]
four, united in pairs at their base ; an-
thers two-celled cells parallel, thickened ATCHAR or ACHIAR. A condiment
;

or provided with an appendage at the base; prepared from B ambus a arundinaria.

stigma capitate two-lobed. Capsule com-
pressed, slender, and seedless below above ;
ATHANASIA. A genus of yellow-flow-
ered composites, consisting chiefly of
somewhat four-cornered, two-celled, four- greenhouse evergreens of shrubby habit,
seeded. Seeds with a prominent angle at
the base. [M. T. M.] from Southern Africa, and a single annual
species from Barbary, the A. annua, for-
ATACCIA. A genus of the small order merly much more cultivated than at pre-
Taccacece. The tube of the perianth is in sent on account of the long duration of
these plants connate with the ovary, and its flowers. It attains a height of about
the six-parted limb has the inner segment two feet or more, with diffusely branched
larger reflexed and persistent. The flowers furrowed stems pinnatifld fleshy foliage,
;

contain six stamens, inserted at the base with linear segments; and corymbs of
of the segments of the limb, and having clustered flower-heads on long foot-stalks,
broad filaments concave above the style
;
the florets being all tubular. Though of
is short, thick, three-furrowed, with a somewhat rambling habit, the small
capitate three-lobed stigma; the ovary amount of care it requires, and the last-
is sub-three-celled, containing numerous ing character of its blossoms, render it
ovules, and becomes a semi-three-celled deserving of some attention. The cut
many-seeded berry. There are few more flowers preserve their freshness for a long
remarkable-lookins- plants than A. cristata, period. The genius derives its name from
sometimes met with in gardens under the the Greek '
Atioivxtria,, signifying immor-
incorrect name of Tacca integrifolia. It tality, in allusion to the unfading nature
has a short conical underground caudex, or of its flowers. [W. T.]
rhizome, and produces from this caudex
three or four large oblong acuminate
ATHERANDRA. A genus of Asclepia-
dacece,containing two species, from the
purplish-green stalked leaves. The scape
Moluccas climbing shrubs, with slender
:
is about as long as the leaves, erect, stout,
branches, ovate and opposite leaves, and
angled, dark purple, terminated by a large few flowered axillary cymes. The calyx
four-leaved involucre, of which the two consists of five lanceolate sepals, and the
outer leaflets are dark purple, opposite, corolla of as many linear-lanceolate lobes.
sessile, and spreading and the two inner
;
!

The filaments are free above, and the

i much larger, placed side by side, green anthers are adpressed to the stigma, and
with a deep purple base and stalk. The more or less connate among themselves.
I numerous flowers form a drooping one- There are twenty granular masses of pol-
sided umbel ;the perianth dark purple,
,

len. [W. C]
! with a turbinate six-angled tube, and a
six-parted limb suddenly reflexed. the seg- ATHEROSPERMACE.E. (Plume Nut-
ments arranged in an outer smaller, and an megs.) A small natural order of trees from
inner larger series, the rim of the mouth Australia and Chili, deriving their English
forming a crenated rina-. This plant is a name from their aromatic nuts, being fur-
native of the islands of the Malayan Arcbi- nished with a permanent style, clothed
,
pelaso, and one or two other species are with long hairs. Only three genera are
Indian besides which, Sir W. J. Hooker
;
known Atherosperma, Laurelia, and Dory-
:

mentions one a native of Demerara. Though phora, which see. Their flowers are insig-
remarkably curious in structure, these nificant. They are placed by Lindley in the
plants are of no known utility. [T. M] menispermal alliance of diclinous exogens.
ATALANTIA. A genus of aurantia- ATHEROSPERMA. genus of Moni-A
ceous plants, known by their undivided miacece, containing a single species from
leaves,few stamens, united below into a New Holland. It is an aromatic tree with
tube, and one orule in each cell of the four-cornered branches, opposite leaves,
 and pedicellate axillary solitary flowers, ' One species, A. alpina, is not uncommon
with two deciduous bracteoles. Theflowei's in gardens. [J. T. S.]
are monoecious. The male flower is campa- ATRAPHAXIS. A genus of Asiatic and
nulate, with a very short tube, and eight
Cape of Good Hope Polygonacece, forming
lobes; and the ten to twelve fertile sta- low shrubs with rigid much-branched
mens are mixed with scale-shaped barren I

often spiny stems, and small entire oblong

ones. The calyx of the female flower is
leathery leaves ; stipules sheathing, with
the same as in the male ;the ovaries
a small free appendage on each side;
numerous, sessile, and distinct, with one flowers fasciculate near the end of the
cell and one ovule. [W. C]
branches, on short peduncles calyx
;

ATHYRIUM. A genus of polypodiaceous coloured, four-leaved, the two inner divi-

ferns of the section Aspleniece, closely sions largest, conspicuously so in front
allied to Asplenium, with which some have (they are probably really petals) stamens
;

united it. It agrees with that genus in six styles two ; fruit a small lens-shaped
;

the peculiarities of having free veins, and nut, included between the two large ovate
simple distinct indusia but the sori are lu-
;
deltoid calyx segments. A few species are
nate or more or less horse-shoe-formed (hip- cultivated as greenhouse plants, but their
pocrepif orm), this distinguishing character scrubby stems and small flowers present
being most strongly developed in the sori few attractions. A. spinosa is a dwarf
which are placed more immediately in the hardy shrub. [J. T. S.]
neighbourhood of the principal veins.
The species, several in number, found in
ATRIPLEX. Orache. A genus of Cheno-
pocliacece,with the foliage covered with a
various parts of the world, are mostly de- granular mealiness. The" Oraches are
ciduous in habit; and one of them, A.Fi- chiefly distinguished by the two bracts or
lir fcemina, the Lady Fern, is plentiful in
small leaves, enclosing the fruit, and en-
Great Britain, where it assumes a great larging after flowering they are frequently
;

A ariety of beautiful forms, which will be

T
dotted with large-coloured warts, which
found described in Moore's Handbook of give them a peculiar appearance. The
British Ferns, or more fully, accompanied
genus possesses several species, which are
in many instances, by figures, in the Octavo
very variable inform, according to soil and
Nature-Printed British Ferns. The Lady situation. They inhabit waste places or mud
Fern has bipinnate or tripinnate fronds banks by the sea shore, rarely occurring
of delicate texture, and of a remarkably
inland, with the exception of the Atriplex
elegant plumy character. [T. M.]
patula, which accompanies arable cultiva-
ATLEE GALL. A gall nut produced tion, especially in wet sandy clays. The
abundantly by Tamarix orientalis, which following are British species: —A. por-
tulacoioles, Purslane Orache, a straggling
is called Atle by the Egyptians. It is filled
with a deep scarlet liquid. branched sub-shrub A. patula, Common
;

Orache, of which there are several varieties,

ATEACTYLIS. A genus of prickly- distinguished by a more or less upright
leaved thistle-like plants-,belonging to the habit, and leaves of various gradations,
composite family (Composites). They are from lancet ]to halberd-shaped A. peduncu-
;

perennial or annual herbs, from three Iqta, Stalked Orache, which has the fruits
inches to one and a half foot high, with always on a pedicel or footstalk. [J. B.]
toothed or pinnatifld leaves, their mar- The Garden Orache, or Mountain Spinach
gins often spiny. The flower-heads are ter- (A. hortensis), is a tall erect growing hardy
minal, solitary, or three to four together, annual plant, a native of Tartary, intro-
having a double involucre, the scales of the duced in 1548. It is not much cultivated in
external one pinnatifld and leafy, with spi- this country, but in France, under the name
nous teeth, standing apart from the inner of Arroche, it is grown to some extent for
involucre, and forming, as it were, a fence the sake of its large and somewhat succu-
round the flower head. The scales of the lent leaves, which are either used alone as
inner involucre are ovate or lanceolate, spinach, or mixed with sorrel, for the pur-
I
terminating in a spinous point. The florets pose of correcting its acidity. The quality
J
are generally of a pink colour. One species of the spinach yielded by Orache is far
1
is found in North China, and all the others inferior to that of the common spinach
I
are natives of the Mediterranean region, (Spinaeia oleracea), or even of the New
abounding in Algeria, and growing chiefly Zealand spinach {Tetragonia expansa) but ;

in arid desert places. [A. A. B.] its leaves being produced abundantly dur-
ing summer, it is occasionally found useful
ATRAGENE. A genus of somewhat for culinary purposes. There are several
woody-stemmed Ranunculaeeo', of climbing
i

varieties of this plant cultivated, but

habit', differing from Clematis only by
i

they do not differ in any other respect, ex-

having petals, which, however, are small |

cepting in the colour of their stems and

and pass gradually into stamens. The |

leaves, which vary from pale green to a

sepals are large and coloured, usually pur-
red or lurid purple, and are very orna-
plish as in the solitary flowered species
mental. The seeds are said to be so unwhole-
of Clematis; the leaves opposite, compound, some as to excite vomiting. See Lindley's
ternate, the leaf-stalks twining round sup-
Vegetable Kingdom, p. 573. [W. B. B.]
porting bodies. They occur in the tem-
perate regions of both the New and Old ATRIPLICES. A synonyme of Clienopo-
Continents, in the northern hemisphere. diacece.
109 €§z &rca£urg at 33otang. [atta

ATROPA. A
genus of plants of the |
adults, can be taken with impunity by
natural order Solanacece or byMiers made
; ; children, and also that the action of Bel-
the type of a new family called Atropacece. ladonna and of Opium are so mutually
The genus is known hy its five-parted antagonistic that the one maybe employed
calyx its bell-shaped corolla formed of Ave
:
as an antidote to the other. Valuable as j

united petals five stamens adhering to the

;
Belladonna is as a remedy, it is obvious
lower part of the tube of the corolla, with that it should never be employed except by
their anthers opening by long slits a two-
; a duly qualified person. In cases of poison-
celled ovary and succulent fruit, each con- ing by Belladonna, the stomach-pump and
taining several seeds. emetics should be had recourse to as
The Deadly Nightshade (A. Belladonna) speedily as possible.
is found wild in Southern Europe andWest-
ern Asia, also in this country, frequently
on chalky soils, and not uncommonly m
the vicinity of ruins. Though the stems
die dowu annually, they spring from a
perennial rootstock, and form in summer
time a bushy plant, with stalked egg-
shaped entire leaves of a dull green
colour, and a peculiar heavy smell. The
flowers are borne on short drooping
flower-stalks in the axils of the leaves, or
in the forks of the stem they have a
;

widely-spreading bell-shaped calyx, deeply

divided into five-pointed segments, and a
bell-shaped corolla, somewhat less than an
inch in length, and of a dull purplish-brown
colour.but whitish or yellowish at the lower
portion (uppermost as the flower hangs
on the bush). The berry is of a dark shin-
ing black colour, about the size and form
of a cherry, of a sweet or mawkish taste,
and placed at the bottom of the permanent
spreading calyx. All parts of the plant are
poisonous. It is supposed to have been the
plant which produced such remarkable and
fatal effects on the Roman soldiers during
their retreat from the Parthians under Airopa Belladonna.
Mark Antony, as recorded in Plutarch's
life of Antony. Buchanan relates the de- The mandrake was formerly referred to
struction of the army of Sweno the Dane, this genus, but is now included in the
when it invaded Scotland, by the berries of genus Mandragora. [M. T. M.J
this plant. They were mixed with the
drink which the Scots, according to the ATROPAL. An ovule which never al-
terms of the truce, were to supply to the ters its original position ; same as Ortho-
Danes. tropal.
When taken in large or poisonous doses,
Belladonna produces a peculiar form of ATTALEA. The name of a genus of
delirium, widely-dilated pupils, great thirst lofty palms, natives of tropical South
and dryness of the mouth, and ultimately America. The leaves are large and pinnate.
coma and death. The poisonous principle The fruits hang in large clusters, each nut
is an alkaloid called atropin, which exists consisting of three cells, and containing as
in all parts of the plant, and is of a fright- many seeds, a circumstance which serves
fully poisonous nature. Belladonna is much to distinguish the genus from all its al-
used in medicine in small doses in the lies.
shape of an extract ; this and the alka- A.funifera, called by the Brazilians Pias-
loid atropin are also used as an external saba, yields a fibre of much value, derived
application. Belladonna is employed as a from the decaying of the cellular matter at
sedative to allay pain and spasm, and to the base of the leaf-stalks, and the conse-
relieve incontinence of urine, for which quent liberation of the fibrous portions.
purpose it has a remarkable effect. It is This fibre is much used in Brazil for the
frequently smeared round the eye in cases purpose of rope-making, and in this country
where it is necessary to dilate the pupil, is employed for making brooms to sweep
this being one of the peculiar effects of the streets. A fibre, having the same
Belladonna. It is said by homceopathists name, is also produced from another palm
to act as a preventative of scarlet fever, as called Leopoldinia Piassaba.
the use of Belladonna causes dryness and The seeds of A. funiferci are known as
redness of the throat, such as also occurs Coquillanuts they are three or four inches
;

in scarlet fever hence, on the principle of

; long, oval, of a rich brown colour, and
like curing like, the use of Belladonna is very hard in texture; hence they are much
recommended for this disease. It has been used in turnery for making the handles
recently discovered that quantities of Bel- of doors, umbrellas, &c. The seeds of A.
ladonna, which -would seriously affect compta, the Pindova Palm of Brazil, are
 ;

ATTR Qtl)t Ereatfurw at 3Sfltang, no

eaten as a delicacy the leaves of the same
; of Good Hope. It is a small shrub with
plant are used for thatching, for making erect branches, spirally arranged imbricate
hats, &c. A. speciosa and A. excelsa fur- leaves, and purple flowers in a terminal
nish nuts, which are burnt to dry the oblong capitulum. The calyx tube is short
juice of Siphonia elastiea, which furnishes and adherent to the ovary, the limb being
India rubber. A. Cohune, a native of Hon- deeply five-partite. The corolla consists of
duras, produces nuts called Cahoun nuts, five spreading unguiculate petals. The
which yield a valuable oil. [M. T. M.J five stamens are shorter than the petals
and alternate with them. The ovary is
ATTRAPE-MOUCHE. (Fr.) Apocynum slightly three-lobed, and three-celled, with
androscemifolium also applied to Arum
; two ovules in each cell. There is a single
crinitum, Dioncea museipula, Lychnis Vis- trigonous style, with three small papill-.B-
caria,and Silene museipula. form stigmas. [W. C.J
ATWISHA. An Indian poison, supposed ATJGEA. An annual glabrous fleshy
to be Aconitum ferox. herb, with the aspect of a Mesembryan-
AUBAINE ROUGE. (Fr.) A kind of themum, but with small inconspicuous
wheat. green flowers, without petals, ten short
stamens, and a ten-celled superior ovary.
AUBE'PINE. (Fr.) Crataegus Oxya-
It forms a genus of Zygophyllacece, and
cantha.
is a native of sandy saline wastes in the
ATJBERGINE. (Fr.) Solatium esculen- Cape Colony.
tum, sometimes called S. Melongena.
AUGUSTIA. A genus of begoniads,
ATJBOTJR. (Fr.) Cytisus Laburnum. separated by some modern botanists from
AUBRIETIA. A
section of the cruci- Begonia, and consisting of succulent tube-
rous plants found at the Cape of Good Hope.
ferous genus Farsetia, from which it is
separated by having the valves of the oval The staminate flowers have two, the pis-
tillate five sepals anthers small, elliptical,
pod convex and not flattened. The outer ;

sepals bulging at the base, and the shorter

lengthened into an obtuse cone; filaments
stamens with a tooth on the filaments, dis- long, not united ;style persistent, its
tinguish it from the allied genera. The spe- branches furnished with a continuous pa-
pillose band, making two spiral turns
cies are low diffuse plants, with leaves some-
what like those of a stock in miniature, or placentas split lengthwise, their trans vese
rather those of Arabis albida the short section ovate-oblong seed vessel with
;
;

flowering steins bear few flowers. A. del- three nearly equal wings. There are four
toidea, anativeof tlieeasternMediterranean species known, viz.— A. Dregei, A. Caffra, A.
xiitfntticosa, found at the Cape, and A. na-
region, is a pretty early-flowering plant,
tit'lensis at Port Natal. The genus is named
often introduced on rockwork. [J. T. S.]
after Dr. August of Berlin. [J. H. B.J
ACCKLANDIA. A name given to an AUGUSTINIA major (or Bactris ma-
Indian composite plant, which proves to jor of Jacquin) is the only known repre-
be identical with Aplotaxis, which see. sentative of a genus of palms inhabiting
ATJCUBA. A genus of evergreen shrubs, Venezuela and New Grenada, and bearing
referred to the order Cornacece, and dis-
an edible fruit of a pleasant acid flavour.
It grows from twelve to twenty feet high,
tinguished by their dioecious flowers, of
which the males have a small four-toothed and its cane-like trunks, several of which
spring from the same root, form thick
calyx, a four-petaled corolla, and four short
bushes, quite impenetrable on account of
stamens alternating with the petals and ;
the spines with which the plant is clad.
the females have, instead of the stamens, an
inferior one-celled ovary, surrounded by a
The leaves are pinnate. The inflorescence,
fleshy epigynous disk, the style short thick
enclosedin a double spathe, is axillary the ;

flowers are monoecious and the fruit is a

tumid at the base, the stigma orbiculate, ;

and the ovary containing a single ovule. dark violet-coloured smooth drupe, about
The fruit is a one-seeded berry. The Ait- the size of a pigeon's egg. [B. S.J

cuba japonica is a well-known shrub of AULACOSPERMUM. A genus of Um-

vigorous habit, highly prized for its capa- containing two species of peren-
bellifera',
bility of enduring and even thriving in nial, glabrous, herbaceous plants, with
the atmosphere of towns and cities. It bipinnate leaves, natives of Altai. The
forms a dense roundish bush, furnished limb of the calyx is fl ve-toothed or obsolete.
with large glossy leathery leaves of an The petals are ovate and entire. The fruit
elliptic form, remotely serrated, and in is ovate and slightly compressed each ;

our common garden form conspicuously mericarp has five longitudinal winged
blotched with pale yellow, the green- ridges, with intervening vittate furrows :

leaved type having been only lately intro- the commissure is plain. [W. C.J
duced. The flowers are inconspicuous.
Several variegated varieties are known. In AULATA. A genus of Scrophulariacece,
another species, of more recent discovery, containing eight species, natives of the
A. himalaica, the leaves are wholly green. Cape of Good Hope. They are parasitic
[T. M.J
herbaceous plants, having the habit of
Orobanche, with imbricate scale-like leaves,
AUDOTJINIA. A genus of Bruniacm, and gaudy flowers. The calyx is campanu-
containing a single species, from the Cape late and five-cleft, with two bracteoles. The
 Ill Efjc Crea^urp of 230tang. [aven
tube of the corolla clavate at the base,
is AURICULATE. Having a pair of small
and inflated upwards the limb is spread-
; round lobes or ears, as is the case with
ing and live-cleft. There are four included many leaves.
didynanious stamens, inserted in the base
'
of the tube. The anthers have two cells, AUROJSTE FEMELLE. (Fr.) Santolina
the one being perfect, ovate-acuminate, the
other abortive, longer and subulate. The
Cliamcccyparissus. — MALE. Artemisia
Abrotanum.
ovary is two-celled, and contains mahy
A
i

ovules and the style is terminated by a

: AVA. kind of pepper, called Macro-
clavate involute stigma. [W. CJ piper Methysticum. The name is also given |

to a spirit distilled in the Sandwich Is-

AULNE. (Fr.) Alnus glutinosa. — NOIR. lands from the root of a species of Cordy-
j

Bhamnus Frangula. line.

AUNE'E. (Fr.) Inula Helenium. AVANT-PAQUES. (Fr.) Tulipa sylves-

tris.
AFRAXTIACE-E. (Aurantia, Citron-
worts.) The orange, lemon, and similar AVENA. Oat grass. A genus distin-
fruits, are produced by trees belonging guished by large membranaceous outer
to a natural order bearing this name. .
pales, enclosing from two to three florets,
They are all bushy or woody plants, having each armed with a bent more or less
the leaves filled with transparent oil-cysts, twisted awn.
giviug them a dotted appearance, a defi- Meadow species A. pubescens, Downy
:

nite number of bypogynous stamens, and Oat Grass leaves downy, with soft
:

a fruit more or less pulpy. Less than 100 hairs; a common meadow-grass in lime-
species are known. The various genera are stone pastures, which should be included
almost exclusively found in the East In- in the seeds for such situations. A. pra-
dies, whence they have in some cases tensis, Narrow-leaved Oat Grass; leaves
spread over the rest of the tropics. Men- hard and rigid a denizen of moors and
;

tion is made of a wild orange of Brazil, poor clays. Its specific name is inappro-
which has a mawkish sweet taste, but must priate as its favourite habitat is seldom
have been introduced. The Sklmmias are worthy of the name of meadow. A. alpina,
remarkable among so tender a race for the Great Alpine Oat Grass; a larger and
hardiness of their constitution. coarser form than the preceding, of which
it is probably a mountain variety. A. fla-
AURICULA. Primula, Auricula, a fa- vescens, Yellow Oat Grass flowers small ;
vourite garden flower.
yellow: an upland pasture grass of con-
AURICULARIXT. An order of hymen- siderable merit.
omycetous Fungi, distinguished by the Agrarian species A. strigosa, Bristle-
:

hymenium being destitute of gills, pores, pointed Oat; seeds much like those of
prickles, or other decided prominences. In Corn Oats, the awned inner pales with two
a few species of one genus only there are long bristly points occasionally met with
;

a few obscure folds or papilla?. The nobler in corn-fields, where it has probably
j
species have the hymenium inferior, as in been introduced with foreign seed. A.
the mushrooms, &c. : but as the order con- fatua, "Wild Oat awn much bent, the
;

i
tains a great mass of a low condition of lower half twisted, the inner pales covered
organisation, very" many of the species are with stiff hairs. These peculiarities give
permanently glued to the substance from the seed so much the apppearance of a fly,
which they spring. But even amongst that the rustics often make use of it in
these there is a tendency to become free trout fishing, and as the twisted awn un-
at the margin, and to reflect it so as to coils when it comes in contact with the
take the hymenium away from the light. water, the fish is deceived by its apparent
Several of the species are amongst the most struggling this property of the awn has
;

common of fungi. The yellow Stereum hir- likewise caused it to be used as a hygro-
sutism grows on almost every oak log, and meter it is a common weed in clay soils.
;

the purple Stereum purpureum on every The two latter species have lately at-
fallen poplar. The dark Indigo-blue Corti- tracted considerable attention from their
ciura caruleum, so common on damp rotten connection with agriculture. Dr. Lindley,
rails, is said to be occasionally phosphor- in an article in Morton's Cyclopcedia of
escent. The order is distinguished from the Agriculture, suggested that the cultivated
TremelUni by the expanded horizontal hy- Oat Ms a domesticated variety of some wild
menium, which is, besides, more definite, species, and may be not improbably re-
and formed after the same type as that of ferred to Avena strigosa ;' but perhaps,
the higher orders of the family, whereas in after all, the A. strigosa may be but a
the TremelUni the fructifying cells or spi- variety of A. fatua, from the cultivation of
rophores are of unequal length. There is, which it has been shown that Cereal or
moreover, in the higher Auriculari.ni a crop Oats may be grown, in illustration of
distinct pileus, while in the Tremellini, with. which we here give a short account of our
the exception of Hirniola and Exidin, own experiments.
where there is often a distinct barren In 1852 we sowed a plot of the seeds of
outer coat, as in Peziza, the wT hole surface, A. fatua, collected in 1851 they grew well,
:

even in the highest species, bears fruit. but were scarcely different from the wild
~So plant of the order is known to have plant, except in a tendency to an increased
any economical use. [M. J. B.] plumpness of grain. The produce of this
 ;

aven] HEfyz Ereatfurg of 3Kntang. 112

crop was preserved throughout the winter, terminal bunches. Their roots stand out
and sown in a different part of the garden in of the mud in which they grow, overarch-
the spring of 1853 we repeated the process
; ing each other in erect-angled masses, and
with successive, crops in 1854 and 1855, in sending up Asparagus-like shoots from
each of which we noted an increase of ten- their underground parts. A. tomentosa is
dencies in the following direction 1. a : in great reputation in Rio for tanning.
gradual decrease in the quantity of hairs The native washermen of India (dhobies)
on the pales 2. a more tumid grain, in
; make a preparation from the ashes of the
which the pales were less coarse and the wood, which they use in washing or clean-
awns not so strong and rigid 3. a gradual
; ing cotton cloths. '
The green fruits
increased development of kernel or flour. boiled with butter form poultices, used in
The produce again sown in 1856 had so far native practice. In N. S. Wales the wood
advanced, that we collected poor, but still is valued for stone-masons' mallets, on ac-
decided samples of what are known as count of its toughness. A. nitida is called
the Potato and Tartarian forms of Oat. Courida in British Guiana. The wood is
These we have gone on improving until, used for the foundations of buildings and
in 1860, we had a quarter of an acre each underground work, on account of its power
of good white Tartarian and Potato Oats, of resisting damp exposed to the atmo-
;

as a farm crop, which had heen derived sphere it soon perishes. The bark is used
from the wild example. This is the more for tanning in the W. Indies. [A. A. B.]
interesting, because farmers have always
stated, especially on the poor lias clays of AVIGNON BERRTES. The yellow dye-
Gloucester and "Worcester, that they could berries of the Buckthorn, Rhamnus in/ec-
not grow oats without leaving behind a torius.
quantity of wild or weed oat and our sub-
;
AVOCATIER. (Fr.) Persea gratissima.
sequent inquiries have convinced us that
shed oats in some situations do really de- AVOINE. (Fr.) Avena sativa. A^ —
generate into wild ones, and the first stage CHAPELET. Avena bulbosa. DE HON- —
in the process of degeneration will be ob- GRIE. Avena orientalis.
served in an accession of hairs at the base
of the grain, which good cereal oats never
AWL TREE. The Indian Mulberry,
possess.
Morinda citrifolia.
We may then view the different forms of AWL-WORT. The common name for
crop Oats, as induced varieties from the A. Subularia.
fatua. In cultivation, it would appear that
the best and plumpest oats are grown in AWN. The beard of corn, or any such
North Britain here they make a good slender process.
;

meal, which is much used as human food, AXIL, AXILLA. The angle formed be-
Oatmeal, parraitch being indeed an ar- tween the axis and any organ that grows
'
'

ticle of diet far more nourishing than the from it the base of a lateral ascending
;

potato, which is the more usual food of organ, on the upper side.
the southern. [J. B.]
AXILE, AXIAL. Of or belonging to the
AVENS. The common name for Geum. axis.

AVERRHOA. A genus of Oxalidacece, AXILLARY. Growing in the axil of

consisting of a few small trees, originally anything.
from the Moluccas and Ceylon, but cul-
tivated throughout India, They have ever- AXIS. The stem, including the root;
green alternate pinnated leaves, some- or any centre round which leaves and
what like those of the ash, or rather the other organs are arranged. The stem is
sumach, and small purplish flowers in ra- called the ascending axis, the root the de-
cemes. The fruit is like a gurken in shape, scending axis. —
ACCESSORY. An axis
,

very acid, but pleasant when made into of a second rank secondary to some prin-
;

syrup, candied, or pickled. The leaves are cipal axis. , — APPENDAGES OF THE.
slightly sensitive. A. BilimM, the Blimb- All the leafy or thin expansions that grow
ing, has many pairs of leaflets, and the upon a stem, such as leaves, and the parts
flowers produced from the trunk. A. Ca- of a ftowT er.
rambola, the Caramba,, has only from two AYAPANA. The sudorific Eupatorium
to five pairs of leaflets, and the flowers pro- Ayapana, which is said to be a valuable
duced from the branches. [J. T. S.] remedy for the bites of poisonous snakes.
AVET. (Fr.) Abies pectinata. AYART. (Fr.) Acer opulifulium.
AVICENNIA. A
genus of the vervain AYDENDRON. A genus of tropical
family, Yerbenacece. The plants com- American trees of the laurel family, Lau-
prised in this genus are called White Man- racece. They have a funnel-shaped, six-
groves, and, like the true Mangroves, are parted perianth, containing twelve stamens
found in the tidal estuaries of most tro- in four rows the nine outer stamens have
;

pical countries. They are small trees, with anthers, the three innermost are sterile
opposite evergreen leaves, which are ob- of the fertile stamens the three innermost
long, entire, and covered beneath with a ;
have glands on each side at the base, and
white pubescence. Their flowers are incon- their anthers open outwardly the remain- ;

spicuous, and arranged in closely-packed I

der have no glands, and their anthers open
inwardlv. The fruit is succulent, at first ! and showy, often glandular, and glutinous
concealed within the base of the perianth, I outside they rise in umbelled clusters
;

which afterwards falls off, leaving only a i from large scaly-imbricated terminal buds,
portion surrounding the base of the fruit. The calyx is five-parted, often minute.
Cujumary beans are the seeds of A. Cu- j
The corolla is funnel-shaped, with five
jumary, and are esteemed in Brazil as ;
spreading lobes. The stamens are five in
tonics and stimulants in cases of weak I number, with long exserted filaments, and
disestion. [M. T. M.J short ovate anthers, opening by terminal
i pores. The ovary is five-celled, with many
ATER AYER. The esculent fruit of '

ovules the style is simple. The pod is

;

some species of Lansium. j

five-celled and five-valved, and contains
.^ T , rT, TRIA. „ ,. many scale-like seeds. There are about
. , T
A genus of. Paronychia- |

twentv sp ecies, natives of North America

I

cea, consisting of two species of Australian " and Asia. They are largely cultivated as
annuals, with much-branched stems, op-
ornamental shrubs, on account of the
posite or verticillate leaves, small scarious abundance of their flowers, and the fra-
stipules, and terminal corymbose cymes of grant smell of most of the species. Some
rose-coloured or purple flowers on long possess dangerous narcotic qualities. Pal-
stalks. [J. T. SJ las was of opinion that A. pontica was the
plant from whose flowers the bees of
AZADIRACHTA. A genus of the order
Pontus collected the honey that produced
Meliacea, represented by an Indian tree
with unequally pinnated leaves.whose leaf- the extraordinary symptoms of poisoning,
lets are oblique. The young shoots are described as having attacked the Greek
soldiers, in the famous retreat of the Ten
smooth, not covered with down as in the
allied genus Melia. The flowers are small,
Thousand. Xenophon says that after eating
it, the men fell stupified in all directions,
white, borne in axillary panicles they
;

differ from those of Melia in having a so that the camp looked like a battle-field
three-celled ovary, and a three-lobed stig- covered with corpses. The natives are
ma, and also in the fruit, which is purple aware of the deleterious qualities of the
when ripe, of the size of a small olive, one- plant. Cattle and sheep which browse on
celled, one-seeded. its leaves are poisoned. [W. C]
The bark of A. indica is used in India as AZARERO. (Fr.) Cerasus lusitanica.
a tonic, the root as a vermifuge, and the
leaves as an application to glandular AZARA. A genus of Chilian shrubs,
swellings, bruises and rheumatism. They belonging to the Flacourtia family, having
have also been employed successfully in, twin or solitary alternate leaves, generally
some forms of skin disease. From the ^toothed and varying in form from egg-
fruit an acrid oil is obtained for burning shaped to almost linear. Their flowers are
in lamps, and for dyeing cotton cloths. A
smal i an d ve i]ow, destitute "of petals, and
stimulant gum exudes from the bark. The arranged in axillary bundles. A few of
seeds are used as a poison for insects, and the species are in cultivation in English
mixed with water as a hairwash. A kind of gardens, and can be grown outside with
toddy is said to be prepared _from_ the the protection of a wall in the southern
young trees. [M. T. M.J counties. A. Gilliesii is the most handsome
of the genus. Its leaves are ever-
AZALEA. A genus of Ericaceae, estab- species
green and somewhat like those of the
lished by Linnaius, and including many
holly, bearing in their axils roundish fas-
plants which have since been separated
yellow flowers. About a dozen
and arranged under different genera. So cicles of
species are known. The leaves of many
conflicting are the opinions of botanists
as to the set that should retain the original
have a bitter taste. [A. A. B.J
Linnaean name, that it seems in danger of AZAROLE. The fruit of Crataegus Azar-
being lost altogether. Some seek to retain olus.
it for A. p-rocumbens, as the only plant to
which it is truly applicable, and propose AZEDARACH. Melia Azedarach.
the name Anthodendron for the showy AZEROLIER (Fr.) Crataegus Azarolus.
shrubs so well known in our gardens as
Azaleas whereas others, because of the
; AZOLLA. A
very curious genus belong-
almost universal application of the name ing to the marsileaceous division of the
to these plants, and to prevent unnecessary' pseudo-ferns. Its habit is that of a floating
coufusionin the synonymy, have given the pinnately-branched Jungermannia, with
name Loiseleuria to the small genus con- two or four-ranked imbricating leaves ;

taining the single species, A. procumbens, but its fructification is totally different,
and retained the original name for the and is nearer to that of Salvinia than of
vy American shrubs. This course being any other genus, and with which it forms
j

adopted generally by continental botan- a distinct section or order, according to

j

ists, as well as by many in Britain and the views of authors. Indeed, its pecu-
.

America, it seems better to consider the liarities are such that it has been some-
i

genus as so limited. times supposed to constitute a distinct

A zaleas are upright shrubs with alternate order by itself. The species float upon the
and obovate or oblong deciduous leaves, water, forming green or reddish patches,
which are entire, ciliate, and mncronate, which are frequently several yards across,
with a glandular point. The flowers are large throwing down rootlets on the under side,
i
 ;

babe] ۤz Crea^urg at 3Bntang. 114

an Vtgst which are situated, principally in seems to be a direct prolongation of the

the axils of the leaves, the organs of fruc- placenta; it protrudes through a hole in the
tification. These are twofold:— 1. Thin top of the ovary, and does not even touch
membranous sacs hearing on a short cylin- the carpels. B. camplwrosma is a graceful
drical axis, springing from the base, sti- greenhouse shrub, with white or pinkish
pitate globose cysts, filled with angular flowers, and has been introduced from New
bodies, which are furnished either with Holland. [M. T. MJ
curious arrow-headed or root-like appen-
dages. These armed granules are doubtless BABOOL. The Indian name for the
theantheridia, though their spermatozoids gum-bearing Acacia arabica.
have not yet been discovered. 2. Ovate BABOUNY. A name used in Egypt for
sporangia, divided within by a transverse the flower-heads of Santolina fragrantis-
partition, which incloses below, agrumous sima, a substitute for chamomiles.
or at length pulverulent mass, and gives
off its centre above a column fringed
from BACCA. A berry ; that is to say, a suc-
at the apex with a tuft of hair, and having culent seed-vessel, filled with pulp, in
attached to it from three to nine dependent which the seeds nestle, as in Solanum. —
spores, which are at length exposed by the COR.TICATA. A berry having a rind as ;

separation of the upper half of the sporan- an Orange. —

SICCA. A fruit which is a
gium at the above-mentioned partition. berry when unripe, but becomes a dry body
The species occur from Australia and New when ripened. —
SPURIA. Any fleshy
Zealand as far as New York. One has been fruit,which is not a true bacca or berry ; as
found in Western Africa by Vogel. It has the juniper, strawberry, raspberry, &c.
been supposed that the differences in the BACCATE. Having a pulpy texture a ;

antheridia and the number of spores, term only applied to the parts of a flower or
accord with the geographical distribution fruit.
of the species, which may accordingly be
separated into two genera but this is at
;
BACCATE SEEDS. Seeds with a pulpy
present more than doubtful. [M. J. B.] skin.

BABEER. A Syrian name for Papyrus. BACCAULARIUS. Such a fruit as that

of the mallow viz. several one or two-
;

BABIANA. A genus of bulbous-tu- seeded dry carpels cohering round an

berous Iridacew, found in South Africa, axis.
and having two-ranked sword-shaped pli- B ACCH ARTS. A large and natural genus
cately-nerved leaves, and flower-stems ter-
of the composite family, distinguished
minated by a loose subsecund or two from its allies by having male flowers only
ranked spike of flowers, which consist of a on one plant, and the females on another.
funnel-shaped tube, with a dilated throat, Upwards of 200 species are known. They
and a six-parted regular or somewhat are herbs, shrubs, or sometimes small
two-lipped limb of nearly equal segments ;
trees, many of them smooth and covered
they are furnished with three stamens, with a resinous substance, which gives to
and the three-celled many-ovuled ovary is the leaves a glossy appearance. The latter
terminated by a filiform style, dividing at
are generally alternate, rarely opposite, and
top into three conduplicate wedge-tongue-
vary much in form. In one section of the
shaped undivided stigmas. The flowers
genus they are three-nerved, and ovate or
are large and showy, and in some of the
lanceolate in form in another, one or
;
species sweet-scented. There are upwards
three-nerved, and wedge-shaped in a third
of thirty species, many of which have been
;

they are very small, or absent altogether

in cultivation in this country, and some are
while in a fourth the stems are winged and
still occasionally met with, but, like many
leaf-like, performing the functions of the
others, they have been undeservedly ne-
leaves, which are small or almost absent.
glected in the rage for novelties which
distinguishes the present age, so that they
The flower-heads are arranged in various
ways, and the florets are generally white in
are less frequently seen than they deserve
to be among the ornaments of our green-
colour. The species are confined to the
houses. B. plicata, which may be taken as
New World, and are found, in greater or
less number, from the United States to the
an illustration of the genus, is a slender
extreme south of the continent. Many of
plant, of six inches to a foot high, every-
where pubescent, with oblong lanceo-
them are found at an elevation of 13,000
feet above the sea level in the Andes, and
late leaves, and pale violet-coloured flowers,
a few of them reach the snow limit. Im-
the lower segments of which are streaked
with yellow in the middle, and spotted mense tracts are covered on the plateaus of
the Cordillera with plants of this genus,
with brown at the base; these flowers and shrubby groundsels, taking the same
have the odour of cloves. [T. M.]
place there that the heaths do on our moors
BABINGTONIA. This genus of Myrta- In Peruand Bolivia, the shrubby species are
cea> was named after Professor Babington, known by the names of Tola, or Chilca,
a well-known English botanist. It is al- and by the latter name in N. Grenada and
lied to the genus Bceckea, but differs from Chili. The resinous species are almost
it in the stamens being collected in groups universally used as firewood for ovens.
of three, opposite the petals. The anthers An infusion of the winged stems of B.
also are placed directly on the top of the trimera is used by the Brazilians as a su-
filaments, and open by pores. The style dorific and tonic ; while another, also with
 115 Cftc Crcastarg af SBntanji. [bact
winged stems, B. microeephala, is used in '
adherent below to the tube of the c
Parana fen- curing rheumatism by putting but free at its upper portion, very hairy
I bushes of it m warm baths. A bitter is ex- I on the exterior, the interior containing
containing-
tracted from B. genistilloid.es, which is held several seeds in each of its two compart-
I in great reputation in Brazil when used ments. B. myrtifolia is a small tree, with
with a specific aroma in cases of intermit- opposite ovate pointed leaves, and stalked
!
tent fever. Horses devour this herb with corymbs of whitish flowers, and is culti-
avidity, and it is further reckoned of great vated as a greenhouse plant. [M. T. MJ
service in curing chronic diseases in that
BACTRIDIUM. A very curious genus of
!

animal. B. Douglasii is remarkable as be-

I

ing found in California, and appearing Fungi, of rather doubtful affinity, but sup-
posed to belong to the division coniomy-
again in Chili, without being found any m cetes,aud to be allied toCoryneum. The plant
intervening place. [A. A. BJ
consists almost entirely of oblong septate
BACHE. A South American name for hyaline spores, which radiate from a little
JIauritia flexuosa, an economical species of dot-like receptacle. The spores in our
palm. most conspicuous native species, B.flavum,
which occurs in this country, although
BACHELOR'S BUTTONS. A garden but rarely, on dead elm stumps, are of a
name for the double-flowered variety of
pale yellow. We have a species from Vene-
the buttercup, Ranunculus acris.
zuela, with enormous spores, one-sixtieth of
BACILLARIA. A
genus of diatomace- an inch long, which afford an interesting
ous Alga? consisting of a single species, microscopic objectunder a low magnifying
which occurs on our coasts, known by its power; in this the spores, when seen en
linear rectangular articulations, which are masse, are of a pale fawn colour. [M. J. BJ
at first joined by the longer sides into a
straight tabular series, and then slip over
BACTRIS. A genus of slender palms,
natives of the West Indies, Brazil, and
each other so as to make oblique series.
other tropical countries on the eastern
The articulations or frustrates, individu- side of South America; generally growing
ally, are not so beautiful in respect of
in low marshy places, or inundated tracts
structure as many others of the arroup ; the of land, upon the banks of rivers, and on
chief point of interest consisting in the the sea coast. There are about forty spe-
curious manner in which the articulations cies, but very few of them attain anything
or frustules incessantly slip backward and like the majestic proportions of the gen-
forward over each other, with a more or erality of palms, the majority having thin
less isochronal motion, yet so as always to reed-like stems, not much exceeding the
adhere to each other. The whole mass is height of a man. A few, however, grow
thus in motion, though the several groups to a height of forty or even fifty feet, with
cf frustules, of which it is composed, may trunks averaging about four inches in
be moving in opposite directions. An ob- diameter. Almost all of them are armed
stacle, says Mr. Smith, is not evaded but with sharp black or brown spines, several
pushed aside : or, if sufficient to avert the having their stems encircled with bands
onward course, the latter is detained for a of them, placed at short intervals all the
time equal to that which it would have oc- way up, whilst others have them only at
cupied in its forward progress, and then their summits and, as they usually grow
;

retires from the impediment as if it had ac- together in large masses, and throw up
complished its full course. The motion is numerous suckers from their creeping
about one two-hundredth of an inch per roots, they offer a really formidable and
second. [M. J. B.] often impassable barrier both to man and
BACILLE. beast. Their flower-spikes are produced
(Fr.) Crithmum mariti-
either from the apex of the trunk or from
mum.
the bases of the leaves, and while young
BACILLI. The separable moving nar- are enclosed in a double sheathing spathe,
row plates, of which the genus Diatoma is which, in nearly all the species, is densely
composed. covered with short black spines. The male
BACILLUS. The little bulbs found on and female flowers are borne upon the
the inflorescence of some plants; a term same spike, and are yellow, green, or rose-
rarely employed. coloured; the males have a three-parted
thin calyx, and three fleshy petals, and
BACKHOUSIA. One or two showy-
contain from six to twelve stamens the ;

flowered myrtaceous plants have been

females have a cup-shaped or cylindrical
considered to form a new genus, named in calyx and corolla, three-toothed at the
!

honour of Mr. James Backhouse, who has apex, and they contain a triangular ovary,
travelled much in Australia and South with three sessile stigmas. Their fruits
;

Africa, and otherwise contributed to ad- are generally small, seldom exceeding a
j

ranee botanical science. The principal pigeon's egg in size, and frequently not
'

characters of the genus are the tube of larger than a pea, mostly of a bluish black
:

the calyx covered with dense hairs, the colour, having a thin coating of white
;

five segments of the limb large, whitish, fibrous pulp surrounding a hard black
and petal-like the petals themselves stone, which has three small holes at the
; !

small and comparatively inconspicuous; top, and contains a single seed. Their
the stamens very numerous, and lonper leaves do not fall away from the trunk like
than the calyx or the corolla the ovary those of many other palms, but remain
; i
 ;

bada] ®f)e ®tea£ux£ at SSotaug. 116

attached long after they have withered, colour. The fruits are small scarlet or black
hanging down and concealing the trunk berries, containing few seeds. They are
they are nearly always pinnate, and from nearly related to Ardisia, and differ chiefly
two to eight feet long in a few species,
; from that genus in their short round-
however, the leaves are nearly entire, or headed stigma, and few seeds. Their
merely divided into two broad sharp- distribution is unusual, one being found in
pointed lobes. the Philippine Isles, a considerable number
B. Maraja, the Marajah Palm of Brazil, in Mauritius, Bourbon, and Madagascar,
grows upon the banks of the Amazon and but the greatest number in the West
other rivers. It is the largest species of the Indies, Peru, and Brazil. [A. A. B.]
genus, its trunk attaining a height of fifty
feet. It is thickly armed with spines, and BiEA. A small genus of Gesneracece
has a succulent rather acid but agreeably consisting of herbaceous plants, with short
tasted fruit, from which a vinous beverage stems or entirely stemless, and crowded
is prepared. B. minor has a stem about leaves. The calyx is five-partite and per-
twelve or fifteen feet high, and seldom more sistent the corolla is eampanulate, the
;

than an inch in diameter. It is common in tube scarcely as long as the calyx, while
Jamaica and some parts of tropical South the subbilabiate limb is five-partite with
America, growing in open places in the roundish lobes. There are two fertile
vicinity of woods. Its stems are used for stamens with very short filaments, and
walking-sticks, and are said to be some- large cordate-ovate anthers. The lanceo-
times imported into this country under late ovary is one-celled, with two parietal
the name of Tobago canes. [A. SJ placentas. The capsule is elongated and
pod-shaped, and the two valves, after de-
BADAMIE. An Indian name lor oil of hiscence, are spirally twisted to the right.
almonds. The oblong seeds are numerous and very
BADDERLOCKS. Alaria esculenta. small. This genus differs from Strepto-
carpus chiefly in the length of the corolla
BA'DEK. A fermented liquor prepared tube. [W. C]
in Java from rice.
B^ECKEA. The name of a genus of
BADGER'S-BAJSTE. Aconitwm melocto- plants belonging to the Myrtaeece. The
num. flowers are sessile or stalked the limb of
;

the calyx five-cleft, persistent, its tube

BADHAMIA. A
genus of gelatinous
top-shaped petals five, longer than the
puffballs (Myxogastres), named after the ;

stamens, which are from five to ten in

late Dr. Badham, remarkable for its spores
being contained in little groups in distinct
number, and distinct stigma capitate,
;

capsule many-seeded. The plants are small

hyaline sacs or asci ; whereas in most of
shrubs, with opposite leaves and white
the immediately allied fungi they are
naked. The species were formerly ref erred
flowers. They are natives of New Holland
to Physarum. Other instances of asei
and China. Some of them are in cultivation
as pretty greenhouse plants. [M. T. M.]
occur in the same division, as in the genus
Encrthenema, separated from Stemoiiitis. B^EOMETRA. Certain bulbous plants,
The most common species, perhaps, is B. belonging to the order Melanthacece, are so
hyalina, which is known by its delicate called. From the bulbs or corms arise
peridia as well as by its long confluent narrow sheathing leaves and spikes of
yellowish stems. [M. J. B.] flowers, each of which latter has a six-
parted petal-like spreading deciduous
BADIANE. (Pr.) Illicium. perianth, into the base of the segments of
BADIERA. A genus of the milkwort which the six stamens are inserted. The
family (Polygalacece), which includes three ovary is somewhat triangular, and ter-
species, all of them natives of the West In- minated by three recurved spreading stig-
dian Islands. They are woody plants with mas; it ripens yito a cylindrical capsule,
evergreen leaves, and axillary corymbs of its three compartments separating one
white or greenish-yellow flowers, differing from the other at the top, so as to liberate
chiefly from the common milkworts (Poly- the numerous seeds, which are of a com-
gala ), in having a large oily aril to the seed pressed four-cornered shape, arranged in
which fills the upper part of the cell, and two lines along the inner edge of each
in the anthers opening inwards by an oval compartment. They are all natives of
partitioned slit. The bark of B. diver sifolia South Africa. [M. T. M.]
is acrid and bitter, like that of the Lignum
Vita?, and is called Bastard Lignum Vitas,
B./EOMYCES. A small genus of Lichens,
distinguished amongst Lecidi?ieiby their
in Jamaica, on this account. [A. A. B.]
subglobose terminal fruit, which is sup-
BADIOUS. Chesnut-brown. ported by a short unbranched stem. The
disc is generally bright-coloured, as rose,
A
BADTTLA. genus of the Myrsine family, chestnut, &c. B. roseus and B. ericetornm,
of which seventeen species are enumerated.
which abound in heaths, are often taken at
They are evergreen shrubs or small trees, first-sight for fungi. [M. J. BJ
with smooth entire dotted leaves, having
short and broad foot-stalks. Their flowers BAERIA A genus of composites, al-
are numerous, disposed in axillary or ter- lied to Callichroa, of which but a single
minal panicles, and either white, dotted or species is known, the B. chrysostoma, from
streaked with pink, or entirely of a pink California. It is a pretty dwarf annual, of
 11 K\yt Crcatfurj? of 33atang. [bala
slender erect habit, with downy stems consider them as cryptogams allied to
about a foot high linear opposite entire
; fungi but their structure is now much
:

leaves and solitary terminal bright yellow better understood, and has been fully de-
i flowers, an iuch across. Botanieally, the scribed,especially by Dr.J.D.Hooker. He has
genus is distinguished by an involucre shown them to be most nearly connected
of about ten leaflets, arranged in two series, with Haloragece, and to have no real affinity
a conical naked receptacle, and an elong- with Rafflesiacece, Orobanchacea; or airy
ated fruit without pappus. It differs from other root parasites, which assume some-
Callichroa, not only in its general habit, times a similar colour and consistence.
but also by its smaller flower-heads, and The flowers are, in nearly all the species,
the oblong-pointed form of the ray flo- unisexual, of very simple structure, and
rets, the florets of the latter being wedge- produced, in considerable numbers, in com-
shaped. [W. T.] pact terminal heads or cones; the small
perianth, usually simple and inferior in the
BAGASSA. An imperfectly-known genus females, more or less three-cleft or six-cleft
of Artocarpacece, comprising one or more in the males, is in some species wholly
species of trees, with opposite leaves, de- wanting the stamens, usually few, are
;
ciduous stipules, and orange-shaped fruit, very variable in number and form ; the
! consisting of egg-shaped, pointed achenes, ovary has one or two styles, and always a
clustered around a thick central recep- single cavity with one pendulous ovule.
tacle. This fruit is eaten in Guiana, where The Balanophwacece are natives of hot
the tree is a native. [M. T. II.] climates, in various parts of both the New
BAGFENAFDIER. (Fr.) Colutea arbor-
and the Old Woi'ld, one species only, the
escens. — D'ETHIOPIE. Sutherlandia fru-
CynomoriumcuccineumorFiingusmcUtiusis
of old authors, being found as far north
as the southern shores of the Mediterra-
BAJREE. PeniciUaria spicata, a bread- nean. They have been distributed into
corn cultivated in India. fourteen genera. The most remarkable
for the size or beauty of the species, or
BALANITES. The name given to a for the use made of them, are Sarcophyte,
I thorny shrub or small tree, with a very Lophophytum, Ombrophytum, Langsdorffla,
forbidding aspect, growing almost always and Cynomorium.
in dry barren places. Its leaves grow in
pairs (binate), the leaflets ova), or oblong, BAL A1STOPHORA. Singular leafless par-
, stalked, and pubescent when young. The asitical plants,giving their name to the
flowers are small, greenish, white and fra- order Balanophoracece. These plants are
grant, arranged in short axillary racemes. found on the roots of oaks, maples, vines,
!
The fruit is oval, about one and* a half and other trees in tropical countries, espe-
I
inch long, and when ripe of a greyish cially in mountainous districts. One spe-
i
colour. The plant is a native of many cies is found in Australia. Some of the
parts of India, Egypt, Senegambia, and the Himalayan species cause the formation of
W. coast of Africa. The leaves in the large knots on the roots of oaks and maples,
which are much sought after by the natives
I

Egyptian variety are slightly acrid and

i anthelmintic, and the bark is used by the for the manufacture of wooden cups, in
'
Ryots in India as a medicine for their general use throughout the Himalaya and
cattle. The young fruits are purgative, but Thibet. Some of the species, as B. elongata,
when ripe are edible, and formed into an furnish wax in great abundance, which is
intoxicating drink by the negroes on the W. used for making candles in Java.
coast of Africa. In India the nut, which is [M. T. M.]
very hard, is employed in fireworks. A
small
BALANSuEA. A
genus of Umbelliferce or
hole being drilled in it, and the kernel taken
Apiacece, consisting of one species, inhabit-
out, it is filled with powder and fired, burst-
ing North Africa. It has a tuberous root,
ing with a loud report. An oil, called by
large broadly cut leaves, and hermaphrodite
the negroes Zachun, is obtained from the
seeds, and the wood, which is yellow, hard, j
flowers. Each half of the fruit is com-
and durable, is used in Africa for house- pressed laterally, elongated into a conical
'stylopod,' terminated by an erect style,
hold work. The place of the plant in a
natural arrangement is somewhat doubtful,
and marked by five prominent thread-
like ridges, in the intervals between
some authors placing it with Olax, others I

with Amyris, while a few think it should which, in the rind, run solitary chan-
nels, or 'vitta?,' filled with volatile oil,
constitute a separate order. [A. A. B.]
while in the commissure are two such
BALANOPHORACE.E. (Cynomoriurns.') channels albumen furrowed. [M. T. .]
; M
A small natural order, consisting of about
thirty species, of singular-looking succu- BALANTIUM. A name proposed for a
lent leafless plants, usually highly coloured, genus of Ferns, now considered synony-
of various shades of yellow or red all :
mous with Dicksonia. It is represented by
parasites on root's, and rising from an inch the Dicksonia Culcita of Madeira. [T. M.]
or two to about a foot above ground. Their
colour and consistence, the absence of all
BALAFSTA. The fruit of the pome-
granate.
leaves, excepting in some species, imbri- j

cated scales of the colour of the rest of the BALAUSTION. A Greek word for the
plant, and the greatly reduced structure of : pomegranate, but applied by Sir "W.
the flowers, had induced some botanists to Hooker to another genus of Myrtacece. B.
 ; ,; :

bald] €f)£ Crca^urg of 3Sfltanjn 118

pulcherrimum, the only known species, is '

in disorders incident to cattle. French

described as being one of the most lovely Ballote German, Zahnlose.
: [C. A. J.]
of plants. It is a shrub, with a thick BALLOTE. (Fr.) Ballota nigra.
twisted stem, numerous slender branches
crowded together in places,and short linear BALM. Melissa officinalis. — BASTARD. ,

leaves, dotted with resinous fragrant cysts. The common name for Melittis. — FIELD. ,

The flowers are abundant, placed towards Galamintha Nepeta. — HORSE. An Amer-
,

the end of the branches, in shape and ican name for Collinsonia. — MOLDA- ,

colour like those of the dwarf pomegranate, VIAN. Dracocephalum moldavicum. —

hut drooping on short stalks, with two MOLUCCA. The common name'for Molu-
small coloured hracts beneath the calyx, cella. — of GILE AD. A resinous product of
which has a cup-shaped tube, adherent by Balsamodendron gileadense, and B. Opobal-
the base only to the ovary the remainder
; samum, called sometimes Balm of Mecca
is detached, and the limb divided into five also, a garden name for Dracocephalum ca-
ovate membranous spreading segments nariense also, an American name for Pop-
the petals are five, oval, slightly larger
; ;

ulus candicans. —
of GILEAD (AMERI-
than the calyx, and of a deep scarlet or CAN). A resin obtained from Idea carana.
crimson colour. The stamens are very — of MECCA. The same as Balm of Gilead,
numerous inserted in one row at the throat a resinous product of Balsamodendron.
of the calyx; anthers inserted on the awl-
shaped filaments hy their backs, the
BALOGHIA. The name given to a tree*
of the spurgewort family (Euphorbiacea;),
lobes parallel, splitting by a long cleft.
which attains the height of twenty to
Ovary small, top-shaped, with three com- thirty feet, and has opposite entire ohlong
partments, each containing about six
leaves, which are stalked, and have at their
ovules, placed one over the other in a
base two membranaceous stipuleswhich fall
double line; style thread-shaped stigma
;
early. The flowers are numerous, and
rather dilated. A native of South-western
are disposed in terminal cymes, the males
Australia. [M. T. MJ having a calyx of five divisions, five petals
BALD-MONEY, or BAWD-MONEY. Meum longer than the calyx, and a large numher
athamanticum. of stamens, their stalks united at the base,
while the calyx and corolla of the female
BA.LFOURIA. A genus of the natural flowers are as in the male, and their ovary
family Apocynaceoz, consisting of shrubs is three-celled, each cell containing one
with opposite narrow sickle-shaped leaves. ovule. B. lucida is the only species known,
The flowers are arranged in cymes at the and it is found in Norfolk Island, where it
end of the hranches, or from their side, is called Blood Wood, as also in the colony
and have a five-parted calyx, a funnel- of Queensland, in N. Holland. The woqd
shaped corolla, with its limb divided into is close-grained, impregnated with a resi-
five straight equilateral lobes, having also nous substance, and burns readily in a
at its throat a small coronet or tube with a green state. A blood-red sap oozes from
wavy margin. The five stamens are inserted the trunk when cut, and is obtained in the
on the throat of the corolla, from which following manner in Norfolk Island: 'A
they protrude. The anthers are arrow- knife, similar to a farrier's, is used, hut
shaped, provided with a sharp point or stronger, fixed upon a handle four to five
mucro, and adherent to the angular stigma feet long, which enables the workman to
style thread-sha.ped ovaries with two
; reach high up the trunk of the tree. A
compartments. They are natives of tropi- perpendicular incision is made through
cal Australia, and have not yet been intro- the bark, an inch wide at the surface, hut
duced into cultivation. [M. T. MJ tapering to a point near the wood, and from
eight to ten feet long, forming the main
BALISIER. (Fr.) Canna indica. channel through which the sap flows to the
BALLOTA. A family of herbaceous hase of the tree, where a vessel is placed for
its reception branch channels are cut on
;
plants belonging to the labiate order,
among which they are distinguished by each side of the main one, leading obliquely
into it, six or eight inches apart, and ex-
the strongly ten-ribbed salver-shaped calyx.
They are natives of the temperate regions tending nearly two-thirds round the trunk.
of the Eastern hemisphere, and are remark-
The sap generally flows from these channels
able for nothing hut their strong offensive for about twelve hours, when it is collected.
odour, on account of Avhich they are for The quantity produced by each tree varies
the most part rejected hy cattle; hence the sometimes about a pint, but on an average
name from the Greek ballo, to reject. B. about a gill.' The sap forms an indelible
paint, and was formerly used in the island
nigra, Black Stinking Horehound, a com-
mon wayside perennial, has stout-branched for marking bags, blankets, and other
articles. [A. A. B.]
stems, egg-shaped wrinkled leaves, and
whorls of numerous dull purple flowers. BALSAM. A name given to various
The whole plant is as offensive in odour as it gum-resinous or oleo-resinous vegetable
isunattraetiveinappeai-ance, and suffers lit- substances. —
BAYEE. A product of Bal-
,

tle from beinggenerally covered with dust. samodendron pubescens. —

CANADIAN.
,

It is mostly found growing near towns and A product of Abies balsamea. CARPA- — ,

villages, and has accompanied our colonists THIAN. A product of Pinus Cembra. —,
to many remote countries. In Gotland, COPALM. A product of Liquidambar
according to Don, it is an universal remedy 1
styraciflua. —
GARDEN. Impatiens Bal-
,
 , ;

samina, sometimes called Balsamina hor- ever, more usually and correctly referred
tensis. — HUNGARIAN. An oleo-resinous to Impatiens. [T. M.]
,

product of Finns Pumilio. of ACOUCHI. —

A product of Icica Aracouchini. of — BALSAMLNE. (Fr.) Impatiens Balsa-
CAPAIVA. An acrid product of various ! mina.
species of Copaifera. — of MARIA. A BALSAMITA. A genus belonging to
—
product of YerticiUaria acuminata. of the natural order Compositce, belonging to
PERU. A product of Myrospermum perui- that group in which the florets are all her-
ferum. — QUINQUINO. .A product of maphrodite, and distinguished by having
Myrospermum pubescens, sold as White a naked receptacle, no pappus, and an
Balsam. — of TOLU. A product of My- imbricated involucre, &c. One species of
rospermum toluiferunu — of UMIRI. A this genus, grown for culinary purposes,
product of Eumirium floribundum. — j

the common Costmary or Alecost (Balsa-

TAMACOARF. A product of a Brazilian I

mita vulgaris), is a native of Italy, from

—, WHITE. The
\

species of Caraipa. Bal- whence it was introduced in 1568. It is a

sam of Quinquino. j

creeping-rooted hardy perennial, from two

to three feet high, remarkable for the
BALSAM HERB. A garden name for
strong balsamic odour of its leaves, which
Justicia comata.
i

I
are roundish, oblong, and toothed, and
BALSAM SEED. A garden name for :
were formerly put into ale and negus,
Myrospermum. j
hence its old English name of Alecost
I
whilst that of Costmary indicates that it
BALSAM TREE. A common name for !
is the Costus or aromatic plant of the
Clusia, and Balsamodendron. j
Virgin. Although common in every cot-
tage garden, it is almost entirely discarded
BALSAM WEED. An American name
!

from the plants that are grown for culinary

for Gnaphalium polycephalum, a plant used : purposes and even in France it is only
;
in the manufacture of paper. used occasionally to mix in salads. The
plant is the Pyrethrum Tanacetum of
BALSAM WOOD. A garden name for
Linnaeus. [W. B. B.]
Myroxylum.
,

BALSAMINACE.E. (Eydrocerece ; the I BALSAMOCARPON belongs to the pea

family (Leguminosce), and is a native of the
family of Balsams.) The large genus Im-
province of Coquimbo, in Chili, where it is
patiens (Balsam), and a single species
separated from it under the name of Ey-
common in dry hilly places. There is but
Geranium one species, B. brevifolium, the Algarrobo
drocera. included byJussieuin the
of the Chilians. It is a shrub with undi-
family, haA'e been raised to the rank of a
vided elongated branches, having many
distinct order, on account of the remark-
tubercules from these the leaves proceed,
;
able irregularities in the flowers, -which
and are accompanied with two or three
have been variously explained by different short spines. The leaves are simply pin-
botanists. The sepals and petals, all co-
.

nate, and are not more than half an inch

loured, consist usually of six pieces, two
long, the leaflets six in number and AT ery
outer ones, small, flat and oblique, the next
small. The flowers are large, yellow, and
large, hood-shaped, ending below in a
arranged in few-flowered clusters at the
conical spur; the fourth opposite to it,
ends of the branches, their calyces covered
small, but yet very broad and concave,
with long glandular hairs. The pods are
the two innermost very oblique, and more
thick, short and sessile, and are remarkable
or less divided into two unequal lobes.
for being almost entirely transformed into
It has been a matter of much dispute
a cracked resinous substance, which is
which of them should be considered as astringent, and used commercially for dye-
sepals and which as petals. It has now,
ing black and making ink. [A. A. B.]
however, been proved by the examination
of some Asiatic species, where there are BALSAMODENDRON. A word, as the
two additional small sepals, and especially |

name implies, applied to certain balsam-

of the Eydrocera, where the flowers are bearing trees, of the natural order Amyri-
less irregular, that the two outer pieces,
dacece. Their foliage is generally scanty.pin-
and the large spurred one, with the two nated, and the branches frequently spiny.
occasional additional ones, are the sepals,
The flowers are small, green, axillary, often
thatthe two innermost lobed pieces consist
unisexual, with a four-toothed persistent
each of two united petals, and that the
calyx, four narrow petals bent inwards,
broad concave one is the fifth petal, thus and eight stamens, inserted with the petals
bringing the structure more in conformity
beneath a circular cup-shaped disc, from
with that of true Geraniacece, with which
which arise eight small lobes, which alter-
Balsams agree also in their ovary, and in The fruits are
nate with the stamens.
the fruit which, in bursting open, leaves
small, oval and drupe-like, with four
the attachment of the seeds adhering to
sutures. The nut is thick and hard, two-
the persistent axis. The Balsaminacece may
celled or sometimes one-celled by abortion ;
therefore" be again considered as a tribe
each cell contains one seed.
only of Geraniacece.
B. Myrrha, a plant growing wild in
BALSAMINA. Aname sometimes given Arabia Felix, is supposed to yield some of
to the garden Balsam, and some few species the gum resin known as Myrrh. B. gilea-
resembling it in habit, but which are, how '
dense and B. Opobalsamum are stated to
BALS] &§z Ereatfurj) of ISotaug. 120

produce Balm of Gilead, or Balm of Mecca, perennial herbs, with chiefly radical leaves,
sometimes called Opobalsamum, a gum which are heart-shaped with long stalks,
resiu obtained by incision into the bark, or pinnatifid. Their stems are simple,
and considered by the antients as a panacea usually bearing a solitaryflower-head,which
for almost all the ills that flesh is heir to. is about two inches in diameter, having
B. Eataf, one of the plants supposed to the appearance of a small sunflower. All
yield Myrrh, has a red resinous wood, the florets are yellow in colour, and the
which is a common article of sale in greater part of the species are covered with
Egypt. B. africanum, a species found in a whitish pubescence. They are found on
Abyssinia and "Western Africa, yields a the west side of the Rocky Mountains, in
resin known as African Bdellium, and the Oregon and California. The thick roots of
Indian drug of the same name is the pro- B. Hookeri, which is found on gravelly
duce of another species of this genus, B. banks of the Columbia river, yield a copi-
Roxburghii, or of the closely allied one ous pellucid resin, which has a powerful
Amy,-is. Bdellium is like myrrh in its pro- turpentine-like odour, while those of B.
perties, but is not considered so good it is
;
incana and helimithemoides are eaten by
moister than myrrh, not brittle, and has the Indians in Oregon. They are cooked
not so agreeable an odour. It is rarely on hot stones, and have a sweet and rather
used in this country. agreeable taste. The name is given from
B. Mulcul yields a resin known in Scinde the occurrence of a balsamic resin in the
under the name of Googul, and in Persia roots of some of the species. [A. A. B.]
as Mukul. The late Dr. Stocks has shown
that this is identical with the Bdellium of BAMBOO. The common name of Bam-
Dioscorides and of the Scriptures. The busa. Bamboo-canes are the stems of dif-
tree producing it is abundant in Scinde, ferent kinds of Bambusa. —
SACRED, of
,

in rocky ground, and the resin is collected the Chinese Nandina domestica.
:

by making incisions into the tree and " BAMBUSA. A genus

letting the resin fall on the ground, hence of grasses, typical
it is mixed with much dirt and many im- of the tribe Bambusacece. This tribe is re-
purities. The resin has cordial and stimu- markable among those belonging to the
lant properties. It is given as a medicine great family of grasses, in consequence of
to horses in Cabul it is also used as a
;
the gigantic size some of its species attain.
plaster for boils. It is burnt as incense, The flowers are hexandrous, more rarely
and is mixed by builders with the mortar triandrous, and are produced in panicled
used in the construction of houses, when spikelets. Occasionally some are neuter,
durability is an object. A similar resin and others male only. Steudel describes
with the same native name is obtained in thirty-three species, which are all natives
other parts of India, from other species of of warm countries, and have an extensive
the genus. range over the surface of the globe. It is
B. arundinacea, which is generally con-
sidered to be the species the largest and
best canes are produced from, but frequent
errors regarding it no doubt occur, and
the canes of other species are mistaken for
it. B. vulgaris, with culmi inermes, appears
to be the species which is generally culti-
vated in British gai-dens, whereas the B.
arundinacea is described with culmus spino-
sus. In the East and West Indies the canes
frequently grow from fifty to sixty feet
high and even in this country they have
;

been known to grow forty feet in one sea-

son, in some of the large Palm-houses.
The finest known species is, perhaps, B.
Balsamodendron Mukul. httifolia, a native of the Orinoko, which

B. pubescens, according to Dr. Stocks, produces much thicker and larger canes
furnishes Bayee Balsam, which is brittle, in every way than those of B. vulgaris or
but tasteless and inodorous. The bark B. arundinacea. A fine plant of the large
sort is growing in the Botanic Garden at
of this tree peels off in thin layers like
Berlin.
that of the Birch. As is so frequently The variety of purposes to which the
the case, there is considerable doubt as to
the plants producing these several gum- Bamboo is applied is almost endless. The
resins, thoughit is agreed on all hands
Chinese use it, in one way or other, for
that the plants, whatever their species
nearly every thing they require. The sails
of their ships, as well as their masts and
may belong to this genus; nay, it is
be,
not unlikely that more than one species rigging, consist chiefly of Bamboo, manu-
may furnish the same kind of resin. B. factured in different ways. Almost every
article of furniture in their houses, in-
zeylanicum is cultivated in this country as
an ornamental stove plant. cluding mats, screens, chairs, tables, bed-
[M. T. M.]
steads, and bedding, are made of the same
BALSAMORRHIZA. A genus of the material. < See Library of Entertaining Know-
composite family (Composite?). Seven spe- ledge.) A similar extensive use of the hol-
cies are enumerated, all of them dwarf low reed is made in Japan, and also in
121 Qftz Erra£urg af 3t3otanD. [bank

Java. Sumatra, and other eastern countries. I flowers have a five-parted calyx, also pro-
Although the Bamboo grows spontane- !
vided with glands at its base externally ;

ously, and more profusely in nearly all the petals are furnished with long stalks or
the "immense districts included in the claws there are ten' stamens, frequently
;

southern portion of the Chinese empire, somewhat coherent at the base three ;

the people do not rely on the beneficence styles, often leaf-like at their extremi-
of nature, but cultivate the gigantic reed j
ties ;and three carpels, each containing
-with much care. They have treatises and one seed, and terminating in a simple
whole volumes solely on this subject, lay- membranous wing. The seed-leaves or
ing down rules derived from experience, cotyledons are thick and unequal. The
and showing the proper soils, the best plants are natives of Brazil and the West
kinds of water, and the seasons for planting Indies several are in cultivation for the
;

and transplanting the useful production. sake of their pretty yellow flowers, and,
(Ibid.) A view of the Bamboo vegetation of in some instances, fine foliage. [M. T. M.]
Java, is given in Plate 4. [D. M.]
BANKSIA. A genus of Proteacece, estab-
BANANA, or WISE-MEN'S BANANA. lished by the younger Linna;us, and named
Musa sapientum. in honour of Sir Joseph Banks. It is dis-
BANANIER. (Ft.) Musa. tinguished by having four-parted apetalous
flowers, the anthers of which, four in num-
B ANNETTE. (Fr.) Dolichos melanoph- ber, are subsessile and attached one to the
thalmus. concave apex of each sepal the style is ;

BANARA (including Ascra, Bosca, Kuhlia, filiform or subulate, with a clavate or cy-
and Pineda). A genus of Samydacece, lindrical stigma. The seed-vessel, which
is termed a follicle, is large and woody,
confined to the tropical parts of America,
and consisting of about fifteen species, all and contains large winged seeds which are
of which are either small trees or shrubs, generally black. The genus is peculiar to
with ovate leaves, and paniculate, racemose Australia and Tasmania. In the former
or fasciculate flowers. The calyx is four to colony it is very generally distributed
five cleft the petals from four to five in
;
throughout the extratropical portion, while
number; the stamens disposed in several only two intertropical species have been
rows, inserted in a perigynous disk, and discovered, viz :— B. compar at Keppel Bay,
indefinite. Uses unknown. [B. SJ on the east coast, and B. dentata at Arn-
heim's Land, on the north coast, and at
BANDAKAI. The fruits of Abelmosclms Endeavour River, on the north-east coast.
esculentus. There are upwards of fifty species known,
of which only a few become trees. Mr. C.
BANDED. ~
Marked with cross-bars of Frazer mentions having seen a specimen
colour. of B. grandis which he considered to be
BAND-SHAPED. Narrow and very long. fifty feet in height, and with a stem two
BANDALA. The strong outer fibre of and a half feet in diameter. The other ar-
Musa textilis, from which Manilla white borescent species are B. littoralis, B. cylin-
rope is made. drostachya, B. australis, B. prionotes, B.
Menziesii and B. ilicifolia. The remainder
BANDOLIER fruit. The berries of are more generally shrubs of from fifteen
Zanonia indica. to twenty feet in height, though in some
BANEBERRY. The common name of instances, as B. nutans, B. pidchella and
Actcea spicata. B. sphcerocarpa, of much humbler growth.
The foliage is remarkable for its harsh
BANG. A
narcotic preparation from the rigid coriaceous character, and the leaves
leaves of the Hemp, Cannabis sativa. are generally dark green on the upper sur-
BANGIA. A genus of Alga;, which de- face, and clothed with a white or rufous
serves notice as connecting the filamen- down beneath, their margins being either
tous with the membranous series, the deeply serrated or only spinous, rarely
entire. Their form is singularly variable,
|

perfect plant of B. airopurpurea, closely \

resembling very young examples of the thus in B. Meisneri they are small, reflexed
common Porphyra, which produces the and sharp pointed in B. spinulosa and B.
;

laver of our oil shops. Like Porphyra its ericifolia they are linear, three to four
place is doubtful, as it has almost equal inches in length, and about an eighth of an
claims to be ranked amongst the green and inch in breadth. B. latifolia is distinguished
rose-spored genera. Both, however, are by having lanceolate leaves, nearly a foot
usually placed amongst Clilorosperms. B.
j

long and three inches broad, covered with

a rich rufous down on the underside. B.
|

atrapurpurea is a common species on old !

jetty piles, &c, and is a pretty microscopic Solandri has broad ovate leaves, deeply
object. We do not consider such species sinuated. B. speciosa and B. Victoria have
as B. velvtina belonging to the same sec- long linear leaves (fourteen inches) covered
tion. See Elva and Prasiola. [M. J. B.] I
with whitish down beneath. B. dryan-
droides and B.Brovmii have very elegant
BANISTERIA. A name applied to a foliage, the latter bearing very much the
genus of the natural family Malpighiacece, appearance of a species of Mimosa. B.
consisting of trees or shrubs, frequently coccinea is remarkable for its large head of
climbing, with simple stalked leaves, often deep red flowers. One species, B. integri-
provided with glands on the stalks. The [ folia, is named the Honeysuckle by the
 ;
: ;

banq] K\yt Ereagurj) of 3SDtanji. 122

Australian colonists, in consequence of baceous, and, with one exception, B. per-

the great quantity of honey Avhich the foliate), (in which the leaves are simple and
flowers contain. These plants, from their entire), have trifoliate leaves. They grow
handsome and peculiar foliage, have always from one to two feet high, and bear blue or
"been great favourites in gardens. The ap- yellow flowers, either solitary or in clusters.
pearance of the Banksias in their native They are ornamental border flowers, and
habitats is shown in a view of the vegeta- being perennial may be increased by divi-
tion of New South Wales, taken near Port sion of the roots. One species, B. tinctoria,
Jackson, which forms the subject of a native of dry hilly woods from Canada
Plate 5. [R. H.] to Carolina, has been used as indigo by
dyers, and from this the name (from the
BANQUOIS. A name in the
given Greek bapto, to dye) was given to the genus.
Mauritius to a species of Screw-pine, Pan- The root and leaves are said to possess as-
danus vacua, the leaves of which are used tringent and antiseptic properties. The
for making sacks. species most frequently cultivated are B.
BANYAN-TREE. Ficus indica. australis (French, Baptisie de la Caroline
or Podalyre), a pretty border plant, with
BAOBAB-TREE. Adansonia digitata. large blue flowers, tinged on the keel with
BAPHIA. A genus of leguminous greenish white, and arranged in a long
plants (Fabacece: Ccesalpiniece), four spe- cluster and B. minor, a smaller plant with
:

cies of which are described in botanical blue or white flowers. [C. A. J.]
works, all of them natives of the coast of BARANETZ, or BAROMETZ. Cibotium
western tropical Africa. They are either Barometz, called the Scythian Lamb. Bar an
trees or shrubs, with unequally pinnate
is Russian for Lamb.
leaves. Their flowers are produced in
clusters, upon short stalks at the bases of BARB A JO VIS. Anthyllis Barba Jovis.
the leaves, each flower having two small
bracts underneath its calyx they have a
;
BARBACENIA. A genus of monocoty-
sheathing calyx which splits along the ledonous plants, related to Vellozia, and
underside, and is either entire or five- referred with some doubt to the order
Hcemodoracece. It consists of perennial
toothed their corolla is papilionaceous
;

and they have ten free stamens, all fertile. herbs, with simple or dichotomously-
The fruit is a narrow flattened straight or branched stems, which sometimes attain
sickle-shaped pod, of a leathery texture, two or three feet, or sometimes more, in
and having its edges slightly thickened height, and are furnished at the ends with
spirally disposed firm spreading narrow
it contains numerous seeds, and splits open
when ripe.
acute-keeled leaves, from amongst which
B. nitida, which produces the Camwood issue one-flowered scapes, which areusually
or Barwood of commerce, is a tree grow- clothed with glandular and resiniferous
ing to the height of forty or fifty feet. hairs, especially towards the top. The
It has shining green leaves, composed of
flowers are large and generally showy, and
two pairs of leaflets, with an odd one, and consist of a funnel-shaped perianth, resi-
its yellow flowers bear some resemblance
nosely-hairy on the outside, the base of
to those of the common laburnum of our the tube confluent with the ovary, and the
gardens. About 300 or 400 tons of the wood limb spreading, of six equal segments
of this tree are annually imported from there are six included stamens, having
Sierra Leone, being collected from various piano-compressed filaments, which are
parts of the coast between that place and three-toothed at the apex, the middle tooth
Angola. In 1858 the imports were 464 tons, being the smaller and bearing the anther.
valued at 13,833Z. It usually comes in The ovary is three-celled, containing nu-
trimmed logs, about four feet in length merous ovules affixed in the central angles
and a foot in diameter, but sometimes, of the cells, and becomes a cylindraceo-
though rarely, in the form of balls or cakes, three-cornered capsule. The style is tri-
made of the roughly powdered wood. It is quetrous, three-parted, and the stigma is
of a deep red colour, and yields a brilliant capitate, three-cornered. There are upwards
but not permanent dye ; with a mordaunt of a dozen species, all South American, and
of sulphate of iron it produces the red nearly all found in Brazil, where they occur
colour of the English Bandana handker- in hot dry mountain regions, lying between
chiefs, and dyers generally employ it for
14° and 20° S.lat. B. Alexandrine:-, found in
much the same purposes as the better the southern parts of British Guiana by
known Brazil-wood. The native women on Sir R. Schomburgh, is stated to grow from
the West coast of Africa use the pounded ten to twelve feet high. B. purpurea, one
wood for painting their bodies amulets
;
of the most familiar species, is frequently
are also made of it, and it is used in their met with in hothouses, and affords a very
Fetish ceremonies. [A. S.] good illustration of the family. This has
a short dichotomous striated stem, bearing
BAPTISIA. American herbaceous plants numerous linear acuminate rigid leaves,
belonging to the order Leguminosw, among sheathing at the base, and minutely spiny-
which they are distinguished by their two- toothed at the margin. The flower-stalks are
lipped calyx, by their petals, which are equal longer than the leaves, one-flowered the ;

in length, their deciduous stamens, and flowers erect, rich violaceous purple, with
swollen pod, which is supported by a stalk, lanceolate segments, the three inner of
and many-seeded. All the species are her- which are broader and more erect than the
 123 €i)c 5Trcas'ttrg at Wateny, [bark
1

outer three, which are narrower and spread- ! habiting Jamaica, with a rough bark, alter-
ing. It is a plant of ornamental character. I nate pinnate leaves, and the flowers in
'

B. squamata is similar in habit, hut is racemes. The calyx is bell-shaped, four to

! dwarfer, with a more scaly stem, and five-cleft ; the corolla, with four or five
|
smaller reddish flowers. Between these petals, arising from the margin of the
! species some very showy hybrids have calyx; stamens eight to ten, arising from
j
been raised in gardens. [T. MJ the bottom of the calyx ovary free style ; ;

and stigma simple capsule with three two-

;

BARBADOS' PRIDE. Poinciana pul- seeded compartments. [M. T. M.]

cJierrimd.
BAR BARE A. Winter-cress. A herb held BARCLAYA. A singular genus of Nym-
pho?acece, not much resembling ordinary
in some repute in the days when the field water-lilies in appearance, though botani-
or brook furnished the only salads, but caliy allied to them. It consists of aquatic
banished from the table by vegetables of plants with tuber-like root-stocks, whence
better flavour. The common species, B. the leaves and flowers spring. The calyx is
vulgaris, sometimes called Land-cress, by
;
composed of Ave distinct sepals the corolla
I way of distinction from water-cresses, to is tubular at the base, and united below to
;

which itsleavesbear a distant resemblance, a disc surrounding the ovary.the limb being
is a weed frequently seen in gardens and
divided into five red-coloured petals sta-
|
waste grounds, where the soil is damp. In mens numerous, in several rows, inserted
;

winter and early spring it is a tuft of pin-

i

on the tube of the corolla, the upper ones

'<

nate glossy leaves, of a dark green hue, sterile the anthers are without appen-
sending up in May an erect leafy stalk, ;

dages. Fruit adhering to the fleshy disc,

j
having numerous yellow flowers, which composed of several carpels, with radiating
are succeeded by largish four-angled pods.
stigmata. Each compartment of the fruit
B. prcecox, Early Winter-cress, is a smaller
contains several seeds, which are albumi-
i

plant of similar habit; it is well-distin-

j

guished by the slender divisions of its

nous internally, and externally covered
j

upper leaves and its very narrow pods. with thick bristles. These curious plants
are natives of the East Indies, and are
This, though common enough in the West
especially remarkable for the calyx con-
of England, is considered a relic of culti-
sisting of distinct sepals detached from
:

vation. A variety of the common species

the ovary, while the petals are united to-
is sometimes cultivated for the sake of its
gether below, and are attached to a disc in
:

double flowers, under the name of Yellow

Rocket Herb (French, Julienne jaune). The which the ovary is immersed, so as to give
French name of the wild plant is Barbaree an appearance as though it were inferior,
which, however, is not the case. [M. T. M.l
or Serbe de St. Barbe German, Winter-
:

kresse. [C. A. J.]

BARDAIfA. The Burdock, Arctium Bar-
BARBATE. Having long weak hairs in dana or Lappa tomentosa.
. one or more, tufts.
BARDANE. (Fr.) Arctium Lappa or Lap-
BARBE-DE-BOFC. (Ft.) Spiraea Arun- pa major.
—
;

cus. DE CAPFCIX Xigella damascena.

BARDANETTE
— DE-CHE VRE.
V
Eryngium campeskre, nospermum
or B. FAUX. (Fr.) EcU-
also Spirted Aruncus. — DE JFPITER..
Lappula.
Anthyllis Barba Jovis, also Centranthus BARK. All the outer integuments of a
ruber. plant beyond the wood, and formed of
tissue parallel with it. The only true bark
BARBEAF. fFr.) Centaurea Cyanus.
— JAFXE. Centaurea Amberboi. — MFS- is that of Exogens. In Endogens, False
QFE'. Centaurea Moschata. — YIYACE.
Bark, also called Cortical Integument,
stands in place of bark, from which it
Centaurea montana. is known by the fibrous tissue of the wood
BARBELLS. The hairs of the pappus passing into it obliquely.
;
of composites, when they are short, stiff,
|
and straight. BARK. The officinal name given to the
cortical layers of various plants, used
BARBELLFL^E. Small conical spine- chiefly for medicinal and tannine- purposes.
like processes of the pappus of composites, The name is, par excellence, applied to the
as in Aster. Peruvian or Cinchona barks, the source
BARBERRY. of quinine. Of these there are many va-
The Berberry, Berberis
vulgaris. rieties, namely:— Calisaya, Royal Yellow,
Cinchona Calisaya Light Calisaya, C;
BARBOX. (Fr.) Andropogon. boliviano, scrobicidata Peruvian Calisaya, ;

BARBS. Hooked hairs. C. scrobiculata (3. Belondriana Carabaya, ;

Ash, Jaen, C. ovata Dark Jaen, C. rillosu

;
BARBFTA. The inner row of fringes Hard Carthagena, C. cordifolia; Woody
;

or teeth in the peristome of such mosses Carthagena, C. Condaminea; Spongy Car-

as Tortula; also the name of a genus of thagena, Coquetta, Bogota, C. lanci'foUa —
mosses. condaminea 5. Crown, C. Calisaya Select
; ;

BARBYLFS. An imperfectly known Crown, C. Ashy Crown, C.

chahuanguera ;

genus, belonging to the natural family maxrocalyx, rotund/foliaFine Crown, C. ;

Amyridaceee. Its describer speaks of the crispa Loxa Crown, C. Condaminea Wiry
; ;

single species, B. jamaicensis, as a tree in- Crown, C. hirsuta Cinnamon, C. coccinea;

;
 ,,

bark] Qtf)z GTreagurg af SSotaup. 124

Cusco, Ariza, C. pubescens R,ed Cusco, St. ; BARKERIA. A small genus of beautiful
Ann's, C. scrobiculata Huanuco, Grey, G. ;
orchids, from Mexico and Central America,
micrantha,, glandulifera, nitida ; Original differing in little from Epidendrum except
Loja, C. uritusinga; Negrilla, C. hetero- in the column being bordered by a broad
phylla Red, C. conglomerata
;
Genuine ;
membranous wing. About half-a-dozen
Red, C. succirubra Spurious Red, C. ??ia£r-
;
species are known, of which B. spectabilis,
nifolia. The principal sorts are sometimes called in Guatemala Flor de Isabal, is the
classed thus : —GREY
BARKS Crown or : finest. It is one of the votive offerings of
Loxa, C. Gondaminea, scrobiculata, macro- the Catholics in that country.
calyx; Lima, Huanuco, Silver, C. micran-
tha, lanceolate, glandulifera, and prob- BARKLYA syringifolia, the only species
ably purpurea. RED BARKS : C. nitida. of a genus belonging to the section of .

YELLOW BARKS : C. Galisaya, micran- the pea family bearing regular flowers, is a
tha, Gondaminea, lancifolia. RUSTY large tree, with alternate simple coriaceous
BARKS: C. hirsuta, -micrantha, ovali folia, leaves, which have long stalks, and are in
and probably purpurea. WHITE BARKS :
form like those of the lilac {Syringa),
C. ovata, pubescens, cordifolia. For a com- but have seven radiating nerves. The
plete account of the medicinal cinchona flowers are golden yellow, very numerous,
barks, see Mr. Howard's splendid volume, and disposed in axillary or terminal ra-
entitled The Nueva Quinologia of Pavon. cemes. The pods are stalked, about half
The following Barks are also employed an inch long, thin, and containing few
officinally or economically , ALCOR- : — seeds. The tree has been lately introduced
into English gardens. It is a native of
NOCO or ALCORNOQUE. The astringent Eastern Australia, near the Brisbane river.
bark of several species of Byrsonima or, ;

according to some authorities, of Bowdi- The genus bears the name of Sir Henry
chia virgilioides. —
ANGOSTURA. The ,
Barkly, governor of the colony of Victoria.
[A. A. B.]
febrifugal bark of Galipea Cusparia or G.
officinalis. —
BABUL. The astringent bark
,
BARLERIA. A large genus of herbs or
of Acacia arabica. —, BASTARD CAB- shrubs, natives of the tropical regions of
BAGE. The bark of Andira inermis same :
both the Old and New Worlds, and belong-
as Worm Bark. —
BASTARD JESUIT'S.
,
ing to that division of the Acanthacece in
The bark of Iva frutescens. BONACE. — ,
which the corolla lobes are imbricate ortwo-
The bark of Daphne tinifolia. — , CANELL A.
lipped in the bud, and not contorted, and
The stimulant aromatic bark of Canella
the seeds are inserted onhooked retinacula.
alba. —, CARIBBEAN. The astringent
The flowers of this genus are axillary, or
bark of Exostemma caribceum. CASCA- —
in terminal spikes or heads, and have
,

RILLA or SWEET WOOD. The aromatic

herbaceous or pungent bracts. The calyx
bark of Croton Cascarilla and C. pseudo-
has four sepals, the two outer being larger
china. —, CHINA. The febrifugal bark
than the others the corolla has a long
of Buena hexandra. , CONESSI. The —
tube, and five nearly equal spreading lobes.
;

astringent bark of Wrightia antidysente-

rica. CULILAWAN. The aromatic Of
— ,
the four stamens the upper pair are
sometimes abortive the anthers are linear
stimulant bark of Cinnamomum Culila-
;

—
ELEUTHERA. The aromatic
and parallel. The two-celled ovary has two
wan. ,
with
bark of Croton Cascarilla. FALSE AN- — ,
ovules in each cell the style is entire
;

a truncate stigma. The capsular fruit is

GOSTURA. The bark of Strychnos nux- acuminate. The allied genera all have a
vomica. —, FRENCH GUIANA. The fe-
distinctly two-lipped corolla, and are thus
brifugal bark of Portlandia hexandra. — easily distinguished. [W. C]
JESUIT'S. The same as Peruvian Bark.
— , JURIBALI. An astringent bark of BARLEY. The common name for Hor-
Demerara, supposed to be the produce of deum, a genus of corn-producing grasses.
some cedrelaceous plant. MELAMBO. — ,
Pearl Barley is the grain of the common
The aromatic febrifugal bark of some spe- Barley deprived of its hard integuments.
cies of Galipea, or one of its allies. —
MEZEREUM. The acrid irritant bark of BARNADESIA. A genus of the compo-
—
Daphne Mezereon. ,MONESIA. The bark of site family, belonging to that section of
some S. American Sapotacem. , MURUXI. — the order which has two-lipped corollas.
The astringent bark of Byrsonima spirata, All the species are spiny bushes, fur-
used by the Brazilian tanners. NIEPA. — , !
nished with entire generally elliptical or
The febrifugal bark of Samadera indica. lanceolate pointed leaves, each having at
—
|

, PANOCOCCO. The sudorific bark of its base two spiny stipules. The flower-
Sivartziatomentosa. QUERCITRON. The — , heads are terminal and elongated. The
yellow dye bark of Quercus tinctoria. — florets and often the involucre are purple or
QUILLAI. The bark of Quillaia saponaria, pale pink in colour. The pappus is feathery,
used as a substitute for soap. ,STRINGY, — and the achenes are clothed with silky hairs.
of Tasmania. Eucalyptus robusta. — B. rosea has delicately flesh-coloured florets,
SWEET WOOD. The same as Cascarilla which are covered with silky hairs, and is
Bark. —
NINE. , An American name for a favourite plant in the tropical houses of
Spirwa opulifolia. — WHITE WOOD.
, The English gardens, being a very free bloomer.
same as Canella Bark, —.WINTER'S. The The species, nine in number, are natives
tonic aromatic bark of Drymis Winteri. of tropicals. America, The genus is named
— WORM. The bark of Andira inermis,
, in honour of Michael Barnadez, a Spanish
formerly used as an anthelmintic. 1

botanist. [A. A. B.]

 ;;!

BARNARDIA. A genus of Liliacece, BARRINGTONIACE^E. (Barringtoniads.)

containing rather small bulbous plants, A small family consisting of about ttve-and-
resembling Scilla, natives of China and twenty species, usually considered as form-
Japan. They hare linear cuspidate radical ing a tribe of Myrtacece, with which they
leaves,and scapes bearing small pink flowers agree in the structure of their ovary and per-
in racemes; filaments winged and ciliated at ianth, and in the very numerous perigynous
the base; ovary three-celled, each cell with stamens, turned inwards in the bud. They
—
one ovule erect from the base which dis- differ chiefly in the presence of albumen
tinguishes it from its allies. B. sciUoides in the seed. Their leaves are also alternate,
is a pretty frame plant. [J. T. S.] not dotted, and often sen-ate but these
;

characters occur also occasionally in true

BAROMETZ. Cibotium Barometz. Myrtacece. They are all trees or shrubs,
BAROSMA. This name has been applied inhabiting the tropics in the New and the
to a genus of Butacece, on account of the Old World, some of them bearing large
heavy powerful odour that the species flowers of considerable beauty. The prin-
possess. The genus is botamcally charac- cipal genera are Barringtonia and Carey a
terised by an equally five-parted calyx in the Old World, and Gustavia in the
five oblong petals; ten stamens, of which New.
five are sterile and petal-like, alternating
with the five shorter fertile stamens the ;
BARRINGTONIA. This genus consists
stvle of the same length as the petals of trees, some of them of large dimen-
and the ovary five-lobed. The species are sions, with alternate opposite or whorled
small evergreen shrubs, with opposite or leaves, often of large size and generally
alternate simple dotted leathery leaves, in obovate in form, their margins toothed or
the axils of which the flowers are placed entire. The flowers are in spikes or ra-
on stalks. They are all natives of the Cape cemes, generally large and handsome, and
of Good Hope, where the leaves, which in colour pink, scarlet, or white. The sta-
have a rue-like smell, are used by the mens areverynumerous and form a conspic-
Hottentots to perfume themselves with uous feature in the flower, from the great
abundance of yellow anthers; and their fila- I

ments, being slightly united at the base,

fall off in the form of a ring when the
flower fades, and have the appearance of a
painter's brush. Their fruits are one-seeded,
fleshy, more or less four angled, and in the
larger-flowered species about two inches in
length, tapering towards the base. They
are found in many parts of India, but in the
greatest numbers in the Malayan peninsula
and the islands of the Indian Ocean two ;

species are present in N. Australia, and one

grows on the banks of the Zambesi River
in East Africa. Without exception they
are beautiful objects when in flower.
The bark of a number of the species has
narcotic qualities. B. acutangula, an Indian
species, grows to a large size, and bears
some resemblance to an oak in its branch-
ing. It furnishes a solid durablewood,useful
for ordinary purposes; and from the leaves
Barosma crenulata. an extract or juice is obtained which, when
mixed with oil, is used in native practice
for eruptions of the skin. The kernels, pow-
They also use a tincture of the leaves as an
dered and prepared with sago and butter,
application to wounds, and in urinary dis-
|

are used in diarrhoea; mixed with milk

eases. Several species are used by the
they promote vomiting. Young plants of
Hottentots under one common name of
this species are shown in Plate 10, figure d,
I
Bucku. The Bucku leaves of commerce B. speciosa, a native of the Moluccas, and
are produced chiefly from B. crenulata, B.
one of the handsomest of the genus, attains
i

crenata, and B. serratifolia. Bucku leaves

i

the height of forty or fifty feet, with a cir-

are much used in medicine as a stimulant
|

cumference of ten to fourteen feet it is ;

and tonic, and appear to have a specific
generally found near the sea. From its
effect in chronic diseases of the bladder,
seeds a lamp-oil is expressed mixed with
;
their action probably being dependent on
bait they are used to inebriate fish, in order
the powerfully-smelling volatile oil which
to facilitate their capture.
they contain. [M. T. M.]
The root of B. racemosa has a bitter taste,
BARRALINGEE. (Fr.) A kind of olive. and is used by Hindoo practitioners on
account of its aperient and cooling quali-
BARRAS. The French name of the resi- ties. The seeds and bark are also used in
nous exudation of Pinus maritima, the
native medicine, the latter is of a reddish
basis of Burgundy Pitch.
colour, and is said to possess properties
BARRENWORT. The common name akin to those of quinine (Cinchona). Thfe
for Epimediwm. pulverised fruit is used as snuff, and, com-
 ;

barr] Ci)£ Crta^ttrg at M a tang. 126

bined with other remedies, is applied ex- apices of the branches calyx with five
:

ternally in diseases of the skin. The genus long segments; petals five, small and scale-
like; stamens ten; ovary free, with one
style ; ovules two. [J. T. S.]

BARTONIA. A showy genus of annual

North American Loasads, of which the B.
aurea, a Californian species, is one of the
best known. The most important features
of the genus are, a cylindrical or club-
shaped calyx tube, with a five-parted
persistent limb five or ten flat spreading
;

equal petals numerous stamens and a

; ;

capsule having the seeds arranged in two

rows on each of the parietal placentae,
opening at the summit when ripe. The JB.
aurea is a succulent branched spreading
plant, of a greyish-green aspect, growing
two feet high, with lanceolate pinnatifid
roughish foliage, and large lustrous
golden yellow blossoms in terminal clus-
ters, expanding only in the middle of the
day. When in perfection, it is really a
splendid plant, and may be made to contri-
Barringtonia speciosa. bute greatly to the gaiety of the borders
for, although its habit and foliage are less
was dedicated to the Hon. Daines Barring- attractive than those of some other an-
.

ton, the English antiquary. [A. A. B.] nuals, in size and brilliancy of blossoms it
is inferior to none. There are several other
BARROWIA. A genus of Asclepiadacece, species peculiar to the Western and North
containing a single species, from the Cape Western States, of which the most remark-
of Good Hope. It is a slender branched able is the B. ornata, with very large white
and climbing plant, with oblong-lanceolate flowers, figured many years since in the
leaves, and three or more white flowers on Botanical Magazine, under the name of
interpetiOlar peduncles. The calyx is flve- B. decapetala, from dried specimens, but
parted, with lanceolate erect sepals. The apparently unknown in England in the
funnel-shaped corolla is slightly swoUen at living state. By some botanists the genus
the base, and the limb is cleft into Ave Biirionia is not considered distinct from
lanceolate spreading divisions. The gynos- [W. TJ
'

Mentzelia.
tegium is included, and has the sinuous
staminal corona attached to its base. The BARTRAMIA. A genus of mosses,
ovoid pollen masses are attached to a small included in the order Bryacece.
corpuscle by slender processes, and have a
projecting pellucid apex. The stigma is
BARTSIA. Unpretending annuals, be-
five-sided, with a slightly projecting cen-
longing to Scrophulanads, and distin-
[W. C] guished from Bhinanthus (Yellow Rattle)
tral cone.
by having the upper lip of the corolla
BARTBRIA. A tropical African shrub, arched, and not laterally compressed. B.
with alternate glabrous entire or crenate Odontites is a common weed by waysides
leaves, and rather large sessile axillary and in corn-fields, growing from six to
flowers, forming a genus of Passifloracece-, eight inches high, with an erect branched
allied to Smeathmannia, but differing stem, bearing many one-sided clusters of
chiefly in the stigmas being consolidated inconspicuous dull purple flowers; the
into one large terminal capitate mass, foliage is scanty, and the whole plant
exceeding the ovary in diameter, and in roughish, and tinged more or less with
the fruit, which is said to be an indehiscent purple. A less common species is B.
berry the size of a pigeon's egg. viscosa, which grows in marshes and damp
pastures to the height of six to twelve
BARTHOLINA. Thisone of a singular
is inches, and bears numerous bright green
race of terrestrial orchids, peculiar to the leaves, which are narrow, cut at the edges,
Cape Colony, with solitary shaggy leaves, and taper to a point it is very common in
:

small white flowers, and a great lip cut many parts of Devon and Cornwall, where
j
into narrow strips, resembling the teeth of it sometimes grows two feet high. The
a comb. They have been grown in this flowers are solitary, imbedded among the
leaves, and much larger than in the last.
I

country, but perish after having been im-

I
ported for a year. The whole plant is singularly clammy to
the touch. B. alpina is a rare species,
BARTLINGIA. A genus of Chammlau- found only in rocky mountainous pastures
|
ciacece, founded on an undersbrub found in the north. All the species turn black in
in Eastern Australia. It has slender fas- drying. [C. A. J.]
tigiate branches; alternate shortly-stalked
obovate retuse entire glabrous leaves, BARU. A woolly material, found at the
with immersed glands secreting oil; short base of the leaves of Saguerus saccharifer,
stipules ; and the flowers clustered at the sometimes called Arenga saccharifera.
 ;

BAR WOOD. An African dye wood, cell, having one or more points at its apex,
produced by Baphia nitida. each bearing a spore.
BARYA. Agenus of begoniads, esta- BASIDIOSPORES. The spores which
blished by Klotzsch, and consisting of her- stand upon the basidia.
baceous plants, found on the mountains of
Peru. The staminate flowers have four, BASIFIXUS. Attached by the base.
and the pistillate fire sepals anthers ;
BASIL, BUSH. Ocymum minimum.
elliptical and short filaments united
; ; —, SWEET, or BASILICUM. Ocymum
style persistent, with elongated branches, Basilicum, an aromatic pot-herb. — ,WILD.
surrounded by an interrupted papillose Calamintha Clinopodium.
band, making five spiral turns placentas ;

stalked, with two lamella?. There is one |

BASILARIS. Seated at the base of any-
known species, namely, B. monadelpha, |
thing.
gathered by Ruiz, under the name of BASILIC COMMUN. (Pr.) Ocymum
Begonia monadelpha, near Mufia, in Peru.
|

Basilicum. — DE LA CHINE. Plectran-

|
The genus is named after Dr. Ant. de thus nudiflorus. — PETITE. Ocymum
,
i Bary, a patron of botany. [J. H. B.]
minimum. — ROMALN". Ocymum Basili-
,

BASAL. Growing at the base of any- cum.

i
thing, as ovules at the base of an axile BASIL-THYME. Calamintha Acinos.
placenta,
BASINERVED. When the ribs of a leaf
all spring from its base, as in most Melas-
I
BASELLACE^E. (Basellads.) small A tomads.
'
family, chiefly distinguished from Cheno-
\
podiacece by what has been called a double BASISOLTJTE. A term applied to leaves
calyx,and perigynous stamens but the so-
;
which, like those of Sedum and Echeveria,
;

called outer calyx consists merely of the are extended downwards below their true
two bracts, which are here adnate to the origin.
!
perianth, instead of being free, or at some BASSIA. A genus of the natural order
1

distance from it and more or less perigy-

;
Sapotacew, consisting of tropical trees, with
; nous stamens occur also in other cheno- alternate entire leaves, and whitish axillary
podiaceous genera, Basellacece have there- stalked flowers, having a calyx of four or
j
fore been now re-united with that family five sepals, a fleshy corolla, tubular below,
: as a tribe. They are mostly herbaceous but divided at its limb with eight seg-
climbers, with more or less succulent I

ments. Stamens numerous ovary termi-

;

I
leaves, and small inconspicuous flowers. nated by a tapering style, and containing
;

The perianth is usually thick and fleshy, I

six to eight compartments, of which three
I
and the style is three-cleft, whilst in true j
or four undergo an arrest of growth, so
Chenopodiacece it is more frequently (but
1

that the pulpy fruit does not contain more

1

|
not always) only two-cleft. There are '

than three or four one-seeded cells.

sixteen or seventeen species, all tropical, i
B. butyracea, the Indian Butter tree, or
and they have been distributed into six Phulwara, is a native of Nepaul, and the
i
genera, of which the most important are Almorah hills. From its seeds when bruised
',

Basella, Boussingaultia, and Anredera. and pressed is squeezed out a fatty sub-
BASELLA. A genus of climbing plants, stance of the consistence of hog's lard and
belonging to the order or tribe Basellacece. of a white colour. It is used to adulterate
The simple ovary becomes converted into ghee, and is considered serviceable in rheu-
\

<
a membranous fruit, which is adherent to matism, and as an application to the hair.
the inner part of the persistent calyx, and It makes good soap, and is adapted for
burning. It is soluble in warm alcohol, and
I

contains a single seed, with little or no

I

•
albumen, and an embryo, coiled up spi- does not become rancid when kept, but is
'

rally, like a watch-spring. B. alba and B. completely melted at a temperature of 120°.

I cordifolia are cultivated in theEast Indies From the juice of the flowers a kind of
as pot herbs, and are used as a substitute sugar is prepared.
j- for spinach. B. rubra, a variety of B. cordi- B.latifolia, the Mahwahtree of Bengal,
folia, yields a rich purple dye, but it is furnishes a hard and strong timber used
difficult to fix. These plants are grown in for the wheels of carriages, &c. The flowers
India over trellis-work,where the succulent are sweet-tasted and are eaten raw, and
shoots and leaves form an agreeable pro- they are also largely made use of in the
j
tection from the sun. Some of the species distillation of an ardent spirit like whisky,
;
have tuberous roots. B. alba is in cultiva- which is consumed in great quantities by
' tion, and might with advantage be more the natives of Guzerat, &c. When fresh it
frequently grown from a suspended basket, is very deleterious to Europeans. The seeds
as its appearance when in bloom is ele- yield an oil used for lamps, in the manu-
,
gant. [M.T. M.] facture of soap, and for culinary purposes
but it is thick, coarse, and only used by the
BASIBRACTEOLATE. A
term applied
poorer classes. The Bheels are stated to
chit: fly to the involucre of a composite,
when it is surrounded at the base by a dis- collect the sweetly tasting flowers of this
tinct order of bracts, as in dandelion. plant, and dry them to store as a staple
article of food; and hence, 'in expeditions
BASIDIA. Little elevations found undertaken for the punishment or sub-
j
among fungals, consisting of a single jection of these tribes when unruly, their
 — ;

bass] QLT)Z Ereatfurg at SSfltattD. 128

Bassia trees are threatened to be cut down America. They are creeping or twining,
by the invading force, and the threat most herbaceous or shrubby plants. Their
commonly ensures the submission of the flowers have a bell-shaped corolla, en-
tribes.' {Gibson.') closing the stamens, and a four-celled
The flowers of B. longifolia are roasted ovary, with a single style and a two-lobed
and eaten in Malabar and Coromandel they ; capitate stigma.
are also bruised and boiled to a jelly. The The most interesting species is B. edulis,
leaves as well as the milky juice of the un- the tuberous roots of which, under the name
ripe fruit are used medicinally. The bark of Sweet Potato, are extensively used in
contains a gummy juice which exudes and many warm countries in the same way
is used in rheumatism; the bark itself is that we use common potatoes. The plant
likewise employed as an astringent, and as has a creeping or sometimes twining stem
a remedy for the cure of the itch. The five or six feet long, and either running
seeds furnish an oil like that of the other along the ground, or rambling over other
kinds, but of an inferior quality. shrubs. Its leaves are about six inches
The Shea tree or Butter tree of Africa, long and heart-shaped at the base and its
;

whose seeds produce the Galam butter, flowers resemble those of the common
mentioned by Mungo Park in his travels, Convolvulus, of a pale purple colour, and
is a species of this genus, B. Parkii, or of arranged in threes or fours on a stalk.
the closely allied one, Lucuma. The seeds This plant has been so long cultivated and
are boiled in water to extract the butter naturalised in various tropical countries,
from them. This fatty substance is of a that its precise origin is somewhat obscure,
white colour.and agreeable taste, and keeps but probably it is indigenous to both hemi-
well, hence it is an important article of spheres. The first mention of it is said to
commerce in Sierra Leone. Some of the be by an author named Pigafetta, who
species of this interesting genus are in went to Brazil in 1519, and found it in use
cultivation. [M. T. M.] among the Indians as an article of food.
It was soon afterwards introduced into
BASSIN D'OR. (Fr.) Ranunculus repens. Spain, where it is still cultivated. The
'

BASSINET. (Fr.) Ranunculus repens. roots were known in England before the
introduction of the common potato, with
BASSORA GUM. A partially soluble
gum of uncertain origin, supposed to be which they were frequently
by early writers. They were
confounded
the produce of a Cactus or Mesembryan- imported in
considerable quantities from Spain and
themum. the Canary Islands, and, when steeped in
BASS-WOOD. The American Lime or wine, or made into SAveetmeats, were sup-
Linden, Tilia americana. posed to have the effect of restoring
decaying vigour. At the present day
BAST A strong woody fibre, much used
sweet potatoes are largely cultivated in
for brooms, brushes, &c, obtained from
the leaf-stalks of Attalea funifera, and of
many tropical and sub-tropical countries;
such for instance as India, China, Japan,
Leopoldinia Piassaba. Also, the inner bark
the Malayan Archipelago, &c, in the east
of the lime tree, of which the Russian mats
— and in the west, very generally throughout
used in gardens, are made. CUBA. The ,
tropical America, also in Texas, Alabama,
fibrous inner bark of Paritium elatum,
Carolina, and other Southern States of
much used for tying up cigars, and in America, extending even as far north as
gardens for tying plants, as also is the
bast of the lime tree.
New York, where, however, they are not
found to be a profitable crop they are also
:

BATARRB A. A genus of Fungi allied to grown to a small extent in the south of

the puffballs. Its most striking character-
istics are a thick gelatinous volva, a tall
risid stem, and a hemispherical cap-shaped
peridium. Some of the filaments, more-
over, have a spiral structure, a very rare
circumstance amongst Fungi. The British
species is extremely rare, and occurs on
sandhills, for the most part near the sea, or
amongst the vegetable soil in hollow trees.
The habit is that of Phallus, and the volva
with its intermediate gelatinous coat is
precisely the same. The early stage of this
plant has not been observed since the true
structure of the hymenium in the higher
fungi has been ascertained; but there
can be little doubt that it resembles that
of the true puffballs. [M. J. B.]
-

BATATE. (Fr. Batatas ) formerly

Convolvulus Batcttas. Batatas edulis.

BATATAS. A genus Bindweeds (Con-

of Europe, and more extensively in the
volvulacem), of which about twenty species Canary Islands, Madeira, and North Africa.
are described, mostly natives of tropical There are several varieties, some having
 ;;

129 Wfyz QLxtziUT-Q of 230taitB. BATE

white roots and others red. The roots The females have a two-lobed sessile
grow to a very great size according to
; stigma, without either perianth or stamens.
Crawford they sometimes attain the enor- The seed has no albumen, and the embryo
mous weight of fifty pounds in Java but ; is but little curved;' yet Grisebach is
in the United States the general weight is probably right in proposing once more to
from three to twelve pounds each tuber, include it among the Chenopodiacece, with
and the yield per acre is estimated at from which it accords so well in outward appear-
200 to 300 bushels. They have an agree- ance.
able sweetish taste, and contain rather
more flesh-forming matters than the com- BATIS. This genus of Exogens has a
mon potato, considerably more sugar, and structure so anomalous that it has been
a slight excess of starch. separated as a distinct order, Batidece. The
B. Jalapa has large tuberous roots and leading features have been just explained
creeping stems like the last. The leaves of in addition to which it maybe remembered
this species are heart-shaped, of a deep green that the naked ovaries adhere to each other
upon the upper surface, and covered with a
:

in the form of a short green four-rowed

cone. Each ovary consists of two carpels,
j

white woolly down beneath; and the flowers j

! are either white or rose-coloured, and very the stigmas being only two but it is four-
;

showy. It is a native of Mexico, growing celled, with one ovule in each cell, in con-
j
commonly in the vicinity of the town of sequence of the dorsal rib of each carpel
I Xalapa, whence the specific name Jalapa being inflexed so as to form a partition,
is derived. It was formerly supposed to the partition passing between the two
produce the jalap of the Pharmacopoeia, : ovules, making the two-celled ovary four-
celled, with one ovule in each cell. The
I

: but that drug is now known to be derived \

from another plant of the same natural : ovule is erect from the base of the cell.
! order; the roots of B. Jalapa, however, |
The seed contains no albumen, and the
:
possess purgative properties, and are pro- i
embryo has an inferior radicle. The po-
bably sometimes substituted for true jalap. I
sition of the Batidece in the natural system
is a question of much interest with bota-
j

B. paniculata has thick smooth twining j

stems and large hand-shaped leaves ; and nists, who have assigned it widely different
j

its flowers are very handsome and of a stations. There is no doubt, however,
fine purple colour. It is a native of that it has some relation with the Callitri-
I
India, Java, New Holland, Mauritius, "West chacece, and in common with that order
Africa, Guiana, Brazil, &c. ; and is the shows some resemblance to the Caryophyl-
The writer has also suggested a
|

!
species commonly cultivated for food in lacece.
"Western tropical Africa. From the seeds very near affinity with the Yerbenacece,
of a species of this genus is obtained what which have the same kind of four-celled
is called Natal Cotton, a textile material ovary. (Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. 411). The
resembling true Cotton. [A. S.] plant is sometimes used in making "West
Indian pickles, and its ashes yield large
BATEMANNIA Colleyi is an inconspicu- quantities of barilla. [B. C]
ous orchid with dull brownish-purple
flowers, from Demerara. It differs in BATODENDRON. A name applied to a
little from Maxillaria, excepting having genus of Yacciniacece, more commonly
an anther-bed with a membranous border. considered as a section of the genus Yac-
Some other plants bearing this name ciniv.m. It is known by its flowers being
belong to the genus Galeottia. borne on long thread-like stalks, in leafy or
leafless clusters ; the corolla five-lobed,
BATHMLTM. A name given by Link spreading, bell-shaped filaments hairy
;

to a group of large-growing ferns now anthers provided with two long awns bent
included in Aspidium and Sagenia. [T.M.] backwards fruit berry-like, almost taste-
;

less, its cells few-seeded by abortion. The

BATIDECE. The Batis maritima, a low
shrubby succulent plant, with opposite species are all natives of America and
leaves, abundant in the salt-marshes on Mexico. [M. T. M.]
the sea-coasts of the West Indies, has BATON BLANC or ROYAL. (Ft.)
much puzzled botanists as to its real Asphodelus ramosus. — DE JACOP. As-
,
affinities. They have therefore, in com-
pliance with a custom now very prevalent
phodelus luteus. , — DE SAINT JEAN.
Polygonum orientate.
in similar cases, endeavoured to solve the
problem by supposing it to constitute a BATRACHOSPERMEiE, BATRACHOS-
family by itself, giving it the plural name PERMTJM. A division and genus of green-
of Batidece. The habit of the plant, and spored Algce. The division contains two
the small green .flowers half buried in a distinct groups, in one of which the frond is
succulent spike, give it a great general i cartilaginous, solid or hollow, with the
resemblance to Salicornia but the ovary
; [
outer coat cellular in the other it is made
;

having ("according to Torrey) four cells ! up of a central articulated axis coated with
with one erect ovule in each, differs ma- i close-packed descending threads, covered
terially from that of Chenopodiacece. The with whorls of neckiace-like branchlets at
|

flowers are in unisexual cylindrical spikes. regular intervals. In both, the fruit con-
The males, under imbricated
solitary, : sists of chains of spores, which are ex-
bracts, have a two-lobed calyx and four ternal in the latter, internal in one genus,
stamens, alternating with as many minute at least, of the former. Batrachospermum
scale-like petals, or rather staminodia. 1
belongs to the second group. Its species
 :

BATSj W^t Qxtzguxy ai 38atang. 130

which are highly gelatinous, vary from stalked ovary, which ultimately becomes a
black to nearly violet, but are never of many-seeded two-valved pod.
a deep rose as in the analogous rose-spored B. tomentosa is a native of Ceylon, where
Alga. B.moniliforme isa common inhabitant it forms a small tree, growing about fifteen
of our rivulets, where it is found attached feet high, and having pale yellow flowers
to stones or roots, and never fails to obtain spotted with crimson, which has given
admiration when closely examined. Most rise to the superstitious idea that they are
of the species grow in fresh water. The sprinkled with the blood of St. Thomas,
genera of the first group will be noticed hence the tree is called St. Thomas' tree.
under Lemanea. [M. J. B.] Its leaves are composed of two oval, blunt-
topped leaflets joined together for more
BATSCHIA. A genus of Menispermacccc, than half their length, and hairy on the
allied to Abuta a,ndAnelasma,~\n\t differing under side. The dried buds or flowers,
from both in its three to five-nerved leaves, and also the leaves, are employed by the
which are almost glabrous. The genus is native Indian doctors as a remedy against
imperfectly known. Mr. Bentham is of dysentery.
opinion that it should be merged with B. Vahlii is the Maloo climber of India,
Abuta. The plants included in it are aplant whose gigantic shrubby stems often
natives of Darien. The name has been attain a length of 300 feet, and climb over
applied to certain boragmaceous plantsnow the tops of the highest trees of the forest,
included under Lithospermum and also to
; twisting so tightly round their stems that
a genus of Leguminosce, now referred to they not unfrequently strangle and cause
Humboldtia. [M. T. M.] death, the steins ultimately decaying and
leaving a sheath of climbers standing in
BAUDRIER DE NEPTUNE. (Fr.) La- their place. The young shoots and leaves
minaria saccharina.
are covered with a rust-coloured scurf, and
BAUERACE.E. The genus Bauera, be- are furnished with tendrils. The leaves
longing to the Hydrangea Iamily(or tribe of are very large, often more than a foot in
Saxifragacece), has by some botanists been diameter, composed of two oval-shaped
thought to possess distinctive characters lobes joined together for about half their
sufficient to establish it as a separate family length, and heart-shaped at the base. The
under the name of Baueracew, which has flowers are snowy-white, and arranged in
not, however, been generally adopted. racemes. The exceedingly tough fibrous
bark of this species is employed in India
BAUERA. A genus of Hydrangeacece, for making ropes, which, from their great
consisting of small shrubs found in Aus- strength, are used in the construction of
tralia.They have opposite sessile trifoliate the suspension bridges across the river
leaves, with oblong undivided leaflets, Jumna. The bark of another Indian spe-
and no stipules and the flowers are hand-
; cies is used for making the slow-matches
some nodding, rose-coloured or purple, j
used with native guns.
solitary on rather long
axillary, stalks, I B. variegata is a small tree of about twenty
rarely terminal and clustered calyx with
: feet in height, a native of India, China,
six to ten segments, adhering to base of and the Molucca Islands, and now natu-
ovary; corolla of six to ten petals stamens;
ralised in some of the West India Islands.
numerous styles two.
; [J. T. S.] It has two broadly egg-shaped leaflets
joined for about one-third their length
BAUHINIA. This genusof legumi- |

and its rosy-white flowers are produced in

nous plants (Fabacece: Cmsalpiniece) was j

twos upon a forked stalk. The wood of

selected by Plumier to bear the name of
j

this species is of a dark colour, and forms

two brothers, John and Caspar Bauhin j

one of the many woods called Ebony the ;

(celebrated botanists of the sixteenth cen- J

bark is used medicinally in India, and also

tury),in consequence of most of the species
for dyeing and tanning leather. [A. S.]
having their leaves composed of two lobes,
which are either quite separate, or, more BAUME A* COCHON, or A SUCRIER. v

frequently, joined together by a portion of (Fr.) A balsaminous resin produced by Hed-

their inner margins, and which Plumier wic/ia balsamifera. —A , SALADE. Mentha
V

thought symbolic of the united labours of viridis. —

, COQ, or GRANDE. Balsamita
the two Bauhins in the cause of science.
j

vulvar is, or Pi/rethrum Tanacetum.— DE

The numerous species are extensively dif- ! CANADA. Abies balsamea. — DE PE'ROU.
fused throughout the tropics, particularly Miir«spermumperuiferum. — DE PE'ROU,

in Brazil and India. They are generally

j
FAUX. Melilotus ccerulea. — DE VANILLE.
climbers, frequently attaining a gigantic A liquid which exudes from the Vanilla.
size: some few, however, form trees or
j

— DESJARD1NS. Mental rubra. — D'OR-

large shrubs. Their flowers are produced ;
MEAU. A balsaminous product contained
either singly or in racemes opposite the |
in galls borne by the Elm, Ulmus cam-
leaves, and have a calyx with a cylin- pestris, in Italy, France, Persia, &c.
drical tube split on one side, or rarely — SAUVAGE. Mentha rotundifolia.
five-parted; five unequal spreading pe-
tals, inserted along with the stamens BAUMIER. (Fr.) Populus balsamifera.
— DE GILE'AD.
!

into the top of the calyx-tube ; ten sta- Abies balsamea.

mens, which are either joined together
at the base or distinct, a portion of them \
BAWCHEE SEED. An oil seed, the pro-
being sometimes barren; and a long- duce of Psoralea corylifolia.
 ,,

131 HL1)Z €rsa£urp at 230taug. [beatj

BAWDMONEY.orBALDMONEY. Meum BEAN TREFOIL. The common name

! Athamanticum. for Anagyris sometimes also applied to
;

Menyanthes trifoliatq, and anciently to

I BAXTERA. A little known genus of Cytisus Laburnum.
Asckpiadacece from Brazil, containing a
BEAR-BANE. Aconitum arctophonum.
;

single species, an erect shrub -with oppo-

site cordate-elliptical leaves, and reddish BEARBERRY. Arctostaphylos.
flowers in terminal umbels. The calyx is
five-parted. The tube of the corolla is BEARBIND. The common name for
dilated below, and the limb is five-cleft. Calystegia.
the staminal corona consists of five fleshy BEAR'S BREECH. Acanthus.
leaves. The anthers are terminated by a
: membranaceous appendage. [W. C] BEAR'S EAR. Primula Auricula.
I BAT, INDIAN or ROYAL. Laurus BEAR'S FOOT. Helleborus fcetidus.
indica. —, LOBLOLLY. Gordonia lasi- BEAST'S BANE. Aconitum therio-
anthus. — RED. Laurus carolinensis. phonum.
,
\

— , ROSE. Epilobium angustifolium. — BEATONIA. A genus of bulbous

SWEET, or BAY-TREE. Laurus nobilis ;
Iridacece, containing a single species, B.
also an American name for Magnolia
glauca.
purpurea, found in Mexico. This has a
simple flower stem about six inches high,
BAYBERRY. Myrica cerifera. a few plaited leaves, and one or two ter-
minal flowers, which are crateriform, rosy-
BDELLIUM, AFRICAN". A gum resin purple,whitish and dotted with purple near
obtained from Balsamodendron africanum ;
the base. The perianth is very irregular,
also applied to that obtained from Ceradia almost as in Tigridia the filaments cylin-
furcata. —
INDIAN". A resinous product
,
;

draceously connate, and the style slender,

of Balsamodendron Eoxburghii, or Amyris with a three-lobed stigma, the lobes of
Bdellium. which are split and recurved. [T. M.]
BEAD TREE. The common name for BEATSONIA. A genus of Frankeniaceai,
Melia.
scarcely differing from Frankenia, but
BEAKED. Ending in a long sharp having two styles, with globular stigmas,
terete, or angular point. and a two-valved capsule, while in Fran-
BEAK-SEDGE. A common name for kenia there are three styles and a three- |

Bhynchospora. valved capsule. B. portulacifolia is one of

the few plants indigenous in the Island of
BEAM TREE. Pyrus Aria. St. Helena. [J. T. S.]

BEAN. The common name for Fata, BE AUCARNE A. A name lately given to
— , The Buckbean, Menyanthes tri-
BOG. a genus of Agave-like liliaceous plants,
foliata. — CUJUMARY. The tonic seed till recently known in gardens under that
,

of Avdendron Cujumary. — EGYPTIAN, ,

of Pincenectiti a, '\xh\ch, it is said, originated
or PYTHAGOREAN. The fruit of JS'e- in a mis-spelling on a garden label of
lumbium speciosum. — FRENCH. PIwl- ,
Freycinetia, the name of a genus of screw-
seolus vulgaris. — HARICOT. The seed
pines, with which these have no affinity
,

of Phaseolus vulgaris. — INDIAN. An ,

whatever. The few known species are
American name for Catalpa. — KIDNEY. ,
natives of Mexico. They have arborescent
The common name for Phaseolus, es- stems, remarkable for the large bulbiform
pecially for those kinds cultivated as swelling which, from the earliest stages,
esculents. , LIMA. —
An American forms at its base; these support a spread-
name for Phaseolus lunatus. , LOCUST. — ing terminal crown of long narrow
The pod of Ceratonia Siliqua. , MO- — leaves. The inflorescence in B. recurvata is
LUCCA. The seed of Gv.ilandina Bondu- a large terminal panicle, a yard or more in
\
cella. —
, ORDEAL, of Old Calabar. The height, bearing a multitude (4,000 to 5,000)
seeds of Physostigma venenatum. of small white fragrant flowers. The genus
OX-EYE. The seed of Mucuna xirens. — is very nearly allied to Basylirium, being,
PICHURIM. A commercial name for the
like it, dioecious, but it differs in having
cotyledons of Xectandra Puchury. , SA- — the segments of the perianth more de-
CRED. The commonname for Xelnmbium. cidedly biseriate and unequal, in its more
— SAHUEA. Soja hispida.
, , ST. IGNA- — truly panicled inflorescence, and in the
TIUS'. The seed of Ignatia amara, alias
remarkable bulbiform base of its Dracasna-
Strychnos Ignatia. —
SCARLET RUNNER. ,
like stems. The species are B. recurvifolia
Phaseolvx mvltiflorus. TONKA, or TON- — ,
:

(Pincenectitia tuber ctilata), which has the

QUIN. The seed of Dipterix odorata. —,
leaves channelled and recurved B. striata
UNDER-GROUND KIDNEY. Arachis hy- (P. glauca), which has plain glaucescent
;

pogcea. —
WATER. An English name
,
leaves, straighter and more erect and B.
for the family of Nelumbiacece. , WILD. — gracilis (P. gracilis), which has very
An American name for Apios. straight sharp erect leaves, slightly chan-
BEAN CAPER. The common name for nelled in front. [T. M.] .

Zygophyllum.
BEAUFORTIA. A
genus of Myrtacece,
BEAN TREE, Swedish. Pyrus intermedia. consisting of shrubs with opposite sessile
. — , of Australia. Castanospermum australe The showy flowers have a calyx
beau] QH)t ^rcagurg of SSotang. 132
with a top-shaped tube, and a limb divided ceolate or linear leaves, which are glossy
into five acute segments a corolla of five
; above and covered underneath with a white
petals stamens united into four or five
; tomentum, as are the branches and flower-
parcels placed opposite the petals, the an- heads. The latter are axillaryand solitary,
thers attached by their base style thread-
; or few together, and have no strap-shaped
shaped. The fruit is a capsule. These florets. B. salicina, the Dogwood of Tas-
handsome flowering shrubs are natives of mania, has beautifully marked wood, suit-
New Holland, and some of them are in able for cabinet-work, and is sometimes to
cultivation in greenhouses. [M.T.M.] be met with in English gardens. The genus
is named in honour of the late Duke of
BEAUMONTIA. Under this name are Bedford, a great patron of horticulture
included some very handsome flowering and botany. [A. A. B.]
shrubs of climbing habit belonging to the
order Apocynacea?.. The leaves are opposite. BEDSTRAW. The common name for
The flowers are white, large, borne in termi- Galium. It is also applied to Desmodium
nal or axillary corymbs, and have a calyx of Aparines.
five broad spreading coloured sepals, and a
distended bell-shaped corolla, with a short BEEBEERU. The Guianian name of
limb divided into five erect nearly equi- Nect.andra Rodicei.
lateral divisions. The stamens are placed BEE-DE-CIGOGNE. (Fr.) Frodium cico-
on the top of the tube of the corolla, and nium. —, DE GRUE. Geranium Rober-
alternate with the five lobes of the hypogy- tianum.
nous disc anthers arrow-shaped, adhering
;

to the thick oblong two-cleft stigma. BEECH. The English name of Fagus
Ovary two-celled. Fruit a follicle, with sylvatica. — of Australia. Tectona aus-
,

many hairy seeds. These plants, especially tralis. — , New South Wales. Monotoca
of
B. grandiflora, are remarkable for their elliptica. — BLUE or "WATER. Carpi-
,

handsome flowers they are natives of the

; mis americana. — SEA-SIDE. A name ,

East Indies, and are cultivated as stove used in Jamaica for Exostema caribceum.
plants in this country. [M.T.M.]
An American name
BEECH-DROPS.
BEAVER TREE. Magnolia glauca. for Epiphcg us. — FALSE. An American ,

name for Hypopitys lanuginosa.

BECK-BEAN. Menyanthes trifoliata.
BECKEA. A small group of South BEECH-MAST. The fruits of the Beech
African dwarf shrubs, of the order Bru- tree, Fagus sylvatica.
Brunia, differing
niacea?, closely related to
BEEFINGS. Apples prepared by being
in having a smooth instead of hairy calyx,
oven-dried and pressed flat.
included instead of exserted stamens, and
in the fruit being crowded by the persistent BEE-FLOWER, or BEE ORCHIS.
calyx, the petals and stamens falling away. Ophrys apifera.
The species have by some been referred to
Phylica. [T. M.] BEEFSUET TREE. Shepherdia.argentea
BECKERA. A genus of grasses belong- BEEFWOOD. The common name for
ing to the tribe Paniceo?-. The few species Casuarina. Also applied, in N. S. Wales,
which belong to it are all natives of Abys- to Stenocarpus salignus, and in Queensland
sinia, save one, B. nubica, an annual, which to Banksia compar.
grows wild in Nubia. [D. M.]
BEET. The common name of the escu-
BECKMANNIA. A genus of —, CHARD or SI-
lent Beta vidgaris.
belonging to the tribe Phalarideaz. The CILIAN. BetaCicla.
inflorescence is in close compressed spike- BEFARIA. A genus of Fricacece, con-
lets; spiculiB two-flowered; glumes un- taining about twenty species of small and
equal, navicular, slightly stalked at the often glutinous shrubs, natives of the
base, obtuse, or rather obovate pales ; Alpine districts of Peru and Mexico. They
two, nearly equal. One species only is have alternate often crowded entire coria-
described, Beckmannia erucceformis, a na- ceous leaves, and bear flowers, generally of
tive of Japan, and a very elegant grass, a purple colour, in terminal racemes or
which proves hardy in Britain. [D.M.] corymbs. The calyx is 6-7 cleft ; the corolla
consists of as many petals the double
BECLARDIA. A synonyme of Cryp- series of stamens have filiform filaments,
;

topus.
and smooth two-celled anthers dehiscing
BEDAGOSA. A Brazilian name for the by oblique pores at the apex. The ovary
seeds of Cassia occidentalis, which are has six or seven cells, each containing
used as a substitute for coffee. many ovules the style filiform, often long
;

and exserted and the stigma capitate.

;
BE'DE'GUAR. (Fr.) Sweet-briar Sponge, The capsular fruit dehisces septicidally.
a sponge-like gall found on the Eglantine
The plants of this genus are extremely
and other roses. beautiful they grow at a great height on
;

BEDFORDIA. A
genus of the composite the mountains of South America, often at
family, which scarcely differs from Senecio. the very extreme of vegetation. The
Two species are known, both Tasmanian genus is neariy related to Rhododendron
shrubs or small trees, with alternate lan- from which it differs in its petals being all
 ;: ;

distinct, overlapping each other, and not BELANGERA. A

genus of Brazilian
being united into a tube. [W. C] trees belonging to Cunoniacece, with oppo-
site stalked leaves having from three or
BEGGAR-TICKS. An American name five serrated leaflets ; stipules caducous
for Bidcns frondosa and B. connata. acemes simple, axillary ; calyx six-parted
petals none; stamens numerous, on a
BEGONIACE-E. (Begoniads.) A natural perigynous disk ovary free.
; [J. T. S.]
order of dicotyledonous plants, belonging
to the nionochlamydeous sub-class of De BELIS. A synonyme of the coniferous
Candolle. Lindley places the order in his genus Cunninghamia.
Cucurbital (Cucumber) Alliance. The order
contains herbaceous plants or succulent BELLADONNA. A name sometimes
under-shrubs. The leaves have an oblique given to a grotip consisting of certain
form, and are placed alternately on the species of Amaryllis, of which A. Bella-
stem, having stipules at their base. The donna is the type. The genus is not
flowers have no petals, but consist of a generally adopted, and indeed, according
single perianth, usually pink-coloured, to Herbert, its type is also the type of the
which is placed above the ovary or seed- Linncean Amaryllis. [T. M.]
vessel. Some flowers have stamens only, BELLADONNA. Atropa Belladonna, the
others pistils only in the former, the
:
Deadly Nightshade.
perianth has from two to four divisions ;
in the latter from two to eight. The BELLADONE. (Fr.) Atropa Belladonna.
stamens are numerous and are collected — DAUTOMNE. Amaryllis Belladonna.
in a head. The stigmas are three, and the — DE ROUEN, or D' E'TE'. Hippeastrum
fruit is winged with three divisions. Some vittatum.
of the plants produce buds which are BELLE DAME. (Fr.) Atriplex hortensis.
easily detached so as to constitute living
plants. The plants are common in the BELLE-DE-JOUR. (Fr.) Convolvulus
East and West Indies, and South America tricolor. DE-NUIT. Hirabilis Jalapa.
a few occur in Madagascar and South — D'ONZE HEURES. Ornithogalum um-
Africa. They are said to possess bitter and bellatum.
astringent qualities, and some have been BELLENDENA. A genus of protea-
: used in the cure of fluxes of various kinds. ceous plants. The only species, B. montana,
The succulent acid stalks of several species isa native of Tasmania, where it has been
-
are employed as potherbs like rhubarb. found on Mount Wellington. It bears a
There are two divisions of this order short spike of apetalous flowers of four
1. Stephanoearpea, having a persistent sepals, with four free stamens rather
style ; 2. G-ymnocarpece, having a deci- shorter than the sepals, and a filiform
duous style. In the order there are, ac- style its fruit is a nut. The plant is of
;

cording to Klotzsch, forty-two genera and humble growth, eight to ten inches in
about one hundred and ninety species: height, having crowded short^stalked
Illustrative genera:—Bary a, Begonia, Biplo- wedge-shaped leaves, obsoletely three
cV'-iiium, EicoMia, Mezieria, Gireoudia, and nerved with a three-toothed apex. [R. H.]
Pritzelia. [J. H. B.]
BELLERIC. The astringent fruit of
I
BEGONIA. The genus whence the Terminalia Bellerica.
natural order Beg'oniacece derives its name.
It consists of herbaceous plants found in
BELL-FLOWER. The common name for
the East and "West Indies, Brazil and other Campanula; also applied to Canarina Cam-
parts of South America, and in Mexico. panula.
The staminate flowers have four and the BELLEVALIA. A
genus of Liliacew,
pistillate five sepals. Anthers oblong, with containing a few bulbous plants found in
an obtuse connective elongated at the the Mediterranean region and in temperate
apex ; filaments short and not united. Asia. They have the habit of some of the
Style persistent, its branches surrounded by larger species of grape hyacinth (Muscari),
a continuous papillose band, which makes but are distinct by having their perianth
two spiral turns. Placentas stalked and divided half way down into six folded
bilamellar, split lengthwise. There are lobes, expanding to form a prismatic bell.
forty-seven known species. The genus is From the true hyacinths they differ by the
named after Michel Begon, a Frenchman, perianth having an angular and not a cir-
who promoted the study of botany. The cular section. The few leaves are radical,
plants receive the name of Elephant's-ear broadly linear the flowers small, whitish
;

from the form of their leaves. The stalks or violet tinged with green. [J. T. SJ
of some of the species are used in the
same way as rhubarb. [J. H. BJ
BELLIDIASTRUM. A genus of the
composite family, containing but one spe-
BEHEN. Silene Behen, Cucubalis Behen, cies, B. Michelii, which is found in the Alps
now SUene inflata, and Serratula Behen. of Central and Southern Europe. The plant
BEHEN BLANC. without close examination might be readily
(Ft.) Silene inflata.
— ROUGE. Centranthus ruber. taken for a common daisy (Bellis), but can
be easily distinguished from that genus
BEJARIA A synonyme of Be/aria, a by the presence of a copious pappus of
genus of ericaceous plants related to Rho- rough hairs, the daisy having no pappus
dodendron. at all. [A. A. BJ
 — : ; ;

bell] W^z €rca£urg at 3Sfltang. 134

BBLLIS. The Daisy

the favourite :
[
Marguerite, the reader need scarcely be
flower of the poets of nature, from informed, is the French for ' a pearl,' and
Chaucer to Burns ; the first which children I
'
a daisy.' [C. A. J.]
learn to call toy name, and thenceforth BELLITTM. The species of this genus
love for evermore. The ' toonnie gem of '
are five in number —
one of them, B. cordi-
the latter poet was regarded by the firste
I

'

folium, found in Spain, and the others in

fynder of our fayre langage'' with such Southern Italy, and the neighbouring
deep feeling, that the reader cannot tout toe
.

islands. They are nearly related to the

pleased to have the opportunity of culling common daisy {Bellis perennis), and all of
its characters from the following ex-
them are plants of a very similar appear-
tracts :
ance, but they differ in having a pappus of
'
And lening on my eltoowe and my side six to eight broad scales, torn at the apex,
The longe daie I shope me for to' abide, alternating with an equal number of long
For nothing ellis, and I shall nat lie, scabrous bristles. [A. A. B.]
But for to lookin upon the Daisie,
That well toy reson men it calle maie BELL WORTS. An English name for
the group Campanulacece. The term Bell-
The Daisie, or els the eye of the daie,
The emprise,and the floure of flouris alle. wort is also used in America for TJvularia.
BELLYING. When a round body is
'
Whan that the sunne out of the south more prominent on one side, or at one
gan west, point, than at another.
And that this floure gan close and gon to
rest BELMONTIA. A genus of GentianacecB,
For darknes of the night, the which she which maybe recognised by the calyx,which
drede, is more or less deeply divided, five-parted,
Home to my house full swiftly I me with prominent angles or wings a regular;

spede five-cleft corolla, with an almost cylindrical

To gone to rest, and erly for to rise tube; five stamens included within the
To seene this floure to sprede as I devise. corolla a stigma, with two roundish club-
;

shaped lobes; and a two-celled capsule,

whose placenta ultimately divides into
He and, in his dre^m, the
falls asleep, four pieces. The plants are natives of
Queen of Love appears, 'clad in roiali Southern Africa. [M. T. M.]
habite grene,' with a fret of gold on her
head — BELOTES. The Spanish and Italian
'And upon that a white coroune she here name for the edible nuts or acorns of
Quercus Gramuntia.
For all the worlde sight as a Daisie
Icrounid is, with white levis lite, BELOANTHERA. A genus of Mesem-
So were the flowrins of her croune white. bryacece, founded on a herb from Java,
For of a perle fine orientall which has a procumbent rooting stem,
Her white coroune was imakid all, nearly sessile alternate leaves, a glandular
For which the white coroune above the hairy calyx, five very small white petals,
grene five stamens, and two deflexed styles,
Tmade her like a Daisie for to sene with violet stigmas. [J. T. SJ
Considrid eke her fret of gold atoove.'
BELOPERONE. A considerable genus
* The flour of Acanthacece, from tropical America,
men maie containing many species of beautiful
Icrownid al with white, as se,
And Mars egave her a coroun red parde, shrubs, with large purple or blue flowers,
Instede of rutoies set among the white.' borne on short secund axillary or terminal
spikes, and having the bracts frequently
And as the Queen of Love was crowned brightly-coloured. The calyx is deeply
with the flowers which the poet did ' love five-cleft, the corolla gaping, the upper lip
and drede,' so the fairest land he had ever concave, the lower trifid. The two sta-
seen was mens are inserted in the corolla tube
a launde of white and grene
'
the anthers are spurred at the base. The
The grounde was grene, ypendrid with two-celled ovary has two ovules in each
Daisye.' cell; the stigma is subulate. The lower
The daisy again fills a prominent place in half of the capsule is unguiculate, without
the 'Floure and the Leafe,' where the seeds, the upper portion containing four
hand of knights and ladies coloured discoid seeds. [W. C]
found a tuft that was
'
BELOTIA. A genus of the lime-tree
All ovirsprad with flouris in compas, family (Tiliacece), and nearly allied to
Whereto they enclinid everiehone Greivia, but differing from that genus in
With grete reverence, and that full having a two-celled capsule, with many
humbly seeds in each cell while the fruit of
;

And at the last mere this began anon Grewia is from four to eight-celled, each
A lady for to sing right womanly cell containing but one seed. Only one
A bargaret in praising the Daisie, species, B. grewkefolia, is known. This is
For (as methought) among her notis found in Mexico and Cuba. It is a small
swete, tree, having the younger branches thickly
She said, "Si douce est la Margarete!"' clothed with dense starry hairs. Its leaves
 ;

135 CTI)e {featfurg of iSatang.

are alternate, stalked, elliptical in form, small. The genus bears the name of Ben-
and acute, 'the upper surface nearly comi, the last king of Teneriffe. [A. A. B.]
smooth, and the lower covered with BENGAL ROOT. An old name for the
white starry pubescence, me flowers are :

ts of tlie Yellow zedoary, Zingiber Casu-

white, almost the size of those of the lime munar
tree and arranged in racemes in the upper
axils of the leaves. The genus bears the BENINCASA. This name is applied to a
name of Dr. Charles Belot, a distinguished genus of cucurbitaceous plants, in honor of
surgeon of Havannah. [A. A. B.] I Count Benincasa, an Italian nobleman.
The plants are herbs with hairy musk-
BELYE'DE'RE. (Fr.) Kocliia scoparia, scented leaves, climbing stems, and simple
tendrils. The flowers are solitary, yellow,
BELVISIACE.E. A group of three or polygamous, and monoecious. They have
four tropical species, whose affinities had calyx with short wide lobes, wavy and
j
been long misunderstood, owing to the dentate at the margin a corolla, with five
imperfect specimens which had been ob-
;

roundish spreading lobes, wavy at the

Thev are now, however, better ™*rgm_; staensm
io m
three bundles, di-
t
known, and have been shown to constitute
a small family closely allied to Myrtacea,
lf
If. » -
,~
*
J
filaments short and £
» e «ai> in the females, the
wide, and the anthers
which'they SitS&SSi^StM very irregujar in shape stigma thick_and
;

irregular fruit ovate, cylindrical, downy

!

ovary, the numerous stamens turned in-

; :

the seeds thickened at the margin. The un-

wards in the bud, the fruit and the seeds. ripe fruits the White Gourd
of B. cerifera,
I They differ in their plaited petals, united of India, are universally employed by the
into' a rotate lobed corolla, and in their
[M. T. M.]
:

natives in their curries.

I stamens, united in concentric rings, of
which the outer ones are converted into BENJAMIN TREE. Styrax Benzoin.
I
barren staminodia. They are all. shrubby The name is also sometimes applied to
I
or arborescent, with alternate leaves and Ficus Benjamina, and to Benzoin odori-
!
axillary almost sessile flowers. They form ferum, the Laurus Benzoin of Linnaeus.
two genera: Napoleona (unwarrantably
I altered by Desvaux, for political reasons, BENJAMIN-BUSH. An American name
to Belvisia), from tropical Africa ; and for Benzoin odoriferum.
Asteranthos, from North Brazil.
BENNET, HERB. Geumurbanum.
BELVISIA. A group of ferns, separated
by Mirbel from Acrostichum, as formerly BENOITE COMMUNE. (Fr.) Geum
understood. The species referred to it urbanum.
have little or no affinity, according to BENTHAMIA. A genus of epigynous
modern systems of classification, but are exogenous plants, belonging to the natural
included severally in Actiniopteris, Asple- order Cornacece, distinguished by having
, Ceratopteris, Hymenolepis, and I the calyx segments small, four-toothed
Schizcea. The characters relied on were I
petals four, fleshy and cup-shaped; stamens
{»» +1^ rt n .V.*-.1<-t ;j-_ n
the fructification, occupying the whole
_c . _.. 1 - _c . ,t ^
four style one fruits small drupes grow-
-

; ;

space between the edge of the frond and ing together and forming a large berry
the costa, so as to form a line on each resembling the fruit of Arbutus, and
side, and covered by a recurved mem- red when ripe. The leaves are opposite,
brane, attached to the edge of the frond ; and bear no inconsiderable resemblance to
but the proposed species have only an ex- those of the Cornelian cherry. B. frag //era
ternal resemblance, even in these par- was introduced to English gardens about
ticulars. The name Belvisia is also a the year 1833, and is now to be found
synonyme of Napoleona. [T. M.] in some good collections; but being a
native of northern India, it is rather
BENCAO DE DECS. The Brazilian name tender, and frequently hurt during severe
for the 'esculent flowers of Abutilon escu-
winters, unless protected, especially in the
lentum.
midland and southern counties. [D. M.]
BENCOMIA. The species of this genus, BENTS. A common country name for
which belongs to that section of the rose
the dried stalks or culms of various grasses
family called Sanguisorbece, are both found
occurring in pastures, especially those of
in Teneriffe. They are low perennial Agrostis and Cynosurus.
shrubs, with unequally pinnated leaves
and pectinately toothed stipules. Their BENZOIN. A genus of Lauracece, in-
flowers are male and female, on different habiting the damp shady woods of North
plants, and arranged in long catkin-like America, and found also in Nepal. It has
bracted spikes. The tube of the calyx, dioecious involucrated flowers; the males
when mature, has the appearance of a with a calyx of six equal permanent seg-
berry, and encloses two to four achenes. ments, and nine stamens in three rows,
The genus is nearly allied to that of the and females smaller than the males, with
garden burnet (Poteriumi, but differs from fifteen to eighteen sterile stamens, amongst
it in having dioecious flowers, as well as in which smaller spathulate bodies are dis-
the long spikes. B. caudata was intro- persed. The ovary is one-celled with a
duced to English gardens in 1779, but is single ovule, and the style short with a
seldom to be met with. The flowers are two-lobed stigma. There are in the male
greenish, tinged with purple, and very flowers two or three rows of glands, six to
BENZ] (£f)e Crea^urf) of 98 a tang. 136

nine in number, with a uniform compressed smaller secondary leaves in their axils
head, alternating with the rows of stamens. The flowers consist of a six to nine-leaved
The fruit is succulent, seated on the perma- deciduous calyx of coloured sepals, disposed
nent six-cleft calyx. B. odoriferum, which in two to three series : six hypogynous
furnishes an aromatic stimulant tonic bark, clawed petals opposite the interior row of
is a bush of eight to ten feet high, with ob- sepals, and having two glands inside at the
long or elliptic wedge-shaped leaves, and base six stamens opposite the petals, and
;

small yellow flowers on naked umbels ap- opening by valves; and a one-celled ovary
pearing before the leaves. The berries are containing two to eight erect ovules, and
said to have been used in the United States surmounted by a peltate s.tigma on a very
during the American war, as a substitute short style. This grows into a one-celled
for allspice; and they yield an aromatic ovary containing from one to eight seeds.
stimulant oil. [T. M.] The pinnate-leaved species are sometimes
separated under the name of Mahonia ;

BENZOIN. The gum-resinous or balsamic these have the glands at the base of the
exudation of the Benjamin tree, Styrax petals frequently obsolete. [T. M.]
Benzoin. A milky juice resembling benzoin
is also obtained from Terminalia Benzoin. The common Berberry, or Barberry, jB.
— FALSE. A name given in Bourbon to
, vulgaris, forms a deciduous shrub, attain-
Terminalia maiiritiana, which furnishes a ing the height of eight or ten feet. It is
resinous gum resembling benzoin. found wild in Britain as well as most other
parts of Europe, and is also commonly met
BE'QUETTE. (Fr.) Delphinium Ajacis.
with in a wild state in North America, and
BERAR. Caladium costatum, which is particularly in New England but it is;

said to supply an edible root to the natives. very doubtful whether the plant is really
indigenous to that continent or was carried
BERBERIDACE^E. (_Berberids.) A natural there by the early settlers, and disseminated
order of Exogenous plants, belonging to through the agency of birds. The distin-
the Thalainifloral sub-class of De Candolle. guished botanists Torrey and Gray affirm
Lindley includes the order in his Berberal that it was introduced and this opinion Is
;

Alliance along with vineworts and fume- strengthened by the fact of the species not
worts. The plants of this family are being found in Iceland and Labrador, nor
shrubs or herbaceous perennials, with in the eastern parts of Siberia. The
alternate compound leaves, which are often Berberry forms a compact bush, composed
spiny. Sepals three, four, or six in a double of numerous very spiny shoots springing
row petals equal to sepals in number, or
;
from the base, which are covered with a
twice as many stamens equal in number
;
whitish bark, the wood itself being of a
to petals and opposite to them anthers
:
fine yellow. The leaves are small, obovate,
having two lobes, each opening by a valve, toothed, and ciliated on the margin, and of
which rolls up from the bottom to the top. a pleasant green the flowers are yellow,
;

Ovary solitary and one-celled stigma or-

;
appearing in May. The berries are in
bicular. Fruit, either a berry or a capsule, pendulous racemes; their colour is gene-
with one, two, or three seeds. These plants rally bright red, but in some varieties they
are found in the mountainous parts of are purple or yellowish-white. Occasionally
the Northern Hemisphere, and of South plants are met with, the berries of which
America as far as the Straits of Magalhaens. have no seeds but such do not constitute
;

They are common in thenorthern provinces a permanent variety, for stoneless ber-
of India. None occur in Africa, Australa- berries are only found on old plants and ;

sia, or the South Sea Islands. They possess it has been proved that young suckers

acid, bitter, and astringent qualities. The taken from them and planted in fresh soil,
fruit of some is used as a preserve, and fruit with perfect seeds. The fruit is too
sometimes eaten in a fresh or dried state. acid for use in its natural state; but it
Oxalic acid occurs in some of the species. makes excellent refreshing preserves, for
The stem and bark of several barberries which Rouen is particularly celebrated.
are used in dyeing yellow. The astringent candied and when green is
It is likewise ;

substance called Lycium of Dioscorides is sometimes pickled in vinegar. The inner

supposed to be furnished by the root of bark affords a bright yellow dye. The
various species of barberry and a prepa-
;
roots, which are of deep yellow colour
ration of a similar kind is much used as a throughout, boiled in an alkaline ley,
febrifuge in India. The pinnate-leaved yield a yellow dye, used in Poland for
barberries in cultivation form the sub- colouring leather. [R. T.]
genus Mahonia. In the order there are The bark of the Berberry, of which a de-
twelve genera and 110 species. See Berberis, coction was made, was formerly much cele-
Epimedium, Leontice, Nandina, DiphyUeja, brated as a remedy in jaundice, but it has
and Jeffersonia. [J. H. BJ long since been discarded from modern
practice, as its claims as a medicinal plant
BERBERIS. The typical genus of the onlyrested upon the doctrine of similitudes,
family Berberidacece. It consists of shrubs which assumed that nature when she
found chiefly in the temperate parts of made a plant, impressed upon it some sign
Europe, Asia, and America, having the to point out its curative properties to
leaves simple or pinnate, the primary ones those who properly sought such knowledge.
sometimes abortive or changed into simple In this way it was supposed that as the
or variously divided spines, with a tuft of patient's skin in jaundice is yellow, so the
 yellow bark of the berberry indicated it as herbaceous plants belonging to the order
a remedy for this diseased condition. Elatinacece. All the species are natives of
Another popular notion with respect to the East Indies, Java, or the Cape of Good
this shrub is, that, it is the cause of blight Hope, where they grow in moist places,
or rust in corn. This has arisen from the such as rice fields, which are irrigated
circumstance that the Berberry is itself the greater part of the year. Dr.
frequently attacked by a species of epi- "Wight says, that in India the little B.
rhyte— the JEcidium Berberidis, in which ammanioides bears a Tamul name equi-
the leaves appear to be covered with spots valent to Water-fire, which, as Lindley
of a brightish red colour, whilst wheat is observes, seems a curious coincidence with
subject to another epiphyte, the Uredo the word "Water-pepper, given in English
rubigo or rust. There has, however, been to Elatine, and seems to indicate a popular
no connection traced between these tM-o, belief in these plants possessing some
I and there can be no doubt that the peculi- acridity. [C. A. J.]
arity of colour is at the bottom of both the
popular errors now described at all events, ;
BERGSMIA. A genus of the Flacourtia
with regard to the last, we can point to family, containing but one species, B.
fields and districts where rust is common jaratiica, which a native of Java, and
is
on wheat, and yet there is no berberry is described as being a large tree with
near, while in other spots close under a alternate or opposite stalked leaves, which
berberry hedge, this disease of wheat are entire, from three to five inches long,
has scarcely been heard of. [J. B .]
and lanceolate in form, their upper surface
smooth, and of a whitish colour beneath.
BERBERRY. Berberis vulgaris, some- The flowers are arranged in axillary ra-
times called Barberry. — , OPTHALMIC. cemes and have a three-parted calyx, five
Berberis Lycium. petals, and four or five stamens, the stalks
BERCE (Fr.) Heracleum Sphondylium. of which are united. The fruit is not known.
The genus bears the name of C. A. Bergsma,
BERCHEMIA. Twining, orerect, decid- a professor of botany in Holland. [A. A. BJ
uous shrubs, belonging to the order Bham-
nacece. B. volvbilis is a native of Carolina BERLAKDIERA. A
genus of the com-
and Virginia, in deep swamps near the posite family, nearly related to Silphium,
coast. According to Pursh it ascends the but differing in the wingless achenes of
highest trees of Taxodium distichum, in the ray florets, which are arranged in a
the Dismal Swamp, near Suffolk, in Vir- single series, and are adherent to the large
ginia and it is known there by the name
:
interior involucral scales. The five known
of Supple Jack. The stems twine round species, distributed over the S. W. States,
one another, or any object which they may Texas, and llexico, are pretty perennial
be near. The flowers are small and of a herbs one to two feet high, the stems
greenish-yellow colour; and in America slightly branching above and terminating
they are succeeded by oblong violet- in solitary stalked 3-eilow-rayed flower-
coloured berries. It will grow in any heads an inch or more across, while the
common soil, and is well adapted for alternate heart-shaped ovate-oblong, or
bowers or trellis-work. It rarely, however, in one case pinnatind, leaves have notched
exceeds the height of eight or ten feet in margins, and are clothed underneath with
this country, owing probably to the neglect a white velvety down. The involucral
of planting it in wet peaty soil. It was scales are foliaceous (like those of the
introduced" in 1714. The other species are Dahlia) and in three series; the strap-
not much cultivated. [C. A. J.] shaped ray-florets have a pistil only the ;

tubular disc ones are sterile and enveloped

BERGAMOT. Mentha, citrata or odorata. by the dilated chaffy scales of the recep-
— "WILD. An American name for Monarda tacle; and the flattened obovate achenes
fistulosa. have a pappus of two short awns. The
BERGAMOTTE. (Er.) The Lime, Citrus
genus bears the name of M. Berlandier, an
Limetta.
American botanist, who collected largely
in Texas. [A. A. B.]
BERGERA, one of the genera of Auran-
tiacece, is so named in honour of a Danish BERLE. (Fr.) Shim.
botanist. The genus consists of a few BERMUDIENNE A PETITES FLEURS-
v

species of small trees with pinnate leaves, (Fr.) Sisyrinchium Bermudiana.

small white flowers in terminal panicles,
with a five-cleft calyx, five spreading BERNHARDIA. A synonyme of Psilo-
petals, ten stamens with ovate anthers, tum and Tmesipteris.
and filaments flattened at the base. The BERRIED. The same as Baccate.
fruit is one-celled and one-seeded. B.
Kiinigi is known in India as the Curry- BERRY. See Bacca.
leaf tree, as the natives flavour their cur-
ries with its aromatic fragrant leaves. The
BERRYA. A genus of the lime tree
leaves, root, and bark are likewise used family (Tiliaceai). But one species, B.
medicinally. The wood is hard and durable, Ammonilla, is known it is a tree with
;

from the seeds a alternate stalked heart-shaped leaves,

ar. 1 clear transparent oil,
called Simbolee oil, is extracted. [M. T.M.]
which are smooth and have from five to
seven nerves radiating from the base. The
BER.GIA. An unimportant family of flowers are white and very numerous,
 ;

arranged in terminal or axillary panicles ;

trunk about three or four feet in diameter,
their calyx one-leaved, splitting irregularly and seldom having any branches till near
into three or five divisions, and about half the top. It has bright green leaves about
as long as the petals, which are five in num- two feet long and six inches wide, entire or
ber and narrow oblong in shape. The fruit is undivided, and placed alternately upon the
athree-celled capsule ornamented with six branches. The flowers have a two-parted
membranaceous wings covered with silky deciduous calyx, six unequal cream-coloured
hairs. The seeds, one to four in each cell, petals, and numerous stamens united into
are covered with short rigid hairs which a broad hood-shaped mass, those at the
readily enter the skin and produce as much base being fertile and the upper ones
painful itching as those of the Cowitch sterile. The fruit is nearly round, and
plant (Mucuna). The tree is a native of about six inches in diameter, having an
the Philippine Islands and Ceylon. In the extremely hard shell about half an inch
latter place it becomes one of the largest thick, and containing from eighteen to
and most useful timber trees for building twenty-four triangular wrinkled seeds,
purposes, and is considered the best wood which are so beautifully packed within the
in the island for making oil casks. Being shell that when once disturbed it is im-
light and strong, it is employed in the con- possible to replace them. When these
struction of the Massoola boats of Madras. fruits are ripe they fall from the tree and
It is exported in large quantities under are collected into heaps by troops of Indians
the name of Trincomalee wood. The native called castanhieros, who visit the forests at
name is said to be Amonilla. The genus is the proper season expressly for this pur-
named in honour of the late Dr. Andrew pose they are then split open with an axe,
;

Berry, a Madras botanist. [A. A. B.] and the seeds (which are what we call
Brazil nuts) taken out and packed in
BERTEROA. A genus of European and baskets for transportation to Para in the
temperate Asian cruciferous plants, allied native canoes. Brazil nuts form a con-
to Farsetia, of which it ought to be con- siderable article of export from the port of
sidered as a section, as it merely differs Para (whence they are sometimes called
from it by having the sepals bulging at
the base, the petals bifid, and the valves of
the pouch convex, without a nerve in ;

habit the two genera agree. From Alyssuw,

with which it is frequently associated, it
differs by the bifid petals and swollen
pouch, which is usually more elongated.
B. incana, a common European plant, has
small white flowers, and its stems and
leaves are covered with close white stellate
hairs. [J. T. SJ
BERTHELOTIA. A
genus of the com-
posite family, named in honour of Sabin
Bert helot, joint editor with Mr. P. B. Webb
in their great work on the flora and
fauna of the Canaries. But one species
is known, which is a small shrub with
alternate lanceolate rigid entire leaves,
terminated by a little point. The flower
heads are arranged in dense corymbs at
the apices of the branches, and the florets
are purple in colour, those of the ray
female and those of the disc having both
stamens and pistil. The pappus is white, Bertholletia excelsa.
pilose, and the hairs arranged in one
series. All the parts of the plant are
covered with short pubescence,which gives Para nuts), about 50,000 bushels being
it a whitened appearance. The plant is annually sent to this country alone. Be-
common in the Banda district of India, sides their use as an article of dessert, a
the Punjab and Scinde, as well as in Sene- bland oil, used by watchmakers and artists,
gambia. [A. A. B.] is obtained from them by pressure. And
at Para the fibrous bark of the tree is used
BERTHOLLETIA. A genus of Lecytlii- for caulking ships, as a substitute for
dacecp, of which only one species, B. oakum. [A. S.]
excelsa, which yields the Brazil nuts
of our fruit shops, is known. This tree BERTOLOjSt IA. Agenus of Melasto-
is a native ofGuiana, Venezuela, and viacece, "containing dwarf or procumbent
Brazil ;forms large forests on the banks
it herbs, natives of the dense forests of
of the Amazon and RioTSegro, and like- Brazil. Leaves opposite, stalked, heart-
wise about Esmeraldas on the Orinoco, shaped, ciliated, with five or more ribs
where the natives call it 'juvia.' The tree flowers nearly sessile in cymes petals;

is one of the most majestic in the South Ave, white rose-coloured or purplish sta- :

American forests, attaining a height of mens ten; ovary free, three-celled; capsule
100 or 150 feet, with a smooth cylindrical three-winged. B. metadata is a pretty
 189 0)e Crea£un) of 23ritan». [beta

littlecreeninarhot -house plant -with spotted f

continues a long time in blossom. The
leaves, purple beneath. [J. T. S.] I species are natives of Mexico. [T. M.]

! BERTYA. A
genus of the Spurgewort
1

BESEXXA. The Abyssinian name of

family (Euphorbiacea:) composed of a Albizzia anthelmlutica, and at one time
number of small resinous shrubs much adopted as the scientific name of the
like the rosemary in appearance and habit. plant, which was then imperfectly known.
Their leaves are alternate, crowded on the 1
BESHANT The Balm of Mecca, Balsa-
.
1

branches, and linear in fonn, their mar- I

modendron Opobalsamum.
gins entire and curved backwards. Their
flowers are solitary in the axils of the |
BESLERLA A genus of erect branch-
leaves, those on the lower part of the ing undershrubs, abundant in the forests
stem male, the upper ones female they ;
of tropical America, and belonging to the
are small, have no corollas, and without
1

section of Gesneracece, which have albu-

beinsr looked for would be easily passed by. minous seeds. They have opposite petiolate
The leaves of most of them are covered and fleshy leaves, with prominent nerves
|
with minute starry hairs of a white colour. and veins, and axillary peduncles, with
Five species are known, all natives of ;
one or many flowers. The calyx is free,
Eastern Australia and Tasmania. The five-cleft, and reddish coloured the corolla
;

genus is named in honour of Count L. de is carnpamilate, and sub-equally five-cleft.

t

LamVertye, a patron of horticulture in The four didynamous stamens, along with

France, and the name is shortened to the rudiment of the fifth, are inserted in
Bertya because of an already existing the tube of the corolla the anthers are
;

I
genus called Lambertia. [A. A. BJ two-celled. The one-celled ovary is free,
surrounded at its base by a fleshy ring
A
BERET Ender this name is included a without glands, and has two two-lobed
parietal placenta?, towhich are attached
i small section of the Linnasan genus Sunn.
:
B. angustifolia, particularly known as the I numerous anatropal ovules the style is
;

harrow-leaved ^Vater-parsnip, is a native simple and bifid the fruit is a berry filled
;

of the whole of Europe and a great part of i

with the fleshy placenta?, and numerous
'

Asia, growing in ditches and rivulets. The I

small obovate seeds, with very short coty-
roots are fibrous, and send out stolons from ledons. [W. OJ
! the crown the leaves are smooth, pinnate,
;
! BESSERA A genus of liliaceous
and unequally lobed and serrated; the i
bulbs, found in Mexico, the species of
flowers, which are small and white, are which have narrow Linear leaves, and
either terminal or grow in umbels opposite
.

umbel-bearing flower scapes. The perianth

the leaves, and are all stalked. [C. A. J.] is bell-shaped, six-parted, furnished with
six stamens, which are connate below into
BESCHORXERIA. A genus of agave- a cylindrical coronet, and having a sessile
like aniaryllidaceous plants,related toi f'ffrea ovary, containing numerous ovules, lying
rcroya, from which they differ in in two rows in the cells, the style being
rubulose flowers, the former also terminated by a capitate-depressed ob-
differing in its exserted stamens, and the scurely three-lobed fringed stigma. B.
latter in its habit. The flowers consist of a elegans, one of the best known of the few
deeply six-parted perianth, the segments species, produces a pair of radical leaves,
of which are linear-spathulate, tubulosely which are erect for two-thirds of their
;it, sometimes slightly spreading at
length, and then become pendulous they
the point. There are six stamens which
;

are one to two feet long, semicylindrical,

are about as long as the perianth and an
;
smooth and hollow. The scape, also smooth
rmd somewhat club-shaped ovary, and fistular,is solitary, erect, taller than the
terminated by a long slender style and leaves, and bears a terminal umbel of from
stigma. B. tuMflora is a stemless three to sixteen drooping flowers of an
plant with a tuft of linear sword-shaped orange-red colour, and having a turbinately
acuminate leaves, and an erect scape laped tube, a moderately spreading
supporting a many-flowered raceme of limb of six nearly equal oblong-obtuse
purplish-oreen flowers. B. yuccoides, an- segments, and a cluster of six green
other species of considerable beauty, has stamens on long red filaments projected
also a radical tuft of thickish lanceolate the limb, and united
pointed leaves, a foot and a half long, and at the base for half their length into a six-
a tall slender coral-red scape three to four ribbed tube. [T.M.]
: -\i, the upper half of which forms a
drooping p.-micle of slender branches of BETA. A genus belonging to the natural
•
rich coral-red, springing from order Chenopodiacece, a group comprising
deep rose-coloured bracts, and supporting various genera of coarse weedy-looking
me of bright green plants, among which Beta is one of the
It is indeed a most striking most remarkable, on account of its roots
plant, the coral-red scape and panicle, the and leaves being valuable both for culi-
graceful slender drooping branches, and nary and agricultural purposes. It is a
the racemr-s of large pendent green flowers, genus with hermaphrodite flowers, in
which in shape are not much unlike those which the five-parted urceolate perigone
5-flowered Fuchsia, but of a becomes hardened at the base, the seg-
ellow green tinged with red, render- ments merely shrivelling up. There are
ing it very ornamental, the more so as it five stamens inserted in a fleshy ringoppo-
 ,

site the limb segments, and the depressed r

which the roots and foliage are highly
one-celled ovary becomes a one-seeded tinctured with a purple colour, whilst
utricle. others incline to a yellowish-green hue.
The Common Beet, Beta vulgaris, is a ! These two varieties are the initiatives of
native- of the South of Europe, and ! the red, and the white beet, and also of
although cultivated by the ancient Ro- j
the red, orange, and white mangold
mans, and much esteemed by epicures, it |
wurzel. With respect to those forms
was not introduced into this country until which are cultivated for their roots, the
1656. It is a hardy biennial, with large size to which they have been brought
erect succulent leaves, generally of a deep is remarkable but it shoidd be observed,
;

reddish purple colour but that for which

; with regard to the white beet, which is
it is most valued is its fleshy roots, which cultivated for the midrib of the leaves,
vary in form from that of a carrot to a flat that the roots are usually much forked,
round turnip. The long-rooted sorts are and, indeed, are not greatly better in
preferred they are usually about a foot or
;
form than those of the woody wild
more in length, and from two to four examples, which, however, by being culti-
inches in diameter at the top, from which vated with a view to the root alone, attain
they taper to a long point, and are prized a compact shape and large size. [J. B.]
in proportion to their being wholly of a
deep blood-red colour when cut. In France BETEL. The fruit of Areca Catechu.
and Germany, beet root is far more exten- BE'TOINE. (Fr.) Stachys Betonica.
sively used than in England and, when
;

properly dressed, it is generally considered

— AQUATIQTJE. Scrophularia
, aquatica.

to be a wholesome and nutritious veget- BETONICA. An old Linnsean name for

able. Boiled and sliced, it is eaten cold, various plants, now referred to Stachys.
either by itself or mixed in salads. It is B. officinalis, or Stachys Betonica, is the
also excellent with vinegar as a pickle, and Wood Betony of the herbals. [T. M.]
is capable of being made into a conserve.
BETONY. The English name for the
There are many varieties in cultivation, species sometimes separated from Stachys
which do not differ materially from one under the name Betonica also Teucrium ;
another, except in the colour of their roots
and
betonicum. — WATER. Scrophularia
,
leaves.
A variety of Beet is grown on the
conti-
aquatica. — , WOOD. Stachys Betonica.
nent, under the name Betterave a Sucre, BETTE. (Fr.) Beta maritima.
from which sugar nearly equal to that BETTE-RAVE. (Fr.) Beta vulgaris.
from the cane is extracted, as well as a
powerful spirit. BETULACE^l. (Birchworts.) A natural
The White, or Sicilian Beet, Beta Cicla, order of Exogenous plants, belonging
as its name imports, is a native of Sicily, to the monochlamydeous sub -class of De
near the sea coast, as well as the shores of Candolle, and to the amental or catkin-
Spain and Portugal, from whence it was bearing alliance of Lindley. They are
introduced in 1570. It is a biennial, and is trees or shrubs, having alternate, simple,
grown solely for its leaves, which are stipuled leaves, often with the primary
either put into soups, or dressed like veins running straight from the midrib
spinach. In France they are often mixed to the margin. The flowers are in catkins,
with sorrel, to lessen its acidity. The some having stamens only, others pistil
ancient Greeks used to eat the leaves of only and they have scales in place of a
;

beet in preference to lettuce, and blanched perianth or floral envelope. In the alder,
them by laying a tile over the plant, as however, there is a four-leaved perianth.
some gardeners do at the present day to The stamens are opposite the scales. The
blanch endive. ovary is two-celled,with a single pendulous
The large white, or Swiss Chard Beet, ovule in each cell stigmas two. The fruit
;

Beta Cicla var., is a very distinct variety, is dry, does not open, is one-celled and one-
remarkable for the thick midribs and seeded. The plants are found in the woods
stalks of its large upright leaves. It is the of Europe, Northern Asia, the Himalayas,
Poiree a Carole of the French, with whom and North America ; they also inhabit the
it is a favourite vegetable, when stewed mountains of Peru and Columbia, and the
and served up in the same manner as sea Antarctic regions. They are usually timber
kale, or asparagus but unless it is pro-
; trees, with deciduous leaves. Their bark
perly dressed, it has a peculiar earthy is used as an astringent for gargles, and
taste, and on this account it is not gene- for dyeing and tanning; it also possesses
rally relished in this country. tonic qualities, and is occasionaUy em-
The Sea Beet, Beta maritima, a peren- ployed as a substitute for paper, and for
nial, which grows wild on the sea coast in making boats. Betula alba is the common
various parts of Britain, is occasionally |
birch. Its sap contains sugar, and, by fer-
used as spinach or greens in situations mentation, yields a kind of wine. The em-
where it is plentiful. [W. B. B.] pyreumatic oil of the birch has been
The Sea Beet is chiefly remarkable for recommended in various affections it is ;

the changes which it undergoes in cultiva- !

used in the preparation of Russian leather,
tion, as from it have been produced the and gives to it a peculiar odour. The
different varieties of Garden Beet, and alder, Alnus glutinosa, grows in moist
Jlamiold "Wurzel. If we examine the places the wood resists well the action of
;

wild plant, we find some specimens in I water, and has been used for the piles of
 ;

141 Cfjc €rta£urg of 23Dtan». [beyr

bridges. The Rialto of Venice is built on ration of Russian leather, to which it not
alder piles, and so are many houses in only imparts a fragrant odour, but renders
Amsterdam. Sabots are made of the wood. it durable, preventing it from becoming
There are two genera, Betula and Alnus, mouldy, and repelling insects. The variety
and upwards of sixty species. [J. H. B.] known as B. pendula differs from the com-
mon species only |in having the branches
BETULA. The Birch. Trees or shrubs pendulous, smoother, and more slender.
inhabiting high latitudes in the northern
1

B. nana is found in Scotland, and in all

or, when found in temperate
!

hemisphere, the northern countries of continental

regions, growing principally in rocky moun- Europe and America. a low wiry It is
tainous situations. Theyare characterised shrub, rarely exceeding three feet in
by slender, often drooping branches, which height, with numerous round notched
are covered by a smooth durable bark by :
leaves, which are beautifully veined.
small leaves possessing little succulency, The Paper Birch, B. papyracea, so called
and in their nature astringent and aro- from the brilliant white colour of the bark
matic: and by having their fructification at of young trees, is an American species no
the same time, with" the leaves in catkins less valuable than the common birch, and
of two kinds, barren and fertile, both on the attains a far larger size. By the Indians
same tree. and French Canadians the durability of the
The Common Birch, B. alba, pronounced
by the poet Coleridge — bark is turned to good account. The
Canadians select a tree with a large and
• most beautiful smooth trunk in the spring two circular
;

Of forest trees, the Lady of the "Woods '— incisions are made quite through the bark
several feet from each other. Two vertical
is remarkable for its lightness, grace, and incisions are then made on opposite sides of
elegance, nor less so for its hardiness the tree after which a wooden wedge is
;

standing in no need of protection from introduced, by which the bark is easily

other trees in any stage of its growth, and detached. These plates are usually ten or
living on the bleak mountain side and twelve feet long, and two feet nine inches
other exposed situations from which the I broad. To form a canoe, they are stitched
sturdy oak shrinks with dismay. It is a i together with the fibrous roots of the
native of the colder regions of Europe Canadian spruce. The seams are coated
and Asia. Throughout the whole of the
j

with resin. Great use is made of these in

Russian empire it is more common than
!

long journeys into the interior of the

any other tree, being found in every wood
|

country theyare very light, and are easily

;

and grove from the Baltic sea to the I

I carried on the shoulders from one lake or

Eastern ocean, and frequently occupying ! river to another. A canoe calculated for
the forest to the exclusion of all other i
four persons weighs from forty to fifty
arboreous plants. It grows from Mount pounds. Some are made to carry fifteen
Etna to Iceland in the warmer countries
: 1

passengers. Numerous other species of

being found at a high elevation among birch are known to botanists, all of which
the mountains, and varying in character aproach more or less in character those
according to the temperature.
forms little woods
In Italy it
at an elevation of 6,000
;

described above. —
French Bouleau, Ger-
man. Birke.
feet. On some ofthe highlands of Scotland Plate 14, which is a view in Kamt-
it is found at the height of 3,500 feet. In schatka, represents a birch forest as seen in
Greenland it is the only tree, but dimin- the distance. [C. A. J.]
ishes in size according to the decreased
temperature to which it is exposed. It is a BEURRE'. A general name applied to a
tree of rapid growth, especially when class of dessert pears, which have their
young; and as it is little affected by flesh of what is called a buttery texture, as
exposure, it forms an excellent nurse for indeed the name itself indicates.
other trees. The soil which it prefers is
turf over sand, and in such situations it
BEURREE. (Ft.) Hesperis matronalis.
attains maturity in about fifty years but it
; BEURRE DE SPERGULE. (Fr.) Sper-
seldom exceeds fifty feet in height, with a gula arvensis.
trunk from twelve to eighteen inches in
diameter. The bark possesses the singular
BEYCHE SEED or NUT. A Siamese
property of being more durable than the
name for Strchynos nux-vomica.
wood which it encircles. Of this the BEYRICHIA. A genus of Scrophulari-
peasants of Sweden and Lapland take acea, containing a few species of herba-
advantage, and, shaping it like tiles, cover ceous plants from Brazil and Guiana. They
their houses with it. The wood is white have opposite ovate leaves, and axillary
shaded with red, and, if grown in a very flowers, on very short pedicels, either lax or
cold climate, it lasts a long while. The in dense leafy spikes. The calyx is five-
hi Glanders of Scotland employ it for all parted, the upper segment being ovate, and
purposes for which wood is available : the four lower ones narrow. The upper lip
the branches are used as fuel in the distil- of the corolla is emarginate, the lower is
lation of whisky ; the spray for thatching slightly trilobed, the palate is prominent.
and for smoking hams and herring3 the ; There are four stamens, two of which are
barkfor tanning leather and the leavesfor
; frequently sterile. The capsule dehisces
bedding. In Russia, an oil is extracted septicidally or loculicidally, and contains
from the bark, which is used in the prepa- numerous small seeds. The genus is di-
bhab] €3)e &vtK£\xxy at Matxn&. 142
vided into two sectionsAchetaria, having
: BICORNIS, BICORNTJTE. Having two
two sterile stamens and septicidal dehis- horn-like processes.
cence of the capsule and Dizygostemon
;

with the four stamens fertile, and dehiscing BICORONA. A genus of Apocynacece
loculicidally. In habit the species of this remarkable, as the name implies, for
genus have very much the appearance having in the throat of the salver-shaped
of Acanthacece. [W. C] corolla, a double row of scales, each row
consisting of ten, and the upper series
BHABBTTR or BHABHTJR. An Indian being placed in pairs, before each lobe of
name for the silky leaves of Eriophorum the limb of the corolla, the lower row alter-
cannabinum, used for making cordage. nate with them. The five filaments are very
short; the stigma is two-parted; and the
BHADLEE. Panicum pilosum, a Dread- fruit is like a berry. The only species is
corn cultivated in India. a shrub with erect branches, thick leaves,
BHANG. An intoxicating drug obtained and flowers in axillary and terminal cymes,
in the East from the Hemp, Cannabis and is a native of New Caledonia. [M. T. M.]
sativa.
BICRTTRAL. Having two legs or narrow
BHEL. The Indian name of the fruit of elongations, as the lip of the man-orchis.
JEgle Marmelos. BICTJIBA. Ifyristica Bicuiba.
BI. In compound words=twice. BIDENS. A somewhat extensive genus
BIACTJMINATUS. Having two diverg- of herbaceous compound flowers, growing
ing points. both in the old and new world, well marked
by the pericarp having, instead of a. pap-
BIARTICULATUS. Two-jointed. pus, from two to flAr e rigid awns which
BIARUM. One of the numerous new are rough with minute deflexed points.
genera of Aracece proposed by Schott on The British species of Bur-marigold, B.
comparatively slight grounds. This genus cernua and B. tripartita, are not unfrequent
differs from Arum in its spathe being on the borders of ponds and streams.
tubular at the base, with the limb spread- They grow from one to two feet high, and
ing. The female flowers, moreover, have may be distinguished while in flower by
a distinct style, and the fruit contains only their button-like dingy-yellow flowers,
one ovule. The plants, which are much which are surrounded at the base by an
like the species of Arum, are natives of the involucre of long bracts. The former has
south of Europe. [M. T. M.] its flowers drooping ; the latter has tri-
partite leaves. Neither of them is remark-
BIAURITE. Having two little ears. able except for the tenacity with which the
See also Auriculate. fruits cohere by their serrated awns to any
penetrable substance to which they may
BIBACIER. (Fr.) Eriobotryajaponica.
happen to attach themselves. The foreign
BIBIRI. The Greenheart Tree, or Bee- species possess little interest. French
beeree of Guiana, Nectandra Rodiwi. Bident : German Ziveyzahn. [C- A. J J
BIC ALLOSE. Having two callosities, as BIDENTATE. Having two teeth.
the lip of many orchids.
BIDIGITATO-PINNATE. Same as Bicon-
BICARINATE. Having two elevated jugato-pinnate.
ribs or keels on the under side, as in the
pales of many grasses.
BIDUOFS, Lasting two days only.

BICEPS. A term sometimes applied to BIDWILLIA. A genus of Australian

and Peruvian liliaceous bulbs, with panicu-
the keel of a papilionaceous corolla when
late or racemose white flowers, only dif-
the ungues of the two petals of which it is
ferring from the asphodels {Asphodelus) by
composed, are distinct.
having the filaments of the stamens thick-
BICONJITGATE. When each of two ened upwards. The leaves are linear, more
secondary petioles bears a pair of leaflets. or less glaucous ; the roots fasciculate with
BICONJUGATO-PINNATE. When each knobbed ends. B, glaucescens is a native
of the table land called New England, in
of two secondary petioles is pinnated.
Australia. [J. T. S.]
BICORNELLA. A genus of little known BIEBERSTEINIA. This name comme-
Madagascar orchids nearly related to Habe- morates the botanical services of Marschall
naria. They have long almost leafless von Bieberstein, a Russian naturalist. It
stems, terminated by a few orchis-like is applied to a genus of Rutacew, or, accord-
flowers. ing to some authors, of Zygopliyllacece.
BICORNES. Aname originally given by The species are herbaceous plants, with
Linna?us to a group of genera, correspond- pinnately divided leaves flowers in ter-
;

ing nearly to the heath family (Ericacecc) minal racemes, with five sepals and five
taken in its most extended sense. It has petals the stamens with filaments dilated
;

been lately revived by Klotzsch and others at the base, between which and opposite to
for the designation of a class to consist of the petals are placed five round glands;
Vaccinia cea-, Ericaceae, Epacridacece, and ovaries five, distinct at the base and at the
the smaller families or tribes included in summit, but cohering in the middle, the
or closely allied to them. five thread-shaped styles proceeding from
 : ; ;;

the inner side of the ovaries near their base, BIGARREAUTIER. (Fr.) Cerasus avium.
and uniting at the top into a single cup- BIGEMINATE. Same as Biconjugate.
shaped flve-lobed stigma fruits membra-
;

nous, one-seeded. The species are natives BIGEMIXOUS. In. two pairs; as the
of Persia, and the Altai and Himalayan many
placenta? of plants.
mountains. [M. T. M.]
BIGENERS. Mule plants obtained by
BEEXERIA A genus of terrestrial crossing species of different genera. This
orchids, proposed by the younger Reiehen- kind of hybridism has been said to be
bach, but hardly distinct from Clilorma. i impossible Kolreuter in particular adduced
:

BIEXXIAL. Requiring two years to ! examples of failure in the attempt but ;

form its flowers and fruit, and then dying modern experiments seem to show the
growing one year, and flowering, fruiting possibility of such a union.
and dying the next. BIGLFMIS. Consisting of two of the
j

BIFARIOUS, BIFARIAM. Arranged in among grasses, glumes.

scales called,
two rows. This term is frequently applied
to flowers and to ovules. BIGXONTACE.E. (Bignoniads the Trum- ;

pet-flower family.) A natural order of

BIFARIOFSLY IMBRICATED. Over- dicotyledonous or exogenous plants be-
lapping in two rows. longing to the sub-class Corollifloras of De
BIFERFS. Double bearing producing Canclolle, and to the Bignonial Alliance of
;

flowers or fruit twice in the same season. Lindley, which includes also figworts, acan-
thads, and gesnerworts. The order contains
BIFIDTJS, Split half way down into two trees or twining or climbing shrubby
parts: plants, with usually opposite compound
BIFOLIOLATE. Having two leaflets leaves, and showy often trumpet-shaped
only to a leaf. flowers. Calyx divided or entire, sometimes
in the form of a spathe corolla usually
BIFOLLICULFS. A double follicle. ;

irregular, four to five lobed, and with a

BIFLORFS. Bearing two flowers on the swollen portion below its mouth; stamens
same footstalk. Also flowering twice in five, unequal, one generally, two occasion-
the same year. ally, abortive. Ovary having two cavities,
surrounded by an expansion at its base
BIFORATE, Having two pores or aper-
ovules attached to the central part of the
tures.
ovary. Fruit a two-valved often pod-like
BIFORINES. Oblong cells, with an capsule, divided by a spurious expansion of
aperture at each end, through which the placenta; seeds generally numerous
raphides are expelled. and winged embryo without albumen,
;

BIFREXARIA A
name given to those and having broad leafy cotyledons. The
Maxillaria-like plants which have two plants are found in the tropical regions of
froena or caudicles to their pollen masses both hemispheres, but predominate in the
instead of four. The species are all from the eastern. They extend in America from
tropics of America. Pennsylvania in the north, to Chili in the
south. They do not occur wild in Europe.
BIFROXS. Growing on both surfaces of The plants produce abundance of showy
a leaf. Also appearing equally like two finely-coloured flowers. Some yield dyes
different things. A term
seldom used. others supply timber. Among them are
BIFURCATE. Twice-forked having two ;
medicinal agents used in chest affections,
pairs of diverging horn-like arms. and for worms. There are 46 genera
and 452 species described. Illustrative
BIG. The common Bere or four-rowed genera Bignonia, Calosanthes, Catalpa,
:

Barley, Hordeum vulgare. Eccreniocarpus, Jacaranda, Spathodea, Te-

BIGAMEA A Ceylon plant generally coma. [J. H. B.]
considered a3 belonging to Combretacece,
but referred by Planchbn to a separate order, BIGXOXIA. The order Bignoniacece
j

AncistrocladeeeifromAncistrocladus, which name from this genus, which was

takes its
is equivalent to Bigamea.
itselfso called in honour of the Abbe
It is a shrubby-
stemmed climber, whose main stem is Bignon, librarian to Louis XIV. The
short and terminated by a tuft of wedge- species of Bignonia are remarkable for the
shaped leaves from this fascicle springs
:
beauty of their flowers, and hence many
a branch, which towards its apex bears are cultivated in this country. B. capreo-
short alternate patent branches with ter- lata, one of the handsomest species, is a
minal tufts of lanceolate leaves. The native of North America, but capable of
flowers have five petals, five stamens, an in- being grown in warm places in this country
ferior ovary, a pyramidal style with three as an ornamental climbing plant. The
stigmas fruit a pear-shaped drupe covered
;
other species are for the most part natives
by the five-parted calyx limb. of the warmer regions of the western
[J. T. S.]
hemisphere. The botanical characteristics
BIGAXDELLE. rFr.) Cerasus vulgaris. of the genus are a bell-shaped calyx,
BIGARADE. slightly wavy at the margin an irregular
The bitter or Seville ;

Orange, Citrus vulgaris. bell-shaped corolla; five stamens, two long

and two short of which are fertile, and one
BIGARADIER. (Fr.) Citrus vulgaris. sterile stigma divided into two lamella?
;
 ;

biha] Ei)e Exexguxg flf $5fltaug. 144

capsule like a long pod, with the partition rate climates, of a poor man, "he has not
between its two compartments parallel enough to clothe himself;" you hear the
with the valves or walls of the pod the : Indians of the Orinoco say, "that a man is
seeds arranged in two rows and provided so poor, that he has not enough to paint
with a membranous wing.:. The wood of half his body.'" See ARRABiDiEA. [A. S.]
some of the climbing species is arranged
in four divisions, so as to present a cross- BIHAI. Heliconia Bihai.
like appearance when cut. The leaves are BIJUGTJS. A pinnate leaf with two
pinnate or sometimes consist of only two pairs of leaflets.
opposite leaflets. The flowers are borne in
panicles, and are of various colours, but BIKH or BIKBZMA. The poisonous root
always handsome-looking. The fruit of of Aconitum ferox.
most species is either unknown, or but BILABIATE. A corolla divided into two
superficially described. [M. T. M.] separate parts or lips, placed one over the
The Bignonias are scandent tendrilled other, as in sage, bugle, and similar plants.
plants, frequently climbing to the tops of
the highest trees, their flexible stems, BILAMELLATE. Consisting of two
twisted like ropes, sometimes passingfrom many placenta?, stigmas, &c, or
plates, as
tree to tree, descending to the ground at bearing two vertical plates, as the lip ©f
intervals, taking fresh root, and again some orchids.
ascending other trees; in some of the
Brazilian forests they are so numerous as BILBERRY. The fruit of Yaccinium
to render them almost impassable. MyrtiUus, sometimes called Whortleberry,
B. alliacea, the Garlic shrub, or Kane a Whorts, or Hurts in country places.
Vail of the French, is a native of Guiana BILIMBI TREE. AverrJwa Bilimbi.
and the West Indies, and is so called in
consequence of the powerful odour of BILLARDIERA. A genus of shrubs
garlic emitted by its bruised leaves and belonging to the Pittosporacew, natives of
branches. It is a square-stemmed climber, Australia arid Tasmania, with twining
with leaves composed of elliptical leathery stems and alternate leaves; peduncles
leaflets, joined together in pairs its flowers
;
solitary from the apex of the branches,
are large and white. one-flowered, pendulous; calyx of five
B. Kerereis a climbing shrub with smooth subulate sepals petals Ave, combined into
;

angular stems. Its leaflets are in pairs or a tube below, generally yellow, occasionally
threes upon a single stalk, of an elliptical blue or purple stamens five style thread-
; ;

form, and rather hairy upon the under like, stigmas lobed berry elliptical or cylin-
;

surface the flowers are about two inches

;
drical-ovoid, two-celled, many-seeded pulp ;

long, downy, and of a yellow colour. generally resinous. B. mutabilis, however,

The natives of French Guiana, where this is said by Backhouse to have pleasant sub-
plant is indigenous, use the tough flexible acid fruit which at first is green, and at last
stems as a substitute for ropes and from
;
amber-coloured. B. longiflora has pretty
strips of them they weave various kinds of blue berries. [J. T. S.]
baskets, and broad-brimmed hats which
protect them from both sun and rain. BILLBERGIA. A genus of Bromeliacece,
B. (?) Cliica is the most useful species of so called in honour of a Swedish botanist.
the genus. It is a native of Venezuela, It is characterised by a superior three-
New Grenada, and Guiana, and has long parted calyx corolla of three convolute
;

petals, scaly at the base; stamens inserted

climbing stems, which reach to the tops of
the trees, where they divide into numerous into the base of the perianth style thread- ;

small branches which support themselves shaped; stigmas linear convolute; fruit
berry-like. The flowers are generallyT very
by means of their tendrils. Its leaves
consist of eight leaflets arranged in pairs elegant, bluish-red or yellow, borne on
(conjugate), each pair having a tendril light panicles the leaves are harsh and
;

betwixt them, and possessing a separate rigid. These plants are found growing on
stalk branching from the central leaf-stalk trees in tropical America, and being capable
the leaflets are oval. The funnel-shaped of living without contact with the earth,
flowers are arranged in loose drooping pani- they are hung on balconies, &c, in South
cles, and are of a violet colour they pro-
;
American gardens, where they are much
duce a long flattened pod-like fruit, con- prized for the beauty and fragrance of
their flowers. Many species are cultivated
taining numerous winged seeds. A
red
for ornament in our stoves. A yellow dye
pigment called Chica on the Orinoco, and
is extracted from the root of B. tinctoria in
Carajuru on the Rio Negro, is obtained by
Brazil. [M. T. M.]
macerating the leaves of this plant in
water, and is greatly used by the natives BILOBTJS. Divided into two lobes.
for painting their bodies, so much so that
BILSTED. An American name for Liqui-
M. Humbolt, in speaking of the natives of dambar Styraciftua.
the Orinoco, says :— To form a just idea of
'

the extravagance of the decoration of BIMESTRAL. Existing for two months

these naked Indians, I must observe, that only.
a man bf large stature gains with difficulty
enough by the labour of a fortnight, to BIMFS. Lasting two years.
procure in exchange the chica necessary to BIXATE, BINUS. In pairs. Also the
paint himself red. Thus we say, in tempe- j
same as Bifoliolate.
 ; . ,

145 Qfyz CrcaSurj) of 23ntang. [bisc

BIXATO-PINNATE. The same as Bipin- BIRCH. The common name for Betula
nate. — WEST INDIAN. Bursera gummifera.
, .

BINDWEED. The common name for BIRCH CAMPHOR. A resinous sub-

Convolvulus, especially C. arvensis also stance obtained from the
;
bark of the
applied to Smilax aspera. BLACK. — ,
black Birch, Betula nigra.
Polygonum Convolvulus.
BINDWITH. A name applied to Cle-
BIRCHWORTS. A name given by
Lindley to the betulaceous order.
matis.
BINI. Two together twin. ;
BIRDLIME. A preparation of the bark
of the Holly, Hex Aquifolium also obtained
;

BINTFLORUS. Bearing flowers in pairs from the viscid berries of the Mistletoe,
a term seldom used. Viscum album.
BINODAL. Consisting of two nodes or
articulations, and no more.
BIRD-PLANT, MEXICAN. Heterotoma
lobelioides.
BIOTA. A generic name proposed
for
BIRD'S-BILL. Trigonella ornithorhyn-
the Thuja orientalis pendula, which
and T.
chus.
differ from the T. occidentalis and other
American species in not having wings to BIRD'S-EYE. Adonis autumnalis. —
the seeds. The genus is not, however, AMERICAN. Primula pusilla.
I
generally adopted.
BIRD'S-FOOT. The common name for
BIOTIA. Formerly considered as a dis- Ornithopus, sometimes called Bird's-foot
tinct genus from that of the Michaelmas Vetch; also applied to Euphorbia Orni-
daisy (Aster), hut now united with it. thopus. #
The species are perennial herbs, one to
three feet high, their root leaves large, on BIRD'S-HEAD. The common name for
long stalks, and heart-shaped in form; Ornithoceplialus.
those of the stem, ovate or oblong and BIRD'S-NEST. Neottia Nidus-avis ; also
narrowed towards the base into a winged applied to Thamnopteris ovAsplenium Nidus.
footstalk; their flower-heads arranged in
terminal corymbs, and very like those of
— , YELLOW. Monotropa Hypopitys.
the asters. The species are found in BIRD'S-NEST PEZIZA. The common
Canada, and the United States, and one name for the species of Cyathus and
occurs in Manchuria. [A. A. B.] Nidularia.
BIPALEOLATE. Consisting of two BIRD'S-TONGUE. The common name
small scales or palese, as in grasses. for Omithoglossum ; also applied to Senecio
paludosus.
BIPARTITE. Divided nearly to the
base into two parts. BIRIMOSE. Opening by two slits, as
most anthers.
BIPEXTAPHYLLOUS. Having from
two to five leaflets. BIRTHROOT. An American name for
BIPES. Same as Bicruris.
Trillium erectum.

BIPIXNATE, BIPINNATISECTED. BIRTHWORT. The common name for

"When the primary and secondary divisions Aristolochia.
of a leaf are pinnated. BISAILLE. (Fr.) Pisum arvense
BIPINNATIFID, BIPINNATIPARTED. BISCUIT ROOTS. A name given in
When both the primary and secondary Oregon to the tuberous roots of some
segments of a leaf are pinnatifld. umbelliferous plants allied'to Ferula.
BIPIXN ATIP ARTITO -LACINIATE. BISCUTELLA. A genus of herbs be-
Being bipinnatifld with the divisions laci- longing to the Cruciferce, natives of central
niated. Europe, the Mediterranean region, and
central Asia. Often hispid, with erect rigid
BIPINNULA. A
small genus of terres-
stems, frequently corymbosely branched
trial orchids related to Arethusa, with
fleshy fascicled roots, consisting of little at the summit ; leaves oblong, entire, or
except starch and gum. The flowers are pinnatifld, very variable in this respect
large, racemose, greenish-yellow, and most even within the limits of a single species ;
remarkable for having the lateral sepals racemes short, elongated in fruit flowers ;

broken up into tufts of exquisitelybeautiful rather small, yellow ; pouch flattened, with
fringes. Two species occur in Chili, and the partition narrow and the valves orbi-
one in the Argentine States, near Buenos cular, flattened and winged, breaking away
Ayres. from the axis when the seeds are ripe;
seeds one in each valve, and contained in it
BIPLICATE. Having two folds or when they fall off. B. laevigata is a common
plaits. subalpine plant of central Europe, &c, very
BIPOROSE. Opening variable in appearance, and remarkable
by two round
holes. for its curiously-shaped seed-vessels, which
are notched both at the base and apex.
BIRADIATE. Consisting of two or Some of the species have them notched only
more rays as in certain umbels. at the base. [J. T. S.]
 ;

bise] (£t)e Ereagurg of 3$0tattg. 146

BISERIAL. Arranged in two rows not covered with stiff prickles. The seeds
on opposite sides of an axis ; as on a flat have a thin coating of red waxy pulp,
surface. which forms the s\ibstance called arnotta
it is separated by throwing the freshly-
BISERRATE. When serratures are gathered seeds into a tub of water, and
themselves serrate. stirring them until the red matter is
BISEPTATE. Having two partitions. detached, when it is strained off and
evaporated to the consistency of putty
BISH or BISHMA. The poisonous root
of Aconitum ferox.
BISHOP'S CAP. An American name for
Mitella.

BISHOPWEED. JEgopodiv.m Podagraria ;

also applied to the Sison Ammi of Linnteus ;

and as a common name to the genus
Ammi. —, MOCK. An American name
for Discopleura.
BISTORT. Polygonum Bistorta.

BITCHWOOD. The timber of Piscidia

carthaginensis; much esteemed in Jamaica
for making the naves of wheels.
BITERNATE. When the principal divi-
sions of a leaf are three, each of which
bears three leaflets.
BITTEN. Terminated irregularly and
abruptly ; applied to leaves and roots.
BITTER-BLAIN. A name given by the
Dutch Creoles in Guiana to Vandcllia diffusa.
BITTER KING. Soulamea amara.
BITTER-SWEET. Solanum Duloamara; Bixa Orellana.
also an American name for Celastrus scan-
dens. In this state it is made up into rolls and
BITTER WOOD. Xylopia glabra; also wrapped in leaves,then known as
and is
used in gardens for the genus Xylopia. flag or roll but when more
arnotta ;

thoroughly dried, it is made into cakes and

BITTERWORT. An old name for Gen- called cake arnotta In South America
tiana lutea. arnotta is greatly used by the Caribs and
other tribes of Indians for painting their
BIVITTATE. Having two TittEB.
bodies: paint being almost their only
BIXACE^E, BIXINEiE. A name some- article of clothing. In this country it is
times given to the order of bixads, more used for colouring cheese, inferior choco-
generally called FLACOtruTiACE^E (which lates, &c. and by the Dutch for colouring
;

see). butter. It is also used by silk-dyers and by ;

varnish-makers for imparting a rich orange

BIX A. A name applied by the Indians of tint to some kinds of varnish. [A. S.]
Darien to the plant producing the Arnotta
of commerce, and adopted by botanists for BLACKBERRY. The Bramble, Eubus
the genus of Flacourtiacea, to which it fruticosus, and its numerous varieties.
belongs. There are four species known,
all of them natives of tropical America, BLACKBURNIA. A genus of Xanthoxy-
and forming small trees, with entire leaves lacecF, consisting of trees with alternate
marked with numerous pellucid dots. pinnate leaves, and flowers in panicles. The
Their flowers are produced in large bunches parts of the flower arranged in fours; ovary
at the ends of the young branches and ;
solitary, on a short stalk, one-celled, one-
have a calyx consisting of five sepals, seeded, with a short style and simple
which alternate with five wart-like swell- stigma capsule tough, partly two-valved.
;

ings on the stalk, and likewise with the These trees, inhabiting Norfolk Island and
five petals; numerous long free sta- the East Indies, resemble the species of
mens, and a long style terminating in a Ptelea, but are known by their simple
two-lobed stigma. Their fruit has a dry stigma and wingless fruit. B. pinnata is
prickly husk, which splits into two pieces, occasionally cultivated. [M. T. M.]
each bearing numerous seeds attached in a
perpendicular row on their inside.
BLACK DRINK. A decoction of Ilex
vomitorid used by the Creek Indians.
B. Orellana is a small tree growing about
twenty or thirty feet high, having broad BLACK JACK. An American name for
heart-shaped pointed leaves, and bunches Quercus nigra.
of rose-coloured flowers. Its fruit is
heart-shaped, rather more than an inch
BLACK NONESUCH. Medicago lupulina.
long, of a reddish-brown colour, and BLACKTHORN. Primus spinosa.
 ;; ,

147 €Tje Crragtirg af>26atang. [blas

BLACK-WOOD. An
Indian furniture BLANC D'E AU. (Fr.) Nymphma alba. —
wood obtained from Balbergia latifolia; DE HOLLANDE. Populus alba.
also a name for that of Melhania melanoxy-
lon. —
of Xew South Wales.
, Acacia BLANCHETTE. (Fr.) Valeriana Locusta.
Melanoxylon. BLANCHING. A whitening of the usu-
ally green parts of plants, to which the
BLACKWELLIA. A genus of Homar term Albefactio is applied.
liacew, named in honour of Elizabeth
Blackwell, tta e author of a forgotten herbal BLANCOA. A genus of haamodoraceous
technically it is characterised by having plants, consisting of dwarf stemless herbs,
an adherent top-shaped calyx, whose limb with the aspect of a Barbacenia, having
is divided into from five to fifteen divi- equitant hoary falcate acuminate leaves
sions, glandular at the base or in the as long as the furfuraceous scape, which
centre; stamens opposite the petals; ovary latter supports two or three large nod-
conical above, with three to five styles ding flowers, both flowers and peduncles
fruit a one-celled many-seeded capsule. being clothed on the outside with plumose
The species are small trees, natives of hairs. The perianth is elongately bell-
I India, Mauritius, and China. B.padiflora, shaped or sub-ciavate, with an erect six-
;
a greenhouse shrub, much resembles the toothed equal limb, and is furnished with
common Prun us Padus in appearance; and six sub-sessile anthers. The species B.
there are also other species of the genus in canescens is found in the Swan River
cultivation. [M. T. MJ I Colony. [T. M.]
;

BLADDER-GREEN. A colour obtained I

BLANDFORDIA. A
genus of Liliacea,
,
from the berries of Rhamnus catharticus. \
consisting of very handsome perennial
BLADDER KETMIA. Hibiscus herbs, having linear elongate striate radical
Trio-]
leaves, dilated and somewhat sheathing at
!

'.
num.
the base others shorter and more distant,
;

BLADDER-POD. The common name for appearing on the flower stem, which is
Physolobium. simple with a many-flowered raceme at the
BLADDER-SEED. The common name top. The flowers are solitary on recurved
for Physospermum. pedicels, and have a tube-funnel-shaped
j

six-cleft regular perianth, with ovate

BLADDERWORT. The common name acutish segments, six equal stamens,
for Utricularia. scarcely exserted, and a free long-stalked
1

BLADDERY. Inflated lite an animal narrow three-celled ovary, terminated by

'

bladder as the fruit of the Bladder Senna, a filiform style and obtuse stigma. Several
;

Colutea arborescens. species, natives of New Holland and Tas-

mania, are known. B. marginata has rigid
BLADE. The lamina or expanded part sub-erect leaves, scabrous along the margin,
of a leaf. and lengthened racemes of pendulous, con-
BLJSRLA.. A genus of Ericacece, con- ically funnel-shaped flowers, which are of
taining many heath-like shrubs, from the a deep rich coppery red outside, yellow
Cape of Good Hope, with opposite and within and at the edges of the rounded
ternate leaves, and terminal clusters of petaline divisions, which at the back ter-
flowers. The calyx is four-parted, the per- minate in a sharp orange-coloured point.
sistent corolla is campanulate, sometimes In B. nobilis the leaves are very narrow
a little expanded below. The four stamens and entire, and the flowers are ventricosely
are inserted below the hypogynous disc. funnel-shaped, snbumbellate, red with the
The ovary is four-celled, with many ovules upper half yellow. B. grandiflora has
in each ceU. The capsiile is ^lobular with rigid erect leaves serrated at the point and
four rounded angles. The habit and struc- short racemes of pendulous ventricosely
ture of the members of this ?enus are the funnel-shaped flowers, which are red with
same as in Erica, from which they differ the upper half yellow, and have retuse
only in having four instead of eieht petals. In B. Cunninghamii the leaves are
stamens. [W. C] weakish, spreading, quite entire and
smooth the flowers pendulous, conical,
|

BLAKEA. A genus of trees or shrubs inflated at the apex, subumbellate, reddish

belonging to Melagtomaceae, natives of tro- throughout, the segments all acute, and
pical America, with opposite petiolate three the stamens somewhat exserted. They
or five-nerved leathery leaves, glabrous are all handsome plants, and some one or
and shining above, often covered with other of them may not unfrequently be
short rust-coloured wool beneath as well met with in our greenhouses. [T. MJ
as the peduncles, which are axillary and
one-flowered flowers lar?e, handsome,
;
BLASTEMA. The axis of an embryo,
j
:

rose-coloured, the bell-shaped calyx with comprehending the radicle and plumule,
four or six broad scales at the base; with the iutervening portion. Also the
petals six; stamens twelve to sixteen, thallus of a lichen.
anther? cohering, opening by a pair of BLASTIDIA. Secondary cells generated
pores at the apex, shortly spurred at the in the interior of another cell.
base; ovary half-inferior, six-celled style}
thread-like fruit a six-celled berry with nu-
;
;
BLASTUS. The plumule.
merous seeds. B. quinquenervia of Guiana BLASTHEMANTHTJS. A tree found near
has an edible yellow fruit. [J. T. S.] the Amazon river, has been considered by
1
 ; ;

BLAz] QEfyz Ereatfurj) ai SSfltang. 148

Planchon to belong to a new genus of Och- without coming in contact with each
nacece, to which he gives the above name. other but in the fertile fronds they are
;

Its botanical characters are interesting; the combined within the margin, and generally
chief are a double calyx, each of five over- near the base by the receptacle which runs
:

lapping pieces five petals twenty

; ; glands transversely to them. Leaving out of .

in one row, exterior to the ten stamens view Blechnidium, which is distinguished
anthers prolonged into a leaf-like process, from Blechnum only by the reticulation
opening by two pores, the stamens after of its veins, its nearest ally is Lomaria,
flowering turned to one side of the which indeed presents sometimes so little
flower ; ovary placed on a very short difference that the same plants are in some
stalk, three to five-celled, and many-seeded. cases indifferently referred to either genus
The alternate oblong leaves have cartila- by different authors, or even by the same
ginous stipules inserted on to the branch author in different publications. The
above the insertion of the leaf. [M. T. M.] proper distinction between the two con-
sists in the fructification of Lomaria being
BLAZE', or BLANZE. (Pr.) A species marginal, and that of Blechnum within the
of Triticum. margin, and this irrespective of the con-
BLAZING STAR. A North American traction of the fronds, which latter feature
name for Liatris squarrcsa, and Chamce- has sometimes been taken as the mark of
lirium luteum. Lomaria.
The species of Blechnum range under two
—
BLE'. (Pr.) Triticum vulgare. divisions, in one of which, represented by
BARBU. Triticum turgidum. — D' the Indian B. orientale, the sori is placed
ABONDANCE. Triticum compositum. — very near the costa, and in the other, repre-
DE BARBARIE. Polygonum Fagopyrum. sented by our native B. Spicant, it becomes
— DE MIRACLE. Triticum composition. sub-marginal from the contraction of the
— DE TURQUIE. Zea Mays. — DE fronds. The former group is the more
VACHE. Melampyrum arvense. — NOIR. typical. B. orientale is a tall growing and
Polygonum Fagopyrum. — , TURC. Triti- very handsome fern found throughout
cum compositum. India and the East. It has a short caudex,
BLEABERRT. The Bilberry, Vaccinium which is clothed with long narrow glossy
Myrtillus; sometimes also applied to the scales. The fronds, which are often three
Bog Whortleberry, Vaccinium uliginosum. feet long or more, are pinnated, the pinna?
sometimes a foot long, elongately linear,
BLECHNIDITJM. A genus of polypodi- tapering to a narrow point. B. 'Spicant is a
aceous ferns, closely related to Blechnum, humbler plant, producing horizontal pecti-
from which it differs only in the veins nately pinnatifid sterile fronds, and erect
being reticulated instead of free. The fertile ones, with narrower or contracted
only species, B. melanopus, is a native of segments. The genus contains a consider-
India, and is a moderate-sized pinnatifid able number of species, which are abundant
fern, with falcate segments, having a in tropical countries, a large proportion of
general resemblance to the common garden them being found in the northern parts of
Blechnum occidentale. As its trivial name South America, in the West Indian Islands,
indicates, the stipes or stalk of the frond in India, and in the various islands of the
is black. [T M.] Eastern sea. A few species occur in Austra-
lasia, at the Cape of Good Hope, and in
BLECHNOPSIS. A nime proposed by
Chili ; and our native, B. Spicant, is found
Presl for certain species separated from
Blechnum, namely, B. orientale, cartilagi- throughout Europe, in Madeira and the
adjacent islands, in the Caucasian regions,
neum, brasiliensc, &c. It is not adopted by
other pteridologists. [T. M.]
and in Kamtschatka. [T. M.]

BLECHNUM. A considerable genus of BLECHPM. A genus of herbaceous

polypodiaceous ferns belonging to the plants of the order Acanthacea?, abundant in
group Lomariea?. They are plants with tropical America, and occurring also in
simple pinnatifid or pinnate fronds,of which India and Madagascar. The flowers are in
the fertile ones are sometimes more or large axillary or terminal spikes; they
less contracted. They are distinguished by spring from the axils of broad herbaceous
having the sori linear, lying parallel with imbricated bracts. The calyx is deeply
and more or less approximate to the mid- five-cleft; the corolla isfunnel-shaped,with a
rib, and therefore theoretically distant long tube and a small regular five-fid limb ;

from the margin, but sometimes becoming the four included didynamous stamens are
at the same time sub-marginal by the con- inserted in the middle of the tube ;the
traction of the fronds. These sori are anthers consist of two oval parallel cells
covered by linear indusia, which are at- the ovary is two-celled, with four ir more
tached along that side of the receptacle ovules in each cell; the style is simple,
which is nearest the margin of the frond, and the stigma bifid. The ovate capsule
and open along the inward side, or that is two-celled, with eight or more roundish
which is nearest to the midrib. The veins, seeds. [W. C]
as seen in the sterile fronds, where they
are uninterrupted by the developement of BLEEKERIA. This name has been ap-
the fructification, are free, that is, they plied to a tree, native of New Holland, and
branch out from the costa, and become the island of Ceram, in honour of Dr.
forked as they extend towards the margin, Bleeker, a distinguished student of the
 149 Ci)£ Crotfurg of SSntang, [blig

natural history of India, especially of the bracteas, which, like the calyx-teeth, are
fishes of that country. The genus is one fringed with hairs. To this fringe the
•
of the apocynaceous family, characterised generic name, derived from the Greek,
I by a calyx without glands, a salver-shaped signifying eyelash, refers. [A. A. BJ
;

corolla with a slightly distended tube, and BLETIA. A large genus of terrestrial
no scales at its throat. Filaments adherent orchids chiefly from tropical America,
! to the tube of the corolla for some where they inhabit swampy places. They
i
distance, hairy; anthers linear, slender, have narrow grass-like leaves, and purple
! -with the connective prolonged for a short or whitish flowers in long terminal ra-
distance beyond the lobes. Ovaries two, cemes, in almost all cases handsome enough
small, roundish, each containing two to claim the notice of gardeners. Very
i
ovules, placed one over the other; style few species occur in the Old World, among
short; stigma almost globular below, taper- which is B. hyacinthina, cultivated in
: ing above and hairy, slightly two-lobed at China for the sake of its fragrance. In
j
the point. Fruit of two fleshy purple their manner of growth they are much
drupes, or one by abortion, with a hard like Cymbidiums.
! woody inner shell [M. T. M.]
BLETTIXG. That kind of change in
I
BLE^TSOSPORA. B.Drummondi isthe tissue which results in the formation of a
! name given to a little West Australian ! brown colour, without putrefaction, as in
I
plant which belongs to the cudweed sec- i the fruit of the medlar. The term Eyposa-
|
tion of the composite family. It is seldom |
thria is applied to this change.
taller than three inches, and is altogether
BLEWITS. The popular name in some
i

j covered with loose woolly hairs. Its j

! leaves are alternate, and linear in form. parts of England for Agar icus personatus, a
species which is frequent in rich meadows
, The flower heads, of a brown colour, are
in autumn, and is known by its pale bistre-
!

arranged in dense terminal clusters, each

of the heads containing but two florets. coloured or purplish convex fleshy pileus,
pallid gills, and thick stem, tinged more or
The generic name refers to the cellular
less with violet. It is sometimes exposed for
I coating of the achene becoming gelati-
sale, but is a fungus of inferior quality for
nous when moistened. [A. A. B.]
the table. It is in general believed to be
'
BLEPHAJLE. The teeth or fringes wholesome; but in a case of poisoning from
belonging to the peristome of an urn- the use of fungi at Cambridge, some years
moss. since, the principal part of the stew con-
sisted of this species. Dr. Badham, how-
j
BLEPHARIS, A genus of Acanthacece, ever, speaks highly of it, when not sodden
I
natives of Asia and Africa. They are with water, and suggests that the name is
I
creeping herbaceous plants, with verticel-
a corruption of Blue Hats. [M. J. B.]
late unequal leaves, and axillary spikes in
1

which the lower bracts are sterile and BLIGHIA. A genus of Sapindacece,
1

closely imbricated, while the two terminal named in honour of Captain William
i
bracteoles contain a single flower. The I Bligh, of H.M.S. Bounty, who, in the year
! calyx is four-parted, of which the upper and i
1787, was appointed to convey the bread-
I lower divisions are broadest, and the lower i

fruit and other trees from Tahiti to the

1

bidentate. The corolla is one-lipped, its an- ! West Indies. It consists of only one
terior portion being trifid, and the pos- I
species, B. sapida, which produces the Akee
terior tridenticulate. The four stamens are |
fruit. This plant is a native of Guinea;
sub-didynamous, the anthers on the longer j
but it has been introduced into and is now
pair of filaments one-celled, while the common in the West Indies and South
shorter filaments bear two-celled anthers. \ America. It forms a small tree about
The two-celled ovary has two ovules in each thirty feet in height, having compound
cell; but the carpellary fruit contains leaves consisting of three or four pairs of
sometimes only two seeds, from the abor- broadly lance-shaped downy leaflets. Its
tion of two of the ovules. [W. G] flowers are produced in racemes from the
axils of the leaves. They have a calyx
BLEPHAROCHLAMYS. A name sy- consisting of five pieces five white petals
nonymous with Mystropetalo* (which ;

bearing a large two-lobed scale near the

see;. [M. T. M.]
base on their inside eight stamens and a
; ;

BLEPHILIA. Agenus of the mint short style bearing three stigmas. The
family, Labiates,peculiar to the United fruit is fleshy, and of a red colour tinged
States, and nearly related to horse-mints with yellow, about three inches long by
QIorrMrda), but the calyx tube has thirteen two in width, and of a three-sided form ;

instead of fifteen nerves, and is naked in i when ripe it splits open down the middle
the throat, while the throat of the corollas, 1

of each side, disclosing three shining jet-

which are much smaller than in Monarda, black seeds, seated upon and partly im-
are more markedly dilated. There are two mersed in a white spongy substance called
species, B. hirsuta and B. ciliata, the the aril. This aril is the eatable part of
former with long stalks to the leaves, the the fruit, and in tropical countries, where
latter with nearly sessile leaves ; and both it comes to perfection, it is said to possess
with the habit, appearance, and odour of an agreeable sub-acid taste, very grateful
our own mints (Mentha). The purplish to the palate; but fruits ripened in the
flowers are disposed in axillary or terminal hothouses of this country have not been
globular whorls, surrounded with coloured found to possess such good qualities, their
 ;

bug] %\)t €rea£ttrg ai JSotang. 150

taste resembling that of a chestnut. A small gardens; B. capitatum which has an ascend-
quantity of semi-solid fatty oil is obtain- ing branched stem, triangular sinuate
able from the seeds by pressure. [A. S.] foliage, and terminal clusters of flowers
and fruit and B. virgatum, which has long
;

BLIGHT. This word is used by cultiva- rod-like shoots, and rather smaller foliage
tors with great latitude, and is extended than that of the preceding species, with
to those diseases of corn, and other objects axillary flowers and berries. The fruit of
of field and garden cultivation which both species, though insipid, is said to have
depend upon the presence of parasitic been formerly employed in cookery. The
fungi. It is best, however, as far as cereals leaves have a spinach-like flavour, and may
are concerned, to confine it to that diseased be used as a substitute for it. [TV. T.]
condition of corn in which the plant dies
prematurely without bringing any fruit to BLOODFLOTVER. The common name
perfection. This often depends upon some for Hcemanthus.
kind of fungous spawn attacking the roots, BLOODRAIN. Many of the tales of the
and we believe arises in many cases from un- descent of showers of blood from the
decomposed remains of the last year's crop, clouds which are so common in old
which encourage the growth of fungi, the chronicles, depend upon the multitudinous
threads of which spread to the living production of infusorial insects or some of
roots, and gradually impair their vigour, the lower Algm. To this category belongs
and ultimately cause death. The notion the phenomenon known under the name of
chat the gloomy turbid state of the atmo- Red Snow. One peculiar form, which is
sphere or the haze, so common in sultry apparently virulent only in very hot sea-
weather, which depends upon differences sous, is caused by the rapid production of
of temperature between the earth and the little blood-red spots on cooked vegetables
air, is caused by the presence of some or decaying fungi, so that provisions which
blighting substance which attacks plants, were dressed only the previous day are
giving rise to noxious insects and fungi, covered with a bright scarlet coat, which
is founded on popular error.; [M. J. BJ
sometimes penetrates deeply into their sub-
stance. This depends upon the growth of
BLIMBING. The Bilimbl tree, Averrhba
a little plant which has been referred to the
Bilimbi.
Algo2, under the name of Palmella prodi-
BLINKS. Montiafontana. giosa, but which seems rather to be one of
those conditions of moulds which under
BLITB. (Fr.) Amaranthus Blitum. — various colours are so common on paste
SAUVAGE. Chenopodium polyspermism. and other culinary articles, to which they
BLITB. Amaranthus Blitum. — , SEA. seem to bear the same relation as yeast
A common name for Suceda. — STRAW- ,
globules do to Penicillium and other Fungi.
The spots consist of myriads of ex-
BERRY. The common name for Blitum.
tremely minute granules, and though they
BLITUM. A singular genus of cheno- are propagated with great ease, at present
pods, remarkable for the succulent fruit- no one has been able to follow xvp their
like character assumed by the calyx of evolutions. In damp weather fresh meat
several species after flowering. The is covered with little colourless gelatinous
flowers themselves are inconspicuous, and or creamy spots, which are clearly of the
quite elementary in their structure, con- same nature. One curious point about the
sisting of a three-cleft calyx, one stamen, fungous Bloodrain is, that when cultivated
and an ovary containing a single vertical on rice paste, little spots spring up on the
seed, and crowned by two styles all these
; surface of the paste, apart from the main
organs being, however, so small as to be patch, which look just like blood spirted
scarcely discernible without the aid of from an artery, and therefore increase the
a lens. After the fertilization of the ovary illusion. The colour of the Bloodrain is
is effected, the calyx gradually increases in so beautiful that attempts have been made
size, and at length becomes fleshy and to use it as a dye, and with some success
filled with a red-coloured juice, swelling and could the plant be reproduced with
around the membranous capsule, but not any constancy, there seems little doubt
^entirely concealing it. The flowers being that the colour would stand. On the same
produced in clusters, the resulting com- paste with the Bloodrain we have seen
pound fruit is sufficiently conspicuous, and white, blue, and yellow spots, which were
from its supposed resemblance to a small not distinguishable in structure and cha-
strawberry, has arisen the popular name of racter. TVe refer forfurther information to
Strawberry Blite, applied to two plants of Dr. H. O. Stephen's article in Taylor's
this genus. The fruit of the strawberry Annals of Natural History, which is sug-
differs, however, essentially in its character gestive if not conclusive. [M. J. B.]
from that of the Blites, consisting as it BLOODROOT. Sanguinaria canadensis,
does of a fleshy succulent receptacle, the and Geum canadense.
calyx irself undergoing no transformation.
The structure of the fruit in Blitum more BLOODROOTS. A name applied by
closely resembles that of the common Lindley^to the haemodoraceous order.
mulberry, Morns nigra, in which the ma-
tured ovary is completely enclosed in a suc- BLOODTVOOD, of Jamaica. Gordonia
culent berry-like calyx. Two species of Hivmatoxylon. —, of Norfolk Island.
Blitum, both European, are cultivated in Baloghia lucida. —. of Queensland. Eu- |
 ,:
; ;

151 €fyz Crea^urg of ISatattg. [blts

ca&yptus paniculate — , of Victoria. Eu- sessile, cordate at the base, and toothed.
calyptus corymbosa. and, as well as the stems, clothed with
villous hairs; in others they are large
BLOOD-TREE. Croton gossypifolium pinnatifid and smooth, somewhat like those
of a sow-thistle while in a third group
BLOODWORT. Sanguinaria canadensis
;

they are dilated at the base and prolonged

also an old name for Eumex sanguineus. down the stem, so as to gi?e to it a
BLUEBELL. Hyacinthus nonscriptus winged appearance. The flower-heads are
— , SCOTCH. Campanula rotundifolia, the generally arranged in loose panicles or
corymbs, their florets all tubular, those of
' Bluebell of Scotland.'
the ray female, those of the disc male,
BLUEBERRY. An American name for and either purple or yellow in colour.
Yaccinium. B. scandens, a native of Borneo, and a
BLUEBOTTLE. Centaurea Cyanus. few others, are long scrambling shrubs,
often found growing among brushwood
BLUE HEARTS. An American name they have pretty purple flowers. B. aurita
for Buchnera. and B. lacera, both Indian species with
BLUE MOULD. A name commonly small yellow flowers, have a strong turpen-
given to Aspergillus glaucus when growing tine smell, and are used by the natives in
upon cheese. In some cases its presence is cases of dyspepsia. B. balsamifera, when
thought so desirable from its inducing a bruised, smells strongly of camphor, and
particular condition of the curd that pains B. aromatica has, as its name implies, a
are taken to inoculate cheeses with the sweet aromatic smell. [A. A. B.]
mould. It is not clear that the Aspergillus BLUMEISTBACHIA. A curious genus of
is the only mould to which the name has
loasads, comprising several species of
been applied. Cheese is generally eaten in climbing annuals, of which two only are
such small quantities that if the mould known to be in cultivation, B. insignis
has any deleterious properties they are not and B. multiflda. In habit and inflores-
experienced but it is believed that this or
:
cence the genus closely resembles true
some allied mould when produced abun- Loasa, having like it flowers with five
dantly in dried sausages or rolled bacon, spreading boat-shaped petals the stamens
known under the name of Italian cheese, ;

placed opposite to them in five distinct

has often produced disastrous and even parcels, arranged horizontally within them
fatal results. It has, however, been sup-
when the flower first expands, but ulti-
posed that some decomposition in the mately becoming erect ;and alternating
meat may have taken place before the with these five fleshy concave scales to
mould had made its appearance, and that which sterile filaments are attached. In
the bad effects were due to this rather than the structure of their fruit, however, the
to the fungus. Similar effects have been two genera differ very materially that of
produced byeatingbread made of damaged
;

Blumenbacliia being of a roundish spongy

flour, which was overrun with fungi a few
character, spirally striated, splitting to
hours after it was taken from the oven. the base when ripe into ten pieces, five of
It is asserted that in either case a con- which are real valves, having the black
siderable quantity of the fungus has been wrinkled seedsimbedded in their substance,
collected and swallowed without producing three on each side, the alternate five thin-
any evil consequences, and that the poison- ner pieces being the dissepiments or par-
ous quality must therefore be ascribed to titions of the fruit. B. insignis has an
the meat or bread itself, and not to the angular-branched stem, clothed with hairs,
fungus. As the question is of some con- some of which are simply glandular, and
sequence, further experiments are de- others of a stinging character, with op-
sirable. [M. J. B.] posite palmately-lobed or deeply-pinnatifld
BLUE TANGLES. An American name foliage, and flowers produced singly from
for Yaccinium frondosum. the axils of the upper leaves, on long
footstalks, which are at first erect, but
BLUE-WEED. An American name for ultimately drooping. The blossoms of this
Echium vulgare.
species are pure white, an inch across,
BLUET. (Fr.) Centaurea Cyanus. — with compressed keeled petals, furnished
DU LEVANT. Centaurea moschata. with a large serrated tooth on each side.
B. multiflda is a plant of much stronger
BLUETS. An American name for Yacci- growth, more hispid with stings, and with
nium angustifolium also for Hedyotis
;
much larger five-parted leaves, longer two-
ccerulea.
bracted flowerstalks, and broader obtuse
\
BLUMEA. A large genus of the com- petals. Both species are natives of the
i
posite family, annual or perennial weeds, southern parts of South America, and are
found in the tropical or sub-tropical not known to possess any sensible pro-
countries of the Old World, the greater perties. [W.T.]
part in India, and the islands of the
Indian ocean, a few in Africa, and still BLUSHWORT. The common name for
fewer in Australia. Above one hundred uEschynanthus.
species are enumerated. Their leaves are BLTSMUS. A genus of cyperaceous
alternate, and vary much in size and form plants, belonging to the tribe Scirpea.
in the greater portion they are oblong, The inflorescence is in more or less com- I
blyt] QZfyz toagurg of 38otaug. 152

pound compressed spikes; spikelets with corolla none; stamens eight to twenty-
two to eight flowers, which are all her- four style bifid capsule not jointed, but
; ;

maphrodite stamens three styles cleft.

;
;
two-valved, and containing from one to
Four species are described, two of which four seeds. The species have their flowers
are natives of Britain, namely, B. rufus in graceful clusters, and the foliage is also
elegant. B. frutescens and B. integrifolia,
and B. compressus. The former occurs fre-
quently in salt-marshes, near the sea-coasts natives of the West Indies and Mexico,
are in cultivation. B. cordata, a hardy
of England and Ireland ; but the latter is
rather rare, particularly in Ireland. B. brevi- species, is a native of China. [M.T. MJ
folius is a native of India. [D. M.]
BCECKHIA. A genus
containing a few
BLYTTIA. A
genus of grasses belonging sedge-like plants from the Cape of Good
to the tribe Agrostidece. Only one species Hope, belonging to the natural order
Restiacem. The rhizome is creeping, throw-
is described, B. suaveolens, which
is the
Cinna pendula of SteudeVs Synopsis, and a ing up slender simple rigid stems with small
native of Norway. [D. MJ membranous sheaths. The flowers are uni-
sexual with six small glumes, and are
BLTXA. A
small genus of stemless arranged in pairs or in terminal spikes.
aquatic plants found in India and Mada- The male flowers have three stamens;
gascar, belonging to Sydrocharidacece and the female a two-celled ovary with one
allied to Vallisneria. They have linear ovule in each cell, and two plumose
'

which as well as the flowers are sub-

leaves, stismas fruit a hard nut containing one
;

merged. The flowers are dioecious, produced seed. [J. T. SJ

from a tubular spathe split at the end,
which has several stalked flowers in the BCENNTNGHAUSENIA. genus of A
male plant, but only a single sessile one in Rutocew, nearly allied to Ruta itself, but
the female; the perianth has three calyx-like distinguished by its flat entire oblong
outer segments, and three linear oblong pe- petals the ovaries also are placed on a
;

taloid inner ones, but in the female flower thread-like column or stalk, which projects
these are at the top of a long tube, ad- from a short cup-shaped disc. The species
hering to the inferior ovary at the base, are natives of the East Indies. [M. T. MJ
stamens three to eight; berry one-celled,
as in Vallisneria. [J. T. S.] BOERHAAVIA. This genus of Nycta-
ginacece commemorates a famous Dutch
BOATLIP. The common name for physician and naturalist, a cotemporary
Scaphy glottis. and patron of Linnseus. The plants are
BOAT-SHAPED. Having the figure of a herbs, widely distributed over the tropical
boat in miniature, with its keel. and warmer regions of the globe. The
flowers have no involucre their perianth
BOBUA. A genus which was for a long
;

is in two divisions, the lower portion

time known only from a short and imper- cylindrical, black, persistent, the upper
fect description, and was generally placed funnel or bell-shaped, coloured, decidu-
in the Combretum family, but is now gene- ous, flvc-lobed at the top stamens one to ;
rally allowed to be a species of Symplocos three, more rarely four, arising from a
OS. spicata). It is a small tree, all its parts ring placed beneath the ovary. Ovary very
of a yellowish-green colour, and retaining small at the base of the perianth. Fruit
that colour in a dried state. The leaves within the enlarged hardened base of the
are alternate, stalked and oblong the ;
perianth, frequently five-ribbed. The root
flowers small, white or yellowish-coloured, of B. procumbens, a troublesome weed in
and borne on short axillary spikes. The India, is given as a laxative and vermifuge.
fruits are hard, small, and in form like a Others are used as emetics, and for other
miniature pitcher, and are sometimes seen medicinal purposes. Several species are
strung like beads, and used as necklaces by in cultivation, but have no particular
native children. The plant is common beauty to recommend them. [M. T. MJ
in India and Ceylon. [A. A. B.]
BOCAGEA. One of the genera of Ano- BOHMERIA. This genus of the order of
nettle worts (Urticacece) contains numerous
nacece, characterised by the calyx, which is
species distributed throughout the tropics
either divided, of three segments, or entire
and cup-shaped; the petals are six in and subtropics of both hemispheres. They
are herbaceous plants or shrubs, closely
number, distinct the stamens definite in
;
allied to true nettles (Urfica),but differing
number, opposite to the petals. Ovaries
three, one-celled, and containing five to
from them in not having stinginghairs. The
male and female flowers are produced in
eight ovules styles free or none. Fruit
;
separate spikes on the same plant the :
berry-like, of from one to three carpels,
males having a four-parted calyx and four
which are on short stalks and contain only stamens, the females a tubular calyx
three seeds, the remainder being arrested
divided into four teeth at the top, and a
in their growth the seeds are horizontal
;
slender style with hairs along one side.
and provided with an arillus. The species Several of the species yield valuable fibres.
are trees inhabiting Brazil. [M. T. MJ The most interesting of them is B. nivea,
BOCCONIA. An
interesting genus of the Tchou-ma of the Chinese, the Rheea
Papaveracece, so named
in honour of a of Assam, and the Chinese Grass-cloth
Sicilian botanist. The calyx consists of plant of English writers. It is a small
two cream-coloured or pinkish sepasls shrubby plant about three or four feet
 A

153 Wfyz Erfatfurg al 23fltang. [boje

high, throwing up numerous straight closely resembles the preceding both in its
shoots, which are about as thick as the botanical characters and general appear-
little finger and. covered with short soft ance. It is, however, rather taller, growing
hairs. Its leaves grow upon long hairy as high as six or eight feet, and its leaves
footstalks, and are broadly heart-shaped, are of a different form, being broadly
about six inches long by four broad, ter- lance-shaped, and terminating in a sharp
minating in a long slender point, and point but they have serrated edges, and
;

are silvery on the under side as in the

last. This plant is called Pooah or Puya in
Sikkim and Nepal, and its fibre has long
been in use among the natives but they ;

have hitherto employed clay or mud in its

preparation, which greatly deteriorates its
value. When properly prepared it is very
strong, and makes good cordage and sail-
cloth. Of the other species of this genus
we may mention that the inner bark of
B. albida is used in the Sandwich Islands
for making cloth; and B.caudata is em-
ployed medicinally in Brazil. [A. S.]

BOIS A BALAIS. (Fr.) Betula alba.

v

— v
LARDOIRE Evonyrmis europceus.
— BOUTON. Cephalanthus occidental is.
— CUIR. —
Birca palustris. DARC.
Madura — DE CHINE. Mur-
aurantiaca.
raya — DE CHYPRE. C'ordia
exotica.
Gerascanthus. — DE COCHON. Htdiciaia
balsamifera. — DE COLOPHANE. Bursera
paniculata. — D'HUILE. Ervthroxylon
hypericifolium. — DE LOSTEAU. Antir-
hcea verticillata. — DE LETTRES. Bro-
BShmeria nivea. simum Aubletii. — DE MAI. Cratagus
Oxyacantha. — DE P ALEXANDRE. The
having their edges cut like a saw. They Rosewood of the cabinet-makers, obtained
are of a deep green colour on the upper from some Brazilian species oiTrioptolomea.
side, but covered on the under side with a
— DE PERDRIX. Heisteria coccinea. —
dense coating of white down, which gives DE SAINTE LTTCIE. Primus Mahaleb.
them an appearance, like that of frosted — DE ROSE. Licaria guianensis. —
silver. The beautiful fabric known 'in GENTIL or JOLI. Daphne Mezereum. —
England as Grass-cloth, and rivalling ROUGE. Guarea grandifolia. — TAN.
the best French cambric in softness and Byrsonima spicata.
fineness of texture, is manufactured from
the fibre obtained from the inner bark of
BOISDUVALIA. A small genus of
North American onagrads, separated by
this shrub, which is a native of China and
Spach from (Enothera, from which it differs
Sumatra, and has long been cultivated in
chiefly in the four stamens, which are
those countries and also in India, where it
opposite the petals, being shorter than the
has recently been recognised as identical
alternate ones, and in the rosy or pinkish
with the Bheea of Assam. The Chinese
colour of the corolla the flowers of the
;
bestow an immense amount of care and
true Oenotheras being eitherwhite or yellow.
labour upon its cultivation and the prepa-
ration of its fibre
Only two species are known, B. densi-
; they obtain three
flora and B. concinna, both of annual dura-
crops of the stems annually, the second
being considered the best. To obtain the tion. The former is an erect woolly
slitrhtly-branched plant, with linear -lanceo-
fibre the bark is stripped off in two long
late pointed toothed leaves, and is remark-
pieces and carefully scraped with a knife,
able for having the axillary buds of the
so as to get rid of all useless matter, after
which it is softened and separated into fine main stem, which usually produce but a
filaments, either by steeping it in hot
single flower, developed into a short
water or holding it over steam. The fibre branch bearing a small corymb of flowers ;

is of different degrees of fineness accord-

it has little beauty to recommend it. B.
ing to the age of the plant, and the part of concinna is of trailing habit, with small
the bark from which it is taken the inner ovate lanceolate leaves and pretty pink
:

bark of young quickly grown stems yield- flowers in terminal leafy spikes. [W. T.]
ing the beautifully fine delicate fibre from BOISSIELLE. (Fr.) Bossicea Scolopendra.
which the best fabrics are manufactured,
while the outer portion affords a coarse BOJERIA. A
genus of one species
fibre only fit for making ropes, canvass, (B. speciosa) belonging to the composite
&c. Experiments made with the view of family, and found in Madagascar. It is a
testing the strength of this fibre have shrub about ten feet high, the stems
proved it to possess nearly double the tena- towards the apex covered with dense
city of Russian hemp. rusty hairs. The leaves are alternate,
B. Puya, which is a native of Nepal, very entire, ovate or lanceolate in form, and
clasping the stem by their hase, nearly determination. Some of them are highly
smooth above, and densely tomentose be- poisonous, while B. edidis is considered by
neath. The flower-heads are single from most people an excellent article of food.
the apex of the branches, and about one It is not much used in this country, but in
inch in diameter, having numerous purple Hungary it is preferred to the mushroom,
tubular florets, all of them containing which is regarded generally with suspicion.
both stamens and pistil. The genus bears The most poisonous species are easily re-
the name of M. Bojer, Professor of Botany cognised by the red orifice of the tubes ;but
in the Mauritius. [A. A. B.] with the exception just mentioned there
are not more than one or two acceptable
BOLBITIS. A name proposed for certain species. One of the most curious points
acrostichaceous ferns, now referred to about these fungi is, that in several
Pcecilopteris. [T. M.] species the flesh from white or yellow
turns instantaneously to blue when di-
BOLBOPHTLLTJM. A very extensive vided. It is believed that this arises from
genus of orchids of small stature growing
the action of ozone on the juice. B. edidis
on trees or overrunning the ground
has sometimes been cultivated artificially
among mosses. Their leaves are usually
in its native woods. [M. J, B.]
solitai-y on fleshy pseudo-bulbs and their
;

flowers are small and inconspicuous in BOLIVARIA. A genus of the jasmine

racemes or small capitules. Some, how- family confined to South Brazil and Chili.
ever; have fleshy deeply-coloured flowers They are small woody plants from one to
in dense spikes. In structure they differ two feet high, with opposite entire or
little from dendrobes except that the three-lobed leaves and axillary or terminal
column is terminated by two conspicuous yellow flowers, either single or two or
lateral bristles or teeth. Nearly one three together, and not unlike those of
hundred species are known from the the jasmine, but smaller. The fruit is a
tropics of both the Old and New World. two-lobed cartilaginous capsule, the upper
The focus of the genus is Africa and part of which falls off in the form of a
Asia. cap when the seeds are ripe. The genus
BOLDOA. The name given to a small bears the name of Bolivar, the celebrated
Chilian tree belonging to the Monimia liberator of S. America it is now united
;

family. It has opposite short-stalked with Menodora (which see). [A. A. B.]
ovate leaves, which are entire and rough
on the surface. The flowers in little BOLTONIA. A genus of three species,
axillary racemes, the males and females on
belonging to the composite family, and
peculiar to North America, where they
different plants. The centre of the male
flower is occupied by a great many stamens,
extend from Canada southwards to the
and that of the female by from two to nine Southern states. They are smooth much-
ovaries, which when ripe are succulent
branched perennial herbs, with lanceolate
pale green sessile leaves, and an abundance
drupes, about the size of haws, and very
of flower-heads with white or purplish rays,
aromatic, as are all the parts of the plant.
The bark is serviceable to tanners, and the very much like Michaelmas daisies (Aster),
to which genus they might at a first glance
wood is preferred before any other in the
country for making charcoal; while the be referred but they differ in the pappus
;

of the ray and disc florets being dissimilar,

fruits are eaten. The tree is known in
Chili as Boldu, whence the generic name.
and consisting of numerous minute bristles,
often with two to four longer awns also.
The origin of the specific name fraarans
B. glastifolia has been cultivated in Eng-
is evident. [A. A. B.]
land. The genus is dedicated to J. Bolton,
BOLDU. A genus of Lauracece, con- an English botanist. [A. A. B.]
sisting of Chilian shrubs, with hermaphro-
dite flowers in axillary panicles. The BOM ARE k. A genus of amaryllidaeeous
plants closely related to Alstromeria, from
calyx is six-cleft, rotate, with persistent
thick segments the three inner stamens which it is principally distinguished by
;
its twining habit, and some differences in
have on either side at their base a sessile
gland the anthers are two-celled. Boldu the capsule or fruit, which in Alstromeria
;
is valvate, splitting from the base into
is besides the Chilian name for Boldoa
three parts, and in Bomarea is valveless
fragrans. [M. T. MJ
and coriaceous, with a dehiscent opercle or
BOLETS. (Fr.) Boletus. lid. The species are rather numerous, and
are all South American, found principally
BOLET DU ME'LE'ZE. (Fr.) Polyporus
on the Peruvian Andes, a few being also
officinalis. j

met with in Mexico, Quito, and Chili,

BOLETUS. A genus of hymenomycetous 1

the greater part of them inhabiting

.Fh?! ^'.distinguished by the hymenium con- elevated situations. B. Salsilla is a very
sisting of tubes separable from each other, pretty twining plant, with smooth leaves,
as well as from the pileus or cap. In a few and umbels of purple flowers half an inch
instances the tubes are separable from the long, having a dark eye-like spot at the
pileus in the more fleshy Pofa/pori, but never base of the two upper segments of the
so completely from each other as in this nearly equal perianth, and a pale one on
genus. All the species have a strong stem, the lowest. This spotting has given rise
and in a few this is furnished with a ring. to the name oculata, under which it has
They are numerous and often difficult of sometimes been known. The general
 :

aspect of the species is similar. B. edulis, smooth trunk covered with a very tough
a "West Indian species, produces tubers fibrous bark, which the Brazilians use for
which are eaten in St. Domingo like those making ropes. The leaves are variable
of the Jerusalem artichoke are in this in shape those on the lower part of the
;

country. [T. M.] branches being hand-shaped, that is, cut

into five radiating divisions, whilst those
BOMBACEJE. The Silk-cotton family, higher up on the branches have only three
a group of Thalamifloral dicotyledons or divisions they are of a leathery texture
:

Exogens belonging to Lindley's malral and covered on the under side with star-
alliance, and usually considered as a sub like hairs. The large flowers are clothed
order of Steeculiaceje. [J. H. B.] with white silky down. [A. SJ
BOMBAX. Derived from the Greek BOMBYCINE. Silky, feeling like silk
word bombyx, signifying raw silk, and this term is not applied to hairiness of
applied to a genus of large soft-wooded any sort.
trees belonging to the order of sterculiads BONAVERIA. A
genus of the pea-
(Sterculiacece), the fruits of which contain flower family (Leguminosce), consisting of
, a beautiful silky substance attached to a single species, B. securigera, formerly
I
their seeds, and to which the name of Silk- placed in the genus Coronilla, with which
cotton has been appropriately given. There
1

it accords entirely in habit, but differs in

: are about a dozen species, almost entire- the form of the pod, which is about f our
ly confined to the tropical regions of Anie- inche§ long by a quarter of an inch wide,
i
rica, one species only being a native of flattened, thickened at both margins, and
Western Africa. Several Indian species, not jointed distinctly between the seeds.
however, were formerly included in the In Coronilla, on the contrary, the pod is
genus, but they are now separated under nearly cylindrical, and distinctly jointed.
the name of Salmalia ; and the West In-
I

j
The plant grows in South Europe, and is a
I dian tree, commonly called B. Ceiba or God- smooth pea-green herb afoot or more high,
tree, is the same as Eriodendron anfractu- with unequally pinnate leaves five or six
osum. Their flowers are produced either inches long, made up of many pairs of
singly or in clusters upon the trunk or wedge-shaped leaflets the yellow flowers
;

old'branches, and are generally large and are borne in an umbellate manner at the
of a white or greenish colour they have
:
end of along naked stalk, the umbels being
a short calyx shaped like the cup of an about half an inch across. It is often
acorn, and a corolla of five pieces joined seen in collections of herbaceous plants,
together at the bottom their stamens are
;
and is frequently called Securigera Coro-
arranged in five or more bundles, which nilla. [A. A. BJ
are connected together at the base into a
short cylindrical tube, the filaments being BONA-NOX. Ipomaea Bona-nox; Argy-
divided into two branches near the top, reia or Rivea Bona-nox Smilax Bona-nox.
;

each bearing an anther and they have a

;
BONAPARTEA. A genus of Bromelia-
shield-like stigma with five angles and
ceo?, named in honour of Napoleon I.,
furrowed sides. Their fruit is a large
and consisting of plants with tufted
woody capsule, containing numerous seeds narrow rigid leaves, which are convolute
arranged in five cells, each seed being
at the base ; hermaphrodite flowers pro-
surrounded by a quantity of beautiful tected by bracts, and arranged on a simple
silky hairs, and when ripe it bursts into
or cone-like or branched scape sepals
five pieces, allowing the escape of the
;

spirally twisted, either all equal in size, or

seeds, which are then wafted about by the
the two hinder ones larger, all more or less
wind. adherent at the base ; petals convolute at
B. Mungvba is a smooth-stemmed tree
the base, forming a tube, linear-lance-
about eighty or one hundred feet high,
commonly found on the banks of the shaped and spreading at the top stamens ;

hypogynous, distinct, the filaments thread-

Amazon river and the Rio Negro, where shaped,the anthers sagittate, protruded be-
the natives call it Mnngnba. It has large
smooth leaves deeply cut into eight divi- yond the corolla. The ovary is superior
sions radiating from a centre, and large
with a thread-like style and three linear
fringed stigmas coiled up spirally. The
white or greenish flowers arranged in twos
fruit is an ovate capsule, dehiscing by
or threes on the branches. Its fruit is
three valves, which expose a central
about eight inches long by four wide, and
column bearing the numerous seeds each
of a clear brick-red colour. The silk- provided with a hair-like appendage.
cotton surrounding its seeds is of a light
brown colour, and, although exceedingly Two species are in cultivation, one es-
pecially, B. juncea, a graceful plant, from
beautiful, it has not hitherto been employed j

its elegant drooping grass-like leaves.

for any purpose more important than
stuffing cushions; but it is to be hoped
The same name has also been applied to a
that a better use will some day be found
genus of Amaryllidacew, now included
for it.
under Littma. [M. T. M.]
B. pubescens is called Embirussu in the BONATEA. Under this name are col-
province of ilinas Geraes, in Brazil. This many species of
lected terrestrial orchids,
species does not attain the great height of with the oblong fleshy roots of our wild
the preceding, being generally only about Orchis. The genus is perhaps not distinct
twenty-five or thirty feet high. It has a from Habenaria, from which it is only
 ,

bone] &i>t ErcaSurg of 23fltang. 156

separated by an excessive enlargement of many seeds. The leaves of B. paniculate,

the upper lip of the stigma. The true lip a Peruvian species which attains the
is always divided to the very base into height of twenty or thirty feet, have an
thread-like lobes. The flowers appear to aromatic smell when bruised. [A. A. B.]
be in all cases greenish, verging on yellow BONPLANDIA. A genus of Butacece,
or white. now generally merged in Galipea (which
BONE-SEED. The common name for see). [M. T. M.]
Osteospermum. BONTIA. A genus pf Myoporacece, con-
BONESET. Eupatorium perfoliatum; taining a single species from the West
Indies. It is a small evergreen tree, in
BONGARDIA. A genus of the berberry habit so like the olive as to have been
family, but not at all like a berberry in
appearance. One species only (B. Bau- named Olea sylvestris. The leaves are
alternate lanceolate and sub-entire, and the
known, and it is a small stemless
wolfii) is
flowers are solitary or in pairs on axillary
plant, with a tuberous underground root-
pedicels. The calyx is divided into five
stock, somewhat like a small potato, from
ciliated imbricated lobes, two being ex-
the upper part of which spring four or five
terior. The corolla is tubular and bilabiate.
long-stalked pinnatisect leaves. The flower
stalk is slightly branched and panicled,
The four didynamous stamens are shorter
than the corolla. The ovoid ovary is two-
and the flowers small, golden yellow, with
celled, each cell being almost divided by
three to six calyx leaves, and six petals,
each of which has a little pit at its base, an incomplete secondary septum there ;

are two ovules in each cell. The baccate

like that of the buttercups. The genus [W. C]
comes near to that of the lion-leaf (Leon- drupe has eight hard seeds.
but differs in the pit at the base of
tice), BONUS HENRICUS. Good King Henry,
the petals, and in having a dilated stigma. Ciienopodium Bonus Eenricus.
The plant is a native of Greece, Syria, and
Persia, extending to Afghanistan and BOOPIS. A genus of the Calycera
Scind. It was noticed as early as 1573 by family comprising a few annual or peren-
Rauwolf, who spoke of it as the true nial herbs, some of them stemless and
Chr y sogonum of Dioscorides. The Per- with entire leaves, others branching with
sians roast or boil the tubers, and use pinnatisect leaves, and a habit not unlike
them as an article of food, while the leaves that of the chamomile. Their flower-heads
are eaten like sorrel. [A. A. B.] are stalked and terminal, containing many
white or yellow florets enclosed by a
BONHOMME. (Pr.) Narcissus pseudo- membranous toothed involucre. The ge-
Narcissus ; also Verbascum thapsiforme, nus is readily distinguished from its allies
BONNE DAME. (Fr.) Atriplex hortensis. by the absence of spiny points to the calyx
leaves, and the nature of the involucre. The
BONNET D'ELECTEUR or DE PRE- species, eight in number, are found in the
TRE. Cucurbita Melopepo ; also Euonymus Cordilleras of Chili, the neighbourhood of
europceus. Buenos Ayres, and also in the extreme
BONNAYA. A small genus of Scrophu- south of the continent. The generic
lariaceo?, found in tropical and subtropical name is derived from the Greek bous,
Asia. They are annuals, usually glabrous, an ox, and ops, an appearance the flowers
;

with opposite leaves, and flowers in the having somewhat the appearance of an
axils or in terminal racemes. The calyx ox-eye. [A. A. B.]
has five distinct narrow sepals the upper ; BOOREE. An Indian name for the
lip of the corolla is erect and two-lobed, inflammable pollen of a species of
the lower is larger, spreading and three- Typha.
lobed. The two upper stamens alone are
fertile, the lower pair, inserted at the base BOOR-TREE or BOUNTRT. A
Scotch
of the lower lip of the corolla, are repre- name for the Elder, Sambucus nigra.
sented by the linear obtuse filaments. The BOOTIA. A
genus of the natural order
style is filiform with a dilated generally Hydrocharidacece, found in the margin of
two-lobed stigma. The linear capsule is the river Irrawadi in Ava. The leaves are
longer than the calyx. [W.C.] all radical, some of them submersed, elon-

BONNETTA. A genus of the tea family gate linear lanceolate, others cordate, float-
(TtrnstriimiacecE), composed of a few Bra- ing, with long petioles and a scape rising
zilian and Peruvian shrubs or small trees, out of the water ; flowers dioecious from
with sessile spathulate entire leaves, a tubular inflated spathe, which is toothed
having prominent parallel veins ; they are at the apex, and includes many stalked
generally crowded at the ends of the male flowers or a single sessile female one.
branches, which are marked with promi- Perianth with three outer oblong calyx-
nent scars where they have fallen. The like divisions, and three inner oboAr ate
flowers are numerous and panicled, or petaloid ones. As usual in the order, these
single, and as large as those of Camellia segments are in the female flower at the
;

generally white in colour, and composed of top of a tube adhering to the ovary at the
a five-leaved calyx, five petals, a large base. Stamens twelve; ovary with nine
number of stamens, a three-parted style, parietal placentas. [J. T. S.]
and a one-celled ovary, which becomes BOQUILA. B. trifoliata, the only known
when ripe a three-celled capsule containing species, is a small dioecious trailing shrub
157 €ty Creafttrg of %Qtmx& [bora

found in Chili in the neighbourhood of [

parts of this tree are applied to such a mul-
Valdivia, and there called Boquil-blanca, titude of purposes that a poem in the
whence the generic name. Its leaves are Tamil language, although enumerating sol
alternate, with three entire or slightly- uses, does not exhaust the catalogue. It is
toothed leaflets which are glossy above widely distributed throughout the tropical
and pea-green underneath. The flowers parts of Asia, generally growing in low
are white and solitary, or sometimes two or sandy tracts of land near the sea-coast,
four, in the axils of the leaves the calyx ; and forming lofty trees with straight and
and corolla each of three membranous almost cylindrical trunks from sixty to
leaves: the male flowers containing six eighty or even one hundred feet high, and
stamens and the females three or six about two feet in diameter. Like all
ovaries, which when ripe are berries about endogenous trees, it has the hardest part
the size of a pea, and with few seeds. of its wood towards the outside of the
The few seeds and membranous floral trunk, and the older the tree the harder
leaves distinguish the genus from Lardi- this wood becomes so that, while the wood
;

zabala, to which it is allied. [A. A. B.] of young trees is almost worthless, that of
centenarians is very valuable on accnunt
BORA. A common Indian pulse, Doli- of its hardness, weight, and durability. .

chos Cajan, or Cajanus Mcolor. The leaves of the Palmyra are from eight
BORAGE. Borago officinalis. to ten feet long, including the stalk, and
of a nearly circular form, consisting of
BORAGETTORTS. A name applied by seventy or eighty ribs, radiating from a
Lindley to the boraginaceous family. centre and plaited like a half-open paper
fan in old trees they form a large round
:

BORAGINACE^E. ( Borageivorts Aspe- ;

head at the summit of the trunk. These
j

rifolice.) Anatural order of Corollifloral leaves are employed by the natives for a
dicotyledons or Exogens belonging to variety of ttseful purposes; houses are
Lindley's echial alliance Herbs or shruba thatched with them matting for floors and
;

with round stems, alternate rough leaves, ceilings is platted from strips of them,
and spirally-coiled inflorescence; calyx also bags and baskets of all kinds, hats
four to five divided, persistent; corolla and caps, umbrellas and fans, and a host of
generally regular and five-cleft stamens ;
minor articles ; they likewise, in common
five, inserted in the corolla, and alternate
with its divisions ovary four-lobed with a
:

style arising from the base of the lobes. The

fruit consists of distinct achenes without
albumen. The order was called formerly
Asperifolice from the rough leaves of the
plants. Natives of the northern temperate
regions principally. They abound in the
southern part of Europe, the Levant, and
middle of Asia. They are less frequent in
high northern latitudes, and they nearly
disappear within the tropics. Demulcent
mucilaginous qualities pervade the order.
Some yield dyes, as alkanet (Anchusa tinc-
toria) ; others are used for potherbs, as
comfrey (Symphytum officinale), which is
employed as a substitute for spinach. The
common borage (Borago officinalis), when
steeped in water, imparts coolness to it,
and is used in the beverage called cold-
tankard. The leaves of Mertensia mari-
tima have the taste of oysters, so that it is
called the oyster-plant. The species of
Myosotisreeeive the name of Forget-me-not.
There are fifty-eight known genera, and Borassus flabelliformis.
688 species. Illustrative genera :
— Cerinthe,
Echium, Bora/jo, Lithospermum, Cynoglos-
with those of the Talipot palm, supply the
sum, Myosotis, Symphytum, Anchusa, Om- Hindoo with paper, which he writes upon
phalodes. [J. H. B.]
with a stylus. A most important product,
BORASSUS. There are only two species called toddy or palm-wine, is obtained from
of this magnificent genus of palms, both the flower-spikes in the following manner:
having separate male and female flower- as soon as a spike makes its appearance
spikes on distinct trees the males in cylin-
: among the leaves, a toddyman ascends the
drical branching catkins, composed of a tree, and securely binds it with thongs so
number of scales closely packed and over- that it cannot expand he then for three
;

lapping each other, from amongst which successive mornings beats the lower part
the flowers only partially emerge the fe- ; of the spike with a short baton, and on
male spikes seldom branched, and their the four following mornings, in addition
scales not so closely packed as those of to the beating, he cuts a thin slice off the
the male. end; on the eighth day the sap or toddy
B. flabelliformis is the Palmyra Palm. The begins to flow, and is collected in an
boeb] (£f)C ®xtR£\ir$ of 28otang. 158

earthenware jar tied on the end of the |

difficult of discrimination, and will scarcely
spike. A tree continues to yield toddy I admit of a satisfactory popular description.
for four or five months, the toddyman They have yellow flowers, and leaves some-
ascending the tree every morning to what like those of the dandelion. B.
empty the jar, and at the same time to fcetida has an unpleasant odour, in which a
cut a fresh slice off the end of the spike. flavour of bitter almonds can be distin-
Palm toddy is intoxicating, and when guished. B. rubra, an Italian species, is
distilled yields strong arrack. Very good cultivated as a border plant it has com- ;

vinegar is also obtained from it but its

;
pound leaves and large flowers of a delicate
most important product is jaggery, or rose colour or sometimes white. (French,
palm-sugar, large quantities of winch Barkhausie.) [C. A. J.]
come to this country. The fruits of this BORONIA. This name was applied in
palm are about the size of a child's head, honour of Francis Borone, an Italian
and are produced in bunches of fifteen or attendant of Dr. Sibthorp, of Flora Grccca
twenty together. They have a thick coating celebrity, to a genus of Butacece. The
of fibrous pulp, which the natives roast genus is known by a four-cleft persis-
and eat, or make into a jelly. But the most tent calyx four ovate persistent petals
;

singular use of this palm is the consump-

;

eight stamens, of which the four opposite

tion of the young seedlings as an article the sepals are fertile, the remaining four
of food ; these are cultivated for the abortive, with filaments studded with
market, and either eaten in a fresh state hairs and bent inwards four styles, erect,
;

or after being dried in the sun, or else they approximate or fused together carpels ;

are made into a very nutritious kind of four to two-valved, combined within into a
meal. four-celled capsule seeds few in each cell,
;

B. cethiopum is a native of the central flattened. The species are shrubs, natives
part of tropical Africa, occurring from the of New Holland, with opposite pinnate
Niger on the west to Nubia on the east. leaves and pretty pinkish or whitish
It "forms a large tree resembling, the Pal- flowers. Many of them are in cultivation
myra in general appearance, but having a as elegant greenhouse shrubs. [M. T. M.]
curious bulging out or swelling in its
stem at about the middle of its height. BORYA. The same as Forestiera.
Its leaves and fruits are used by the BOSCIA. Louis Bosc was a French
Africans for the same purposes as those of professor of agriculture and in his honour
;

the Palmyra by the Asiatics, and its young this genus of Cappariclacece was named.
seedlings are likewise used for food but;
The plants have four sepals disunited or
the custom of extracting toddy does not joined together at the base only; petals
appear to be known in Africa. [A. S.]
none stamens twelve to twenty berry glo-
; ;

BORBONIA. A genus of the pea- bose, stalked, one-seeded ; leaves simple.

flowered section of the leguminous family, The species are natives of Africa. B. se-
nefjiilcnsis is in cultivation as an orna-
numbering thirteen species, all of them
natives of South Africa. They are small mental stove-plant. [M. T. M.]
shrubs with simple alternate many-nerved BOSEA. A genus consisting of a shrub
leaves. The flowers, arranged in axillary or from the Canary Islands, of which the
terminal few-flowered racemes, are yellow, natural order is doubtful, but most gene-
as in those of the common broom, and much rally supposed to be Chenopodiacece. The
like them but smaller. The pods are linear leaves are alternate, exstipulate, shortly-
compressed and often covered with long stalked, elliptical-acuminate, and shining;
soft hairs, and contain few seeds. The racemes axillary and terminal, the flowers
segments of the calyx are equal, and the small polygamous-dioecious perianth flve-
;

upper petal or vexillum is hairy; these cleft, membranous, with two bracts; sta-
two characters distinguishing the genus mens five ovary one-celled drupe sub-
; ;

from its allies. B. crenata has roundish globose, fleshy ; embryo with foliaceous
leaves which embrace the stem by their cotyledons. [J. T. S.]
base, and terminal racemes of pretty yel-
low blossoms. jB. parviflora has many-
BOSSED. Circular and flat, with a promi-
nent centre, like the Highland target as in
nerved sharp-pointed leaves like those of :

the fruit of Paliurus australis.

the butcher"s-broom (Ruscus). The genus
was named in honour of Gaston deBourbon, BOSSI^EA. A genusAustralian
of
Duke of Orleans, son of Henry IV. of shrubs or small herbs belonging to the
France, a patron of botany. [A. A. B.] pea-flowered section of the leguminous
family. Their stems are round or com-
BORECOLE. Aloose or open-headed
pressed, often when compressed without
variety of the cabbage, Brassica oleracea, leaves the leaves are simple, of various
;

cultivated in gardens under the name of forms, and the flowers are axillary and soli-
Kale. tary, always yellow, the base of the vexil-
BORKHAUSIA. A family of compound lum or the keel generally blotched or veined
flowers allied to the hawkweeds and dan- with purple. The genus
differs from its
delion. Several species are described as and compressed
allies in its alternate leaves
inhabiting Southern Europe, all of which pods, the margins of which are thickened
are annuals. Two are natives of Great but not winged. It is named in honour of
Britain, but are of rare occurrence. The M. Bossieu Larmartiniere, a French bota-
group to which they belong are very nist, who accompanied La Peyrouse in his
 159 Klyz £reas'urg at ^otaiig. [bote
voyage round the world Many of the B01*HRENCHYMA. The pitted, or dot-
species are highly ornamental, and no ted, or so-called porous- tissue of plants.
greenhouse collection of any pretensions
is to toe found -without some of them. BOTROPHIS. A genus of Banunculacece,
Among the leafless species in cultivation synonymous with Macrotis, containing a
are B. scolopendra and the sword-branched North American herb allied to Cinvcif u'aa,
B. ensata : tooth these, however, when in a from which it differs by having only one
seedling condition, have true leaves. carpel (very rarely two), which becomes a
Amongst the leafy species the choicest are solitary follicle in fruit. This distin-
the slender-stemmed B. tenuicaulis, with guishes it from the toerry-toearing Actaia.
ovate acute leaves and very numerous The leaves are twice or three times ter-
yellow flowers streaked with purple B. ;
nate, with large oval leaflets irregularly
lanceolata ; and B. disticha, a Swan river cut; the stem is about from three to
species, with ovate acute leaves arranged eight feet high, with long racemes of
in a two-ranked manner. [A. A. B.] white flowers, of which the central one is
by far the longest sepals petaloid, white,
:

BOSTRTCHIA. A
genus of rose-spored soon dropping off petals, or rather abor-
;

Algce "belonging to the natural order Bhodo- tive stamens, very small with long claws ;
melacete, and remarkatole at the same time stamens numerous, white, and very con-
for the curled tips of the fronds, and their spicuous ;seeds seven or eight in the
amphibious habit like that of Lichina. follicle. The flowers are very fetid, and
B. amphibia occurs on our coasts as high the large knotted root-stocks, which have
as the Wash, extending from thence to a nauseous astringent and bitter taste, are
Spain; it grows attached to the base of considered in the United States to be a
marine phfenogamous plants, which are remedy for the bite of the rattlesnake. The
covered only at high water. Several only species rejoices in several names both
species, grow in the United States in generic and specific. [J. T. S.]
similar situations or on the margins of BOTRTCHIUM. A
genus of ophioglos-
tidal rivers, and others are found nearer saceous ferns, distinguished by having the
the equator and in the Southern hemi- fructifications in a compound or rachif orm
sphere. They do not agree in the structure panicle, forming a separate branch of the
of the frond, tout their habit and general frond. The spore-cases in this group have
character are so alike that it is better no jointed band or ring surrounding them,
not to separate them. [M. J. B.] as in the generality of ferns, but are
fleshy, coriaceous, ind burst vertically in
B03WELLIA. A genus of the family two equal hemispherical valves. The
Amyridaeece, consisting of trees with com-
fronds spring from a short erect fleshy
pound leaves and white flowers in clusters,
;
rhizome, and are variously pinnatifid, pin-
each with a small five-toothed persistent
nate, or ternately decompound, the sterile
calyx, and five petals spreading widely, in-
serted, as are also the ten stamens, beneath
and fertile branches toeing always separate,
and the spore-cases ranged in two rows on
a cup-shaped fleshy disc, which is larger
the ultimate divisions of the latter. The
than the calyx ; the filaments of the
genus, which consists of about a dozen
stamens are persistent, but the anthers fall
species, is found in all parts of the world
off. Ovary sessile, with a long style, ter-
excepting Africa, and extends from the
minated by a three-lobed stigma. The
tropical to the arctic regions, and over both
fruit is triangular, three-celled, and bursts
the eastern and western hemispheres.
toy the separation of the three component
leaves one from the other the seeds are
The common British species, B. Lunaria,
;

winged. These trees are remarkable as

calledMoonwort, is a dwarf fleshy-looking
furnishing a gum resin. That of B. glabra
plant, having the sterile branch pinnate
with lunate leaflets, and the fertile branch
is used in India in place of pitch, and as a
panicled with sessile distinct globular
medicine, both externally and internally.
The Hindoos employ it as incense in their spore-cases. B. simplex is a smaller and
less divided plant found in North America
religious ceremonies.
B. thurifera, a tree common in Coro-
and the north of Europe. Another species,
mandel, also known as B. serrata, furnishes B. virginicum, of which somewhat varied
the resin known as Olitoanum, which is forms are found in North and South
supposed to have toeen the Frankincense of America and in India, is much larger in size
the ancients. It is rarely used in medicine, and more compound in structure than
either of the foregoing the sterile branch
;
but is an astringent and stimulant, and
is employed for its grateful perfume as
being ternate_, then bipinnatifld, with the
incense in Roman Catholic churches.
segments again inciso-pinnatifld, and the
fertile branch larger and bipinnate or tri-
African olitoanum, a drug rarely met with
in this country, has been conjectured with
pinnate. [T. MJ
i

j
much probability to be the product of a BOTRYDIUM. A
genus of green-spored
!
|
species of Boswellia, probably B. papyrir Algce toelonging to the division Siphonei,
/era, a tree so named on account of 'its in which it is remarkable for the predomi-
bark, which peels off in thin white layers, nance of the large capsule over the vege-
capable of being used for packing purposes. tative part, which consists only of a few
The two first-mentioned species are in threads, that like roots penetrate the
cultivation in our stoves. fM. T. M.] soil, the capsules being the only part exter-
nally visible. B. granulatum occurs in
 ; ;

bote] €l)t Creatfurg of SSotattg. 160

little vesicular strata on the sides of ponds, the malady most commonly commences in
but not very commonly. [M. J. BJ the large intestine, as if from the germina-
tion of swallowed spores. The prevention
BOTRTOGRAMMA. A synonyme of of the disease consists in the most perfect
Llavea. cleanliness, and every precaution which
BOTRYOPSIS. A genus of Menisperma- may destroy the spores or prevent their
access. [M. J. B.]
cece, briefly described by Mr. Miers, in the
Annals of Natural History. The male BOTULIPORM. Sausage-shaped.
flowers have six petals ; the female flowers
six ovaries, with an embryo without albu- BOUCAGB. (Pr.) Pimpinella; also
men, and curved so as to resemble a horse- GSnanthe pimpinelloides.
shoe ; cotyledons large, thick, curved BOUCHEA. A genus of Verbenacece,
radicle superior. The plants are natives of containing fourteen species of herbs or
the Organ mountains of Brazil. [M. T.M.] undershrubs, natives of America, Africa,
BOTRYOPTERIS. A synonyme of Hel- and Asia. They have sub-sessile flowers in
a spicate raceme, which is either terminal
minthostachys.
or in the forking of two branches. The
BOTRYOSICTOS. A name apparently calyx is elongate tubular, with five ribs
implying a resemblance in the plant to produced into small teeth, and five alter-
which it is applied, to a grape vine and a nate furrows, and truncate between the
gourd. The genus belongs to the natural teeth. The corolla is funnel-shaped. The
order Passifloracece. The flowers are dioe- four included didynamous stamens are
cious. The male flowers are very small, in inserted in the throat of the corolla. The
clusters concealed by an involucre the ; ovary is two-celled, with a single anatropal
perianth is bell-shaped, six-cleft, in two ovule in each cell the style is as long as
;

rows, the three outer hairy, shorter than the stamens. The capsule is surrounded
the inner, which are petal-like. Within by the persistent calyx; it is dicoccous
this are three scales adherent at the base and has numerous seeds. [W. C]
to the inner divisions, and similar to them,
but shorter and divided into two teeth or BOUGAINVILLAEA. A genus of the
lobes at the apex. Stamens three, inserted natural order Nyctaginacece, characterised
near the throat of the perianth filaments
;
by the flowers being almost concealed by
short, bearing the anthers, which are two- large membranous or leafy bracts, which
celled, introrse ; ovary abortive; stiarma grow in triplets, and form magnificent
three-toothed. The female flowers and fruit masses of paniculate inflorescence. The
are not known. The plant is a climber, perianth is tubular with a short limb the ;

and a native of Abyssinia. [M. T. M.] stamens are seven or eight in number
the style lateral ; the stigma thickened.
BOTRYOTHALLUS. A name applied to B. spectabilis is a climbing shrub or small
one or two acrostichaceous ferns in- tree, with alternate leaves and small
cluded in Polybotrya and Soromanes. spines; the bracts are large and of rich
rose colour hence the pendent inflores-
BOTRYPDS. A synonyme of Botry-
;

cence is singularly handsome. The colour

chium.
of the bracts varies. The plant is a native
BOTRYS. The term applied in Greek of tropical South America. [M. T. MJ
compounds to the raceme. A bunch. At least two other species of this gor-
geous genus are grown in our gardens, B.
BOTRYS. (Fr.) Chenopodium Botrys. speciosa, which has hairy leaves and stems,
BOTRYTIS. A genus of filamentous the latter furnished with strong short
moulds first proposed by Micheli, but now recurved thorns, and dense panicles of
so divided that the original genus is almost large soft rosy-tinted bracts and B.
;

swamped. Amongst those best known is glabra, which is of more slender habit,
the parasite which plays so important a with smaller leaves, both these and the
part in the virulous potato murrain un- stems being nearly smooth, and bearing its
der the name of B. infestans; as, however, showy bracts, which are of a lighter rose
there are strong reasons for separating and rather smaller than in B. speciosa, in
this and a host of allied plants, we must more open panicles. [T. M.]
refer for their consideration to the article
Peronospora. The disease in silkworms BOUGUERIA. A genus of Plantaginacecc,
called muscardine is produced by a mould containing a single species, a native of
called B. Bassiana, but this also in all Peru. It is a small perennial fleshy-
probability will ere long find its place in rooted herb, growing in tufts, and having
some other genus, perhaps in Botryospo- white linear leaves, and axillary peduncles,
ritnn, A few of the spores rubbed upon bearing compact heads, which blacken in
the skin of the caterpillar, or inserted drying. The flowers are polygamous, both
carefully with a lancet, are sufficient to sexes occurring on the same head. This
inoculate the animal. The spores soon genus occupies a position between Plantago
germinate.and their threads prey upon the and Littorella. [W. C]
fatty tissue, till the caterpillar becomes
mummified and resembles certain pastilles, BOUTLLARD. (Fr.) Betula alba.
from whence the name of the disease has BOUILLON-BLANC; (Fr.) Verbascum
been borrowed. In the silkworm houses thapsiforme.
 ;;

161 ®%t Crra£ur» af 23otang< [bowm

BOTTLE DE NEIGE. (Fr.) Viburnum ments opening through the backs of the
Opulus, with double flowers. carpels by two valves seeds numerous, ;

winged. The plants are Mexican shrubs,

BOULEAU COMMUN. (Fr.) Betula
with handsome flowers in terminal co-
alba. — , ODORANT. Betula. lenta.
rymbs. Most of the species have red
BOT7LETTE AZURE'E. (Fr.) Echinops flowers, but in B. longiflora they are large
Ritro. white and fragrant and in B. flava they
;

are yellow. B. triphylla has three leaves

BOUNCING BET. An American name with stipules between their petioles, thus
for Saponaria officinalis. presenting an approximation to the struc-
BOUQUET PAKPAIT. (Fr.) Dianthus ture of the Galiaceo3 ovStellatw. [M. T. M.J
common
barbatus, the Sweetwilliam. BOVA. A kind of vanilla.
BOURBOXXAISE. (Fr.) Lychnis Vis-
caria.
BOVISTA. The small smooth nearly
globose Puffballs which are so common in
BOURDE v
NE, or BOURGE XE. v
(Fr.) our fields and in large exposed pastures,
Rhamnus Frangula. distinguished by their having an outer coat
BOURGOGNE. (Pr.) Eedysarum Ono- which easily separates from the thin inner
brychis. covering, belong to this genus, which
contains also a few tropical and subtro-
BOURRACHE. (Fr.) Borago officinalis. pical species. The smaller of these, B.
— PETITE. Cynoglossum Omphalodes, or
, plumbea, is one of our lesser puffballs, and
Omphalodes verna. is easily known by its leaden hue when

BOURREAU DES ARBRES. (Fr.) Ce- dry the larger, B. nigrescens, by the far
;

— DU LIN.
lastrus scandens. Cuscuta firmer and darker inner coat. Both are
eatable when young, but our own expe-
epilinum.
rience is not in favour of their use, as
BOURSETTE. (Fr.) Talerianella oli- they are apt to have an unpleasant taste,
toria. if they have reached their full growth.

A name given in Some of the foreign species have violet or

BOUSSINGAULTIA. russet spores, instead of the more sober
honour of a French philosopher, and ap- hue of our own natives. In all the species
plied to a genus of Basellacece. The plants
it should seem the spores are seated on a
have a perianth of six to eight pieces, and short stalk, but this is not without example
two small bracts on the outside six sta- ;
in Ly coper dom. [M. J. B.]
mens ovary elliptical
'

opposite the sepals ;

stvle thread-shaped, thickened at the base BOWDICHIA. A genus which belongs

stigmas three, club-shaped. Fruit round- to the pea-flowered tribe of the legumi-
ish, compressed, membranous, one-seeded, nose family. The species are found in
indehiscent, crowned with the persistent South America, and chiefly confined to
stvle seed kidney-shaped, smooth, sessile.
; Brazil. They are trees with alternate
B. baselloides, a native of the Andes, is an unequally-pinnate leaves, with from five to
eleeant climbing shrub, with alternate
|

fourteen pairs of leaflets, which vary from

entire fleshy leaves, long clusters of fra- ! half an inch to two inches long, and are
grant whitish flowers, and thick fleshy i often pubescent underneath. The flowers
roots. It is well adapted to grow in a stove, !
are very numerous, disposed in terminal
in a hanging basket, or to trail over panicles, and violet in colour. The pods
[M. T. M.]
j

treliiswork. are stalked, thin and papery in texture,

containing six to eight seeds.
BOUTEILLEAU. (Pr.) A kind of olive. B. nitida, a Brazilian species, is a tree
BOUTIXIANE. (Fr.) A kind of olive. about fifty feet in height with a diameter
of one foot the wood is exceedingly hard,
;

BOUTOX D'ARGEXT. (Fr.) Ranunculus and the corollas bright blue with a slight
•platanifolius, with double flowers; also purple tinge. Another Brazilian species,
—
!

Achillea Ptarmica. , D'OR.. Ranunculus B. virgilioides, is one of the commonest

acris, with double flowers. — , ROUGE. trees of the Campos, and a great ornament
Cercis canadensis. to them, the upper part being clad with
flowers of the finest amethystine blue,
BOUVARDIA. One of the genera of while the leaves are confined to the lower
Cinchonacew, named in honour of Dr. Bou- branches, the upper having fallen off. The
vard, a former superintendent of the bark is of a reddish-brown colour, and is
Jardin du Roi, at Paris. It isdistinguished known as Alcornoco bark. It is astringent,
by a calyx with a sub-globose tube, a limb slightly bitter, and gives to the saliva a
of four linear awl-shaped lobes, occasion- yellow colour. It was once recommended
ally with little teeth intermediate between in pulmonary consumption, but its use is
the lobes a funnel-shaped corolla, naked
;
now obsolete. All the parts of B. major axe
at the throat, and with a four-parted said to have tonic qualities. The genus
spreading limb; filaments adherent for bears the name of J. E. Bowdich, who tra-
some distance to the tube of the corolla velled in West Africa. [A. A. BJ
anthers linear, included stigma divided ;

into two lamellae projecting beyond the BOWMAN'S ROOT. Isnardm alterni-
tube of the corolla; capsule membranous; folia also applied in America to GUlenia ;

globose, compressed, with two compart- trifoliata.

 ,

bowr] Ef)e CreaSunj 0f SSfltann. 162

BOWRINGIA. A genus of leguminous are, however, very They are
different.
plants, allied to Baphia,m\A consisting of a small, secund, half hidden by bracts, and
single species, which forms a smooth densely arranged. In front of the ovary,
scandent shrub, with unif oliate leaves, the and forming part of it, is a hollow tumour
leaflet of which is ovate or oval-oblong like a goitre, from the superior edge of
and acuminate it bears short axillary or
; which rises a simplebi lamellate lip. There
subterminal racemes of from two to five is no tendency to the tail-like extension of
small white pea-shaped flowers. The plant the sepals and petals, so characteristic of
is abundant in the island of Hong Kong. Brassia. Three species are known. The
The name has also been given to a genus genus has also been called Oncodia.
of ferns, now referred to Brainea (which
see).
'
[T. MJ BRACHYCARPiEA. A genus of Cru-
ciferas, allied to Senebiera. It consists of
BOW-WOOD. An American name for undershrubs from the Cape of Good Hope,
Madura aurantiaca. with oblong or linear entire mucronate
leaves, and elongated racemes of large
BOX. The common name for Buxus. yellow or purple flowers; pouch two-
— BASTARD. Poly gala Chamcebuxus. —
,
celled, constricted in the line of junction
GREY, of Victoria. Eucalyptus dealbata. of the two portions, sub-compressed,
—, QUEENSLAND. Lophostemon macro-
tuberculate, indehiscent, each end with
phi/Uus. — , RED, of N. S. Wales. Lophos-
one seed.
temon australis. — , SPURIOUS, of Vic-
[J. T. S.]

toria. Eucalyptus leucoxylon. — , TAS- BRACHYCHITON. A

genus of tropical,
MANIAN. Bursaria spinosa. or sub-tropical Australian trees, belonging
BOX ELDER. Negundo fraxinifolium. to the Sterculiaceous family, with alternate
entire or variously lobed leaves, which are
BOX-THORN. The common name for either smooth or covered with starry pu-
Lycium. bescence. The flowers are sometimes pro-
BOXWOOD, AMERICAN. Cornus duced from the old wood two or three
fio-
together, but more generally in terminal
rida. — , JAMAICA. Tecoma pentaphylla. panicles, and have a tubular coloured
BOTKINIA. A genus of perennial calyx, without corolla. They are male
North American herbs, belonging to the and female on the same plant, the males
natural order Saxifragacece, with alternate having a great number of stamens, the
stalked palmatelyflve orseven-lobed or cut stalks of which are more or less united,
leaves flowers white, in cymes. It differs
;
and the anthers packed in a round mass.
from Saxifraga by having the calyx (which The fruit is composed of five woody folli-
adheres to the ovary) contracted at the cles, clothed inside with starry hairs, as
top, and by having only five stamens. It also are the seeds, which are numerous.
also differs from Sullivantia by the calyx B. acerifolium is called the Flame Tree
adhering completely to the ovary, and from about Illawarra, on account of its bright
Heuchera and Tiarella by the ovary being red flowers, which make the tree a con-
two-celled. [J. T. S.] spicuous object at a distance. It attains a
height of from 60 to 120 feet, and a dia-
BRABEJUM. A genus of Proteacece,
meter of two to three feet. The bark is
with apetalous flowers of four sepals, and used by the aborigines for making fishing-
four anthers on short filaments, attached nets, and the wood is soft and spongy. B.
to the base of the sepals. The flowers ai-e pnpidneum is foundin Eastern tropical Aus-
borne on axillary spikes of about four tralia, and grows to a height of thirty or
inches in length. The seed-vessel is an fifty feet, with a diameter of from eighteen
elliptical nut, containing a single seed. The
to thirty-six inches. Its leaves are smooth,
leaves are verticillate, about four inches on long stalks, generally ovate and long
in length, and one inch broad, remotely pointed, but sometimes trilobed. The wood
serrated. The plant, which attains the is soft,and contains gum mucilage. The
height of from six to eight feet, is a native tap roots of the young trees, as well as the
of South Africa. The Cape settlers roast the younger roots of the large trees, are used
seeds, which they call Wild Chestnuts, by the natives as an article of food. The
previously to eating them. [R. H.] seeds are eaten, and the bark is put to the
BRACHIALTS. An ell long; twenty- same uses as that of the maple-leaved spe-
four inches long. cies. B. Bidwttlii, a native of the Wide
Bay district, was sent to England in 1851
BRACHIATE. When branches spread,
by Mr. Bidwill. Its leaves are stalked,
at nearly right angles, alternately in oppo-
heart-shaped, entire or three-lobed, and
site directions.
covered with a soft pubescence. The
BRACHIUM. An ell, or two feet. flowers are of a bright red colour, and are
BRACHYPODOUS. Having a short foot arranged in axillary bunches. The stems
of this species show a tendency to become
or stalk.
gouty, like those of the nearly-related
BRACHYS, in words of Greek origin, 'gouty stemmed tree' of Australia (Bela-
signifies short. bechea). Five species of the genus are
BRACHTIA. A genus of South American known. [A. A. B.]
orchids, related to Brassia, of which it has BRACHYCOME. An Australian genus
the organs of vegetation. The flowers of composites, belonging to the Bellis
 : , ;

163 Cfjc Crca£ttrj) ai 33ntanp. [BE AC

section of the order, and comprising seve- l

petiolar peduncles. The calyx and corolla
ral neat annuals, of dwarf habit. Of these are five-parted. The exserted stamens, with
the most interesting is the B.iberidtfolia, or short broad filaments, are inserted along
Swan River Daisy, an elegant little plant, with the Ave scales of the staminal corona
of branched diffuse habit, with deeply- in the throat of the corolla. The anthers
cut foliage, having the segments linear, adhere to the lower margin of the stigma ;

and loose terminal corymbs of cineraria- their oval pollen masses united through-
like blossoms, each nearly an inch across. out the whole length of their inner surface
The colour of the ray florets varies from by a flat membrane. The stigma is five-
violet blue to white, the disk or centre sided. The hairy follicles are widely sepa-
being in all cases of a purplish brown. rated, oblong and obtuse. [W. C]
B. glabra, of more recent introduction,
has solitary flower-heads or long foot- :
BRACHYPODITJM. A genus of grasses,
stalks, about as large as those of iberidi- belonging to the tribe Hordeacece, or barley
folia, with a white ray of numerous linear grasses. The genus is chiefly distinguished
florets, tinged with violet beneath, and a from Triticum by the glumes being unequal,
yellow disk its foliage is pinnatifld, with
:

a circumstance which some authors do

%

linear segments variously cut, the upper- not consider of sufficient importance as
most ones being nearly entire, and all a generic distinction; hence the species
rather fleshy, and ciliated. The only other are referred either to Triticum or Festuca.
species in cultivation is B. diversifolia, j
—
Two are natives of Britain the False
with yellow flower-heads, rather smaller Brome Grass, B. sylvaticum, and the Heath
than in either of the preceding species, False Brome Grass, B. pinnatum. The
and foliage variously cut and lobed, as the former is a very common kind, which
specific name implies. The genus is cha- generally grows in shady woods, or on dry
racterised by a slightly conical, pitted, hedge banks but the latter is rare, and
;

and naked receptacle a cup-shaped invo-

;
only found wild in England. They are not
lucre, the scales of which are membranous grasses of agricultural importance, though
at the margins and laterally compressed
;
useful species in their natural localities.
fruit, crowned with a pappus of very short [D. M.]
bristle-like hairs. [W. TJ BRACHYPTERYS. A name indicative
BRACHYGLOTTIS. The plants which of the short wing borne by the fruits of
composed this genus have been shown this genus of Malpighiads. The species
to differ in no way from the Groundsels are natives of Brazil and Guinea, of climb-
(Soiecio), and are now generally referred to
ing habit, with yellow flowers disposed in
that genus yet, although the characters
umbels. The calyx is five-parted, glandular;
;

of the flower indicate this structural af- the petals unequal, longer than the calyx
j

finity, they have little resemblance to any

the stamens ten, with a more or less en-
of the species of Senecio found in Europe, for
larged glandular connective; the styles
they are trees or small shrubs, with woody three, dilated at the apex into a rather large
stems, which are covered, as well as the foliaceous recurved or hook-like and com-
under surface of the thin leathery leaves, pressed mass. Fruit of three distended
with long or short dense woolly hairs. B. carpels ("fewer by abortion), having at the
Forsteri has large broad deeply-toothed
apex a short compressed wing. [M. T. M.]
leaves, and terminal panicles of numerous BRACHYSEMA. A genus belonging to
small yellow flower-heads. It is a native of the pea-flowered section of the legumi-
New Zealand, as are all the species, and is nous family, and chiefly natives of West
there known as Puka-Puka by the natives, Australia. Seven species are enumerated,
who use the leaves as paper, whence the the greater portion of them scandent
same native name came to be applied by shrubs, but some erect. The upper petal
them to English paper. [A. A. B.] or standard being short compared with
the others, gives rise to the generic name.
BRACHYL.EXA. A genus of South
The pods are stalked, ventricose, and many-
African evergreen shrubs, numbering six
seeded. B. aphyllum is, as its name implies,
species, and belonging to the composite
family. Their leaves are stalked, alternate,
without leaves, the branches being singu-
larly compressed and winged, so as to per-
entire or toothed, generally smooth above,
and covered with short white pubescence form the functions of leaves. Here and
there on the branches small brown stipules
underneath. The flower heads are arranged
in terminal panicles or racemes —
those on
are found, and from the axils of these the
flowers grow; they are single, large, of a
one plant containing female florets only,
the males being on another. The florets are bright blood-red colour, and curiously re-
versed, the keel, or boat-shaped petal,
yellow in colour. The genus is nearly allied
usually lowest, being uppermost. Another
to the American genus Baccharis, but is
leafless species, B. pungens, seldom grows
readily distinguished from that by having
tails to the anthers. [A. A. B.]
more than a foot high, has innumerable
spiny branches, and a dense mass of scarlet
BRACHYLEPI8. A
genus of Asclepia- flowers, produced just above the ground, at
dacew, containing a sinsrle species, a native the base of the stems. B. lanceolatum is a
of India. It is a climbing hairy shrub, with very handsome species, and a great orna-
opposite acuminate leaves, and many ment to greenhouses, flowering as it does
small purple flowers in tomentose cymes, in the winter or spring months. Its leaves
with numerous imbricated scales, on inter- are generally opposite, ovate or lanceolate
 $3)e ErcaSttrg at SSataiij). 164

in form, with a glossy upper surface, and according to Dr. Horsfield, is used medi-
covered with silvery adpressed pubescence cinally in Java. Major Drury in his work
underneath. The flowers are in axillary on the useful plants of India, says that the
clusters, large, and rich scarlet. [A. A. B.] natives of the western coasts of India use
the leaves and roots of B. Wallichii rubbed
BRACHYSORUS. A name proposed for up with lime juice, as a cure for snake
a fern which proves to be Aspkniu/ti siilva- bites the whole plant mixed with oil in
;

ticum. [T.M.] the form of an ointment is used in the

treatment of inveterate ulcers. It used to
BRACHYSTELMA. A genus of South be considered as an antidote to poison. A
African Asclepiadacecv, containing several Malabar proverb says, as soon as the Alpam
species of under shrubs, with erect an- root, that is the root of this species, enters
nual stems and large perennial tuberous
'

the body, poison leaves it. [M. T. M.]

roots. The calyx consists of Ave sepals;
the corolla is campanulate and five parted. BRAHEA. Certain fan-leaAr ed palms,
The staminal corona consists of nve tri- inhabiting Peru, the Andes, &c, have been
lobed leaves attached to the middle of the collected by Martius into a genus with the
gynostegium, which is included while the ;
above name. They are trees of moderate
anthers are simple and without a mem- height, with fan-like leaves and spiny
brane, and the pollen masses roundish, leafstalks flowers hermaphrodite, green-
;

and capped by a pellucid margin, at the ish, with a calyx of three sepals over-
hase of which the two masses are attached lapping at the margins; six stamens,
to a slender corpuscle by two short pro- connate in a sort of cup around the base of
cesses. The two follicles are long and the ovary. [M. T. M.]
slender with numerous comose seeds.
The roots are edible, those of some species BRAHMIN'S BEADS. An Indian name
heincr much esteemed as a preserve by the for the corrugated seeds of Elceocarpus,
Dutch inhabitants of S. Africa. [W. C] which are used by the Brahmins, and also
made into necklaces, &c.
BRACKEN or BRAKE. A common
English name of Pteris aquilina. BRAINEA. A
genus of polypodiaceous
ferns, now included in the group Hemioni-
BRACTE.E or BRACTS. The leaves tidece,in which it is distinguished by its
placed immediately below a calyx, if they Xirimary veins anastomosing in an arcuate
are at all altered from their usual form. manner, so as to form a series of areoles
BRACTE ATE. Having bracts. next the costa, while the venules, which ai*e
parallel and oblique, are quite distinct to
BRACTEOL.E,BRACTEOLES or BRACT- their apices. It has naked or non-indu-
LETS. Bracts of a second order, usually siate sori continuous along the course of
smaller and more changed than the true the transverse curved veins which unite
bracts also any small bracts.
;
to form the costal areoles, and often
BRADBTJRIA. The name given to a extended more or less along the parallel
Texan herb which belongs to the compo- oblique free venules, becoming at length
site family. It is an annual plant with irregularly confluent.
slender straight stems about three feet B. insignis is the only species known.
high, and altogether sparingly covered This is a native of Hong Kong, and forms
with hairs, which gives rise to the specific a very handsome dwarf tree fern with a
name Mrtella. The leaves are numerous, stem of three to four feet in height. The
linear, very narrow, and about an inch long; fronds are three feet long or more, pinnate,
the flowerheads solitary at the ends of the the pinnas sometimes becoming pinnati-
branches, and the florets yellow. The fld; they are rigid and subcoriaceous' in
genus bears the name of Mr. J. Bradbury, texture, and serrated along the margin. It
who travelled in America in 1809, and is a very elegant and interesting plant.
published some interesting notes on the The genus has some points of resemblance
botany of the Missouri country. [A A. B.] to Sadleria, a genus of Lomariece, but
differs in having naked instead of indu-
BRAGANTIA. A genus of Arlstolo- siate sori, and in some other particulars.
chiaeece, consisting of undershrubs with "We had formerly regarded it as presenting
decumbent wavy branches, thick leaves a connecting link between the Menisciece
with prominent nerves, a regular flower and the Lomariece, through the Woodwar-
with a thread-shaped calyx-tube adherent diece, and had placed it in the former group
to the ovary, and a bell-shaped three-cleft in consequence of its short transverse
limb stamens six or nine, inserted on a
; naked sori: but now that more perfect
shallow disc, surrounding the upper part specimens in the fresh state have been
of the ovary, and adherent to the base of examined, we are quite ready to adopt the
the four connate styles capsule pod-like,
; suggestion of Sir W. J. Hooker, that it
quadrangular, four-celled, four-valved, may be referred to the Remionitidece, the
many-seeded. These plants are also re- sori not proving to be short and lunate, but
markable for the structure of their wood, continuous along the arcuate veins. It is,
which differs considerably from the ordi- however; even here, somewhat anomalous,
nary wood of Exopens. They are natives the fructifications being merely branched
of the tropical parts of Asia, and possess and not truly reticulated. We
have here,'
'

in some decree the properties of the Aris- Sir W. J. Hooker observes, ' a very remark-
tolochias. B. tomentosa is very bitter, and, able, and, if I may so say, a new form
 ,

165 Ctje ^reasurp of 23atany. [bras

among the In its arborescent

Eilices. being very much longer than the other
caudex it reminds one of some of the parts of the flower. Since, however, this
pyatheaceous group of tree ferns, though isalso the case in Oncidium jilnimatvchihim
not of one of the loftiest character in its ; and some others, the distinction fails, and
foliage it resembles several species of botanists are obliged to combine with long
Lomaria; in its venation a Woodwardia, tail-like sepals, a short earless column,
and in the more fully developed fructifica- and a pair of vertical plates on the lip. In
tion an Acrostichum.' [T. M.] attempting to define what a Brassia is.
Lindley enumerates seventeen species and
BRAKES. A
common English name of many varieties, all pseudobulbous and
Pteris aquilina and the related species or
bearing flowers more or less yellow, in
varieties. —
, ROCK. Allosorus crlspus.
.

! simple racemes. They are chiefly hand-

BRAMBLE. The common name for some enough to deserve the gardener's
Eubus fruticosus and the allied plants. — care.
—
.

DOG. Ribes Cynosbati. MOUNTAIN.

,

Rubus Cliamwmorus, the Cloudberry. BRASSICA. A remarkable group of

!
plants, of the order Cruciferce. As consti-
BRAMIA. The title of a section of the tuted by Bentham, and characterised by
genus Herpestes {Scrophulariacece) charac- j
its conduplicate cotyledons, and its sili- !

terised by having the upper lip of the quose beaked pods, this genus is made to
corolla deeply bifid. [W. C] include the mustards (Sinapis), an alloca-
|

BRANC-CRSINE. (Fr.) Acanthus mollis ;

tion to which we incline, both from ex- i

also Heracleum Sphondylium. periment and observation. We shall, how-

ever, confine our remarks to the genus as
BRANDESIA. A
I

section of the Ama- constituted by Linnaeus, of which the

ranthaceous genus Teleianthera, which following are species:— B. oleracea, Wild
|

consists of tropical plants (.chiefly Ameri- Cabbage B. campestris, Wild Navew, in-
;

can) allied to the globe amaranth of the cluding B. Rapa, the Turnip; B. Napus,
gardens. Brandesia is distinguished from Rape or Coleseed. Of these, the first is in
the other sections by not having the calyx all probability the initiative. It occurs
distinctly jointed to the extremely short wild on rocks and cliffs by the sea shore ;
pedicel, and its segments being nearly and we have now in cultivation some
equal. The flowers are each accompanied curious examples, derived from seed
by three bracts, and are in long-stalked gathered from the rocky coast of Llan-
globular or ovoid heads the stamens are
;
dudno, North Wales, which already give
united into a tube by the adherence of the indications of sports in several directions.
filaments. B. porrigens has the heads of Some have the short petioles and the close
flowers deep purple, resembling those of hearting condition of cabbages, of which
Sanguisorba officinalis, but dry like those form we have both green and red varieties,
of the everlasting flowers.
'
' [J. T. S.]
the tendency being much increased by re-
BRANDY BOTTLES. A local English peated transplantation. Others, with longer
name for the flowers of Nupliar lutea. petioles and lyrate leaves, seem to take on
that looser method of growth which con-
BRANK. Fagopyrum esculentum. stitutes the ' Greens and Kale of the
'

BRASAYOLA. In the tropics of Ame- garden whilst some present that peculiar
;

rica, and in no other part of the world, glaucous hue which belongs more particu-
occur many species of orchids with slender larly to rape. We should not, therefore,
fleshy stems, solitary succulent usually be surprised if experiment should ulti-
pugioniform leaves, and large greenish mately establish the position that the B.
flowers, with narrow acuminate or long- oleracea is the only true species of the
tailed petals, and a similar entire some- three above enumerated, and that the B.
times very broad lip. They have also a campestris and B. Napus are but agrarian
I
column with a pair of great falcate ears on forms derived from the cultivated varieties
each side of the front, and eight pollen of this. This opinion is countenanced by
masses. To these the name of Brasavola the fact that nowhere are the two latter
has been given. A few species have been truly wild, but both track cultivation
added, in which the appendages or ears of throughout Europe, Asia, and America,
the column are small and toothed. The The protean forms induced from the B.
most remarkable are B. glauca, with glau- oleracea are well known, such as many
cous flat fleshy leaves, and very' large —
varieties— which are yearly increasing of
flowers, from Mexico and B. Bigbyana,
; Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Kale, and
which differs in little, except having the Kohl-rabi; whilst the no less numerous
margin of the lip broken up into long hair- varieties of the common Turnip are all re-
like fringes. ferred to B. campestris, with which, in-
deed, Bentham classes B, Napus.
BRASSICACE.E. The Cabbage family, a As regards the Swedish Turnip, we are
natural order of Thalarnifloral Exogens, to in the position to state that the seeding of
which the name of Ceucifek^: (which see) rape and common turnips in mixed rows
is usually given.
has resulted in the production of a small
BRASSIA. An extensive genus of tropi- percentage of malformed Swedes, which,
cal American orchids, very nearly related however, improved very much by careful
to Oncidium, from which they are easily cultivation and our field observations
;

known in most cases by the lateral sepals have enabled us to detect in degenerate
 ;

BRAv] @rt)c 2Trca£uri) of 35ctani?. 166

Swedes a disposition to a negation of of food, of which large quantities are pre-
bulbs, and the production of monstrous pared for winter use. It is made by cutting
rape plants — a tendency which is at once the cabbages into small shreds, and after-
observable when this crop assumes a necky wards packing them in barrels, in layers
top, or many heads, which shows an inclina- three or four inches thick. Over each
tion to 'run,' or when it forms a branchy layer is thrown a certain quantity of salt
finger-and-toe root growth, which indicates and unground pepper, with a few cloves
a breaking up of the bulb into ordinary and the whole is then well mixed, and
roots. It may be remarked, as throwing pressed as hard as possible. Other layers
some light on the nature of the changes by are put in, aiid treated in the same way,
which the cultivated varieties of this until the barrel is full. A board is then
genus have been attained, that experiments placed on the top, on which heavy weights
with seeds of plants showing any parti- are put, and in this state it remains for
cular tendency, and especially if repeatedly ten or fifteen days, when it partially fer-
grown in the same soil, will ever result in ments, and a great deal of water rises to
an increase of the peculiarity. [J. B.] the surface. It is then placed in the cellar,
This genus comprises some of the most and continues in excellent condition for
ancient and useful of our culinary veget- use until late in the spring.
ables, most of them possessing high anti- The Red Cabbage, B. oleracea rubra, is a
scorbutic powers, which are believed to very distinct variety, remarkable for the
depend upon a certain acrid volatile oily peculiar purple, or brownish-red colour of
principle —
the chemical nature of which its leaves. It is chiefly used for preserving
is imperfectly known. In common with as a pickle, for which purpose it is greatly
the rest of the cruciferous order, they esteemed, and by proper management
also possess a greater share of azote than makes one of the most beautiful pickles
any other tribe of plants, as is apparent that can be presented at table.
in their fetid smell when fermented. The Borecole, B. oleracea acephala, has
The Cabbage, B. oleracea, in its wild every appearance of being one of the early
state, is a native of various parts of Eu- removes from the original species. It is
rope, as well as of several places near the distinguished from the other sorts of cab-
sea in England. It is a biennial, with bages by its leaves being beautifully cut
fleshy lobed leaves, undulated at the mar- and cm-led, of a green or purple colour, or
j

gin, and covered with bloom altogether, so

; variegated with red, green, and yellow,
different in form and appearance from the never closing, so as to form a head, nor
Cabbage of our gardens, that few would producing eatable parts like the Cauli-
believe it could possibly have been the pa- flower. Several sub-varieties of Borecole
rent of so varied a progeny as are com- are well known under the names of German
prised in the Savoy, Brussels Sprouts, greens, Buda Kale, Scotch Curlies, or
Cauliflower, Broccoli, and their varieties. Kale — all of which are so hardy as to be
A more wonderful instance of a species able to endure severe frost, and continue
producing so many distinct forms of vege- green and fresh throughout the winter.
tation for the use of man is scarcely to be The part which is used is the crown, or
met with throughout the range of the centre of the plant, cut so as to include
vegetable kingdom. the young and most succulent leaves.
The Common or cultivated Cabbage, B. When properly dressed, they are tender,
oleracea capltata, is well known, and from sweet, and delicate, more particularly
a very early period has been a favourite after being exposed to frost.
culinary vegetable, in almost daily use The Large-ribbed Cabbage, or Couve
throughout the civilized world. The an- Tronchuda, B. oleracea costata, is a variety
cients considered it light of digestion, pecidiar to Trauxuda, in Portugal, from
when properly dressed, and very whole- whence it was introduced in 1821. It repre-
some if moderately eaten. For the intro- sents a singular race of the cabbage
duction of our garden variety of Cabbage, family, and is characterised by its leaves
we are indebted to the Romans, who are having very large midribs, which, when
also believed to have disseminated it in divested of their green parts, and tho-
other countries. It is said to have been roughly boiled, make an excellent vege-
scarcely known in Scotland until the time table for serving up in the manner of sea
of the Commonwealth, when it was carried kale. The heart, or middle part of the
there from England by some of Cromwell's ! plant, has likewise been found very deli-
soldiers ; but it now holds a prominent j
cate, tender, and agreeably flavoured.
place in every garden throughout the The Savoy Cabbage, B. oleracea bullata,
United kingdom. In general, cabbages are |
differs but little from the other kinds of
preferred when of a large size, thoroughly !

heading or hearting cabbages, and is chiefly

hearted and blanched within they" are
; distinguished by its leaves being wrinkled
not, however, then by any means so di- I in such a manner as to have a netted ap-
gestible and wholesome as when cut and pearance. It has been cultivated in our
eaten in a young state — that is to say, gardens for three centuries. When fully
before the heart has become firm and hard. headed, it forms an excellent hardy winter
It is a remarkable fact, that all the varieties vesetable, for using in the same way as
are sweeter and better flavoured after being other cabbages, but it is not so delicately
touched with frost. flavoured.
In Germany, salted cabbage, or sauer I The Brussels Sprouts, or Bud-bearing
kraut, is much esteemec], and forms a kind 1 Cabbage, B. oleracea bullata minor, origi-
167 Clje Crca^xtrn al 23 a tang. [bray
nated in Belgium, and has been cultivated < acquainted with the Turnip; and, in the
around Brussels from time immemorial; fifteenth century, we find it had become
although it is only within the last twenty- I
known to the Flemings, and formed oiie of
years that it has become generally known i
their principal crops. The first Turnips
in this country. It is very hardy, and that were introduced into this country are
forms a head somewhat like a savoy, of '

believed to have come from Holland in

which it is considered to he a sub-variety, 1550; and, among all the varieties now
differing in the remarkable manner in cultivated for culinary purposes, the Early
which it produces at the axils of the leaves, Dutch continues to be generally esteemed.
along the whole length of its stem, a num- The Turnip forms an ingredient in broths,
ber of small sprouts, resembling miniature soups, and stews; it is likewise cut into
cabbages, of one or two inches in diameter. various figures for garnishing. In spring,
These are peculiarly well-flavoured, and, as when the plant is pushing up for flower,
a winter vegetable, are more highly es- the points of the shoots are dressed as
teemed than any other kind of cabbage in greens, and are acknowledged to be valu-
cultivation. able as an antiscorbutic.
The Cauliflower, B. oleracea botrytis can- Rape, B. Napus, is a hardy biennial, in-
of great antiquity, but its origin
liflora, is digenous to Britain. It is chiefly grown
isunknown, although it has been usually for cutting when quite young, and mixing
ascribed to Italy. It is mentioned by Ge- with mustard, as a small salad. It is
rarde, and must therefore have been in also sometimes cultivated in cottage gar-
this country previous to 1597. It differs in dens, for spring greens —
the tops being
a remarkable manner from all the other cut first, and afterwards the side shoots.
varieties of the cabbage tribe, whose leaves The Teltow Turnip, or 'Navet de Berlin
and stalks are alone used for culinary pur- petit of the French (B. Na2ms var.), is very
'

poses. Instead of these being taken, the different from any of our cultivated varie-
flower-buds and fleshy flower-stalks form ties of Turnip, its root being long and
themselves in a close firm cluster or head, spindle-shaped, somewhat resembling a
varying from four to eight inches or more carrot. Its culture in this country dates
in diameter, and become one of the greatest from 1790 hut it was well known in 1671,
;

of vegetable delicacies. It is not valued so and is noticed by Caspar Bauhin in his

much for its large size, as for its flne Pinax. It is much more delicate in flavour
creamy white colour, its compactness, and than our Common Turnip. In France and
regular form, without being warty, which Germany it is extensively cultivated, and
features constitute the properties of a fine few great dinners are served up without it
Cauliflower. The uses of Cauliflower are in one shape or other. It enriches all
well known. When dressed it is served up at soups by the peculiar flavour contained in
table, either plain boiled, or with white the outer rind, which is thin, and must not
sauce. It forms an excellent addition to he cut away, but scraped. Stewed in gravy,
vegetable soups, and is often used for it forms a most excellent dish, and, being
pickling. It may also be preserved for a white, is very ornamental when mixed
considerable time, when pickled like saur and served with carrots. [W. B. B.]
kraut.
The Broccoli, B. oleracea botrytis aspara- BRAVAISIA. The Onychacanthus Gu-
goides, is similar in form and appearance mzngii of Nees von Esenbeck. [B. S.]
to the cauliflower, from which it is sup-
posed to have originated. It was first
BRAVOA. A genus of Amaryllids,
containing a single species, B. geminiflora,
brought into notice at the beginning of
native of Mexico. This is a bulbous or
the last century- Two kinds, the white rather a tuberous plant, with a tuft of
and purple, are mentioned by Miller (1724)
radical linear keeled leaves, and an erect
as coming from Italy, and from these have
flower-stem, a foot or more in height,
arisen all the varieties that are now in cul-
supporting a raceme of nodding flowers,
tivation. Broccoli is more robust and far
more hardy than cauliflower, for which it which grow in pairs, and are of a rich
orange-red outside and yellowish within.
becomes a valuable substitute during the
winter and spring months, when the latter The tuber is somewhat elongated, tuni-
cated, sending down several thick fleshy
cannot be obtained. The heads vary in
roots. The perianth, which is rather over
colour, from a brownish purple to a pure
creamy white, in which state they are an inch long, consists of a funnel-shaped
scarcely to be distinguished from cauli-
curved tube widening at the throat, and
flowers. They are used for the same pur-
having a very short six-cleft somewhat
poses, but are not so delicate in flavour. spreading limb. There are six stamens,
The Turnip, B. Bapa depressa, is a hardy and an inferior three-celled ovary, with a
biennial, and, in its wild state, is found in long exserted filiform style terminated by
corn fields in various parts of England. a dilated stigma. It is a very graceful
The change it has undergone by cultiva- plant. [T. MJ
tionis no less remarkable than that of the BRATERA. A genus of Rosacea? named
Cabbage hut in this instance it is the
; after a French physician, Dr. Brayer, who
root which has been transformed from a observed the valuable medicinal proper-
comparatively hard woody substance into ties of the only species of thisgenus, and
the large fleshy bull), which constitutes sent a specimen of the plant to Kunth.
one of our most nutritious vegetables. The plant is known by its top-shaped calyx,
The ancient Greeks and B-omans were well the limb of which is divided into ten
bray] €$£ ftoa£ttrg of 23otang. 168
segments, five exterior to the remainder, BREAD-NUT. The seed of Brosimum
which are much smaller and of a different Alicastrum.
shape it has two small bracts at the base.
;

Petals five, small, linear, scale-like; sta- BREAD-ROOT. Psoralea esculenta.

mens fifteen to twenty, inserted with the BREAD, TARTAR. The fleshy root of
petals into the throat of the calyx, the fila- Crambe tatarica.
ments unequal in length. Carpels two at
the bottom of the calyx, one to two- BREAD-TREE, of N. Australia, Gar-
seeded style terminal ; stigma peltate. denia, or Alibertia eclulis.
;

B. anthelmintica, the only known species, BREAK-YOUR-SPECTACLES. A vulgar

is an Abyssinian tree with alternate pin- name for the Blue-bottle, or Corn Bottle,
nated leaves and dioecious flowers in the ; Centaurea Cyanus.
true female flowers the petals and stamens
BREATHING-PORES. See Stomates.
BRE'DES. (Fr.) Bolanum nigrum. —
D'ANGOLE. Basellarubra. — GLACIALE.
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.
BREDEMEYRA. A plant which is imper-
fectly known and referred doubtfully to
the milkwort family (Polygalacea?). It is
described as being a shrub with alternate
lanceolate entire leaves, which are stalked
and smooth, and numerous yellow flowers
which are disposed in terminal much-
branched panicles. The calyx is fire-
leaved, two of the leaves petal-like the ;

petals are three in number, the inter-

mediate one keeled the stamens eight,
;

united at their base and the fruit an ;

ovate two-celled drupe. The plant is said

to be a native of Venezuela. [A. A. B.]

BREHMIA. A genus of Loganiacece,

containing but one species, B. spinosa,
which is, as its name
implies, a spiny
shrub. It grows about ten feet high,
and is furnished with opposite stalked
three or five-nerved entire leaves, ellip-
Brayera anthelmintica.
tical in form, and small green flowers
arranged in dense cymes at the apex of
are entirely wanting. The flowers of this the branches. The hard-shelled ripe fruit
tree have been long used by the natives as resembles an orange in size and appear-
a vermifuge, and have proved very effica- ance, and contains many seedsimmersed in
cious in the removal of tape-worm in this a copious pulp. The genus differs chiefly
country. The cause of its peculiar effects from the nux-vomicas (Strychnos) in having
is not well understood. [M. T. M.] a one-celled ovary. The plant is found in
Madagascar, where it is called '
Voiva
BRAYETTE. (Fr.) Primula (officinalis) Vountaca,' in eastern Africa, and also on
veris. the west coast. The pulp of the fruit is
BRAZILETTO. The common name for commonly eaten by the natives wherever
it grows it is somewhat acid, and said to
Ccesalpinia also specially, the colonial
;
;

name of C. brasiliensis, the timber of which be delicious but probably the seeds, from
;

is used for cabinet-work. its near relationship to the nux-vomicas,

are poisonous. It is, however, remarkable
BRAZIL WOOD. A dye wood obtained that the pulp of many species of Strychnos,
from Ccesalpinia echinata, and other species. whose seeds area deadly poison, is perfectly
harmless. [A. A. B.J
BRAZORIA. A genus of Labiatee, na-
tives of Texas, and containing two BREJEUBA. A kind of cocoa-nut, the
species of erect branching herbs with the wood of which used by the Brazilian
is
lower leaves petiolate and obovate-oblong, Indians in making their best bows.
the upper serrate and lanceolate, and the BRE'SINE. (Fr.) Zinnia multiflora.
flowers in simple terminal spikes. The
calyx is campanulate and two-lipped, with BREWERIA. A genus of herbs or
the upper lip bilobed and the lower
undershrubs, natives of New Holland, trop-
trilobed. The corolla tube is considerably ical Asia, and Madagascar, belonging to
exserted, the throat inflated, and the limb the order Convolvulacece. They have alter-
bilabiate, with the upper lip erect, slightly nate entire leaves, and solitary axillary
bilobed or entire, and the lower deeply flowers. The calyx consists of five sub-
trifld, with its roundish lobes spreading or equal sepals ; the corolla is campanulate
recurved. [W. C] and plaited. There are Ave included
stamens, The ovary is two-celled, with
BREAD-FRUIT. Artocarpus incisa. two ovules in each cell, and bearing a
 ;,

169 Oje CrcaSuro of 33 a tang. [broc

',

style which is divided nearly half its terminal panicles, with small linear bracts.
r

i length, and has a capitate stigma on each The calyx is five-parted, with unequal
:

division. The capsule is two-celled and con- linear segments, the upper being the
j

tains four seeds. [W. C] longer. The ringent corolla has the
lip falcate and overarching with a
BREXIA. A genus of small trees belong- upper I

trifid apex, and the inferior large, spread-

ing to Brexiacece, an order whose affinities ing, and shortly trifid.
I

There are two

are doubtful. They are natives of Ma- fertile stamens inserted at the top
i

of the
dagascar, and have alternate petiolate I

tube, and having long linear bilocular

leathery leaves, entire or furnished with
anthers the two barren stamens are re-
;
spiny teeth. The flowers are in axillary
presented by short filaments. The ovary
umbels, of leathery texture and greenish is
oblong, hairy, and surrounded by a disc,
hue calyx with Ave short segments
:
and bears a style of the same length as the
petals also five ; stamens five, arising corolla, terminated by an unequally bifid
from a toothed disk surrounding the base
stigma. The capsular fruit is straight,
of the ovary, and adnate with it; ovary
narrow, tetragonous, and two-celled, with
five-celled. Fruit drupaceous, five-ribbed,
six to eight seeds in each cell. [W. C.j
slightly papillose,about the of
size an
orange; seeds numerous. In cultivation BRIMSTONE, VEGETABLE. The in-
thev are handsome hothouse plants, usually flammable spores of Lycopodium clavatum
called Tlieojjhrastas. [J. T. S.] and Selago, employed on the continent in
the manufacture of fireworks.
BREXIACE.E. The genera Brexia, Tx-
erba, Argophyllum, and Rousscea, each con- BRINJAL. The fruit of the egg-plant,
sisting of only one or two species, have Solanum Mehmgena. Mr. Bentham writes
been proposed as a small family allied to it Bringall.
Saxifragacece. They are, however, not all
very closely connected with each other, BRINVILLIERS. (Fr.) Spigelia An-
and neither form a natural group nor are thelmia.
they united by any well-marked common BRISTLE WORTS. A name applied by
character. It is probable that when the
Lindley to the Besvauxiacece.
very varied forms now provisionally
grouped round the Saxifragacece shall have BRISTLY. Covered with stiff sharp
been thoroughly revised, the Brexiacece hairs, or bristles.
will be broken up, and the genera distri-
buted into new combinations better de- BRITTLEWORTS. A name given by
fined than the present group. Lindley to the Biatomacece.

BRIDGE3IA. A genus of the soapwort BRIZA. A genus of grasses belong-

family (Sapindacece) indigenous in the pro- ing to the tribe Festucece, distinguished
chiefly by the inflorescence being in
vince of Coquimbo in Chili. The cut-
[

I leaved B. Incisifolia is the only known panicles, the spikelets of which contain
species, and is a shrub three to five feet from five to twelve imbricated flowers and ;

high with alternate stalked simple lobed in the two glumes being nearly equal, and
leaves, and with the flower-stalks axil- like the pales membranous, with scarious
j

lary and single, some of the flowers, which margins. The Quaking Grasses are all
i
are small, bearing stamens only, others handsome plants, so much so, that B.
i with both stamens and pistil. The fruit maxima and B. minor are frequently culti-
i
is a three-celled bladdery capsule, each of
vated in gardens as ornamental annuals.
the cells prolonged into a wing on the Steudel describes thirty species, which are
|

back, and containing a single seed. The mostly natives of South America Brazil, :

Chili, and Peru, being the principal coun-

j

I genus may be distinguished from any in

the family by its leaves alone. It bears the tries which produce them. Two are British
j

• name of Mr. Bridges, a most extensive plants, B. media and B. minor: the former a
: collector of Chilian plants. The same name very common species, on light limestone
has been also given to a group of Phyto soils, &c, the latter confined to a few
;

laccadS; now included in Ercilla and to a

;
localities in England. They are not of
agricultural importance, though B. media
i

i group of composites, now included in

Polyachyrus. is a prevailing grass on some good perma-
; [A. A. B,]
nent pastures. [D. M.]
BRIER, or BRIER ROSE. The com-
mon larger-growing British species of BRIZOPYRPM. A genus of grasses
belonging to the tribe Festucece. Eleven
i

: Rose, especially the Dog Rose, Rosa ca-

ning sometimes written Briar.
: — j
species are described, which are mostly
SWEET. The Eglantine, Rosa rubiginosa. natives of the Southern Hemisphere. One
however, from Nootka Sound, B. boreale,
is,
BRIGALOW. Acacia excelsa, and another curious species found by
BRIGNOLES. The dried fruits known
>
Drummond in Australia, B. scirpoides, has
as Provence prunes or leafless culms rising to the height of
French plums.
|

I four feet. [D. M.]

|
BRILLAXTAISIA. A genus of Acan-
BROAD SEED. The common name for
thorerp,containing one or two species, [

natives of Guinea. They are erect branch-

'

Ulospermum.
I

!
ing herbs with ovate-cordate leaves on I BROCCOLI. A cultivated variety of
i long petioles, and large purple flowers in the Cabbage, Brassica oleracea, in which the
 ;

beod] STije Crea^ttrg of SSfltanjn 170 I

young inflorescence is condensed into a The stigmas are three — short, fleshy, and
depressed fleshy edible head. erect. The fruit is succulent. The fruit
BRODLEA. A small genus of Liliacece, of B. Pinguin yields in the West Indies a
consisting of bulbous plants from Western
cooling juice, much used in fevers, etc.
Many of them supply valuablefibre for tex-
North America, with linear leaves and tile purposes, and which might also be
naked scapes terminated by an umbel of employed in the- manufacture of paper,
rather large blue flowers. The base of the Several species are cultivated in stoves for
umbel is surrounded by an involucre of their ornamental flowers. [M. T. M.]
small scarious bracts perianth funnel
;

shaped, six-cleft stamens three, attached

; BROMHEADIA palustris. In the Malay
to the perianth, alternating with three Archipelago there grows in hogs the or-
scales (abortive stamens). The ovary is sur- chidaceous plant to which this name has
rounded by a fleshy three-lobed hypogynous been given. It has the habit of such New
disk. The bulbs are small, enveloped in a World species as Epidendrum elongatum,
dark rough coat. [J. T. S.] the stems being erect, and clothed with
leathery distichous leaves. The flowers,
BR.OKEN, when applied to a whorl, which are large and white, with a purple
signifies that the parts thereof are not all
and yellow lip, are placed close together on
on the same plane. In fact, they form a a stiff zigzag rachis, which is in some cases
part of an extremely short spiral, as may branched. The lip, which is cucullate, and
be seen in the calyx of any species of firmly fixed so as to he parallel with the
Hypericum. column, has the unusual character of bear-
BROME, FALSE. A common name for ing a long woolly ridge in the middle.
Erachypodivm. Mr. Finlayson first detected it near Singa-
pore.
BROMELIACE^I tBromelia?, Tillandsice,
Bra me Hods, lir-o mutworts, the Pine-Apple fa- BROMTJS. A genus of grasses, belonging
mily). A
natural order of epigynous mono- to the tribe Festucece, distinguished chiefly
cotyledons included in Lindley's narcissal by the inflorescence being in lax pani-
alliance. Short-stemmed plants with rigid cles, very rarely crowded glumes unequal,
;

channelled often scurfy and spiny leaves, containing from three to many flowers,
and showy flowers. Outer perianth (calyx) the spikelets lanceolate and compressed
three-parted, persistent; inner (corolla) of ovules two, the lower with a long awn at-
three withering petals ; stamens six, in- tached nearly at the tip styles below the
;

serted in the tube of the perianth anthers

;
top of the fruit. Steudel describes 141
opening on the side next the pistil style ; species in his Synopsis. They have a very
single. Fruit either a dry capsule or succu- extensive geographical range. The greater
lent, three-celled, many-seeded; embryo number are, however, natives of temperate
very small, at the base of mealy albumen. climates, and those that approach tropical
Natives of the American continent and limits generally grow at considerable ele-
islands, whence they have been distributed vations on mountains. About eight species
to Africa and the East Indies. Ananassa are natives of Britain, along with some
I

sativa, the Pine-apple or Ananas, is one of which have been introduced, and are now
the most important plants of the order. enumerated in British floras. They are
Its fruit is composed of the pistils and not considered first-class agricultural gras-
bracts of several flowers united into a ses, though the Soft Brome Grass, B. mollis,
succulent mass and crowned by a series of constitutes a large portion frequently of
green leaves. It is par excellence the fruit good meadows, hut being of annual dura-
of the Eastern islands. The fibres of the tion only, it is not so common on good
plant are used in manufacture. Bromelia permanent pastures. B. erectus is a strong
Ping it in is a remedy for worms in the growing perennial species, which is rather
West Indies. Some of the Bromeliads abundant in some districts, and scarce in
grow attached to the branches of trees, others.The Tall Brome Grass, B. asper, is
and are called Air-plants. One of these is one of the most beautiful of grasses, al-
Tillandsia usneoides, the Tree-beard of though a coarse kind, of little agricultural
South America, which consists of a mass importance. [D. MJ
of black fibres. These are employed for
stuffing cushions, under the name of
BRONGNIARTIA. A genus of the pea-
Spanish Moss, Black Moss, or Long Moss. flowered tribe of the leguminous family,
There are twenty-eight known genera and numbering eight species, all of them na-
tives of Mexico or Texas. They are shrubs,
I

176 species. Illustrative genera A nanassa,

with unequally pinnate leaves, and many
: i

Bromelia, jEclimea, Bilbergia, Tillandsia,

pairs of ovate or elliptical leaflets, which
Bonapartea. [J. H. B.]
are generally about half-an-inch in length.
I

BROMELIA. The natural order Brome- The flower-stalks are twin, in the axils of
liacea; takes its name from this genus, the upper leaves, and the flowers flesh-
which consists of plants with short stems, coloured, or violet, the keeled petal yellow.
and densely-packed rigid leaves, generally The pods are stalked, thin, and in form like
lance-shaped, with spiny margins, and the blade of a table knife, but pointed, and
channelled on the upper surface. The calyx contain six to eight seeds. None of the
is three-parted, much shorter than the species are in cultivation. The genus is
corolla, which consists of three petals, named in honour of Adolphe Brongniart,
convolute, erect or spreading at the top. j
a famous French botanist. [A. A. BJ
 171 £f)c €rea£ur» at 230tani?. [bkos
BROXTESIS. A name given to express smooth shining deep-green elliptical
the injury done to plants by lightning. lance-shaped leaves, its pale-yellow heads
This is generally clear enough from the of flowers are succeeded by round yellow
outward effects, the branches being broken, fruits, about an inch in diameter, and con-
and the trunk shivered. The injury, how- taining a single seed, called Bread-nut in
ever, may be more insidious, and, though Jamaica. These so-called nuts are eatable,
no external damage may appear, or none and are said to form an agreeable and
which immediately excites attention, the nourishing article of food when boiled or
:

connection of the component parts of the roasted, they taste like hazel-nuts. The
trunk may be dissolved more or less com- young branches and shoots, also, are an
pletely, by the sudden generation of gas, excellent fodder for horses and cattle;
or the expansion of the sap, from the and the wood, which bears some resem-
intense heat of the lightning. The whole blance to mahogany, is used by West In-
vegetative power of a tree may also be at dian cabinet-makers.
once arrested. But many of the cases of B. Aubletii, a native of British Guiana
sudden death which are commonly attri- and Trinidad, also forms a large tree, often
buted to lightning are the results of the sixty or seventy feet high, and two or
spawn of some fungus attacking the roots, three feet thick. The leaves are of an
vegetation being kept up by a slight thread oblong form, with their top end broader
of sound tissue, as in the condition called than the bottom and they are covered
;

gumming and when this at last gives

; with a whitish down on the under surface.
way, the plant at once perishes. [M. J. B.] The heart wood of this tree is exceedingly
beautiful, being of a rich brown colour,
BROOK-BEAN'. Menyanthes trifoliata. and mottled with irregularly-shaped dark
BROOKLIME. Veronica Beccdbunga. spots, on which account it is called Letter-
wood, Snake-wood, or Leopard-wood. Un-
BROOKWEED. The common name for fortunately, however, it is only procurable
Samolus. in narrow pieces, and is therefore chiefly-
vised for veneering small articles of furni-
BROOM. Cytisus, or Sarothamnus sco-
ture, and for making walking-sticks,
pariks; also applied to Lygeum Spartum. which, however, are very liable to split.
! — AFRICAN. A common name for Aspa-
,
B. Galactodendron, which is the Cow-
laihus. — DYER'S. Genista tinctoria.
,
tree of South America, yields a milk of as
— RUSH. A common name for Vimi-
,
good quality as that from the cow. It
naria; also applied to Spartium junceam.
— SPANISH. Spartium junceum. forms large forests on the mountains near
,
the town of Cariaco, and elsewhere along
BROOM CORN. Sorghum vulgare, the the sea-coast of Venezuela —
growing to
branched panicles of which are made into upwards of 100 feet high, with a smooth
carpet brooms and clothes-brushes. Also trunk six or eight feet in diameter, and
Sorghum saccharatum, without branches for the first sixty or
seventy feet of its height. The leaves are
BROOM RAPE. The common name for of a leathery texture, strongly veined,
Orobanche. , —
NAKED. An American and of a deep shining green colour. They
name for Aphyllon. are about a foot long, and three or four
BROOMEIA. A most remarkable genus inches broad, of a somewhat elliptical
which has at present occurred
of puff balls, form, terminating in a sharp point. In
only in South Africa. The inner sac, or peri- South America the Cow tree is called
dium, is precisely like that of Geaster, but Palo de Vaca, or Arbol de Leche. Its
completely exposed, the outer sac being milk, which is obtained by making inci-
represented by a thick corky stratum, in sions in the trunk, so closely resembles
which a multitude of individuals are half the milk of the cow, both in appearance
sunk, like jewels in a matrix. Some ap- and quality, that it is commonly used as
proach to it is made by a fine compound an article of food by the inhabitants of
species of starry puffball, found in Ceylon the places where the tree is abundant.
and Cuba, though in that case the inner TJnlike many other vegetable milks, it is
peridium is not at all exposed. [M. J. B.] perfectly wholesome, and very nourishing,
possessing an agreeable taste, like that of
BROSIMUM. A genus of the order of sweet cream, and a pleasant balsamic
artocarpads (Artoccirpacece), containing odour; its only unpleasant quality being a
six or seven species, natives of tropical slight amount of stickiness. The chemical
South America, They are larsre trees, analysis of this milk has shown it to pos-
abounding in MilEy juice, and having en- sess a composition closely resembling some
tire leaves. Thei'i-male and female flowers animal substances and, like animal milk,
;

are generally congregated into a globular it quickly forms a yellow cheesy scum
head, but are sometimes borne on separate upon its sui-face, and, after a few days'
trees they have neither calyx nor corolla,
: exposure to the atmosphere, turns sour and
the males consisting of single stamens, putrifies. It contains upwards of thirty
separated from each other by shield-like per cent, of a resinous substance, called
scales, and the females of a solitary style, galactin by chemists. [A. S.]
terminating in two stigmas. The fruit is a
small one-seeded berry. BROSS2EA. An imperfectly known
B. AUcastrum, the Bread-nut tree of genus of Vaccinia cece, comprising a "West
Jamaica, has a tall straight trunk, and Indian shrub, bearing solitary axillary or a
 ;

few termina flowers, whose stalks hare knife, after which the bark is boiled in a
two bracts, a conoid corolla, Ave included ley of wood-ashes until its fibres are
stamens. The capsule has five many-seeded thoroughly separated, when it is reduced
compartments, and is covered by the en- to a pulp by beating with wooden batons ;

larged limb of the calyx seeds very small.

;
this pulp is then mixed with mucilage and
B. coccinea is in cultivation, and is de- spread upon frames made of rushes. The
scribed as a cistus-like shrub, with scarlet paper thus made is of a whity-brown
flowers half an inch long. [M. T. M.] colour, and very strong ; it is in common
use in Japan. Instead of paper, the na-
BROUALLE E'LEVE'E. (Fr.) Brotoallia tives of the South Sea Islands manufacture
elata. from this bark an exceedingly tough cloth,
BROUGHTONTA sangirinea is a hand- called tapa or kapa cloth, which they
some West Indian epiphytal pseudobulb- commonly use for clothing, either plain or
printed, and dyed of various colours. This
ous orchid with oblong coriaceous leaves,
and ashort spike of deep crimson flowers. cloth is principally made by the women,
It has a spur completely immersed beneath
who adopt the following method of manu-
the surface of the ovary. It is common in facture:— The bark is first softened by
Cuba on bushes, but more usually comes being soaked in water for a considerable
from Jamaica. Its nearest affinity is with length of time it is then placed upon a
:

Lcelia and Cattleya. log of wood and beaten out with a baton

BROUSSONETIA. This genus is allied

to the mulberry, and belongs to the same
order of morads (Moracece). Three species
have been defined, but they may probably
be all referred to one, namely, B. papy-
ri/era, the Paper Mulberry, which is so
called on account of its fibrous inner-bark
being used by the Japanese and Chinese
for making paper. It grows wild in China
and Japan, and also in many of the islands
of the Pacific Ocean, where the natives
manufacture a large part of their clothing
from its bark. It forms a small tree,
attaining about twenty or thirty feet high,
with a trunk seldom more than a foot in
diameter, and generally branching at a
short distance from the ground. The
young branches are covered with short
soft hairs. The leaves are deciduous, and
vary very much in shape, those of young
trees being frequently divided into three Broussonetia papyrifera.
or five sharp-pointed irregular lobes, while
those of older trees are mostly entire and until of the requisite degree of fine-
it is
of a somewhat egg-shaped outline they ;
ness the baton is made of very hard wood,
:
are very rough upon the upper surface, and has four flat sides, each of which is
and slightly hairy beneath, It has distinct sharply ribbed. Two or four women
male and female flowers produced upon usually work together, and as they keep
separate trees the males being in cylin-
;
time in beating, the noise they make is
drical drooping catkins, each flower grow- loud and musical. In some islands, how-
ing from the base of a small bract, and ever, another and inferior method is
having a four-parted calyx and four sta- adopted, the bark being placed upon a
mens while the females are congregated
;
flat board, and scraped with different kinds
into round heads or balls about the size of of sharp-edged shells while kept constantly
marbles, and each have a tubular three or wet. By employing mucilage obtained
four-toothed calyx, a single style produced from the arrow-root, the natives join
from the side of the ovary, and a tapering pieces of the cloth together, and Admiral
stigma. They are succeeded by deep-scarlet Sir Everard Home states that the King of
pulpy fruits, resembling a mulberry in Tongataboo (one of the Friendly Islands)
structure, and of a sweetish flavour, but had a piece made which was two miles long
rather insipid. and 120 feet wide. [A. SJ
The Japanese cultivate this plant very
much in the same way that we grow osiers BROWALLIA. The name of certain
and they use only the young shoots for the plants belonging to the order of linariads,
manufacture of paper these are cut into
; characterised thus calyx-teeth unequal
:

conveniently sized pieces, and boiled until corolla salver-shaped with a border di-
the bark separates readily from the wood, vided into five parts, all of a roundish
when it is peeled off and dried for future outline and slightly notched at the tip,
use. To convert this bark into paper, they one piece broader than the others end of ;

proceed in the following manner: — The the style or appendage of the seed-vessel
dried bark is first moistened by soaking four-lobed. The genus was named by
for a few hours in water all superfluous
; Linna;us in honour of John Browallius,
matter is then removed by scraping witha bishop of Abo, who strenuously supported
 173 Cfje Creagurg of 23ntattg. [BRUG
the system of that great botanist. The power of 250 linear. It is frequently
planes of this genus are natives of tropical observed in the minute anatomy of vege-
America, usually of erect habit, smooth, tables, especially when the tissues are
or hairy and viscid ; the leaves alternate, diseased. [M. J. B.]
stalked, ovate in outline; the flowers
violet or blue, more rarely white. Their
BROWNLOWIA. A genus of the lime-
tree family. B. elata, a native of Chittagong
handsome flowers and easy cultivation in Burmah, is the only known species, and
render them favourite objects of culture. attains a great size, full grown trees being
B. data, an upright-growing species, and about fifteen feet in circumference at four
B. demissa, of more spreading habit, have
feet from the ground the branches are
been long in cultivation the latter is a
;
;

numerous and spreading, forming a large

native of Panama, and has the leaves ovate shady head, and the leaves, like those
oblong-ovate, oblique at the base, the
of the lime-tree in form, are entire, five
branches and flower-stalks downy, the to seven-nerved, and often a foot in length
corolla pure pale blue, tending to purple or
and eight inches broad. The flowers are
I red : sometimes all three colours are as- in terminal panicles, very numerous and
sociated on the same plant. [G. D.]
i showy, white or pale yellow in colour. The
fruit is made up of five baccate carpels,
BROWNEA. A genus of small ever- each containing one seed. [A. A. B.J
green trees belonging to the Leguminosce
I
and to that section having regular corol- BROWN RED. Dull red, with a slight
las. The species are peculiar to Vene- mixture of brown.
zuela, New Grenada, and some portions of
central America, one of them being also BRUCEA. A genus of Simarubacece, so
found in Trinidad. The leaves are alter- called in honour of the famous Abyssinian
j

It consists of shrubs with

! nate, equally pinnate, and from one to one traveller.
and a-half foot long, with from four to compound leaves flowers in heads, uni-
;

twelve pairs of entire leaflets. The flowers sexual or sometimes hermaphrodite; parts
are rose-coloured or crimson, and disposed of the flower in fours stamens attached to
;

in dense terminal or axillary sessile heads. a central gland-like four-lobed gynophore

The pods are compressed cimiter-shaped, or stalk supporting the four drupes. The
often covered with rusty pubescence, and stamens are sterile in the female flowers.
contain many seeds. It would be difficult The species are natives of Abyssinia,
I

to point out a more beautiful genus of China, &c, and some of them possess
stove-plants than this, and few tropical bitter properties similar to quassia, a drug
plant-houses of any pretensions are with- furnished by a tree of the same natural
out some of them. B. grandiceps has long order. Some of the species are cultivated
pinnate leaves with about twelve pairs of as stove shrubs. [M. T. M
.]

leaflets and axillaryor terminal flower-heads BRUEA. A genus of Artocarpaceos,

eight inches in diameter; the flowers are comprising a shrub with alternate some-
|
pink, very numerous, and arranged in tiers what heart-shaped serrated woolly leaves,
I
as it were round a conical axis, the outer and having leafy bracts, and terminal
! ones expanding first, followed by the stalked dioecious flowers. Calyx tubular,
I
others until all are open, when the flower- irregularly four-toothed; ovary oblique;
j
head is not unlike that of a Rhododendron. stigma lateral, sessile, very long, fringed ;

The leaves' droop during the day so as fruit hairy. Native of Bengal. [M. T. M.]
almost to hide the flowers from view but
;

they have been seen to rise up in the BRUGMANSIA. The name of a genus
evening and remain erect all the night; of Solanacece, or of one which was for-
the flowers are thus exposed to the falling merly included in that order, but which
|
dew, but the leaves drooping again during has been separated by Miers, under the
the day, protect the flowers from the name Atropacece. The species were for-
heat of the sun. This species is a native merly comprised under the genus Datura,
of Venezuela, where it is called Rosa del as there is a close resemblance in the
Monte or Palo de Cruz, and was introduced flowers but these plants are shrubs, and
;

to England in 1823. Altogether there are their fruit is smooth, not spiny, and con-
six species in cultivation, some of them tains but two cells. B. suaveolens is a well-
with bright scarlet flowers, as in B. coc- known ornament of our greenhouses, with
cin<y. which was the first known in our its large fragrant tubular white blossoms,
gardens. The genus is named in honour which are sometimes produced in great
of Patrick Brown, who wrote a history of profusion it is perhaps better known under
;

Jamaica. [A. A. B.] its old name of Batura arborea, Other

species with orange and red flowers are in
BR0VTN7AX MOTION. A phenomenon cultivation. All are natives of Peru and
sometimes called molecular motion, which the adjacent districts of South America.
occurs in minute particles, both of vege- Their seeds are dangerous stimulating nar-
table and mineral origin, consisting in a cotics.
<
rapid whirling motion, the nature of The name Brugmamsia is also applied to a
I
which is obscure, but is certainly indepen- genus of plants parasitical, in Java, on the
dent of evaporation or other appreciable roots of certain species of Cissus. They
external causes which produce motion in consist of little else but flowers, which are
minute bodies. It may be seen admirably of the size of the fist, hermaphrodite, with
in a weak solutioa of gamboge, with a a whitish perianth, which is two or three-
 ; ;

cleft and internally scaly or hairy. These 1 flowers in terminal heads, with an inferior
plants are nearly allied to the curious and or half-inferior one to tln-ee-celled ovary,
gigantic Rafflesias. [M. T. M.] having one to two pendulous ovules in each
cell a five-cleft calyx five petals alternat-
; ;
1

BRUGUEIRA. One of the genera of the ing with the calyx-lobes five stamens
;

mangrove family (Rhizophoracece), and alternating with the petals; and a simple
known by having a top-shaped calyx ad- or two and three-cleft style. The fruit is
herent to the ovary below, and having dry and indeliiscent, or separates into inde-
a persistent five to thirteen-lobed limb ; liiscent cocci. There are about sixty
five to thirteen oblong petals, cleft into two species known, distributed into fifteen
segments, leathery, woolly at the margin, genera, including Grubbia and Ophira, of
1

and so folded that each petal conceals two which some botanists form a distinct
stamens, whose filaments are not of equal family, still more nearly allied to Hama-
length, but all shorter than the petals op- melidece in habit as well as in character.
posite which they are placed in pairs their ;
The Bruniaceaz will indeed probably here-
anthers are linear, or arrow-shaped. The after be entirely included in Hamamelidece,
ovary has two to four compartments, each notwithstanding their want of stipules,
. containing two ovules stigma two or four-
;
which is now supposed to be the only
j
toothed on the end of a style, which is constant differential character.
about the length of the stamens. The fruit
BRUNTA. A genus of epigynous exoge-
I

is crowned by the persistent calyx, and the

nous plants, typical of the group Bruniacece,
|

seed within it germinates before it has

j

fallen from the branch, as in the true man- distinguished chiefly by having the flowers
groves. The trees are natives of the East aggregate in little heads calyx superior,
;

Indies, where the bark is used as an astrin- five-parted filaments of the stamens in-
;

gent, for tanning purposes, and for dyeing serted into the claws of the petals stigmas ;

black. [M.T.M.] cleft, with small two-celled ovaries. The

species are all natives of South Africa,
BRTDIAILLE. (Fr.) Erica scoparia. and, consequently, require the protection
BRTTNRLLIA. A genus of Xanthoxy- of a greenhouse in England. B. noctiflora
lacece,consisting of trees with simple or is the species which is most generally
compound leaves, and unisexual flowers in cultivated, and when well grown, it forms
axillary or terminal panicles. The calyx is a very handsome plant. [D. M.]
four or five-parted. There are no petals. BRUNNEUS. Deep brown; not much
The eight or ten stamens of the male different from chestnut-brown.
flowers arise from a depressed hairy disc.
In the female flowers the stamens are BRUNKICHIA. A genus of Polygonacere,
absent, but there are four or five ovaries, containing a single species, B. cirrhosa, a
each terminated by a short style. The native of the warmer regions of North
fruit consists of four or five two-seeded America. The stem is shrubby, twining,
capsules, which open inwardly. The species with alternate shortly-stalked smooth
are natives of tropical America, and the ovate-acuminate entire leaves the leaf- ;

Sandwich Islands. [M. T. M.] stalks are dilated at the base, and half-
clasping, a hairy line completing the circle
T
BRTJ]S FELSIA. A name given to a round the stem peduncles axillary and
;

genus of Scrophulariacece in honour of terminal often ending in tendrils bractlets ;

Otto Brunfels of Metz, who lived about small with several flowers from the axil of
the middle of the sixteenth century, and each, the whole so arranged that the flowers
contributed to the revival of botanical are racemose on the peduncles; perianth
science. The genus is known by the herbaceous, very small, bell-shaped, five-
possession of a five-cleft calyx a corolla
; parted stamens eight or ten ; styles three
;

with a long tube, very slightly dilated at nut three angled. [J. T. S.]
the top, and a flat limb, five-cleft with
rounded lobes, bilabiate in aestivation
BEI XONIA,
T
BRUNONIACEiE. The
four fertile stamens with anthers which
genus Brunonia consists of two Austra-
;

lian herbs with capitate blue flowers, giving

are confluent at the top; and a style
which is bent inwards at the top, where
j
them the aspect of a Scabiosa or of a
Globularia; whilst in their structure, and
it isdivided into two stigmatic lobes. The
especially in their stigma, enclosed in a
capsule is leathery or fleshy, more rarely
two-valved cup, they are more nearly
indeliiscent and drupe-like seeds several,
allied to Goodeniacece. Robert Brown, in
;

rather large, imbedded in pulp. The

species are shrubs or small trees natives
whose honour the genus was named, con-
sidered it as a section or anomalous genus
of South America and the West Indies,
j

|
of the latter family whilst others have
;
and have handsome fragrant flowers of
thought that the completely free ovary
a blue or white colour. Some of the species
and exalbuniinous seeds, combined with
are in cultivation. [M. T. M.]
the inflorescence, are sufficient to mark it
BRUXIACE.E. A small family not sepa- as a distinct family under the name of
rated by any positive character from Ha- I Brvnoniacece.
mamelidece, although very different in |
The Brimonias grow up with tufts of
habit. They are mostly much-branched i entire spathulate radical JeaA r es, and naked
heath-like shrubs from South Africa or j
scapes terminated by the compact head of
Madagascar. The leaves are usually small, small blue flowers, which are surrounded
crowded and entire, without stipules. The I by bracts. The five-cleft calyx has three
 175 K\)t Crcadurn af Botany. [brya
bracts at tlie base the corolla is five-parted,
; ways more or less streaked or furrowed,
the two upper segments separate from the especially when dry. Our more common
•

|
others; the five stamens are hypogynous, species, as Bartramia pomiformis, are sub-
with the anthers slightly cohering the ; alpine, or occurs in bogs. Sometimes the
ovary is free, one-celled and one-ovuled, term Bryacece is applied to the whole of
with a simple style and the fruit is a mem-
: the true mosses, as in Linclley's Vegetable
branous utricle enclosed in the hardened Kingdom, [M. J. B.]
tube of the calyx. [J. T. SJ
BRYA. A genus
i

of leguminous plants
BRUXSYIGIA. A
genus of Amarylli- (Fabacece-.Papilionacece) consisting of three
dacece, distinguished by broad recumbent species, small trees or large shrubs, na-
:

hiemal leaves, an autumnal precocious tives of tropical America. They have a

•
flower-scape, a very short-tubed recurved five-toothed, somewhat two-lipped calyx: a
i
perianth, recurved style and filaments, papilionaceous corolla; and stamens united
j
the filaments not adhering beyond the into a tube, which is split down one side.
<
tube, and a triangularly turbinate capsule. Their fruit is a flattened two-jointed pod,
!
The Brunsvigias are rather remarkable the upper half of which is generally im-
|
bulbous plants of South Africa, closely perfect, the lower containing a solitary
J
related to Amaryllis itself. The typi- seed. The leaves are solitary, or in
!
cal species, B. mult 'flora, has a globose clusters, or pinnate.
j
bulb as large as an infant's head, and B. JEbenus, the Jamaica or West In-
produces distichous obtuse striated lingui- dian Ebony-tree, is a large shrub or small
form leaves seven or eight inches long, tree, growing twenty or thirty or even
and a fleshy compressed scape, a span or forty-feet high, with a trunk seldom ex-
more in height, supporting an umbel of ceeding four inches in diameter; it has
from twenty to sixty purple flowers, which long slender tough and flexible branches,
have lance-shaped segments spreading or which are armed with short sharp spines,
revolute at the tips. There are but few other and bear numerous small evergreen leaves,
species ref erred to the genus. [T. M.] resembling those of the common Box,
but rather broader at the top end. The
BRUSE. (Fr.) TJlex europams. flowers are of a bright orange-yellow
BRUSH-APPLE. The native Australian colour, produced in great abundance upon
wood of Achras australis. the young branches, and have a very
sweet odour. Although the wood of this
BRUSH-CHERRY. The native Austra- tree is known in Jamaica by the name of
lian wood of Trochocarpa laurina. Ebony, it is not the true ebony-wood, that
BRUSH-SHAPED. See Aspergilliform. being produced by a totally different tree.
The Jamaica Ebony is of a greenish-
BRUSSELS SPROUTS. A cultivated brown colour, very hard, and so heavy
variety of the Cabbage, Brassica oleracea, that it sinks in water it takes a good
;

having the leaves blistered, and the stems polish, and is used in Jamaica for making
covered by little close heads or hearts.
BRUYETRE. (Fr.) Calluna vulgaris.
— DU CAP. Phylica ericoides.

BRYACEJ2. A large group of acrocar-

pous mosses distinguished by the capsules
having a double row of teeth, the inner of
which are united at the base by a common
plicate membrane. Very rarely there is a
single row only, or the teeth are obsolete.
The capsule is almost always pendulous
The stem is at first simple, but at length
branched by means of new shoots, called
: innovations, given off near the tip, or the
i base, sometimes from subterranean creep-
!
ing shoots. The leaves have a central
nerve, and consist of large reticulations,
and are mostly serrated at the margin and
thickened. Very rarely the fruit is lateral
as in ITielickoferia. Many of the species of
Mnium, as M. punctatum, rostratum, undu-
lation, &c, are a great ornament to woods
and rocks from their large leaves and
handsome capsules, while various species
of Bryum attract notice on walls, gravel-
walks, and marshes, by their tufted' habit
and abundant pendulous capsules. Amongst Ebc-nus.
these Bryum argenteum is peculiarly con-
spicuousfrom the silverywhite of its leaves. various small wares. Part of the wood
nia and one or two closely allied '

known in commerce
as Green Ebony, and
genera are remarkable for their nearly which is much used by
turners and dyers,
spherical capsules, which are almost all is probably obtained from this tree.
j The
 :

brya] K\)t STrcagurg at 33ntanj?, 176

tough twiggy branches are used in Ja- '
wise man,' who purported to be able to
maica as riding-whips and it is said that
; remove the spell of witchcraft, under
in former days they were kept at all the which he said they were all suffering.
wharfs about Kingston to scourge the The man succeeded in obtaining consider-
refractory slaves. [A. S.] able sums of money at different times
from the credulous farmer, whose suspi-
BRYANTHUS. A genus of Ericacem cions were at length awakened by the
containing a single species, a native of dangerous illness of some of the members
Siberia and Kamschatka, so nearly related of his family. It was not distinctly proved
to Menziesia that it is generally considered that the man had administered bryony,
as belonging to that genus. It differs but the symptoms complained of corre-
chiefly in having a pentamerous arrange- sponded with those which would be pro-
ment of the flower, although Ledebour, and duced by that root, a quantity of which
apparently also Swartz, have seen speci- was found in the man's house, and also a
mens in fruit with four divisions of the powder which was found to consist of the
calyx and capsule. The dirisions also are leaves of the hart's-tongue (Scolopendrium
deeper than in Menziesia. [W. C] vulgare). When the mandrake was more
BRYOBITTM. A supposed genus of esteemed than it is now, this root was
small unimportant orchidaceous epiphytes frequently sold for it, as it occasionally
from India, not distinct from Mycaran- branches in a similar manner, and, indeed,
and like it now merged in Eria.
thus, was forced to do so, by being grown in
moulds. Even now it is occasionally to be
BRYOLOGY. The part of botany which met with in herbalists' shops as mandrake.
treats of urn-mosses. The young shoots of bryony may be used
as a vegetable with impunity, and are
BRYONIA. The technical name of the said, when boiled, to resemble asparagus
genus to which the common bryony of the in flavour. This plant must not be mis-
hedges belongs. Among the Cucurbitacece taken for the black bryony (Tamus com-
this genus may be known by the stamens munis), also a climbing plant, but whose
and pistils being on the same plant, but in leaves are heart-shaped, smooth, and
different flowers; by the calyx having Ave shining.
small teeth; the corolla five-lobes; stamens Bryonia alba, a central European species
five in three parcels, the anthers sinuous ; has similar properties to the English
style three-lobed, with capitate stigmas; Bryony, as also have B. americana and B.
and fruit globular, succulent. B. dioica, africana. The root of B. abysinnica, when
the Common Bryony, has a thick tuberous cooked, is said to be eaten with impunity.
rootstock of considerable length, yellowish- The seeds of B. callosa are used in India as
brown, and wrinkled transversely on the a vermifuge, and yield an oil used for
outer surf ace. The stems that spring from lamps. B. laciniosa, B. rostrata, and B.
this are annual, and rough. They climb by scabrella are all used for medicinal pur-
tendrils, and, what is very unusual, the poses in India, while the leaves of some
direction of the spiral is now and then are boiled and eaten as greens. B. epigcea
altered, so that after proceeding in one was at one time supposed to furnish
course for some distance, the tendril sud- calumba root, which it resembles both in
denly changes to an opposite direction. appearance and properties. It is used in
The leaves are angular, three to seven- India as an external application and for
lobed, the terminal or middle lobe being other medicinal purposes. [31. T. M.]
the longest they are rough like the stem
:

The male flowers are in clusters, bell- BRYONY. The common name for Bryo-
shaped, greenish-yellow, and veined; the nia. , —
BLACK. Tamus communis. —,
female blossoms are smaller, disposed in a RED. Bryonia dioica.
corymb or umbel, and have a globular
ovary which ripens into a scarlet berry, BRYOPHYLLTJM. A name expressive
containing several flattened seeds. The of the peculiarity that the leaves have,
male and female flowers are sometimes on under certain circumstances, of producing
different plant?, hence the name dioica, but small buds on their margins. The genus
this is not always the case. The plant has to which the name applies, belongs to the
a fetid odor, and possesses acrid, emetic, house -leek family {Crassulacece), and is
and purgative properties, and from its known by its bell-shaped distended calyx,
elegant appearance, especially in autumn which is four-cleft the tube of the
;

when it adorns the hedges with its bril- corolla somewhat quadrangular, the lobes
liantly coloured fruit, accidents are likely of its limb, ovate or somewhat triangular
to occur to children and others incauti- a number of .eland-like compressed scales
ously tasting the fruit. The root is used as at the base of the carpels and carpels on
;

an application to bruises, and occasionally very short stalks. The leaves are unequally
as a purgative but it is unsafe from its pinnate and fleshy. B. calycinum, when in
;
i

uncertain and sometimes violent action, flower, has loose panicles of drooping
;

whence the French call it Devil's-turnip. greenish-purple blossoms, which are very
Its acridity is due to a chemical substance elegant. It is of particular interest from
called bryonin. The writer of this notice the formation of small buds at the notches
was once called on to ascertain what vege- on the margin of its leaves; sometimes
table substance had been administered to these buds are produced naturally, but the
a farmer, his family, and his cattle, by a plant may be made to form them by peg-
:
177 Cl)c Crea^urn of Matany. [bttdd

ging a detached leaf close down to the soil, flowers in terminal spikes. The calyx is
when the buds will root into the ground, tubular with five short teeth the corolla ;

and form new plants. The species is a native tube is straight and slender, and the limb
of the Moluccas, Madagascar, the Mauri- has five nearly equal spreading lobes, the
tius, <Src, and grows in dry situations in two upper ones inside in the bud. The
the clefts of the rocks. In the Mauritius two pairs of stamens are included in the
it is used as a fomentation or poultice in
'

tube they have obtuse one-celled anthers.

;

intestinal complaints. [M. T. M.] The style is club-shaped. The capsule is

straight, opening loculicidally in two en-
BR YUM. A large genus of acrocarpous , tire valves. [W. C]
mosses, now subdivided, but formerly
almost equivalent to the natural family I BUCHU. The same as Bucku.
Bryace^e, which see. [M. J. B.] BUCIDA. A
genus of trees belonging-
BUBAXIA. A little known genus of to Combretacece, native of tropical America
Plumbaginacece, having the habit of Gonio- and the West Indies, with alternate wedge-
limon, but possessing five clavate and shaped entire leaves, smooth or harry on
not capitate stigmas. It differs from that the margins, and axillary peduncles bearing
genus, as well as from Statice, in having the l-ather small, spicate or capitate flowers.
styles united through a considerable ex- Calyx tubular, adhering to the ovary, above
tent of their length, and in the filaments which it is bell-shaped and five-toothed
being papillose at the base. The genus is at the margin corolla none stamens ten ; ;

founded on a single species from Algeria, with long filaments style simple, subu- ;

which has not yet been satisfactorily des- i

late drupe one-seeded. The ends of the
;

cribed, [w. c.] ;.. j

peduncles sometimes grow into spiny horn-
like excrescenses, from which the genus
BUBOX. A genus of Umbelliferce, I

;
takes its name : (bous) ox.B. Buceras, the
which has an obsolete calyx, and obovate j
Olive-bark, or Black Olive of Jamaica,
entire petals, with the points bent inwards. '

produceswood which is valuable onaccount

The fruit is compressed and has a dilated of its not being liable to the attacks of
flattened edge while each half of it has
;
insects the bark is also used for tanning
;

on its outer surface four ridges, the central purposes. [J. T. S.]
ones filiform, the lateral ones passing into
the flattened margins of the fruit. In the BUCKBEAN. Menyanthes trifoliata.
channels between the ridges, in the interior An American name
of the fruit, are canals containing volatile
I
BUCK-EYE. for
the species of Pavia and JEsculus, especially
oil, while on the inner face o£ the two
^27. ohiotensis.
halves are two such canals. The species
are natives of the Cape of Good Hope, and BUCKLANDIA. The name of a genus
have yellowish flowers. B. Galbanum se- belonging to the order of witch hazels,
cretes a resinous juice somewhat like gal- having stamens and pistils in the same
banum. [M.T.M.] flower, or in different flowers on the same
plant or some plants have stamens only,
;
BUCAIL. (Fr.) Fagopyrum esculentum. while others have only pistils. The calyx is
BUCCJE. The lateral sepals or wings of almost bell-shaped, adherent below to the
the flower of an aconite ; seldom used. seed vessel the anthers are supported on
;

awl-shaped filaments. The flowers are in

BUCHANAiSTA. A genus of Anucar- head-like groups, each subdivision of which
named in compliment to Dr. Bu-
diacece,
consists of eight flowers. The name Buck-
chanan Hamilton, a distinguished investi- landia, which has also been employed to
gator of Indian botany. The genus consists
designate certain fossil species of plants,
of Indian trees with simple leathery leaves,
was given in honour of the late Dr. Buck-
hermaphrodite flowers in axillary panicles, land, well knoAvn as a geologist. The only
with a five, or more rarely a three or four- species is an Indian tree with the general
cleft calyx ; five petals rolled backwards;
aspect of a poplar ; its leaves are alternate,
ten stamens shorter than the petals and a stalked, and variable in outline. [G. DJ
;

ten-lobed disc wrapping round the ovaries,

which are five in number, but only one BUCKLER-SHAPED. Having the form
perfect, the remaining four being repre- of a small round shield, like a Highland
sented only by the styles. The fruit is a target.
drupe with one seed, borne on a little
stalk within it. The seeds of B. laUfolia BUCKTHORN. The common name for
are eaten by the natives as almonds, and Rhamnus. — DYER'S. Rhamnus infecto-
,

they furnish an oil known as the cheroon- rius. —

SEA. Hippophde rhamnoides.
,

jee oil; the fruits also supply a black BUCKWHEAT. Fagopyrum esculentum.
varnish. The unripe fruits of B. lancifolia,
according to Major Drury, are eaten by the BUCKWHEAT TREE. Mylocaryum Zr
natives in their curries. [M. T. M.]
gustrinum.

BUCKSERA. A
large erenus of Hero-
BUCKU. A name applied in South Africa
phnlariacece, generally distributed over the
to several species of Barosma, especially
tropical and subtropical regions of the
B. crenata, crenulaia, and serratifolia.
world. They are stiff scarcely-branched BUD. The young undeveloped branch or
flower.
herbaceous plants, with the lower leaves
opposite and the upper alternate, and with BUDDLEIA. A large genus of Scropliu-
 ;

buen] QLfyt Erea^ttrj? at 2S0tany. 178

lariacece,containing nearly eighty species BUGLOSSE. (Fr.) Anchusa officinalis
from America, India, and South Africa. — , PETITE. Lycopsis arvensis.
They are trees, shrubs, or herbs, generally
tomentose or woolly, especially on the BUGRANE COMMUNE. (Fr.) Ononis
procurrens.
young branches, the under surface of the
leaves, the peduncles and calyx, and some- BUGWORT. The common name for
times even on the corolla. They have Cimici/uga.
opposite leaves, and many-flowered pe-
duncles, axillary or frequently in a ter-
BUIS. (Fr.) Buxus sem,pervirens. —
minal thyrse or panicle. The short cam-
DE MAHON. Buxus balearica.
panulate calyx is divided into four equal BUISSON ARDENT. (Fr.) Crataegus
teeth. The corolla is campanulate or tu- Pyracantha.
bular, with the limb spreading and divided
into four equal teeth. There are four BUKKUM WOOD. The wood of Ccesal-
pinia Sappan, used as a dye stuff.
included stamens inserted either in the
throat on very short filaments, or in the BUKUL. Mimusops Elengi.
middle of the tube. The ovary is two-
celled, and bears a simple style with a cap-
BULB. A leaf-bud, the scales of which
are fleshy, and which propagates an indi-
itate stigma. The capsule dehisces sep-
ticidally with two valves; it contains
vidual. —
, NAKED. bulb whose scalesA
numerous small seeds. [W. C] are loose and almost separate, as in the
.
r
crown imperial. —
A corm, which
, SOLID.
BUENA. One of the genera of Cinchon- see. , —
TUNICATED. A bulb whose
acece consisting of shrubs closely re- outer scales are thin and membranous.
sembling the Cinchona itself, but distin- BULBIL. An axillary bulb with fleshy
guished by their solitary terminal flowers, scales, falling off its parent spontaneously,
and by the limb of the calyx being decidu- and propagating it.
ous, so that the ripe fruit is not crowned
by the calyx as in Cinchona. The species BULBILLARIA. A genus of Liliacece,
are natives of Peru and Western tropical scarcely distinct from Gagea, which the
America. [M. T. M.] only species, B. gageoides, from Moimt
Libanus, closely resembles, differing only
BUFFALO BERRY. Shepiherdia ar- by having the ovary on a conspicuous
gentea. club-shaped stalk within the perianth
there are no radical and only one cauline
BUFFELHORN. The South African leaf, which is linear. The plant is remark-
name of the wood of Burchellia capensis.
able for the small bulbs which occur in
BUFFELSBALL. The South African the axils of the leaf-like bracts. [J. T. S.]
name of the wood of Gardenia Tliun-
bergia. BULBINE. A section of the lijiace-
ous genus Anthericum, containing several
BUFFONIA. A genus of the alsineous plants natives of South Africa. They
group of Caryophyllacetf, containing small have the segments of the perianth spread-
herbs or undershrubs, natives of central ing and yellow the filaments, or at least
;

Europe, the Medi terranean region, and tem- the alternate ones, bearded with short
perate Asia. They have stiff slender stems, hairs leaves somewhat fleshy, like those
;

often paniculately branched, and somewhat of the onion root fasciculate stem short.
; ;

resembling the toad-rush (Juncns bufo- Several species are cultivated as green-
nius) in habit leaves awh-shaped, closely
; house plants, and are not only pretty, but
applied to the stem flowers small cymose,
; often fragrant. [J. T. SJ
arranged in a spicate, racemose, or panicu-
late manner calyx four-parted, scarious,
;
BULBOCAPNOS. A section of the
compressed petals four, white
; stamens ;
fumariaceous genus Corydalis, containing
four to eight styles two : capsule two- ;
the species which have a large tuberous
valved seeds two. One species, B. annua,
;
rootstock, a persistent style, and a digitate
is said to have been found in Britain in process at the base of the seed, which has
Plukenet's and Dillenius's time, but has an embryo, of which the two cotyledons
not occurred since, and it is not improbable are united into one. Stem usually succu-
that some other plant may have been I
lent, with few thin glaucous twice-ternate
mistaken for it. [J. T. S.] leaves, having cut leaflets, and a terminal
raceme of purple flowers, with paler mark-
BUGBANE. An American name for ings. Several species occur in Europe and
Cimicifuga. temperate Asia, but none are truly native
in Britain, though one species, Corydalis
BUGLE. The common name for Ajuga. solida, often found in gardens, flowering
in spring, is naturalized in several places.
BUGLE-WEED. The American name This plant has solid tubers.a sheathing scale
for Lycopus virginicus.
below the leaves, leaf-like bracts digitately
BUGLOSS. The common name for An- cut, and rather large flowers. [J. T. S.]
chusa. —
, SMALL. Lycopsis or Anchusa
BULBOCASTANUM. Bniiium Bulbo-
aroensis. —
, VIPER'S. The common name castanum.
for Echium. —, WILD. The common
name for Lycopsis. BULBOOHiETE. A genus amongst the
 179 €f)t Errajaurg of 33Dtang. [bung
confervaceous articulated Algce, remark- three-lobed, opening at the top when ripe,
able for its hyaline bristle-like branches, and showing the seeds, which are as large
which are bulbous at the base. The fruit as peas, three or four in each of the three
consists of globose capsules, with a green cells of the capsule, and with a soft thick
and then a dark red endochrome. The mode seed-coat. [J. T. S.]
of impregnation in this genus, as also in BULBOSUS. Having the structure of a
CEdogonium, is very curious. Some of the bulb ; having bulbs.
cells produce little bodies, which are fur-
nished with flagelliform appendages, by BULB-TUBER. A corm, which see.
means of which they swim about till they
fix themselves on or near, the swollen
BULL, or BULLET GRAPE. Vitis
rotundifolia.
joints, which are to produce the spores.
These bodies become clavate, with one or BULLACE. Prunus insititia.
two joints, and just when the contents of BULLACE PLUM, JAMAICA. The fruit
the swollen cells are ready for impregna- of Melicocca bijuga.
tion, a lid comes off, and makes way for
the exit of one or more globose sperma- BULLATE. Blistered puckered. When
;

tozoids, which are admitted to the endo- the parenchyma of a leaf is larger than the
chrome of the female cells by means of a area within which it is formed.
little aperture. After impregnation, the en-
dochrome acquires a membrane, and after
BULL-HOOF. Murucuja ocellata.

a time becomes free. The spore, when BULLOCK'S HEART. A name given to
liberated, elongates —
in a few hours at- the fruit of Anona reticulata, a kind of
taining twice its original length. The custard apple.
endochrome, by successive division, gives BULL-RUSH, or BULRUSH. Scirpus
rise to four distinct bodies, which acquira
lacustris ; and sometimes Typha.
a nearly globular form, and are furnished
at one extremity with two sets of ciliary BULLY, or BULLET TREE. A name
processes, by means of which they move given in Guiana to a species of Mimusops.
about, and thus appear in the condition of — , BASTARD. Bumelia retusa. —, BLACK.

zoospores, which ultimately reproduce the Bumelia ingens. , —

JAMAICA. Lucuma
species. B. setigera is our most common mammosa.
species, but others occasionally occur in BULRUSHWORTS. A name given by
this country. [M. J. B.] Lindley to the Typhacece.
BULBOCODIUM. Bulbous plants with BUMELIA. A Greek name for the com-
the habit of the Colchicum, and members
of the same family, Melanthacece. The mon ash, but applied in modern times to
a genus of Sapotacece, having a corolla with
perianth consists of six coloured segments,
a short tube, and a five-parted limb, at the
with long taper claws or stalks, which base of each segment of which are two
form a slender tube the upper portion of
;
small scales. There are five fertile stamens
each segment is elliptical, and prolonged attached to the tube of the corolla, oppo-
at the base into two small acute processes,
site its lobes, and alternating with five
so that the perianth may be described as
consisting of six sagittate stalked seg-
petaloid barren stamens. The ovary has
five one-seeded compartments, some, of
ments. The stamens are six, attached to which, however, become an-ested in their
the segments of the perianth, and of
growth, so that the berry-like fruit fre-
unequal lengths ; the style three-cleft, with
quently contains but one cavity and seed.
simple stigmas. Ovary three-celled; ovules
The species consist of trees or shrubs,
indefinite. Fruit a capsule, dividing when
with a milky juice, a spiny stem, simple
ripe into its component carpels. The spe-
alternate leaves, and small white or green-
cies are pretty bulbous plants, natives of
ish flowers. Some of them are sufficiently
Europe, the Levant, &c. [M. T. M.]
hardy to bear our climate, if protected
BULBODIUM. The solid bulb of old by a wall, while others are grown in hot-
botanists ; the same as a corm. houses. [M. T .M.]
BULBOXAC. (Fr.) Lunaria biennis, and BUNCHOSIA. Tropical American trees
rediviva. or shrubs, belonging to the order Mai
BULBOSI PILL Hairs that proceed ptghiacece, and nearly allied to the genus
from a swollen base. Malpighia, but having the racemes of
BULBOSPERMUM. A genus of Liliacece, flowers axillary. Styles separate, or
containing a small fibrous rooted herb, fused together; fruit fleshy, indehiscent,
from Java (B. javanicum), which has the externally smooth, without angles and
stem somewhat bulbous at the base, with containing two or three seeds, which are
two or three long-stalked lanceolate radical convex on the back. The flowers are for
leaves, which are membranous and many- the most part yellow. Several kinds are
nerved, but the sheaths and peduncles are in cultivation as stove shrubs. The seeds
frequently without any blade scape short of one species, B. armeniaca, a Peruvian
;

erect, with racemose flowers at the top; tree, are reputed to be poisonous. [M.T.M.]
undermost bracts larger than the others, BUISTGEA. A genus of Scrophulariacece,
and frequently empty; flowers on long containing a single species, a native of
pedicels, with a six-parted ereenish peri- America. It is a small herb, growing in
anth; stamens six, monadelphous ; ovary densely leafy tufts. The leaves are linear,
BTJNl] €f)e ErcaSurg at 330tattg. 180
and deeply trifld. The flowers are on short by the Greeks under the name of Topana.
pedicels, with two bracts. The calyx is It has branching stems about a foot in
tubular at the base, and has four long height, and leaves primarily divided into
leafy divisions of the limb. The upper lip three divisions, each of which are then sub-
of the corolla is acuminate. The stamens divided into three leaflets. [A. S.]
are didynamous, hid under the upper lip,
and have two equal mucronate cells. The BUN-OCHRO. An Indian name for
style has a capitate stigmatose apex. The Urena lobata.
ovoid capsule dehisces loculicidally, and BUNT. The common name of TiUetia
contains few largish seeds. This genus is
caries, a parasitic fungus belonging to the
very near to Cymbaria, from which, how- section Coniomycetes. TiUetia differs from
ever, it is separated by its four leafy
other genera of the group Ustilaginei in
segments of the calyx, and its acuminate the perfectly globose spores having a cel-
galea. From Rhinanthus, to which it was
lular outer coat. These are at first de-
formerly referred, it differs in possessing veloped from the ultimate branchlets of a
two bracteoles under the calyx. [W. C] very delicate web which at length com-
pletely vanishes, so that the inside of the
BTJNIAS. A genus of Cruciferce herbs seed in which they grow contains nothing
;

from central Europe, the Mediterranean but a mass of spores. These are held
region, and temperate Asia, having erect
together for a long time in consequence of
branched stems, entire or pinnatifld, often the toughness
of the outer coat of the
runcinate leaves, and elongated racemes of
seed in which they grow, and accordingly
rather small yellow flowers, on short spread-
the bunted grains are carried home with
ing pedicels. Pouch resembling a small
the rest of the produce, so that when the
four-sided ovoid pyramidal nut.of ten tuber-
grain is threshed the spores of the bunt are
culated or muricated, indehiscent two-
•dispersed, and many of them adhere to
celled cells two-seeded embryo with the
;
;
the seedcorn, ready to germinatewhen the
cotyledons rolled up on themselves, which
seed is sown. The first thread protruded
distinguishes the genus from all except
Erucaria, which has a jointed pod breaking
by the spores is thick and coarse, so that it
cannot penetrate the tissues of the sprout-
across into two segments. [J. T. SJ
ing grain but a tuft of far more delicate
;

BUNTTTM. The five and twenty species threads soon crowns its apex, and after
composing this genus of tuberous-rooted becoming united with each other by means
produce
umbelliferous plants (Apiacecv) are chiefly of little lateral processes, they
inhabitants of Southern Europe and West-
secondary spores, which in their turn
ern Asia. They are small herbaceous germinate. As the wheat crop often
suffers seriously from bunt, many measures
plants, seldom more than two feet high,
and have very finely-cut leaves. Their are adopted by the farmer to kill sublimate the bunt-
spores. Arsenic and corrosive
flowers are white, and borne in compound
are ineligible because the grain, if not
umbels, generally destitute of an invo-
lucre, but occasionally with a few small
sown at once, is apt to lose its power of
bracts. The technical characters of this vegetating; sulphate of copper has not
genus and its allies are derived from the the same inconvenience, and is much used,
as is also quicklime slacked with boiling
fruit in the present it is slightly flattened
:

on two sides, and drawn in at the top, ter- water. The best practise is perhaps
that
minating in two straight styles each half pursued in some parts of France. The
;

of the fruit having five indistinctly marked

wheat is thoroughly wetted with a strong
solution of Glauber's salts (sulphate of
longitudinal ribs, with several oil cells be-
soda), and then dusted with quicklime. The
tween them.
effect of this is to set the caustic alkali
B. flexuosmn is a native of Western
free, while the sulphur and lime combine to
Europe, but is found wild in Britain. This
grows erect about a foot or more high, with form gypsum. Bunt scarcely occurs inHor- bar-
a few branches towards the top. Its leaves ley, but it has been found in Algierson
areveryfewin number, and very finely divi- deum murale. The only other species of
ded and sub-divided into numerous slender TiUetia occurs on Sorghum. [M. J. B.]
—
narrow divisions those on the upper part BUPHANE. A small group of amaryl-
of the stem having much finer divisions lids, remarkable in having precocious
than the lower ones. The round tuberous flower-scapes, supporting from 100 to 200
roots of this plant have a sweetish aro- or more flowers in a single head. The
matic taste, mingled with a considerable flowers have a straight cylindrical tube
|

amount of acridity, which renders them and a regular six-parted expanded limb,
[

unpleasant eating while raw, although their filaments being erect and distinct
they are often eaten in that state by from the tube. The capsule which suc-
children but when boiled or roasted, ceeds them is turbinate and dry, three-
;

they are very palatable, much resembling valved, with numerous distinct ovules.
the chestnut in taste — hence one of the Only four species are referred to the
common names for them is Earth-chest- genus by Herbert, and these are all South
nuts; they are also called Pig-nuts, Ar- African. The peduncles, which are at
nuts, Jur-nuts, Tur-nuts, Kipper-nuts, &c. first crowded and suberect, diverge so as
B. ferulcefolium, which grows in the is- to form a spherical head, the flowers of
lands of Cyprus and Candia, produces which are smaller than in the closely-
tubers as large as filberts, which are eaten ailied Arumocharis. B. toxicaria is called
 ;-

181 CIjc CrcaSurj) nf 33otanj?, [bttrm

the Poison Bulb, and is said to be fatal to The characteristics of this genus are the -

cattle. The bulbs of B. disticha are met flowers closely packed in a head, sur-
with as large as a man's head. The rounded by a few bracts corolla funnel- ;

I
former of these produces crowded umbels shaped, swollen above the middle limb ;

i
of flesh-coloured flowers, the segments of five-cleft,small, naked at the throat;
i
which are linear-lanceolate, and its leaves stamens inserted above the middle of the
i
are elongately lorate. [T. MJ tube of the corolla anthers on very short
;

filaments stigma club-shaped. The fruit

;

BUPHTHALMUM. A
family of com- is succulent, two-celled, many-seeded,
pound flowers deriving their name (equiv- crowned by the deeply five-cleft calyx.
alent to Ox-eye) from the broad open disk The species are shrubs with handsome
of their flowers. Among the plants of flowers, and are natives of S. Africa,
! this family most frequently cultivated in B. capensis and B. parmflora are grown in
I English gardens are B. grandiflorum, a greenhouses for the sake of their clus-
I herbaceous perennial growing about a foot tered handsome scarlet flowers. [M. T.M.]
and a-half high, with narrow smooth
j

leaves and large yellow flowers ; and B. BURDEE. An Arabic name for Papyrus
;

cordifolium, also a herbaceous perennial, antiquorum.

|

forming a large tuft; the root-leaves are BURDOCK. The common name for
heart-shaped, the upper ones smaller, egg- Arctium Lappa ; also applied to Centotheca
shaped and sessile the flowers large, bright
;
lappacea, — , PRAIRIE. An American
yellow with long rays. Both are natives name for Silphiuvi terebiiitinaceum.
of central Europe. [C. A. J.]
j

BURKEA. A genus of the pea -family,

BUPLEURUM. Hare's-ear, Thorow-wax, and belonging to the section with regular
:
or Thorow-leaf. The only common English flowers. B. africana is the only species of
! species of this strongly-marked family of the genus, and is a shrub or sometimes a
j
umbelliferous plants is B. rotundifolium, small tree, thirty feet high, with twice
i
which occurs in corn-flelds on a chalky pinnate leaves, and very numerous oval
;
soil, especially about Swaffham and in leaflets from one to three inches long, and
! Cambridgeshire. It may be known by its when young covered with silvery hairs.
j
roundish-oval leaves, which are alternate, The flowers are small, white, and fragrant,
I
and so extended at the base that 'every disposed in panicles made up of long
branch doth grow thorowe everie leafe, slender branching spikes. The pods are
making them like hollowe cups or sawcers' stalked, thin, and about one and a-half
(Gerarde). The flowers are small and of a inches long, with one or two seeds. This
greenish-yellow hue, and far less conspicu- is one of the many plants which are com-
ous than the large bracts at the base of mon to the eastern and western sides of
the partial umbels. B. fruticosum is a tropical Africa. The genus is named in
shrubby species, a native of the South of compliment to Mr. J. Burke, a plant col-
Europe, with purplish branches and sea- lector, who made extensive collections of
green leaves. Several other species are S. African and K. American plants. [A.A.B.]
cultivated, all of which are more or less
j ' remarkable for the unusual development BURLINGTONIA. A genus of epiphytal
1
of the floral bracts (involucre), and are of orchids inhabiting the tropics of Brazil.
easy cultivation. French, Buplevre, Oreille The species have large and often fragrant
de iievre German, Hafenohrchen. [C. A. J.]
;
white yellow or pink flowers attached
to a weak drooping or pendulous spike.
All that are known are in cultivation in
BUPLEYER. An English name adapted
this country.
from the French, proposed by Bentham
for Bupleurum. BURMANNIACEiE. A
family of mono-
cotyledons, allied to orchids in their in-
BUR-BARK. The fibrous bark of Triuin-
ferior ovary, either three-celled or with
fetta semitriloba.
three parietal placentas, in their trimerous
BURCHARDIA. An Australian genus of flowers, and especially in their minute
the colchicum family (Melanthacece). The seeds, with aloosely netted testa enclosing
perianth is coloured, of six slightly- an apparently homogeneous nucleus or em-
stalked segments, each having a nectari- bryo ;but differing in their perfectly
ferous pore near the base stamens six,;
regular flowers, with three to six distinct
I

I inserted on the very base of the segments stamens and a central simple or three-
I of the perianth anthers peltate, opening
;
cleft style. They are all herbaceous,
outwardly ovary triangular, containing
;
with blue or white flowers, inhabiting
I three compartments, each with several marshy or shady places. In some genera
i ovules in two rows styles three. Fruit a
;
the annual slender stems have no leaA-es
i capsule, opening by the separation of its except small colourless scales, which led
|
constituent carpels. B. umbellata is in former botanists to suppose them to be
j
cultivation it is a herbaceous plant with
;
root parasites but it has now been ascer-
;

thick rootlets, linear sheathing leaves tained that they grow on rotten leaves and
flowers white in umbels. [M. T. M.] other decayed vegetable substances, and
not on living plants. There are scarcely
BURCHELLTA. A name given in honour more than thirty species of Burmamrioccre
of Mr. Burchell, an African traveller, and known, all tropical, except one North
used to denote a genus of Cinchonacece American Burmannia. They are distri-
 ;

bubm] &f)e Creatfurg of 2S0taity. 182

buted into ten or eleven genera, including others of the species furnish a resinous
Tacca, which some botanists treat as a substance. The shrubs are natives of the
distinct family4 under the name of Tac- West Indies. [M. T. MJ
cacece.
BURSICULA (adj. BURSICULATE).
BURMANNIA. A genus of Burmannia- A small purse. A pouch-like expansion of
cece, the principal one of the family, the stigma, into which the caudicle of
although consisting of only six or seven some orchids is inserted.
species. It is distinguished by the three- BURSINOPETALUM. A genus of Ola-
winged or three-angled ovary and capsule, cacece,containing an Indian tree (B. arbo-
completely divided into three cells, with reitm),which has ovate acuminate leathery
numerous seeds attached to the inner leaves and small panicled white flowers,
angle of each cell. They are mostly marsh remarkable for the form of the petals,
plants, with short flat sedge-like leaves, which have an inflexed lobe at the
forming radical tufts or crowded at the point, and terminate in two small sharp
base of the stem, and terminal blue flowers teeth. Calyx superior, with a five-cleft
in short simple or two or three-branched limb; stamens five, connivent. Fruit a
spikes. One species, however, B. capitata, one-celled drupe, with a groove down one
is a slender almost colourless plant, with- side of the hard endocarp. [J. T. S.]
out other leaves than minute scales, and
with very small capitate flowers. They are BURTONIA. A genus of dwarf heath-
natives of the tropical regions of Asia, like shrubs belonging to the pea-flowered
Africa, and America, one species extending section of the leguminous family, all of
northward as far as Virginia. them natives of West Australia. They have
simple or trifoliate sessile leaves, which
BURNET, GARDEN. Poterium Sangui- are usually awl-shaped. The flowers are
sorba. —.GREAT. Sanguisorba officinalis. axillary and often thickly-gathered on the
— ,LESSER. The common name for Pote- ends of the branches the corollas rich
;

rium. — , SALAD. Poterium Sanguisorba. purple, the keel generally ot a deeper

colour, and the standard having sometimes
BURNING BUSH. An American name a yellow blotch at its base. The pod is
1or Euonymus atropurpureus, and E. ameri- small, ovate, and sessile, with two seeds.
canus also sometimes applied in gardens
;
The species are very pretty objects when
to the Artillery plant, Pilea serpyllifolia. in flower, and are often to be met with in
greenhouse collections. B. scabra was
BURR. The Burdock, Arctium Lappa. introduced in 1803, but there are now five
A species in cultivation and nine species
BURSA RI A. genus of South Austra-
known. The genus bears the name of Mr.
lian and Tasmanian shrubs belonging to
Pittosporacere. Branches not unfrequently D. Burton, who collected plants in W.
spiny leaves alternate, subsessile, ob-
;
Australia for the Kew Gardens. [A. A. B.]
ovate wedge-shaped retuse and entire, or BURWEED. The common name for
oblong-linear and toothed peduncles ter-; Xanthium.
minal, ternate, or panicled, the flowers
small, white, sometimes tinged with pink
BUSBECKIA. The name of a genus of
Capparidacece characterised by a calyx of
outside sepals, petals, and stamens, five
;

each. Ovary free style thread-like. Cap-

two sepals, valvate in the bud, deciduous
;
petals seven, inserted at the base of the
sule obcordate, compound, extremely like
hemispherical receptacle, unequal, imbri-
that of the shepherd's purse (Capsella Bur-
cate in the bud stamens several, inserted
sa-Pastoris), incompletely two-celled, two-
;

valved at apex; seeds one or two in each on the torus ovary on a long stalk, one-
; I

celled, with two or more parietal placentae,

cell. [J. T. S.] |

bearing several curved ovules stigma ;

BURSERA. One of the genera of Amy- sessile, round berry globose, leathery,
;

ridacece, consisting of trees with alternate rough on the outer surface seeds kidney- ;

compound leaves, flowers in axillary clus- shaped, imbedded in pulp, and with a
ters, a small three to five-parted calyx, a leathery coat. A Norfolk Island shrub of
corolla of three to five petals, larger than climbing habit, with alternate leaves fur-
the segments of the calyx, inserted with nished with spiny stipules, and solitary
the six to ten stamens beneath an entire axillary stalked flowers. The fruit is of
circular disc. Ovary sessile, with three the size of a large orange. The BusbecMa,
compartments, each containing two sus- of Martius is now included in the genus
pended inverted ovules, placed side by Salpichroma. [M. T. M.]
side. Fruit globose or somewhat angular, BUSH SYRUP. A saccharine fluid
with a leathery outer rind bursting into obtained from the flowers of Protea melli-
three pieces, and an inner hard shell, fera, in theCape Colony.
containing three bony seeds, surrounded
by a small quantity of pulp, or a single BUSSEROLE. (Fr.) Arctostaphylos Uva-
seed, by the abortion of the rest. B. pani- ursi.
culata, called Bois de Colophane in the BUSSU. A S. American name for Mani-
isle of Bourbon, contains an abundance of caria saccifera.
oil, like turpentine, which exudes when
the bark is pierced, and speedily congeals, BUTCHER'S BROOM. Buscus aculea-
till it acquires a buttery consistence; tus also a common name for Buscus.
;
 :

1S3 &f>t Kvcuiuvg of Matmw. [buto

BUTEA. The three or four species B. superba is a large climbing shrub with
constituting this genus of leguminous leaves resembling those of the last species
plants (Fabacece Papilionacece) form either its flowers, also, are of a similar bright
small trees or large climbing shrubs, and orange-red, but rather larger, so that
are ail natives of India. Their flowers are when in full flower the plant presents a
produced in racemes consisting of numer- very gaudy appearance. Its products are
ous nowers arranged in threes. The calyx similar to those of the dhak ; the flowers
has two small bracts near its base, and yielding a colouring matter, and the juice
is usually covered with black velvety hardening into kino.
down it is bell-shaped and two-lipped, the
; B. parviflora is a shrubby climber re-
1
upper lip being nearly whole, and the sembling the last in general appearance,
;
lower one three cut the corolla is papilio-
; but having very much smaller flowers than
j
naceous the stamens are ten in number,
; either of the preceding. The gum of this
!
nine of them being united into a tube, species is given, dissolved in arrack, in
1

and the tenth separate. The fruit is a hysteria and colic. [A. S.]
stalked flattened thin and membrana-
!

ceous pod, containing one seed placed

BUTOM ACEiE (Butomads the Flower-
. ;

near the apex.

ing-rush family.) A natural order of hvpogy-
nous monocotyledons belonging to Lind-
B. frondosa, the Dhak or Pulas of India,
ley's alismal alliance. Aquatic plants, often
is a flue tree growing to about thirty
milky, with very cellular leaves, and um-
or forty feet high, common in the jungles
bellate showy flowers. Perianth of six
of Bengal. Its leaves are composed of
]

pieces, the three inner (corolla) being

three roundish leaflets, covered with silky
j

coloured like petals. Stamens either below

hairs, somewhat resembling the pile of
or above twenty in number, hypogynous.
I

velvet the young branches likewise are

;
I
Ovaries three to six or more, either separate
|
hairy. The racemes of flowers are pro- or united ovules numerous. Fruit con-
duced early in spring, before the leaves ;

sisting of achenes or follicles, separate or

|
have made their appearance; each indi- united. Seeds numerous, attached to a
vidual flower being about two inches long
net-like placenta, which is spread over the
I
and of a very bright orange-red colour. whole inner surface of the fruit no albu-
Dr. Hooker states that when in full flower
:

men. Natives of the marshes of Europe and

the Dhak tree is a gorgeous sight, the
Siberia, the north-western provinces of
masses of flowers resembling sheets of India.and equinoctial America. The flower-
flame, their 'bright orange-red petals con-
ing rush, Butomus umbellatus, is an orna-
trasting brilliantly against the jet-black
The Dhak tree supplies
ment of our lakes its underground stern is
;
velvety calyx.*
roasted and eaten in Asia. There are four
the natives of India with several articles
genera and seven species. Illustrative
of a useful nature. The most important
genera Butomus, Limnocharis. [J. H. B.] "»
of these is the red astringent juice which
:

exudes from wounds in the bark, and BUTOMUS. The Flowering Rush : one of
which, when hardened by evaporation, the stateliest and most elegant of English
forms one of the brittle ruby-coloured sub- aquatics, improperly called a rush, though
stances called kino, this particular variety the similarity of its long smooth knotless
being termed butea kino or gum butea. flower-stalk to the stalk of the bulrush
Sometimes, however, it goes under the (Scirpus) sufficiently accounts for the name
name of Bengal kino but it must not be
; having been given. Gerarde, who suggests
confounded with East Indian kino, which the name of Lillie-grasse, calls it the Water
is produced by Pterocarpus Marsupium. Gladiole or Grassie Rush, and says, that ' Of
This substance is procurable in large quan- all others it is the fairest and most plea-
tities, but it has not yet come much into sant to behold, and serveth very well for
use. The natives employ it for tanning the decking and trimming up of houses,
leather, and it has been tried in this because of the beautie and braverie there-
country for the same purpose, but the of ; consisting of sundry small flowers,
dark colour which it communicates to the |
compact of sixe small leaves, of a white
leather is considered objectionable; it !
colour mixed with carnation, growing at
might probably be turned to account by i
the top of a bare and naked stalk, Ave or
the dyer. The flowers are called teesoo or sixe foote long, and sometime more.' The
keesoo in India, and afford either a beauti- j
leaves are narrow, triangular, and very
ful bright yellow, or a deep orange-red cellular, shorter than the flower stalks, but
dye but unfortunately these tints are not
; they, nevertheless, greatly exceed two feet,
permanent. A coarse fibrous material the dimensions assigned to them in bota-
obtained from the bark of the stems and nical works, as the plant generally grows
1

roots is used in India for caulking the in water at least two or three feet deep.
I
seams of boats as a substitute for oakum. The bottom of the main stalk as well as the
! The lac insect (Coccus) likewise frequents partial flower stalks are frequently tinged
the Dhak tree, and by its punctm-es in the with purple. The flowers are large, of six
young twigs causes the formation of the sepals and contain each nine stamens and
substance known as stick-lac, which is used six styles. The seeds and root were for-
in the manufacture of sealing-wax and merly employed medicinally, and in the
in dyeing. And, finally, the seeds yield a north of Asia, the latter is roasted and
small quantity of oil, called moodooga oil, eaten. A variety is cultivated which has
which the native doctors consider to striped leaves. (French, Butome. German,
possess anthelmintic properties. !
Blumenbiuse). [C. A. J.]
butt] €§t &xtx£uY2 af 33atang. 184

BUTTER & EGGS. The double-flowered BUXUS. A small but important genus
variety of Narcissus (Queltia) aurantius. of spurgeworts (EuphorbiacecB), one species
of which is the well-known Box-tree of
BUTTER AND TALLOW TREE. Pen- our gardens. They are shrubs or small
tadesma butyracea. trees, with opposite entire evergreen
leaves, and their flowers being produced in
BUTTER-BUR. The common name of
clusters from the angles of the leaves, each
Petasites, a group of the Tussilago family.
cluster consisting of several male flowers,
BUTTERCUP. The popular name for surmounted by one or two females. They
Banunculus acris and its near allies, B. have a calyx, consisting of four minute
repens and bulbosus. sepals, the males having four stamens, and
the females three styles. Thefruitis three-
BUTTER OP CACAO. A pleasant con- celled, containing two shining black seeds
crete-oil,obtained from the seeds of Theo- in each cell, and splitting open when ripe.
broma Cacao. —
OP CANARA. Piney
, The Common or Evergreen Box-tree {B.
tallow, a solid oil obtained from the fruits sempervirens) is a native of both Europe and
of Yateria inclica. Asia. In Europe it extends as far north as
the fifty-second parallel of latitude, and is
BUTTER TREE, INDIAN. Bassia buty- found plentifully on the coast of the Black
racea. —.AFRICAN. The Shea tree, .Bassm |

j
Sea, also in Spain, Italy, and the southern
'Parkii. and eastern provinces of France. In this
BUTTERFLY-PLANT. Oncidium Pa- country the only place where it is really
pilio. — , INDIAN. Phalcenopsis amabilis. i indigenous is Boxhill in Surrey. In Asia
found in Persia, Northern India, China,
BUTTERFLY-SHAPED. — See Papiliona- and Japan.
! it is
It varies considerably in height,
ceous. some varieties growing as high as twenty
BUTTERFLY WEED. Asclepiastuberosa. or thirty feet, with a trunk eight or ten
inches in diameter while others never ex-
;

BUTTERWEED. Erigeron canadense. ceed three or four feet, and have very
BUTTERWORT. The common name for small stems. As commonly seen in this
Pinguicula. country it is either a shrub eight or ten
feet high, or artificially dwarfed and only a
BUTTON-BUSH. An American name for few inches high. Its leaves vary from half
Cephalanthus. an inch to an inch long, and from an egg-
BUTTON-FLOWER. The common name shaped to an elliptical form ; they are of a
of Goinphia. shining deep-green colour, and of a thick
leathery texture. The wood of the Box-tree
BUTTON-TREE. The common name of has long been celebrated for its hardness
Conocarpus. and closeness of grain it is mentioned by
;

BUTTON-WEED. The common name of Theophrastus, and also by Pliny, the latter
Spermacoce. Also an American name for asserting that it is as hard to burn as iron.
Biodia. Other early authors also mention it as
being used for musical instruments, carv-
BUTTON-WOOD. Cephalanthus occiden- ing, turnery, &c. Its chief characteristics
talis. Also an American name for Pla- are excessive hardness, great weight, even-
tanus. ness and closeness of grain, light colour,
BUTUA. The Brazilian name for the roots and being susceptible of a fine polish.
of Botryopsis platyphylla and B. cinerea. These are the qualities that render it so
According to Pereira, Butua root is the valuable to the wood engraver, the turner,
root of Cissavipelos Pereira or pereira brava the mathematical and musical instrument
of commerce. —
,DO CURYO. The Brazilian makers, and others. Between 2,000 and
name of the roots of Cochlospermum insigne. 3,000 tons are annually imported ; in 1858,
the imports amounted to 2,704 tons, valued
BUXBAUMIA: BUXBAUMIACE2E. A at 28.270L The finest quality, and the best
most singular genus and division of mosses, suited for the engraver, comes from Odessa,
in which the capsule bears an extraordinary Constantinople, and Smyrna, being grown
proportion to the vegetative part, which is in the vicinity of the Black Sea; it is
sometimes all but obsolete. It has a double generally in logs about four feet long, and
peristome, of which the outer one is either seldom more than eight or ten inches in
nearly obsolete, or consists of a triple or diameter. For the use of the engraver
quadruple circle of teeth, and the inner these logs are cut across the grain into
forms atruncate cone. The species are few slices about an inch thick. In the early
in number. Two are found in this country, days of wood engraving, these slices were
Biphyscium foliosum, which has a nearly cut lengthways with the grain, and it was
sessile ovato-conical capsule, and occurs on not till the middle of the last century that
the ground and on rocks in sub- Alpine dis- the present method was adopted. For the
tricts ; the other, Buxbaumia aphylla, re- turner and other manufacturers of small
markable for its long stalked capsule, being wares, wood of an inferior description
flat on one side, and convex on the other, from smaller trees is suitable, and large
like the roses of certain watering-pots, quantities of box-wood articles are conse-
and the leaves being quite rudimentary. quently made in different parts of France,
It is found, but rarely, on heaths or in where the tree abounds, though it does not
heathy woods. CM. J. B.] attain a great size. The Box-tree is greatly
 ISo <£{)£ Crca^uro at tetany. [bytt

employed in ornamental gardening, par- I The racemes of flowers are about six inches
ticularly for the formation of geometric |
long, and being of a deep yellow colour,
designs. The kind commonly used for the give the tree a fine effect when in full
edges of flower beds is merely a dwarf j
flower. In Panama it is called Nanci, and
variety of the common species. I the inhabitants consider the bark an efBca-
The Minorca Box, B. balearica, is a na- I
cious remedy in certain skin diseases com-
tive of several of the Mediterranean islands mon in that country they likewise use the
;

and of Asia Minor. It is a larger tree than wood for building purposes, and eat the
the last, growing sometimes as high as small acid berries.
sixty or eighty feet, with a straight smooth B. crassifolia is a native of the "West
trunk the leaves also are of a much paler
; Indies and the Northern part of South
|
green than those of the common box, and America, where it forms a small tree about
much larger, being about three inches long fifteen feet high. It has oval leaves about
and of an elliptical shape. The wood much four inches long and two broad, smooth
resembles that of the common box, but is upon the upper surface, and covered with
said to have a coarser grain; it no doubt brownish silky down underneath. The bark
forms part of the wood' exported from possesses astringent properties, and is used
Constantinople and Smyrna. [A. S.] for tanning leather it is also said to be
;

useful as a medicine, a decoction being

BYBLIS. A genus of Droseracce contain- employed as an antidote to the bite of the
ing Australian herbs resembling sundews rattlesnake and in Cayenne it is employed
;

(Drosera). They have very short stems, as a febrifuge. The Carib Indians call the
and tufts of linear leaves, with revolute plant Moulae-ie, and use its bark for paint-
margins. Tne peduncles are axillary, one- ing their paddles and arrow-heads.
flowered ; sepals and petals five each, B. spicata is a tree thirty or forty feet
the latter blue stamens Ave style simple.
; ;
high, growing in some of the West India
The capsule, which is obcordate, ventri- Islands and in Brazil. It has lance-shaped
cose and two-celled, contains but few blunt-pointed leaves about four or five
seeds. [J. T. S.] inches long and an inch and a half broad,
BYRSANTHES. One of the genera of the of a shining green upon the upper side and
order Lobeliacece. Calyx tube adnate to the a dull rusty brown colour beneath. The
ovary, its limb flve-parted corolla funnel-
;
bark of this, as indeed of all the species of
shaped, leathery (hence the name Leather- the genus, is very astringent, and is com-
flower;, its limb flve-parted, with erect equal monly used by the Brazilian tanners, under
segments; stamens Ave, inserted with the the name of Muruxi bark it also contains
;

corolla on to the tube of the calyx, the an- a colouring matter, and is used by the
thers coherent in a tube, some or all of them Indians for dyeing their garments red.
hairy at the top. Ovary two-celled, contain- The yellow acid berries of this plant are
ing several ovules, adhering to the two- very good eating when ripe, but rather
lobed placenta; style not projecting from
;
astringent; they are considered to act
the flower; stigma two-lobed, the lobes beneficially in cases of dysentery.
spreading, roundish, hairy. Shrubs inhabits B. verbascifolia is a small shrub with a
ing the Andes, covered with snow-white short thick knotty stem, the wood of which
hairs ; flowers stalked. [M. T. M .]
is of a bright red colour. Its leaves are
about ten inches long and of an obovate
BYRSONTMA An extensive genus of shape, i.e. having the top half broader than
plants belonging to the order of malpig- the bottom they are generally woolly on
;

hiads (Malpighiacece),aii& containing about both sides, and a microscopical examina-

eighty species, inhabitants of Tropical tion of the hairs of this and other species
America. They form shrubs or small trees, will show them to be centrally attached.
seldom exceeding thirty or forty feet in In Brazil and Guiana, where this plant
j

height, and have opposite entire leaves, grows, a decoction of the roots and bran-
destitute of the glands common to those of ches is used for washing ulcers, and is con-
j

allied genera. Their flowers are produced sidered to possess healing properties. [A.S.]
in racemes at the ends of the branches,
and are generally of a yellow colour; the BYSSACEOUS. Composed of fine en-
tangled threads.]

calyx has ten glands or wart-like swellings, i

two at the base of each sepal; their ten BYSSI. A name which formerly included
stamens are connected together by a ring a heterogeneous mass of perfect and im-
j

at the base, and they have three distinct perfect plants of various affinities, but is
styles terminated by pointed stigmas. Their now exploded, the term byssoid alone
fruit has a fleshy pulp surrounding a hard being retained to express a peculiar fringed
three-celled stone, containing three seeds, structure in which the threads or fascicles
B. Cumingiana is common in New Gre- of threads are of unequal lengths [M. J.B.]
j

nada, Panama, and Yeraguas, forming a

j

small tree about twenty-five or thirty feet BYSSUS. The stipe of certain fungals.
|

high. Its leaves are lance-shaped, about BYTTNERIACE.E. {Bilttnerim; Byttne-

\

three inches long and an inch and a half riads, the Chocolate family.) natural A
wide, the widest part being at the top end ; order of thalamifloral dicotyledons belong-
both their upper and under surfaces, but ing to Lindley's malval alliance. Trees,
particularly the latter, are covered with a shrubs, or undershrubs with simple leaves
thick coating of light brown woolly scurf, and deciduous stipules. Calyx four to flve-
which gives them a rather dull appearance, lobed, valvate in bud. Corolla consisting
i
 ;

bytt] &l)t Erea£urg al 2Sotans. 186

of four to five petals twisted in aestiva- to occur nowhere else in the island. The
tion (flower-bud), sometimes wanting. Sta- genus is named in honour of D. S. A.
mens hypogynous (inserted below the Byttner, once professor of botany at
ovary) united into a tube anthers opening
; Gottingen. [A. A.'B.]
inwards, two-celled, generally splitting
lengthwise. Ovary composed of four to CAA-APIA. A Brazilian name for Dor-
ten carpels, arranged round a central stenia brasiliensis.
column ovules two in each carpel styles
; ;
CAA-ATAICA. Vandellia diffusa.
united below, but branching into four to
ten stigmas. Fruit usually a capsule, split- CAA-CTJA. A Brazilian name for some
ting through the cells or resolving itself scrophulariaceous plant.
into its original carpels by splitting at the CAA'-TIGUA'. A
Brazilian name for
partitions seeds albuminous. Chiefly tro-
;
2Ioschoxylon Catigua, a plant which imparts
pical or subtropical plants. Lindley gives a bright yellow stain to leather.
the following distribution of the tribes in-
to which the order is divided i—Lasiopcia lece CAAPE'BA. The Brazilian name for
in Australia Hermanniece in South Africa
;
the Pareira bram, Cissampelos Pareira,
D'.rmbeyece in Asia and Africa; Eriolcenecs CAAPIM DE ANGOLA. Panicum spec-
in Asia; Philippodendrece in New Zealand ; tabile, a fodder grass of Brazil.
Byttnerece in Asia and America. These
plants have mucilaginous qualities. Choco- CAAPOMONGA. Plumbago scandens.
late and Cocoa are prepared from the seeds CABALLINE ALOES. Horse Aloes,
(Cacao beans) of Theobroma Cacao, a small Aloe caballina.
tree found in the forests of Demerara. The
seeds containatonic substance called theo- CABARET. (Fr.) Asarum europmim.
bromine, allied to theine, and a fatty oil is — ,DES OISEAUX. Dipsacus sylvestris.
expressed from them called the "butter of CABBAGE. The common name for
cacao. From the pulp of the fruit a kind Brassica; specially applied to the plane-
of spirit is distilled. Several of the plants leaved hearting garden varieties of Bras-
I yield fibres which are used for cordage. sica oleracea. , DOG'S.— Thelygonum
There are fifty known genera and about 420
species. Illustrative genera: —
Lasiopeta-
Cynocrambe. —
ST. PATRICK'S. Saxifraga
,

umbrosa. —, SKUNK. The fetid antispas-

lu m,Byttneria, Theobroma, Eermannia,Dom- modic SymplocarpiLs foe tidus.
beya, Astrapcea, Eriolcena. - [J. H. B.]
CABBAGE PALM. Areca oleracea,
BYTTNERIA. This genus gives its name CABBAGE-BARK TREE. The Worm
to the natural family to which it belongs. Bark, Andira inermis.
The species are upwards of fifty, and are
widely distributed, being found in India, CABBAGE-TREE. A common name for
Java, and Madagascar, in the Old World, the genus Areca; also a garden name for
and in America as far north as Texas, Kleinia nerlifolia. —
AUSTRALIAN.
,

reaching south to Buenos Ayres, and Coryplia australis, the leaves of which are
attaining their greatest number in Brazil. made into plait for hats, baskets, &c.
They are very diverse in appearance, some — , BASTARD. Andira inermis.
being small erect herbs about one foot CABBAGE WOOD. Eriodendron anfrac-
high ; others tall straight bushes with tuosum.
winged or angled steins and very narrow
leaves B. catalpifolia grows to a tree
;
CABEZA DE NEGRO. Negro's head,
thirty feet high, with long-stalked heart- the Columbian name for the fruit of
shaped leaves; but the greater number Phytelephas macrocarpa.
are scandent prickly bushes, scrambling CABOMBACE^l. (Cabombece ; Sydropel-
over other plants as the brambles do in tideas; Water-shields.) A
natural order of
our hedges. The leaves in all the species thalamifloral dicotyledons belonging to
are simple, and in the greater part more Lindley's nymphal alliance. Aquatic
or less heart-shaped in form, with entire plants with floating shield-like leaves;
or notched margins. The flowers are small, sepals and petals three or four, alternating;
generally dark purple in colour, and ar- stamens six to thirty-six. Carpels distinct,
ranged in axillary simple or compound two to eighteen; seeds not numerous;
umbels. The petals are curiously hooded embryo in a membranous bag, outside
at the apex, and from the outer surface of abundant fleshy albumen. The plants are
the hood grow one, two, or three strap- obviously allied to the Water-lilies. They
like appendages. The fruit is a five-celled are found in America, from Cayenne to New
woody capsule, spherical in form, from Jersey, as well as in New Holland. There
half an inch to two inches in diameter, are two genera, Cabomba and Hydropeltis,
and armed with longer short rigid bristles. which comprise three species. [J. H. B.]
Each cell contains one seed. B. heterophyl-
la, a native of Madagascar, is often to CABOMBA. A genus of aquatic herbs
be found with entire or three-lobed leaves giving its name to the small order of
on the same plant; it is an extensive Cabomba cere. The species are small water
climber, scrambling over the tops of the plants with shield-shaped entire floating
highest forest trees, and is said to cover leaves, and finely-cut submerged ones,
nearly the whole slope of the sides of like those of the common water ranun-
the mountain called Tantinanarivo, and culus. The flowers have three sepals, four
 ;
; ;;

1S7 QLty €rea£urii Df 3Batamg. [CJEOM

or five petals, six stamens with ovatefour- refreshing; insome instances it is sweetish
cornered anthers, and two ovaries. They and insipid. The stems of some of the
are natives of North America. [M. T. MJ species are eaten by cattle. These stems
present very varied forms some are
;

CABOTZ. Brayera anthelmintica. spherical, others jointed, others have the

CACALIA. The generic name of plants form of a tall upright polygonal column.
belonging to the composite order, distin- Their succulent character enables them to
guished by the flowers being all tubular, thrive in arid climates, and some of them
and having both stamens and pistils the : have been called vegetable fountains in
heads of flowers surrounded by a single the desert. A
South American species,
ro w of leaf-like bodies varying from five Cereus peruvianus, has stems thirty to fifty
to thirty in number. The appendage on feet high, and one to two feet in diameter
the top of the fruit or seed is in the form C. Thurberi has a stem ten to fifteen feet
.of a short cone, hairy at the base the
;
high, and C. Schottii has one eight to ten
fruit is oblong and smooth. The species feet in height. The spines and bristles on a
are perennial herbs with the leaves alter- specimen of Echinocactus platyceras were
nate, toothed or lobed, and the flowers reckoned at 51,000, those of a Pilocereus
varying in colour. Most of them are seiiilis at 72,000. Opuntia vidgaris, the
plants of peculiar aspect, owing to their common Prickly Pear, has an edible fruit,
clumsy fleshy stems, and the dingy colour and O. cochinellifera, the Nopal plant, sup-
of their leaves. They are natives of the plies food to the cochineal insect {Coccus
warmer parts of America, middle Asia, Cacti). The number of known genera is
and Eastern Africa. The Chinese employ eighteeu,and of species about S00. Illustra-
as food the leaves of C. procumbens, and tive genera : Cactus or Cereus, Melocactus,
those of C.ficoides, a native of the Cape, Mammillaria, Opuntia, Pereskia. [J. B .] H .

are also wholesome. [G. DJ

|
CACTUS. This name includes in popu-
CACALIE E'CARLATE. (Fr.) Emilia lar estimation all the various species
sonchifolia. referred by botanists to Cereus, Epiph yiium,
Echinocactus, EcMnopsis, Mammillaria,
CACAO or COCOA. The seeds of Tlieo-
,

and Melocactus under which genera their

;
broma Cacao, which form, or should form,
\

|
several peculiarities will be noticed. It is
the chief ingredient in chocolate. this old familiar name, sometimes still used
j

CACHIBOU RESIN. A gum-resin ob- '

under the plural form of Cacti, which has
tained from Bursera gummifera. i given the title of Cactacece to the family
I to which these plants belong. [T. M.]
CACHRYS. One of the genera of Um-
beUiferre (Apiacece), deriving its name, it is CACTUS, HEDGEHOG. Echinocactus. —,
LEAF. Epiphyllum, — ,MELON-THISTLE.
I

said, from a Greek word indicative of the |

hot or carminative properties of the fruit. Melocactus.—, NIPPLE. Mammillaria.

The prominent characteristics of the j
CADABA. A name applied to a genus of
genus are the absence of an involucre
:
Capparidacece, characterised by a calyx of
the margin of the calyx five-toothed or four sepals, distinct or coherent at the
wanting ; entire petals bent inwards at base only petals sometimes wanting
;

the point :the stylopods or thickened stamens more or less united below fruit ;

base of the styles not very distinct the ;

berry-like, stalked, subtended by a strap-
fruit thick and spongy, each half with five shaped nectary. The plants are natives of
thick ribs, and containing several oil Africa, India, and Australia. The root of
channels in its rind. The species are C. indica is said to be aperient and anthel-
natives of Southern Europe, Siberia, &c. mintic. [M. T. M.]
The Cossacks are said to chew the seeds
of C. odordalgica as a remedy for tooth- CADE. (Fr.) Juniperus Oxycedrus.
ache, the effects being due to the saliva- CADEN. An Indian name for Phoenix
tion they induce. Several species are in sylvestris.
cultivation, but are of no particular
interest. [M. T. MJ CADETIA. A little-known genus of one-
leaved epiphytal orchids with the habit of
CACTACE-E. (Cacti ; Cactew ; Opuntiacew ; Pleurothallis. Five species are described
;Indian Figs.) The cactus family, from the Moluccas and New Guinea. The
a natural order of calycifloral dicotyledons. genus is hardly distinct from BendroMum.
They consist of succulent shrubs with re-
markable spines clustered on the stems, CADJII GUM. A South American gum
which are angular two-edged or leafy, obtained from Anacardium occidentale.
and have their woody matter often' ar- CADUCOUS. Dropping off.
ranged in a wedge-like manner. Calyx of
numerous sepals, combined and epigynous CiENOPTERIS. A name which has been
petals numerous stamens numerous, with sometimes adopted for the Barea section
;

long filaments. of Asplenium a group of species usually

Ovary one-celled with :

parietal placentas distinguishable by the unisoriferous ulti-

style single
; stigmas
;

several. Fruit succulent; seeds without mate segments of their fronds. The name
albumen. They are natives of America, has also been given to another fern, now
whence they have been transported to referred to Onychium. [T. M.]
various quarters of the globe. The fruit C/EOMACEI. A
term applied to those
of many of the Indian Figs is subacid and species of truly parasitic Fungi known
 ;

C^ERu] €i)£ Ersatfurg at Matmiu. 188

familiarly under the name of Rust and prickly branches, the primary divisions of
Mildew, which have naked spores free the leaves varying from twenty to twenty-
from dissepiments. They are, however, four, and having ten or twelve pairs of
so closely connected with those with sep- obliquely oval-shaped leaflets, notched at
tate spores thatit is far more natural to the tip, with minute dots on the under
unite them. "We accordingly refer for surface. The brownish-red wood of this
further information to the article Pucci- tree furnishes the Sappan wood of com-
niosi. [M. J. B.] merce, the Bukkuni or "Wukkum of India,
from which dyers obtain a red colour,
CERULEUS or' CGERULEUS. Blue ; a principally used for dyeing cotton goods.
pale indigo colour. Its root also affords an orange-yellow
CiESALPINIA. A genus of leguminous dye. In 1858, 4,116 tons of sappan wood
plants typical of the section Ccesalpiniece, were imported into this country.
containing about fifty species, most of Of other useful species G. Pipai pro-
which are small trees or large shrubs, duces pods which possess some astrin-
inhabiting tropical countries. Their leaves gency, and are called Pipi pods; the
are compound, being what is termed bi- seeds of C. digyna, an East Indian climber,
pinnatifld. Their flowers are produced in yield an oil used for burning in lamps in
racemes, and have a top-shaped calyx, India ; the roots of C. Nuga are diuretic ;

divided at the end into Ave parts, the and in China the pods of several species
lowest of which is larger than the others ; are called Soap pods from their being
five unequal stalked petals, the upper one commonly employed for producing a lather
shorter than the rest ten stamens, and a
; as a substitute for manufactured soap.
long slender style. [A. S.]
C. coriaria is a small tree twenty or thirty (LESAREA. A genus of Vivianiacece,
feet high, native of several of the West containing but few species, all of them
Indian Islands, Mexico, Venezuela, and natives of Southern Brazil. They are
North Brazil. The primary divisions of its slender herbs one to three feet high, with
leaves vary from nine to fifteen, each opposite, or, towards the base of the stem,
bearing from sixteen to twenty-four nar- verticillate leaves, having serrate margins,
row oblong blunt leaflets, marked with generally smooth above, and covered with
black clots on the under surface. It has white down underneath. The flowers are
branched racemes of white flowers, which axillary towards the ends of the branch-
produce curiously flattened pods, about lets, white, yellow, or of a reddish colour.
two inches long by three-fourths broad, None of the species are in cultivation,
and curved so as to bear some resemblance although they would be pretty greenhouse
to the letter S. The large per centage of plants. The genus bears the name of
tannin in these pods renders them exceed- Cesar de S. Hilaire, a captain in the French
ingly valuable for tanning purposes they :
navy, who first introduced the Mocha
are known in commerce under the names coffee to Bourbon. [A. A. B.]
of Divi-divi, Libi-divi, or Libi-dibi, and
are chiefly imported from Maracaibo, Pa- C^ESIA. A genus of Liliacew, contain-
raiba, and' St. Domingo. ing herbs from Australia and Tasmania,
a native of the "West Indian is-
C. crista, with fasciculate roots often with thickened
lands, grows about twenty feet high, and has tuberous fibres, grass-like radical leaves,
smooth prickly branches, and leaves Avith and rather small white or blue flowers in
eight primary divisions, each having from simple or compound racemes. Perianth
three to Ave pairs of leaflets, which are six-parted, the segments petaloid and
generally notched at the top, and of an spirally twisted after flowering stamens
;

oblong shape, rather broader at the top six:, with glabrous filaments ovary three-
;

end. The flowers are yellowish-red, and celled, with two ovules in each cell
produce scimitar-shaped pods about three capsule sometimes one-celled ; seeds with
inches long, containing eight or ten seeds. an appendage at the base. [J. T. SJ
C. echinata is a Brazilian tree with prickly
branches, elliptical blunt-pointed leaflets C^ESIUS. Lavender colour.
and yellow flowers producing spiny pods. OESPITOSE. Growing in tufts or
The woods known in commerce as Brazil,
patches.
Pemambuco, Nicaragua, Lima, and Peach-
woods, are said to be produced by this OESULIA. The only species of this
genus, but nothing certain is known upon genus, C. axillaris, which belongs to the
the subject. They are generally attributed composite family, grows in moist places
to the two last-named species, and to in many parts of India, and is a small
another called C. brasiliensis (the correct weed with alternate linear toothed leaves,
name of which is Peltophorum Linncei), but and what appear to be single sessile flower-
which is not a native of Brazil. They are heads, but which are in reality a number of
all exceedingly valuable to the dyer, pro- flower-heads enclosed in a common involu-
ducing various tints of red, orange, and cre, each of them containing only one floret
peach-colour. The imports of Brazil wood and provided with a two-leaved involucre,
in 1858 amounted to 1,052 tons, and of the lower part of which at length unites
Nicaragua wood to 4,767 tons, the aggregate with, and forms part of the achene, the
value of which was 133,627Z. upper portions remaining free and giving
C. Sappan, an East Indian tree growing the achene an eared appearance. The
about thirty or forty feet high, has florets are purple or white. [A. A. B.J
 189 €?je Crea^ttrg nf 23fltang. [CAKI

CAFE' FRAXQAIS. (Fr.) Cicer arieti- angles between the leaf stalks and stems
num. — MARRON. The wild Bourbon Their calyx is bell-shaped and cut half-way.
Coffea mauritiana. down into four divisions, the upper of
which has two small teeth; their corolla
CAFE'IER or CAFFETER. The Coffee
is papilionaceous ;and they have ten sta-
tree.
mens, nine of which are united together,
CAFFER-BREAD. A South African and the tenth free. The fruit is a pea-like
name applied to various species of Ence- pod, containing many seeds, and having
phalartos. its husk or shell constricted between each
seed.
CAHTNCA or CAINCA. A Brazilian
C. indicus is a native of the East Indies,
drug obtained from Chiocoeca densifolia. but is nownaturalised and cultivated in
CAHOFN NUTS. The fruits of Attalea the West Indies, in tropical America and
Column, -which yield an oil equal to that of Africa, and in some islands of the Pacific
the cocoa-nut. Ocean. There are two varieties, differing
only in height and in the colour of their
CAIANHE. (Fr.) A kind of olive. flowers. It is a perennial shrub growing
CAILLEBOTTE. (Fr.) Viburnum Opu- from three to ten feet high, but in places
lus. where it is cultivated, it is generally
treated as an annual, the stems being
CAILLELAIT. (Fr.) Galium verum. pulled up and used for firewood as soon as
CAIOPHORA. A genus of loasads, distin- the crop of seeds has been gathered. All
guished from congeners by having on
its parts of the plant are more or less covered
the calyx ten spirally-arranged ribs; the with soft silky or velvety hairs. The leaves
divisions of the corolla notched at the tip are composed of three oval-lance-shaped
or with three teeth style or appendage
;
stalked leaflets. The variety bicolor gene-
on the ovary single, bifid at the end, the rally grows from three to six feet high,
two pieces approximate. The name appears and has yellow flowers marked with crim-
to be derived from the Greek verbs signi- son streaks on the outside; its pods are
fying I burn,' and I bear,' in allusion to
' ' spotted or marbled with dark lines. It is
the numerous stinging hairs which produce called the Congo pea in Jamaica. The
a burning sensation when they pierce the variety flavus is a larger kind, forming
skin. The species are herbaceous plants, bushes twenty feet in circumference, and
natives of Peru and Chili, of branched varying from five to ten feet high it has ;

and climbing habit, armed with sharp pure yellow flowers and uniformly-coloured
stings. The leaves are
opposite, lobed or pods. In Jamaica it is called the No-eye
deeply cut the flowers solitary from the
:
pea. Both of these varieties are cultivated
angles of the leaves or at the ends of the in various parts of the tropics for the sake
branches. of their seeds or pulse. In India the
The plants have the general aspect of pulse is called Dhal or Dhol, or Urhur, and
Loasa, a genus in which some of them it forms a large part of the food of all
|

were formerly included. One of the most classes of natives, being ranked as third
notable is C. coronata, discovered by Dr. in value among the pulses. In the West
Gillies on the sides of the Cordillera, Indies they are called Pigeon peas, being
between Mendoza and Chile, at an elevation commonly used for feeding pigeons and
of 8,000 to 11,000 feet. Dr. Gillies observes other birds; besides which they are highly
of it: 'the general aspect of the plant is esteemed as an article of human food, the
very peculiar, and on examining its whole variety called No-eye pea being considered
economy we are struck with the care taken to be little inferior in a green state to our
to protect the flower, and insure impregna- English peas, and, when dried and split,
tion. It forms a large convex mass, quite as good. The Congo pea is harder
rising one or two feet from the ground ;
and coarser, and is only used by negroes,
the upper part is composed entirely of requiring a great deal of boiling. Pea meal
a great abundance of dark green leaves, of very good quality is prepared from both
along the margins of which, and protected the varieties -in Jamaica. Horses and
by them, are arranged the large whitish cattle of various kind are very fond of
flowers, forming one or two or more the young branches and leaves, either in a
circlets or fillets, giving the whole a very fresh or dried state. The late Dr.McFadyen,
singular and elegant appearance. The speaking of this plant, says :There are
'

corolla, which is contracted towards its few tropical plants so valuable. It is

mouth, is of considerable size the trans- ;
to be found round every cottage in the
verse section, at the widest part, being in island (Jamaica), growing luxuriantly in
some cases as large as that of a hen's eg-g. the parched savannah and mountain de-
When the capsules are ripe, they are gene- clivity, as well as in the more fertile and
rally prostrate on the ground, the stalk seasonable districts.' [A. S.]
being too weak to support them. [G. D.] CAJUPUTI. An old synonyme of Mela-
CAJAXFS (from Catjang, the Malayan leuca, one species of which, M. Cajuputi,
name for one of the species; is a small yields the stimulant oil of cajeput, used in
genus of leguminous plants of the section medicine. [T. M.]
Po.pilionacece, forming shrubs, with leaves CAKILE. A sea-side herbaceous plant
composed of three stalked leaflets, and belonging to the Cmciferce, easily dis-
flowers produced in racemes from the tinguished by its oblong deeply-lobed
 ie STreatfurji of Statang. 190

fleshy leaves,which are smooth and of a CAL AMAGROSTIS. A genus of grasses

glaucous hue "by its lilac flowers and by
; ; belonging to the tribe Arundinece, distin-
its succulent pod, which when matured is guished chiefly by the inflorescence being
found to be divided by a horizontal parti- in branched panicles, and only one flower
tion into two cells, the upper containing a in the spikelets, or within the glumes,
single erect seed, the lower a pendulous which has long silky hairs at its base;
one. It is known to sea-side visitors by the sometimes the rudiment of a second floret
name of Sea Rocket, but has nothing to is present glumes nearly equal, keeled
;

j
recommend it to notice but the singular and pointed pales two, small. There are
;

structure of its seed-pods. Closely allied eighty-sjx species described in Steudel's

species inhabit the shores of the Mediter- Sinxqtsis.They have an extensive range
ranean and the West Indian Islands. They over the globe. The greater number are,
are all annuals, and grow among the shingle however, natives of rather temperate
or sand a short distance above high-water climates, and some reach the Arctic circle.
mark. French, Caquille. [C. A. J.] Three species only are natives of the British
Islands, and neither of these is of common
CALABA TREE. Calophyllum Calaba. occurrence; indeed, C. stricta is one of
the rarest British grasses, and only grows
CALABASH. Crescentia Cujete, a tropi-
sparingly in a few localities. They are not
cal tree bearing great gourd-like fruits.
valuable for agricultural purposes, though
— , SWEET. Passiflora maliformis.
very ornamental. [D. M.]
CALABASH NUTMEG. Monodora My-
risiica. CALAMBAC. The commercial name of
Aloes-wood, Eagle-wood, or Lign Aloes,
CALABUR TREE. Muntingia Caldbura. which is produced by Aloexylum Agalloch-
CALADENIA. A genus of exquisitely itra.

beautiful little terrestrial orchids inhabit- CALAMINT. (Fr.) Calamintha offici-

ing Australasia. They generally produce nalis.
one grassy leaf, from within which arises
a scape bearing a few ringent flowers, CALAMINTHA. A genus of labiate
covered in various places in a very remark- flowers which as at present constituted,
able manner with glandular hairs, which comprises several plants described in less
have suggested the name. In many spe- recent works under the names of Thymus,
cies the sepals or petals or both are pro- Acinos, Melissa, and Clinopodium. The
longed into long slender tails; in others essential generic characters of Calamintha
they have the usual oval outline. The are ' calyx
: two-lipped stamens diverg-
;

genus is admirably illustrated in Hooker's ing; upper lip of the corolla nearly fiat,
Mora Tasmanica. tube straight.' C. Acinos, or Basil-thyme
(formerly called Thymus Acinos and Acinos
CALADIUM. The generic name of cer- vulgaris), is a low somewhat shrubby plant
tain plants of the Arum family, having a with stems from four to six inches high,
hood-like spathe rolled round at the base a
; small leaves, and rather showy violet-
spadix whose upper portion is entirely- purple flowers, which grow in whorls of
covered with stamens, but ultimately be- six together. The whole plant is fragrant
comes bare at the extreme top, provided and aromatic, and well deserves its name
with blunt glands or sterile stamens in the (from the Greek basilicon, royal), if, as
middle, and ovaries beneath the anthers
; Gerarde tells us, 'the seede cureth the
shield-shaped and one-celled the ovaries
; infirmities of the hart, taketh away sor-
numerous, two-celled, with from two to rowfulnesse which commeth of melaneho-
four ascending ovules in each cell; the lie, and maketh a man merrie and glad.'
fruit a one or two-celled berry, with few It is most frequently found in chalky or
seeds. These plants partake of the acrid gravelly pastures. C. officinalis {Melissa Ca-
properties which pervade the Aracecc, but, lais intha), G. Nepeta, and C. sylvatica, the, Ca-
nevertheless, the rootstocks or rhizomes lamints or ' Excellent Mints,' as their name
of some of the species are eaten as food in imports, are herbaceous aromatic herbs to
the West Indies, the Sandwich Islands, which great medicinal virtues were an-
&.c., in consequence of the abundance of ciently ascribed. They bear their flowers
starch contained in them, the process of in stalked tufts which proceed from the
cooking depriving them of their noxious axils of the opposite leaves, and are only
qualities. It is stated that the rootstocks to be distinguished from one another
or tubers of G. petiolatum were on one by a minute comparison of characters.
occasion mistaken for potatoes on board They all possess a strong aromatic odour
ship, and were given to some animals with resembling that of penny-royal, and are
fatal results. The leaves of C. sagitti/olium employed to make herb-tea. C. Clinopo-
are boiled and eaten in the West Indies as dium, the Wild Basil, formerly called
a vegetable. The species are natives of Clinopodium vulgare, is a straggling hedge
the warmer regions of the globe, where plant with hairy stems from one to two
they are cultivated in abundance for the feet long, bearing its rather large purple
above-named purposes. Several are also flowers in dense whorls in the axils of the
grown in hothouses in this country, hairy ovate distant leaves, and having
latterly several varieties with beautifully numerous bristly bracts at their base.
variegated foliage have been introduced. The odour is aromatic, but not so agree-
See Plate 2, lig. 6. [M. T. M.] able as in the other species. [C. A. J.]
 ; ;

CALAMOSAGUS. The four species con- separate bract at its base. The fruits are
stituting this genus of palms do not covered with smooth shining scales,
possess any individual features of interest which are fixed by their upper edges, and
beyond their technical characters. They overlap each other from the top down-
.are all natives of the forests of the Malayan wards, like plates of mail they generally
;

peninsula, and have climbing whip-like contain a single seed, surrounded by an

stems, growing to a great length, and eatable pulp.
supporting themselves hy means of their C. Rotang, C. rudentum, C. verus, C. vimi-
hooked spines. The footstalks of their nalis, and probably several other species,
pinnate leaves are likewise armed with furnish the canes or rattans so commonly
prickles and hooked spines, and terminate employed in this country for the bottoms
in a long whip-like tail the leaflets are of
; of chairs, couches, sides of carriages, and
a green colour on the upper surface, and similar purposes and of which no fewer
;

covered with a bluish bloom underneath than 18,625,368 were imported in 1858, and
their top half is broad and very much valued at 38.960L In the countries where
I
jagged, the lower half being entire and these palms abound, the inhabitants make
wedge-shaped. One of the chief character- use of them for a great variety of pur-
istics of the genus is the presence of a poses, baskets of all kinds, mats, hats, and
broad leafy expansion called the ligule, other useful articles being commonly made
near to and partly surrounding the base of them. Their most important use, how-
of the footstalk of the leaf. They have ever, is for the manufacture of the ropes
perfect flowers, arranged in branching and cables usually employed by junks and
spikes resembling bunches of catkins, I other coasting vessels. In the Himalayas
each flower being half buried in a dense they are used in the formation of suspen-
mass of wool, and having a three-toothed sion bridges across rivers, the construction
calyx, a three-parted corolla, six stamens, of which Dr. Hooker thus describes ' Two :

and a three-celled ovary covered with parallel canes, on the same horizontal
scales, and crowned by a three-toothed plane, were stretched across the stream
awl-shaped style. None of the species are from these others hung in loops, and
known to possess any useful properties, along the loops were laid one or two
but as their stems bear a close resemblance bamboo stems for flooring cross pieces
;

to some of the species of Calamus, they below this flooring hung from the two
are probably used for similar purposes. upper canes, which they thus served to
One species, C. harinicefolliis, is called ;
keep apart. The traveller grasps one of
Rotang Simote by the Malayans, and the canes in either hand, and walks along
another, C. ochriger, Rotang Donam. [A. S.] the loose bamboos laid on the swinging
!
loops.'
CALAMPELIS. JEccremocarpus. ! C. Scipionum, the stems of which are
;

much thicker than those of the preceding,

CALAMUS. The stems of several spe- furnishes the well-known Malacca canes so
cies of this genus of palms are well known much prized for walking-sticks. They are
in this country under the names of Rat- imported from Singapore and Malacca, but
tans or Canes. Upwards of eighty species are chiefly produced in Sumatra. Some are
are described, nearly all natives of Asia, of a uniform rich brown colour, whilst
abounding in the Malayan Peninsula and ,
others are variously mottled or clouded as
islands, also in the eastern and north- it is called the colour, however, is said to
;

eastern provinces of India two are found

; be artificially imparted to them by smoking.
in Australia, and one in Africa. They have C. Draco, the species yielding the red resi-
reed-like stems, seldom more than an inch nous substance called dragon's-blood, is
or two in thickness, but often much less, i
now placed in the genus Dcemonorops, as
generally growing to a great length, climb- also are several other Calami. [A. S.J
ing over and amongst the branches of
trees, and supporting themselves bymeans CALAMUS. A flstular stem without an
of hooked spines attached to their leaf- articulation.
stalks a few, however, form low bushes or
;

small trees. Their leaves are pinnate, and CALAMUS AROMATICUS. Acorns Ca-
in many of the species, the leafstalk is
prolonged beyond the termination of the
lamus. — ODORATUS. Andropogon Schce-
nanthus.
leaflets intoa whip-like tail. The flowers
are small, generally of a rose or greenish CALANDRINIA. A genus of purslanes
colour, and arranged very close together consisting of smooth fleshy plants of
upon long branching spikes, the ultimate annual or perennial duration, with entire
branches somewhat resembling catkins. leaves, and, in the case of the species in
They have a three-toothed calyx, and a cultivation, showy purple or rose-coloured
three-parted or three-petaled corolla; the flowers expanding only in sunny weather.
males having six stamens joined together It is well distinguished among the other
at the base, and the females imperfect genera of the order by its two persistent
stamens, and a three-celled ovary, more or sepals, which close over the seed-vessel
less covered with scales, andbearing three after the petals have fallen three to five
;

stigmas (no style). The spikes are sur- petals, mostly the latter number, numerous
rounded by numerous bracts or spathes, distinct stamens, single style with its
|
which, however, do not completely enclose stigma three-lobed, and oblons: one-celled
them, and each branch of the spike has a fruit, splitting when ripe into three pieces
 ;

cala] €3)e &rra£ttrg al 230tang. 192

or valves, and containing numerous seeds spikes and protected by bracts they have ;

adhering to a central placenta. A few only a calyx of three segments a corolla of six
;

of the species are introduced, but they in- pieces, the external ones lance-shaped, the
clude probably the most interesting mem- internal ones blunt and irregular in shape ;

bers of the genus. As a type of one sec- three petal-like stamens, one of which
tion, reference may be made to the G. dis- bears a linear one-celled anther, attached
color, which has large oblong or lanceolate to its edge, while the rest are sterile and ;

pointed glaucous leaves, mostly radical, a petal-like style, the stigma hooded, an-
green on their upper surface and purplish gular. The species are natives of tropical
beneath, whence its specific name; and America, and some of them are in cultiva-
flowers one and a half inch across, of a tion for the sake of their handsome foliage,
bright rose colour, produced in a long especially C. zebrina, the leaves of which
distant raceme on a sort of scape, the foot- have alternate dark-coloured and green
stalks being deflexed before and after stripes. The leaves of some of the South
flowering, and furnished with one or two American kinds are used for. making
ovate bracts at their base a calyx of two
; baskets. [jtf. T. MJ
broad concave pieces spotted with black,
and petals inversely heart-shaped. The CALATHIAN VIOLET. Gentiana pneu-
C. grandiflora closely resembles it, but has,
monanthe.
notwithstanding its name, rather smaller CALATHIDA, CALATHUS, CALATHI-
flowers, with leaves which are more taper- DITJM. The head of flowers borne by
ing at the point and base, and green on composites.
both surfaces. Both of these species,
though usually treated as annuals, are pe- CALATHIFORM. Cup-shaped, or almost
rennial in warmer latitudes than our own, hemispherical.
and are, as well as the following plant, CALATHODES. A genus of RanuncuJa-
natives of Chili. C. umbellata differs very cea3 containing one species, C. palmata,
considerably in habit from the two preced- from Sikkim, growing at an altitude of
ing, forming a small spreading tuft with about 10,000 feet. A perennial herb with
shrubby shoots thickly set with linear the habit of Trollius, having palmately
foliage, fringed at the margins. The cleft leaves, a simple stem one and a-half
flowers are produced in terminal umbels, foot to two feet high flowers large ter-
;

more or less compound, according to the minal and solitary, with five ovate acute pe-
strength of the plant, each blossom being taloid sepals ;
petals none ovaries ten or
;

about half an inch in diameter, and of a more, oblong, gibbous externally, beaked ;

rich purple-crimson colour. Possessing a ovules eight or ten ; style bent down out-
hardier constitution than the foregoing wards after flowering. [J. T. S.]
plants, it frequently endures our winters
in dry soils, though often treated as an CALAVANCE. A name for several kinds
annual. G. speciosa, a Calif ornian annual, of pulse, including Dolichos barbadensis
is ofprocumbent habit with numerous and D. sinensis.
branched stems radiating from the crown CALBOA. A synonyme of Quamoclit.
of the root, thickly clothed with narrow
spathulate glossy leaves, and producing CALCAR (adj. Calcaratus), A spur a ;

singly from its axils a profusion of crimson hollow process of some part of a flower.
purple flowers rather larger than in umbel-
lata. The seeds of this species are lenti-
CALCAREUS. Dead-white, like chalk.
Also growing in chalky places, or having
cular in form, and of a glossy black colour,
the substance of chalk.
by which they are readily distinguish-
able from those of the three previously- CALCARIFORM. Shaped like a calcar
named. There is a variety of this with or spur.
flowers of a coppery-red colour. [W. T.J
CALCEARIA. Coryanthes.
CALANTHE. A large genus of terres- CALCEOLARIA. A beautiful genus of
trialstemless vandeous orchids with broad Scrophulariacem, distinguished chiefly by
many-ribbed leaves, and long spikes of the peculiar form of the corolla, which has
flowers, the lip of which is calcarate and two lips,the lower of which is inflated, some-
adherent to the column, while the waxy what elongated and turned downwards,
pollen masses are eight, adhering to a sepa- having some resemblance to a shoe the ;

rable gland. Some thirty species are known, stamens are two in number. The name is
chieflyfrom tropical and extratropical derived from the Latin word Calceolarius,'
'

Asia; a few are American. The flowers, a shoemaker. The peculiar form of the
which are white, or lilac, or purple, or corolla, above described, is nevertheless
copper-coloured, are ornamental, where- not invariably a character of the genus
fore several species are in gardens. Of the plant known in collections as C. vio-
these C. vestita is one of the handsomest. lacea, a native of Chili, has the corolla in
the form of two equal gaping lips it was ;

CALATHEA. A genus of Marantacece, formerly placed in the genus Jovellana,

deriving its name from its cup-shaped but is now considered by the best authori-
stigma. These plants have large leaves ties as a true Calceolaria. The numerous
springing from the contracted stem near species of this favourite and well-known
the root, from which they appear directly genus are either herbaceous or shrubby in
to emerge. The flowers are in terminal habit, with leaves in pairs or three to-
 ;

193 Cf)£ Crca^tirp at 23fltan». [CAXE

gether, rarely alternate, either entire leaves, glaucous below; stipules lanceo-
toothed or deeply cut, often more or less late, deciduous; flowers in axillary pan-
hairy, the flowers variously grouped and icles calyx deciduous, four or five parted
;

distributed, the prevailing colours, yellow petalsfour or five, inserted on a disk which
white or purple. They are natives of has as many glandular notched lobes as
South America, confined either to the there are petals stamens eight or ten,
;

western side of the Andes, or to the inserted within the disk; ovary free, two
southern extremity of the mainland and or three-celled ovules numerous styles
; ;

the adjacent islands. Some are found only two or three, becoming reflexed. [J. T. S.]
near the level of the sea, and others are
,

;
inhabitants of the higher parts of the CALEA. The
species of this genus,
Cordilleras hence it is that, among the
;
which belongs to the composite family,
numerous introduced species in our collec- are natives of tropical America, extending
tions, a few are more or less hardy, others from Mexico to South Brazil. They are
require protection. C. floribunda, for in- herbs or small shrubs with opposite or
stance, is a native of the vicinity of the whorled entire or toothed leaves, generally
city of Quito, at an elevation of 11,000 three-nerved and very rough on the sur-
feet above the level of the sea, and several face, many of them resembling those of the
occur at low altitudes in the Falkland common nettle in form. In one group the
Islands, &c, forming a prominent feature species are dwarf and unbranched, bearing
of the native vegetation. In the Flora a long-stalked terminal flower-head, about
Antarctica, Dr. Hooker thus alludes to the an inch in diameter, containing both strap-
C. Fothergillii of Port Famine : ' Though
shaped and tubular florets, the former
inferior in stature and beauty to many having pistil only, the latter both stamens
of its congeners, this is among the pret- and pistil. In another group the plants
tiest of the wild flowers of the Falklands, are larger, the flower-heads small and nu-
and the attention of the voyager who is merous, disposed in corymbs at the ends
familiar with the genus Calceolaria only in of the branches, and bearing tubular florets
the conservatories of Britain, must be only. The flowers of most of them are
attracted by its appearance on the exposed yellow and the pappus is made up of from
shores of these inhospitable islands.' five to twenty lanceolate pointed scales.
Many of the original pure species have Upwards of thirty species are known.
been modified by hybridising, and are not C. Zacatechichi, a Mexican species with
now so common in collections. Thehybrids nettle-like leaves and small flower-heads, is
are numerous and some of them greatly known there by the name of 'Juralillo,'
prized not only is the size of the flower
;
and is said to contain, in a fresh state, a con-
modified but the colour as well, the shades siderable quantity of camphor, and to be
of yellow and purple being highly varied, employed against fevers, and the powdered
as also the characters of the spots on the ! leaves for healing wounds. The leaves of
slipper-like portion. The handsome as- I
C. jamaicensis are said to be powerfully
pect of different species and crosses has bitter, and steeped in wine or brandy are
always recommended them to the attention j
used asa stomachic in the West Indies but ;

of cultivators, and acted as a stimulus to this account is thought to apply rather

the exercise of ingenuity in discovering |
to Neurolaina lobata. [A. A. B.]
the proper method of treatment. The CALEAXA. A
few brown-flowered ter-
results have been such, that on plants
restrial orchids confined to New Holland
attaining a height of two feet or little
bear this name. They have simple filiform
more, the flowers may sometimes be
:

roots terminated by a small tubercle, soli-

counted by hundreds, expanded about the
I

tary radical leaves, and a slender few-

same time. [G. D.]
flowered scape. The column is broad, thin,
CALCEOLATE. Having the form of a and concave the sepals and petals narrow
;

slipper or round-toed shoe. and reflexed ; the lip posticous, peltate,

unguiculate, and highly irritable. In fine
CALCECS. Dead-white, like chalk. weather or when undisturbed, this lip
CALCITRAPA. The Star Thistle, Cen- bends back and leaves the column un-
taurea Calcitrapa. covered; but if it rains or the plant is
jarred, down goes the lip over the column,
CALDASIA. A
genus of Polemoniacece which it securely boxes up. See Dra-
containing annual herbs from Mexico with kjea and Spicul^a, in which a similar
glandular hairs, branched stems, and alter- phenomenon occurs.
nate crenate-serrate leaves. Peduncles
axillary, in pairs, one-flowered calyx ;
CALEBASSE. (Fr.) The Bottle Gourd,
five-sided, five-toothed at apex, scarious in Lagenaria vulgaris.
fruit ; corolla violet blue, funnel-shaped, CALEBASSIER. (Fr.) The Calabash tree,
with a five-parted limb, the lobes notched Crescentia Cujete.
at the apex, and two of them apart from
the other three stamens five, protruding,
;
CALECTASIA. A genus Juncacem of
bent down capsule three-celled seeds in
; ;
containing a small branched shrubby
each cell with a spongy coat. [J. T. S.]
plant from South Australia, with needle-
shaped leaves sheathing at the base, and
CALDCLTTVTA. A genus of Cwnoniacem, soli tary flowers on short terminal branches,
containing a small tree from Chili, with having a salver-shaped perianth with a six-
opposite simple lanceolate serrated leathery parted limb of petaloid blue segments
cale] €i)e Evtu£uvui at 33ateng. 194

spreading like a star, the three outer pu- Asia, with the leaves entire ortoothed and
bescent stamens six. The ovary is one-
; cut at the margin the heads of flowers
;

ceiled with three ovules. [J. T. S.] yellow in the middle, and white or blue at
the circumference. [G. D.]
CALEE KTJSTOOREE. An Indian name
for the Musk Ochro, Abelmoschus mos- CALIPHRURIA. A genus of amaryl-
chatus. lids, forming a link between Eurycles and
CALELYNA. A section of Evelyna. Griffinia, andhaving, except in the inflo-
rescence, much the appearance of Eucrosia.
CALENDULA. The name of a genus The species, C. Hartwegiana, has ovate
belonging to the composite order, having bulbs, petiolate depressed perennial oval
numerous flowers grouped on a nearly flat acuminate somewhat plaited leaves, with
surface, those at the circumference strap- a blade six inches long or more, a glaucous
like, in two or three rows and with pistils scape a foot high bearing an umbel of
only, those in the centre tubular with about seven subdeclinate flowers, having a
stamens only, both kinds hairy at the green tube and white limb. The tube of
base, the whole surrounded on the outside the perianth is narrowly funnel-shaped
by a series of scale-like leaflets. The name and nearly straight, the limb regular with
Calendula is founded on the circumstance the segments turned back in the form of
that species may be in flower on the a star, the sepaline ones rather the broader.
calends of every month. They are annual or The filaments of the six stamens are in-
perennial, chiefly natives of the Mediter- serted at the base of the segments of the
ranean borders, with yellow or orange- perianth, and have a white bristle on each
yellow flowers, usually of a powerful, not side, and they are associated with a straight
pleasant odour. One of them, C. officinalis, style terminated by a somewhat recurved
the Pot Marigold, formerly enjoyed repute three-lobed stigma. C. Hartwegiana is a
as a domestic remedy, being used in form- native of New Grenada. [T. M.]
ing a distilled water or vinegar. [G. D.]
CALLA. A genus of Orontiacece, con-
CALF'S SNOUT. Antirrhinum Oron- sisting of herbaceous marsh plants with
tium. creeping or floating stems, heart-shaped
CALICATE. Furnished with a calyx. entire leaves, the stalks of which emerge
from a sheath. The flowers cover a spadix,
CALICINAR. When a flower becomes which is protected by a flat spathe, the
double by an increase in the number of flowers themselves having neither calyx
lobes of the calyx or sepals. nor corolla. The upper flowers are female,
consisting of a one-celled ovary, from the
CALICIUM, CALICIEI. A genus and base of which arise the ovules the lower
;
family of lichens known at once by the
flowers are hermaphrodite with numerous
sporidia forming ultimately a dusty stra- thread-shaped stamens, flattened and di-
tum over a little orbicular disc which is
lated at the top, and springing from
either nearly sessile or supported upon a below the ovary. The species are natives
short stalk so as to look like a little nail Europe and North America,
of Northern
more or less completely driven home. The and possess acrid caustic properties. The
sporidia, as in other lichens, are at first
rootstocks of G. palustris yield eatable
contained in asci, which soon, however, starch, prepared by drying and grinding
disappear. One of the most familiar them, and then heating the powder till the
species is C. inquinans, which is common
acrid properties are dissipated. [M. T. M.]
upon gate-posts, and attracts notiGe from
leaving the print of its discs upon the CALLA D'ETHIOPIE. (Fr.) Bichardia
finger when touched. The crust is some- cethiopica.
times very obscure or almost obsolete.
All the species of Calicium are, we believe, CALLCEDRA-WOOD. The timber of
found in Europe, though several of them Flindersia australis.
occur elsewhere. [M. J. B.]CALLERYA. The name formerly given
to a plant of the leguminous family, but
CALICO BUSH. Kalmia latifolia. now found to be a species of Milletia, and
CALICULAR. A term of aestivation, perhaps the same as M. nitida, which is,
•

when the outer bracts of an involucre are like this, a native of NE. China. It is
much shorter than the inner. a small tree, with alternate unequally pin-
j

nate leaves, about a foot long, with two

CALIMERIS. The generic name of pairs of ovate leaflets from one to three
I

plants belonging to the composite order, inches in length; numerous flowers in

having the flowers in heads, those at the terminal panicles; and two-valved pods
circumference in one row, strap-like, the one to three inches long, containing one
heads surrounded externally by two to to five seeds, covered externally with a
four rows of nearly equal scale-like leaves. velvety pubescence. [A. A. B.]
The surface supporting the flowers has
!

numerous four-cornered pits or depres- i

CALLIANDRA. A beautiful genus of
sions toothed at the angles. The fruit is leguminous plants peculiar to America,
flat and hairy- The name Calimeris is of found as far north as California, and ex-
Greek derivation, and indicates general tending southwards to Buenos Ayres. A
beauty of parts. The species are perennial few are herbs not more than a foot high,
herbs, natives of middle and Northern [ but the greater portion shrubs or small
 195 Cf)e GTreaSurj) ai 2Sotang. [call

trees, most frequently met with on river CALLICARPA. A considerable genus

banks. The leaves of allare bipinnate, the of Yerbenacece, chiefly from the tropical
leaflets varying much in size and number. and subtropical districts of Asia, but found
In one section the leaves have one to four also, though more sparingly, in similar
pairs of pinnae, with few but large leaflets districts in Africa and America. They are
(one to eight inches long), the ultimate shrubs, more or less woolly with stellate
ones always the largest while in another
; hairs, nearly glabrous, and often with
there are many pairs of pinnae, the leaflets numerous resinous glandular dots, especi-
scarcely half an inch long, linear in form ally on the under surface of the leaves.
and almost numberless. The flowers are The flowers are small in axillary cymes.
usually borne on stalked globose heads, The calyx is truncate or four-toothed the ;

I
but sometimes in terminal racemes the ; corolla tube is short, and the limb has four
corollas small and hidden by the very nearly regular lobes. There are four ex-
numerous long filaments of the stamens, serted stamens, a four-celled ovary, with a
which are almost always of a beautiful red single ovule in each cell; and the fruit is I

colour. From this latter circumstance a small juicy berry or drupe, with four
the genus is named Calliandra, signifying distinct seed-like nuts or kernels. [W. C]
'beautiful stamened.' from all
It differs
allied genera in the valves of its com-
CALLICOMA. A genus of Cunoniacece,
containing small trees or shrubs from
pressed pod rolling backwards in a remark-
South Australia, with opposite simple lan-
able manner from apex to base when the
ceolate leaves, white beneath, furnished
seeds are ripe. Many of the species are in
with elliptical membranous caducous sti-
cultivation in plant-stoves, and almost all
of them produce bright red balls of
pules. The peduncles are long, axillary,
flowers, which stand erect from amongst
with a dense globular head of small yellow
flowers, which are sessile on a woolly
the ferny foliage of some of the species in
receptacle, and surrounded by a four-
great profusion. In C. diademata the
leaved reflesed involucre. Flowers with
stamens are beautifully curved backwards
four or six membranous bracts forming an
and pink in colour the leaves twice pin-
;

involucel calyx-tube very short, scarcely

nate with eight or nine pinnae which have
;

adhering to the ovary at the base the

;
each from thirty to forty leaflets, so that
limb four or five parted, persistent corolla
;

absent stamens eight or ten

; ; ovary
woolly, two-celled, many-ovuled, the styles
two, diverging. [J. T. S.]

CALLIGLOSSA. C.Bouglasii is a pretty

little yellow-flowered Californian annual
of the composite family, with few strap-
shaped leaves, toothed at the apex, about
half an inch long and very narrow. The
yellow flower-heads are single at the ends
of the branchlets. Being a very free flow-
erer, it is often used as a bedding plant
in flower gardens, and, like many of our
best annuals, was introduced by Mr. Doug-
las. The genus does not differ from Calli-
chroa, and the plant is therefore generally
called Callichroa Douglasii. [A. A. B.]
CALLIGOXUM. A genus of shrubs be-
longing to Polygonacece, natives of the
Eastern Mediterranean region, and Cen-
tral Asia. They are leafless plants with di-
chotomous jointed branches, each joint
with a small membranous sheath at the
base. Flowers small, on short-jointed pedi-
cels springing from the axils of the
sheaths; perianth coloured red, five-
parted, Teflexed in fruit, the two outer
Calliandra Tweedii.
segments larger. The fruit is a large
four-cornered nut with the corners ex-
each leaf is made up of no fewer than six
panded into double longitudinal spinous
or eight hundred leaflets. This is a native
wings, the sides between the wings being
of Brazil, and in cultivation. C. hcema-
tocephala, a lately introduced species, has
j covered with long branched shapgy fila-
ments. [J.T. S.]
binate leaves, each portion or pinna with I

about ten pairs of leaflets half an inch CALLILEPIS. A small genus of SE.
long, and its round balls of flowers are of African plants belonging to the composite
a rich red colour. The Peruvian women family. They are herbs, about a foot high,
decorate their hair with the flowers of branching from the base, or simple, with
C. trinervia, calling them seda-sisa or silk lanceolate en tire or slightly serrated leaves,
flower. More than sixty species are enu- which are opposite on the lower part of
merated, all of them more or less orna- the stem, and alternate above. The flower-
mental. [A. A. B.] ' heads single and terminal, nearly an inch
in diameter, with strap-shaped ray florets celled ovary containing many ovules, and
hearing a pistil only, and tuhular disc florets surmounted by a three-lobed stigma. C.
having hoth stamens and pistil. The Ivied, the only species, is a dwarf plant,
pappus is made up of three unequal scales. producing umbels of yellow star-shaped
The flowers are yellow. [A. A. B.] flowers resembling those of an Omitho-
galum. [T. M.]
CALLIOPSIS. A genus of plants he-
longing to the composite order, distin- CALLIPSYCHB. A genus of AmarvlU-
guished from their allies hy the invo- dacea?,founded on a Mexican species allied
lucre or covering which surrounds the to Eucrosia, and named C. eucrosioides.
heads of the flowers being formed of two The plant has roundish bulbs, furnished
rows of scales, the outer short and spread- with a few green tessellated and pitted
ing, the inner larger erect and united at leaves, a foot long and four inches wide,
the base. The receptacle or part support- and produces at a different season, before
ing the flowers is flat, having on it narrow the leaves are developed, a glaucous scape
scales which fall early and are shorter upwards of two feet high, bearing an um-
than the flowers. The fruit is truncated, bel of declinate flowers, which are stalked.
incurved, destitute of appendages. The The perianth consists of a short green
name is from two Greek words which tube, full of honey, and an erect regular
together signify beautiful eye, aspect, or
' limb nearly an inch long of bright red
appearance,' in allusion to the general segments, the sepaline of which are boat-
elegance of the species or the eye-like spot shaped, and the petaline obtuse. The six
on the flowers. The genus comprehends stamens are pale green, and with the style
a number of interesting herbaceous plants, are about four times as long as the perianth.
natives of North America, several of which The filaments are free, inserted in the
were, and indeed still are, referred by some mouth of the tube, and are tuberculate
authorities to the genus Coreopsis. They at the base. In our gardens the leaves die
are usually free from hairs, the leaves away in the autumn, and the flower-scapes
opposite, more or less divided the flowers; appear in spring before they are again
at the circumference of the heads yellow, developed. [T. M.]
with a dark purple or rose-coloured spot at
the base, those in the centre yellow or .
CALLTPTERIS. A genus of polypodia-
purple. The elegance of the flowers, so ceous ferns of the group Aspleniece. They
marked in these plants, renders them de- belong to the diplazioid series, having the
sori more or less abundantly and constantly
sirable in flower-beds. The more hardy
species, whether annual or perennial, are placed in pairs back to back on the same
generally of easy cultivation. C. rosea has vein and are specially distinguished in
;

been long known, and may be specially the typal group by having the veins joined
alluded to as an example of the genus; together in a connivent manner, that is,
having the stem smooth, leaves opposite, the main veins that spring out from the
long and narrow, the heads of flowers midrib are parallel, and the venules which
small on short stalks. [G. D.]
branch out from them set off at an angle
and meet the opposite ones in the centre,
CALLIPELTIS. An annual erect much- and so form a series of acute angles one
branched slender herb belonging to the above the other. In one group the
order Bnbiacece. The flowers grow in junction of the veins is less regular and
whorls of six, and are whitish four-parted frequent. The species, ten or twelve in
and bell-shaped. The fruit, which is one- number, are almost all found in the east-
seeded by abortion, is partially enveloped ern tropics, but one or two occur in the W.
by a large hollow membranous bract. The Indies and S. America. They are gene-
leaves and leaf-like stipules form whorls rally large growing plants with coarse
of four. C. CHCiiUaria, the only species, a pinnated or twice or thrice-pmnatedfronds,
native of the Levant, is an unimportant the rachis sometimes proliferous. [T. MJ
plant growing from six to twelve inches CALLIRHOE. A genus of beautiful
high. [C. A. J.] North American mallow-worts, comprising
CALLTPHYSA. A genus of Polj/gona- several perennial herbaceous species, some-
cece, differing from Callhionum only by times known by the name of Nuttallia,
having the nut not winged at the angles which, however, belongs to a genus of
but rounded, and covered with bristles, and Rosacea?. They are very nearly allied to
expanded at the apex Into a bladder-like Malva itself, from which they differ in
envelope to the nut. [J. T. S.]
certain slight technical peculiarities of the
fruit and also in some of the species, by
;

CALLIPRORA. A genus of liliaceous wanting the involucel or whorl of bracts

plants, found in California, and consisting which, is found exterior to the calyx in
of dwarf bulbous herbs with small radical many of the genera of this order. * The
linear-ensiform leaves, and bearing the involucel, when present, consists of from
flowers in umbels at the top of a scape. one to three bnicts, which are sometimes
The perianth is bell-shaped, six-parted, remote from the flowers. The calyx is
with equal-spreading segments it is fur- ; five-cleft the corolla five-petaled. the pe-
;

nished with six stamens, all perfect, with tals truncately wedge-shaped, and often
petaloid bilobed filaments, the alternate eroscly-toothed at the tip. The filaments
ones shorter, and the anthers sessile be- of the stamens are united into a columnar
tween the lobes and it has a stalked three-
; tube which bears a tuft of many stamens
 ; ;

at the end. The carpels are numerous, tube is hemispherical, while the limb is
united by a short beak, and are one-seeded. divided into five obtuse lobes petals five ;

About half-a-dozen species are recorded, stamens numerous, of considerable length,

and some of them are known in cultiva- and not united together; style thread-
tion. C. digitata, which is one of the like capsule with three many-seeded eoni-
;

original typical species, has no involucel |

partments, included within the hardened
beneath the flowers. It is a herbaceous tube of the calyx. These handsome
perennial, with palmately five-parted root- flowering trees or shrubs are natives of
leaves, having lobed or toothed segments, Australia. C. salignum has much the
and a smooth slender branching stem two appearance of the common weeping wil-
to two and a half feet high, producing a low. The young foliage of some of the
few leaves towards the base, but leafless kinds is of a pink colour, so that the trees
above, and producing the flowers in corym- when putting forth their leaves appear
bosely racemose heads. The flowers are from a distance to be in blossom. The
five-petaled, a couple of inches across, the outer bark of some of the kinds, according
1

petals fimbriately toothed at the truncate to Dr. Bennett, peels off in layers, hence the
;
apes, and bearded at the base, of a rich I
trees are called Paper Bark trees. Many
'

dark crimson-purple, and very handsome. of the kinds are grown in this country
: This plant is sometimes called Nuttallia for their handsome flowers. [M. T. MJ
grandiflora. C. Papover, another species of
the genus, a good deal resembles digitata, CALLISTEPHUS. The generic name of
j
plants belonging to the composite order,
but this is furnished with a three-leaved
the distinguishing characters of which
involucel. It has five-lobed leaves with
are the following the involucre or part
I

:
I lobate segments and large solitary long-
i stalked flowers from the upper axils, these
surrounding the heads of flowers consists
being of a rich bright rosy-lake colour, of three or four series of spreading scales
and very showy. The name Callirhoe has fringed at the edge the receptacle or
j

surface which supports the flowers is

also been given by Link, to a group synony-
!

mous with Amaryllis. somewhat convex and slightly pitted the ;

[T. M.]
j
fruit compressed, thickest above, its pap-
CALLISIA. A genus of the order of pus or crown in two rows, the outer of
|
spiderworts, distinguished by three sta- partially united bristles, the inner of
mens having their filaments or supports longer rough hairs. The name is derived
bearded, and in the form of a flat circular from two Greek words, which together sig-
surface at the top the style or appendage nify beautiful crown,' in allusion to the
'
;

on the top of the fruit thread-like and appendages on the ripe fruit. The genus
ending in three points. The name is was originally founded on the characters
derived from the Greek, and indicates the of a plant long known as Aster sinensis.
beautiful or handsome aspect of the species, The species are annuals, chiefly natives of
which are natives of the warmer parts of China; they have erect branched stems,
America, having stems trailing at the base, with stalkless alternate and toothed leaves,
the leaves shea'thing the stem, their ge- the branches with single heads of flowers.
neral outline lance-shaped, often with hard The one already alluded to as Aster sinensis,
projections at the margin. G. repens, a
and a very general favourite with culti-
native of the "West Indies, is one long vators, has the individual florets either
known in cultivation its graceful habit,
;
strap-shaped or tubular, and presenting
and brilliant leaves with purple, edges are various tints of rose, violet and white it ;

sufficient recommendations. [G. D.]

is the Reine Marguerite' of gardeners.
'

It has these recommendations it is hardy, :

CALLISTACHYS. A genus of pretty of easy cultivation, and flowers freely for

Australian plants belonging to the legu- weeks in succession ; it is therefore a
minous family, and having alternate stalked desirable plant in flower-beds. [G. D.]
entire smooth or silky leaves, and long
racemes of yellow or purple flowers. The CALLISTHENE. A genus of the Vo-
family, found in Brazil, and composed
|

stalked pods are divided when young into ch i..- iu

as many partitions as there are seeds, but of a few somewhat resinous opposite-
these divisions are obliterated as the pod leaved trees, which differ from the others
ripens. The generic name is derived from in the family in the following combined
the Greek, and signifies 'beautiful spike.' characters the five-parted unequal calyx,
:

A number of the species are in cultivation the upper and larger segment of which is
in greenhouses. C. lanceolate/, has racemes prolonged behind into a spur; the single
of golden yellow flowers, nearly as large as inversely heart-shaped and stalked petal
those of the broom, and the stems and and the solitary stamen whose anther is
leaves are covered with beautiful silky The leaves are either smooth
four-celled.
hairs. C. linearis has dull purple flowers, or downy, and have entire margins in one ;

while C. longifolia has racemes of yellow species they are oval and about two inches
j

i flowers with a purple keel. The species long, while in another they are linear and
with one exception, C. sparsa, which is scarcely half an inch in length. The yel-
found in N.S. "Wales, are all natives of the low flowers (about the size of those of a
Swan Paver colony. pea) are either single or numerous in the
[A. A. B.]
axils of the leaves, and, like all the others
CALLISTEM ON. A name indicative of of the family, are remarkable for the
the beauty of the stamens in the eenus of unsyrametrical arrangement of their parts.
Myrtacece to which it is given. The calyx We have first an irregularly five-parted
CALL QH)t Crea^urg at 23fltanj). 198
calyx, one of whose divisions is prolonged consider it as a much-reduced aquatic
into a spur somewhat like that in a bal Euphorbiacea.
sam flower their cones a single yellow
; C. aquatica is common in our ponds and
striped petal, instead of five, as would still waters, often floating over them in
generally be the case ; next a solitary large masses, and it is found in- most parts
stamen ; and lastly a three-celled ovary, of the world. It varies much in its leaves,
which, when mature, becomes a woody either all narrow and submerged, or more
capsule about the size of a hazel-nut, con- frequently the upper floating ones, oblong
taining a number of seeds, and splitting or obovate, in the size and form of the
into three portions. [A. A. B.] fruits, the erect or recurved styles, &c;
and it has been, therefore, variously divi-
CALLITHAMNION. A beautiful genus ded into from two to twenty supposed
belonging to the division Ceramiacece of species, which are now more generally
the rose-spored Algce, to which it bears admitted to be varieties of a single one.
nearly the same relation as Cladophora This apetalous genus, which is so singular
does to the chlorosperms. The frond is in its structure, consists of small herba-
generally more or less branched, and often ceous plants, natives of Europe and
most beautifully pinnate, consisting of ISTorth America, growing in ponds and
jointed threads, the stem alone being streamlets, usually immersed, but becom-
occasionally slightly compound from de- ing more luxuriant in habit and pro-
current branchlets, as in Batrachospermum. ducing much more seed when growing out
The tetrasporesand capsules often occur on of the water. The most common form in the
different plants, the latter containing irreg- British Islands is that called C. ver?ia. The
ularly distributed spores. Antheridia again axillary flowers are usually unisexual, the
are mostly produced on distinct plants. males and females growing on the same
The species are extremely numerous and plants; but not unfrequently they become
occur in most parts of the world on other hermaphrodite, apparently from the male
algae, and on almost any object which is flowers producing ovaries. The male
washed by the waves. One or two species flower consists of but one stamen without
are found on roeks only occasionally im- a calyx, its only envelope being two
mersed. From their beautiful ramifica- lateral bracts, which are in some species
tion these plants are the delight of wan- wanting and the anther is two-celled, or
;

derers on the sea-shore, and afford great more commonly one-celled, from the two
gratification to those who possess only cells having become confluent. The female
imperfect microscopes. [M. J. BJ consists of a four-celled ovary having but
two stigmas, and is elevated on a short
CALLITHAUMA. A genus of Peruvian stalk, and enveloped by two lateral bracts
Amaryliidacece related to Pancratium, and as in the male. The cells contain one
remarkable for the large size of the ovule each, suspended from the side, and
staminal cup or coronet of its perianth, the seed is albuminous. Mr. Babington
which is equal to that of the limb. C. states that at its first formation the ovary
viridiflormn has large obiong-cylindrical is only two-celled, and that the four-celled
bulbs, long flat ensiform suberect leaves, condition is produced by the midrib of each
and a flower scape, which is said some- carpel extending inwardly between the
times to reach six feet in height in its two ovules to the centre of the ovary to
native country, supporting four or five which it becomes adherent. Very numer-
emerald green flowers, which have a hori- ous flat glands have been observed on the
zontal slender tube two inches long, acumi- young stems by Dr. Lankester and others
nate spreading limb segments, and a larse {Linn. Proc.ii. 94). These give a glistening
cup or coronet. Mr. Mathews found this appearance to the plant when growing out
with scapes three feet high growing in of the water, something like that of the
dryish exposed situations. The other Tetragoniacea, which is also owing to
species, C. angustifolium, is similar in the presence of minute glands. [B. C]
character, but rather smaller. [T.M.]
CALLITRIS. A genus of conifers allied
CALLITRICHE, CALLITRTCHACE.E. to Tlutja, but differing from it in having
A small aquatic plant with simple entire the cones with four to six woody scales,
opposite leaves and minute unisexual which separate one from the other like the
axillary flowers, so reduced in structure valves of a capsule: and three to six
as to afford little indication of its real winged seeds to each scale. C. quadrivalvis
affinities, and to have induced botanists i large tree with straggling jointed
to propose it as a distinct family, under furrowed branches, having rings of small
the plural name of Callitrichacew. The scales at the joints. It is a native of
male flowers consist of a single stamen, Barbary, but is cultivated in this country
between two small bracts; the females in sheltered situations. The resin of this
have a six-lobed four-celled ovary and tree is used in varnish-making under the
fruit, crowned by two styles without any name of gum sandarach while powdered
;

perianth, each cell enclosing one pendu- it forms pounce, formerly used for the
lous ovule and seed. The genus has been same purpose as blotting-paper now is.
most frequently associated, with other The timber also, according to Dr. Lindley,
minute-flowered aquatic plants, under flfdo- is durable, very hard, fragrant, and of
ragew, but, more recently, it has been pro- a mahogany colour, for which reason it
posed, upon more plausible grounds, to largely used in the construction of
 mosques and similar buildings in the N. \
varies considerably, being pale green, pur-
of Africa. [M. T. M.] plish, or hoary with down. In all the
varieties the flowers retain their form and
CALLIXEXE. A genus of Liliacece, con- position long after they have ceased to
1

raining branched under-shrubs from extra-

perform their functions. Ling is abundant
tropical South Am
erica, with the base knot-
in all the moorland countries of almost
ted, scaly, and leafless, the upper part with
the whole of Europe. It is the badge of
.

alternate half-clasping elliptical leathery

I

the clan McDonell. French, Bruyere

leaves with thickened margins.and terminal
commune German, Heide. [C. A. J.]
or axillary flowers on short peduncles. The
;

perianth is six-parted, coloured red, the CALLUS (adj. CALLOSUS). A hardened

j

i
three inner segments with two glands at j
part anything which has acquired unusual
;

the base stamens six style thick berry

; ; ; hardness and toughness also used in the
;

small, three-celled, with two or three seeds sense of verruca; also the hymenium of
in each cell. [J. T. S.] certain fungals.
CALLOGRAMMA. A name given by CALOCEPHALTJS. A
genus of the com-
Professor Fee to Syngramma alismcefolia. posite family found in Australia and Tas-
CALLOSO-SERRATE. When serratures mania. The three known species are
slender herbs one to three feet high, with
are callosities.
opposite linear entire leaves, one to three
C ALL UNA.The true ' Heather of Scot- ' inches long, and covered, like all parts of
Ling and Common Heath.
land, called also the plant, with white appressed down.
A low much-branching tufted shrub, dis- The flower-heads are in dense round clus-
tinguished from Erica by having a calyx ters, at the ends of the branches, each
of four coloured leaves concealing a bell- head containing three florets. In C. lacteus
shaped corolla, and accompanied by four the flower-heads are white, and in C.
bracts resembling an outer calyx, the true citreus they are lemon-coloured. [A. A. B.]
heaths having a calyx of four green leaves.
.

Calluna derives its name from the Greek CALOCHILUS campestris is a slender
calluno, to ' cleanse or adorn,' an appropri-
leafy-stemmed Australian orchid with tes-
ticulate roots and nearly closed greenish
ate name, whether taken in reference to
flowers, the tip of which is deeply clothed
the use to which heather-brooms are
applied, or to the exquisite beauty of its
with long delicate hairs. C. herbaceus,

flowers. By this plant much of the moor-

supposed to be a second species, is regarded
land scenery of Great Britain is redeemed by Hooker as a mere form of the other.
from utter sterility for being indifferent
; CALOCHORTUS. A genus of beautiful
to soil and capable of enduring a low tem- bulbous plants belonging to the Liliacece,
perature and the most parching winds, it and closely allied to Cyclobothra, from
everywhere finds itself a home, and when which it differs in being destitute of a
it has attained a moderate size hospitably honey-pit on the segments of the perianth,
affords shelter to other plants some- and in having flat smooth instead of
what less hardy than itself. To red and roundish angular seeds. They have tuni-
black grouse it affords not only shelter cated bulbs, and produce rigid ensiform
but food, since both these birds are leaves, and an erect scape supporting a few
in the habit of concealing themselves large showy flowers which are racemosely
among its branches and of feeding on its arranged and remain open for several
tender shoots and it is no less serviceable
;

to the mountain hare (Lepus variabilis*.

The moorland sportsman is therefore in-
debted to this plant for no small portion of
his amusement. It is also much employed
as fuel, for thatching houses, weaving into
I fences, covering underground drains ; and
a thick layer forms a by no means des-
picable bed. The flowers abound in honey,
!
and are much frequented by bees. In
various parts of Scotland and the north of
England, bee-hives are carried, in the
beginning of August, from the cultivated
to the heathy districts, for the sake of the
flowers, where they are allowed to remain
two or three months, and are brought back
in the autumn. Heather is a plant of
slow growth, but very durable on this
account ; and because it is patient of any
amount of clipping it is not unfrequently
used as an edging in gardens instead of
box. In the common form of the plant Calochortus venustus.
the flowers are purplish red, but varieties
are cultivated in which this colour is days. The perianth is deciduous, six-
replaced by crimson or white. Another leaved, the three outer or calycine divi-
variety with double flowers is well worthy sions linear and beardless, the three inner
of cultivation. The tint of the foliage petaloid, very much larger and broader
 ; ;

CALC-] QLf)C Ersatfurg al ^Sotang. 200

than the outer, and bearded on the inside with red and in C. Sieboldii they are deep
;

the flowers, therefore, appear to consist of green with paler blotches. The flowers
three large spreading petals, and three being small, it is for their foliage and
narrow sepals. There are six stamens erect palm-like habit alone, that these
adherent to the base of the perianth, and plants are prized by cultivators. The
a three-celled ovary crowned by three same name has been given to a section of
subsessile stigmas. The few known spe- the genus Dracocephalum. [T. M.]
cies, which are found in Mexico, California, CALODRYUM. A genus of Meliacece
and XW. America, are all plants of gorgeous inhabiting the islands of Madagascar,
beauty, but found to be exceedingly diffi- Mauritius, and Bourbon. The calyx is five-
cult of cultivation. C. venustus is one cleft the petals five, more or less adherent
;

of the handsomest; it grows about two anthers projecting from the tube formed
feet high, and produces large flowers, by the united filaments of the stamens
upwards of three inches across, with style thread-shaped ovary five-celled with
;

narrow green sepals, and broad roundish pendulous ovules. [M. T. M.]
wedge-shaped petals which form a cup, and
are white above, yellowish towards the CALOGYNE. A name expressive of the
base, each of them marked with a wedge- peculiarity and beauty of the stigma in the
shaped deep crimson stain, terminating in a genus of Goodeniacece, to which it is
yellow spot, and above this, in the same line, applied. The genus consists of herbaceous
with a deep red spot bordered with yellow, plants with irregular flowers, and a style
and a spot of lighter red. C. macrocarpus with three branches, each branch termi-
isanothervery fine species, growing nearly nated by a kind of cup. The fruit is a
two feet high this has three narrowish
;
two-celled capsule with several seeds. The
sepals very much longer than the petals, plants are natives of the coast of tropical
which are broad cuneately-obovate, form- Australia, and one has lately been dis-
ing a cup, and of a rich rosy-purple, paler covered in the neighbourhood of Amoy,
towards the base, and beautifully bearded in China. The flowers of this latter species
with yellow hairs. [T. M.] are said by Bentham to have an odour like
that of hay. [M. T. MJ
CALODENDRON. A genus of Eutacece, CALONYCTION. A
genus of Convolvu-
so named from the beauty of the flowers lacece, containing fifteen species, natives
and foliage. The flowers are regular, con- of the intertropical regions of Asia and
sisting of a five-parted calyx, five narrow America. They are twining herbaceous
spreading petals, hairy on the outside, five plants with alternate cordate leaves and
fertile stamens, alternating with and very large showy flowers on axillary one
shorter than five petal-like sterile ones, to three-flowered peduncles. The calyx
which are tipped with a gland and placed consists of five sepals; the corolla is
on the outside of a shallow tubular disc ;
funnel-shaped with along tube, and large
style long; fruit a stalked capsule with spreading limb. There are five exserted
five angles, and five two-seeded cavities stamens, with filaments dilated at the
opening by as many valves. C. capense is a base. The ovary is two-celled with two
very ornamental tree, native of the Cape of ovules in each cell sometimes the rudi-
;

Good Hope. [M. T. M.] ment of a secondary dissepiment makes it

CALODRACOJT. A genus of
liliaceous incompletely four-celled. The four-valved
plants, which includes several species for-
capsule contains four seeds. [W. C]
merly referred to Dracaena and Cordyline. CALOOSE. The Sumatran name for
The species are natives of the Malayan Urtica tenacissima and Bvhmeria nivea, or
and Australasian Islands and of China their fibre.
and Japan, and are handsome shrubs with
slender cylindrical stems, crowded with
CALOPAPPTJS. The name applied to
a Chilian genus of plants found on the
leaves at top, the leaves lanceolate ob-
Cordillera, and belonging to that section
long, smooth, often beautifully coloured,
of the composite family with two-lipped
and having channelled stalks. The flowers
corollas. They are low heath-like bushes
grow in large terminal panicles, and are with needle-shaped leaves set thickly on
white or rosy violet. The perianth is de- the steins, and single terminal flower-heads
ciduous, tubulosely campanulate, six-cleft,
which are stalked or sessile, containing
with the segments somewhat unequal and
five florets, each having a pappus of
imbricating ; stamens six, with subulate
about fifteen long needle-pointed awns.
filaments style subulate with a trifid
stigma.
;

This genus, of which Draccena

Two species are known. [A. A. B.]
ferret is the type, agrees with Cordylinem CALOPHACA. A deciduous shrub al-
having a tubular-cam panulate perianth, and lied to Cytisus, from which it may be
with Draccenopsis in having numerous distinguished by its not having all the
ovules in each eel} of the ovary. C. stamens united into a tube, and by its
Jacquinii, the D.ferrea above referred to, pinnate leaves. It is a native of desert
is well known under the latter name, and places near the rivers Don and Volga
that of D. terminalis, in the hothouses of (hence its specific name volgarica). Being
this country, where it is prized for its hardy and very pretty it is a desirable
highly-coloured red leaves, which render plant to have in gardens and shrubberies;
it aray at all seasons. C. nobilis is another but is less known than it ought to be in
species with the leaves richly variegated consequence of its being difficult of pro-
 2<)1 Cljc Crca^urg oC Sotang. [CALO

pagatiou except by grafting or from cymes of flowers calyx-tube adhering

;

seed. The flowers are yellow, in clusters to base of ovary limb with four short lobes;
;

in the axils of the leaves, and are suc- petals four, obovate stamens eight, with-
;

ceeded by reddish pods. [C. A. J.] out any appendage to the anthers berry ;

four-celled, with many seeds whole plant ;

CALOPHAXES. A genus of Acantha- more or less hispid. [J. T. S.]

cece, containing nearly thirty species of
herbs or under-shrubs, natives of America. CALOPOGON. A small genus of tuber-
They are mint-like plants, more or less ous orchids, inhabiting wet prairies or the
pubescent, and nearly related in structure edge of pine woods in all parts of the
to Dipteracanthus. They have axillary United States. They have grassy radical
opposite generally cymose flowers, with a leaves and naked scapes bearing a small
j

blue corolla and spotted throat the calj x

;
number of purple flowers at the summit.
I is deeply five-cleft with setaceous divisions;
Four species are described C. pulchellus,
:

the corolla is infundibuliform with a multiflorus, parviflorics, and pallidas. The

five-cleft limb ; the filaments are united generic name has been given in allusion to
in pairs at the base, and have anthers with a handsome beard or tuft of hairs growing
two parallel cells spurred at the base or from the lip.
rarely muticous. The capsule is lanceolate, CALOPSIS. A genus of Bestiacece from
with four seeds in the middle. [W. C] the Cape of Good Hope. Sedge-like herbs
with deciduous glumiferous flowers in
CALOPHYLLT7M. This genus of gut- spikelets, arranged in spikes or panicles ;
tifers (Clusiacew) contains about twenty-
stems branched, with split leafless sheaths.
five species, the majority of which are
It is distinguished from Bestio by having
natives of the Eastern hemisphere, only
three stigmas and an indehiscent nut
four or five being found in America. covered with a tough membrane. [J. T.S.]
They are large trees with shining leaves
marked by numerous parallel transverse CALOSACME. Cliirita. [W. C]
veins, and having racemes of flowers,
some of which are of only one sex. Their CALOSANTHUS. A genus of Bigno-
consisting of a single species, a
niacece,
calyx consists of two or four sepals their
;
native of India. It is a very tall slender
corolla of four petals; the stamens are
indefinite in number, their anthers burst-
smooth tree with large opposite bipinnated
leaves, the leaflets shortly petiolate sub-
ing on the inner side; and the ovary is
cordate ovate and acuminate, The racemes
one-celled, the style being crowned with
terminal and erect the flowers large,
a shield-like lobed stigma. The fruit are
whitish within, exteriorly streaked with
;

contains one seed. C. Calaba, a native of

red, and having a fetid smell. The calyx
the West Indies and Brazil, is a tree about
is coriaceous, tubular and truncate the ;
sixty feet high, having long elliptical
corolla tube is short and campanulate ; its
oblong leaves, sometimes notched at the limb sub-bilabiate, the
upper lip with two,
top. It has short racemes of white sweet-
and the under with three lobes. The five
scented flowers, producing round green I

fertile scarcely exserted stamens have the

fruits about an inch in diameter, and
anthers pendulous from the apex of the
containing a single seed. This tree is
filaments. The stigma consists of two
called Calaba in the "West Indies, and an
roundish lobes. The pod-shaped capsule is
oil, fit for burning in lamps, is expressed-]
very long, compressed and two-valved,
from its seeds. C. inophylhtm, an Eas™ containing numerous seeds which are
Indian and Malayan tree, with a trunk'
surrounded with a large membranaceous
about ten or twelve feet in diameter, and wing.
from eighty to 100 feet high, has the economic value.
The wood is soft, spongy, and of no
[W. C]
leaves elliptical and usually notched at .

the top, and it has white flowers resembling CALOSCORDUM. A genus of small-
I

those of the last. The seeds of this tree growing lilyworts, found in China. They
yield a thick dark green strong-scented are allied to Allium, from which they are
oil, employed in India for burning aiid distinguished by afew technicai character-
also medicinally. Its timber is used for istics. C. nerineflorum has small bulbs
building purposes, and for masts and and linear leaves which are thick and
spars and a greenish coloured resin which rounded behind, and the flowers which are
;

exudes from the trunk forms one of the small starry and rose-coloured form an
kinds of East Indian Tacamahac. Other umbel at the top of a scape. One or two
species likewise yield resin, such as C. Ta- other species are known. The plants have
wmo.haca in Bourbon and Madagascar; none of the onion-like odour which per-
and C. brasiliense in Brazil. The fruits of vades the Allium family. [T. M.]
C. edule and C. Madrunno are eaten in
South America as also are those of C.
;
CALOSERIS. The name given to a
spurium in Malabar. In Ceylon the timber plant of the composite family which is
\

found in Venezuela. It has much the

of C. tornentosum is valued for building
habit and appearance of some of the
purposes, and an oil is expressed from its
coltsfoots, but belongs to a different sec-
seeds. [A. S.]
tion of the family, namely, that with two-
C ALOPHTSA. A genus of Melastomacece lipped corollas. It has been described
containing a Brazilian shrub with op- twice, under different names, and Caloseris
posite petiolate cordate acute seven-nerved being the last published, must give place
toothed leaves, and short axillary crowded to the first, Isotypus. [A. A. B.]
 ;

CALo] QL\)t Crea^itrn a( $atan». 202

CALOSTEMMA. A genus of Amarylli- that of the daisy, but differs in the pap-
dacece consisting of bulbous herbs with pus. It receives its name from the two
linear lorate leaves, and bearing at the top ear-shaped scales of the pappus. C. cunei-
of the scape a many-flowered umbel of folia is a slender herb about a foot high
pedunculated flowers. These flowers con- with small flower-heads. The awns of
sist of a cylindrical tube, a funnel-shaped the pappus being furnished with very
limb, and a coronet or crown, uniting the minute reflexed points get entangled in
stamens into a cup, winch is sometimes the wool of the sheep, and it is almost
split. The filaments are short and erect impossible to rid them of it. There are
the stigma small and simple ; and the about twenty species known. [A. A. B.]
ovary usually two-seeded. There are four
or five recorded species, all natives of CALOTROPIS. A genus of asclepiads,
New Holland. C. purpureum, with purple consisting of three species, which form
flowers, has twelve triangular teeth placed shrubs or small trees, and are natives of
between the filaments on the edge of the the tropics of Asia and Africa. Their
staminal cup. G. luteum has narrower flowers have a somewhat bell-shaped
leaves, and yellow green-ribbed flowers, corolla, expanding into five divisions, the
with six purple spots at the base of the tube being composed of five angular
cup, which is toothed as in the former. swellings. The coronet of the stamens is
C. album has white flowers and linear teeth composed of five narrow leaflets, which
to the cup and C. carneum has pretty pale
;
are united to the central column, but free
rose flowers and is without the teeth to and recurved at the base, with their edges
the staminal cup, the spaces between the rolled inwards. The fruits are produced in
filaments being either emarginate or pairs resembling the horns of an animal,
merely rounded. C. candidum is said to each being swollen or bulged out on the
be fragrant, and G. luteum to have a strong inside they contain numerous seeds sur-
;

smell of mint. [T. M.] mounted by tufts of beautiful silky hairs.

C. gigantea,t\\e largest of the genus, forms
CALOSTIGMA. A genus of Asclepiada- a branching shrub or small tree about
cece,containing three species of climbing fifteen feet high, with a short trunk four
shrubs, natives of Brazil. They have or five inches in diameter. Its leaves are
opposite elliptical or oblong leaves, and about six inches long by two or three
lateral interpetiolar peduncles with many broad, and egg-shaped, covered on the
flowers. The calyx is five-parted ; the co- under-surface with soft silky down, and
rolla bell-shaped with a five-cleft limb, the they are arranged on the stem in pairs,
divisions being long, linear and spreading. each pair being at right angles with that
The staminal corona is composed of five above and below its flowers are of a
;

fleshy leaves, and adheres to the tube of pretty rose-purple colour, and have the
the corolla, above which it projects. The segments of the corolla bent downwards.
gynostegium is short the anthers termi-
; This plant is called Mudar or Ak in North-
nate in a short membrane and the elon-
; ern, and Yercum in Southern India. The
gated projecting stigma has a prominent inner bark of its young branches yields a
dilated apex. The pollen masses are con- valuable fibre, capable of bearing a greater
nected by a kneed and, in the upper strain than Russian hemp. All parts
portion, by a winged process to a linear abound in a very acrid milky juice, which
corpuscle. [W. C] hardens into a substance resembling gutta
percha; but in a fresh state it is a valuable
CALOTHAMNTIS. One of the beautiful remedy in cutaneous diseases. The bark
genera of Myrtacece, in which Australia of the root also possesses similar medical
abounds. The calyx limb has four to five qualities and its tincture yields mudarine,
;

teeth the petals are four to five

; the
;
a substance possessing the property of
stamens are arranged in four to five gelatinizing upon the application of heat,
bundles opposite the petals, some sterile and returning to its fluid state when cool.
or more or less joined to the neighbouring Attempts have been made to spin the
parcel, the anthers attached by the base ; silky down of the seeds, but its fibre is too
the many-seeded capsule is enclosed within short a soft kind of cloth is, however,
;

the base of the hardened hemispherical made by mixing it with cotton paper has ;
calyx tube. The plants are shrubs with also been made from it. Another species,
scattered needle-shaped leaves. The name C. procera, a native of India, Arabia,
indicates that the branches become cover- Persia, and various parts of Africa, pos-
ed with the beautiful flowers. «[M. T. M.] sesses similar qualities. It is a much
CALOTIS. A genus of simple or branch- smaller plant, and has white flowers with
ed small Australian herbs of the composite straight segments. [A. S.]
family. The leaves are alternate, varying
much in form, but most generally oblong
CALPANDRIA. Camellia. [B. S.]

and toothed. The flower-heads are ter- CALTHA. A family of herbaceous

minal and solitary: the strap-shaped ray- plants belonging to the Banunculacece,
florets, lilac, and rolled backwards spirally distinguished from Ranunculus by the
after expansion, the disc florets tubular absence of a green calyx, and from Helle-
and yellow. The seed crown (pappus) con- bonis by the absence of tubular petals
sists of two dilated ear-shaped scales, and a (nectaries). C. palustris, the Marsh Mari-
few long needle-shaped awns furnished gold, is a stout herbaceous plant with
with reflexed bristles. The genus is near hollow stems, large glossy roundish
 ; ;:

203 €f)e Erea^urj? of 33fltang. [CALY

notched leaves, heart-shaped at the base, mouth which bears on its
of the calyx-tube,
and conspicuous bright yellow flowers, inner hollow surface numerous achenes,
each of which is composed of five roundish each with one or two seeds. C. floridus is
petals or sepals. It flowers freely from a native of many parts of the United
May to August, and is a native almost States, where it is called Carolina Allspice,
throushout the whole of Europe, as well or Sweet-scented shrub. Its wood and
as of Western Asia and North America, in roots have a camphoric smell, and the
marshy meadows and about the margins of aromatic bark is said to render it useful as
ponds, rivers, and brooks. One of its rustic a substitute for cinnamon in the United
names is May-Blobs. The flowers, if States. The flowers and leaves have a
gathered before they expand, are said to be scent resembling that of the quince. This
a good substitute for capers. The juice of species and the following are often to be
the petals boiled with alum stains paper met with in English gardens. Some of its
yellow. A double-flowered variety is varieties are scentless, and it varies much
commonly cultivated in gardens, and the in the form and pubescence of the leaves
wild plant is liable to several variations, as well as in the colour of the flowers.
dependent on soil and situation. Several These varieties have by some authors been
, foreign species are enumerated by botan- considered as species. C. occidenialis, the
|
ists, all of which are natives of marshes only other species, is a native of California.
or shallow water, and more or less approach It differs chiefly from the Carolina Allspice
C. palustris in habit. The Caltha of the in its long flower-stalks, and the cordate
Latin poets is considered to be the com- base of the leaves. Its flowers are more
mon garden marigold. French, Populage ;
than three inches across when fully ex-
German, Sumpf-dotter-blume. [C. A. J.] panded. [A. A. B.]

CALTROPS. The common name for CALYCERACE.E (Boopidece). The Calyce-

Tribulus. —, "WATER. That of Trapa. ra family, a natural order of gamopetalous
calycifloral dicotyledons included in Lind-
CALUMBA, CALOMBA, or COLOMBO. ley's campanal alliance. Herbs with alter-
The root of Cocculus palmatus, now called nate leaves without stipules, and with
Jateorhiza palmata. —
, FALSE or AMERI- flowers collected in heads. Calyx superior,
CAN. The root of Frasera Walteri. of five unequal divisions corolla regular,
;

funnel-shaped, with a five-divided limb

CALVUS. Quite naked bald having no
; ;
stamens five, their filaments united, as well
hairs, or other such processes. as the lower part of the anthers. Ovary
one-celled; style smooth; stigma capitate.
CALYBIO, CALYBIUM. A
hard one-
Fruit an achene, usually crowned by the
celled inferior dry fruit, seated in a cupule
rigid spiny segments of the calyx. The
as an acorn, or a hazel-nut. order occupies an intermediate place be-
CALYCANTHACE.E (.Calycanths). The tween Composite and Dipsaeaeea?, differing
Carolina Allspice family, a natural order of from theformer in their seed, which is pen-
calycifloral dicotyledons belonging to dulous and albuminous as in Dipsacacece,
Lindley's rosal alliance. Shrubs with and from the latter in their anthers being
square stems having four woody axes united around the style as in composites.
surrounding the central one, opposite There are about twenty species, distributed
entire leaves without stipules, and solitary into six or eight genera. They are natives of
lurid flowers. Calyx of numerous coloured South America, found chiefly on the Andes
sepals compounded with the petals, and all of Chili two species extend to the Cordil-
;

united below with a fleshy tube bearing lera of Peru three are found near the
;

numerous stamens on its rim outer ; straits of Magalhaens seven in the

;

stamens opening outwardly, inner ones eastern part of S. America, near the Rio
barren. Ovaries several, one-celled, ad- Plata and one from Rio Janeiro, as far as
;

herent to the calycine tube ovules one to

; Bahia. The plants do not possess any
.

two. Fruit consisting of achenes inclosed marked qualities. Illustrative genera

by the calyx ;seeds without albumen. Boopis, Calycera, Acicarpha. [J. H. BJ
Natives of North America and Japan.
Their flowers have an aromatic fragrance,
CALYCERA. This genus gives the
name to the family to which it belongs.
and their bark is sometimes used as a It is confined to South America, and the
carminative against flatulence. The bark
species are mostly found on the Cordillera
of Calycanthus floridus, Carolina Allspice,
of Chili. They are small annual or
is used as a substitute for cinnamon.
perennial herbs, four to eight inches high
There are two known genera, viz., Caly- the leaves alternate oblong toothed or
;

canthus of America, and Chijnonanthus of

pinnatifld, and generally smooth the:
Japan, comprising six species. [J. H. B.]
flower-heads single terminal and shortly
CALYCANTHUS. A genus giving its stalked. The genus differs from the others
name to the family Calycantkaceae, and in the family by the presence of two sorts
composed of N. American shrubs with of flowers in the same head, the one set
opposite oval or ovate lanceolate entire with the calycine teeth flattened and
leaves, generally rough on the surface; produced into spinous points after flower-
axillary or terminal solitary stalked flowers ing, the other not so. The achenes are
made up of a great number of lurid purple- free and seated on a broad depressed
coloured narrow sepals and petals; and receptacle. The few species are only
very numerous stamens, inserted on the interesting to the botanist. [A. A. B.]
 CALYCIFLORiE. A
sub-class of ex- and of wlivch S. speciosumtaken as the
is
ogenous or dicotyledonous plants charac- type. This plant, now called Calydorea
terised by having both calyx and corolla, speciosa, is a beautiful bulbous herb with
petals separate and stamens attached to a few narrow linear leaves, and a slender
the calyx. [J. H. B.] subramose scape, five to six inches high,
bearing deep blue purple flowers with
CALYCINAL. Of or belonging to
a yellow centre, the segments of which are
the calyx.
spreading, the three inner ones smaller
than the outer. It is distinguished from
CALYCINE. Of or belonging to a Sisyrinchium by its unequal instead of
calyx; also a calyx of unusual size; or
regular perianth, the petaline divisions of
having the texture of a calyx. which are reflexed and much smaller than
CALTCOIDEOUS. Resembling a calyx. the sepaline, its subulate free filaments,
and its trifld spreading style, with emar-
CALYCOMIS. A genus of Cunoniacece, ginate-spathulate fimbriated stigmas. The
described by Don, and eight years after-
species is a native of Chili. [T. M.]
wards renamed by Bentham, Acrophylhtm.
The latter name has been generally CALYMELLA. Gleichenia.
adopted, but contrary to the received
laws of botanical nomenclature. [J. T. S.]
CALYMENIA,CALYXHYMENIA These
names occasionally met with in gardens,
CALYCOPHYLLTTM. A genus of Cin- refer to some inconspicuous plants now
chonacem, remarkable for one of the five referred to Oxybaphus. [M. T. M.]
segments of the calyx being much larger
than the rest and petal-like, a peculiarity CALYMMODON. A genus of
small
observable also in an allied genus, Mhs- polypodiaceous ferns belonging to the
scenda. The corolla is bell-shaped, the Gymnogrammece. There are three or four
stamens inserted into its throat the ;
species, found in Java and other eastern
stigmas are two, reflexed the fruit is an
;
islands, and consisting of small plants with
oblong capsule, opening at the top to allow fasciculate thin pinnatifld fronds, growing
of the escape of the numerous slightly- from a short erect stem, the fertile lobes
wins-ed seeds. The plants are natives of folded longitudinally so as to partially
the West Indies and Brazil. [M. T. M.] cover the sori, which, though elongated,
has a tendency to the polypodioid structure.
CALYCOSERIS. The generic name of The veins are simple and the sori oblong,
a littleannual herb of the composite seated at the tip of the simple vein
family, found by Mr. Wright in New which occupies each lobe. [T. M.J
Mexico, and named after its discoverer
C. Wrightii. The plant has pinnatifld leaves CALYPSO borealis is the most beau-
with linear segments, and yellow flower- tiful of northern orchids, being found all
heads; and altogether it bears much over the continent of Europe, America,
resemblance to Crepisvirens, a plant which and Asia in high latitudes, growing in
is very often met with in dry pasture woods, especially of firs, and appearing as
lands throughout Britain. The achenes soon as snow has melted. It is a tuberous
being furnished with a double pappus, the terrestrial plant, with one leaf and one
outer small and cup-shaped, the inner of flower only. The leaf is thin, many-
long soft white hairs, and the receptacle nerved, and either ovate or cordate. The
being furnished with numerous capillary rose-coloured flower appears at the end of
bristles, are the most marked characters a slender sheathed stem, and has some-
of the genus. [A. A. B.] thing the appearance of a Cypripedium,
CALYCOTOME. A genus of the legumi- owing to its forming a large pouch. The
nous family, distinguished from that of genus appears to be nearly related to Ccelo-
the broom by the teeth of the calyx
gyne and especially to the section Pleione.
falling away early and leaving a notched CALYPTRA (adj. CALYPTRATE). The
membranous tube. The species are all hood of an urn-moss.
thorny shrubs. G. spinosa is a stiff spiny
bush with trifoliate leaves and numerous
CALYPTRANTHES. This name of Lid-
flower has been applied to a genus of
yellow flowers, in size like those of the
Myrtacece, in allusion to a lid which the
labm-num, but single in the axils of the upper part of the calyx forms, and which
leaves. It is a native of Southern Europe
falls off as the flower expands. These
and North Africa, as are all the species, flowers have five very small petals, which
and is well adapted for growing in shrub- are sometimes absent stamens numerous,
;
beries. It is in cultivation in England.
distinct; berry one-celled, one to four-seed-
The pods of C. lanigera are covered with ed. They are American and West Indian
long rusty hairs. All the parts of C. inter- shrubs, some of which are in cultivation.
media, an Algerian species, are covered The flower buds of C. aromatica might
with white silvery hairs. [A. A. B.]
according to Lindley, be used in the place
CALYCULTJS. Apartial involucre, con- of cloves. [M. T. M.]
taining but one, or perhaps two flowers. CALYPTRIDIUM. A genus of the
Also the external bracts of a capitulum, purslane order, chiefly distinguished from
when they form a distinct ring or rings. its allies by having the corolla composed
CALYDOREA. The name of an irida- of three pieces joined together so as to
ceous genus separated from Sisyriiichium, form a conical tube, three-toothed at the
 ;

205 HLfyz Crca£ur» at IjDtang. [OAMA

top, and covering the seed-vessel like a '
without stipules, and the large and beau-
hood; the name indicates this, being tiful flowers are solitary, axillary and
derived from two Greek words signifying peduncled. The calyx of five sepals is
'hood-like.' The only known species is a enclosed in two leafy bracts. The corolla
low succulent plant, a native of California, isbell-shaped, plaited and flve-lobed. The
wirh alternate leaves and small flowers of ovary is semi-bilocular with four ovules,
a pale rose colour. [G. D.] and bears a simple style and a stigma
consisting of two obtuse lobes. The
CALYPTRIFORMIS. Like an extin- capsule has only a single cell. This is a
guisher, as the calyx of Eucalyptus. very distinct genus, easily separated from
Convolvulus and the allied genera, by the
CALYPTROOTIGMA. This name is
leafy bracts at the base of the calyx, and
sometimes given to a plant of the honey- by the one-celled capsule. It includes the
suckle family, a X. Asian shrub with oppo- Common Bindweed, C. septum. [W. C.j
site leaves, between ovate and lanceolate in
form, and having serrated margins. The CALTTHRIX or CALYCOTHRIX. A
flowers are yellow, six to eight in a cluster at genus of Cliamcelauciacece from Australia.
the ends of the branches, and in size and Small shrubs with short cylindrical sheath-
form, much like those of the fox-glove. like leaves, often on short footstalks, and
The stigma is more or less lobed, and sits small stipules; flowers axillary, nearly
like a cap on the top of the style, whence sessile, frequently clustered near the
the generic name. By many the genus is extremities of the branches calyx with a ;

not considered different from the well- :

long tube, adhering to the ovary at the

known Weigela or Biervilla and the plant
; base, and a flve-lobed limb, each lobe
is now in cultivation under the name of i
terminating in a bristle from which the
DierviUa Middendorfflana. [A. A. B.] genus takes its name petals five, purplish
;

yellow or white stamens ten or more

CALYSACCION. C.longifolium is the j
;

ovary inferior, one-celled, two-ovuled cap- ;

only species of this genus of guttifers i

sule with Ave ribs, indehiscent. [J. T. S.]

(Clusiacece). It is a handsome large tree, i

found in abundance in South Western \

CALYX. The most external of the floral
India, and also in China. Its leaves are !

envelopes itis called adherent or superior

;

opposite, and of a long narrow lance-like when it is not separable from the ovary,
form, and thick leathery texture. Some free or inferior when it is separate from
of its flowers are perfect, while others are that part, and calyculate when it is sur-
of distinct sexes, and sometimes borne ; rounded at the base by bracts in a ring.
on different trees. Their calyx, which is Also the receptacle of some kinds of
globular in the bud, bursts into two fungals. — COMMUNIS. The old name of
pieces and their corolla consists of four,
; the involucre of composites, &c.
or rarely Ave, small concave petals of a
yellowish tint streaked with red ; the CAMARA. A carpel. Also the name of a
stamens are numerous, arranged in several hard durable timber obtained in Guiana
rows, arid either quite free or slightly from''Dipteryx odorata.
connected at the base; while the two-celled
fleshy ovary is terminated by a short
;

CAMARIDIUM. Under this name have

style, and a broad very-fleshy flat-topped been collected many species of orchids
stigma. The fruit is unknown. This tree from tropical America, with the structure
has several local Indian names, such as nearly of Cymbidium, but with distichous
Suringee and Soorgee, and is interesting leaves and often proliferous stems. Some
on account of the uses made of its flower- of them have been referred to Isochilus, a
buds. These are known by the name of wholly different genus. About a dozen
Nag-Kassar or Nagasar; but the same species are known, of little interest.
name is applied to the buds of a nearly The genus differs but little from Ornithi-
Mesua ferrea, with which they
allied plant, dium.
have been confounded. They are on long j
CAMAROTIS. A small genus of scandent
stalks and about the size of peppercorns, Orchids, with narrow hard leaves and la-
of an orange-brown or cinnamon colour, teral racemes of delicate yellowish, rosy or
and very fragrant, possessing an odour purple flowers. They are remarkable for
like that of violets or orris-root. In having a long slender rostil, and a fleshy
India they are greatly esteemed on account lip hollowed out into the form of a slipper.
of their fragrance, and are commonly sold By means of very long hard roots they
in the bazaars ; they are also used for cling to the bark of trees in India, the
dyeing silk, yielding a yellow, or, with sub- Philippines, and New Guinea. Micropera
carbonate of potash, a deep-orange colour. is the same genus, with lemon-coloured
A quantity of them were imported into blossoms.
London some years ago, but they did not
receive the attention they deserved. [A.S.] CAMAS3IA. The Quamash of the North
American Indians is the onlyplant belong-
I

CALYSTEGIA. A genus of Convolvu- ing to this genus of lilyworts (Liliacece).

laceee,containing about twelve or fourteen It isthe Camassia esculenta of botanists, a
species, widely diffused in extratropical small bulbous plant resembling the com-
regions all over the world. They are mon blue hyacinth, but larger, its leaves
climbing or prostrate smooth herbs with being about a foot long, very narrow and
milky juice. The leaves are alternate i
grooved down the inside and its flower- ;
 :

camb] %\yt Ersatfurg al ISntang. 206

stalks growing a foot or a foot and a halt flowers handsome, terminal and axillary
high, and bearing from twelve to twenty in paniculate cymes; calyx bell-shaped,with
blue or white flowers. The principal charac- a flve-lobed limb ; petals five, obovate,
ter of the flower consists in its having a scarlet; stamens ten ;ovary free, three-
calyx of six sepals slightly connected at the celled ; capsule ovate-globose. [J. T. S.]
base, and spread out horizontally but not
equally, the five upper ones being closer CAMBIUM. The viscid fluid which ap-
together and inclined upwards, whilst the pears between the bark and wood of Exo-
lower or sixth stands by itself and is bent gens, when the new wood is forming.
downwards, each petal having three promi- Also the mucus of vegetation out of which
nent nerves on its outside, and a stamen at- all new organs are produced.
tached to its base on the inside, and they do
not fall off, but wither and remain till the CAMBOGIA. A genus of tropical shrubs
fruit is ripe. The ovary is nearly round, and belonging to the Clusiacece, and containing
is divided into three cells, each of which one of the plants which yields the well-
contains numerous ovules attached to the known pigment gamboge. They have lea-
centre in two rows. This plant grows thery simple leaves the male and female
;

in great abundance in swampy plains on the flowers on different trees, and the petals
north-west coast of America and Vancou- white with a pink tinge towards the base.
ver's Island, and its bulbs form the greater The name Cambogia is given from the cir-
part of the vegetable food of the Indians, cumstance of the drug being produced in
the different tribes visiting the plains for greatest quantity in that part of Siam
the purpose of collecting them, immedi- called Cambodja. Linnaeus strangely con-
ately after the plant has flowered. The founded two Ceylon plants under the name
digging of Quamash is a time of feasting Cambogia Gutta, the one having stalked
and rejoicing amongst the Indians; the and furrowed fruit, which is the true Cey-
entire labour, however, devolves upon the lon gamboge, and has been called by sub-
sequent authors Garcinia Cambogia, and
Hebradendron cambogoides the other with
;

sessile fruit, not furrowed, which does not

yield gamboge, is now called Garcinia
Morella.
Two kinds of gamboge are known, the
Ceylon gamboge and the Siam gamboge,
both of them gummy-resinous exudations,
obtained from the wounded stems of the
trees or by breaking of the leaves and
young twigs, and receiving the yellow
juice as it drops in suitable vessels. That
of Ceylon is sold in the bazaars on the
Coromandel coast, and is said to be as good
as the Siamese, but the process it goes
through in preparation does not purify it
sufficiently, and, therefore, it is not sold
so readily as that from Siam. By far the
greater portion of the gamboge so exten-
sively used in the arts, as a water-colour,
and as a varnish for lacquer work, as well
as in medicine, is sent from Siam, and is
Camassia esculenta. supposed to be the produce of a species of
Garcinia, but the plant is not known to
women and the unmarried females
; endea- botanists. It is said to form part of the
vour to excel each other in the quantity of tribute paid to the kings of Siam, and is
the roots they collect, their fame as future sent to England from Singapore in boxes
good wives depending upon their activity in or bags, of from one to two hundred weight
the Quamash plains. The roots are cooked each, the amount annually imported being
by digging a hole in the ground and paving about 800 cwt. Gamboge is known in com-
it with large stones, upon which a Are is
merce in three distinct forms: in rolls or
lighted and kept up until they are red-hot, solid cylinders, in pipes or hollow cylin-
when they are covered with alternate layers ders, and in cakes. The two former are
of branches and roots till the hole is full collected in the same manner, the juice
it then covered with earth and a fire
is
when in a liquid state being run into hol-
kept burning upon it for twenty-four low bamboos, about twenty inches long and
hours, when the roots are taken out and one and a half in diameter, and allowed to
dried, or pounded into cakes for future harden. In this form it is known as pipe
use. [A. S.] gamboge. The cake or lump gamboge
occurs in round or square lumps, or masses
CAMBESSEDESIA. Agenus of Melas- I several pounds in weight, and is generally
tomacecB, consisting of erect or ascending l
inferior in quality to the former, which is
dichotomously-branched Brazilian shrubs, j
an excellent and powerful purgative in
with the leaves at the apex of the branches, doses of three, five, or seldom more than
sessile, opposite, or verticillate, ovate, ob- seven grains; on theotherhand,itisadan-
long, or linear, generally three nerved ; I
gerous poison in large doses, causing death
 ;

207 Eije Erea^urg ai 2Sotan». CAME

by violent inflammation of the bowels. thing to do with the true dodder, which
Dr. Christison thinks that the fatal effects belongs to a widely different natural order.
•which sometimes follow the use of Morri- By pressure they yield a clear yellow-
son's Pills arise from the large amount of coloured oil, smelling something like com-
gamboge in their composition. A detailed mon linseed oil and the residual cake has
;

account of the gamboge is given by Drs. been recommended as a food for cattle, but
Christison and Graham, in Hooker's Com- it is of too acrid a nature to be applied to
\
portion to the Botanical Magazine (ii. 193, such a purpose. The stems contain a con-
233). Cambogia and Hebradendron are now siderable proportion of fibre, and are com-
'

generally referred to the genus Gasclsia : monly used for making brooms in many
which see. [A. A. BJ parts of Europe. [A. S.]

! CAMBON. An Indian name for the grain CAMELLIA. A well-known genus be-
1

of Pennisetum typhoideum, the Holcus spi- longing to the tea family (Ternstriimiacece),
|
catus of Linnaeus. and so nearly related to the teas (ITiea)asto
CAMBUT. The fruit of a species of Eu-
be with difficulty distinguished from them.
genia.
The differences that do exist consist in the
number of the parts and in the position
CAMEL'S HAT. Andropogon Schcenan- of the flower. In Camellia the calyx leaves
thus. are numerous and fall early, the interior
CAMEL'S THORN. Alhagi Camelorum.
stamens twice the number of the petals,
the styles generally five, and the flowers
CAMELE'E. (Ft.) Daphne Cneorum. sessile and erect while in Thea the calyx
;

leaves are five in number, the interior

I

CAMELLIA. A small genus of cruci- stamens equal in number to the petals,

ferous plants (Brassicacea?), containing two and the flowers are stalked and drooping.
or three European and North American These are generic distinctions as given by
species. They ai e dwarf annual or peren- Dr. Seemann, and they involve the removal
nial herbaceous plants, with stem-clasping to the teas of a number of plants which
leaves, and terminal racemes of yellow have been known as species of Camellia.
flowers. The fruit or pod is somewhat Camellias are found in the eastern por-
egg-shaped, with the broad end upwards, tion of the Himalaya, Cochin China, a great
and has a broad partition parting it in portion of China Proper, and Japan two ;

two, each half being very convex, dis- species, moreover, are found, the one in
tinctly marked by a central rib or nerve, Java, the other in Borneo and Sumatra. The
and having its edges flattened so as to genusis named in honour of George Joseph
form a narrow border round the pod. The Kamel, a Jesuit, who travelled in the East,
seeds are numerous, and have their radicle, the name being Latinised into Camellus.
or rudimentary root, folded over upon the The first species cultivated in European gar-
back of one of the cotyledons, or rudi- denswastheJapanese Camellia, C.japonica.
I
mentary leaves. It is said to have been introduced in 1739,
The most interesting species is the Ca- by Robert James, Lord Petre this was
;

'

rnelina sativa. This plant is found growing the single red flowered or normal form of
in cultivated and waste places in Central the species. It was not until 1792 that any of
i
and Southern Europe, and the temperate the double-flowered varieties were brought
! parts of Russian Asia it is generally
; to this country: then the double white
I
enumerated amongst the indigenous plants and the striped were introduced, both from
of the British Isles, but it is a very ques- China; they were shortly followed by the
:
tionable native, being found only in corn double red. Many more were subsequently
1

and flax fields in England and Ireland, introduced, and with these introductions,
i having most probably been introduced and the varieties produced from them,
|
along with foreign seeds. It is an annual through the exertions of cultivators, we
plant, growing about two feet in height have now an endless variety of forms of
and having a somewhat branching stem this beautiful plant. The most marked
its leaves are lance-shaped, and about two among them are the double white, the
inches long, with their margins entire or fringed white, which is the only variety
slightly toothed, the lower ones having with fringed petals, and the anemone
stalks, whilst those higher up have their flowered or Waratah Camellia, which has
bases shaped like those of arrow heads and a margin of broad petals and a raised
clasp round the stem. The flowers are in centre of smaller ones, somewhat like the
long loose racemes, and produce pear- flower of a double hollyhock.
shaped pods, about a quarter of an inch The net-veined Camellia, C. reticulata, a
long, containingnumerous small seeds. native of Hong-Kong, is the largest-
The English name of the plant is Gold of flowered of the species. The flowers are
Pleasure, but why it is so called is un- sometimes six inches or more in diameter,
known. It is cultivated in some parts of and not unlike those of a Poeonia. The
the Continent, both on account of the fibre petals are not so closely set as in the other
of its stems and the oil obtainable from species, but it is highly probable that cul-
its seeds, and it has been recommended tivators will be able to do as much for this
for cultivation in this country, but it is species as they have done for the Japanese
not likely to prove a profitable crop. The one, although it is said to be difficult of
seeds are sometimes imported under the propagation.
name of Dodder seed, but they have no- C. Sasanqua (Sasanqua is the Japanese
 ; ;

came] €f)£ CrcaSurp at SScitang. 208

name of the plant) is found in many parts celled or many-celled ; capsule opening by
of China and Japan ; it has small white slits at the sides or by valves at the apex ;
scentless flowers, and is cultivated in Eng- seeds numerous, albuminous, attached to a
lish gardens. Anoil is obtained from the central placenta. Chiefly natives of the
seeds in China by crushing them to a north of Asia, Europe, and North America,
coarse powder, afterwards boiling them, and scarcely known in hot regions. In
and finally subjecting them to pressure. our hemisphere the greatest number of
The oil has an agreeable odour, and is used species are found between 36- and 4"o of
for many domestic purposes. The leaves north latitude. The chains of the Alps,
are used in decoction by Japanese women Italy, Greece, Caucasus, and the Altai are
to anoint the hair, and also in a dried state their true country. Several are found at
to mix with tea, on account of the pleasant the Cape of Good Hope. The species
odour contained in them. C. drupifera is opening with lateral slits in the seed-
nearly allied to C. Sasanqua, but differs in vessels are chiefly natives of the Northern
having a very Ions point to its ovate-lan- hemisphere ; those opening by valves at
ceolate leaves ;like' it the flowers are the top of their seed-vessels belong to the
small and white, but odoriferous it is also ; Southern hemisphere. The plants have a
in cultivation, and its seeds yield an oil milky acrid juice but the roots and young
;

used in medicine in Cochin China. This shoots are often cultivated as articles of
grows in great abundance on the eastern food, as in the case of the Rampion Cam-
portions of the Himalaya. The lance-leaved panula Rapunculus. There are twenty-
Camellia is found in Sumatra and Borneo nine known genera and 540 species. Illus-
and the only other species, C. quinosaura, trative genera Jasione, Phyteuma, Campa-
:

is said to be a native of Java. The pink- nula, Cyphia. [J. H. B.]

flowered plant known sometimes in gar-
dens as Camellia Sasanqua, as well as the CAMPANULA or Bell-flower. An exten-
plants usually called C. roswflora and C. ;
sive genus of herbaceous plants giving
malifiora, are now referred to the genus ;
its name to the order Campanulacem.
Thea: which see. The present genus in- ;
No less than 200 species of this family
cludes Calpandria. [A. A. B.] !
have been described, of which upwards of
eighty are said to be either indigenous
A
i

CAMERARIA. genus of the dog- or cultivated in Great Britain. They are

bane family (Apocynacece), having a small chiefly natives of the north of Asia, Europe,
five-cleft calyx a funnel-shaped corolla
;
and North America, and are scarcely known
with a long tube inflated at each end, and a in the hot regions of the world. In the
flat limb with five lance-shaped oblique seg- meadows,fields,and forests of the countries
ments; the connective of the anthers pro- they inhabit, they constitute the most
longed into a thread and the two follicles
;
striking ornament. Many abound in milky
swollen at the base on each side so as to juice, which is rather acrid but, never-
:

appear three-lobed. The seeds are com- theless, the roots and young shoots of
pressed and slightly winged at the top. some species are occasionally eaten. C.
Some of the species being shrubs with Rapunculus (.a diminutive of rapa, a turnip,
white or orange flowers, are cultivated in whence the English name Rampion) is
our stoves. [M. T. M.] much cultivated in France and Italy, and
j

sometimes in Britain, for the roots, which

CAMERISIER.
I

(Fr.) Lonicera Xylos-

are boiled tender, and eaten hot with sauce,
teum. j

i
or cold with vinegar and pepper ; C.
CAMMOCK. The Rest Harrow, Ononis [
persici/olia and C. rapunculoides may
arvensis. i
also be cultivated for the same purpose.
Of the British species, C. latifolia is the
CAMOMILE. The common name for finest and most stately ; the flowers are
Anthemis; more frequently written Cha- very large, blue, or (in the Scottish woods)
momile. sometimes white. C. Trachelium, the
CAMOMILLE DES CHIENS. (Fr.) An- nettle-leaved Bell-flower, formerly con-
themis or Maruta Cotula. — FAUSSE. sidered a specific for sore throat (Greek
Anthemis arvensis. — ROMAINE. Anthe- trachelos, a neck), is remarkable for the
mis nobilis. resemblance borne by its leaves to the
common plant after which it is named.
CAMOTE. A Spanish name for the C. glomerata is a handsome plant with large
Sweet Potato, Batatas edulis. erect flowers crowded into a kind of head.
The more edible species, mentioned above,
CAMPANILLE. (Fr.) W ahlenbergia. are sometimes also found apparently wild
CAMPANULACE^E. (.Campanula, Bell- but it is doubtful whether they have not
worts, Hare-bell family.) natural order A escaped from cultivation, having been
of calycifloral gamopetalous dicotyledons, grown commonly in gardens before the
characterising Lindley's campanal alliance. time of Gerarde. The best-known species
Milky herbs or undershrubs with alternate is C. rotundi folia, Hare-bell, or more cor-
leaves having no stipules, and usually with rectly Hair-bell, the Blue-bell of Scotland,
showy blue or white flowers. Calyx above an elegant plant about a foot high, with a
the ovary (superior), commonly five-cleft, branched wiry stem and graceful drooping
persistent corolla regular, bell-shaped,
; pale blue, sometimes white, flowers. The
usually five-lobed,withering; stamens five, stem-leaves of this plant are exceedingly
distinct style with hairs. Fruit one or two-
; narrow, and seem to belie the name rotun-
 209 (EI)C Erias'urp of 23otanti. [camp
difolia,but the root-leaves, which for the and spread-
follicles are slender, cylindrical
raost part wither away early in the season, ing, with numerous comose seeds. [W. C]
justify the appellation. It has been said
that Linnaeus gaTe this plant its name
CAMPELIA. The name of a genus
belonging to the order of spiderworts,
from having jast seen the round leaves on having three petals which remain attached
the steps of the university of Upsal. This, I

after flowering, and form a cover to the

however, may hardly be, as it is figured i

fruit; the style or appendage on the top of

and described under the same name by j the seed-vessel being smooth, bent down,
Gerarde (1597). CJiederacea is an exquisite
and ending in a round head which has three
little plant, very abundant by the side of
slight subdivisions. The species, natives
I

streams in the extreme west of England,

of America and the warmer parts of Asia,
i

'

generally growing with Anagallis tenella.

are perennial herbs with erect stems,
The ivy-shaped leaves are of a remarkably |
the leaves broadly lance-shaped and hairy
fine texture, and delicate green hue the
;

flowers of a pale blue, sometimes slightly

on the lower surface. C. Zanonia, a native
of the West Indies, &c, cultivated since
drooping, and supported on long stalks
1759 under the name of Tradescantia Za-
scarcely thicker than a hair.
nonia, is an interesting species. [G. D.]
Of the cultivated species C. pyramidalis
was a very fashionable plant thirty years
ago, and is still cultivated in Holland as an
CAMPHOR. A well-known stimulant
ornament to halls and staircases, and for be- drug, a kind of stearoptine, obtained from
ing placed before fire-places in the summer Camphnra officinarum. —
BORNEO or,
j

season. It is still, too, a great favourite SUMATRA. The drug produced by Bryo-
balanops aromatica, sometimes called
i

JD.
in cottage windows in England. In the
j

shade it will continue in flower for several Camphor a.

I
months. C. liliifolia is so called from its CAMPHORA. The tree which furnishes
having at the summit of its stem a tuft of camphor, C. officinarum, was referred by
j
I
leaves resembling a double flower, which Linnaeus to the genus Lauras, but sub-
i disperse as the stem elongates. 'AH the sequently it has been removed into a new
J
species are elegant and handsome when in genus of Laurocece, with a more significant
:
blossom, and are well adapted for decorat- appellation. This separated genus differs
ing flower-borders. Some of the smaller from Laurus in its ribbed leaves, the lesser
perennial kinds answer well for decorating number of its fertile stamens (nine), and
:

rockwork, or to be grown in pots, among

other Alpine plants.' None are more worthy
its four-celled anthers. From Cinnamomum
having
!

it differs in its leaf-buds protected

|
of being cultivated than the white variety
of C. rotundifolia. French, Campam.de;
German, Glockenblume. [C. A. J.]

CAMP ADULATE, CAMPANIFORM.

Shaped like a bell.

CAMPAXUMCEA. A genus of Campanu-

loxem containing herbs from Java and
India, with tuberous roots and milky juice.
The leaves are opposite stalked ovate-
cordate or oblong-linear, glaucous beneath.
The flowers are solitary or subcorym-
bose the calyx with a hemispherical tube,
;

surrounded by a five-parted involucre, its

limb truncate; the corolla five-parted;
stamens five ovary inferior, three-celled;
;

capsule globose, five-angled. [J. T. S.]

CAMPEACHT or CAMPECHE-WOOD.
The red dye-wood, better known as Log-
wood, obtained from Hozmatoxylon Cam-
pechianum.
CAMPELEPIS. An asclepiadeous ge-
nus belonging to the division Periplocew,
containing a single species, a native of
Lower Bactria. It is an erect branching
almost leafless shrub, the remote deciduous
leaves being like scales, and the small
coriaceous flowers in few-flowered cymes.
The calyx is five-parted tue corolla ro-
; Camphora officinarum.
tate and five-cleft, its throat crowned with
five short trilobed scales alternating with by scales, and by the calyx being mem-
the segments ; the five stamens have branous instead of leathery. Camphor is
distinct filaments inserted in the throat of prepared from the wood of the tree by boil-
the corolla below the scales, and sagittate ing the chopped branches in water, when,
anthers, with the pollen-masses solitary after some time, the camphor becomes
and granular ; the stigma is dilated the ; deposited, and is purified by sublimation.
 , .

camp] Wfyz Crea£un? of 33 tarn? 210

j
produced principally in the island of
It is ascending the trees to the height of forty
Formosa, and is imported from Singapore, or fifty feet. It is found in Chili and the
&c. Another kind of camphor is imported adjacent islands, from latitude 40° to 44°
I
from the Dutch settlement of Batavia. south ; the isle of Huafo, where it was
What is known as Borneo camphor is the found by Eiglets, being the southernmost
I
produce of a tree of a different family see : station at present known. According to
Dryobalaxops. Camphor has acrid stimu- Mr. Bridges, the inhabitants of Chiloe
lant properties, and in large quantities is term it ' pilpil boqui.' [B. S.]
•poisonous. There is a very prevalent but
erroneous notion that camphor acts as a CAMPSIS. A genus of Bignoniacece, con-
preventative in infectious diseases. It is, sisting of half-a-dozen species distributed
however, much used to prevent the ravages over the Eastern Archipelago, China,
of insects in clothes, and in cabinets of Japan, and North America, and distin-
natural history. The wood of the tree is guished from all other members of the
occasionally imported to make cabinets f or order by the branches being climbing and
entomologists. [M. T. M.] rooting like ivy, eminently qualifying
these plants for covering walls and rocks,
CAMPHOROSMA. A genus of Clienopo- for which purpose two species, C. adrepens
diacece consisting of small shrubs or herbs (Bignonia, or Tecoma grandiflora, of some
chiefly natives of the saline steppes of writers) and C.radicans {Bignonia, or
Central Asia, though one species occurs in Tecoma radicans of botanists, the jasmin-
the Mediterranean region. Leaves small, trompette of the French, or Trumpet-
linear or awl-shaped, often downy.scattered flower as we call it) are already used in
or fasciculate flowers very small, axillary,
; our gardens. The calyx is regular, with
crowded calyx tubular, compressed, four-
; five acute lobes, valvate in aestivation;
toothed, two of the teeth larger and the corolla funnel-shaped, large the sta- ;

keeled stamens four style two or three-

; ;
mens five in number, one of them being
cleft. Fruit amembranous utricle contained sterile, and the four fertile ones of unequal
in the unchanged calyx tube. The seeds length. The capsular fruit is of oblong
are vertical with a membranous seed-coat shape, two-celled, and the partition runs
and an annular embryo with green cotyle- contrary to the direction of its valves,
dons; they contain a pungent volatile whilst the winged seeds are arranged in
matter. [J. T. S.] several rows at each side of the partition.
The branches are slender the leaves ini-
;
CAMPHRE'E. (Fr.) Camphorosma mon- pari-pinnate, with the leaflets either entire
speliaca.
or serrated ; and the flowers arranged in
CAMPHUSIA. A genus of Goodemacew terminal bunches, and either pink or of
characterised by a superior calyx an irre- ; a rich orange colour. [B. SJ
gular corolla having a curved tube and a
three-cleft limb with narrow segments; CAMPTERIA. A genus of polypodia-
anthers distinct; ovary with two cavities, ceous ferns, of the group Pteridece, distin-
each containing one ovule style flattened, ;
guished by having the lowermost pairs of
glabrous, wavy stigma large, round, its veins united, so as to form a series of arcs
next the mam costa or midrib. The sori
;

cup ciliated. The genus has been separated

from Sccevola, and consists of one species, are linear continuous and marginal, exactly
as in Pteris. This group comprises eight
C. glabra, a tree inhabiting the island of
Oahu, and bearing entire tufted leaves or ten species, principally eastern. One of
and large yellow solitary flowers. [M.T.M.] them, however, C. biaurita, has a very ex-
tended range not only through India, and
CAMPION. Cucubalus baccifer. — the Eastern Islands to China, but is found
BLADDER. Si'.ene inflata. ,—CORN. also in the Mascaren Islands, South Ame-
Agrostemma Githago. — MEADOW.
, rica, the West Indies, Tropical West Africa,
Lychnis — MOSS. Silene
Flos-cuculi. , and South Africa. [T. M.]
acaidis. — OF CONSTANTINOPLE.
A
Lychnis chalcedonica. — ROSE. Lychnis ,
CAMPTOCARPTJS. genus of twining
coronaria and L. Flos Jovis. — RED. ,
glabrous shrubs belonging to the order
Lychnis diurna. — WHITE.
, Lychnis Asclepiadacece, natives of Madagascar, and
vespertina. the Isle of Bourbon. They have opposite
leaves, and axillary few-flowered cymes.
CAMPIUM. A synonyme of Pcecilopteris. The small calyx consists of five sepals the ;

corolla is five-cleft andreflexed; the five-

CAMPSIDIUM chilense. The southern- lobed staminal corona is inserted in the
most representative of the order of throat of the corolla, and the gynostegium
Bignoniacece, and the only known species is adnate to its base; the stamens have
of the genus to which it belongs. It is a broad membranaceous filaments, and sa-
very handsome climber, with dark shining gittate glabrous anthers attached to the
pinnate leaves, and flowers having a margin of the stigma the pollen mass is
;

regular five-cleft calyx, a tubular almost granular. The two long slender follicles
regular corolla, of a rich orange colour; contain many comose seeds. [W. C]
and live stamens, one of which is sterile,
the anthers placed parallel (.a peculi- CAMPTOSEMA. A genus of scandent
arity shared with only two other bigno- or erect shrubs, belonging to the pea
niads, Bignonia venusta and Millingtonia family, peculiar to South America, and for
hortensis). The plant grows in woods, the most part found in Brazil. Their leaves
 211 &l)t £rta£ur» of Matmg. [camp

are either simple or trifoliolate,the leaflets CAMPYLOBOTRYS. A genus of Clnclw-

being cblong or elliptical in form, entire, nacece, consisting of low-growing Brazilian
and eitiier smooth or tomentose. The shrubs, remarkable for their beautiful
flowers are disposed in axillary racemes ;
glossy foliage. They bear flowers with an
the calyces tubular, four-parted, and obovate calyx-tube, having four small
coloured or green and the corolla from
;
linear segments to its limb, and two or
two to three inches long, either yellow or three small glands between them a salver-;

bright red. The pods are stalked, linear, shaped corolla; four short stamens, with
compressed, and contain from three to six anthers projecting from the short tube of
seeds. C. rubiaindum, a native of South the corolla a four-cornered ovary, with
;

Brazil, is a climbing shrub of great length. two many-seeded compartments, and sur-
The leaves are few with long stalks, their mounted by a fleshy disc. C. regalis has
leaflets oblong or elliptical, smooth above, elliptic leaves with a satiny lustre, and a
and pea-green beneath; the flowers are bronzy-green colour, except the main rib
bright red, in long drooping racemes, and the larger side ones. C. bicolor and
like those of a laburnum. It is a beautiful other species are cultivated in stoves for
object when in flower, and has long been in the beauty of their foliage. They are,
cultivation in English gardens. C. grcnuli- however, now regarded as belonging to
florum, also a Brazilian species, has yellow Higginsia. [M. T. M.J
flowers, two to three inches long, dis-
posed in axillary racemes. [A. A. B.] CAMPYLOXETTRTTM. A genus of simple-
fronded polypodiaceous ferns of the group
CAA1PTOSORUS. A genus of polypodia- Polypodiece. They have round naked sori
ceous ferns, of the group Aspleniece, and as in the other genera of this group, from
of the scolopendrioid series, in wmich the which they are distinguished by having
sori are produced in pairs, set face to face the prin cipal veins branchingfrom the costa.
on contiguous veins— the reverse of what nearly parallel, and united by transverse
occurs in the diplazioid series, in which curved venules, while from the outer side
they are set back to back in pairs on the of these are produced two or three short
same vein. The present is a small genus straight veinlets on the middle or point of
omisising of one Korth American and one which the sori are placed. There are about
Siberian species, both dwarf plants with a score of species, all West Indian and
simple spreading fronds, which are ex- South American, and with two exceptions
tended into a long narrow tail-like point, simple-fronded. One of these exceptions
where is produced a young plant. The is C. magnificum, a splendid pinnate Vene-
veins join to form a few angular unequal zuelan fern, of which the pinnae measure
areoles near the midrib, and send out eighteen inches long and four inchesbroad,
branches towards the margin. The sori, and bear four rows of sori between the
which are linear, and covered by linear veins. C.repens is a well-known illustration
indusia, are usually connivent in irregular of the simple-fronded series. [T. M.]
unequal pairs, but are sometimes more
scattered, owing to the irregularity of the CAMPYLOSPERMOUS. When a seed
venation. The variously directed irregu- or seed-like fruit is so rolled up as to have
larly-disposed yet generally opposite pairs a furrow in the longer diameter of one
of sori form the peculiar features of the side.
genus. [T. M.]
CAMPYLOSTACHYS. A genus of Stil-
CA3IPTOTROPAL. An orthotropal ovule, bacece confined to South Africa. The only
curved downwards like a horse shoe, with species known, cernua, is a heath-like
ft
the sides adherent. bush, about one foot high, with closely set
linear pointed leaves, about half an inch
CAMPYLANTHUS. A small genus, na- long, and terminal roundish spikes of
tive of the Canary Isles, Tropical Africa, flowers, which are reflexed when the seeds
and India, consisting of branching under- become mature. The flowers are very
sbxubs, growing chiefly in the Assures of small, and have a long tube with a four-cleft
rocks, having fleshy linear sessile leaves, border. The name Campy lostachys has
and small jasmine-like flowers in loose reference to the curved spike. [A. A. B.]
terminal racemes. The calyx is deeply
CAMPYLOTROPAL. An ovule, one of
cleft into five linear-lanceolate divisions
the corolla tube is long, cylindrical, and
;
whose sides grows much faster than the
other, so that while the chalaza remains at
slightly kneed near the middle, its limb
deeply five-lobed. Two stamens on very the hilum, the foramen is brought nearly
short nlamentsrise from the curved portion into contact with it.
of the corolla tube, and bear divaricate CAMPYNEMA. A
genus of doubtful
anthers. The capsule is compressed later- amaryllids found in Tasmania. It has been
ally, and dehisces septicidally and septi- associated with Anigozanthus by Herbert,
fragally, leaving the placentiferous column and has been regarded by Brown as inter-
free there are numerous roundish seeds.
: mediate between amaryllids and asphodels,
Webb seems to have satisfactorily re- coming near to Melanthacece. The only
ferred this sincrular penus to Scrophula- species, C. lineare, is a slender herb, about
riacem, but so different is it from the other a foot high, with fasciculate fusiform
genera of the order, that he has been roots tufted grassy leaves and one to
; ;

i rrced to make for its reception a new tribe

• four terminal inconspicuous yellowish-
: which he calls Campylanthece. [W. C] green flowers. It has a six-leaved perianth
camr] Elyt Qxzn&uxQ of 3Stftang. 212
of persistent spreading equal elliptic- CANAVALIA. About eighteen species
lanceolate segments six stamens and an
; ; of this genus of Leguminosce are known.
inferior three-celled ovary, containing They are mostly shrubby climbing plants,
numerous ovules, and crowned by three with slender twining branches, and leaves
recurved styles, terminating in simple composed of three leaflets, and are found
stigmas. The name is sometimes written inhabiting the tropical regions of both
Campy lonema. [T. M.] hemispheres. The flowers are in racemes
produced from the axils of the leaves;
CAMRUC, CAMRUNGA. Averrhoa Ca- their calyx is bell-shaped, two-lipped, with
rambola. the upper lip largest, and either entire or
CAMWOOD. A West African red dye cut into two lobes, while the lower is three-
wood produced by Baphia nitida. cut or entire ; their corolla is papilionace-
ous and their stamens are united into a
;

CANADA BALSAM FIR. Abies balsamea. column, one of their number being sepa-
Canada Balsam is an oleo-resin obtained rated for the greater part of its length.
from this tree, and is extensively used in Thepodsare large, with their sides swelled
medicine and manufactures. out, and having three elevated ribs or
ridges along the upper edge; they contain
CANAGONG. The fruit of Mesembryan - numerous seeds, which are separated from
themum cequilaterale.
each other by a quantity of cellular tissue.
CANALICULATE. Channelled, Hire the C. gladiata is commonly found growing
many leaves.
petioles of in woods in the East Indies, tropical Africa,
Mexico, Brazil, the West Indies, &c. The
CANARINA. A genus of Campanidaccce, leaves consist of three roundish or egg-
containing a glaucous herb from the Ca- shaped leaflets, terminating abruptly in a
nary Islands, which has a tuberous root short point, and varying in size from two
with milky juice, and a branched stem to six inches long. The flowers are dark-
thickened at the joints, the leaves opposite
purple, and succeeded by scimitar-shaped
(rarely in a whorl of three), stalked,
pods, about a foot long, containing numer-
hastate-heart-shaped, irregularly toothed,
ous red or white seeds, resembling large
shining above. The flowers are large beans. According to Dr. McFadyen, this
nodding yellowish (a remarkable feature, plant is called the 'Overlook' by the negroes
as purple, blue, or lilac flowers are usually
in Jamaica, who plant it along their pro-
found in this natural order), solitary at the vision grounds from a superstitious notion
apex of short leafy axillary branches .
;
that it fulfils the part of a watchman, and,
'
calyx-limb six-cleft, reflexed corolla bell-
;
from some dreaded power ascribed to it,
shaped, six-toothed stamens six ovary
; ;
protects the property from plunder. Even
style with six stigmas;
inferior, six-celled ;
the better informed adopt the practice,
capsule somewhat fleshy, and as well as
although they themselves may not place
the roots and young shoots said to be
confidence in any particular influence which
edible. [J. T. S.]
this humble plant can exercise, either in
CANARIUM. A genus of Amyridacece, preventing theft, or in punishing it when
consisting of trees with compound leaves ;
committed.' [A. S.]
the flowers panicled, dioecious, having a
bell-shaped calyx, with three unequal CANCELLATE. Composed of veins only,
lobes three oblong concave petals six
; ;
allthe parenchyma or intervening web
stamens inserted beneath a cup-shaped being absent.
disc; and a sessile globular ovary, with
very short style, and three-lobed stigma.
CANCER-ROOT. An American name for
Epipliegus and Conopholis also for Aphyllon
;
The fruit is a triangular drupe, with three, umjlorum, sometimes called Orobanche uni-
or, by abortion, one cavity, containing one
flora.
seed. C. commune is cultivated in the Mo-
luccas for its fruits, which are also eaten CANCHE. (Fr.) Aim.
in Java, and from them an oil is expressed
which is used at table when fresh, and for CANDIDUS. Pure white, but not so
burning in lanrps. A gum exudes from the white as snow.
bark which is said to resemble in its proper-
ties Balsam of Copaiba. C. strictum, ac-
CANDLE BERRY MYRTLE. The com-
cording to Dr. Wight, is known in Malabar
mon name for Myrica.
as the black Dammar tree, in contradistinc- CANDLEBERRY TREE. Aleurites tri-
tion to the white Dammar (Vateria indica). loba, the nuts of which are commercially
The resin of Dammar is of a brownish or called Candle nuts.
amber colour. [M. T. M.]
CANDLE TREE. Parmentiera cerifera.
CANARY CREEPER. A garden name
CANDLEWOOD, of Jamaica. Gomphia
for Tropaolum adunrum, commonly but
wrongly called T. canariense. guianensis.

CANARY SEED. The grain of Phalaris CANDOLLEA. A genus of Australian

shrubs belonging to Dilleniacew, with ob-
much used as a food for small
canuriensis,
ovate or wedge-shaped leaves, and hand-
domesticated birds. some yellow flowers, which are subsolitary
CANARY WOOD. The timber of Persea at the tips of the branches sepals five, ;

indica, and P. canuriensis. oval, mucronate petals obovate or obcor-

;
 , ;

213 f fft W rca^urg of 3S0taii£. [CANN

dace stamens polyadelphous style thread-

: : CANI. The sun-dried tubers of the Oca,
; like carpels two to Ave, ovate. [J. T. S.]
;
Oxalis tuberosa.
The name Candollea was also given by CANKER. A disease resulting in the
•
Mirbel to a group of Polypodium-like Ferns, slow decay of trees, or other plants
now included in Niphobolus. attacked by it. See Carcixodes. [M.J.B.]
CANDYTUFT. Any species of Iberis.
CANKRIENIA. A genus of Primulacece, i

CANE. A common commercial name for containing a single species from Java, a '

the stems of various grasses, palms, &c, very beautiful Alpine plant, with erect
— , BAMBOO. Bambum arundinacea. — radical leaves, often half a foot in diame-
—
j

ter, verticillate nodding flowers, and erect

DRAGON. A kind of Rattan Cane. !

DUMB. Dieffenbachia seguina. —, GREAT fruit. The calyx is five-toothed and cup- I

RATTAN. Calamus rudentum. — .GROUND

I

1
shaped the corolla is funnel-shaped, with
;
j

RATTAN. Rhapis flab ellifor mis. — MA- ,

a flve-lobed limb the five stamens, with
; i

LACCA. The stem of Calamus scipionum, short filaments, are inserted in the throat i

imported for making walking-sticks. — of the corolla opposite to its divisions

RATTAN. Calamus Rotang and its forms, the ovary is globose with a rayed apex
now called C.Royleanus, C. Roxburghii, &c. the included style remains on the fruit,
— REED. The stem of some grass often
,
which is a globular capsule, containing
forty feet long, from New Orleans, largely numerous angular seeds. [W. C]
i imported for making weavers' shuttles. CANNABINACE^E. (Cannabinece, Hemp-
I — SWEET. Andropogon Calamus aroma- worts,
,
the Hemp family.) A natural order
ticus. — SUGAR. Saccharum officinarum.
,

— TOBAGO. The stem of Bactris minor, of monochlamydeous dicotyledons, be-

,
\

longing to Lindley's urtical alliance.

imported for walking-sticks. Rough-stemmed herbs with watery sap,
CANE-BRAKE. The common name for alternate and lobed leaves having stipules,
Arundinaria. and small inconspicuous flowers. The
plants have some flowers with stamens
CANELLACE^E. Two or perhaps three, without pistils, and others with pistils
"West Indian or tropical American aromatic
without stamens. The staminate flowers
shrubs, constituting the two genera CaraeWa
are in clusters called racemes or panicles
.
and Cinnamodendron, differ in so many re- calyx herbaceous and scaly stamens few,
spects from the several orders with which ;

opposite the sepals; filaments filiform.

they have been compared, that it has been Pistillate flowers in spikes or cones, with
proposed to class them as a distinct family
a single sepal a one-celled ovary containing
under the name of Canellaceo?. Their aro-
;

a solitary pendulous ovule; stigmas two.

matic properties and the structure of their
Fruit a single-seeded nut embryo hooked
seeds have induced an approximation to
;

or spiral, without albumen. The plants

j

WinterecB fa tribe of Mag noli ace ce), from !

are natives of the temperate parts of the

which, however, their flowers and ovary
:
1

northern hemisphere in the Old World.

widely remove them. The stamens, united
They possess narcotic qualities and yield
in a column, with the anthers sessile on
valuable fibres. Hemp is the produce of
:
|

the outside, have suggested an affinity

Cannabis sativa. It is imported in large
with Guttifero?, Ternstromiacece, or even
quantities from Russia. The plant grows
Sterculiacem but, upon the whole, it is
;
in the cooler parts of India, and there
probably with Bixacem and tneir allies
,

developes narcotic qualities. These pro-

that Canellacea? have the nearest con-
1

perties seem to reside in the Churrus or

nection. They agree with them in their
|

resin which covers the leaves. The names

one-celled ovary, with parietal placentas,
|

of Bhang, Gunjah, and Haschisch are given

and they show no marked discrepancy
to the dried plant in different states.
in their foliage, flowers, fruit, or seed,
I

except that the albumen is firmer, with

What are called Hemp seeds, used for the
food of birds, are in reality Hemp fruits,
a smaller embryo.
each containing a single seed. Hamulus
CANELLA. The tree yielding Canella Lnpulus, the Hop, another important plant
bark has been placed in various natural of the order, possesses both tonic and
groups by different writers. The characters hypnotic properties, i. e. a power of indu-
of the genus, in brief, are the presence of cing sleep. The scales of the hop-heads are
three overlapping sepals five petals
; ; covered with resinous matter, which has
twenty stamens united below, and having an aromatic odour. There are two genera
narrow anthers; a one-celled ovary, with in the order, viz., Cannabis and Humvlus,
two or three pendulous ovules. The tree and two species. [J. H. B.]
is a native of the West Indies, and furnishes
a pale orange coloured bark, with an aro-
CANNABINE. A narcotic gum-resin
;

matic odour, which is used as a tonic. The obtained from theHemp, Cannabis sativa.
]

negroes of the West Indies use it as a CANNABIS. The Hemp-plant, C. sativa,

spice. The plant frequently grown in
:

is which is the solitary species of the genus,

botanic gardens. [M. T. M.] is the type of the Cannabinacew. It is a
native of India and Persia, and is generally
CANELLA DE CHEIRO. The volatile
cultivated, although it is only in hot dry
oil of Oreodaphne opifera.
climates that it forms the resin which
CANESCENS. Greyish-white ; hoary. A gives it such value in the estimation of
term applied to hairy surfaces. the natives, apart from its fibre-producing
 ' ;

cann] ®%t ErcaSurg al 38fltang. 214

qualities. The dried
plant, or portions of to the public that the fast youths are
it, are sold in the bazaars of India under smoking Bhang.' [M. T. MJ
the name of Gunjah and Bhang, while the
resin itself is known as Churras. This The Hemp plant is an annual, growing
resin is collected during the hot season in in ordinary situations from four to ten
the following singular nanner :— Men clad feet high, but in Italy under very favour-
in leathern dresses run through the hemp able circumstances it sometimes grows as
fields, brushing through the plants with high as twenty feet. The stem is grooved
all possible violence the soft resin adheres
; or angular, and, in plants growing singly,
to the leather, and is subsequently scraped frequently much-branched, but when cul-
off and kneaded into balls. In Nepal, ac- tivated in masses for the sake of the fibre,
cording to Dr. McKinnon, the leathern it is generally straight and unbranched.
attire is dispensed with, and 'the resin is It consists of a central pith surrounded by |

gathered on the skin of the naked coolies a layer of loose woody and cellular tissue,
!
i

Gunjah is smoked like tobacco Bhang is ; and enclosed in a thin bark containing the
not smoked, but pounded with water into fibre which renders the plant so valuable.
a pulp, so as to make a drink both are : Its leaves have long stalks with minute
stimulant and intoxicating but the Chur- awl-shaped stipules at their bases, and are
|

rus or resin possesses much more powerful

j

composed of from five to seven long lance- j

properties. In small quantities it produces shaped sharp-pointed leaflets, radiating

pleasant excitement, which passes into from the top of the stalk, each leaflet
j

delirium and catalepsy if the quantity be having its margin cut into sharp saw-like
j

increased if still continued a peculiar

; teeth. The Avhole plant has a rough harsh
form of insanity is produced. Many of feel from the presence of numerous minute ]

asperities. The flowers are of separate

sexes on different plants, the males being
produced in racemes and generally crowded
together towards the top of the plant or
ends of the branches, having a five-parted
calyx and five stamens the females are in
;

short spikes, their calyx consisting merely

of a single sepal, rolled round the ovary,
but open on one side, and they have two
hairy stigmas. The fruit (commonly known
as hemp seed ') is a small greyish-coloured
'

smooth shining nut, containing a single

oily seed. Of whatever country Hemp is
a native, it is certain that it was known
in Europe in very early times, for Herodo-
tus, writing upwards of 2000 years ago,
mentions it as being cultivated by the
Scythians, who used its fibre for making
their garments. At the present day it is
cultivated in most parts of Europe; in
Arabia, Persia, India, China, and other
Asiatic countries in Egypt, and various
;

other parts of the African continent and

;

in the United States. Russia and Poland,

however, are the two great hemp-pro-
ducing countries, and it is from them that
our supply is mainly derived but the best
:

quality is produced in Italy; the United

States and India likewise send hemp to
this country, but the quality is inferior to
Cannabis sativa.
the Russian. For the production of good
fibre the seed is sown close, so as to pro-
the Asiatics are passionately addicted to duce straight stems without branches.
the use of this means of intoxication, as The harvesting takes place at two periods
the names given to the hemp show 'leaf — the male being pulled up as soon as it has
of delusion,''
increaser of pleasure,' ' ce- done flowering, and the female not until
menter of friendship,' &c. &c. recent A the seeds are ripe. After pulling, the
traveller in East Africa, Capt. Burton, leaves are struck off with a wooden sword ;
describes this plant as 'growing before the stems are then tied in bundles and
every cottage door.' The Arabs smoke the steeped in water, or water retted as it is
sun-dried leaf with, and the Africans technically termed (two other processes,
without, tobacco, in huge pipes. It pro- '
dew-retting and snow-retting, are some-
duces a violent cough ending in a kind of times substituted), the object being to
scream after a few long puffs, when the loosen the fibre they are then spread out to
;

smoke is inhaled, and if one man sets the dry and bleach this is called grassing,
:
'

example the others are sure to follow it. after which the fibre is detached, either
These grotesque sounds are probably not by pulling it off by manual labour, or by
wholly natural. Even the boys may be breaking the stems in a machine, and
heard practising them as an announcement afterwards scutching them in a similar
 215 Cf)c ZxtHSut}} at 23otang. [cap

manner to that employed for the prepara- differing from Eestio in the fruit, which is
tion of flax. a hard indehiscent nut and from Willden-
;

The uses of Hemp for the manufacture noicia by having two distinct styles. C.
of cordage, canvas, &c, are too well known cephalotes, the original species, has a
to require more than a passing allusion. rigid stem with numerous short barren
The seeds are used for feeding caged birds, stems at the base ; flowers in a large ovate
and an oil is expressed from them. The terminal head, with ovate acute imbricated
imports of Hemp in 1858 amounted to bracts. This and another species are from
739.339 cwts., rhe computed real value of the Cape of Good Hope. [J. T. S.]
which was 1.034.277?.: and of seed, Hemp CANNON-BALL TREE. Couroupita
11,090 quarters ; value 24,074?. [A. S.]
guianensis.
CABTTACE2E. The Indian-shot family, a CANOE BIRCH. Betulapapyracea.
natural order of epigynous monocotyledons
belonging to Lindiey's amomal alliance. CANOE WOOD. Liriodendron tidipifera.
The name of Marantacece is also given CANTERBURY BELL. Campamda
to the order, and under that its characters Medium.
and properties are stated. [J. H. B.]
CANTHARELLUS. The scientific name
CANNA. The name of a genus of of the ChantareUe.
Marantacece distinguished by the flowers CANTHIUM. A genus of Cinchonacece
being in panicles having a calyx of three
;
consisting of spiny rigid plants with
sepals, a corolla of six pieces, five of
solitary fragrant white flowers, having the
which are erect, the other reflexed these :
stamens inserted near the throat of the
may be considered rather as abortive corolla, and a thread-shaped protruding
stamens than as petals; the one fertile style terminated by a thick globular or
stamen is petal-like, with an anther on the mitre-shaped stigma. The fruit is a two-
margin the style is also petal-like with a
;
celled berry. C. parviflorum, an Indian
linear stigma, and the fruit consists of a plant, makes good fences, while the leaves
capsule covered with rough tubercles ex- are occasionally added to curries by the
ternally, and internally divided into three natives; but they have also medicinal
compartments, each of which contains a properties. One or two species are in
number of horizontally placed seeds; cultivation. [M. T M.]
when ripe the fruit bursts into three
divisions. The seeds of most of the CANTUA. A genus of Polemoniacece,
species are round, hard, and black, hence containing six or eight species, natives of
the name of Indian Shot, which is applied Peru. They are trees or shrubs with
to the plants. alternate fleshy entire or sinuate-dentate
Many of the species have brightly- leaves, and large showy flowers in corymbs
coloured flowers— yellow, red or orange. at the termination of the branches, rarely
The foliage, too, is highly ornamental and solitary and axillary. The calyx is tubular
characteristic; hence they are favourite and five-cleft the corolla is funnel-shaped
;

plants in cultivation, and produce a striking with the spreading limb split into five
effect when grouped in beds out of doors obovate lobes the five stamens are
;

during the summer months. The beauty inserted at the base of the tube, and are
of these plants is not their only feature of more or less exsertedthe ovary is three-
;

interest, as some of them are also of celledwith numerous ovules, and bears a
importance from their fleshy underground simple style with a trifld stigma; the
stems, containing an abundance of starch. capsule is coriaceous and tnree-valved ;

Tous les mois, a superior kind of arrowroot, the seeds have their apex produced into a
the grains of which are very large, is the wing. This genus is nearly related by its
produce of one of the West Indian species, capsule and seeds to Cobcea, though in habit
probably C. edulis. The tubers of other and inflorescence some of its species ap-
species are eaten as a vegetable, while proach Polemonium. [W. C]
some have slight medicinal properties.
In the Brazils the leaves are used for
CANUS. Grey-white or hoary. A term
applied to hairy surfaces.
packing purposes, hence the French call
these plants Balisier, from a Spanish word CAOUTCHOUC. The elastic gummy
signifying cover. The seeds are also made substance known as India rubber, which
use of as beads. *-** [M.T. MJ is the inspissated juice of various plants
growing in tropical climates in different
CANNE A* SUCRE. (Fr.) Saccharum parts of the world ; e. g. Ficus elastica
officinarum. — D*INDE.
, Canna iudica. and other species of moraceous plants,
— , DE JOXC. Typha latifolia. —, DE Castilloa elastica and other artocarpads,
PROVENCE. Arundo Donax. Siphonia elastica and other euphorbiaceous
plants, Urceola elastica and other apocyna-
CANNEBERGE. (Fr.) Oxy coccus palus- ceous plants, &c. The name is also given
tris.
by the Popayans to the milky juice of
CAXNELLIER. (Fr.) The Cinnamon Stphocampi/lus Caoutchouc, an elastic gum,
tree. very different from the caoutchouc of
commerce. [T. M.]
CANXILE'E. (Fr.) Lemna minor.
CAP. The convex part of an agaric or
j
CANNOMOIS. A genus of Restiacece, other similar fungal.
 mty €rca£urg of Uotaitjn 216
CAPANEA. A genus of Gesneracece of CAPITULUM. A head of sessile
close
the tribe Besleriece, consisting of dwarf flowers. Also a term vaguely applied
herbs with subshrubby stems, and opposite among fungals to the receptacle, pileus, or
oval stalked hairy leaves, from the axils of peridium.
which spring the flowers two or three
together from a common peduncle. The CAPNITES. A section of the genus
calyx isfree, nearly regular, and five-parted. Corydalis. Decandolle employs it in a
The corolla is irregularly bell-shaped, sense synonymous with Bulbocapnos, but
scarcely curved, somewhat ventricose be- Endlicher used it to designate a part of
neath, with a short limb. There are four Decandolle's section Capnoides, which
didynamous stamens, the filaments of includes the species of Corydalis without
which carry heart-shaped anthers, which tuberous rootstocks. In this way it is
are firmly joined together, and form in equivalent to Corydalis of Bernhardi, and
the mouth of the tuber a pale yellow star, differs from Capnoides, as restricted by
with which the stigma is in contact. The that author, by having the stem single and
ovary is free, surrounded by a disk of five branched, and the style persistent. There
obtuse fleshy lobes. The only species, C. is, however, no natural division, and it is

grandiflora, a native of New Grenada, better to consider all the species of Cory-
grows nearly a foot high, with moderate- dalis without, tuberous rootstocks, with
sized oval-acuminate leaves, and large two separate cotyledons, and with a cup-
showy long-stalked flowers, seated in a shaped appendage at the base of the seed,
tuft at the end of an axillary or terminal as belonging to the section Capnoides. The
peduncle these flowers are nodding gloxi-
;
only British species is the small Climb-
nia-like, with a limb of five broad spread- ing Fumitory Corydalis claviculata, which
ing emarginate lobes, pubescent outside, has long branched trailing stems, and
white, elegantly painted on the inner yellowish flowers in racemes. C. lutea,
face of the limb, or less frequently on the often cultivated, and naturalised in several
tube, with numerous crimson dots arranged localities, is easily known by its short stems
in contiguous lines. Dr. Lindley writes and large bright yellow flowers. [J. T. S.]
the name of this genus Campanea in Pax-
ton's Flower Garden, i. 91. [T. M.]
CAPNODIUM. A curious genus of Fungi
established by Dr. Montagne to receive a
CAPE WEED. Roccella tinctoria, a dye portion of the black smutty parasiteswhich
lichen, obtained from the Cape de Verd infest the leaves and twigs of shrubs in
Islands. damp warm climates. It belongs to the
division Physomycetes, and is characterised
CAPER. Capparis spinosa, the flower by the abundant creeping black threads
buds of which, and of some allied species which run over the several parts of the
or varieties, form the well-known condi- plants which it attacks. Shoots from these
ment of this name, for which the flowers threads either intimately invest the fruit
of Zygophyllum Fabago are sometimes or are combined to form it. The fruit
substituted. consists of irregular often elongated and
branched cysts, which in the same species
CAPERONNIER. (Fr.) Fragaria elatior. contain naked spores and sporidia, enclosed
in asci. One species only, C. elongatum,
CAPER SPURGE. Euphorbia Lathy ris, has been found in the extreme south-west
sometimes called Caper bush.
of this country on pear trees others are
;

CAPER TREE, of New South "Wales, the plague of coffee, lemons, olives, and
Busbeckia arborea. other important plants. In a young state
these plants are not distinguishable from
CAPILLACEOUS, CAPILLARY. Having Antennaria. The breathing pores or sto-
the form of a thread. mates of the plants which they attack are
completely smothered, and direct light
CAPILLAIRE. A syrup prepared with almost excluded, so that the functions of
Adiantum Capillus-veneris. the leaves are greatly impeded. No remedy
CAPILLAIRE. (Fr.) Asplenium Tricho- is known when the parasite is once de-
manes. — DE MONTPELLIER. Adiantum veloped. If any is applied, it must be
Capillus-veneris. — DU CANADA. Adi directed to the destruction of the different
antum pedatum. — NOIR. Asplenium species of coccus on whose dung or
Adiantum-nigrum. excretions these Fungi seem mostly to be
developed. Lemons frequently arrive in
CAPILLITIUM. Entangled filamentary this country in an unsaleable condition,
matter in fungals, bearing sporidia. incrusted more or less completely with a
jet black felt, in consequence of the
CAPILLUS (adj. CAPILLARIS). The
growth either of an Antennaria or the
breadth of a hair; the twelfth part of a spawn of Capnodimn Citri, which seems to
line.
increase greatly after the fruit is packed up
CAPITAO DO MATTO. A common for the market. [M. J. B.]
name for Lantana pseudo-thea.
Brazilian CAPPARIDACE^E. (Capparids.) A natural
CAPITATE. Pin-headed, as the stigma order of thalamifloral dicotyledons placed
of a primrose, or as certain hairs. Also in Lintlley's cistal alliance. Herbs, shrubs,
growingin heads,or terminal close clusters, or trees with alternate leaves and solitary
as the flowers of composites, &c. or clustered flowers ; sepals four, imbricate
 ,

2i: Qfyz Erra£ur» ni 33 tang. [cAPfi,

or valvate petals foar, arranged crosswise,

;
to be very poisonous. C. Sodada is de-
sometimes eight stamens usually numer-
: scribed by Dr. Barth as forming one of the
ous, and a multiple of four placed at the characteristic features in the vegetation of
top of a stalk-like receptacle disk much
; Africa from the desert to the Niger the ;

developed. Ovary usually supported on a small berries have a pungent pepper-like

stalk and one-celled, with parietal placen- taste, and when dried constitute an im-
tas. Fruit either pod-like and opening, or portant article of food, whilst the roots,
berried seeds often kidney-shaped, with-
;
when burned, yield no small quantity of
out albumen. The order is divided into salt. Several species are in cultivation in
two suborders : 1. Cleomece, with dry this country, principally natives of warm
dehiscent (splitting) fruit. 2. Capparece, and tropical climates. [M. T. M.]
fruit a berry. The plants are chiefly
tropical. They abound in Africa and India.
CAPBEOLUS. A tendril.
Some are found in Europe and in Canada. I
CAPBIEB COMMUN. (Fr.) Capparis
They ha ve pungent and stim ulant qualities, spmosa.
and have been recommended in scurvy,
In their properties they resemble crucifers.
j

CAPRIFICATION. Afertilisation of
i

flowers by the aid of insects, as that of the

The flower-buds of Capparis spinosa con-
garden
I

stitute capers. C. cegypMaca is considered

;

fig by a small fly.

by some as the hyssop of Scripture. \

CAPRIFICUS. The -Wild Fig. This,

'

There are thirty-three known genera, and [

according to Theophrastus and Pliny, is a

|
355 species. Illustrative genera: Cleome, tree of a wild kind which never ripens its
Polanisia, Capparis, Cratceva. [J. H. B.] fruit, but has the power of conferring on
CAPPARIS. The genus other trees a virtue which it has not in
so called gives
Since, in accordance with the laws
! !

itself.
itsname to the natural order Capparidacece. I

of nature, life springs from putrefaction,

It consists of shrubs having simple leaves,
j

frequently with two little spines at their from the abortive fruit of the Wild Fig are
j

i
base, and showy flowers with a four-parted
generated certain winged flies,which,failing
to find food in the corruption which gave
I

calyx, four petals, and numerous stamens,

them birth, fly to a tree of an allied species,
!

succeeded by a berry elevated on a long

J

slender stalk. The most generally known and penetrating the fruit of the true fig,
plant of this genus is the common Caper,
,

make a way for the admission of the heat

of the sun and genial air, consume the
,

C. spinosa, which grows on walls, etc., in

I

the South of Europe and Mediterranean immature juices, and help the fruit to
ripen. To pi omote this end, the Capriflcus
j
j
-

regions. In its mode of growth it re-

is planted among fertile fig trees, or cut
I

sembles the common bramble. The flower-

j

buds, and in some parts of Italy, the

|

branches of the one are tied to growing

;

unripe fruits, are pickled in vinegar, and boughs of the other. Fig trees growing
form what are commonly known as capers. in a poor soil exposed to the winds, and
especially dust, do not, they say, need this
!

They are chiefly imported from Sicily,

assistance, as the fruit under these circum-
though the plant is also largely cultivated
iu some parts of France. All the species stances dries up of itself sufficiently to
ripen. See Pliny Nat. Hist., lib. xiv. cap.
xix., and Tlieoplirastus de plantis, end of
lib.ii. This last passage is curious as
containing an early recognition of the
presence of sexes in plants. [C. A. J.]

CAPRIFOLIACE.3E. (Lonicerece, Capri-

foils,the Honeysuckle family. A natural-

order of gamopetalous calycifloral dicoty-

ledons belonging to Lindley's cinch onal
alliance. Shrubs or herbs, often twining,
with opposite leaves which have no sti-
pules calyx adherent to the ovary, its limb
;

four to five-cleft, usually with small leaves

(bracts) at its base; corolla supei'ior,
regular or irregular stamens four or five,
;

alternate with the lobes of the corolla.

Ovary usually three to five-celled stigmas ;

three or five. Fruit generally a berry,

with one or more cavities, and crowned by
the calyx-lobes albumen fleshy. Natives
;

of the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and

America, found sparingly in Northern
Africa, and unknown in the Southern
Capparis spinosa. hemisphere. Some of the plants are
astringent; others have emetic and pur-
contain, in greater or less quantity, an gative qualities. Many have showy and
acrid principle, so that the bark of the fragrant flowers. The common honey-
root of some of them acts as a blister suckle or woodbine (Lonicera Periclyme-
when applied to the skin and the fruits of
; nuni), one of the plants of this order,
some of the Brazilian species are reported twines round the branches of trees, and
cape] Cfje Creasfurn nf 38otang. 218

often causes groovings in them. The orange-coloured. The Trumpet Honey-

elder (Sambucus nigra), the Guelder rose suckle (C. sempervirens) is an evergreen
(Viburnum Opulus), the laurustnms (Vibur- twining shrub, the upper leaves of which
num Tinus), the snowberry (Symphori- are united at the base (connate), and the
carpus racemosus), as well as the Linncea flowers, which are scarlet outside, and
borealis, belong to the order. The black yellow within, are arranged in several
berries of the species of Viburnum, found terminal whorls this is also a native of
;

on the Himalaya, are eatable and agreeable. America, but thrives well in Great Britain
There are sixteen genera and 230 species. ina dry open situation, bearing a profusion
Illustrative genera :Linncea, Lonicera, of beautiful but scentless flowers from
Viburnum, Sambucus. [J. H. B.] May till August. C. etruscum approaches
C. italicum in habit, but the leaves are more
OAPRIFOLIUM. A family of well-known obtuse and downy, and it flowers during a
twining shrubs giving name to the order greater portion of the year. In France
Caprifoliaceai. No British shrub claims this species is more frequently cultivated
our favourable notice so early in the season than any other. [C.A. J.]
as the Honeysuckle (C. Periclymenum) ;
C APSELL A. A common weed belonging
for even before the frosts of January have
to the cruciferous order, well marked by
attained their greatest intensity, we may its heart-shaped pods, which when ripe
discover in the sheltered wood or hedge- separate into two boat-shaped valves, each
bank its wiry stem throwing out tufts of enclosing numerous yellow seeds. There
tender green leaves from the extremity of is but one species, G. Bursa-pastoris,
every twig. Later in the season it engages Shepherd's Purse, so called from the
our attention by its twisting stems clinging resemblance of the pods to some ancient
for support to some lustier neighbour
form of purse. A native of Europe, it has
till it has reached air and light, when it
accompanied Europeans in all their migra-
asserts its independence, loses a good deal
tions, and established itself wherever
of its twining character, and displays its
they have settled to till the soil. It is a
numerous clusters of trumpet-shaped troublesome weed, not refusing to growand
cream-coloured flowers, tinged with crim- leave seed even in the poorest soil, but lux-
son, and shedding a perfume which in
uriating in the richest. Hence its utilita-
sweetness is surpassed by no other British rian popular name, 'Pickpocket,' is more
plant. As the coils made by the honey- appropriate perhaps than the sentimental
suckle in its effort to reach the summit of
one Shepherd's Purse.' When not in flower,
'
a tree never enlarge, but on the contrary,
it may be distinguished by its radiating
rather contract as the diameter of its
leaves, of which the outer lie close pressed
stem increases, it is mischievous to any to the ground. It is less acrid than most
growing tree round which it twines ; it of the cruciferous tribe, but was formerly
should, therefore, be discouraged in young
used as a potherb, as is said to be still the
plantations but trained against a wall or
;
custom in some parts of North America.
allowed to twine round a pole or the bole French, Bourse de Pasteur; German, Hirt-
of a full-grown tree, it is harmless and j

entasche. [C.A. J.]

always beautiful. The scarlet berries are I

clammy to the touch, glutinous and sweet CAPSICUM. One of the genera of
to the taste, but mawkish. In October the Solanacece, deriving its name from the
woodbine endeavours to impart a grace to \
Greek word signifying 'to bite,' in allu-
the fading year by producing a new crop \
sion to the hot pungent properties pos-
of flowers, which, though not so luxuriant j
sessed by the fruits and seeds. The genus
nor so numerous as the first, are quite as consists of annual or biennial plants,
frequently with a somewhat woody and
j

fragrant. Clusters of flowers and of ripe

berries may then be found on the same bushy stem a wheel-shaped corolla five
; ;

twig, uniting autumn with summer as the stamens protruding from the corolla, their
early foliage united winter with spring. anthers converging at their points, and
A variety with leaves sinuated like the oak opening by longitudinal slits; and a two to
is not of uncommon occurrence and ; four-celled ovary, becoming, when ripe, a
another variety, called Dutch Honeysuckle, membranous pod containing several seeds.
is valued as a garden plant on account of The shape of the fruit varies very much in
its extreme fragrance (especially in the the different species of the genus.
evening) and its early flowering. C. annuum, a native originally of South
The Perfoliate Honeysuckle (G. italicum, America, but introduced into India and
sometimes called Lonicera Caprifoli am) elsewhere, furnishes the fruits known as
resembles the last in habit. It is a native Chillies; these, as well as the fruits of G.
of the middle and South of Europe, and is frutescens, and several other species or
said to be naturalised in some parts of varieties, are used to form Cayenne pepper.
England. It may be distinguished from For this purpose the ripe fruits are dried
the common kind by having its upper in the sun or in an oven, and then ground
leaves united at the base so as to form a to powder, which is mixed with a large
kind of cup, and it bears whorls of flowers quantity of wheat flour. The mixed
in the axils of these leaves as well as at |
powder is then made into cakes with
the extremity of the shoot. leavpn, these are baked till they are as
Anions the other cultivated species, C.fla- hard as biscuit, and are then ground and
vum, a native of America, has very fragrant sifted. The Cayenne pepper of the shops
yellow flowers, which as they fade become is, however, usually largely adulterated
 !19 K\)t QTxtcL$\iYy at Matmy. [CARA

with red lead and other less objectionable variable— some being
yellow, others red,
substances. The hot taste seems to be and others black. In a green state they
due to a peculiar acrid fluid called Coptic in,are used for pickling, and Avhen ripe are
which is so pungent that half a grain of it mixed with tomatos, &c, to form sauces.
volatilised in a large room, causes all who They are also dried and ground for use like
i

respire the contained air to cough and Cayenne pepper. The Berry-bearing Capsi-
I

sneeze. It is remarkable that the narcotic cum, or Bird Pepper (C. baccatum), is
properties, which are possessed by most of indigenous to both the East and West
the Solanacecc to a greater or less extent, Indies, and has been grown in this country
are not present in Capsicum^-though this since 1731. Its pods are erect, roundish,
is open to some doubt, as it is said
that egg-shaped, very pungent, and when ripe
some of the American species have nar- are dried and used for the same purposes
cotic properties residing in the pulpy as those of other kinds of Capsicum. They
matter in which the seeds are imbedded, also form one of the chief ingredients in
this pulp being absent in those kinds the preparation known in the West Indies
which are used for their pungent pro- as man-dram, which is usually resorted to
perties. by those affected with loss of appetite or
Capsicum fruits are used medicinally, m weak digestion, and consists of cucumbers
powder or as a tincture, as an external sliced very thin, shallots or onions chopped
application, or as a gargle in certain cases very fine, a little lime juice and Madeira
of sore throat, particularly those of a wine, to which is added a handful of the
malignant character, and internally as a pods of this pepper, and the whole arethen
stimulant in cases of impaired digestion, mashed together, and mixed with as much
&c. Several kinds are cultivated in this liquid as may be thought necessary.
countrv, as objects of curiosity, and for Besides the three species noticed as being
the sake of their fruits. [M. T. M.] the kinds most generally cultivated, there
The species of Capsicum are chiefly are many other species and varieties
natives of the East and West Indies, occasionally grown for the sake of their
China, Brazil, and Egypt, where they are pods, all of which yield a warm acrid oil,
much esteemed for their pungent fruit which acts powerfully on the stomach, and
and seeds, which, under the name of is thought to correct flatulency, and assist
Cayenne Pepper, or Chillies, form an digestion. [W. B. B.]
indispensable condiment, which Nature CAPSOMANIA. An unnatural deveiope-
herself appears to have pointed out to ment of pistils, which may consist either
persons resident within the tropics. Ac- of an excessive multiplication or of such a
cording to Sir R. Schomburgk, the natives derangement as impedes their functions.
in Guiana eat the fruit of these plants in In the first case the unusual demands for
such abundance as would not be credited nutritive matter cannot be met, and the
by an European unless he were to see t( Jour. fruit becomes small and abortive in the
i

;
Hon. Soc. ii. 153). In Jamaica the species latter, as in green-centred roses, bladder
most esteemed is the Bonnet Pepper (C. plums, &c, the ovules being imperfect
tcirnqonumi, the fruits of which are very do not come to perfection. [M. J. B.]
fleshy, and have a depressed form, like a
Scotch bonnet. The shrubby Capsicum, or CAPSULE. Any dry dehiscent seed-
Spur Pepper (C. frutescens), is a native of vessel. A spurious capsule is any dry seed-
the East Indies, and has been in our gar- vessel tliatisnot dehiscent. Also employed
dens since 1656. It forms a dwarf bushy among fungals, to denote certain kinds of
shrub, with whitefiowers, and bears numer- perithecia, or receptacles.
ous small oblong obtuse pods, which are CAPUCHON. (Fr.) Arisarum vulgare.
very pungent, and in their green and ripe
state are used for pickling, as well as for CAPUCINE. (Fr.) Tropceolum.
making Chilli vinegar. This is done by CAPUT. The peridium of certain fun-
merely putting a handful of pods into a gals.
bottle, and afterwards filling it with best
—
, RADICIS. The crown of a root.
The very short stem, or rather bud, which
vinegar, which in several weeks will be fit terminates he roots of herbaceous plants.
for use. But the chief purpose for which
this species is cultivated is for making CAQUILLIER. (Fr.) Cakile.
Cayenne pepper, which is often prepared CARA BIN. (Fr.) Fagopyrum esculentum.
by' drying the pods on a hot plate, or in a
Blow oven, and then pounding them in a CARACRTCHU. A
Brazilian name for
mortar, and passing them through a hand- Solanum nigrum.
mill until the whole is reduced to the finest CARAGANA. (Fr.) Caragana arbores-
possible state. After this has been done, cens. —, ARGENTE'. Halimodendrou
the powder is to be sifted through a thin argenteum. —
DE LA CHINE. Caragana
,
muslin sieve, and preserved in well-corked Clunnhigu. , —
DE SIBE'RIE. Caragana
glass bottles for use.The common annual frutescens.
Capsicum, or Guinea Pepper (C. annuum),
was introduced into Europe by the Spa- CARAGANA. The Siberian Pea Tree.
niards. It was cultivated in England in Trees or shrubs belonging to the legumi- I

1548, and is sufficiently hardy to thrive in nous order, natives of Siberia and the East, !

summer against a south wall in the open with pinnate leaves of which the midrib
air,and mature its fruit. The colour, terminates in a bristle or spine instead of i

direction, and figure of the latter is very a leaflet, and axillary flowers, either solitary i
cara] %\)t &vzn£urv at SSotauu. 220
or crowded, but always single on thin cation curing the most inveterate cases in
stalks, of a pale yellow colour, with the twenty-four hours. [T. MJ
exception of one species, C. jubata, in which
they are white tinged with red. They are all CARAJTJRA. A red colouring matter
ornamental or curious. Some of them being obtained from Bignonia Chica.
natives of Siberia, vegetate like most other
Siberian plants, early in the spring, and
CARALLINE. (Pr.) Ranunculus gla-
cialis.
their delicate pinnate foliage, of a yellowish
green, independently altogether of their C ARALLUMA. A genus of Asclepiadacece,
flowers, makes a fine appearance about the containing a few species of fleshy leafless
middle of April, or, in mild seasons, as early herbaceous plants, natives of India and
as the middle of March. The flowers, which Arabia. The stems are sparingly branched,
are of a bright yellow, appear about the end erect and four-sided, with teeth at the
of April, in the earliest Siberian species, angles ;towards the summit the stem
and those which flower latest, are also latest becomes rounded, and from the teeth rise |

in coming into leaf. Thus in a group con- the peduncles bearing at their summits
one or more drooping flowers. The calyx
|

sisting of the different species of this

genus, in the climate of London, some ;
is five-parted. The rotate corolla is deeply
plants may be seen, in the month of May, l five-cleft. The gynostegium is slightly
covered with leaves and flowers, and others ! exserted, and the bi- or trifid leaves of the
in which the buds have just begun to ex- I
staminal corona alternate with the sta-
pand. The yellow colour prevails in every j
mens. The roundish pollen masses are
part of the plants of this genus, even to capped by a pellucid membrane. The
the roots and were it not that this colour
; follicles are long and slender, with comose
is so abundant in common productions of seeds. [W. C]
the vegetable kingdom, there can be no
doubt that the Caragana would be used to
CARAMBOLA TREE. Averrhoa Coram-
bola.
afford a yellow dye. C. arborescens is a
small tree with hard wood and a tough CARANA PALM. A South American
bark, which may be used as a substitute name for Mauritia Car ana.
for ropes or cords, as the twigs are for
withs. The seeds are good food for poultry,
CARANA RESIN. A gum resin produced
by Bursera acuminata, or, according to
and the leaves are said to contain a blue others, by Icica Carana or Cedrota longi-
colouring matter like indigo. C. spinosa
folia.
is a thorny shrub plentiful in China about
Pekin, where branches of it are stuck in CARAPA. A small genus of trees with
clay upon the tops of the walls, in order abruptly-pinnate leaves, belonging to the
that its spines may prevent people from order of meliads (Meliacece), and native of
getting over them. For other species see Tropical America, the West Indies, and
London's Arboretum Britannicum. [C. A. J.] Guinea. Their flowers have a calyx of four
or sometimes five distinct sepals, and a
CARAGEEN or CARRAGEEN. A name corolla of the same number of oblong
given in Ireland to Chondrus crispus, and egg-shaped spreading petals their sta-
;

some other allied Algce when dried and mens are united into a tube, the apex of
bleached. Vast quantities are collected which is divided into eight or ten rounded
for sale and supply a useful article for teeth, bearing the anthers on the inside,
feeding cattle or making jelly for invalids. between the teeth and the ovary is four
;

Its unequivocal sea taste and odour are or five-celled, each cell containing four
against its being a perfect substitute for ovules in pairs. The fruit is large and con-
isinglass. Thei'e is no doubt, however, tains numerous oily seeds, and eventually
that in the sick chamber it is a far better splits into five pieces. C. guianensis is a
substitute than gelatine, as that has very large tree, sixty or eighty feet high, grow-
small, if any, nutritive qualities, a fact ing plentifully in the forests of Guiana
perhaps not sufficiently known. [M. J. B.] where it is called Carapa and Andiroba.
Its leaves are composed of from eight to
CARAIPA. A genus of Ternstromiacem, ten pairs of elliptical lance-shaped
distinguished among the group having the leathery shining leaflets and its fruit is
;

petals contorted, and the capsule septicid- nearly round, and about four inches in
ally dehiscent, by its leaves being alter- diameter. The bark of this tree possesses
nate, its stamens usually free, with the febrifugal properties, and is also used for
anthers glanduliferous at the apex, and tanning. Its timber, called Crab-wood, is
fixed near the base, and by its having two obtainable in sticks, fifty feet long by
or three pendulous ovules in each of the fifteen inches square, and is used in Dem-
three cells of its ovary. The species, about erara for making articles of furniture, for
eight in number, grow in Tropical America, shingles, and for the masts and spars of
and are trees bearing white sweet-scented vessels it is
: light, having a specific
flowers. The celebrated Balsam of Tama- gravity of 0"603, and takes a good polish.
coari is obtained from C. fasciculata, or a By pressure the seeds yield a liquid oil,
closely allied species. This substance, which called Carap oil or Crab oil, suitable for
is of the colour of old port wine, and the burning in lamps, and which the natives
consistency of olive oil, is, according to use for anointing their hair; but in this
Mr. Spruce (Journ. Lin. Soc. v. 63) of great country it hardens into a solid fat. C.
use in the cure of the itch, a single appli- guineensis is a native of Senegal, and
 221 CI)e ULrCKgurt) nf 23ntanj). [CARD

scarcely differs from the last. Its seeds ripe, curl up with an elastic spring from
yield Tallicoonah or Coondi oil, which, the base upwards, thus scattering the
besides being used for the same purposes seed. The Cuckoo-flower or Lady's-smock
as Crab oil, is employed as a purgative and (C. pratensis) is a common and very pretty
anthelmintic. [A. S.J meadow plant, with large lilac flowers.
'
They come with the cuckoo,' says Sir J.
CARAPIXO DA CALCADA. A Brazilian E. Smith, whence one of their English as
name for some species of Triumfetta. well as Latin names {Flos Cuculi) ; and they
cover themeadows as with linen bleaching,
CARATOE. A West Indian name for which is supposed to be the origin of the
Agave americana. other. They are associated with pleasant
ideas of spring, and join with the white
CARAVELLA. An Indian name for the saxifrage, the cowslip, primrose and hare-
small black aromatic stimulant seeds of
I bell, to compose many a rustic nosegay.
Cleorae pentaphylla.
A double variety is sometimes found wild,
CARAVERU. A red pigment, so called which is remarkably proliferous, the leaf- |

by the Indians of Guiana, obtained from lets pi'oducingnew plants where they come j

Bignonia Chica. in contact with the ground, and the flowers,

as they wither, sending up a stalked flower-
CARAWAY. Carum Carui, which yields bud from their ceinres. This species is a
the well-known carminative fruits called
native of the whole of Europe, Northern
Caraway seeds. Asia, and Arctic America. The flowers and
CARBERRT. A local name for the leaves are agreeably pungent, and may be
Gooseberry, Ribes G-rossularia. eaten with other herbs in a salad.
C. hirsute, is a common weed everywhere,
CARCERULE. An indehiscent many-
varying in size according to soil and situa-
celled superior fruit, such as that of the
tion, from six to eighteen inches in height.
linden. Also emp'oyed among fungals to
In dry localities it ripens its seeds in March
denote their spore-case.
and April, and withers away but in damper ;

CARCIXODES. A term applied to what places continues in flower all the summer.
is commonly called Canker in trees, which The leaves and flowers of this species also
may in general be characterised as a slow form an agreeable salad. This species, and
decay inducing deformity. The appear- it is said several others, produce young
ances are very different in different plants, plants from the leaves. All that is neces-
and the causes different. Tbe same plant, sary is to place them on a moist grassy or
as the apple, may even exhibit three or mossy surface. Two other British species
four different kinds of Canker. One form I are less common. The foreign kinds are
arises from the attack of the woolly aphis ; lessornamental as garden plants than the
a second from the developement of bundles double variety of C. pratensis. French,
of adventitious roots, whose tips decay i
Cresson ; German, Gaucliblume. [C. A. J .]
and harbour moisture, and contaminate
the subjacent tissues; a third exhibits I
CARDAMOM. The name applied to the
itself without any apparent cause in the
:

aromatic tonic seeds of various zingibe-

form of broad dark, or even black, patches, raceous plants, as Elettaria Cardamomum,
spreading in every direction ;while a and Amomum Cardamomum, which, besides
fourth shows pale depressed streaks which their medicinal use, form an ingredient in
soon become confluent, and eventually curries, sauces, &c. — , BASTARD. Alpi-
kill, first the bark, and then, as a necessary nia Cardamomum.
consequence, the underlj-ing wood. The CARDAMOMUM. The plants formerly
only remedy is to cut out completely the
j

so called are now included in Ajiomum and

affected parts, and that is not always Elettaria: which see. [M.T.M.]
efficacious. The canker of the plum and
apricot is brought on by gumming. In CARDE. (Er.) Cynara Cardunculus.
many cases Canker arises doubtless from CARD ERE. V
(Fr.) Dipsacus fullonum.
the roots penetrating into some ungenial
soil, which vitiates the juices and induces I CARDIANDRA. A genus of Hydran-
death to the weaker cells, from which it geacece, containing an under shrub from
spreads to surrounding tissue. The Japan. It has alternate stalked leaves which
rugged appearance is generally due to a are oblong-acute, serrated, and without
struggle between the vital powers of the stipules and corymbose flowers, those
;

plant and the diseased action. [M. J. B] i at the margins of the corymb barren and
1

radiant, with a large three-partite petaloid

CARCINOMA. A disease in trees when ! calyx. The fertile flowers have the calyx-
the bark separates, an acrid sap exuding tube adhering to the ovary, the limb five-
and ulcerating the surrounding parts. toothed petals five stamens numerous,
; ;

CARCITHIUM. The mycelium of certain the anthers heart-shaped, from which the
fungals. genus takes its name styles three capsule
; ;

imperfectly three-celled, opening between

CARCYTES. The same as Mycelium. the styles. [J. T. S.]
CARDAMINE. An extensive genus of CARDIAQUE. (Pr.) Leonurus Cardiaca.
herbaceous cruciferous plants, distin-
guished by the nerveless valves of the flat CARDINAL-FLOWER. Lobelia cardina-
narrow pod, which, when the seeds are lis ; also Cleome cardinalis.
 ;

card] Qftz Creagurw at 3Sotan». 222

CARDIOCHL.ENA. A name proposed the ends of the branches the outer scales
;

for a group of large-growing aspidium-like of the involucre are pinnatifid and spinous,
ferns, now referred to Sagenia. [T. M.] the inner entire and pointed the florets
;

are of a fine blue colour, all of them

CARDIOMANES. An unnecessary name tubular, with a five-parted limb, and
under which it has been proposed to separ- containing both stamens and pistil. The
ate Trichomanes reniforme from the rest of
achenes are covered with villous hairs.
the genus. [T. MJ
According to Gibourt, the C. corymbosum
CARDIONEMA. A genus of Illecebracece is the true black Chamasleon of the
containing a small perennial herb from Ancients its roots contain an acrid caus-
;

Mexico, with numerous stems, opposite tic juice, and resemble those of the white
crowded linear leaves, and small sessile chamseleon (Carlina gummifera), but differ
axillary greenish-white flowers, the calyx in their caustic properties. [A. A. B.]
of which is five-parted, surrounded by an CARDO SANTO. A
involucre of bracts, five of which are
Brazilian name for
Argemone mexicana.
larger than the other, serrulate, terminat-
ing in conical points the petals absent
; CARDUNCELLUS. A genus of the
the stamens five, two sterile, the anthers thistle group of the composite family,
subrotund ; the ovary one-celled with and closely related to the saffron thistle
a single ovule, and two revolute styles the ; (Carthamus tinctorus), but the achenes,
fruit an oblong-ovate utricle. [J. T. S.] instead of being naked, are crowned with
a pappus consisting of numerous bearded
CARDIOSPERMUM. A
genus of the hairs of unequal length united at the base
soap-wort family (Sapindacece), composed into a ring. The stamens also have a tuft
of a number of scandent or climbing of hair on the middle of the filament.
shrubs, or herbs having tendrils like the There are about nine known species dis-
vine. The leaves are twice ternate or very tributed over the Mediterranean region.
compound, and the leaflets vary much in Some are stemless herbs, with toothed or
form and theflowers.generally small.white
;
pinnatifid spiny-pointed leaves lying close
or green, and disposed in short axillary to the ground, and sitting in their midst
racemes, which are furnished below the is a large thistle-like flower-head, one to two
flowers with two tendrils. The fruit is a inches across, containing numerous tubu-
three-celled bladdery capsule, with few lar florets of a blue colour, surrounded by
round seeds. The name of the genus is an involucre of many scales, the outer roAV
derived from the Greek, and signifies heart of which are often leafy, and have spinous
seed, in allusion to the prominent white teeth. Others have elongated simple or
heart-shaped scars on the seed, which indi- branched stems, one to two feet high, each
cate its point of attachment. The common branch terminating in a flower head. Some
Heartseed (G. HaUcacabum), sometimes of the species are cultivated in botanic
called also Winter cherry, or Heart-pea, is a gardens. [A. A. B.]
widely distributed plant, found in all tro-
pical countries. Its leaves are twice ter- CARDUUS. A genus of compound or
nate, the leaflets lanceolate and coarseiycomposite flowers, distinguished among
toothed. In the Moluccas they are cooked the thistle-like plants by having the per-
and eaten as a vegetable, and on the Mala-fectly smooth fruit crowned by a stalkless
bar coast are used with castor-oil, and tuft of simple deciduous hair. C. nutans, a
taken internally for lumbago, &c. common English species, is distinguished
The
root is laxative, diuretic, and demulcent.by having the upper part of its stalk
almost bare of leaves, and by its large
It is mucilaginous, but has a slightly nau-
seous taste, and is used in rheumatism. solitary drooping rich purple -flowers,
There are upwards of a dozen species which have a strong odour, thought by
known, the greater portion of them nativessome to resemble that of the substance
of South America, but there is no tropicalfrom which it derives its name, Musk-
country in which some of the species are Thistle. This is sometimes called, but
not found. incorrectly, the
[A. A. B.] Scottish Thistle (see
Onopoedum).
CARD-LEAP TREE. A West Indian nus) is well marked The Holy Thistle (C. Maria-
by the white veins on
name for Clusia. its large shiny leaves, fabled to have been
CARDOST or CARDONETTE. (Fr.) Cyna- produced by a portion of the milk of the
ra Gardunculus. Virgin Mary having fallen on them. The
other British species are uninteresting
CARDOON. Cynara Cardunculus. weeds. Of the hundred species which the
CARDOPATIUM. A genus of peren- genus comprises, some are cultivated, and
nial thistle-like plants of the composite are considered ornamental plants. Care,
family, natives of the Mediterranean however, should be taken how they are
region, and also very common in Algeria. introduced into small gardens, many of
They vary in height from six inches the perennial species being exceedingly
to one and a half foot, The leaves difficult to eradicate when they have once
are pinnatifid with much cut and spin- taken possession of the soil, and all having
ous segments, and have considerableresem- great facilities of dissemination by means
blance to those of the common wayside of their downy seeds. The seeds of the
thistle (Carduus). The flower-heads are thistle tribe are the favourite food of many
small, and disposed in dense corymbs at of the hard-billed small birds, especially the
 ;

223 £i)c &tra3ttrg at 330tang. [CARI

goldfinch.which derives its name {Carduelis differs from its allies in the quater-
elegans) from the plant. The common nary arrangement of parts of the flower.
statement that this bird lines its nest with The Black Plum of Illawarra (C. australis)
thistle-down is scarcely accurate; the is a slender tree, from twenty to forty feet
substance being, in most cases, the down in height, and ten to fourteen inches in
of colt's foot {Tv.ssilago), or the cotton from diameter, the wood of which is close-
the willow, both of which are procu- 1

grained and useful the fruits are the size

;

rable at the building season,whereas thistle- j

of a large plum, and of a dark purple
down is at that time immature. i
colour. The Grey Plum (C. arborea) grows
C. lanceolatus is the emblem of Scotland !
to a height of fifty or a hundred feet, with
the same plant, commonly called Spear a diameter of twelve to fourteen inches ;
Thistle, also forms the badge of the clan its wood is tough and close-grained, but
Stewart. [C. A. J.] of no beauty. The fruits, which are pro-
duced in great abundance, are eaten by the
CAREILLADE. (Fr.) Hyoscyamus albus. aborigines. [A. A. B.]

CAREYA. A genus of the myrtle family, CARIACA. A small variety of maize,

and belonging to that section called Bar- much esteemed in British Guiana.
ringtonice, a group which differs from the
j

true myrtles in having alternate leaves

CARIBBEAN BARK. The hark of Ex-
ostemafior ibundum.
i

! without transparent dots. The plants of

! this genus are for the most part trees, and CARICA. This genus is the type of the
I
are found in India, one species also occur- order of papayads (Papayacece). It con-
rins in ^orth Australia. The leaves are tains about ten species, natives of tropical
j
stalked, serrate, and obovate. The flowers America, forming small trees generally
:
are large, red or greenish yellow, sessile, without branches, and having large vari-
and forming a short head or spike, or ously-lobed leaves, resembling those of
:
stalked and somewhat corymbose the
; some kinds of palm all parts exuding an
:

calyx four-lobed; the petals, four; the acrid milky juice when wounded. Their
!
stamens very numerous, their filaments flowers are borne in racemes, proceeding
i
united by their base into a ring; they from the bases of the leaf-stalks, the
generally fall in one piece when the flower males and females being usually on dif-
withers, and have the appearance of a ferent trees. The males have a funnel-
1

painter's brush. The fruit is a berry, shaped corolla, into the throat of which
crowned with the remaining calyx-lobes, the ten stamens are inserted in two rows,
and in C. sphmrica is of the size and form one above the other and the females a
;

i of an orange, yellowish green in colour, corolla of five distinct petals.The fruit is

j
and contains few seeds, embedded in pulp. fleshy, and does not split open when ripe.
j
This species is a native of the Malayan The most remarkable species is C.
1

peninsula, where it attains a large size. Papaya, called the Papaw-tree. This is
j
The bark is ash-like, fibrous, and fit for now generally acknowledged to be a native
j
cordage. The wood of C. arborea is used of tropical South America, but it is com-
for various purposes, as making boxes, monly cultivated in most tropical coun-
i
hoops, &c. It is, however, not a valuable tries, and was at one time supposed to be
i
timber, as it is liable to split when exposed indigenous to the East Indies. It is a small
!
to the sun, and is not impervious to wet; tree, seldom exceeding twenty feet in
formerly it was employed for making the height, with a stem about a foot in dia-
i drums of the Sepoy corps, being flexible it ; meter, tapering gradually to about four or
\ takes a good polish, and the colour resem- five inches at the summit, and composed
bles that of mahogany. The bark is made of soft spongy wood, mostly hollow in the
into a rough cordage ; and prepared in a centre. The leaves are frequently as much
i
peculiar way, is said to be used in some as two feet in diameter, and deeply cut
;
parts of India as a slow match for firelocks. into seven Ijroad lobes terminating in
;
The fleshy calyx leaves are said to be used sharp points, and having their margins
I
for curing colds in Scind. The genus is irregularly waved or gashed their foot-
;

named in honour of Dr. W. Carey, an Indian stalks are about two feet long, and di-
botanist, who edited one of the editions verge almost horizontally from the stem.
! of Roxburgh's Flora Indica. [A. A. B.] The fruit, for which this tree is celebrated,
is of a dingy orange-yellow colour, gene-
CARGILLIA. A genus of the ebony rally of an oblong form, about ten inches
family (Ebenac-eae), peculiar to Eastern long by three or four broad, but sometimes
j
tropical Australia. The two known species shaped like a melon, with projecting an-
! are trees, with alternate leathery oblong j
gles ; it has a thick fleshy rind, like that of
obtuse entire leaves. The flowers are a gourd, and contains numerous small
a nd white, collected in dense clusters
i

black wrinkled seeds, arranged in five

in the axils of the leaves, the males and lines along the whole length of the central
j
females on the same tree, the former j
cavity. Throughout most of the West
;
containing eight stamens, surrounded by India islands the juice of this tree, or an
four petals and a four-parted calyx, and infusion of its fruit or leaves, is reputed
,
the latter like the males, but having only a to possess the remarkable property of
|
few abortive stamens, and a four-celled I

causing a separation of the muscular fibre

ovary, which, when ripe, is a roundish ]
of animal flesh, and thus rendering the
i drupe containing few seeds. The genus | toughest meat tender. It is asserted,
 '

CARl] Elje (toajSury nf Uotany. 224

indeed, that merely hanging the meat In plants of shorter duration, decay takes
amongst the leaves of the tree will produce place from various causes, sometimes from
the same effect; but in this case it is mere constitutional peculiarities, some-
probable that the result is rather attribut- times from a cessation of vital functions,
able to the high temperature, than to any sometimes again from atmospheric or
specific influence exerted by the tree. It other outward agents, and sometimes from
is also said that if old hogs or poultry be parasitic fungi. The rapidity with which
fed upon the fruits and leaves, their flesh the mischief spreads when once set up is
will not fail to be tender. The ripe fruit is exemplified by the potato murrain and the
seldom eaten raw, although, with the black spot of orchids a few days in either
;

addition of pepper and sugar, it is said to case being sometimes sufficient to induce
be agreeable. It is generally made into complete decomposition. The decay of fruit,
sauce, or preserved in sugar, in the West though not due, as is sometimes supposed,
Indies, and the unripe fruit is either to minute fungi, is certainly promoted by
pickled, or boiled and eaten like turnips. their presence, the mere contact of the tis-
Its juice is used by the ladies as a cosme- sues and parasite being sufficient to set up
tic, to remove freckles ; it is also a power- putrefactive action. [M. J. BJ
ful vermifuge. And, according to the CARILLON. (Fr.) Campanula Medium.
analysis of Vauquelin, it contains fibrine, a
substance at one time supposed to be CARIM-GOLA. An Indian name for the
confined to the animal kingdom, but now root of Monochoria vaginalis.
known to exist in several vegetables. The CARINA (adj. CARINATE). A keel. The
leaves are employed as a substitute for two anterior petals of a papilionaceous
soap. C. spinosa is a branching tree, about flower, the three anterior in a milkwort, or
twenty feet high, with a spiny stem and any such. Also the thin sharp back of
branches ; native of Guiana and Brazil, certain parts, as that of a glume of Phala-
where it is called Chamburu. Its leaves are ris, &c.
deeply cut into seven lobes, like those of C.
Papa ii a, but the lobes are quite entire. CARINATO-PLICATE. So plaited that
The juice of this tree is of an exceedingly each fold is like a keel, as in the peristome
acrid nature, causing blisters and itching of some urn-mosses.
CARIOPSIS. A one-celled one-seeded
superior fruit, whose pericarp is membra-
nous and united to the seed, as in wheat,
maize, and other kinds of corn.

CARISSA. A genus of apocynaceous

plants consisting of shrubs with milky
juice,and having axillary flower-stalks,
some of which bear no flowers, but are
reduced to the condition of spines. The
corolla is funnel or salver-shaped, some-
times provided with hairs at its throat.
Fruit a two-celled berry with few seeds.
The species are natives of Asia and tropical
Australia.
C. Carandas, a common Indian shrub, is
used for fence-making, for which its
thorny character renders it well adapted.
Its fruits are also eaten by the natives as a
conserve, &c. Some of the species have
medicinal properties, being as bitter as
gentian. The bark of C. Xylopicron, a
native of Mauritius and Bourbon, is used
if applied to the skin. The fruits are in-
sipid and are eaten only by a species of ant,
by the Creoles in diseases of the urinary
organs, while its wood, there called Bois
neither birds nor other animals touching
them and the flowers have a disgustinaly amere, has a like reputation. Small cups
are made of it in which water or wine is
:

fetid odour. The fruits of some other

allowed to stand till it acquires the flavour
species, such as C. citriformis and C. pyri-
of the wood, as in the bitter cups now so
formis, are eatable, but insipid. [A. S.]
frequently used in this country. [1I.T.M.]
CARIE. (Fr.) Uredo Caries.
CARLEMANN;A. A name applied by Ben-
CARIES. This word is used in vegetable tham to a genus of cinchouaceous plants,
pathology to denote decay of the walls of in honour of Dr. Charles Leman, whose
the cells and vessels, whether attended by herbarium is now in the possession of the
a greater or less degree of moisture. Life University of Cambridge. The plant is a
is necessarily limited in all organic struc- native of Khasia and the Himalaya, and
ture, and therefore the time must come has leaves with saw-toothed margins, and f

when the oldest parts of trees must submit |

minute stipules, while the four-parted -

to decomposition and as soon as this com-

; fiowerhasonly two stamens, a circumstance
(S, it acts as a putrefactive ferment, which distinguishes the genus from all its
and involves neighbouring sound tissues. allies. [M. T.M.J
225 &l)t t&xczguvy of 23otang. [CARO

CARLIXA. A genus of prickly herba- isagain cut. The Panama hats commonly
ceous plants distinguished among the worn in America, and now becoming
thistle-like group of compound flowers by common in this country, are manufactured
having the inner leaves of the calyx or from these leaves. Those of the best
involucre coloured, and of the texture quality are platted from a single leaf
usually called everlasting (scariose). The without any joinings, and, as the process
species, which closely resemble each other sometimes occupies two or three months,
in habit are natives of most parts of J
'
their price is very high, a single hat often
Europe, growing on dry commons and costing 150 dollars, and cigar-cases of the
sea cliffs. C. vulgaris, the only English same material 61. each. The leaves are cut
species, is a common weed about a foot whilst young, and the stiff parallel veins
high, on dry heaths and soil which has removed, after which they are slit into
been long undisturbed, less conspicuous shreds, but not separated at the stalk end,
from its dull purple disk than from the and immersed in boiling water for a short
radiating straw-coloured involucre, which time, and then bleached in the sun. [A. SJ
expands horizontally in dry weather, and
becomes erect during rain. This portion CARMEL. The Arab name for
of the flower is very durable, retaining its lum simplex.
form long after the spiny leaves" have been CARMICHAELIA. A genus of New
reduced to a skeleton. It preserves its Zealand shrubs belonging to the pea-
hygrometric properties for a long period, flowered group of the leguminous family.
and is sometimes gathered and suspended The branches are sometimes round, but
in the house to serve as a natural weather-
more commonly flattened and tape-like.
gage. Olivier de Sevres says that this plant
received its name after the famous
The plants when in a seedling condition
are furnished with unequally-pinnate
Charlemagne, whose army was cured of
leaves, but after they are afew weeks old
the plague by using it medicinally.
no more leaves are produced. The flowers
LiunaBus ascribes the name to the Em-
are small, very numerous, pink or lilac in
peror Charles V., whose army was relieved
colour, and disposed in short racemes.
in Barbary from the same disease by a
The pods are roundish, slightly turgid,
similar remedy. Several of the species,
about half an inch long, and contain two
especially C. gummifera, contain an acrid
or four seeds. They are remarkable in the
resin in which the medicinal virtue of the
family because of their having a thin
plant is supposed to reside. The tender
partition (replum) between the valves of
roots of some species are said to be
the pod, which remains after the valves
eatable, and of others the flowers furnish
French,
have fallen to this partition the seeds are
:
a substitute for artichokes. attached. The genus is named in honour
Carline ; German, Eberwurz. [C. A. JJ
of Captain Carmichael, who published an
CARLINE THISTLE. The common account of the plants of the island Tristan
name for Carlina. d'Acunha. [A. A. B.]
CARLUDOVICA. A small genus of CARNATION. A garden variety of
screw-pines (Pandanacew) confined to Dianthus Caryophyllus. —, SPANISH.
tropical South America. Some of them Poinciana pztlcherrima.
have long climbing stems, sending out
aerial roots which fasten upon the trunks CARNATION TREE. A garden name
of trees, orhang down like ropes, whilst for Kleinia neriifolia.
others have no stems, and form dense
thickets. They have large stiff plaited CARNAUBA. A Brazilian palm, Coryplia
leaves, deeply cut into from two to five ccrifera, the leaves of which yield a wax,
divisions. Their flowers are of separate which is used for making candles.
sexes, and disposed in squares arranged
CARNETTS. Flesh: colour ; the pale red
very close together in a spiral manner, of roses.
and forming cylindrical which,
spikes,
while young, are enclosed within four CARNILLET. (Fr.) Silene inflata.
leafy bracts fspathes). Each square consists
CARO. The fleshy part of fruit. The
of a female flower surrounded by four flesh or tissue of which fungals consist.
males, giving the spikes a tessellated,
appearance. The males have a calyx cut CAROB TREE. The Algaroba Bean,
into numerous lobes, and an indefinite Ceratonia Siliqua.
number of stamens and the females a
;
CAROLINEA. The designation given
calyx of four sepals, four barren ^tamens,
to a genus of Bombacece by the younger
and a square-sided ovary surmounted by a Linnaeus in honour of the Princess Sophia
cross-like stigma, eventually producing a
Caroline of Baden, a name which he says
i

square-sided berry with numerous seeds.

will always be cherished by botanists. The
C. palmata is a stemless species, common !

plants are familiar in our hothouses under

in shady places all over Panama and along j

this name but the inexorable law of prior-

the coasts of New Grenada and Ecuador. ;

ity has led botanists generally to adopt

Its leaves are shaped and plaited like a fan,
that of Pachira which see.
: [T. M.]
and are borne on three-cornered stalks
from six to fourteen feet high they are: CAROUBE A SILIQUES
v
or CAROT/GE.
about four feet in diameter and deeply cut (Fr.) Ceratonia Siliqua. — A -,
v
MIEL.
into four or five divisions, each of which Gleditschta triacanthos.
 ;;

carp] HLfyz ^rca^urg ai 23ntauy. 226

CARPADELIUM. An inferior indehis- oblong bulbs, ensiform leaves ten inches

cent two or more celled fruit with solitary long and half an inch wide, and a short
seeds, and carpels which, when ripe, flower-scape with a large purple spathe,
separate from a common axis, as in and bearing from one to three flowers;
umbellifers. these are purplish-yellow, drooping, with
a slender cylindrical curved tube, a limb
CARPANTHUS. Asynonymeof Azolla. of six short regular segments, and a short
cup-shaped coronet bearing the six stamens
CARPEL (adj. CARPELLARIS). One on its margin. The species, C. recur vat a, is
of the rolled-up leaves of which the pistil
a native of Peru. [T. M.]
is composed, whether they are .combined
or distinct. CARPODETUS. A genus of New Zealand
CARPENTERIA. The name of a Cali- shrubs belonging to the order Escallo-
fcrnian shrub belonging to the order Phil- niacece. C. serratus has much the appear-
adelphacece, and having cymes of large ance of a Bhamnus, but in its fruit is more
white flowers, with a five or six-parted closely allied to Escallonia. The name of
calyx five to six petals numerous thread-
; ;
the genus is derived from two Greek words
shaped stamens ; and seven styles
five to signifying fruit-bound, in allusion to the
consolidated into one, and terminated by fruit being girt by the calyx. The princi-
five to seven linear stigmas capsules ;
pal characteristics are the presence of five
attached by their base to the calyx, five petals, touching only by their margins, not
to seven celled, many-seeded. [M. T. M.] overlapping as in allied genera a viscid ;

stigma; and a leathery succulent fruit,

CARPESIUM. A genus of the compo- tightly girt with the margin of the calyx,
site family,remarkable for its distribution and having four or five compartments
only, two of the species being found in containing several ovules. [M. T. M.]
South Europe and the Caucasus, and ap-
pearing again in the Himalayan Mountains, CARPODINUS. Climbing shrubs with
where the greater portion of the species tendrils, natives of Sierra Leone, and
are found. They are smooth or pubescent belonging to the order Apocynacece. They
erect branching herbs, with ovate or lan- have a funnel-shaped downy corolla, with
ceolate toothed leaves. In one section of oblique lance-shaped reflexed segments;
the genus the flower-heads are small and five sagittate anthers; a globular stigma;
either solitary or two or three together, in and an orange-shaped fruit containing
the axils of the leaves, while in the other several seeds embedded in pulp. [M. T. M.]
section they are much larger, single at the
ends of the branches, and the outer scales of CARPODONTOS. A genus of the St.
the involucre are leaf-like and reflexed. now generally referred
John's-wort family,
The florets in all are dull yellow, tubular, to Euceyphia which see.
: [A. A. B.]
the central ones having both stamens and
pistil, and those of the circumference,
CARPOLOBIA. A genus of the milk-
wort family (Polygalacece). The two
pistil only. The aclieues are beaked, have
known species are natives of West Tro-
slender furrows, and are destitute of
pical Africa. They are shrubs or small
pappus. [A. A. B.]
trees, with alternate ovate acuminate
CARPET-WEED. A common name for leaves, and short axillary racemes of yellow
Mollugo. or white flowers. The calyx is five-leaved
the petals five, one of them keeled and
CARPOCERAS. The name of a group
crested at the apex the stamens eight in
;
of Pedaliacece, now included in Roger/a.
number, their filaments united at the base,
The same title, given by De Candolle to a
five of them bearing anthers, the others
section of Thlaspi, has been adopted as a
generic name by Boissier, the section being
sterile. The ovary is two-celled with one
ovule in each cell, and becomes when ripe
raised to the position of a genus, and dis-
a small fleshy somewhat three-angled
tinguished from the true Thlaspi by the
fruit, containing one seed, which is covered
absence of a wing around the pod. [W. C]
with long silky hairs. [A. A. B.]
CARPOCB^ETE. A
genus of the com-
CARPOLOGY. That part of Botany
posite family, comprising a few slender
which treats of the structure of fruits
under shrubs, all of them natives of New
Mexico. Their leaves are opposite, sessile,
and seeds.
entire, very narrow, and furnished with CARPOLTZA. A genus of South African
glandular dots. The flower-heads purple amaryllids, the only species of which, C.
or white, in loose terminal corymbs each ; spiralis, is a neat little plant, having ovate
head with from six to eight florets, all bulbs, short linear filiform leaves, which
fertile and about an inch in length. The are twisted or recurved; a scape two to
pappus is composed of five to fourteen five inches high, singularly twisted in a
linear-lanceolate toothed scales, and the spiral manner in the lower part, and bear-
achenes have ten slender furrows. Three ing at the top an umbel of from one to
species are known. [A. A. B.] four flowers. These flowers are white, the
sepals reddish outside tipped with green
CARPOCLOXIFM. A
free case or re-
they have a short funnel-sbaped tube, and
ceptacle of spores found in certain algals.
a regular somewhat spreading limb the
CARPODETES. A small genus of Ama- filaments are adnate to the tube, the three
ryllidacece, allied to Coburgia. It has alternate ones shorter, and all bearing
 ;

227 Ctjc Crea^urg of 9Satanj). [cart

oblong anthers affixed by the base; the CARRAGEEN. Chonclrus crispus ; also
style is thick furrowed, triangular, more written Carageen, under which name its
slender upwards, terminated by a trifld properties are noticed.
recurved fimbriated stigma, [T. MJ
CARRIA. The name sometimes given
CAE.POMANTA. This affection, some- to a beautiful Ceylon tree, of the tea family
times called Phytolithes, is scarcely a {Ternstrijmiacece). It attains a height of
disease, for the grittiness of pears, medlars, forty to fifty feet, and has entire sessile
quinces, dc. which the term has in view, leaves, which are smooth, of a leathery
is a condition which always exists, and the texture, and elliptical in form they vary
;

efforts of the gardener to reduce it as much from three to four inches in length, and
as possible, are rather efforts to create a one to two and a half in breadth. The fine
disease than to cure one. Grittiness de- large blood-coloured flowers proceed from
pends upon the deposit of layer after layer the axils of the upper leaves, and are a
of new matter within certain cells, till good deal like those of some single-flow-
they become hard like stone. Cultivation ered camellias. The plant is now generally
has a tendency to make the fruit more known as Gordonia speciosa. [A. A. BJ
juicy, butseldom if ever wholly prevents
the formation of these stony cells. In the CARRION-FLOWER. A common gar-
warm climate of Italy quinces are often so den name for Stapelia. Also an American
full of themas to become uneatable. A name for Smilax herbacea.
variety is said to exist in Chili completely CARROT. Daucus Carota, the garden
free from grittiness, but this requires con- form of which furnishes the well-known
firmation. [M. J. B.] esculent root. — CANDY
, or CRETAN.
CARPOMORPHA. Athamanta cretensis. — , DEADLY. A
Those parts in cryp-
togamic plants which resemble true fruits
common name for Thapsia. — , NATIVE.
without being such receive this name. The
A name given in Tasmania to the tubers
of Geranium parviflorum.
spores of lichens.
CARROT TREE. Monizia edulis.
CARPOPHORUM. The stalk of the
pistil above or beyond the stamens. CARTHAGINIAN APPLE. Punica
Granatum.
r

CARPOPHYLLUM. The same as Carpel.

CARTHAME MACULE.' (Fr.) Silybum
CARPOPODIUM. A fruit-stalk. Marianum.
CARPOPTOSIS. After the fruit is well- CARTHAMUS. A small genus of compo-
formed and impregnation has taken place, |
sites, containing two annual species whose
its progress is often suddenly arrested and flowers grow in heads at the ends of the
after a short time it falls off. This fre- i
branches, and are surrounded by numerous
quently depends upon the fact that more
J

i :
leafy bracts (involucre) in numerous rows,
|
fruit is set than the tree is equal to nourish, the outermost row being broad and spread-
and the failure of the crop is in consequence ing out flat, with their edges spiny, the
i
either total or partiaL If again the supply middle ones more upright, of an ovalform,
of nourishment is too great, from want of and surmounted by an egg-shaped appen-
I
root-pruning or from any other cause, the I
dage with spiny edges, and the innermost
!
demands of the young shoots are often much narrower, quite upright, with their
such that the sap is diverted from the edges entire, but terminated by a sharp
fruit, which consequently perishes. In spiny point. Each flower is perfect, and
Italy the rice crops are often somewhat has an orange or yellow corolla longer than
similarly affected. In this case, however, ;
the involucre, their lower part being
the grain acquires a certain degree of ma- ]
imbedded in a dense mass of fringed
turity, though not its perfect condition, scales and hairs, but the chief characte-
and is so slightly attached to the mother- i
ristic consists in the absence of the
plant that the slightest breeze shakes it off. bristles, technically termed pappus. The
It is not a mere case of over-ripeness, Safflower plant, or Bastard Saffron (C.
which, as in our own corn crops, may be tinctorius), the Koosumbha of India and
avoided by early reaping. [M. J. B.] Hoang-tchi of China, is extensively culti-
vated in India, China, and other parts of
CARPOST05IIIDI. The opening into Asia, also in Egypt and Southern Europe;
the spore-case of algals. but its native country is unknown. It
CARRADORIA. A genus of Globulariacem grows about two or three feet high, with
containing a single species, a native of the a stiff upright whitisn stem, branching
Italian mountains. It is a glabrous herba- near the top ;and has oval, spiny, sharp-
ceous plant, with small scattered leaves. pointed leaves, scattered upon, and their
The flowers grow in a terminal head the bases half-clasping, the stem.
; Its fruits
calyx is subequal the upper lip of the are about the size of barleycorns, somewhat
;

corolla is simple and linear, and shorter four-sided, white and shining, like little
than the lower lip there is no nectary
; shells. Under thename of Safflower, 11,934
the stigma is simple and the scales and cwts. of the flowers of this plant, made up
paleas of the involucre are persistent. In into flat circular cakes about the size of
other respects it resembles GWmlaria, half-crowns, were imported to this country,
from which it has been but recently separ- principally from India, and valued at
ated. [W.C.] 105,C73L Safflower contains two colouring
matters, yellow and red, the latter being produced in threes from a single stalk,
that for which it is most valued. It is each flower having a three-parted calyx,
chiefly used for dyeing silk, affording and not more than six stamens and
;

various shades of pink, rose, crimson and by the female flowers being destitute of a
scarlet. Mixed with finely-powdered talc corolla, and having their f our-lobed stigmas
it forms the well-known substance called sessile upon the ovary. The husk of the
rouge. Another common use of saffiower fruit, also, splits into four equal-sized
is for adulterating saffron, a more expen- pieces, instead of irregularly as in Juglans.
sive dye stuff. The seeds yield an oil much There are about a dozen species, all of
used in India for burning and for culinary thein natives of North America, forming
purposes. [A. S.] large forest trees. Their timber is coarse-
grained, of great strength and toughness,
CARTILAGINOUS. Hard and tough, and very heavy but as it does not bear
;

like the skin of an apple-seed, or a piece of exposure to the weather, and is extremely
parchment. liable to the attacks of insects, it is
CARTONEMA. The generic name of i
not suitable for building or similar pur-
one of the spiderworts, characterised by poses. It is, however, much used where
having the filaments of the stamens toughness and elasticity are requh-ed, such
without any hairs, but somewhat rough ;
as for barrel-hoops, press-screws, axe-
the style or appendage on the seed-vessel handles, handspikes, &c, and common des-
thread-like, and bearded at the end. The criptions of furniture are also made of
name is from the Greek, and indicates the it. The nuts of some species are eatable,
bare or shorn stamens. The only known and resemble but do not equal our walnuts.
species is C. spicatum, a native of New I
The Shell-bark, Scaly-bark, or Shag-bark
Holland, a plant covered with scattered |
Hickory, C. alba, is so called in consequence
hairs, the stem slightly branched, the of its rough shaggy bark peeling off in
leaves long and narrow, the flowers blue, long narrow strips. It is common through-
arranged in spikes. [G. D.] out the Alleghany mountains from Carolina
to New Hampshire, forming a tree eighty
CARUM. A genus of Apiacece or or ninety feet in height, with a trunk about
UmbellifercB, of some importance as pro- two feet in diameter. Its leaves are about
ducing the Caraway fruits, or seeds as they twenty inches long, and are composed of
are improperly termed. The plants have five or seven oblong sharp-pointed leaflets,
finely cut leaves, and compound umbels, which are hairy beneath, and have sharply
which in the true Caraway have but few saw-toothed edges. The fruit is nearly
bracts surrounding them, or sometimes round, and has an excessively thick rind,
none at all petals broad, with a point bent
;
enclosing a small white hard-shelled nut,
inwards fruit oval, curved, with five ribs,
; slightly flattened upon two sides, and
and one or more channels for volatile oil marked by four elevated angular ridges.
under each furrow. The Caraway, C. These nuts stand second in point of flavour
Carui, is cultivated in Essex and else- among the hickories, and small quantities
where, and may occasionally be found in a of them are sometimes sent to this
half wild condition. The fruits are used country. The Bitter-nut or Swamp Hickory,
for flavouring as they contain an aromatic C. amara, produces small and somewhat
volatile oil. [M. T. M.] egg-shaped fruits, having a thin fleshy
rind, which never becomes hard and woody
CARUNCULA (adj. CARTJNCFLATE, like that of the others the nut is nearly-
CARUNCULAR). A wart or protuberance ;

round, flat-topped, and tipped with a short

round or near the hilum of a seed.
sharp point its kernel is extremely bitter,
;

CARUNCULARIA. A generic name and is not eaten by any kind of animal.

given to a few plants from the Cape of The Peccan or Illinois-nut Hickory, C.
Good Hope, separated by Haworth from olivceformis, is a common tree on the banks
Stapelia, but with characteristics scarcely of the Ohio and Mississippi, attaining a
sufficient to establish a new genus. It is height of sixty or seventy feet; having
consequently used to characterise that leaves from a foot to eighteen inches in
section of the genus Stapelia which is length, composed of six or seven pairs of
distinguished by having the staminal leaflets with an odd one, each leaflet being
corona consisting of five spreading emar- about three inches long, egg-shaped and
ginate leaflets, with five bifid fleshy clavate tapering to a point, and having its edge
appendages in the interior. ["W. C] finely serrated. The nuts of this species
The lana dye, a permanent are enclosed in a thin woody husk, and are
CARITTO.
of a light-brown colour, shaped like an
bluish-black obtained in British Guiana
olive, and indistinctly marked by four
from the fruits of Genipa americana.
slightly raised longitudinal ridges. They
CARVA. Billbergia variegata. are much superior in flavour to those of
the rest of the genus, and are occasionally
CARYL (Fr.) Carum Carui.
to be met with in English fruit-shops.
CARTA. The generic name of the A A^ery palatable oil is obtained from them
Hickory trees of America, a genus belong- by pressure. The Pig or Hog-nut, or
ing to the order Juglandaceae, and at one Broom Hickory, C. porcina, is a noble tree
time included with the walnuts under the seventy or eighty feet high, with a trunk
name of Juglans, from which it is dis- upwards of a yard in diameter. Its wood
tinguished by having the male catkins is considered superior to that of the other
 ; :

229 £f)e CreaSun) of 23otang. [CAEY

species. The leaflets are seven in number, nuts resemble those of the last ; its
each about four inches long, lance-shaped, timber, also, is valuable for ship-building,
and tapering to a fine point, their edges mill-work, &c. [A. S.]
being very regalarly cut like the teeth of CARYODAPHNE. Under this name are
a saw The fruit is pear-shaped, and has a included certain Javanese trees of the
thin husk which splits open only at the top
laurel family, possessed of scaly leaf-buds,
end. The nut has a very thick hard shell,
three-nerved leaves, a funnel-shaped six-
and is without the ridges common in other cleft perianth, and twelve stamens in four
hickory-nuts its kernel is small and sweet,
;
rows, the nine outer ones fertile. Of
and is eaten by pigs, squirrels, and other these stamens the three innermost have a
animals. [A. S.]
stalked gland on each side of their base,
CARTOCAR. One of the two genera and all have anthers opening by two valves,
forming the order of Rhizobols (Rhizobo- inwardly in those of the first and second
lacece), and distinguished by its flowers row, outwardly in those of the third row.
having free petals, and only four styles, The three innermost sterile stamens are
and by its leaves being always opposite ;
stalked, with a long pointed head. The
the other genus, Anthodiscus, having drupe is one-seeded, adherent to the persis-
cohering petals, numerous styles, and tent tube of the perianth. ft densiflora
often alternate leaves. There are about has a bitter-tasting bark ; its leaves are
eight species of Caryocar, all large hard- aromatic, and used in spasms of the
wooded trees, growing in the tropical bowels, &c. [M. T. MJ
regions of South America. The most CARYOLOPHA. A section of the genus
interesting is C.nuciferum, which produces Anchusa, one of the Boraginacece, contain-
the Souari or Butter-nuts, occasionally met ing A. semperinrens, which has a salver-
with in English fruit-shops. These nut3 shaped corolla with a very short straight
are shaped something like a kidney flat- tube, and the ring at the base of the nuts
tened upon two sides, having an exceed- prolonged on the inner side into an
ingly hard woody shell, of a rich reddish- appendage, in which it differs from the
brown colour, covered all over with round other sections of the genus. [J. T. SJ
wart-like protuberances, and enclosing a
large white kernel, which has a very plea- CARYOPHYLLACE^E (Silenece, Alsinece,
sant nutty taste, and yields a bland oil by Queriacecp, Minuartiece, Molluginece, Steude-
pressure. It is a lofty tree, frequently as lice, Silenads, Cloveworts, the Chickiveed
much as 100 feet in height, inhabiting the family). Anatural order of thalami floral
forests of British Guiana, particularly the dicotyledons belonging to Lindley's silenal
banks of the rivers Essequibo and Berbice, alliance. Herbs with stems swollen at
where its timber, which is very durable, is the joints, entire and opposite leaves, and a
employed for ship-building. Its leaves are definite (cymose) inflorescence; sepals four
to five, separate or cohering petals four to
;

five, with narrow claws, sometimes want-

ing; stamens usually as many or twice as
many as the petals. Ovary often supported
on a stalk(gynophore), usually one-celled
with a free central placenta styles two to
;

five, with papillae on their inner surface.

Fruit a capsule, opening by two to five
valves, or by teeth at the apex, which are
twice as many as the stigmas seeds usually
;

indefinite ; embryo curved round mealy

albumen. There are three suborders
1. Silenece, the pink tribe, with united
sepals opposite the stamens, when the
latter are of the same number. 2. Alsinece,
the chickweed tribe, with separate sepals,
bearing the same relation to the stamens as
Caryocar tomentos in Silenece. 3. Molluginece, the carpet-
weed tribe, in which the petals are wanting,
composed of three broadly lance-shaped or and the stamens are alternate with the
elliptical taper-pointed leaflets, each about sepals when of the same number. Natives
six inches long. Its flowers are of great principally of temperate and cold regions.
size, and both calyx and corolla are of a They inhabit mountains, hedges, rocks, and
deep purplish-brown colour. The fruit is ;
waste places. Humboldt says that clove-
nearly spherical, and about the size of a . worts constitute JL. of the flowering plants
child's head, containing, when perfect, of France, -£7 of those of Germany, Tx? of
four of the above-mentioned nuts or seeds Lapland, and ^l of North America, The
but they are more frequently imperfect j
order has no very marked properties.
and contain only two or three. Some say that the principle, called saponine,
Another species, G. butyrosum, also a 1

which is found in some of the plants, has

native of Guiana, has white flowers, and poisonous qualities. There are some showy
leaves composed of five oval-pointed ;
llowers in the order, such as pinks and
leaflets radiating from a central stalk. carnations but the greater number are
;

It is called Pekea by the natives, and its I mere weeds. The clove pink, Bianthus
 caby] Wfyz Crcatiurg nf 33flta«|?. 230
Caryophyllus, is the origin of all the culti- sionally used in toothache with the effect
vated varieties of carnations, as picotees, of lulling the pain, and as a carminative in
bizarres, and flakes. The common duckweed medicine. [M. T. MJ
(Stellaria media), and spurrey {Spergula ar-
vensis) used as .fodder for sheep, are other CARYOTA. A genus of very elegant lofty
examples. There are about sixty genera palms (Palmacece) with graceful twice-
and 1,100 species. Illustrative genera: pinnate leaves, the leaflets of which differ
Dianthus, Saponaria, Silene, Lychnis, Al- very much from those of other plants of
sine, Armaria, Stellaria, Cerastium, Mol- this order. In general the leaflets of pinnate-
lugo. [J. H. B.] leaved palms are long, narrow, and tapering
upwards to a point but those of Caryota,
;

CARYOPHYLLACEOUS, CARYOPHYL- on the contrary, are comparatively short,

LATUS. A corolla whose petals have long tapering to the base, very broad at their
distinct claws, as in the clove pink. top end, where they are jagged as though
gnawed by an animal. Nine species of
CARYOPHYLLATA. (Fr.) Gemn urba- this genus are known, all of them natives
num. of India and the Indian Islands. They
have flowers of separate sexes, borne upon
CARYOPHYLLUS. One of the genera the same spike, or sometimes on distinct
of Myrtacece, characterised by a long cylin-
spikes. The calyx is of three distinct
drical calyx, whose limb is four-cleft four ;
sepals,and the corolla is three-parted the ;
petals adherent at their points stamens
;
male flowers have numerous stamens con-
numerous in four parcels berry oblong,
;
nected together at the base and. forming a
one or two-celled, and as many seeded. cup and the females a one or two-celled
The tree producing the well-known spice ;

ovary, with as many stigmas, and three

called Cloves (C. aromaticus) is a handsome
barren stamens. The fruits are nearly
evergreen, rising to from fifteen to thirty
round, somewhat fleshy, and generally, of
feet, with large elliptic leaves and purplish
a purplish colour, containing one or two
flowers arranged in corymbs on short-
seeds.
jointed stalks. The Cloves of commerce
C. urens is a beautiful tree with a trunk
about a foot in diameter, growing to the
height of fifty or sixty feet, and sur-
mounted by an elegant crown of grace-
fully curved leaves. These leaves are
eighteen or twenty feet long, and ten or
twelve broad, and have a very strong
central stalk, the base of which widens
out so as to form a kind of sheath round
the stem, and leaves a circular mark or
scar when it falls away; they have, also,
a curious black fibrous material at their
base. The leaflets are shaped somewhat
like a scalene triangle, one side being very
sharply and irregularly jagged. The flower
spikes are ten or twelve feet long, and
issue from the trunk at the base of the
leaves, hanging down like the tail of a
horse; they are not produced until the
tree has arrived at its full period of growth,
and the manner in which the numerous
Caryophyllus aromaticus. spikes succeed each other is rather singu-
lar. The first spike issues from the top of
aretheunexpanded flower-buds, and derive the tree, and after it has done flowering
their name from the French word clou, a another comes out below it, and so on, a
nail, in allusion to the shape of the bud flower-spike being produced from the
with its long calyx tube, and the round angle of each leaf-stalk, or from the cir-
I knob or head of petals at the top. These cular scar left by leaves that have fallen
buds are collected by hand, or by heating away from the trunk, until the process of
the tree with sticks, when the buds, from flowering reaches the ground, when the
the jointed character of their stalks, tree is exhausted and dies. The fruits are
readily fall, and are received on sheets reddish berries about the size of nutmegs,
spread for the purpose. The Cloves are and have a thin, yellow, acrid rind. The
then dried by the sun. For many years tree is a native of Ceylon and many parts
the Dutch exercised a strict monopoly in of India, particularly Malabar, Bengal and
the growth of this spice, by restricting its Assam and it supplies the natives of those
;

cultivation to the island of Amboyna, and countries with several important articles.
even there extirpating all but a limited From its flower-spikes a large quantity of
number of the trees but they are now
: the juice called toddy, or palm wine, is
extensively grown in the West Indies and obtained, and this, when boiled, yields very
elsewhere. All parts of the plant are aro- good jaggery or palm sugar, and also ex-
matic, from the presence of a volatile oil, cellent sugar-candy. The whole of the
but especially the flower-buds, hence its sugar used in Ceylon is obtained from the
use for culinary purposes. The oil is occa- present and two other palms (Cocos nucifera
 ;

and Borassus flabcUiformis), and a particu- 1 render Cinchona so valuable. The shrubs
lar caste of natives are called jaggeraros, are natives of Peru and Brazil. See also
on account of their being solely employed Ceotox. [M.T.M.]
in the preparation of this article. Another
valuable substance supplied by this tree is CASE ARIA. A large genus of Samydacece,
the species of which are found more or
lessabundant in all tropical countries, but
§a, principally in South America. They are
^- small trees or shrubs, with alternate entire
or serrated leaves, which in the greater
number of the species are furnished with
a mixture of round or linear pellucid dots',
which can be seen with the aid of a lens,
by holding the leaf between the eye and
a good light, and serve to distinguish
the plants of this genus from those of any
other family with which they are likely to
be confounded. The flowers are small,
white, green, or rose-coloured, generally
arranged in little umbels or corymbs, but
sometimes sessile. The calyx is of four
or five divisions the petals wanting the
; ;

stamens are two, three, or four times as

many as the calyx segments, and often the
alternate ones are without anthers, and
have commonly a tuft of hair in their
place. The fruit is a one-celled fleshy cap-
sule, containing few or many seeds.
C. ulmifolia, a native of Brazil, is used
in that country as a remedy against snake
Caryota urens. bites. The Brazilians make a drink from
the juice of the leaves, and apply the leaves
saeo it is prepared from the central or
;
themselves to the wounds. M. St. Hilaire
pithy part of the trunk, and is considered asserts that this remedy has been employed
to be quite as good and nutritious as ordi- with success against the bites of the most
nary sago. When made into bread or gruel venomous serpents. C. resinifera has the
it forms a large part of the food of the
young flowers enveloped in tears of a
natives. The fibre obtained from the leaf- greenish resin, which, according to Spruce,
stalks, called kittul or kitool fibre, possesses
is much used for killing cats and dogs
great strength, and is used for making while another species, the Pao de rato of
ropes, brushes, brooms, baskets, &c. ; and the Portuguese, is said to be poisonous to
a woolly kind of scurf scraped off the leaf- cattle. According to the same authority,
stalks is used for caulking boats. The C. javitensis is a constant constituent of
outside part of the stem furnishes a small all forests of recent growth, from the
quantity of hard wood. [A. SJ Amazon's mouth to the Orinoco its habit ;

is more or less corymbose, and the smooth

CASCA D'AXTA. The Brazilian name
glossy leaves in size and form somewhat
for the aromatic bark of Drimys grana-
like those of the Spanish chestnut.
tensis.
C. esculenta, a native of the Circar
CASCA DE LARANGEIRA DA TERRA. Mountains of India, has purgative roots,
The Brazilian name for a bark supposed to which are used by the hill people, who
be that of Usenbeckia febrifuga. also eat the leaves in stews. The bark
of C. astringens is used in Brazil for poul-
CASCA PRECIOSA. The Portuguese tices in cases of imperfectly healed ulcers,
name for Mespilodaphne pretiosa. and is said to be wonderfully efficacious as
a cleanser and stimulant of the raw flesh.
CASCARA DE LINGUE. A Mexican The leaves of C. Lingua, a Brazilian species,
tree bark.
are used in decoction in cases of fever or in-
CASCARA DE PINGTJE. An astringent ternal inflammation, while those of C. can-
Mexican drug, supposed to be obtained zeala, an Indian species, are used in medi-
from a species of Curcuma. cated baths, and all the parts of the tree
have a bitter taste. Nearly 100 species are
CA3CARILLA. The aromatic bark of enumerated. [A. A. B.]
Croton Eleutheria.
CASCARILLA. A name
applied by CASHAW. Prosopisjuliflora.
"Weddell and other botanists to a eenus of CASHEW NUT. The seed of Anacar-
C'vnchonacece, closely allied to the genus
dium occidentals
Cinchona, but distinguished from it by the
fruit splitting into two halves from above CASIMIROA. A Mexican genus belong-
down wards, instead of in the reverse man- ing to the Aurantiaceae, among which it is
ner, as in Cinchona, and— which is ol more remarkable for its green-coloured flowers,
practical importance— by its not containing which are borne in racemes and by its;

any of those chemical ingredients which five distinct stamens, whose filaments are
 ; ;

CASP] Qifyz Creatfurs of 33atanjh 232

dilated at the base. The fruit is of the thers, which open longitudinally and the
;

size of a large apple. C. edulis is a tree, ovary is two-celled, with a single ovule in
native of, and cultivated in, Mexico. Its each cell, the style equalling in length the
fruit, when eaten, has an agreeable taste, shorter stamens. The drupe has two
but induces sleep, and is unwholesome. stones, and is covered by the persistent
The seeds are poisonous. The bark of the calyx. This genus is separated from Ta-
tree is bitter, and it, as well as the leaves, monea by the fruit, which in the latter has
and also the seeds, when burnt and re- a single four-celled stone. [W. C]
duced to powder, are used medicinally in
Mexico. {Seeman.) [M. T. M.] CASSIA. This genus is of much impor-
tance in a medical point of view, from
CASP ART A. A genus of begoniads, con- its producing the well-known drug called
sisting of scandent (climbing) plants grow- senna. It is a member of the leguminous
ing in Peru. The staminate flowers have family (Fabaccce) and is known by its five
;

four, and the pistillate six, sepals anthers ;

unequal sepals, its five petals of a yellow
oblong, obtuse, the filaments very short, colour, not papilionaceous, and its ten
not united style deciduous, tripartite, its
; stamens, three of which are long, four
branches papillose not tortuous. Seed- short, and three sterile or abortive, the
vessel triangular, with three mucronate anthers opening by pores at the top. The
horns of a cartilaginous-corky consistence, species are very numerous, and consist of
attenuated at the apex into a short beak trees, shrubs, or herbs, with compound
placentas having two lamellas. There are pinnated leaves.
three known species, viz., C. hirta, C. co- The leaflets of several species constitute
lumnaris, and C. coccinea. These species what are known in medicine as senna
were formerly included in Begonia. The leaves. These are of various shapes, and
genus is named after Dr. Caspary, an emi- derived from various sources. Alexandrian
nent botanist of Bonn. [J. H. B.] senna consists of the lance-shaped leaflets
of C. acutifolia, and the obovate ones of
CASSAREEP. The inspissated juice of C. obovata, united with the leaves of other
the cassava, which is highly antiseptic, plants, which latter are readily detected, as
and forms the basis of the "West Indian the true Cassia leaflets, whatever their
pepper-pot. form, are unequal at the base, from the
larger size of one side of the base of the
CASSAVA. The purified fecula of the leaflet as compared with the other. The
roots of the mandioc plant, Janipha Ma-
nihot (also called Manihot utilissima and
pods of the two species of Cassia are also
Jatropha Manihot), and J. Lceflingii. The
mixed with the leaves, and possess similar
properties. East Indian or Tinivelly
Cassava juice, though at first poisonous, is
senna is a very fine kind, and consists of
rendered harmless by inspissation. In this
the large lance-shaped leaflets of C. elon-
state it is called cassareep, and is mixed
with molasses to form an intoxicating gata. Aleppo senna is the produce of
C. obovata, a native of Northern Africa,
liquor it also forms a delicious sauce.
;
but cultivated in the East Indies and else-
CASSE DU LEVANT. (Fr.) AeaeiaFar- where. There are other kinds of senna
nesiana. native to and grown in India, Northern
Africa, the "West Indies, &c. &c, but they
CASSE-LUNETTE. (Fr.) Centaurea Cya-
are of less importance and value than those
nus ; and also Euphrasia officinalis.
above mentioned. The leaves of a North
CASSE-PIERRE. (Fr.) Saxifraga gra- American species, C. marylandica, possess
nulata. similar properties. The heavy nauseous
taste and smell of senna are due to a
CASSEBEERA. A genus of polypodia-
volatile oil, while the purgative effects
ceous ferns, belonging to the Cheilanthece,
and distinguished by having the sori seem to be due to a chemical substance
slightly within the margin, though termi-
known as cathartin.
nal on the veins, and generally combined
The bark and roots of several of the
Indian species are used as applications to
in pairs or three together on the emargi-
ulcers and various skin diseases, as well as
nate lobes, and covered by one indusium.
internally in diabetes and other disorders
The veins are free but not readily seen. they are likewise used for similar purposes
The fronds are coriaceous, three parted, in the Mauritius and the West Indies.
pinnate, or bi-pinnate. There are three The seeds of C. Absus, a native of Egypt
or four species, found in Brazil and Buenos
I

I and of India, are bitter, aromatic, and

Ayres. [T. M.]
I
slightly mucilaginous. They are used in
CASSELIA. A limited genus of small Egypt as a remedy for ophthalmia, as
shrubs or herbs from Brazil, belonging to i are the seeds of C. auriculata in India,
the order Yerbenacea?. They have mem- where also the bark of this shrub is
branaceous opposite entire or serrated employed by the natives in tanning leather.
leaves, and small flowers in lax few- C. occidentalis, a native of both the Indies,
flowered axillary racemes. The calyx is is now naturalised in the Mauritius, where
tubular the corolla funnel-shaped, with a
;
the natives use the roasted seeds as a
short cylindrical tube, and a five-cleft limb ;
substitute for coffee, and with good effect
there are four didynamous stamens hidden !
in certain cases of asthma. It is related
in the lower part of the tube, and having that Dr. Livingstone brought the seeds of
very short filaments and two-celled an- i a plant, which he found cultivated in the
 233 ®l)t Eixa^urg of aSutang, [CASS

nterior of Africa, to the Botanic Garden at CASSIDEOUS, Having the form of a

the Mauritius, without knowing what the helmet as the upper sepal in the flower of
;

plant was from which they were derived, an aconite.

hut stating that the natives prepared and
used them as coffee. On investigation the CASSINE. A genus of South African
plants belonging to the spindle-tree family,
Celastraceai. They are smooth, erect or
climbing shrubs, with four-angled twigs,
and opposite leathery entire or toothed
leaves. The flowers are small and white,
disposed in cymes the calyx four or five-
;

parted; the petals and stamens of a like

number. The is a fleshy drupe
fruit
containing one or two seeds enclosed in a
stony shell (putamen) and destitute of an
aril. The Lapelhout or Ladlewood of the
Cape, G. Colpoon, furnishes a useful and
handsome wood for cabinet-work and
other fancy purposes ; it is hard and tough,
and when polished, the veining has an
exceedingly beautiful appearance it grows ;

to a height of ten feet, with a diameter of

eight to twelve inches. The Hottentot
Cherry, C. maurocenia, is a bush of like
dimensions. The wood takes a good polish,
and is particularly adapted for the manu-
facture of musical instruments. It is some-
times placed in a separate genus called
Maurocenia. Seven species of Cassine are
enumerated. [A. A. BJ

CASSINIA. A genus of the composite

Cassia lanceolata. family comprising a number of elegant
evergreen shrubs, natives of New Holland,
seeds turned out to he those of this Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Auckland
species used for a like purpose in the Islands. The leaves are small, mostly
Mauritius. C. fistula, called the Pudding linear, with the margins rolled backwards.
Pipe Tree from its peculiar pods, is a very- The flower-heads are very numerous and
handsome tree, with the foliage of the ash, small, white, pink, or yellow in colour, and
and the inflorescence of the lahurnum. disposed in terminal corymbs or panicles ;
It is a native of India, hut has been intro- the florets all tubular, having both stamens
duced into the "West Indies, Northern and pistil, or with a few slender female
Africa, &c, whence its pods, called cassia ones near the circumference. The recep-
pods, are imported. These pods are very tacle is furnished with linear scales, like
unlike those of the other species, being the inner ones of the involucre, and the
cylindrical, black, woody, one to two feet presence of these scales serves to distin-
long, not splitting, but marked by three guish the genus (which is named in honour
long furrows, divided in the interior into a of M. Henri Cassini, an eminent French
number of compartments by means of botanist) from Ozothammus, to which it is
transverse partitions, which project from nearly allied. C. aurea, a species with
the placentae. Each compartment of the golden yellow flowers and linear leaves, is
fruit contain s a single seed, imbedded in in cultivation. One species (C. aculeata) is
pulp. From this peculiarity of the fruit found in Tasmania and three in New Zea-
;

the plant is occasionally placed in a land, one of them {C.Yauvilliersii) occurring

separate genus Cathartocarpus. The pulp also in the Auckland Islands. The re-
surrounding the seeds is used as a mild mainder are chiefly natives of the eastern
laxative. portion of Australia. More than thirty
Several kinds of this extensive genus species are known. [A. A. B.]
are in cultivation, most of them having
handsome foliage and conspicuous yellow CASSIOBERRY BUSH. Viburnum Ice
flowers. [M. T. M.]
.
vigatum.

CASSIA BUDS. A commercial name for CASSIOPE. A genus of Ericacece, con-

the flower-buds of sisting of small Arctic or Alpine evergreen
Cinnarnomum aroma-
ticum. plants, resembling lycopods or heaths,
with solitary flowers nodding on slender
CASSIA, CLOVE. The bark of Dicypel- erect peduncles of a white or rose colour.
hum caryophyllatum. —, POET'S. Osyris. The calyx consists of four or five nearly
— , PURGING. Cassia or Cathartocarpus distinct ovate sepals, and is without bracts ;

fistula. the corolla is campanulate and deeply four

to five-cleft; and there are eight to ten
CASSIA PODS. The black cylindrical stamens, the anthers of which are fixed by
woody pod3 of Cassia or Cathartocarpus their apex, and have ovoid cells, each
fistula. opening by a large terminal pore, and
 ;

CASS] &f)e ^Treasure of SBotang. 234

bearing a long recurved awn behind. The veterate ulcers, for which it is prepared by
ovoid capsule has four to five cells and as mixing the powdered plant with ginger
many valves, with a four to five-lobed and butter. The juice mixed with sugar
placenta pendulous from the summit of is considered a specific in inflamed eyes.
the columella, and contains many smooth The species are found, more or less, in
wingless seeds. [W. C.j all tropical countries. [A. A. B.]

CASSIPOUREA. A genus belonging to

CASSYTHACEiE. The genus Cassytha,
consisting of leafless parasitical twiners,
that section of the mangrove family called
Legnotidece, containing three species, na-
resembling the dodders in habit, is so
very different in this respect from the
tives of the West Indies, Central America, I

trees or shrubs which constitute the Lcm-

Venezuela and Guiana. They are trees with
racece, that it has been proposed to esta-
opposite entire or serrated leaves, ovate or
blish it as a distinct familyunder the name
elliptical in form, and smooth and leathery
in texture. The flowers are small, in of CassythacecB. The structure of the
flower and fruit presents, however, no
axillary clusters, and sessile or shortly-
difference whatever the number of parts,
stalked the calyx four or five-lobed the
; ;
;

petals four or five, clawed and fringed like

and the peculiar anthers are precisely the
those of a Pink. The fruit is ovoid, about same, and Cassytha is more generally re-
the size of a pea, somewhat fleshy, and tained as an anomalous genus or tribe of
containing few seeds. [A. A. B.J
Lauracece. There are five or six species,
natives of the tropical regions both of
CASSIS. (Fr.) Ribes nigrum. the New and Old World, where their
thread-like or wiry stems attach themselves
CASSOLETTE. (Fr.) Hesperis matro-
to herbs or shrubs precisely like our dod-
nalis.
ders, only on a somewhat larger scale.
CASSOUMBA. A pigment made by the
CASTANEA. The Chestnut. This, the
Amboynians of the burnt capsules of
most magnificent tree which reaches per-
Sterculia Balanghas.
fection in Europe, belongs to the Cory-
CASSUVIUM. The plants formerly so- lacece, and is so well known that any
i
now considered to belong
called are to statement of its distinctive characters is
I Anacardiuji : which see. [M. T. M.] superfluous. Up to a recent period, it
appears to have been an almost generally
|
CASSYTHA. A
curious genus of semi- received opinion that the Chestnut was an
i
parasitical leafless thread-like plants, usu- indigenous tree in Great Britain. This
! ally considered as a section of the Laura- belief was founded mainly on the supposed
i cete. They grow sometimes in, and receive fact that Chestnut timber existed in large
their entire nourishment from, the soil quantities in old buildings. Evelyn says,
but when they come in contact with other '
It hath formerly built a good part of our
plants, they twine round them with their ancient houses in the city of London, as
Avire-like branches, and, at the place of does yet appear I had once a very large
:

contact, emit root-like tubercles, by which barn near the city, framed entirely of this
they derive their future nourishment from timber and certainly the trees grew not
;

the plant to which they are fixed, the roots far off, probably in some woods near the
in the soil dying away. The flowers are town, for in that description of London
small and white, disposed in short spikes written by Fitz-Stephen, in the reign of
which arise from the axils of small scales. Henry II., he speaks of a very noble and
j

The calyx is six-parted. The stamens are large forest, which grew in the bcreal part
petal-like,twelve in number, arranged in of it,' &c. Other writers, equally deserv-
four rows the two external rows perfect,
; ing of credit, make mention of Chestnut
the anthers opening inwards with two timber being found in old buildings; and,
recurved lids, the next row smaller and among them, Hasted went so far as to
having a pair of glands at the base of each broach a theory that a traffic was anciently
stamen, the anthers opening outwards, carried on between Normandy and Eng-
while the fourth row is scale-like and land, the latter supplying Chestnut timber
abortive. The fruit is about the size of a in exchange for stone.
pea, enclosed in a berried calyx, and That this wood should be found in ancient
contains one seed. The plants of this buildings in very large quantities would
genus are much like dodders in appearance, carry great weight; but it has recently
and are often called Dodder-laurels. They been discovered that the timber supposed
only differ from true laurels in the absence to be Chestnut is in reality a kind of Oak
of leaves and the berried calyx. Some of [Quercus sessiliflorcO or Denmark Oak, dif-
the Australian species are called Scrub- fering from common oak timber in those
vines they groAv so thickly in some places
; very characters which had been fixed on
as to be almost impenetrable. The white as distinctive of Chestnut. Besides this,
j
drupes of C. cuseutiformis, a X. Australian Chestnut timber of large dimensions is
j
species, are eatable. C.flUformis, a common neither in Great Britain nor the South
Indian species, is said to be reduced to a of Europe found to possess the qualities,
powder, mixed with sesamum oil, and used strength and durability, which were sup-
I

! as a head-wash for strengthening the hair; posed to have recommended it to the notice
! it is also used by the Brahmins of S. India of ancient builders. Evelyn's quotation
|
for seasoning their butter-milk; and in from Fitz-Stephen is a very unhappy one,
medicine as a remedy for cleansing in and the citation of the same passage from
 235 WAyt 2Trca£urp of 25ntanp. [cast

Evelyn, by subsequent writers, is still r abundant in Asia Minor, Armenia, and

more unfortunate, for the tree in question !
the Caucasus and it is also found in
;

is neither described nor even mentioned I

America as far north as latitude 44°. It
by name. Evelyn honestly cited the pas- ! ripens its fruit in the warmer parts of
sage as evidence that there formerly ex- Scotland, but rarely, if at all, in Ireland.
isted a great forest near London, in which |
The Chestnut blossoms in July, and soon
he thought it probable that Chestnut |
the upper part of the spike bearing the
timber, among other kinds, might grow; barren flowers withers and drops off,
and the authors who followed him, perhaps leaving the lower part of the spike still
not taking the pains to refer to the original supporting the fertile flowers, with the
|
work, and mistaking the drift of his re- embryo of the future nuts attached. To-
l
marks, took it for granted that the tree j
wards the end of September the latter
i was mentioned, and considered the evi- •
begin to ripen, and in October fall to the
I dence conclusive, as well they might. Ar- i
ground, where they open with A alves and
r

!
guments founded on the facts that trees expose the ripe nuts. Each case contains
from two to five nuts, two or more of
I

|
are individually mentioned as being in i

i
existence at periods more or less remote, ] which are often mere empty rinds; but
and that there are in England several j
all, whether solid or otherwise, have the
places which have long borne a name taken remains of the flower, in the shape of a few
from these trees, e.g. Chesteney, Cheshunt, I
dry bristles, on their points. The Chestnut
Cheston, Shesterhunte, Chasteners, &c, tree retains its leaves until late in the
and consequently that the trees must have ! autumn, when they become of a rich
grown there in considerable abundance golden hue. Owing to the tufted, and
—
I

before such names were given are far [

consequently weighty, character of the
from conclusive for when it is recollected
; ; foliage, and the brittleness of the timber,
that the Sycamore was, in the time of the tree is liable to be injured by autumnal
Gerard, a rare exotic,' and 250 years after-
'
storms but the leaves are rarely attacked
;

wards as common a hedge tree as the elm, by insects. The timber of young trees is
we cannot deny that there was abundance applied to many useful purposes, but when
of time between the Roman period and the matured is of little value, being brittle
earliest notice of Chestnut trees in our and apt to crack and fly into splinters. In
histories, for those trees to have propa- the hop countries the growth of chestnut
gated themselves to any extent. On the coppice is much encouraged, poles from
whole, then, rather than set aside the this tree and the oak being preferred to
positive statement of ancient authors that all others. French, Cliataigner German,
;

the Chestnut was first introduced from Kastanienbaum. [C. A. J.]

Asia into Europe by the Greeks, and Theophrastus called it the Euboean nut,
transported thence into Italy by the from Euboea, now Kegropont, where it
Romans, it may with reason be concluded was very abundant and that being the
:

that this tree, though long naturalized in case, the fruit may have been thence im-
England, is not an aboriginal native, but ported into Italy, although the tree, in a
was introduced by the Romans at a very wild state, may have previously existed
early period, and in process of time propa- |
there. Professor Targioni observes that
gated itself so widely as to have raised a not only have the extensive woods in the
doubt whether it was not a really native Apian Alps, and other parts of the Apen-
tree. nines, every appearance of being really j

Its history may be briefly told as fol- indigenous, but further evidence that
lows :— It was firstintroduced into Europe woods of this tree existed in Tuscany from
from Sardis in Asia Minor, whence it was very remote times may be found in the [

called the Sardian !Nut, and at a later period j

number of places which have derived their
Jupiter's Xut, and Husked S\it, from its !
names from them, such as Castagna, Cas-
being enclosed in a husk or rind instead of tagneta, &c. He therefore concludes that
a shell. Several modem authorities, mis- we may safely give, as the native country
quoting a passage in Pliny, attribute its of the wild Chestnut, the South of Europe,
introduction into Italy to Tiberius Caesar, from Spain to the Caucasus. Some have
a palpable error, for it is evident from the even asserted that the tree is a native of
writings of Virgil that Chestnuts were Britain ; but from the fact of its never
abundant in Italy long before the time of being found here in such quantities as to
that emperor. By the Romans it was form natural forests, whilst its seed only
j

called Castanea from Castanuni, a town of ripens in warm seasons or favourable lo-
Magnesia in Thessaly, where it grew in calities, this seems very unlikely. It was
great abundance, and from which it is said probably introduced into this country by
j

i
i

that they first brought it. From Italy and I

the Romans for the sake of its fruit.
Greece it appears to have spread itself over : Gregor, in Morton's Cyclopedia, says the
the greater part of temperate Europe, oldest Chestnut tree in England is sup-
ripening its fruit and sowing itself wher- [
posed to be that at Tortworth, the seat of
ever the vine flourishes. In France, Italy, I
Earl Ducie, in Gloucestershire. Evelyn
and Spain it attains a great size. On the I
states it to have been remarkable for its
Alps and Pyrenees it flourishes at an ele- i
magnitude in the reign of King Stephen
vation of between 2,500 and 2,800 feet, the (1135). It was then called the great Chest-
'

nuts having, perhaps, been carried to chose nut of Tortworth,' from which it may
lofty situations by the animals which Jay reasonably be presumed to have existed
up stores of winter food. It is still more ! before the Conquest. It bore fruit abun-
 : ;

cast] Etje Creajattrg ai 23otawjj. 236

dantly in 1788. In 1820 its measurement, they have a two-lipped, short-tubed calyx,
five feet from the ground, was fifty-two the upper lip having two, and the lower
feet in circumference, so that the diameter, one three, divisions, and ten free stamens.
twelve feet, is equal to the width of a The fruit is a pendulous cylindrical pod, of
moderate-sized room. But these dimen- a bright brown colour, six or eight inches
sions are small compared with the great long, and tapering to both ends it gener-
:

Chestnut tree on Mount. Etna, which ally contains four seeds, which are rather
measured 204 feet in circumference. When larger than chestnuts, and of a roundish
visited by M. Houel it was undergoing shape, but flattened on one side. The con
treatment by no means favourable to its tment of Australia is remarkable for the
prolonged existence. A house was formed paucity and inferior quality of its indige-
in the interior, in which some country nous fruits or other esculents, the so-
people were living and they had an oven,
; called apples and pears of the colonists
in which, according to the custom of the being hard, woody, uneatable productions
country, they dried chestnuts, filberts, and and the seeds of this tree, called Moreton
other fruits which they wished to preserve Bay Chestnuts, are no exception to the
for winter use, using for fuel, when they rule, for, although they have been extolled,
could find no other, pieces cut with a and placed upon an equality with our
liatchet from the interior of the tree. chestnuts, they are in reality not much
It has been said that the timber in the superior to acorns, and have an astringent
roof of Westminster Abbey is Spanish taste they are improved by roasting, and
:

Chestnut but Dr. Lindley has decided that

: no doubt proved acceptable to the travellers
such is not the case, and that Oak, Quercus who first visited Moreton Bay. [A. S.]
sessiliflora, has been mistaken for it, in this
and other old buildings. The timber em- CASTELA. A genus of tropical shrubs,
ployed in the construction of the old belonging to the Simarubacece, having foli-
Louvre at Paris was also supposed to be age like that of the olive, and small uni-
Chestnut, but on examination by M. Dau- sexual flowers arranged in axillary tufts.
benton it was found to be Oak. In this The male flowers have eight stamens, in-
country, where it is certain that very fine serted beneath the margin of a fleshy
oak trees abounded in natural forests, it is eight-lobed disc, those opposite the petals
not likely that the Spanish Chestnut, requir- shorter than the rest : the filaments ad-
ing to be reared artificially, would be much herent at their base internally to small
employed for building purposes. The tree, hairy scales. The female flowers have four
doubtless, had been originally introduced ovaries, on a short stalk; the four styles
and grown for the sake of its fruit. It is are detached at their origin, but are joined
now, however, cultivated for posts, hop- together in the middle for a short distance,
poles, and hoops. and then again detached and recurved.
The fruit is enclosed in a round spiny The fruit consists of four fleshy bitter
husk, the inside of which is lined with soft drupes. [M. T. MJ
silky pubescence there are generally three
;

chestnuts in each husk, occasionally more,

CASTELNAVIA. One of several genera
of most curious Brazilian plants, looking
but sometimes only one. There are many
like mosses or Hepaticce, belonging to the
varieties. Some of a very large size are
order Podostemacew, and which have been
grown in Madeira, but they are not suited described with the greatest care and ability
for the climate of England. The same
remark applies to many of the French by M. Tulasne. The present genus consists
of plants growing in the rapids, possessing
varieties, with the exception of the Marron
cornu. The Devonshire, Prolific, and Down-
no true leaves but a leaf-like stem or frond,
dividing into forked lobes, and cut up at
ton are amongst the best adapted for
ripening in this climate. The Downton is the margins into fringe-like segments.
remarkable for its short-spined husk. The flowers are either immersed in the
Chestnuts, after having been well-dried in
substance of the frond, or placed on its
the sun, may be kept amongst dry sand in margins. Some kinds have linear creeping
casks.
branched stems, bearing afew linear leaves.
[R. T.]
The flowers have no calyx or corolla, but a
CASTANHA DO JOBATA\ Anisosperma tubular spathe or involucre divided at its
Passijlora. margins into several thick thread-like seg-
CASTANOSPERMTTM. A genus of plants
ments the stamens are two, slightly
;

united one to the other; the fruit consists

so named in consequence of the supposed
of a one-celled capsule, with two very un-
resemblance of the seeds to the sweet
equal valves, surmounted by very long
chestnuts of Europe. It belongs to the
papilionaceous section of leguminous
stigmas. [M. T. MJ
plants, and contains only one species, re- CASTILLEJA. A genus of Scrophida-
markable for its large woody long-stalked riacece,natives of America and Asia, con-
pods. This plant, C. australe, is a native taining about forty species of herbaceous
of Moreton Bay, in Queensland, Australia, plants, with alternate entire or cut-lobed
where it forms a tree forty or fifty feet in leaves. The pale yellow or purplish flowers
height. Its leaves are about a foot in are in terminal spikes, with large coloured
length, pinnate, with an odd leaflet, the bracts usually more showy than the flowers.
leaflets being smooth and of an elliptical The calyx is tubular, flattened, cleft on
form. Its pea-like flowers are produced in the anterior side, and usually on the pos-
racemes, and are of a bright yellow colour terior also ; the divisions are entire or
 ;

:o, &f)S €rra£tir» ai ISntang. [CATA

two-lobed. The corolla-tube is included in on the same plant, and are collected in
the calyx the upper lip is long and nar-
; dense heads they have no calyx, but a
;

row, arched, keeled and flattened laterally, one-celled ovary with one ascending ovule,
and incloses the stamens the lower lip is
; and two styles this ripens into a cone of
:

short and three-lobed. There are four sta- woody bracts enclosing the seed-vessels,
mens with oblong-linear unequal anther which are winged the seeds are coated
;

cells, the outer attached by the middle, densely with spiral vessels.
the inner pendulous. The pod contains These singular plants are met with most
numerous seeds. [W. C] abundantly in tropical Australia, less
frequently in the Indian Islands, New
CASTILLIER. (Fr.) Ribes rubrwm. Caledonia, &c. In Australia they are said
CASTILLOA. A Mexican tree belonging by Dr. Bennett to be called Oaks. Their
sombre appearance causesthem tobeplant-
to the Artocarpacece, and having male and
ed in cemeteries, where ' their branches
female flowers alternating one with the
give out a mournful sighing sound, as the
other, on the same branch. The male
breeze passes over them, waving at the
flowers have several stamens, inserted into
same time their gloomy hearse-like plumes.'
a hemispherical perianth, consisting of
several united scales. The female flowers
The wood is used for fires, as it burns
readily, and the ashes retain the heat for
consist of numerous ovaries in a similar
a long time. It is much valued for steam-
cup. The tree contains a milky juice, engines, ovens, &c. The timber that is
yielding caoutchouc. [M. T. M.]
furnished by these trees is valuable for its
CASTOR-OIL PLANT. Ricinus com- extreme hardness. From its red colour, it
munis. is called in the colonies Beef -wood. The
wood of C. suberosa is made use of for
CASTRATTTS. When an important part shingles to cover houses, and for other
is missing, as in the case of filaments purposes where lightness, toughness, and
which have no anthers. durability are required. For further
particulars of the Australian species, see
CASUARINACE^E. A
group of about a
Bennett's Gatherings of, a Naturalist in
score of species of jointed leafless trees or
Australia.
shrubs, which, in their striated internodes
C. muricata is a native of Southern
and toothed-ribbed sheaths, have some India, where it is valued for its showy
resemblance to Equisetums, whilst in wood, whose weight, however, forms an
other respects they are allied in some
objection to its use. The bark furnishes a
measure to Ephedra and the Coniferce, under brown dye. The young branches of some
which they were formerly classed, and of the species have a grateful acid flavour,
still more with Hyricacem and other amen-
taceous groups, near to which they are
much relished by cattle. C. equisetifolia
is found in the South Sea Islands, the
now placed as a small distinct family.
Indian Archipelago, and India. Its bark
Their flowers are unisexual, the males in
is astringent, and was formerly used by
distinct whorls forming a cylindrical spike
the South Sea Islanders to dye their cloth.
each stamen is enclosed in four scale-like The ashes of the tree yield a quantity of
leaflets, the two outer ones considered as
alkali, which is now used in the manufac-
bracts, persistent at the base of the stamen,
ture of a coarse soap. The wood furnished
while the two inner ones or sepals, firmly
by it is called iron-wood, from its colour,
cohering at the tips, are carried upwards
hardness, and durability. The natives
by the anthers as the filament is produced. avail themselves of these properties to
The female flowers are in dense axillary make clubs, &c, of it. In Australia this
heads without any perianth. The ovaries, species is called the Swamp Oak, though all
sessile within the bracts of the head, are
the species thrive best in damp localities.
one-celled, with a single ascending ovule,
Dr. Berthold Seemann mentions in a letter
and bear two styles united at the base the ;
to the Athenceum, that the Fiji Islanders,
winged nuts are collected in a cone hidden or rather those among them that are
under the thickened bracts. The Casua- cannibals, eat human flesh with forks made
rinas are natives of Australia, of New
of the hard wood of a Casuarina, while
Caledonia, or of the Indian Archipelago.
they eat every other kind of food with
They are too tender for this climate, but their fingers. ' Every one of these forks is
one species is occasionally planted in known by its particular often obscene
Southern Europe for its elegant drooping name, and they are handed down as heir-
habit.
looms from generation to generation.' So
CASUARINA. A
group of curious trees highly are they valued that it was difficult
constituting of themselves a distinct to obtain one. Several species of Casua-
family, Casuarinacece. They have very rina are grown in greenhouses for the sake
much the appearance of gigantic horse of their singular appearance. [M. T. MJ
tails (Equisetace(B\ being trees with thread-
like jointed furrowed pendent branches,
CASSUMUNAR. The roots of Zingiber
I

i
without leaves, but with small toothed Cassumunar.
sheaths at the joints. The male flowers CAT. (Fr.) Celastrus edulis.
are in spikes with two bracts, and two
J
sepals, which adhere at their points and CATABROSA. A genus of grasses be-
j
are carried up like a hood by the anther of longing to the tribe Festucece. The genus
the single stamen. The female flowers are scarcely differs from Glyceria, except in
 ;

cata] &fyt HTxcKSnxy at 3Sotang, 238

the circumstance that there are only two species which were included in this genus
florets in each spikelet. The British spe- are described by Steudel under Festuca, in
cies, 0. aquatica, is a handsome grass, hut the Synopsis Graminearum.
not of much agricultural importance. It
is not uncommon in shallow ditches and the
CATAPUCE. (Fr.) Euphorbia Latliyris.
furrows of wet fields. [D. M.]
CATASETUM. A numerous genus of
CATACLESIUM. A one-celled, one- fleshy-stemmed terrestrial orchids from the
seeded fruit, inclosed within a hardened tropical parts of the New "World, where
calyx, as in Mirabilis. they form masses of considerable extent
on decayed leaves, twigs, or other frag-
CATALEPTIQUE. (Fr.) Physostegia. ments of vegetation. The leaves are
CATALPA. A genus of Bignoniacece plaited and membranous. The flowers,
containing four or five species of trees, always more or less green, spring in erect
natives of the West Indies, North America, or drooping racemes from the base of great
Japan, and China. They have large simple oblong fleshy stems, marked by circular
petiolate and opposite or terno-verticillatt; scars, showing the places whence leaves
leaves, and' flowers in terminal panicles. have dropped away. The sepals and petals
The calyx is deeply two-lipped the corolla
; are of a firm leathery texture, sometimes
is hell-shaped, with a swollen tuhe and an converging into the form of a hood, some-
undulate five-lohed spreading limb, irregu- times spreading backwards. The lip is a
lar, and two-lipped. There are two or fleshy body, not at all jointed with the co-
sometimes four fertile stamens, the one to lumn sometimes it assumes the form of a
;

three others being sterile and rudimentary casque, in other cases it is flat, lobed, and
the anthers consist of two vertically di- broken up into fleshy fringes the first be-
:

verging cells. The ovary is free, bearing a ing characteristic of the original Catasetum,
long slender style with a two-lipped the second of what has been called Myan-
stigma. The capsule is very long and thus. The column is an erect fleshy body,
slender, nearly cylindrical and two-celled, terminating in a horn, and bearing about
with the partition contrary to the valves. its middle a pair of long deflected feelers
The seeds are numerous, broadly winged or tendrils, except in a few instances,
on each side, the wings being cut at their when the species without feelers have been
extremities into a fringe. On account of called Monachanthus. In all cases the two
the beautiful and showy panicles of this fleshy pollen masses are ejected with con-
genus, the species are cultivated in the siderable force by the sudden contraction
various countries where they are found, as of a glutinous gland, by which they adhere
ornamental trees. They have been intro- to surrounding objects. Among the most
duced into Europe they thrive in Prance
;
singular circumstances connected with
and Germany, and when planted in pro- this genus is the manner in which, upon
tected situations do well in the south of the same spike, flowers of extremely
England, though they are very liable to be
cut off by frosts or north-east winds. They
grow rapidly. The wood is remarkably
lisht of a grayish-white colour, and fine in
texture, capable of receiving a brilliant
polish, and when properly seasoned is very
durable. The bark is said to be tonic,
stimulant, and antiseptic; and the honey
from its flowers poisonous. [W. C]
CATANANCHE. A genus belonging to
the chicoraceous tribe of compound flowers
distinguished by its scariose involucre and
the awned chaffy scales which crown its
fruit. C. ccerulea is a perennial herbaceous
plant with slender stalks, long narrow
leaves which are somewhat toothed at the
base, and larjre heads of sky-blue flowers
the scaly involucre of which is silvery-whi te
tipped with rCddish-brown. It is a native
of the south of Europe, and as a border
Catasetum Naso (flower)
plant flourishes best in a light dry soil in a
sheltered situation. Varieties are also
cultivated with white or double flowers. different structure are produced. This was
C. lutea is an annual species with yellow first noticed in Demerara by Sir R. Schom-
flowers, a native of Candia. French, burgk, who published in the Linn. Soc.
Cupklone German, Basselblume. [C. A. J.]
;
Transactions (xvii. 551) an account of the
production o£ the three supposed genera,
CATAPETALOUS. Having the petals Monachanthus, Myanthus, and Catasetum,
slightly united by their inner edge near upon the same spike and he expressed
the base, as in the mallow. A form of
;

his opinion that the Catasetum was the

polypetalous. female of these, because he found it pro-
CAT APOD ITJM. A genus of grasses ducing seeds abundantly, while Monachan-
belonging to the tribe Festucece. The 1
thus was uniformly sterile. Afterwards a
 ;

similar specimen made its appearance in interesting species of the genus, its leaves
tlie garden of his Grace the Duke of being used by the Arabs in the preparation
Devonshire at Chatsworth. Mr. Darwin of a beverage possessing properties analo-
confirms that opinion. It has been well gous to those of tea or coffee. It is a shrub
observed that 'such cases shake to the without spines, growing about ten feet in
foundation all our ideas of the stability of height, and is cultivated by the Arabs in
.
genera and species, and prepare the mind the same ground as coffee. Its leaves are
for more startling discoveries than conld opposite on some branches, and alternate
'

have been otherwise anticipated.' For, on others, smooth, and about two inches
according to the principles employed in or more in length by an inch in width, of
botanical classification, no one could have an elliptical form, and having their margins
doubted the distinctions between Monar cut into blunt saw-like teeth. The flowers
chanthus, Myantleus, and Catasetum being are very small and white. Under the
real, until the appearance of all their name of Kit or Cafta, the leaves of this
forms upon the same plant effectually shrub, or, rather, twigs of it with the
dispelled the illusion. ^
leaves attached, form a considerable article
of commerce amongst the Arabs, large
CATATA. A Brazilian name for a quantities of them being annually brought
pungent species of Polygonum. to Aden from the interior of Arabia, where
CATBRIER. An American name for the plant is cultivated. For the purposes
Smilcix. of commerce they are made up into neat
closely-pressed bundles of different sizes,
CAT-CHOP. Mesembryanthemum felinum. according to quality, the best kind being
CATCHFLY. The common name for in bundles a foot or fifteen inches long by
Silene. three inches wide, and consisting of about
forty slender twigs, tied together with
CATCH"WEED. The Cleavers, Galium strips of fibrous bark each bundle selling
;

Aparine. at Aden for about two annas (or threepence

CATECHU. The inspissated juice of the sterling). The effects produced by a
Areca palm (Areca Catechu), and of Acacia decoction of these leaves are described as
Catechu. resembling those of strong green tea,
only more pleasing and agreeable. They
CATEXUL ATE. Formed of parts united are also chewed, either in a green state or
end to end like the links of a chain. when dried, and are said to have the effect
CATERPILLAR. A garden name for of inducing great hilarity of spirits, and
Scorpiurus. an agreeable state of wakefulness, so much
so, indeed, that the Arabs who chew them
CATERPILLAR FUXGU8. See Cordi- are able to stand sentry all night long
CEPS. pi. J. B.J without feeling drowsy. The use of Kat
CATESBJ3A. A
genus of "West Indian in Arabia is said to be of great antiquity,
shrubs of the order Clnchonacea?, with and to have preceded that of coffee. Its
small spines above the leaves, and large stimulating effects induced some Arabs to
trumpet-shaped whitish flowers, which are class it with intoxicating substances, the
;
dilated in the throat, and have a four- use of which is forbidden by the Koran,
parted limb the stamens are four, with
;
but a synod of learned Mussulmans decreed,
;
their anthers projecting from the corolla that, as it did not impair the health or
the berry is of the size of a small egg. impede the observance of religious duties,
C. spinosa is a dwarf shrub with handsome but only increased hilarity and good
flowers. Its fruit is yellow, pulpy, and of humour, it was lawful to use it. In addi-
an agreeable taste. MJ
pi. T. tion to its powers as a stimulant, the Arabs
have a superstitious idea that a twig of it
CATH A. A genus belonging to the ordei worn in the bosom protects a person from
Celastoracece, separated from Celastrus on the danger of infection ; and that the
account of some not very well-marked shrub itself is a preventive against the
technical characters. Its limits and the plague. [A. S.]
number of its species are not strictly
defined. They are mostly natives of Africa, CATHARAXTHUS. A name sometimes
forming small shrubs, sometimes with met with in gardens, and given to certain
spiny branches, and having simple leaves, shrubby plants belonging to Vinca. [T. M.]
from the bases of which small branching
heads of flowers are produced. These
CATHARTOCARPUS. The name under
flowers have a flat five-lobed calyx, five
which certain species of Cassia are some-
stalkless petals ("those of Celastrus having
times known. [T. M.]
short stalks), Ave stamens, a three-celled CATHCARTIA. Dr. Hooker detected
ovary half buried in the large disk which this beautiful plant of the poppy family in
I
fills the bottom of the flower, and a very the eastern part of the Himalayan moun-
short style crowned by three pointed tains, and named it in honour of Mr. Cath-
stigmas. The fruit or capsule is three- cart, an Indian judge who investigated
sided and three-celled, each cell containing the botany of the Sikkim Himalayas. It
a single seed, and splitting open when the is a herb covered with soft yellow hairs,
fruit is ripe. having lobed leaves, and golden drooping
C. edulis, formerly Celastrus edulis, is a flowers, with a hemispherical sessile four-
native of Arabia, and is by far the most lobed radiating stigma, and an erect
 ,

cath! Qfyz Crea^urr? nf 23otang. 240

cylindrical capsule, bursting from above in number, united into a tube which is
downwards into five valves. [M. T. M.] cleft above the anthers one-celled, open-
;

ing by a terminal pore. The fruit is com-

CATHEDRA. A genus of Brazilian trees pressed, wedge-shape, fleshy, and two-
belonging to Olacacece, having alternate celled, each cell with one seed, which is
shortly stalked elliptical leathery leaves, furnished with long silky hairs. C. flori-
and small axillary clusters of nearly sessile bunda is an extensive Brazilian climber,
flowers, with the floral coverings fleshy scrambling over the tops of the highest
and green calyx cup-shaped, petals six,
;
trees, and covering them with a crown of
stamens six, disk conspicuous. [J. T. S.] yellowish flowers. Its roots are used
against snake-bites. Upwards of a dozen
CATINGA. A genus doubtfully referred species are known, differing from each
by its author to the myrtle family. The other chiefly in the form and pubescence
two known species are described as trees
of the leaves. [A. A. B.]
of French Guiana; their leaves opposite
or alternate, stalked, entire, ovate-oblong, CATOSTEMMA. A genus of the tea
with long points, and pellucid dots. The family (Ternstrdmiacea) found in British
flowers are not known. The fruits are borne Guiana. The only species known, C. fra-
in axillary racemes; that of C. moschata grans, is a tree fifty feet high. The leaves
resembling an orange in size, colour, and are alternate, entire, obovate in form,
form; it is crowned with the four re- with a little recurved point at the apex,
maining calyx-lobes, and contains one two to four inches long, and one to two
seed, while the outer fleshy part of the broad. The flowers are numerous and
fruit is covered with little bladders, con- fragrant, disposed in fascicles in the axils
taining an essential aromatic oil of a of the upper leaves, about half an inch
musky odour. C. fragrans has a fruit, in across the calyx cup-shaped, with a two-
;
sizeand form like a citron, and has an lobed limb. The plant may be recognised
odour like that of basil. [A. A. B.] from any other in the family by this cha-
racter. The petals are five in number, in-
CATJANG. The native name of Cajanus
serted into the upper portion of the calyx
indicus, a wholesome and much-used kind tube, and falling away with it after wither-
of pulse.
ing the stamens very numerous, in five
;

CATKIN. A
deciduous spike, consisting parcels. The fruit not known. [A. A. B.]
of unisexual apetalous flowers. An amen-
tum. CAT'S-CLAW, Doliclws filiformis. Also
Inga unguis-Cati.
CATMINT. The common name for Ne-
peta ; especially applied to N. Cataria. — CAT'S-EAR. The common name for Hy-
MALABAR. Anisomeles malabarica. pochceris, especially H. radicata; applied
also to Gnaphalium dioicum.
CATNEP, or CATNIP. Nepeta Cataria.
CAT'S-MILK. Euphorbia helioscopia.
CATOBLASTUS. Two species of palms,
formerly included in the genus Iriartea, CAT'S-TAIL. The common name for
have recently been separated under this Typha. — , GRASS. The common name
name. They are both natives of New for Phleum.
Grenada, where they grow together in
masses, having trunks from thirty to fifty
CATSUP or KETCHUP. A sauce pre-
pared from mushrooms, walnuts, and other
feet high, distantly marked with circular
vegetable productions.
scars, supported a short distance above the
level of the ground upon a tuft of aerial CATTEMUNDOO. A gum-elastic yielded
roots, and bearing a crown of pinnate by Euphorbia antiquorum. Sometimes
leaves. They differ from Iriartea in the called Callemundoo.
male and female flowers being borne on CATTERIDGE TREE. Comus sanguinea.
separate spikes, the males having a small
rudimentary ovary in addition to the nine CAT-THYME. Teucrium Marum.
to fifteen stamens, whilst the females have
scarcely any rudimentary stamens. The
CATTLE YA. An extensive genus of
orchids inhabiting Central America and
seed, also, has markings like a nutmeg
Brazil, where they are found on the bark
(ruminate), and its embryo is placed up-
of trees, and. on rocks. The species all
right at the base. [A. S.]
form pseudo-bulbs bearing one, or at the
CATOCOMA. A genus of scandent or most two, fleshy leaves, from, the axil of
climbing shrubs, natives of the tropical which rise two or more flowers for the most
parts of S. America, and belonging to the part rose-coloured, but occasionally yellow,
milkwort family. The leaves are alternate, or some tint of that colour. These flowers
entire, ovate or oblong, and leathery in :
are often among the largest in the orchi-
texture. The flowers are numerous, dis- i daceous order, some being as much as
posed in terminal panicles, yellow or |
seven inches across from tip to tip of the
greenish white, often with a purple spot petals. The finest of all these grand
on the keel the calyx five-leaved, the
; species is C. Warscewiczii from the Ama-
three exterior leaves small the petals five,
; zons, whose flowers grow seven together
one of them large keeled and three-lobed, on a raceme eighteen inches long. Next
the two lateral ones small and scale-like, to it stand C. Mossice, labiata, crispa, and
the other two oblong ; the stamens eight Skinneri. The species called C. Schilleriana
 ;

241 Cfjc Crrasfurp of 230tang. [cava

guttata,and granulosa have thick leathery I

production of a leaf. Also the imaginary
flowers with crimson spots on a yellowish- space between the radicle and cotyledons
green ground. C. luteola and citrina are of an embryo. Also the stipe of certain
wholly yellow. Many of the so-called fungals.
species in gardens are mere varieties of
others. The genus differs from Lcelia CAULIFLOWER. A garden variety of
in having four pollen masses instead of Brassica oleracea, in which the inflores-
eight. cence while young is condensed into a
depressed fleshy esculent head.
CATULUS. A catkin, or amentum, such
as is borne by the hazel. CAULIGENUS. Arising from a stem.

CATURUS. The name formerly given CAULINE. Of or belonging to the

to a nettle-like plant of the spurgewort stem. — STIPULES. Such as adhere to
family, with long cat's-tail-like spikes of the stem as much as to the petiole or leaf.
small green flowers, which are said to be
used in the East Indian Islands either in
CAULINIA. A
section of the genus
Naias, sometimes considered as distinct
a conserve or decoction, as a remedy for
on account of the anther being elliptical,
diarrhoea. The plant is now placed in the
one-celled, and without valves while in
;

genus Acalypha : which see. [A. A. B.]

Naias it is four-sided, four-celled, and
CAUCALIS. A
genus of umbelliferous opening by four valves, rolling inwards.
plants distinguished by its oblong fruit, The only British species of Naias (N.flex-
ribbed with four rows of hooked prickles, ilis, found in lakes in Galway) belongs to

j
with rough interstices. All the species are Caulinia. [J. T. S.]
herbaceous, natives of Europe and the
l

CAULIS. The stem or ascendiug axis

temperate parts of Asia and Africa. The
!

a name only given to the part in its

Bur Parsley, C. daucoides, is a British
plant, growing in corn-fields in a chalky
customary state, growing in the air. —
I

' soil, and is neither attractive in appear-

DELIQUESCENS. A stem which at a
distance above the earth breaks into irre-
I
ance, nor otherwise interesting. C.latifolia
was formerly abundant in Cambridgeshire, gular ramifications, as in the oak. —
!

but is now extinct. The leaves are broader

EXCURRENS. A stem which shoots
straight from the ground to the summit,
and less divided than is generally the case
!

having branches on the sides, as in Abies.

with the umbelliferous tribe the flowers ;

are large and rose-coloured. The foreign CAULOCARPOUS. A stem which lives
species are equally unattractive. French, many years, repeatedly bearing flowers
Caucalide German, Haftdolde. [C. A. J.]
:
and fruit ; as a shrub or tree.
CAUDA (adj. CAUDATUS). Any long
CAULOMA. The stem of a palm-tree.
soft narrow terminal appendage, as that
The stem-like portion of the thallus of
of the corolline lobes of StropJianthus, or the
such algals as some Fuci.
lateral sepals of Cypripedium caudatum.
CAUDEX. The axis of a plant, consist- CAULON. In Greek compounds = stem.
ing of stem and root. —
RE PENS. A creep- CAULOPHYLLUM. A perennial herba-
ing stem what is now called a rhizome.
; ceous plant with tuberous roots, belonging
— DESCENDERS. The root. to the order Berberidece, remarkable for
CAUDICULA. bearing only oneleaf on each stem, directly
The cartilaginous strap
which connects certain kinds of pollen under the cluster of flowers, and termina-
ting the stem, which, consequently, has the
masses to the stigma, as in Maxillaria.
appearance of being no more than a leaf-
CAULERPA. A very beautiful genus of ! stalk. The true leaf-stalk is divided to the
green-seeded Alga?, abounding in species, base into three parts, each part having
and assuming very different forms. The three ovate deeply-cut leaflets. The foliage
species are almost exclusively natives of bears a resemblance to that of Thalictrum
warm climates, and occur on sand, on (hence the specific name thalictroides) or
shaded rocks, or in deep water. All have Aquilegia. The stems are about a foot
a more or less decided green herbaceous high the flowers small, yellowish-green,
;

hue, and however complicated may be j

with six sepals and as many petals and
their growth, or whatever size they may |
stamens, and are succeeded by deep-blue
attain, they are formed of a single cell l globose berries, contracted below so as to
without any transverse divisions, branched approach pear-shaped. These berries are
and anastomosing in every part of the called by the Indians Cohosh, and the
plant, amidst which a green chlorophyl is plant is esteemed medicinal. It is a native
produced w-hich ultimately gives rise to i
of North America, but is not of common
minute zoospores. The species are greedily occurrence. Two other species of similar
eaten by turtles, of which they form the ;
habit are natives of the Altai mountains,
principalfood. The nearest approach which I
and the country about Odessa. [C. A. J.]
is made to the genus on our coasts, is seen
in Codium. [M. J. B.]
CAUSTIC. Biting in taste, like Cayenne
pepper.
CAULET. (Ft.) A kind of cabbage. CAVA or KAWA. An intoxicating be-
CAULICULUS. A small stem produced verage prepared from Macropi-per
at the neck of a root without the previous
 ,

cave] €l)C QLttzguxv of, Nolans. 242

CAVERN FERN. A name given in some a large spreading head the trunk itself
books to Antrophyum. being marked at regular distances by cir-
cular scars which indicate the places where
CAVERNULI. The pores of certain fun-
leaves once grew, and the hollow inside
gals. having transverse partitions correspond-
CAVITAS. The perithecium of certain ing in number and position with them.
fungals. The leaves are nearly circular, often more
than a foot in diameter, and attached to
"
CAVUS. The peridium of certain fun- their stalk from a point near the centre,
gals. — SUPERUS. The hymeuium of
their margins being deeply cut into nine
certain fungals, oblong lobes, each of which is tipped with
CAXAPORA DO GENTIO. A Brazilian a short point they are very rough upon
;

name for Terminalia argentea. the upper side, and thickly covered on the
under side with snowy white down. The
CAYENNE PEPPER. The dried pow-
spikes of fruit are in clusters of from five
dered fruits of various species of Capsicum.
to fifteen.
Miller calls it Cayan Pepper.
The Uaupe Indians, who inhabit the Rio
CEANOTHUS. Red root. genus of A Uaupes, a tributary of the Rio Negro, con-
shrubby plants belonging to the order vert the hollow stems of this tree into a
Bharanacece, allied to Euonymus, with very curious kind of musical instrument,
which it agrees in having a three-celled a species of drum, called by them Amboo-
three-seeded pericarp, but the seeds are bas. They select a trunk four or five inches
not enclosed in a membrane (arillus). in diameter, and cut off a piece about four
C. americanus, the species most commonly feet long, removing the partitions and
cultivated in English gardens, is a native rendering the inside smooth by means of
of N. America, a shrub from two to four fire they then close up the lower end with
;

feet high, with downy leaves and stems, leaves beaten down into a hard mass with
and small white flowers, which, being pro- a pestle, and cut two holes towards the top
duced in great numbers, are very orna- end, so as to form a handle. These rude
mental. They appear in June and July, |
instruments are commonly used in the
and are succeeded by bluntly triangular native dances, the performer, holding by
seed-vessels. In America it is commonly the handle, beats the lower end upon the
known by the name New
Jersey tea, the
of ground, and moves his feet in unison with
leaves having been formerly used for the the sounds thus produced.
same purpose as those of the Chinese tea- The inner bark of the young branches
plant, and for which it formed a general yields a very tough fibre, which is twisted
substitute during the War of Indepen- into coarse ropes and the old bark is em-
;

dence. In Canada it is used for dyeing ployed medicinally as an astringent. The

wool of a nankin or cinnamon colour. young buds are moreover eaten as apotherb,
Many other species are cultivated, and some while the leaves are the common food of
of remarkable beauty, which have been the sloth, and the milky juice hardens
introduced of late years, are amongst into caoutchouc. The wood is very light,
the finest of half-hardy shrubs. The En- and is commonly used in the West Indies
glish name has reference to their large red for making floats for fishing nets razor- ;

roots. [C. A. J.] strops are likewise made of it, and when
dry the Indians use it for producing fire by
CEBADILLA, CEVADILLA. The seeds
means of friction. [A. S.]
of Asagrcea officinalis, from which veratria
isobtained.
CEDAR. The common name of various
CECROPIA. A genus of large-leaved trees, but more especially applied to the
soft-wooded milky trees, native of tropical Cedar of Lebanon, mentioned below. —
South America, and belonging to the order BARBADOS. Juniperus barbadensis. —
of artocarpads. The flowers are extremely BASTARD BARBADOS. Cedrela odorata,
minute, and are arranged upon short cy- also called the Sweet-scented Barbados
lindrical spikes, several of which (some- Cedar. —BASTARD. Guazumaidmifolia;
times as many as sixty) are enclosed within also a common name for Cedrela, BER- —
a large bract, which, however, soon falls MUDA. Juniperus bermudiana. — , GUI-
away their calyx is tubular, and rather
; ANA. Idea altissima. , — HONDURAS.
thicker in the females than the males, the Cedrela odorata. , —
INDIAN.
Abies (or
males containing two stamens, and the Cedrus) Deodara. —
JAPAN. Gryptomeria
females a free ovary and short style ter- japonica. —
MOUNT ATLAS. Abies at-
minated by a brush-like stigma. The latter lantica. —
OF GOA. Cupressus lusitanica.
are succeeded by short spikes of small — OF LEBANON. Abies Cedrus, often
fleshy one-seededf ruits. Upwards of twenty- called Cedrus Libani, —
OF N. S. WALES.
five species are described. Cedrela australis. —
PRICKLY. Cyathodes
C. peltata, the Trumpet-tree of the "West Oxy cedrus. —
RED. Juniperus virginiana ;

Indies and tropical South America, so of Australia: Cedrela australis. —SHARP.

called because its hollow branches are used Juniperus Oxy cedrus. —
STINKING. Tor-
for musical instruments, is a very rapid reya taxifolia. —
VIRGINIAN. Juniperus
growing tree, having a whitish trunk virginiana. —
WHITE. Cupressus thy-
about a foot in diameter, and attaining a oides of Australia Melia australis of B
; : ;

height of upwards of fifty feet, its branches Guiana Icica altissima

: ; of Dominica :

growing out at right-angles, so as to form Bignonia leucoxylon.

243 €f)C 2Trcasfurg of 23fltang. [CELA

CEDAR APPLES. The Pennsylvania!! and has been found valuable in fevers, dy-
name of the curious excrescences on sentery, &c. The flowers are used in some
Juniperus virginiana, caused by the fungus parts of India for producing a red dye.
called Podisoma macropus. [M. J. B.] The Red Cedar of Australia, C. australis, is
now becoming scarce in that colony, the
CEDRAT. A variety of the Citron, Citrus trees having been cut down for the sake of
medico. their timber, which was commonly used in
the construction of houses. [M. T. M.]
CE'DRE BLA2JC. (Fr.)Cupressus tny-
oifes. — DES BERMUDES. Juniperus CEDRINO. The small Italian Citron.
bermudiana. — d' ESPAGNE. Juniperus
thurifera. — DE VIRGINIE or ROUGE. CEDRONELLA. A small genus of LaH-
Juniperus virginiana. — PIQUANT. Ju- atce, natives of North America and the
niperus Oxycedrus. Canary Isles. They are sweet-scented per-
ennial herbs, or rarely shrubs, with pale
CEDRELACE-E. (Cedrelads, the Mahog- purplish flowers, in spikes or terminal
any family.) A natural
order of thalami- racemes, and having the floral leaves bract-
floral dicotyledons, belonging to Lindley's like, and the bracts themselves small and
rural alliance. Trees with alternate pin- setaceous. The calyx is rather obliquely
nate leaves, without stipules. Flowers in five-toothed, and many nerved. The co-
panicles :calyx four to five-cleft petals ;
rolla is very large, much expanded at the
four to five; stamens eight to ten, inserted throat, and two-lipped, with the upper lip
on a disk. 'Ovary three to five-celled. Fruit flattish or concave, and two-lobed, and the
a capsule opening by valves, which sepa- lower three-cleft, spreading, the middle
rate from a thick axis seeds numerous,
;
lobe being largest. There are four ascend
flat, winged, and anatropal, i. e., with ing stamens, the lower pair are shorter
the opening near the hilum, and the cha- than the others; the anthers have two pa-
laza at the opposite end. There are two rallel ceils. The apex of the style is sub-
suborders 1. Swieteniea' filaments of sta-
: :
equally bifid, with subulate lobes. The
mens united. 2. Cedrelew. filaments not nuculeis smooth. [W. C]
united. Natives of the tropics of America
and India, very rare in Africa. The plants CEDRUS. The name under which the
of this order are generally fragrant, aroma- Cedar of Lebanon, the Deodar or the Indian
tic, and tonic. Many supply compact Cedar,and the Mt.Atlas Cedar,are sometimes
beautifully-veined timber, such as the separated from other coniferous trees.
mahogany of tropical America (Swietenia The characters mainly relied on to distin-
Mahagoni), satin-wood of India (Chloro- guish the genus are the evergreen leaves
xylon Swietenia), yellow-wood of New disposed many together in bundles or fas-
South "Wales (Oxleya xanthoxyla), red-wood cicles, and the erect cones with their carpels
of Coromandel (Soy midafebrifuga), and the separating from the axis. The cedars are
toon of India or Simal-Kun of the Lep- now generally included in Abies. [T. M.]
chas (Cedrela Toona). A kind of oil is pro-
cured from satin-wood and the barks of
CEINBRA. (Fr.) Pinus Cembra.
;

Cedrela febrifuga, the mahogany tree and CELANDINE. The common name for
others, are used as remedies in intermit- Clielidonium. —
LESSER. Ranunculus
tent fevers, as well as in dyspeptic com- Ficaria. —
TREE. Bocconia frutescens.
plaints. There are nine known genera, and
twenty-five species. Swietenia., Soymida,
CELASTRACE^E. (Celastrinecr ; Spindle-
Flindersia, and Cedrela, serve as illustra-
trees.) A natural order of calycifloral poly-
peta'ous dicotyledons belonging to Lind-
tions, of the group. [J. H. B.]
ley's rhamnal alliance. Shrubs or small
CEDRELA. A genus of large trees, trees with alternate rarely opposite simple
giving its name to the order Cedrelacew. leaves, having stipules which fall off.
They bear compound leaves, regular flow- Flowers in axillary cymes, small, green
ers, five fertile stamens adherent to the white or purple sepals and petals four to
;

stalk which supports the five-celled ovary, five, imbricate, the petals sometimes
and five sterile stamens, which are very wanting stamens four to five, inserted on
;

small, or altogether absent. The fruit is a a large disk, which surrounds the ovary
capsule bursting by five pieces to liberate and encloses it. Fruit two to flve-celled,
the seeds, which are winged. The trees capsular or drupaceous (cherry-like) seeds ;

are natives of the tropical parts of Asia usually with an aril, albuminous, with a
and America, and are remarkable for their large straight embryo. Natives of the
fine timber, sometimes called Cedar-wood. warmer parts of Europe, North America, and
The trunk of C. odorata, a West Indian Asia, far more abundant beyond the tropics
tree, is sufficiently large to be hollowed than within them. Many inhabit the Cape
out into canoes ; this, which is of a brown of Good Hope, some occur in South Ame-
colour, and has a fragrant odour, is im- rica,and a few in New Holland. There are
ported under the name of Jamaica or Hon- two suborders 1. Euonymece fruit dry and
: :

duras Cedar. C. Toona, a native of Bengal capsular. 2. JEla?odendrece: fruit drupaceous

and other parts of India, furnishes timber or cherry-like. The plants of the order are
much like mahogany in appearance but more or less acrid in their properties
lighter. It is in great request, and is said Some yield oils. The spindle-trees have a
to be one of the woods known as Chitta- beautiful scarlet aril, which is derived from
gongwood. The bark is very astringent, the sides of the opening in the seed. The
 cela] Efje Creagttrg of SSfltang. 244

species of Euonymus in America, from entirely of cells. A more accurate acquaint-

!

their crimson capsules and arils, are called ance, however, with their anatomy has
burning-bush. Celastrus scandens from shown that vascular tissue exists in many
its aspect is denominated Wax-work in of the higher forms, and that even in
North America. The stimulating substance Fungi there are genera which possess true
j

called by the Arabs khat is procured from spiral vessels, while in one or two higher
Catha edulis. The wood of the European Algo3 the stem contains vascular threads,
spindle-tree is used for cannon gunpowder while the contents of the cells or endo-
in Prance. There are thirty-five known chrome are sometimes disposed in one or
genera, and 280 species. Illustrative more spiral bands. In botn, the cell-walls
genera: Euonymus, Celastrus, Ekeoden- themselves have occasionally a spiral
dron. [J H. B.]
•
structure. Podaxon amongst Fungi, and
Conferva Melagonium amongst Algce, afford
CELASTRUS. A genus which gives its excellent examples. [M. J. B.]
name to the family to which it belongs.
It is on the one hand allied to Euonymus, CELLULOSE. The primitive membrane,
from which it differs in its alternate leaves, free from all deposits of sedimentary or
and on the other to Catha, which embraces other matter. Its composition, according
spiny shrubs, whose seeds are furnished to the latest analysis, is C 24 H20 O 10.
with a small aril; whilst Celastrus is com-
posed of small unarmed scandent shrubs or CELOSIA. A genus of amaranthads,
consisting, with a few exceptions, of tro-
trees, having a large aril to their seeds.
Their leaves are alternate, entire or serrated picalannual plants, closely allied in their
with minute stipules. The flowers are structure to Amarantlius, with which they
small, green or white, and disposed in !
agree in having the flowers three-bracted,
terminal racemes or panicles. The name of I
a perianth of five-coloured scarious pieces,
the genus is derived from the C4reek, sig- two-celled anthers, and an utricular seed-
nifying the latter season. The ancients vessel splitting horizontally round when
considered the holly, the genista, and the ripe; but differ in their five stamens be-
celastrus, the trees which ripened their ing united at the base into a cup, in
fruit latest in the season. The
celastrus of having a more or less elongated style, and
however, supposed to have in the utricle containing several seeds,
the ancients is,
been a kind of Euonymus. C. scandens is a instead of but one only. It is important
climbing North American shrub, popularly to remark that the form of the C. cristata
known as Bitter-sweet or Wax-work. The or Cockscomb usually found in cultivation,
capsules are orange-coloured when mature, conveys a very incorrect idea of the inflo-
and the seeds reddish-brown, coated with a rescence of this genus, the broad flattened
bright orange or scarlet aril. It is some- stem with its terminal crest being a mon-
times planted as an ornamental climber strosity, resultingfrom the lateral adhesion
^because of its showy fruit. The seeds are of the stems and branches by a process
said to possess narcotic and stimulating termed by botanists fasciation. In its
qualities, while the bark is purgative and normal phase the C. cristata is of erect
habit, growing one to two feet high,
* emetic. The scarlet-coated seeds of C.
'

panicalatus, a common -Brnilnn species,

yield
-

an oil which is sometimes used for

with roundish striated stems pyramidally
branched nearly to the base, alternate
burning in lamps, and is in repute among leaves of a lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
native doctors. The seeds have a hot late form, and flowers in either loose
biting taste owing to a resinous matter pyramidal panicles or compact spikes.
contained in them. The plants comprised In the beautiful, but now little known
in this genus, commonly called Staff-trees, C. aurea of gardens, which is regarded by
are found in the temperate regions of botanists as but a form of cristata, only
tropical countries, and appear in greatest a few of the flowers at the base of the
number in the Himalayas. [A. A. B.] panicle are perfect, those of the summit
being abortive, and putting on the appear-
CELERIAC. A turnip-rooted variety ance of glossy yellow spirally-twisted
of the garden celery. scales, which gives the inflorescence a
tassel-like form. There is a red-flowered
CELERY. Apium graveolens. variety of taller growth, with the blossoms
CELLA. A name sometimes given to in compact conical spikes. There are
a form of the perithecium among fungals. several other species agreeing with these
in habit, but they are less ornamental, and
CELLS, CELLULES. Cavities in the possess little general interest. The flowers
interior of a plant. The cells of tissue of the Cockscomb are reputed to be as-
are those which form the interior of the tringent, and are employed in India in
elementary vesicles. Cells of the stem, diarrhoea and other maladies. [W. T.]
air-cells, &c, are spaces organically formed
by a peculiar building up of tissue, for CELSIA. A small genus of linariads
various vital purposes. distinguished by a wheel-shaped five-lobed
corolla, and didynamous bearded stamens.
CELLULAR SYSTEM. That part of the It is closely allied to Verbascum, which
plant which consists of cells or elementary differsfrom it chiefly in having five perfect
vesicles. stamens. The species are annual or
CELLULARES. A name given to cry- biennial plants, in the latter case some-
ptogams, from a notion that they consist times of shrubby habit, with entire or
 24:5 5Tt)C EvtKiuryi of ISotant?. [CENI

pinnatifid foliage, and spikes of bright of France, Italy, and Spain. It is pecu-
yellow mullein-like flowers. The biennial, ! liarly abundant in Provence and there is a
;

C. cretica, found both in Candia and j

celebrated tree at Aix, under which it is said
Northern Africa, is at the same time the I that the ancient sovereigns of Prussia deli-
best known and by far the showiest of the [
vered their edicts to the people. It ismuch
species. As cultivated in gardens, it attains :
used in the south of Italy and the south of
a height of four or five feet, having the i
France for planting squares and public
root-leaves of a lyrate form and the upper !
walks, when it is frequently found from
ones oblong, with a long terminal spike of , forty to fifty feet high, with a trunk from
large yellow blossoms, each of which arises '.

one and a-half to three feet in circum-

from the axil of a small leaf or bract. The ference. The wood is extremely compact,
corollas have two brownish spots on the ranking between that of the live-oak and
upper side near the centre, the two short- box for hardness and density. The wood
est stamens have their filaments bearded, !
of the branches is elastic and supple. Its
and the segments of the calyx are sharply i
compactness renders it susceptible of a
serrated. This plant affords a good ex- high polish, and when it is cut obliquely
ample of what is termed by botanists a across the fibres it very much resembles
decimate style, this organ, as well as the satin wood. It is used for furniture and
two longer stamens, being very much carving, and the branches are extensively
bent upwards. C. Arcturus, a dwarf half- j
employed in making hay-forks,coach-whips.
shrubby species, is sometimes met with in ramrods, and waiking-sticks (Loudon).
cottage-windows, and has, like the prece- The North American Nettle-tree, C. occiden-
ding, spikes of yellow flowers, but the talis, differs from the European species in
calvx seerments are all entire, and the having longer leaves, which are of a lighter
filaments all bearded. [W. TJ green, and in having the wood of a lighter
colour in winter. The American, C. crassi-
CELTI8. Nettle-tree. Handsome much- folia, Huckberry is a very distinct species,
branched deciduous trees belonging to the and one of the finest trees which compose
Ulmacecv, distinguished at once from the the dusky forests of the Ohio. The leaves
true elms by their bearing instead of a are larger, more acuminated, of a thick
membranous fruit a hard fleshy drupe, texture with a rough surface. The fruit is
which is edible, and, though small, is round, and about the size of a pea. The
remarkably sweet and said to be very j
Huckberry is found in the greatest abun-
wholesome. Several species have been I dance in the western states of America.
introduced into Great Britain. The Euro- 1

The timber is of little value. C. orientalis

pean Nettle-tree, C.australis, is a tree from and C. aculeata are low-spreading trees of
thirty to forty feet in height, with a inferior interest. French, Micocoulier :

straight trunk and a branched head. The German, Lotusbaum. [C. A. J.]
branches are long, slender and flexible,
with a grey bark spotted with white, and CENARRHENES. A genus of Protectees,
covered with a slight down at the extremi- found in Tasmania. Its flowers, which are
ties. The bark of the trunk is rich brown. apetalous, have four sepals with the points
The leaves are dark green, marked strongly attenuated; four stamens with free fila-
with the nerves on the lower side, and, ments, inserted at the base of the sepals ;

when young, covered with a yellowish and a filiform style with a simple stigma.
down. They are oval-lanceolate, termi- These flowers are borne on spikes, rather
nating in a point at the summit, and at shorter than the leaves. The fruit is a
the base having one side prolonged down single-seeded berry. C. nitida, the only
the petiole. The flowers are small greenish species, is a small tree about twenty-five
and inconspicuous, aud are produced at feet in height, with shining coriaceous spa-
the same time as the leaves. The fruit, thulate leaves, attenuated at the base, and
which, when ripe, is blackish and resembles remotely dentate, with a grooved petiole;
a very small withered wild cherry, is said they are from four to six inches in length
not to become edible until the first frosts, and about one inch in width. [R. H.]
and it hangs on until the following spring.
It is remarkably sweet, and is supposed to
CENCHRT7S. A genus of grasses belong-
ing to the tribe Panicece, and scarcely
have been the Lotus of the ancients, the
differing from Pennisetum, except in the
food of the Lotophagi, which Herodotus,
involucral scales being more hardened,
Dioscorides, and Theophrastus describe as
broader, and more or less connate at the
sweet, pleasant, and wholesome, and which
base. Steudel describes thirty species,
Homer says was so delicious as to make which are chiefly inhabitants of rather
thosewho ate it forget their native country. warm and dry countries, consequently
The berries are still eaten in Spain, and they require the protection of a conserva-
Dr. Walsh says that the modern Greeks are
tory when cultivated in Britain. [D. M.]
very fond of them. According to Dr.
Sibthorpe, they are called in modern Greece CENIA A genus of the composite order,
|
Honey-berries. The tree grows rapidly, having the flowers at the circumference of
j
more especially when once established and the heads either strap-shaped or with two
afterwards cut down, sometimes producing lips those in the centre tubular and four-
;

shoots, in the climate of London, six feet toothed the receptacle or part supporting
;

or eigbt feet in length. C. australis is the flowers inflated or hollow and the fruit
;

found on both the shores of the Mediter- two-ribbed, without any crown-like appen-
ranean, throughout the whole of the south dage. The name of the genus is from the
CENO] &fyt Ereatfurg ol 28fltang. 246
Greek word signifying hollow or void, in tum, which gives it a striking aspect and ;

allusion to the hollow receptacle. The C. Ragusina, a Dalmatian species, has simi-
species are natives of the Cape of Good lar foliage both these latter have yellow
:

Hope, and have alternate leaves, which are flower-heads.

twice pinnate, the divisions being long Of the annual species one of the most
and narrow. C. turbinate/, has been long remarkable is C. americanus or Plectoce-
known, having been introduced about the phalus americanus of some authors, which
beginning of the last century. [G. D.] has a stout erect stem four to five feet or
more high, oblong lance-shaped leaves, and
CENOBIUM. (adj. CENOBIONAR, CENO- very large capitules of a lilac-purple tint.
BIONEUS.) Such fruits as those of labiates, C. depressa is a pretty dwarf plant from
borageworts, &c, which consist of several the Caucasus, of somewhat procumbent
distinct lobes, not terminated by a style or habit, with entire lanceolate leaves, and
stigma. flowers of a fine blue. Better known than
CENOLOPHITJM. A genus of Umbelli- any of the preceding is the common Corn
feree, nearly related to Cnidium, but differ- Blue-bottle,C.C2/anMs, an indigenous species
ing in the mature seeds being enclosed in of tall slender growth, the foliage greyish,
a loose pericarp, as well as in the ribs of and the flowers, in their wild state mostly
the carpels being hollowed interiorly. C. of a light blue colour, but in gardens found
Fischeri, the only species, is a tall smooth varying from white to every shade of blue
perennial weed, common throughout Rus- and purple. [W. T.]
sia, and sometimes cultivated in botanic
gardens. It has many times ternate leaves,
CENTAURE'E DT7 NIL. (Fr.) Centaur ea
the segments narrow, lance-shaped, and
Crocoelilium. —
ODORANTE. Amberboa
nearly an inch in length small white odorata.
;
—
PETITE. Erythrcea Cen-
hemlock-like flowers, disposed in many- taur ium.
rayed umbels, with a general involucre CENTAURELLA. A North American
of one bract, and numerous narrow bracts genus of herbaceous plants, belonging to
to the partial involucres ; ovate-oblong the gentian family. It has terminal four-
nearly cylindrical fruits, each carpel having parted funnel-shaped flowers, and a one-
five sharp ribs, with an oil tube in each celled ovary, surmounted by a two-lobed
furrow, and two on the inner face. [A.A.B.] stigma. [M. T. MJ
CENTAUREA. An extensive and varied CENTAURIDITJM. A genus of Compo-
genus of composites, comprising both The only species, C. Drummondi, a
sites.
annual and perennial herbaceous or half- Texan plant, has great resemblance to some
shrubby plants, some of them common of the knapweeds, but belongs to a dif-
weeds, e. g., C. nigra, the Knapweed of our ferent section of the family. The plant is
pastures, while a certain number are es- biennial, a foot and a half high, much
teemed border flowers. They are distin- branched, with linear smooth jointed
guished by a globose or ovate involucre leaves, and single terminal yellow flower-
of many imbricated scales or leaflets which heads. The ray florets are strap-shaped
are either fringed at the tip or furnished and female ; those of the disc tubular and
with appendages varying in form and cha- perfect [A. A. BJ
racter; by a bristly receptacle; by the
florets being all tubular, the outer row
CENTAURY. Erythrcea Centaurium. —
usually much the larger, spreading and
AMERICAN. A common name for Sab-
batia.
sterile ; and by a compressed fruit, with
or without pappus of simple bristles, and CENTENILLE. (Fr.) Centunculus.
a lateral depression or hilum near the base. CENTINODE. (Fr.) Polygonum aviculare.
The species present great diversity of
habit and foliage, some being of prostrate CENTRADENIA. A genus of Melas-
growth, others quite erect while the
;
tomads, containing under- shrubs from
foliage varies from entire to pinnatifld Mexico and Central America, with four-
or bipinnatifld, and the flowers from white sided branches, and opposite leaves (gene-
to blue, yellow, and purple. rally unequal in size and unequal-sided),
Of the perennial species, one of the most which are ovate or lanceolate, entire, mem-
common in gardens is C. montana, which branous, and three-nerved. The racemes
grows one and a half foot high, and bears are few-flowered, axillary the flowers pink
;

entire lanceolate downy leaves, and large or white. Calyx tube four-sided, its limb
capitules, the outer florets of which are four-parted; petals four; stamens eight ; the
pale violet blue, and the central ones deep two larger anthers spurred, the others with
purple. C. macrocephala, an erect growing a glandular appendage to the connective ;
species, of stiff habit, with entire leaves, ovary free, four-celled, with a ring of hairs
stalked at the root but decurrent on the at the top. [J. T. S.]
stem, has large solitary flower-heads of a
fine yellow colour. In C. dealbata, with CENTRANTHERA. A small genus of
reddish purple flowers, the twice-pinnatifid Scrophularieicece, natives of tropical Asia
foliage is whitened on the under side, a and Australia. They are scabrous herba-
circumstance to which the name is due. ceous with generally opposite
plants,
C. candidissima, a native of the Levant, leaves, and almost sessile axillary flowers.
has the lyrately pinnatifld leaves clothed The calyx is compressed, and split down
on both surfaces with a white silky tomen- the inner margin, entire or two to five-
 247 Cijc €nra£urs rrf SSntanj?. [cent
toothed. The corolla tube is curved and ter; the ray florets few and female, those
dilated upwards its limb lias Ave broad
; of the disc numerous, and containing both
lobes, the two upper being innermost in stamens and pistil. The achenes are five-
the bud. There are two pairs of included angled, crowned with a pappus of nu-
stamens, having transverse two-celled an- merous unequal rough hairs, and seated
thers, with mucronate cells. The capsule on a flat receptacle furnished with short
is obtuse. [W. C] bristles. C. adpressum and C. reflexum
have been in cultivation, but their rose-
CENTRANTHUS. A small genus of va- coloured flowers, which smell of Hawthorn,
lerian-worts, consisting of smooth annual are very sparingly produced. [A. A. B.]
or perennial European plants, with mostly
entire opposite leaves, and small red or CENTROLEPI&. A genus of Desvaux-
white flowers in terminal corymbose pan- iacew, containing a few small tufted sedge-
icles, the flowers arranged unilaterally like herbs from Australia and Tasmania-
along the branches of the panicle. A Leaves setaceous, all radical scapes short,
;

slender tubular spurred corolla with a five- terminated by a simple spike contained in
lobed limb, one of the lobes standing a spathe formed by two slightly unequal
apart from the rest a single stamen a
; ; bracts (glumes of some authors); glumes
superior calyx of feathery pappus-like (.pales of those who consider the spathe-
appendages rolled inwards before the co- bracts as glumes) two, membranous, sta-
rolla falls, and only expanded as the fruit men one ovaries two to twelve, becoming
;

matures and a one-celled, one-seeded fruit

; utricles in fruit. [J. T. S.]
are the principal features of this genus.
It differs from Valeriana, in having a CENTROLOBIUM. A genus of legu-
spurred corolla and but one stamen. The minous trees found in Brazil, Guiana, and
pappose calyx is a pretty object under a Venezuela. Their leaves are a foot or
lens. The Red Valerian, C. ruber, formerly more in length, and unequally pinnate, the
known as Valeriana rubra, offers a good leaflets three to four inches in length, and,
example of the genus. It is said to be as well as all the young parts, clad with a
eaten as a salad in Southern Italy, and its rusty pubescence. The flowers are dis-
sweet-scented roots probably partake in posed in terminal panicles. The pod is the
some degree of the antispasmodic and most remarkable part of the plant it is ;

tonic properties occurring in the true va- like the fruit of the common Maple (Acer)
lerians. C. macrosiphon is a very pretty in form, and about nine inches in length,
annual species from Spain, with smooth the lower or seed-bearing portion globu-
hollow stem, broadly ovate sessile leaves, lar, and clad with long straight prickles,
entire, or pinnatifid, and very large co- the upper or winged portion thin, pa-
rymbs of rose-coloured flowers. [W. T.] pery in texture, about two and a half
inches in breadth, and bearing on its back
CENTRIFUGAL. A term applied to near the base a long straight spurred
those kinds of inflorescence which, like spine, which is the hardened style. C. pa-
the cyme, flower first at the point or centre, raense furnishes one of the most esteemed
and last at the base or circumference. timbers of the Orinoco ; its colour is bright
orange when fresh, but it fades to a brown
CENTRIPETAL. A term applied to
after exposure it is very strong, dense
;
those kinds of inflorescence which, like and durable. The name of the genus is
the spike or capitulum, flower first at the derived from the spur-like hardened style
base or circumference, and.last at the point which remains on the pod. [A. A. BJ
or centre.
CENTROCARPHA. A group of the CENTRON, or CENTRUM.. In Greek
composite family, differing in no way
compounds — calcar, a spur.
from Eudbeckia. The species referred to CENTROPAPPUS. A genus of the com-
it are N. American perennial herbs very posite family, found in Tasmania, nearly
frequently met with in gardens. Their allied to Senecio, and differing chiefly in
leaves are alternate, entire or lobed, and habit. The only known species, C. Bruno-
generally scabrous. The flower-heads are nis, is found about the upper limits of the
large and yellow, terminating the stem or forest on Mount Wellington, at an eleva-
j
branches. In C. grandifiora ("otherwise tion of 3,000 to 4,000 feet. It is a smooth
Eudbeckia grandifkrra), the flower-heads shrub, seven to ten feet high. The leaves
are sometimes more than six inches in are sessile, gathered together towards the
diameter, and much like those of the sun- ends of the branches, three to four inches
[A A. BJ
I

'
flower, but smaller. long, and one-quarter of an inch broad.
CENTROCLINIUM. A genus of the The flower-heads are in terminal corymbs,
and in form and appearance bear great re-
composite family, belonging to that sec-
semblance to those of the common yellow
tion of the order which has two-lipped
ragwort. [A. A. BJ
corollas. The four known species are herbs
or small shrubs found in the Peruvian CENTROPETALUM distichum and C.
Andes at an elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 feet. Warcsevnczi are two small epiphytal orchids
Their leaves are alternate, stalked, toothed from the mountains of tropical America,
or entire, and covered beneath, as well as with fleshy distichous leaves, and brownish
the stems, with a -white tomentum. The solitary flowers, with a broad lip adherent
purple flower-heads are axillary and single, to a hooded column. The pollen masses
on long stalks, and about an inch in diame- are four, free, attached in pairs to two
 cent] &1>z &xck$\ix\) at 25atann. 248

filiform curved caudicies which adhere to the Indian Archipelago, the Moluccas, and
a common gland. the Philippine Islands. They are twining
shrubs, with opposite coriaceous leaves,
CENTROPOGOK A genus of Lobeliacece, and umbels on interpetiolar and terminal
consisting of undershrubs with irregular peduncles, composed of many large yellow-
flowers on long axillary stalks. The five ish flowers. The calyx is five-parted. The
stamens are united into a tube, and spring limb of the corolla is deeply five-cleft and
from between the corolla, and a ring-like reflexed a hairy ring exists in the throat
;

fleshy five-lobed disc, surrounding the of the corolla around the base of the
inferior two-celled ovary. The two lower gynostegium, which is exserted. The sta-
anthers are terminated by an ovate tri- minal corona consists of five fleshy leaves
angular cartilaginous point. The plants inserted on the summit of the gynostegium
are natives of tropical America. [M.T.M.] and surpassing the stigma. The anthers
are surrounded by a spreading membrane
CENTROSEMA. A genus of prostrate which attaches them to the stigma the ;

or twining perennial plants belonging to pollen masses being oblong, with a pellucid
the Leguminosce, and distinguished from interior margin, and attached by short
its nearest allies by its having on the back processes. The pentagonal stigma is
and near the base of the standard a short lengthened out into a cone. The follicles
spur, from which circumstance the genus are solitary, long and cylindrical, and con-
receives its name. The species are almost tain numerous comose seeds. The hairy
entirely American, and the greater number ring in the throat of the corolla separates
are found in Brazil. The leaves are made this genus from Uoya, to which otherwise
up Ave or seven,
of three leaflets, rarely of it is very nearly related. C. multiflorum is
j

the leaflets opposite and the terminal one

|

a well-known handsome hothouse shrub,

rather distant,; in two species they are often called Cyrtoceras reflexum. [W, C]
digitately arranged and from three to five
in number, while in a few others but one CENTUNCULUS. Bastard Pimpernel.
leaflet is present. The large and elegant
pea-like flowers are single or in axillary
A minute herbaceous plant belonging to
the Primulacece, and closely allied to Anagul-
racemes, and white violet rose or blue in lis, from which it may at once be distin-
colour. The pods are very narrow, com- guished by its four-parted flowers and four
pressed, thickened at both sides, and ter- stamens, which are glabrous. The whole
minating in a long point ; in some of the plant consists of a small fibrous root, a
species they are eight inches long. The simple or slightly-branched stem, which
leaves of G. macrocarpum are eaten in rarely exceeds an inch and ahalf in height,
Guiana. C. virginianum is found in Brazil from a dozen to twenty, or less, ovate-
and "West Africa, as well as in the United pointed sessile leaves, and a few solitary
States. Upwards of twenty species are sessile flowers of a pinkish hue and of
known. [A. A. B.]
very short duration. The seed-vessels
CENTROSIS. Corymbis. resemble those of pimpernel, for a starved
specimen of which the plant might be
CENTROSOLENIA. A genus of Gesne- mistaken. It grows in many parts of Great
racece from British Guiana, founded on a Britain in sandy or gravelly places, espe-
single plant, which has a short creeping cially where water has stood during the
stem, subcordate petiolate leaves, and soli- winter, and not unfrequently in company
tary axillary peduncles, sometimes bearing with another minute plant, Badiola Mille-
many pedicels. The calyx is five-parted grana. French, Centenille bassette; Ger-
with serrate segments the tube of the
; man, Centunkel. [0. A. J.]
corolla has a spur at its base, and the limb
is slightly expanded into five small broad CEPHAELIS. The plant producing the
lobes. The four included didynameus true Ipecacuanha belongs to this genus
stamens, with the rudimentary fifth, are of Cinchonacece, which is characterised ]

inserted in the base of the tube. The by its flowers being collected together In
ovary is oblong-conical and hairy. This heads surrounded by a leafy involucre;
genus is evidently allied to Nematanthus, the limb of the calyx very small and five-
but the spur of the flower, coupled with toothed; the corolla funnel-shaped with
the habit and the toothed segments of the five small lobes ; the anthers inclosed
calyx, distinguish it. [W. C] within the corolla and the fruit succulent
;

with two compartments, each containing a

CENTROSPERMUM. The name some- single seed, striated on the outer side.
times given to an annual cornfield "weed of
Spain and Algeria, very near to the genus
The Ipecacuanha plant is a native of
Brazil. Its root, the part used in medicine,
Clirysanthemum, and very like our own
is flexuose but little branched, and the
corn-marigold, Chrysanthemum segetum,
rind is marked by a number of circular
The achenes in the last-named plant are projecting knots or rings which are very
naked at top, but in this, Ch. viscosum,
characteristic. The stem is creeping and
those of the ray florets have a pappus of
herbaceous, with oblong obovate leaves
I

three, and those of the disc of one awn,

and drooping heads of The emetic
I

flowers.
while the stems are smooth and not
properties of the root are due to a
clammy. [A. A. B.]
chemical principle called emetin.
CENTROSTEMMA. A genus of Asclejna- Ipecacuanha is largely employed in medi-
dacew, containing five species, natives of cine as a safe emetic, and in smaller
 249 Cf)C Crea£uri? al aSotanj). [CEPH

quantities it acts on the skin, but espe- the leaves, which surround the heads of
cially on the bronchial passages. Some flowers, shorter than "the appendages which
persons are so susceptible to the influence are attached to the surface supporting the
of this drug that they cannot remain in a flowers. The covering, technically called
room where there is Ipecacuanha without involucel, which surrounds each flower, is
severe suffering. It is likewise highly four-sided, with eight grooves, and four to
esteemed in dysentery, though not so eight teeth at the margin. The name of
much so now as formerly. Louis XIV. the genus is derived from the Greek word
paid 1000 Louis d'or to a physician named signifying a 'head,' indicating the form
Helvetius for the purchase of a remedy for assumed by the groups of flowers. There
dysentery, under which the Dauphin was are about twenty species known, some of
then suffering. This remedy was Ipeca- which are natives of Middle Europe,
cuanha. Helvetius derived his knowledge others occur in X. Asia and at the Cape;
of it from a merchant, who from gratitude tney are mostly perennial herbs, a few
for attention paid him during illness, by being annual, with opposite leaves, which
Helvetius, gave the latter some of the are either toothed or deeply divided the ;

root as a remedy for dysentery. [M. T. M.] flowers white, yellow, or lilac. [G. D.]

CEPHALAXDRA. A dioecious climbing CEPHALELTXA. A section of Evelyna.

cucurbitaceous plant, native of the Cape CEPHALIUM. A peculiar woolly en-
of Good Hope, with thickened branches, largement of the apex of the stem of
simple tendrils, and large orange-yellow Melocactus, among whose hairs the flowers
flowers with a five-toothed calyx. The five appear.
stamens grow in three parcels, inserted
i

into the base of the corolla, and are ad- J

CEPHALODIP/M. A
knob-like shield,
herent at the top into a globose head bearing such as occurs in the genus Scyphoplwrus.
the anthers— hence the name of the genus. Also the capitulum of composites.
The fruit is of the size of a pigeon's egg, CEPHALOMAXES. A name under which
and of a purple colour.
j

[M. T. M.] it has been proposed to separate a few

CEPHAL AXTHERA. A genus of orchids species of Trichomanes, typified by T.
cut off by Richard from Epipactis, which javanicum. It is not generally adopted.
the species entirely resemble in their CEPHALOPHORPM. A term employed
tough fibrous roots and broad ribbed among fungals, sometimes to denote their
leaves, not only clothing the whole stem,
receptacle, sometimes their stipe.
but passing gradually into bracts. It
differs from Epipactis in its anthers being j
CEPHALOTACEiE. The Australian
terminal, as in Arethusa, not dorsal. The Pitcher-plant, Cephalotus follicularis, a
species have nearly regular white or red curious herb, with radical leaves mingled
half-closed flowers with a saccate hypochil, with pitchers, is a plant of very doubtful
and do not occur in the Xew "World or affinity. It has been considered provision-
the southern hemisphere. In the Old they ally as a distinct family, bearing the name
are found from Western Europe to the of Cephalotacece. It has been compared
extremest East of Asia, in the Japanese with Rosacea?, Crassulacece, and Ranun-
Archipelago. C. pallens, ensifolia, and culacere but it will probably ultimately
;

rubra are wild in woods in this country. find its place amongst or in the imme-
diate neighbourhood of the Saxifragacece.
CEPHALAXTHIOI. The capitulum or
flower-head of composites. CEPHALOTAXP/S. A genus of Coni-
\
ferce of the tribe or family of Taxacece,
CEPHALAXTHPS. A name expressive nearly allied to the yew (Taxus), in general
of the aggregation of the flowers into and essential characters;
habit, foliage,
heads, and applied to a genus of cmcho- 1
but the male flowers are in small heads,
naceous plants called in Xorth America consisting of several closely-clustered
Button-wood. The calyx is tubular with catkins, and the fleshy disk, instead of
an angular four-toothed limb the corolla
; forming an open cup round the base of the
tubular, with a four-toothed limb; the seed, completely closes over it into an
stamens four in number, scarcely pro- entire pericarp, two or three of these
truding from the corolla; the style pro- fruits being collected into a drupe-like
truded for a considerable distance from head. There are four or five speciesknown,
I
the throat of the corolla and the stigma
; all from Japan or Xorth China, one of
capitate. The fruit is inversely pyramidal which, C. Fortuni, is now frequently planted
in shape, crowned by the limb of the in our collections of conifers.
calyx, two to four-celled, each cell or com-
partment containing one seed, or some- CEPHALOTPS. A genus of very singu-
times two of the seeds are absent. The lar dwarf pitcher-plants. C. follicularis,
seeds are terminated by a small thickened the only species, is a native of swampy
knob at one end. C. occidentalis is a bushy places in King George's Sound, and may
frequently be met with in gardens. It has a
shrub with leaves opposite, or sometimes
three in a whorl, and yellowish white very short or contracted stem, with spoon-
flowers in round heads of the size of a shaped stalked leaves, among which are
marble. mingled small pitcher-like bodies, placed
[M. T. M.]
on short stout stalks, and closed at the top
CEPHALARIA. A semis belonging to with lids like the true pitcher-plants
the teazelworts, characterised by having (Nepenthes) These pitchers are of a green
.
 ceph] GTije Ercagurj) of 2Sfltatig. 250
colour, spotted with purple or brown, and which are entire and spathulate in form-
provided with hairs; the mouth furnished From the axils of these the flower-heads
with a thickened and regularly notched proceed; they are solitary, of a pale
rim. The flowers are borne on a long yellow colour, and placed on stalks hardly
spike, and have a coloured six-parted as long as the leaves. The name Ceradia
calyx, without a corolla; twelve stamens, has allusion to the horned appearance of
six longer than the rest, inserted into a the branches. From the wounded stems
disc, the anthers provided with a large of the plant exude small tears of a gum
connective. There are six distinct carpels, resin, which in burning has a smell re-
each bearing a single seed. Dr. Hooker in sembling that of myrrh, and has been
a valuable paper on Nepenthes in the caUed African Bdellium. [A. A. B.]
Transactions of the Linnwan Society, says
CE'RAISTE COMMUNE. (Fr.) Any wild
Cerastium.
CERAMIACE^E. A division of rose-
spored Algce distinguished amongst those
which have their spores collected without
order within a hyaline sac (Gongylosper-
meoe), by the capsular fruit being either
naked or surrounded by a whorl of threads.
The external walls of the capsule vary in
character, and are sometimes membranous
(favella), as if formed of a transformed
mother cell. The frond is either compound
or simple and filamentous. [M. J. BJ

CERAMIDIA. A name given to the

globose ovate or conical capsules of rose-
spored Algce, mostly opening by a terminal
pore, and quite distinct from the frond.
They are, however, sometimes difficult to
distinguish from coccidia. Examples are
Cephalotus follicularis.
afforded by Laurencia. [M. J. B.]

that there are no intermediate stages CERAMITJM. A genus of articulated

between the ordinary leaves and the pitch- rose-spored Algw known at once by its
ers of Cephalotus, but that the transition central thread being covered at intervals
from one to the other is as sudden and with a layer of cells which give it a knotted
abrupt as from the cotyledons to the appearance. Sometimes the sepals project
pitchers in the seedling Nepenthes des- so as to give the frond somewhat the
cribed by him. The writer of this notice, appearance of the stem of Equisetum.
however, has on more than one occasion The tetraspores are sunk in the frond.
observed intermediate stages between the Capsular fruit, consisting of a hyaline cell
leaves and pitchers of this Australian containing many angular spores. Several
Pitcher-plant, in the shape of leafstalks species occur on the coast, one or two of
dilated and hollowed out at the point in which are amongst the most ordinary
the form of a horn, or of the mouth of a parasites, upon larger sea-weeds. C. rubrum
trumpet. [M. T. M.] is one of the sea-weeds most commonly
collected by summer visitors of our coasts,
CEPHALOXYS. A section of the rush abounding in company with the more deli-
genus (Juncus) containing such species as cate C. pellucidum in almost every little
have the capsule perfectly three-celled, pool amongst the rocks. [M.J. B.J
the valves breaking away from the par- The name is also a synonym of Didy-
titions, which remain attached to the mochkena, a peculiar genus of South
central columella. The J. repens of the Amencanferns. [T. M.J
southern states of North America is the
type of this section. [J. T. S.J
CERANAIBA. The Brazilian name of
a Palm called Copemicia cerifera.
CEPHALUM. In Greek compounds = CERASTIUM. A rather extensive genus
the head, or terminal mass, or thickened of Caryophyllacece, containing small white-
end of anything. flowered plants, generally called Mouse-ear
CERA DE PALMA. The Peruvian Chickweeds. Many of them are annuals, and
name for the waxy resinous matter secre- are more or less hairy or glandular. They
ted by the wax-palm, Ceroxylon andicola. are distinguished from other genera of Al-
sinece, by their cylindrical capsule opening
CERACEUS, CEREUS. Having the con- by twice as many teeth as there are styles,
sistence or appearance of wax. the latter being usually five. The petals
CERADIA. A genus of the composite are generally bifid. The number of sepals,
family found on the south-west coast of petals, and stamens varies ; it is generally
Africa. The only known species, C.furcata, five in the two former, and ten in the
is a shrub with fleshy horned and forking staminal whorl. Several species occur in *

stems, bearing on their apex a number of Britain. C. trigynum is an Alpine decum-

bright green succulent veinless leaves., bent plant with only three styles, while in !
 :

251 &\)C Ercasfurg ai 33atan». [CERA

all the other British species there are five. cakes. C. Mahaleb, a native of the middle
C. alpinum and C. latifolium are Alpine and south of Europe, is remarkable for the
plants with erect flowering stems, and fragrance of its flowers, which, as well as
petals much longer than the calyx; the the leaves are used by perfumers. A de-
former has soft, the latter short rigid coction of the leaves is also used in the
pubescence. C. arvense is a common manufacture of tobacco in France. The
English plant, somewhat resembling the wood is prized by cabinet-makers, and in
last two, but with much narrower hairs, Austria the small branches are used for
and the bracts and sepals membranous at pipe-stems. C. virginiana, an American
the edges. The other species have the tree, frequently cultivated in this country,
petals scarcely exceeding the calyx, and affords valuable wood for cabinet makers.
often shorter than it. [J. T. S.] Its bark is astringent and is esteemed for
its febrifugal properties. From the fruits
CERASUS. A genus of Drupaceae, fre- a liqueur is made, and when dried they are
quently combined with Primus, but distin- mixed with pemmican. C. Capollim, a
guishable by having the following charac- native of Mexico, has also febrifugal
ters. The young leaves are folded in properties. The rind of the root is used in
halves the flowers are arranged in umbel-
: cases of dysentery, and by tanners. The
like tufts, appearing before the leaves or leaves and kernels of this, and indeed of
in terminal racemes which are produced most of the species, contain a greater or
with the leaves; the fruit is nearly less proportion of prussic acid thus the
;

globular in shape, destitute of the mealy leaves of C. virginiana are dangerous on

bloom of the plum, or the down of the apri- this account. C. Capricida derives its
cot, and having a roundish smooth stone. specific name from its fatal effects when
There are many species of this genus eaten by goats in Nepal. It is this gene-
distributed over the temperate regions of rally minute quantity of hydrocyanic or
both hemispheres; but as they are very prussic acid that renders so many of these
subject to variations in habit and appear- fruits useful for flavouring liqueurs ;
ance, their discrimination is a matter of among ethers the kernels of C. occiden-
great difficulty. C. Avium, the Wild-cherry talis are used for flavouring noyeau.
or Gean, is a native of Britain it is a tree
; The species heretofore mentioned have
producing no suckers, its flower-buds are all deciduous leaves, but there are two
destitute of leafy scales, and the flesh of well-known species, that have evergreen
the fruit adheres to the stone, so as not to leaves. One is C. lusitanica, commonly
be readily separated from it. G. vulgaris is called the Portugal laurel (though it has
also a native of Britain; it is a shrubby no botanical affinity with the true laurels
plant, throwing up numerous suckers from see Lauras), which is one of the com-
its roots, the flower-buds have leafy scales, monest of evergreen shrubs, very hardy
and the flesh of the fruit is readily sepa- and very ornamental, especially when in
rable from the stone. The wood of these flower. The leaves are dark green with
trees is in great request in France, where reddish stalks the flowers white, in clus-
;

mahogany is less common than with us ; ters; and the fruits small, dark purple.
1

it employed by cabinet-makers and

is These latter are much relished by birds.
j
musical-instrument makers. The bark One of the largest bushes of this species
I also affords a yellow dye, while the leaves is in the Duke of Marlborough's park at
I are said to be used to mix with tea. The Blenheim. The other common evergreen
1

fruits of C. Avium are employed in Switzer- I species is C. Laurocerasus, the Cherry-

, land and various parts of Germany in the laurel, or Common laurel as it is usually
I
distillation of a cheap spirit known as called. This has widely lance-shaped re-
|
kirschewasser. Maraschino, ratafia and motely serrate leaves of a bright shining
other liqueurs are made in part from the green colour above, dull on the lower sur-
!
fruits of this tree or some of its varieties. face. The leaves, bark, and fruit, as well as
The stalks of the fruits are said to be the oil obtained from them, are more or
1

I
employed in France as a diuretic. A
kind of less poisonous. The vapour of the bruised
: gum, analogous to tragacanth, exudes in leaves Is sufficient to destroy small insects.
I
great abundance from these and also Cherry-laurel water is a watery solution of
|
from other species of this genus. It is the volatile oil of this plant; it contains
|
employed by hat-makers and others. A prussic acid, and its effects, medicinal and
double-flowered variety of C. vulgaris is in poisonous, are similar to those of that
cultivation ; its flowers are very showy acid. Sweetmeats, custards, &c, flavoured
and interesting botanically from the fact with the leaves of this plant have occasion-
that the pistil is replaced by two small ally proved fatal; hence it is better to dis-
green leaves. C. Padus, the Bird-cherry. card the use of these leaves altogether for
is also a native of the British Isles; in these purposes, and to employ the leaves
Scotland it is known as the Hagberry. of the Sweet Bay, Laurus nobilis, instead,
It differs from the foregoing in the flowers as these are equally agreeable in flavour,
being arranged in terminal clusters or and harmless. The Cherry -laurel was in-
racemes. The fruit is small, black, and troduced into this country from the
nauseous to the taste. In the north of j
Levant in the sixteenth century. [M.T.M.]
Europe it enters into the formation of a The numerous varieties of cultivated
palatable liqueur; the juice is also ex- |
Cherries have in all probability originated
pressed and drunk with milk, while the from C. Avium and C. vulgaris. Those be-
residue of the fruit is kneaded up into ] longing to C. Avium, of which the Bigar-
 ;

CERA] Wf)t €rca£urg at MaUny. 252

reau and the Black Heart maybe instanced whence the original Cherry was brought to
as typical of the better kinds, have gene- Europe. It is cultivated in gardens always
rally large pendent leaves, waved on the as a standard, and by a graft. The gardens
margin, with sharp prominent veins be- consist wholly of cherry-trees, and each
neath, coarsely serrated, of thinner texture, garden occupies several acres of ground.
and of a more yellowish-green colour than You are permitted to enter these, and eat
those of the G. vulgaris buds pointed flow-
; ; as much fruit as you please, without pay-
ers large, proceeding from wood of not less ment; but if you wish to take any with
than two years old petals loosely set; sta-
;
you, you pay about a halfpenny per pound.
mens slender, irregular in length, some be- The second variety is an amber-coloured
ing longer and others shorter than the style. transparent Cherry of a delicious flavour.
From C. vulgaris are derived such varieties It grows in the woods in the interior of
as the May Duke, Kentish, and Morello. Asia Minor, particularly on the banks of
The leaves are generally smaller than those the Sakari,the ancient Sangarius. The trees
of the preceding species, and have their attain a gigantic size they are ascended by
;

margins plain, with the veins beneath as perpendicular ladders suspended from the
they approach the margin scarcely at all lowest branches. The trunk of one which
prominent, the parenchyma or fleshy I measured was five feet in circumference
substance of the leaves being much and the height where the first branches
thicker than in the former their colour
; issued forty feet from the summit of the
;

is deep green petioles comparatively short

;
highest branch was from ninety to 100
and thick, supporting the leaves nearly feet ; and this immense tree was loaded
erect petals roundish, forming a regular
; with fruit.'
cup-shaped flower, with strong stamens, From a country naturally so favourable
generally shorter than the style. Fruit to the growth of the Cherry, it is probable
round, roundish heart-shaped, or oblate, that Lucullus may have brought some va-
with aqueous flesh colour red, dark red,
; from any known at Rome;
rieties different
or nearly black, none being white, nor white but, being indigenous to Italy, Cherries
and red. must have been familiarly recognized by a
Both these species appear to be natives name common to them in the south of
of Europe, although Pliny states that there Em-ope long before the Romans extended
were no Cherries in Italy before the victory their conquests as far as Asia Minor. In
obtained over Mithridates by Lucullus,who consequence of Pliny's statement, the ex-
was, according to the above author, the istence of the Cherry as a native of Britain
first who brought them to Rome, about has been questioned but Mr. Knight was
;

sixty-eight years before the Christian era. of opinion that Pliny must have meant a
'

It is also stated by the same authority cultivated variety of the Cherry, of which
that, in less than 120 years after, other
'
the Romans had many in his time for the ;

lands had Cherries, even as far as Britain small black Cherry which abounds in our
beyond the ocean.' Pliny's statements, woods has much too permanent habits to
Professor Taglioni observes, gave rise to have been derived from any cultivated
the tale, so generally received as a fact, variety.' The species to which Mr. Knight
that Cherries came originally from Cera- alludes is the C. Avium or C. sylvestris,
sonte, now Zefano, and were therefore commonly to be met with in the woods of
called Cerasus by the Latins. It may be this and other countries of Europe. Some
here observed that nearly all the names of of its varieties are occasionally found
the Cherry in the south of Europe and almost equal in size and quality to the cul-
Germanic languages are derived from the tivated sorts. Among these may be men-
Ke'pa<ros of the Greeks. Now, Decandolle tioned the Couronne Cherry, so called
says that the Cherry tree is decidedly wild from its being as black as a crow, which
in Europe, and especially in Greece, where reproduces itself from seed, and is very
it had existed from a very early period, abundant in several parts of England, and
for mentioned by Theophrastus b.c.
it is particularly in Hertfordshire. C. vulgaris
300, more than two centuries before its does not appear to be in general so plen-
reputed first introduction to Rome by tiful as C. Avium yet there is a variety
;

Lucullus from Cerasonte. Some authors of it which grows wild, abundantly, by

are therefore of opinion that the name of the sides of the Como Lake in Italy, and
that city had been derived from the tree, which proves to be a sort of Morello, but
previously known as Cerasus in the south smaller and more round than the common.
of Europe, and not that of the tree in Varieties resembling it, and evidently be-
question from the city. In the gardens of longing to the same species, have also
the latter, and in the surrounding country, been found wild in Britain.
Cherry-trees may have been so remarkably With regard to the present race of cul-
abundant as to occasion its being distin- tivated Cherries, doubtless many of them
guished by their name. were introduced from Holland and Bel-
When the Rev. Dr. Walsh visited Turkey gium. Evelyn says, It was owing to the
'

in 1824, amongst other plants of which he plain industry of one Richard Haines, a
gave an account (Trans. Hort.Soc.vi. 32), printer to King Henry VIII., that the
he mentions the abundance of Cherry- fields and environs of about thirty towns,
trees as follows: 'Primus Cerasus, two in Kent only, were planted with fruit trees
varieties. The first of these varieties is a from Flanders, to the unusual benefit and
Cherry of enormous size, that grows along general improvement of that county to
the northern coast of Asia Minor, from this day.' The Kentish, sometimes called
 253 Kfyz eTrcaSurg at 28ntang. [CERA

]
the Flemish, had probably been introduced in whorls of four, very narrow and spread
•
at the above period, and likewise the Big- ing. Flowers brownish, and very small,
arreau the former is the Cerise de Mont-
;
solitary in the axils of the upper leaves.
A
!

morency, and had most likely been ob- '

native of South Carolina, on the Edisto
i tained by the Dutch from France but it ; River, where it covers a space 300 or 400
would appear from Knoop that the Bigar- yards in width, and two or three miles
reau tribe of Cherries had been introduced long, which appears to have been a sand-
I

! to the Continent from Spain for, he says,

;
bank formed by some of the ancient
;
in Germany and the Netherlands these are freshets of the river. According to Pursh,
I called Spanish Cherries {Spaense Eersen). it is also found in the gravelly dry soil of
I
The cultivated varieties are now very Georgia and Florida and in great plenty
;

:
numerous in this country. The following on the islands at the mouth of St. Mary's
; rank among the best May Duke, Knight's
:
River.' (Loudon.) [C. A. J.]
1
Early Black, Elton, Bigarreau, Florence, CERATITES. A name
applied by Link
Kentish and Morello. The last two are to the long rag.ced species of jEcidium
i not properly dessert kinds, but are other- which grow on the leaves of the moun-
! wise very useful. The Kentish is chiefly tain ash and whitethorn, sometimes at-
i used for pies its stalk is so strongly
;
tacking the fruit of the latter and distort-
attached to the stone that the latter may ing it. They are now placed in the genus
i be withdrawn from the fruit by it, so as to Ecestelia, to which we shall have occasion
, leave the cherry apparently whole, and in to refer hereafter. [M. J B.] .

this state the fruit is laid on hair sieves

and exposed to the sun, where it dries like CERATITJM. This
usually called a
is
] a sultana raisin, becomes a delicious capsula siliquiformis. A long slender
sweet-meat, and will keep thus for twelve horn-like one-celled superior fruit, as in
I

months. The Morello is the sort chiefly Eypecoum.

I
employed for preserving in brandy. CERATOCALYX. A genus of Oroban-
Several highly-esteemed liqueurs are chacece,containing a single species, para-
I prepared from Cherries. The German siticupon the roots of other plants, a
i
Kirschwasser is made by distilling the fer- native of mountains in Spain. It has a
! mented juice of the pulp with which the simple scaly stem, and solitary sessile
stones and kernels are ground and mixed. flowers in the axils of the bracts, like Oro-
,
Maraschino, the most celebrated liqueur of banche, from which it scarcely differs,
Italy, is also obtained by the distillation except in the structure of the calyx, which
of a small black Cherry, with which, while
i

is gamosepalous, with a campanulate tube

fermenting, honey, some cherry leaves, and lengthened out laterally into two acute
j

the kernels of the fruit, are mixed. The narrow lobes, truncate before and behind,
celebrated Ratafia of Grenoble is prepared and exhibiting no traces of the union
from pounded Cherries, to which brandy, of the sepals. [W. C]
sugar, and spices are added, the mixture
being then placed in the sun or near a fire. CERATOCAPNOS. A genus of Fumari- ;

The gum of the Cherry tree closely resem- acece, the four petals of which are spurred
i bles gum Arabic in its nature and proper- at the base and two-lobed at the apex; |

ties. The wood is hard and tough, and is stamens six, united into two bundles ; >

used by the cabinet-makers. It has been style simple, deciduous. Fruit either a one-
I
occasionallv employed for rifle stocks in- seeded nut, marked with five ribs, and !

, stead of walnut. [R. TJ terminated by a long beak or a lance- i

shaped pointed capsule, two-valved and

I
CERATANDRA. Under this name are two-seeded, the valves marked with five
collected several species of terrestrial
j
rifts. The plants are scrambling shrubs,
Orchids, inhabiting the Cape of Good Hope.
j
natives of Syria and Algeria. [M. T. M.]
They have grassy leaves, covering the i

: scape, and closely packed green or yellow CERATOCEPHALUS. A small genus of i

1
flowers, turning black in drying. The Ranunculacece, natives of Central and <

anther is a great inverted horseshoe- Southern Europe. They are small annuals
shaped body the lip, which is heart-shaped
; covered with cottony hairs, having many- j

I or angular, and bears some kind of process cleft radical leaves, and numerous short
j
in its middle, is attached to the face of the one-flowered scapes calyx with five
;

!
column by a narrow unguis. The species sepals petals five, small, yellow stamens
; :

j
grow in sand, into which they introduce five to fifteen ovaries numerous. Achenes
;

long succulent hairy fibres ; they seem to in an oblong spike on the receptacle; they
|
be uncultivable. have two protuberances and two empty
cells at the base, and terminate in sword-
CERATIOLA. A small heath-like ever-
shaped beaks, about half an inch long
;
green shrub, belonging to the Empetra- when mature. This beak which charac-
ceae, among which it is distinguished by
terises the genus, is curved upwards in the
i

its two-leaved membranaceous calyx, with

i

four scales at the base, two petals, and two

commonest species, C./alcatus, but is nearly
straight in C.orthoceras. [J. T. SJ
1

stamens. C. erico'ides, the only species, is

j
an upright much-branched shrub, greatly CERATOCHILUS. Under this name
resembling a heath, and varying from two stand three very little known diminu-
to eight feet high the branches are erect,.
; tive orchids with simple stems, fleshy dis-
I
somewhat whorled, and marked with the tichous leaves, andminute axillary flowers.
|
scars of the fallen leaves the leaves are
; They inhabit trees iu Java, where they
 ;

live among mosses which partly conceal cattle; but although they form an agree-
them. The supposed genus Omoca is one able article of food, they do not possess
of the species. The Ceratochilus of Lod- much real nutritive property, the saccha-
diges' Botanical Cabinet is Stanhopea. rine matter belonging to the class of foods
termed carbonaceous or heat-givers, the
CERATOCHLOA. A genus of grasses seeds alone possessing nitrogenous or
belonging to the Festucece; only one flesh-forming materials, and these are so
species has been described, namely, C.
small and hard that they are apt to escape
pendula, •which is Bromus Schracleri, a
mastication. They form one of the ingre-
native of Carolina. [D. M.]
dients in the much-vaunted cattle-foods
CERATODACTYLIS. A synonyme of at present so extensively advertised, the
Llavea cordifolia, a beautiful Mexican green tint of these foods arising from this
fern. [T. M.] admixture. Some years ago they were
sold by chemists at a high price, and were
CERATOGONTJM. A genus of Polygo- used by singers who imagined that they
nacece founded on a plant cultivated in the softened and cleared the voice. By fer-
Calcutta Botanic Garden. The leaves I

mentation and distillation they yield a

are stalked, ovate-triangular or hastate, spirit which retains the agreeable flavour
with ochreate stipules, cilated at the apex, of the pod.
and extra-axillary lax filiform flower-spikes. Besides the name of Carob-beans, these
The flowers are monceciously polygamous, pods are also commonly called Locust-pods,
the males with a five-parted coloured calyx, I

or St. John's Bread, in consequence of its

while that of the perfect flowers consists of
I

having once been supposed that they

six segments in two rows, the three inner '.

formed the food of St. John in the wilder-

ones petaloid, the three outer leathery, in- '

ness, but it is now more generally admitted

serted into a tube; stamens eight; nut
that the locusts of St. John wei-e the
adhering to thetubeof perianth. [J. T. SJ j

animals so called, and which are at the

CERATONIA. A genus of leguminous '
present day used as food in Eastern coun-
plants remarkable on account of its flowers i
tries. There is more reason, however, for
being destitute of a corolla, having only entertaining the belief that these pods
a small five-parted calyx, five stamens, i were the husks mentioned in the parable
and a pistil with a sessile stigma. The of the prodigal son. The small seeds are
male and female organs are occasionally I
said to have been the original carat weight
produced in distinct flowers on different used by jewellers. [A. SJ
trees.
C. Siliqua, the only species, is a native of
I CERATOPETALTJM. A genus of Aus-
tralian shrubs or small trees, belonging to
the European, African, and Asiatic coun-
Cunoniacem. The leaves are opposite, ter-
tries bordering on the Mediterranean,
nate, with the leaflets coriaceous, serrated,
where it forms a small branching tree
the stipules somewhat leaf-like, caducous.
about thirty feet in height, having wood
of a pretty pinkish hue. Its pinnate i
The flowers are small yellow in terminal
panicles the calyx tube is adherent to the
leaves are composed of two or three pairs ;

ovary, and the limb is five-parted; petals

of oval blunt-topped leaflets, of a leathery [

five, cut into a frinse of linear segments

texture, and a shining dark-green colour.
The flowers are in small red racemes and stamens ten, the anthers beaked capsule
;

one-seeded, gaping at the apex, and.crowned

;

are succeeded by flat pods, from six inches |

to a foot in length, an inch or rather more

bv the calyx limb. They have a gummy
secretion. [J. T. S.]
in width, and scarcely a quarter of an inch
in thickness, of a shining dark purplish- CERATOPHYLLUM. CERATOPHYL-
brown colour they do not split open like
;
I
LACE^E. An aquatic floating herb,
many other pods, and contain numerous I
with numerous verticillate linear-filiform
small seeds arranged in a line along the leaves several times forked and minute
;

centre of the pod, each seed being con- !

sessile unisexual flowers of the most sim-
tained in a separate cell formed by the j
pie construction. There is no real peri-
fleshy pulp of the pod. The tree is exten- anth, but each flower is surrounded by a
sively cultivated in many of the above- whorl of minute bracts the males consist
;

mentioned countries, especially in such as of twelve to twenty oblong sessile anthers;

suffer from periodical drought, its long the females of a small ovary with a simple
roots penetrating to a great depth in style, and containing a single pendulous
search of water. It is called Algaroba ovule. The fruit is a small nut, smooth
by the Spaniards, and Kharoub by the or more or less armed with prickly ap-
Arabs, whence comes our English name pendages, the seed has no albumen, and
Carob or Caroub, the pods being called the embryo is remarkable for a highly de-
carob-pods, or carob-beans, or sometimes veloped placenta. The plant has some
sugar pods. These pods contain a large general resemblance to the aquatic Ha-
quantity of agreeably flavoured mucilagi- loragew or the Callitriche, but there is
nous and saccharine matter, and are com- nothing in its nature to indicate any im-
monly employed in the south of Europe for mediate affinity with the various families
feeding horses, mules, pigs, &c, and occa- to which it has been appended, and it
sionally, in times of scarcity, for human stands at present as an isolated genus or
food. During the last few years consider- family. C. demersum, the only species
able quantities of them have been imported known, is common in pools or slow
into this country and used for feeding streams over a great part of the world.
 :;

255 €I)C Crca^urn at 3Botan^. [CERB

It varies much in the shape and ex- the axil the other with a branched stem
;

crescences of the fruit, and has heen ac- like that of caulescent Maxillarias. These
cordingly divided by some botanists into last constitute the spurious genus Trigo-
sis or more supposed species, more gener- nanthus.
ally considered as varieties.
CERATOTHECA. A
genus of Sesamece,
CERATOPSI3. Epipogum. containing a single species from tropical
Africa. It is a herbaceous plant, with an
CERATOPTERIDINE.E. One of the
erect tetragonous stem, opposite petiolate
primary subdivisions or tribes of the poly-
podiaceous ferns, distinguished by the and dentate leaves, and single flowers on
short axillary peduncles, with two glandu-
broad incomplete or rudimentary condi-
liferous bracteoles at their base. The per-
tion of the ring of the sessile globose
sistent calyx is deeply divided into five
spore-cases, the latter containing few large
spores, concentrically striated on their
acuminate lobes ; the corolla tube is short
three faces. [T. MJ
and campanulate, and the limb bilabiate
and five-cleft. There are four didynamous
I

CERATOPTERIS. A peculiar genus of stamens, and no trace whatever of the

tropical aquatic ferns, constituting the fifth. The style is simple and deciduous,
group Ceratopteridinece, or the Parkeriew of withabilamellate stigma. The membrana-
some authors. They have sometimes been ceous truncate capsule has the corners of
associated with the Pteridece, or even the the apex produced into two or generally
Polypodiece, but seem to be more correctly four horns. The free central placenta
regarded as a distinct group, characterised bears many flat obovate seeds. [W. CJ
by having the ring of the spore-cases very
broad, incomplete, or merely rudimentary CERATOZAMIA. The name of this genus
and obliquely vertical, the spore-cases of Cycadacecv refers to its most prominent
being sessile, or nearly so, and the spores distinguishing feature the presence of
:

few, comparatively large, obtusely trigo- two horas on the scales of its zamia-like
nal, each of the faces being beautifully \
fruit. The stem is short and globular,
marked with concentric lines. The only j
giving off numerous pinnate leaves. The
species, C. thalictroides, is found scattered ! flowers are dioecious the males in cones,
;

through the tropical and sub-tropical re- I

whose scales are provided with two little
gions of Asia, Africa, America, and Austra- |
teeth at the point, and with numerous
lasia, either floating or attached to the soil : anthers on their under surface the ;

in shallow still or slightly moving waters. females consisting of numerous scales

The fronds are much divided, membra- with a thickened hexagonal disc-like top
naceous, and succulent in the fresh state , provided with two diverging horns, each
the sterile ones more foliaceous and less scale concealing two seeds. The plants are
divided, with evident reticulated veins; the natives of Mexico. [M. T. MJ
fertile ones taller and more erect, and di-
vided into linear somewhat siliquose seg- j
CERBERA. This name is intended to
ments, everywhere soriferous beneath the imply that the plants to which it belongs,
are as dangerous as Cerberus; and some of
recurved indusuim-like margin, and with
the veins distinctly anastomosing. Both them indeed are poisonous. Botanically,
it is applied to a genus of Apocynacece,
forms of frond, especially the sterile ones,
consisting of trees, natives of tropical
are proliferous, often freely so. The suc- \

I
Asia, with terminal flowers disposed in
culent foliage of this fern is boiled and
eaten as a vegetable by the poorer classes i corymbs. The corolla is funnel-shaped,
with the limb divided into five oblique
in the Indian Archipelago. [T. MJ
i

lobes, and the throat provided with five

I

CERATOSTACHYS. A genus usually re- j

teeth. The stamens are five, included
ferred to Combretacece, containing a tree within the corolla, their anthers tipped
I
from Japan, with oblong entire smooth with a distinct spine. The ovary is two-
1
lobed,with two compartments, having two
leaves, glaucous beneath, and axillary soli-
tary spikes of flowers, forming dense to four seeds in each. The stigma is dis-
|

heads. [J. T. SJ
coid, with a wavy margin. The fruit con-
j

sists of two separate drupes, one of which

CERATOSTEMMA. A genus of vaccini- is usually abortive. The inner shell of
aceous plants, consisting of Peruvian the drupe is fibrous, partly divided, when
shrubs, with superior five-toothed calyx ripe, into two divisions, and, when seen in
a tubular corolla with a five-toothed limb the dried state, much resembling a ball of
ten stamens included within the corolla, string. These plants possess a milky juice
;

the filaments united below into a cup, and of a poisonous character, though some of
the anthers opening by pores and a five- the species are said to be destitute of the
;

j
celled ovary with several seeds, ripening venomous qualities possessed by the rest.
into a kind of berry surmounted by the The seeds of C. Ahovai are very poisonous,
limb of the calyx. [II. T. MJ and the wood of this tree has an abomin-
able odour. The seeds of C, Manghas are
CERATOSTYLIS. A small and unim- emetic and poisonous. C. OcZoZtam, a Malabar
portant genus of terrestrial orchids tree, is cited by Lindley, as being inno-
inhabiting tropical Asia. It contains cuous, but this character applies probably
two sections, one made up of species to the fleshy drupe, the nut in the interior
with long terete one-leaved simple stems being narcotic and even poisonous. The
with a dense cluster of minute flowers in bark is purgative the unripe fruit, more- :
 CERC] €f)e Crcatfttrg at 2Sfltan». 256
over, is dangerous, and is said to be used many are unbranched, while others have
by the natives of Travancore to destroy numerous branches, and some are jointed.
dogs the teeth of the unfortunate animals
; The majority are armed with spines, which
being, as is reported, loosened so as to fall radiate from little cushion-like tufts, placed
out after masticating it. See Plate 6, at regular intervals along the ridges or
fig. e. [M. T. M.] angles of the stems. Their flowers are
distinguished by the tube being somewhat
CERCIDITJM. The mycelium or spawn funnel-shaped and generally armed with
of certain f ungals. small spines, by the numerous stamens
CERCIFIX. (Fr.) Tragopogon porrifolius. being united only at the base, and nearly
as long as the petals, and by the slender
CERCIS. Judas Tree. This tree divides thread-like style scarcely exceeding the
with the Elder the ignominy of being that stamens in length.
on which the arch-traitor hanged himself, C. giganteus, the Suwarrow or Saguaro
neither legend being worth the trouble of of the Mexicans, is the largest and most
sifting. It is a native of the south of
striking species of the genus. It is a
Europe and several countries of Asia from native of the hot, arid, and almost desert
Syria to Japan, and is a handsome low
!

regions of New Mexico, extending from

tree with a spreading head, easily distin-
i

'

Souora, in lat. 30° N., to "Williams river, in

guished among the leguminous order by lat. 35° N., and found growing in rocky
its simple glabrous kidney-shaped leaves,
I

i valleys and upon mountain sides, often

and by its purple flowers, which are pro- springing out from mere crevices in the
duced abundantly in May before the leaves,
I

hard rock, and imparting a singular aspect

not only from the young twigs, but from
,

to the scenery of the country, its tall

the matm-ed branches, and even the main
!

stems with upright branches looking like

trunk. The flowers are succeeded by flat
,

'

telegraphic posts for signalling from point

thin brown pods, nearly six inches in i to point of the rocky mountains. While
length, which remain on the tree all the young the steins are of a globular form,
year." These are not generally produced in
gradually becoming club-shaped, and ulti-
this country, unless the tree be planted
mately almost cylindrical, and from fifty
against a wail, but in a warmer climate they
perfect themselves in abundance, and afford
a ready means of propagation. The leaves
are remarkable for their unusual shape,
for the pale bluish green of their upper
surface, and for their sea-green hue be-
neath. The flowers have an agreeable acid
taste, and are sometimes- mixed with salads
or made into fritters with batter, and the
flower buds are pickled in vinegar. This spe-
cies is known as C.Siliquastrum, from the
conspicuous appearance of its seed-pods.
C. canadensis (French Bouton Rouged,
bears a general resemblance to the preced-
ing, but is smaller and more slender. It
may at once be distinguished by its leaves
being heart-shaped and pointed. It is a
native of North America, from Canada to
Virginia, along the banks of rivers. The
flowers are less numerous and of a paler
rose colour these are used by the French
:

Canadians in salads and pickles, and the

young branches to dye wool of a nankeen
colour. The wood of both species is hard
and variously marked with black, green, Cereus giganteus.
and yellow, on a grey ground. A new spe-
to sixty feet in height, with a diameter of
cies, C. chinensis, which has been recently
about two feet at middle height, and gra-
introduced from China, has sessile flowers,
of which the standard is striped. French,
dually tapering both upwards and down-
Gamier, Arbre de Judee German, Judas- wards to about one foot, They are most
;
frequently unbranched, but some of the
baum. [C. A. J.]
older ones have branches, which issue at
CERETJS. An extensive genus of Cacta- right angles from the stem and then curve
cece, the species of which are remarkable upwards and grow parallel with it. The
for their singularity of form, and for the stems are regularly ribbed or fluted, the
beauty of their flowers. Their stems are ribs varying in number from twelve to
fleshy while young, but many of them twenty, and have, at intervals of about an
harden and even become woody in course inch, thick yellow cushions bearing five or
of time; they vary very much in form, six large and many smaller spines. The
some species having cylindrical and ribbed flowers are produced near the summit of
or fluted stems, whilst others have them the stems and branches, and are about
nearly square or angular: some grow erect, four or five inches long by three or four
others creep along the ground or up trees, in diameter, having light cream-coloured
and send out roots from their sides; petals. The fruits are about two or three
STEW MEXICO
 inches long, of a green colour and oval protruding from the fruit while still
form, having a broad scar at the top attached to the bough. The trees are
caused by the flowers falling away when; natives of the shores of tropical Asia and
ripe they burst into three or four pieces, Australia, [M. T. M.]
which curve back so as to resemble a
flower. Inside they contain numerous little CERISETTE. (Fr.) Solanum pseudo-
black seeds imbedded in a crimson-coloured capsicum.
pulp which the Pimos and Papagos Indians CERISIER A^ BOUQUETS. (Fr.) Cerasus
make into an excellent preserve; and they vulgaris. —
D' AMOUR. Solanum pseudo-
1 also eat the ripe fruit as an article of food, capsicum. —
DE LA TOUSSALXT. Cera-
1

gathering it by means of a forked stick sus semperflorens. —

NAIN. Lonicera
tied to the end of a long pole. tatarica, and also Cerasus Chamaecerasus.
C. MacDonaldice is one of the night- — PETIT DES HOTTENTOTS. Celastrus
flowering kinds, and is of great beauty, lucidus.
its flowers when fully expanded being as
much as fourteen inches in diameter, CERIUM, CERIO. Same as Caryopsis.
having numerous radiating red and bright CERXUE. (Fr.) Agrostis stolonifera.
orange sepals and delicately white petals.
The stems are cylindrical, creeping, and CERNUOUS. Inclining a little from the
branched, not much thicker than the little perpendicular ; generally applied to droop-
I finger, and having here and there small ing flowers.
I
swellings with a spine in the centre. It is CEROCHILUS. Bhamphidia.
a native of Honduras. The most common
CEROPEGIA. A genus of Asclepiadacece,
j

!
night-flowering kind is the C. grandiflorus,
a native of the West Indies. [A. S.] containing more than fifty species of
perennial herbaceous plants or under-
CERFEUIL. (Fr.) Scandix Cerefolium. shrubs, natives of India and Africa. They
—A v
AIGUILLETTES. Scandix Pecten- have a bulbous root, and short erect or
Veneris. — CULTIYE'. Anthriscus Cere- slender twining stems, with opposite
folium. — DES FOTJS. Anthriscus vulgaris. leaves and interpetiolar umbels of few or
— MUSQUE'. Myrrhis odorata many flowers. The calyx is five-parted.
CERIXTHE. Asmall genus of borage- The corolla tube is slender in the middle,
worts, consisting, with one exception, of expanding more or less below as well as
annual plants, with oval glaucous stem- above, where the limb divides into five
clasping leaves, and tubular flowers in generally slender portions, which being
one-sided drooping leafy racemes. The united at their points form a globose head.
species are mostly European, and are more j
The staminal corona consists of five, ten,
remarkable for their singularly glaucous or fifteen ligulate lobes in one or two
aspect than for beauty. Two species, C. series. The gynostegium is included.
major and C. minor, have been long culti- The anthers have no membrane. The
vated in gardens under the name of pollen masses are rounded, have a pellucid
i Honeywort, an appellation due to the interior margin, and are connected by
abundance of honey secreted by their short processes. The slender follicles are
j

! blossoms, which are much resorted to by cylindrical with comose seeds. Several
I bees. C. major grows about a foot high, i
species are employed for food in some
;

with a branched stem, oval stem-clasping cases the whole plant is eaten as a salad, in
I

leaves, minutely toothed at the margin, others the fleshy leaves, stems and tubers,
j
set with rough white dots, and covered are used as pot vegetables. [W. C]
with a bluish white bloom. The crook-like
j

racemes of flowers have on each side a |

CEROPTERIS. A name formerly pro-
I

posed but not adopted for the species of

row of imbricated oval leaves, the purplish
Gymnogramma, which have the surface
;

corolla being about an inch long, con- |

covered by a coloured powdery secretion,

I

tracted at the mouth, with a narrow five- i

I and which are familiarly known as Gold

toothed spreading margin, and a fruit
Ferns and Silver Ferns, from the colour of
of two conical black nuts. C. minor has
i
!

this substance which is of a waxy nature,

smaller yellow flowers, the segments of
whence the name.
j

[T. M.]
which are connivent and not reflexed. In
C. retorta the tube of the corolla is curved, CEROXYLON. This genus of palms is
and the leaves are blotched with silvery- by some botanists combined with the
white. [W. T.] genus Iriartea, from which, however, it is
CERINTJS. distinguished by the spathe or bract which
The colour of yellow wax.
covers the young flower spikes being
CERIOPS. Trees distinguished from the entire (in Iriartea it is divided), by some
neighbouring genus Rhizophora, by their of its flowers being perfect, while those of
small five-parted flowers, the petals of Iriartea are all imperfect, and also by a
which are hairy at the points. The ten slight difference in the position of the
stamens are placed in pairs before the embryo in the seed. Both calyx and
petals. The lower part of the ovary has corolla are three-parted, the calyx being
three compartments and six ovules, while very minute; the stamens are generally
the upper part is solid, and ends in a style twelve in number, but occasionally vary
which is longer than the stamens. Like from nine to fifteen; and the females have
the rest of the mangrove family the seed a three-celled ovary and three stigmas.
has the curious habit of germinating and The fruit is a small round berry containing
CEBVl QLl)t Creatfurp of 33otang, 258
one seed.Three species of this genus are from it.The candles used by the inhabi-
known, two of which are noble trees of tants for offerings to the Saints and Virgin
great height. are, however, made without any such
C. andicola, the "Wax Palm of New mixture but on account of their resinous
;

Grenada, was first made known and de- nature the priests will not allow them to
scribed by the celebrated travellers Hum- be used for the high ceremonies of the
boldt and Bonpland, who found it growing Romish Church. The wood is very hard
in great abundance in very elevated regions towards the exterior, and is commonly
on the chain of mountains separating the employed for building purposes and the
;

courses of the rivers MagdalenaandCauca, leaves are used for thatching. [A. S.]
in New Grenada, extending almost as high
as the lower limit of perpetual snow, CERVANTESIA. A genus belonging to
which is a remarkable fact when It is the order of sandalworts, characterised by
remembered that the generality of the the disk, or part intervening between sta-
palm tribe luxuriate in tropical climates. mens and pistil, beingfive-cleft,shorter than
It has a straight trunk of great height, the flowers, and adherent to it below, the
and about a foot in diameter, cylindrical style or appendage on the seed-vessel thick
for the first half of its height, after which and slightly notched at the end. The
it swells out, but again contracts to its name was given in honour of Cervantes.
original dimension at the summit but the
;
The species are trees or shrubs, natives of
most singular feature connected with the Peru, having scattered entire simple
trunk Is the circumstance of its being leaves. The fruit of C. tomeutosa is used
covered with a thin coating of a whitish as food in Peru. [G. D.]
waxy substance which gives it a curious CERVINE. Deep tawuy, such as the
marble-like appearance. It is surmounted
dark part of a lion's hide.
by a tuft consisting of from six to eight
CESTREAU Av BAIES NOIRES. (Fr.)
Oestrum Parqui.
CESTRUM. A genus of solanaceous
shrubs, of which several are in cultivation
in this country, though of no great beauty.
They have a funnel-shaped yellowish fra-
grant corolla concealing the stamens,
whose anthers open longitudinally. The
fruit is a dark-coloured berry, enclosed
within the calyx, with two compartments
.(or from the union of the placenta? and
breaking down of the partition, one only)
with few seeds, and a straight embryo.
The plants are natives of Brazil. Some of
them possess a bitter principle like quinine,
while others are used as diuretics, and for
other medicinal purposes. [M. T. MJ
CETERACH. A genus of polypodiaceous
ferns of the group Aspleniece, distinguished
by having distinct simple sori, reticulated
veins of which the marginal veinlets are
free, and fronds clothed thickly with scales,
among which the sori are hidden. One spe-
cies is a commonish native fern called Milt-
Ceroxylon andicola. waste or Scale Fern, and another of twice
the stature is found in the Canary Islands,
handsome pinnate leaves, each of which is both being alike coriaceous, and clothed on
about twenty feet long, and has a strong the under surface with a thick covering of
thick footstalk, the base of which spreads imbricated tawny scales, by which peculia-
out and clasps round the trunk, leaving a rity the British species may be readily
circular scar when it falls away; the known from all other native ferns. To
leaflets are densely covered on the under this plant was formerly attributed a mar-
side with a beautiful silvery scurf, while vellous influence over the spleen,and Vitru-
the upper side is of a deep green colour. vius states that it had the effect of destroy-
The waxy substance of the trunk forms an ing that organ in certain Cretan swine
article of commerce amongst the inhabi- which fed upon it. So Gerarde writes :—
tants of New Grenada. It is obtained 'There be empiricks or blinde practi-
by cutting down the tree and scraping it tioners of this age who teach that with
with a blunt implement, each tree yielding this herbe, not only the hardness and
about twenty-five pounds. According to swelling of the spleen, but all infirmities
the analysis of Vauquelin, it consists of of the liver, may be effectually, and in a
two parts of resin and one of wax, and is very short time removed. But this is to be
therefore of too inflammable a nature to reckoned amongst the old wives' fables,
be used by itself; but by mixing it with and that also which Dioscorides telleth of
one-third part of tallow, very good candles touching the gathering of Spleenewort in
for ordinary purposes are manufactured the night, and other most vaine things
 259 Z\)t CrcaSttrg of Volant). [CHAF
which are found here and there scattered
'
distinguishing feature in the peculiarity
in old books.' It is said, however, to be of the tubular calyx, which splits open by
still usefully employed as a bait for rock- the growth of the fruit. The trees grow
cod flshiug on the coast of Wales. The in the valleys of the Andes. fM. T. M.]
genus is a somewhat anomalous one as to CH.ENOSTOMA. A considerable genus
classification, the indusium, which is one
of herbs or undershrubs, belonging to
of the characteristics of the Aspleniece, be- Scrophulariacece, natives of South Africa.
ins here either wholly wanting or merely They have opposite dentate rarely entire
I rudimentary. The sori are nevertheless leaves, and axillary or racemose pedicel-
'

unilateral, and something like an indusium

late flowers, which do not blacken in dry-
:

has been detected, so that it is now gene- ing. The calyx is five-parted the decidu-
,
rally associated with the Aspleniwm as it
ous corolla is funnel-shaped, sometimes
!

was by Linnneus. The name Ceterach has with a short tube, and its limb is five-cleft.
i
also been used by Presl to distinguish a
There are four didynamous stamens the
'
section of Gymnogramma. [T. M.]
length of the corolla or slightly exserted.
I
CETRARIA. A genus of lecidineous The style is simple, and the stigma sub-
lichens distinguished by the fructification clavate. The capsule is membranaceous
being fixed laterally to the borders of the and two-celled. [W. C]
thallus, and consequently margined by it.
It is not, however, peltate. It deserves
CH--ERADOPLECTRON Glossula.
:
notice here as containing C. islandica, or CHjETA. A bristle. The slender stalk
the well-known Iceland Moss, which of the spore-case of mosses . also called
. affords at once a nutritious article of Seta.
food, and a doubtful medicine. Before
i

using it requires to be steeped for several

CH.ETACHINE. A small spiny S. African
genus, belonging to the Ulmacece. Itdiffers
hours to get rid of a bitter principle. It
[

from the elm in not having winged fruits,

is sometimes boiled to form a jelly, which
and from Sponia or Celtis in its natural
is mixed with milk or wine; sometimes it is
!

habit more than in anything else. The

j
reduced to powder and used as an in- leaves are smooth or downy, oval or ellip-
gredient in cakes or bread. It is esteemed
tical in form, with entire or toothed mar-
i

by many useful in pulmonary complaints gins, and from one to two inches long;
; or as a restorative, but after the bitter they are generally terminated by a bristle,
principle has been extracted it seems to
and accompanied at the base of the stalks
: possess no active qualities. [M. J. B.]
by two short spines. The flowers are
CEVADILLA. The seeds of Asagrcea small and green, male and female on the
'

officinalis. same plant the males are numerous in the

;

axils of the leaves, and have a five-parted

CHA DE FRADE. A Brazilian name for calyx with five stamens opposite its divi-
!

a decoction of Casearia lingua. — DE sion the females are single in the axils of
PEDRESTE. A Brazilian name for Lan- ;

the leaves, with a similar but smaller

tana pseudo-thea.
calyx, enclosing a one-celled ovary, which
CHABR.EA. The generic name of plants is crowned with two reflexed stigmas.
belonging to the composite order, having I
The fruit is a little oval nut, about the size
the flowers uniform, smooth, two-lipped, I of a pea, with one seed. In some works
the lips bent down, the outer largest and the name has been spelt Chcetaehyne and
three-toothed, the inner with two teeth ; |
Chwtackne by mistake. [A. A. BJ
the fruit narrow below, covered with short
projections, and crowned with feathery
I

!
CH^ETOGASTRA. A genus of Melasto-
appendages. The name was given in macew, natives of tropical America, allied
to Arthrostemma, but with the parts of the
honour of Chabre, a botanist of Geneva. flower in fives. Like that genus the pre-
The species of this genus are natives of
sent is an unnatural one, the species hav-
Chili and of the Straits of Magellan they ;
ing only trifling technical characters in
!

have alternate leaves, those below mostly

twice pinnate; and the heads of flowers
common. [J. T. S.]

are purplish. Dr. Hooker, in the Flora \

CH.ETOSTOMA. A genus of small dry
Antarctica, alludes in these terms to C. i
heath-like Brazilian shrubs, belonging to
suaveolens Tlje odour of this plant, which
:
' Melastomacem. Stems leafless at the base ;

is a great ornament to the grassy hills of flowers solitary, rather small, purple with
the Falkland Islands, is decidedly that yellow anthers ; parts of the flowers in
of benzoin.' [G. D.] fours or fives, the stamens being twice as
CHACA, or CHOCO. Sechium edule.
many as the petals capsule free, cylin-
;

drical, three-celled. [J. T. S.]

CTTffiNABTHE. Biadenium.
CELETURUS. A genus of grasses belong-
CH.ENE8THES. A genus of trees or J
ing to the tribe Agrostidece. The only
large shrubs, belonging to the solanace- species described, C. faseiculatus,is a small
ous family, and having long crimson or annual grass, a native of Spain. [D. M.]
orange-coloured flowers of much beauty,
like those of Dunalia, an allied genus but
CHAFF, CHAFFY. The same as pale-
;
aceous.
the stamens, in the present instance, are
destitute of the lateral appendages which CHAFF-FLOWER Alternanthera Achy-
characterise Dunalia. There is another rantha.
chaf] Elje *toa£urg of SBotanp. 260
CHAFF-SEED. An American name for CHAMARAS. Teucrium Scor-
Schwalbea. dium.
CHAFF-WEED. Centunculus minimus. CHAME'CERISIER DES HAIES. (Fr.)

CHAGAS DA MINDA. A Portuguese Lonicera Xylosteum. — ROSE. Lonicera

tatarica.
name for Chymocarpus.
CHAM^EBATIA. ft foliolosa, the only
CHAILLETIA. A genus which gives its
representative of this genus, which be-
name to the family of Chailletiacece. It
longs to the rose family, is a beautiful
is found more or less in most tropical Californian shrub, about three feet high.
countries, hut represented in greatest All the young parts of the plant are
numbers in Brazil. The species are small covered with small glands, which secrete
erect trees or shrubs, but sometimes (as a resinous fluid, having a pleasant bal-
in ft pedunculata, a Guiana species) ex- samic odour. The leaves are unlike those
tensive climbers, reaching the tops of the of any other plant in the family, and bear
highest trees. The leaves are shortly- great resemblance to those of the millfoil
stalked, alternate, entire, and generally (Achillea), but are of a much harsher
oval in form. The flowers are small white, texture, and generally from two to three
often odoriferous and disposed in axillary- inches long. The flowers are in terminal
cymes and racemes the calyx five-leaved
;
cymes, and in size and colour very much
the corolla of five cleft petals the stamens
;
like those of the hawthorn. The plant is
five and the ovary two or three-celled,
;
in cultivation, having been introduced in
crowned with a like number of styles, and 1859, and will prove a great acquisition to
becoming when ripe a somewhat dry drupe, our gardens. [A. A. B.J
with one or two seeds. The only extra-
tropical species is ft cymosa, which is a CH AMiEBUXUS. Poly gala Cliamcebuxus.
native of South Africa, and has oblong ob-
tuse leaves and the only species whose
; CHAM.ECERASUS. Cerasus Cliamcece-
uses are recorded is ft toxicaria, a native rasus; also Lonicera Ledebourii.
of Sierra Leone, where the seeds of this
plant are said to be used by the colonists CHAM.ECISTUS. Rhododendron Cha-
for poisoning rats, and by them called mmcistus.
Ratsbane. Upwards of thirty species are
known. [A. A. B.J CHAM^CYPARIS. A group of
little
Conifers forming a section of the genus
CHAILLETIACECE. A family of dico Cupressus, from which it is separated by
tyledons, nearly allied to Celastracece, but some botanists, and characterised by the
differing in their usually notched petals, seeds being two only under each scale. It
in the five distinct glands which take the is sometimes restricted to the American
place of the perigynous disk of the latter species, sometimes extended to those Ja-
order, and generally in the want of albu- panese ones, which have been separated
men to the seeds. They are remarkable under the name of Retinospora.
also by the great tendency of the peduncles
to combine with the petioles, so that the CHAM.ECYPARISSUS. Saniolina Cha-
flowers, which are really axillary, appear mwcyparissus.
to spring from the leaf itself at the sum-
mit of the petiole. They are all trees or CHAM^EDOREA. A genus of Palms,
shrubs, with alternate stipulate entire containing between thirty and forty spe-
The cies. They have reed-like stems marked
leaves, often white underneath.
flowers are small, in paniculate cymes
by rings or scars, and seldom more than
fifteen or twenty feet high, and one or two
or compact clusters. There are usually
and stamens, regularly inches thick, and surmounted by tufts of
five sepals, petals,
leaves, which are either pinnate or nearly
alternating with each other; but these
entire. All of them are natives of tropical
numbers are, in one genus (Tapura), irre-
gularly reduced. The ovary is superior America, inhabiting forests and forming
with two or three cells, and two pendulous dense masses of underwood. Their flowers
ovules in each cell the style is simple
;
are of separate sexes, borne on distinct
plants, very small, and produced in great
the fruit a rather dry drupe with one to
quantities on long branching spikes the
three seeds. There are nearly twenty spe-
:

cies, natives of tropical regions, and dis-

males having a cup-shaped three-lobed
calyx, a corolla of three roundish sepals,
persed over both the New and the Old
"World. They have been distributed into
and containing six stamens and a rudi-
four or five genera, of which the prin-
mentary or barren ovary ; and the females,
a three-parted cup-shaped calyx, a corolla
cipal are Chailletia, Moacurra, and Tapura.
like the males, and a three-celled ovary
CHALAZA (adj. CHALAZINUS). That crowned by three short stigmas, and with-
part of the seed where the nucleus joins out any rudimentary stamens. The fruit
the integuments it represents the base of
;
is a small roundish berry containing a
the nucleus, and is invariably opposite the single bony seed. The stems of most of
end of the cotyledons. the species serve for walking-sticks and
similar purposes-; and their young un-
CHALEF. (Fr.J Elceagnus. expanded flower-spikes are used by the
CHALK WHITE. Dull white, with a Mexicans as a culinary vegetable, under
dash of grey. the name of Tepejilote.
261 €t)£ Erca£ur|i of 2Sfltang. [CHAM

C.Ernesti-Augusti is a small species.native comprehend a dwarf shrub very like Box,

of New Grenada, having a stem about four a native of the sea cliffs in Madeira, having
or five feet high. Its leaves are two feet simple shining evergreen mostly entire
Ions, wedge-shaped at the base and almost leaves, and flowers growing in clusters,
entire, being merely divided, for about half- which are leafy at the base. [G. D.]
wav down the centre, into two spreading
sharp-pointed plaited lobes; the foot-stalks
CHAM^EMESPILUS. Pyrus Cliamcemes-
pilus.
of the leaves widen out at their bases and
clasp round the stem, giving it a swollen CHAM.EMORTJS. Eubus Chamcemorus.
appearance. The female flower spikes of
this species are cylindrical, about a foot
CHAM.ENERION. A subdivision of
loner and undivided, and form a very the genus Epilobimn, comprising those
striking object, being at first of a dark species which have regular erect flowers
green colour and studded with red bead (though in some cases drooping while in
like flowers ; but when these latter fall bud), and either club-shaped or four-cleft,
away, the spike becomes a bright coral-red not cruciform stigmas. [C. A. J.]
colour. [A. SJ CHAM^EPEUCE. A genus of the com-
CHAM2EDRYS. An old herbalist's word, posite family, allied, on the one hand, to
dwarf oak,' applied to
literally signifying ' plume-thistles (Cirsium), and, on the other,
both Teucrium Chamcedrys and Veronica to true thistles (Cardials). From the first
Chamcedrys. of these it differs in the covering of the
achenes being hardened, not membrana-
CHAM^EJASME. Androsace Chamce- ceous and from the second, in the pappus
;

jasme ; also Stellaria Chamcejasme. being feathery, not simple-haired. A few

of the species have narrow entire leaves
CHAM-EL AUCIACE-E. A tribe of Myr-
with recurved margins, but the greater
taceo?, sometimes considered as a separate
portion of them are hostile-looking thistle-
family. They are distinguished by their like plants,from one to six feet high the :
heath-like habit and foliage, their one- leaves generally lanceolate in form, smooth
celled ovary with few ovules, their sta- above, but as well as the stems covered
mens partially reduced to staminodia, and j
underneath with a white cottony sub-
by their sepals often extended into bristles stance, and their margins furnished with
or broken up into fringes. The latter numerous long spiny teeth the flower
;
character is, however, evanescent in some heads one to two inches in diameter, ar-
genera, and the others may be more or ranged in corymbs or long leafy racemes;
less traced through Bceckea or its allies the corollas purple or white, and enclosed
into the true Myrtacem. There is a con- by an involucre made up of many spiny-
siderable number of species, all Australian, pointed scales. The fifteen known species
and distributed under fourteen or fifteen are natives of the Mediterranean region,
genera, of which the principal ones are and extend eastwards to the Caucasus.
Calytrix, Lhotskya, Yerticordia, Chamcelau-
The name also belongs to Sta-helina Char
cium, Genetyllis, &c. mcepeuce. [A. A. B.]
CHANLELALCIUM. genus of Chamce- A CHAMiEPITYS. Ajuga Chamcepitys.
lauciacece, containing small heath-leaved
shrubs, from South Australia. The leaves CHAM.ERHODOS. A genus of the rose
are opposite, crowded, semi-cylindrical or family, allied, on the one hand, to Potentllla,
three-edged, with dots formed by small from which it differs in having a definite
cavities containing essential oil. The number of stamens and carpels; and on
flowers are white, shortly-stalked, axil- the other to Sibbaldia, which has a double
lary or terminal. The calyx has two con- calyx composed of ten segments in two
cave mucronate bracts at the base, which rows, while the calyx in this genus is of
enclose the bud the calyx tube adheres
;
Ave segments in one row. The species are
to the short ovary at the base the limb is ;
small perennial plants, seldom attaining
five-cleft and subpetaloid the petals are;
more than a foot in height, and generally
five ; stamens ten, the alternate ones having decumbent stems which are fur-
abortive, strap-shaped capsule one-celled,
;
nished with alternate three or many-
indehiscent, few-seeded. [J. T. S.] parted leaves, about half an inch long,
their segments narrow and covered with
CHAM-ELEO>T BLACK. , Cardopatium greyish pubescence. The flowers are small,
corymbosum. —, "WHITE. Carlina gum- white or purple in colour, either single in
mi/era. the axils of the leaves, or numerous and
arranged in leafy panicles. These plants
CHAM.EMELES. A
genus of apple-
are found in Siberia, N. China, and Thibet
worts, having the free border of the calyx
truncate, and obscurely five-toothed; petals
(where C. sabulosa grows at an elevation
of 15,000 feet), and also in the Rocky
five, small, irregularly-toothed stamens ;

ten to fifteen style, or appendage on the

;
Mountains of N. America. [A. A. BJ
seed-vessel, simple, slightly notched at the CHAMiEROPS. This is the most northern
tip: fruit one-celled; cotyledons convo- genus of palms. It contains about ten or
lute. The name means literally 'pigmy twelve species, inhabitants of Northern
apple,' to indicate the general nature of Asia, Africa, and America, and Southern
the fruit, and the low habit of the plant. Europe. They are mostly of dwarf habit,
The genus was founded by Dr. Lindley, to but sometimes grow as high as thirty feet.
cham] El;c STrcasurij af Matmg* 262

Their leaves are shaped and plaited like a times written Camomile. — ,WILD. Ma-
fan, having the margin deeply cut into tricaria Chamomilla.
numerous sharp-pointed divisions and the
;

bases of their long and generally prickly CHAMP. The timber of Michelia ex-
footstalks are inserted into amass of coarse celsa.
fibrous matter. Their flowers are produced
in panicles from among the bases of the
CHAMPIGNON. The French name for
mushrooms in general, but applied in this
leaves, and are either perfect or of sepa-
country only to Agaricus (Marasmius)
rate sexes, and consist of a three-parted
Oreacles or by mistake to very different
calyx, and a corolla of three petals with
and often dangerous species. In some
from six or nine stamens attached to parts of the country it is known under the
their bases; the fertile ones having, in
addition, three distinct ovaries tapering
name of Scotch Bonnets. The Champig-
The fruit is a non grows in fairy rings, generally of
into awl-shaped styles.
a few feet only in diameter. It seems to
berry about the size of an olive, contain- luxuriate most in a sandy soil, but occurs
ing one seed. everywhere in exposed pastures.
C. humilis, the only European species of
The
pileus when moist is of a dull fawn colour,
the palm tribe, does not extend farther
north than Nice. It is generally very
when dry of a creamy white the stem is;

tough with a villous bark, the gills broad,

dwarf, not more than three or four feet
cream-coloured, free from any attachment
high, sending up numerous suckers from
to the stem, and very distant. The only
its creeping roots, and thus forming dense
species with which it can be fairly con-
tufts, which, in Sicily and North Africa,
take the place of our furze bushes but if ;
founded is A. (Marasmius) wens, which
has narrow browner gills, and leaves a
these suckers are not allowed to grow, the
plant forms a trunk twenty or thirty feet
burning sensation in the throat, while the
The leaves of Palm are com-
this true champignon is the mildest and most
high.
sapid of fungi. It is excellent as a fri-
monly used in the south of Europe for
cassee, or stewed like common mushrooms,
making hats, brooms, baskets, &c, and for
thatching houses; they also yield a large and it has the great merit of drying ad-
quantity of fibre, from which the French
mirably. Few comparatively are ac-
manufacture a material resembling horse- quainted with its excellent qualities, but
hair—for which it is substituted. The those who are, gladly avail themselves of
it as a most welcome article for the table.
coarse fibre from the bases of the leaves
is used by the Arabs for mixing with
The Champignon cultivee of the French
is Agaricus campestris. [M. J. B.J
camel's hair to make their tent covers.
C. Fortuni grows to about twelve or CHAMPIONIA. A genus named after
twenty feet in height, and is a native of the the late Lieut.-Col. Cham pion, who was mor-
north of China, but is perfectly hardy in the tally wounded at Inkerman, containing a
southern parts of England, a plant having single species, an undershrub from Ceylon,
attained ten feet in height in Her Majesty's belonging to the cyrtandreous division of
garden at Osborne. The Chinese agricul- Gesneracece, which is characterised as
tural labourers use the coarse brown fibre, having the seeds without albumen, and
obtained from the bases of the leaves, for the fruit wholly free. The plants of this
making hats and also the garment called genus have opposite oblong leaves, and
So-e, worn in wet weather. [A. S.]
short axillary trichotomous peduncles.
CHAMiESPH.ERION. The name given The calyx is hairy and cut into five equal
to a pigmy plant of the composite family
linear-subulate lobes; the white glabrous
found in W. Australia. The whole plant and rotate corolla is longer than the
is about the size of a large pea, and consists
calyx, and has a very short tube, and a
of a globular dense cluster of white four-parted limb, the lobes of which are
flower-heads, surrounded by a rosette of equal and oblong-lanceolate. There are
narrow leaves a quarter of an inch in four equal stamens and no hypogynous
length. The genus differs from its nearest glands. The ovary is one-celled with two
allies in the crown-shaped lacerated pap- parietal placentae and the style filiform
;

pus and its few flower-heads. The generic with a capitate stigma. The oblong cap-
name has reference to the appearance of sular fruit exceeds the persistent calyx
the plant, and is derived from two Greek it is one-celled and contains many ovate

words signifying 'on the ground' and 'a seeds with a reticulated testa. [W. C]
little sphere.' [A. A. B.] CHANDELIER TREE. Pandanus Can-
delabrum.
CHAMBURU. Carica digitata.
CHANNELLED. Hollowed out like a
CHAMISSOA. A genus of tropical gutter, like many leaf -stalks.
herbs belonging to Amaranthacece with
alternate leaves and flowers in axillary or CHANTARELLE. The French name
terminal spikes or globular heads; differing for Cantharellus cibarms, adopted in this
from Amaranthus by having the seeds country. The genus Cantharellus is dis-
furnished with a small white axil at the tinguished from Agaricus by the gills of
liilum, and the radicle of the embryo the latter being replaced by veins which
superior. [J. T. S.] are frequently branched, and if they ever
approach the appearance of gills, they are
CHAMOMILE. Anthemis nobilis, some- distinguished by their very obtuse edge,
 263 Elje CreaSurg at 23otanj?. [CHAR
the shorter ones not being distinct as in which seems to be connected with the
mushrooms, but connected with the longer manner in which the grains of chlorophyl
as if immediately given off by them. are arranged on the walls of tubes, a free
The Chantarelle is a common though longitudinal colourless space being left
seldom an abundant inhabitant of our round which the juices circulate from the
woods. The rich yolk-of-egg yellow and base upwards at the rate of about two
fragrant fruity smell at once distinguish lines in a second. An ordinary microscope
it. It is rather acrid when eaten raw, but is amply sufficient to show this interesting
makes an excellent fricassee if steeped phenomenon. A little alcohol, as also
before dressing in boiling milk, and then many other chemical substances, at once
stewed very gently. It is, however, of arrests the motion, as is also the case when
far less frequent use in this country than the distribution of the chlorophyl is dis-
on the continent, where it is highly turbed. "We know of no use to which these
esteemed. "We are not aware that there is plants can be applied. The smell which
any deleterious fungus with which it can they emit resembles that of sulphuretted
be confounded. [M. J. B.] hydrogen, and it is to this cause probably
Cannabis. — D'EAU.
that they have an evil report as productive
CHAXYRE. (Fr.)
of fevers. Their nucules, known to miner-
Bidens tripartita. — SAUVAGE. Galeop- alogists under the name of Gyrogonites,
sis Tetraliit.
are found for the first time in the lower
CHASTRT:n~E. (Fr.) Eupatoriumcannabi- freshwater formations. [M. J. B.]
CHARACTER. A short phrase express-
CHAPEATJ D'E'YEQUE. (Fr.) Epiiih ing the essential marks by which a given
dium alpinum. plant or group of plants is distinguished
CHARACE.E. A small natural order of from others. A specific character distin-
acrogens consisting of two or at most guishes one species from other species
three genera. The species are all aquatic, and so on.
j
and are found in almost all parts of the
i

CHARAGNE. (Fr.) Chora.

world, but are most common in temperate
CHARBON. (Fr.) Vredo Carlo.
;
|

countries. In the genus Nitetta, the struc-

!

ture of the plant has much resemblance to

that of Cladophora, which circumstance,
CHARDINIA. A genus of the com-
:

posite family with a single species, C.

;l combined with the aquatic habit, has xeranthemoides, which is a pretty' little
1

caused these plants to be associated with

annual herb, a few inches high, found in
>! Alga. In Chara, however, the axis is Asia Minor and Persia. It has alternate
coated with tubes, and a large quantity of
j
,

lance-shaped entire leaves, nearly an inch

calcareous matter is deposited upon tliem.
long, covered with white pubescence;
,
;

i The branches are given off in whorls,

,

and twigs terminating in solitary silvery

those of the fruit-bearing branchlets,
j| flower-heads, which when mature are
i
however, being imperfect on the outer nearly an inch across, and owe their beauty
side. The species are either monoecious to the shining chaffy lance-shaped pappus
or dioecious, the two kinds of fruit being
j!
scales which crown the cylindrical striate
j
often seated close to each other.
I The achenes, and are nearly half an inch in
,| female fruit consists of an ovate nucleus
length. In the closely-related genus Xe-
a extensively coated with spirally-arranged
ranthemwm the inner scales of the invo-
II- tubes, the tips of which are free and look
lucre are much longer than the others,
like so many stigmas, and secondly with a
bent out at the top, and often of a bright
firm spirally-ribbed integument, the cells
pink colour, so that they look like ray
of which abound in starch granules. The
florets; here, however, the inner scales
male fruit is globose and brick-red, the are erect like the outer, not much longer,
surface being divided into eight equal
and of the same silvery hue. [A. A. B.]
ascse consisting of tubes radiating from a
common centre. From each of these a CHARDON. (Fr.) Car duns. — A'BOX-
short tube is given off within the eight KETIER. Dipsacus fullonum. — AR-
tubes, meeting in the centre, and joined to GEXTE'. SilyJmmMarianum. — E'TOILE'.
a cellular mass, which is supported by a Centaurea Caleitrapa. — HEMORRHOI-
ninth bell-shaped process which is fixed by DAL. Cardiacs arvensis. —MARIE. Sily-
the broader end to the plant, and keeps the bum Marianum. — ROLAND. Eryngium
globule from falling prematurely. At this campestre.
point of junction a number of jointed
threads are attached, each cell of which, CHARDS. The late summer blanched
contains a spiral spermatozoid with two leaves of the Artichoke, Cynara Scolymus.
long slender thong-shaped processes at CHARIANTHTJS. A genus of Melasto-
one end, by means of which they move macem from the West Indies. Erect
about. Wallroth asserts that he has seen shrubs with opposite stalked five-nerved
the globules vegetate, a circumstance leaves, generally entire. Flowers purple
which is not impossible after they have in a trichotomous corymbose cyme ;
performed their function. A more com- calyx-tube adhering to the ovary, its limb
mon mode of reproduction is by means of slightly four-lobed ; petals four ; stamens
little tuberiform bodies attached to the eight; fruit a globose berry depressed in
creeping roots. Each articulation in these the centre, with four cells and numerous
plants has a distinct system of circulation seeds. [J. T. S.]
 char] Cije Creagurp af 23atang. 264
CHARIEIS. A
genus of the composite
CHATAIGNE D'EAU. (Fr.) Trapa na-
order, having the heads of flowers sur-
tans.
rounded by a covering of scales in two
rows, forming an involucre, those of the CHATAIGNIER. (Pr.) Castanea vul-
outer row heing plane, those of the inner garis.
keeled the receptacle or part supporting
;
CHATE. The hairy Cucumber, Cucumis
the flowers is pitted, the pits slightly Chate.
toothed at the margin the fruit isbroadest
;

at the upper part, having a border com- CHAIJBARDIA. An obscure genus of

posed of one row of hairs. The name is orchids, apparently allied to Maxillaria.
derived from the Greek word signifying It is said to have altogether the habit of
'graceful' or 'elegant: The only species,
C. heterophylla, is an annual, a native of
the Cape of Good Hope, having the stem
CHAUDRON. (Fr.) Narcissus Pseudo-
Narcissus.
erect, striated and hairy, all the leaves
stalkless, the lower ones, opposite, those at CHAULMOOGRA. The seeds of Gyno-
the upper part of the stem, alternate, nar- cardia odorata.
row lance-shaped, and the heads of flowers
yellow in the centre, and violet at the cir- CHAUSSE-TRAPPE. (Fr.) Centranthus
cumference. [G. D.] Calcitrapa.

CHARLES' SCEPTRE. Pedicularis Scep- CHAVICA. A genus of Piperacece, pro-

trum Carolinum. ducing two important plants, namely, the
Long Pepper and the Betel Pepper. The
CHARLOCK. Sinapis arvensis. — genus is distinguished from the true pep-
JOINTED. The wild Radish, Raphanus pers (Piper) by its perfectly unisexual
Baphanistrum. flowers, which are sessile on spikes placed
opposite the leaves, each flower being pro-
CHARLWOODIA. A genus of Liliacece, tected by a stalked quadrangular peltate
closely allied to Cordyline and Dracaena, bract. C. Roxburghii is largely distributed
with the former of which it is, indeed, in India, where it is cultivated to furnish
often associated. Dr. Planchon, in his re- the Long Pepper of the shops, which con-
cent revision of the genera of this group of sists of the spikes of flowers which, while
plants, considers it a well-marked genus, yet immature are gathered and dried in the
sufficiently distinguished from Dracaena sun. The natives employ them for various
by the numerous ovules in each cell, and medicinal purposes, as also the roots, and
from both Dracama and Cordyline by the the stem cut into small pieces. In chemical
persistent perianth, and by the remarkably composition and qualities, Long Pepper re-
biserial insertion of its lobes, which are sembles ordinary black pepper, like which
very much imbricated in their aestivation.
Their general habit is that of the Cordy-
lines. The type of the genus is C. congesta,
an Australasian species, of elegant habit,
with elongate nervosely-striate leaves, and
crowded many-flowered panicles. Three
or four other species are associated with
it. [T. M.]

CHARME COMMTTN. (Fr.) Carpinus Be-

tulus. —, HOUBLON, or D'lTALIE. Os-
trya vulgaris.
CHARRAH. The Arabian name for the
Trumpet-Gourd, Lagenaria vulgaris cla-
vata.
CHARTACEOUS. Having the texture of
writing-paper.
CHARTOLOMA. A genus of Cruciferw,
allied to Isatis, but with the radicle of the
embryo bent over the edges of the coty-
ledons, not over the back of one of them. Chavica Betel.
The only species, C. platycarpum, is an
annual, with oblong sinuate-toothed leaves, it contains piperin. The Long Pepper which
yellow flowers, and large deflexed pods, is imported by the Dutch is said to be pro-
which are eight or ten lines long, by six duced by an allied species, C. oflicinarum.
or eight broad, and are indehiscent, one-
C. Betel, and C. Siriboa furnish the betel
celled, and one-seeded. [J. T. S.]
already mentioned under Areca ; which
CHASSE-BOSSE. (Fr.) Lysimachia vul- see. The betel leaf is chewed with lime,
garis. and a slice of the Areca nut. The saliva is
tinged of a bright red in consequence. It
CHASSE-RAGE. Lepidium graminifo- acts as a powerful stimulant to the diges-
lium. tive organs and salivary glands, and causes,
CHASTE TREE. Vitex Agnus-castus. when swallowed, giddiness and other un-
pleasant symptoms in persons unac- 1
two. C. argentea, a pretty dwarf tripartite
customed to its use. [M. T. M.] silvery species, is found in Siberia C. ;

fragrans, a dwarf bipinnate species, whose

CHAW-STICK. Gouania domingensis. fronds have a grateful anthoxanthoid or
CHAT-ROOT. Oldenlandia umbellata. new-hay-like odour, occurs throughout the
'
region "of the Mediterranean, and reaches
CHEAT or CHESS. An American name as far north as Switzerland whilst Arabia,
;

for Bromus secalinus. I Abyssinia, South Africa, India, the Eastern

CHEESE RE:NTsET. Galium verum. * Islands, Australasia, North and South
I
America, and the West Indies, yield a
CHEESEROOM. The common name in variety of species, some of which, like C.
some parts of the country for Agaricus !

tenuifolia, are distributed over a very wide

arvensis, or Horse Mushroom. This fungus area. One of the most beautiful species,
grows in large rings, often many yards in and one which is familiar in gardens, is C.
diameter, and in some years, as in the wet farinosa, a fine bipinnatifldly-pinnate plant,
summer of 1860, occurs in extraordinary with tallish fronds silvered beneath and
abundance. It is known from true mush- having black stalks. A peculiar group of the
rooms by its large size, paler gills, gene- specieshas sometimes been separated under
rally thick rings, which are double at the the name of Myriopteris in this, the seg-
;

edge, but especially by their turning yellow ments are small, roundish, pouch-shaped,
when bruised. It constitutes the greater the indusium entire and almost closing
part of the mushroom baskets in the over the back of the segment, which,
Covent Garden market, and is consumed when reversed, looks not unlike a small
in large quantities in Leeds and other roundish watch-pocket. The difference is
important towns in the north. When hardly important enough to warrant their
properly dressed and eaten in moderate separation. [T. M.]
quantities with plenty of bread, to insure
mastication, these horse mushrooms are CHEIRADENIA cuspidata is a small
an excellent article of food, though they Demerara orchid with the aspect of some
occasionally prove unwholesome, partly equitant Oncidium. It has the lateral
from over-indulgence, and partly from sepals adnate to the prolonged foot of the
their having undergone decomposition column, a pair of solid pollen masses, and a
before use. The term is sometimes ap- round lip bearing five processes near the I

plied to species of Boletus, several of which margin, arranged like the fingers of an |

are highly dangerous. [M. J. B.] expanded hand a circumstance alluded

:

to in the name of the genus.

CHEILANTHE^E. A
section of poly-
podineous ferns, in which the sori are CHEIRANTHERA. A genus of Pitto- \

punctiform at the apices of the veins, and sporacece, containing an Australian under-
covered by indusia, which, —
sometimes shrub with erect stems, and narrowly
short and rounded, sometimes elongated linear acute leaves, which have fascicled
continuous and therefore pteroid— consist- leaves in the axils peduncles terminal,
;

ing of portions of the margin inflected with small blue corymbose flowers; calyx
over them, are therefore necessarily trans- of five sepals ;the petals and stamens
verse to the margin of the frond or of its five each, the latter all bending to one
segments. [T.M.] !
side ; fruit dry, scarcely berry-like, two-
celled. [J. T. S.]
CHEILANTHES. A genus of polypo-
diaceous ferns of the group of Cheilanthece, CHEIRANTHUS. A genus of cruci-
which it typifies. The species, which are ferous flowers, all so nearly resembling in
numerous and scattered over the tropical habit and characters the common species
and temperate regions both of the Old and as to be easily distinguished. C. Cheiri,
New World, generally inhabiting dry rocky the Wallflower, is a native of all Southern
situations, are much varied in aspect, Europe, growing on old walls, in quarries,
and for the most part are dwarf plants and on sea-cliffs. In its wild state the
of tufted habit, with more or less com- flowers are always single and of a bright
pound fronds, the under surface in some yellow colour, but the varieties obtained
cases being covered with silvery or gold- by cultivation are of various tints, many
coloured powder, as in Gymnogramma. of them beautiful, and all fragrant, espe-
The distinguishing features of the genus cially in the evening. Seeds of numerous
consist in its producing small punctiform beautiful varieties are annually imported
sori at the ends of the veins close to the from Germany and small gardens, in
;

margin of the frond, the margin itself which the supply of ornamental early
becoming membranaceous, and bent over summer flowers is limited, may be made
them to form the indusia, which are either very gay by planting them liberally with
linear and continuous, or take the shape these German wallflowers. The wallflower
of roundish lobes. The veins are free. has long been a favourite cottage-garden
Cheilanthes has considerable affinity with flower, and has been praised in many a
Nothochlwna, the species of which possess rustic lay ; it is supposed by many to be
a similar habit, but have naked or non- the Viola of the Latin poets. Its French
indusiate sori. Owing, however, to the names are Girofleejaune, Violier, Ravenelle,
different degrees in which the margin Bavieau d'or, Baton d'or, &c. ; German,
becomes attenuated and reflexed, it is '

Leucoje. Several other species are also

sometimes not easy to decide between the J worthy of cultivation. Among these the
Giroflee de Delile of the French, perhaps a emerges from the centre of the stamens,
variety of C. Unifalius, forms small tufts, and is terminated by a pointed stigma.
the extremities of which are covered with The fruit is five-cornered, and splits open
flowers which, during expansion, pass in five places when ripe, allowing the
through several shades of purple it con-; escape of the numerous seeds.
tinues in bloom during a groat part of the A solitary specimen of this tree was first
year. C. Marshallii, a low tufted plant discovered growing near the town of Toluco
with bright evergreen leaves and nume- in Mexico. It was of great age, and an
rous large orange-coloured flowers, blooms object of veneration among the Indians,
early in the year. All these, and several both on account of the remarkable struc-
other species, are well suited for adorning ture of its flowers, and because they sup-
rock-work. [C. A. J.] posed that no other tree of the kind
existed elsewhere but forests of it have
CHEIROGLOSSA. A name under which ;

since been discovered near the city of

Ophioglossum palmatum was proposed to Guatemala, from whence it is probable
be separated from the other species of this that the Indians of Toluca had trans-
genus of ferns. [T. MJ
ported it in very early times. [A. S.]
CHEIROPLEURIA. A synonyme of Ana- CHEIROSTTLIS. A genus of terrestrial
pdusia, applied to A. Vespertilio and A.
orchids, consisting of little plants with the
bicuspis, two ferns which are remarkable
habit of Ancectochilus, to which it is nearly
in bearing fronds of a form resembling
allied. Its most distinguishing character
bats' wings. [T. M.]
is having the three sepals united into a
CHEIROSTEMON. The Hand-flowertree, short tube, from the front of which hangs
or Macpalxochitlquahuitl of the Mexicans, down a lip divided into narrow lobes. The
is the sole species of this genus of stercu- column, moreover, has four arms, half its
liads. The plant, C. platanoides, is a tree own, and half belonging to the stigma.
growing thirty or more feet in height,
and having plane-like leaves of a deep-
CHE'LIDOINE PETITE. (Fr.) Ficaria
green colour on the upper surface, but
verna, also known as Ranunculus Ficaria.
covered underneath with a rust-coloured CHELIDONIUM. The Greater or Com-
scurf composed of star-like hairs, each leaf mon Celandine, a plant frequently found in
being about six inches long by five broad, this country in the neighbourhood of
deeply indented at the base and divided at villages or old ruins, is the only species of
the margin into from three to seven blunt, this genus of the poppy family, and is not
rounded lobes. Its flowers are two inches to be confounded with the lesser celan-
dine (Ficaria verna,). The Greater Celan-
dine is a glaucous hairy annual plant, with
pinnately-lobed leaves, small yellow flowers
in a loose umbel, and a fruit, consisting of
a long pod, bursting from below upwards
by two valves, and containing a number
of seeds with a small crest on them, near
to the place where they are attached to the
interior of the pod. The whole plant is
full of a yellow juice which is of an acrid
poisonous nature, and has been used in j

certain diseases of the eye, and as a

caustic to destroy warts, &c. [M. T. M.] I

CHELIDOSPERMUM. A section of the

genus Pittosporum, containing a few spe-
cies from New Guinea, with the calyx
j

deeply five-parted, valvate, and the seeds

with long seedstalks. The leaves are ob- |

long the flowers grow in a pedunculated

;
j

terminal umbel and the capsule is two-

;

seeded, with leathery valves. [J. T. S.]

Cheirostemon platanoides (flower). CHELONANTHERA. Pholidota.

CHELONE. A small genus of linariads,
long by as much broad, and are destitute very closely allied to the Pentstemon, from
of a corolla, but have a leathery, rusty-red, which, however, it is easily distinguished
cup-shaped calyx, deeply cut into fivebroad, by its imbricated winged seeds, by its
sharp-pointed divisions, the bottom of the sterile fifth stamen being shorter than the
cup having five bright yellow cavities other four, and by its flowers being ar-
which secrete a quantity of sweet fluid. ranged in short dense bracted spikes.
The arrangement of the stamens is most The form of the corolla in this genus is
remarkable; they are of a bright-red, and also very distinct, the broad keeled upper
united together for about one-third of lip and scarcely open mouth giving it some
their length (four inches), when they resemblance to the head of a tortoise or
separate into five curved claw-like rays, turtle, to which feature is due both its
and thus bear some resemblance to the scientific appellation and the popular
human hand. The club-shaped style American name of Turtle-head. The best-
 i
267 K\)t Crca£urg ai 330tanji. CHEN
i known representative of this genus is the sola, inhabit salt-marshes in the northern
C. oblique, a peremiial with creeping roous, part of Europe and Asia. Some of them
i erect smooth bluntly four-angled stems, are used as potherbs; for instance, spinach,
I
opposite serrated lanceolate leaves vary- (Spinacia oleracea), orach (Atriplex liorten-
j
ing considerably in breadth and aeuteuess, sis), beet (Beta vulgaris), English mercury
and flowers in terminal spikes, with (Clienopodium Bonus Henricus), Australian
I corollas mostly of a rosy-purple colour. spinach {Clienopodium erosuni). The man-
The so-called G. glabra is now regarded as gold-wurzel is a variety of beet used for
but one of the forms of C. obliqua. C. the food of cattle. The beet is much cul-
Lyonii, with the same habit, has smaller tivated in France for its sugar. Some of the
flowers and longer and thinner leaves. C. plants yield soda, others supply essential
nemorosa seems to be intermediate be- oils which render them useful in cases of
tween Clielone and Pentstemon, having the worms and in spasmodic diseases. The
winged seeds of the former genus, with seeds of Clienopodium Quinoa are used as
the inflorescence and habit of the latter. food in Peru. They abound in starch, but
It has ovate serrated leaves, and dull have a bitterish taste. The seeds of Clieno-
purple pentstemon-like flowers produced podium Bonus Henricus are used in the
from the upper axils. It is proper to note manufacture of shagreen. There are
that several popular border flowers pass seventy-four known genera and 533 spe-
for Chelones which are in fact true Pentste- cies. Illustrative genera Salicornia, Atri-
:

mons as examples may be cited the Pen-

; plex, Spinacia, Beta, Blitum, Salsola, Clie-
tstemon barbatus, P. campanulatus, and nopodium. [J. H. B.]
P. centranthifolius, all of which have been
improperly classed under the present CHENOPODIUM. A genus of annual
genus, thoush they possess none of its and perennial herbs giving its name to
distinguishing features. [W. T.] the natural order of chenopods, and chiefly
remarkable for the weedy character of the
CHEMISE DE NOTRE-DAME. (Fr.) species composing it, of which the Com-
Convolvulus or Calystegia sepium. mon Goosefoot, a plant found everywhere
in waste places, with triangular leaves
CHENA, or CHAIN A. An inferior kind covered with a whitish mealiness, and nu-
of Indian Millet, Panicu.ni pilosum also
sometimes applied to Panicum miliaceum.
;
merous small flowers in terminal clusters,
is an example. It includes, however, a
CHENE. (Fr.) Quercus. — A GRAP- y
few species interesting for their utility,
PES. Quercus pedunculata. — ANGOU- and one which has some merit as an orna-
MOIS. Quercus Toza. — A' TROCHETS. mental plant. The latter is C. Atriplicis, a
Quercus sessiliflora. — AU KERME V
S. tall branched annual of erect pyramidal
Quercus cocci/era. — BROSSE. Quercus habit, growing four to five feet high, with
Toza. — COMMUN. Quercus pedunculata reddish stems, rhomboidly-ovate and
— CYPRE\3. Quercus fastigiata. — DES often sinuate leaves, covered while young
PYRE'XE'ES. Quercus fastigiata. — with a glittering purple meal, and numer-
GREC. Quercus 2Egilops. — XOIR D' ous small flowers in terminal compound
AMERIQUE. Catalpa longissima. — spikes of a dark-purple colour, and also
PETIT. Teucrium Chamcedrys and also ; clothed with purple meal. C. ambrosioides,
Veronica Cliamcedrys. — QUERCITRON. I
or Mexican Tea, the Ambrina ambrosioides
Quercus tinctoria. — ROURE. Quercus of some botanists, a tropical species, con-
— VE'LAXI. Quercus JEgilops.
!

sessiliflora. tains an essential oil to which it owes

— VERT or YEUSE. Quercus Rex. — tonic and antispasmodic properties and
TAUZIX or TOZA. Quercus Tauza. —
;

C. anthelminticum, a species differing from

ZAXG or ZEEX. Quercus Mirbeckii. the preceding, of which it is perhaps but a
variety, chiefly in its leaves being more
CHEXILLETTE. (Fr.) Scorpiurus. deeply cleft, and the flower-spike mostly
CHEXOPODIACE.E. (Clienopods, the leafless, yields the wormseed oil, a popular
Goose-foot family.) A natural order of vermifuge in the United States. The
monochlamydeous dicotyledons, characte- species to which the greatest interest
rising Lindley'scheuopodalalliance. Herbs attaches is, however, C. Quinoa, indigenous
or undershrubs with alternate sometimes to the Pacific slopes of the Andes, where
opposite leaves without stipules, and it is largely cultivated in Peru and Chili
small flowers which are sometimes uni- for the sake of its seeds, which are exten-
sexual, i.e. have stamens and pistils in sively used as an article of food. They are
separate flowers. Perianth (calyx) deeply- prepared either by boiling in water like
divided, sometimes tubular at the base, rice or oatmeal, a kind of gruel being the
persistent stamens inserted into the
;
result, which is seasoned with the Chili
base of the perianth and opposite to its pepper and other condiments ; or the
divisions. Ovary free, one-celled, with a grains are slightly roasted like coffee,
single ovule attached to its base. Fruit an boiled in water and strained, the brown-
utricle (inflated) or an achene, sometimes coloured broth thus prepared being
succulent embryo curved round mealy
; seasoned as in the first process. This
|
albumen, or spirally curved without albu- second preparation is called carapulque,'
'

'
men Inconspicuous plants found in and is said to be a favourite dish with the
waste places in all parts of the world, but ladies of Lima. However prepared, the
i abounding in extra-tropical regions. Many Quinoa is unpalatable to strangers, though
i of them, as species of Salicornia. and Sali- it is probably a nutritious article of food
CHEIt] €l)c Crea^urg of 3Sfltang. 268

from the amount of albumen it con- odorata. — , WILD. Chmrophyllum syl-

tains. Two varieties are cultivated, one vestre,
producing very pale seeds called the White, CHERVIS. (Fr.) Slum Sisarum.
which is that employed as food, and a
dark-red fruited one called the Red Quinoa. CHESNEYA. A
genus of dwarf woody
A sweetened decoction of the seeds of the plants, belonging to the pea-flowered Leg li-
latter is used medicinally, as an application nt inosa?, nearly related to Calophaca and
to sores and bruises, and cataplasms are Colutea, from both of which it differs, in
also made from it. This species attains a having the spaces between the seeds in the
height of four to five feet, and has a stout pod occupied by a spongy pith-like sub-
furrowed branched stem, large triangular- stance. The leaves are alternate, un-
ovate deeply-sinuate leaves, on long foot- equally pinnate, with from three to nine
stalks, and densely-clustered small green pairs of wedge-shaped leaflets, about half
flowers, produced in axillary and terminal an inch long, and downy. The flower-stalks
panicles. Botanically, the genus Cheitopo- are axillary, bearing on their apex one
clium is distinguished by a five-parted to three yellow or violet-coloured flowers,
perianth, five stamens, two styles crown- whose tubular calyces are curiously swollen
ing the ovary which contains a single above at the base. The pods are from one
round flattened seed. [W. T.] to two inches long, roundish, or somewhat
flattened, containing four to six seeds.
CHERAMELLA. An Indian name for There are about eight species known one :

the subacid fruits of Cicca disticha. of them, C. cuneata, found in Tibet at an

elevation of eight to twelve thousand feet,
CHERIMOYER. Anona Cherimolia, a but the greater portion in W. Asia, and
delicious Peruvian fruit. chiefly in Persia. [A. A. B.J
CHERMESINE. A kind of crimson. CHESTNUT. The common name for
CHE-ROOT. Oldenlandia umbellata.. Castanea. — HORSE. jEsculus Hippocas-
,

tanitm. — MORETON BAY, or NEW

,

CHERRIS. An Indian name for the HOLLAND. The large fleshy seeds of Cas-
resinous exudation of the Hemp, Cannabis tanospermum australe. — SPANISH. ,

sativa. Castanea vesca, the fruits of which are

known as Sweet Chestnuts. — TAHITI. ,
CHERRY. A well-known fruit produced
Inocarpus edulis. — , WATER. Trapa
from cultivated varieties of the Wild nutans. — , WILD. A name
given by the
Cherries, Cerasus avium and C. vulgaris.
— , BARBADOS. Malpighia glabra. — settlers at the Cape to the seeds of Brabe-
jum. —
, YELLOW. Quercus Castanea.
BASTARD. Cerasus Pseudo-cerasus. —
BEECH or BRUSH. Trochocarpa lauriva. CHESTNUT OAK. Quercus Castanea;
— , BIRCH. Betula leuta. —, BIRD. Ce- also sometimes applied to the timber of
rasus Padus. — , CHOKE. Cerasus virgini- the sessile-fruited English oak, Quercus
ana ; also C. serotina, hiemalis, and burculis. sessiliflora.
- CLAMMY. Cordia Collococca. —, CO W-
,

HAGE. Malpighia urens. —.CORNELIAN. CHEVEUX DE VENUS. (Fr.) Adian-

Cornus mascula. — , GROUND. Cerasus tum Capilius-Veneris ; also applied to Cus-
cuta major, and Nigella damascena. —,
Cltamcecerasus also an American name for
;

Physalis. —.HOTTENTOT. Cassine Mau- DU DIABLE. Cuscuta major.

rocenia. —
NATIVE, of Australia.
,
CHEWREFEUILLE. (Fr.) Lonicera.
E.rorarpus cu press iformis; , of N. S. — — DES BOIS. Lonicera Periclymcnum.
Wales. Nelitris ingens. WINTER. —,
— D'lTALIE. Lonicera ctrusca. DE —
Physalis Alkekengi also sometimes applied
;
VIRGINIE. Lonicera sempervirens.
to Physalis angulata and Cardiospermum
Halicacabum. CHEVRILLE. (Fr.) Lactuca perennis.
CHERRY-CRAB. A variety of the CHEYNIA. A handsome-flowered genus
Siberian Crab, Pyrus Mains baccata. of the myrtle family, native of the Swan
River territory. The plant is a small much-
CHERRY-LAUREL. Cerasus Lauro- branched shrub, with fine heath-like leaves
cerasus. arranged in four rows, and bears handsome
CHERRY-PEPPER. Capsicum cerasi- scarlet flowers with a long calyx tube, and
forme. a five-parted limb. The five petals are in-
serted into a thick rim lining the throat of
CHERRY-PIE. A garden and popular the calyx, as also are the numerous stamens,
name for the Heliotrope. which are separate from each other, and of
CHERUI. (Fr.) Si urn Sisarum. unequal lengths, the connective of the an-
ther being slightly swollen ; the ovary is
CHERVIL. A garden potherb, Clmro- five-celled and many-seeded. [M. T. M .]
phyllwm sativum, also called Anthriscus Ce-
refolium. The name Chervil is also applied CHIAZOSPERMUM. A genus contain-
generally to the plants referred to Chcero- ing an annual herb from temperate Asia,
phyllum. , —
GREAT. Myrrhis odorata. allied to Hypecoum, and like it forming a
— NEEDLE. Scandix Pecten veneris.
, — connecting link between the orders Papa-
PARSNIP. Clicerophyllum bulbosum, or veracea and Fumariacece. It differs from
Anthriscus bulbosus. , SWEET. Myrrhis — Hypecoum by having the seeds somewhat
 four-sided, each side with a cross-marked CHILLI. The fruit of Capsicum an-
elevation. [J. T. S.] iiuum, and other allied species.

CHIBOU RESIN. A product of Bursera CHILOCARPUS. An imperfectly known

gummifera. genus of climbing shrubs, natives of Java,
with a salver-shaped corolla, capitate stig-
CHICASAW PLUM. Cerasus Chicasa. ma, and a capsular fruit. The genus is re-
ferred to the Apocynacece. [M. T. M.J
CHICHA. Sterculia Cliicha, the seeds of
which are eaten as nuts by the Brazilians ;
CHILODIA. A genus of Labiatece, con-
also a colouring-matter obtained from the taining a single species, a native of New
leaves of Bignonia Chica. Holland. It is a branched glabrous or
slightly pubescent shrub, with small entire
CHICHE. (Fr.) Lathyrus Cicera. linear-sessile leaves and single flowered
CHICKEN- WEED. A name under which axillary peduncles, with two small subu-
Eoccella tinctoria has heen sometimes im- late bracts below the calyx. The calyx is
ported. campanulate with a short striated tube,
and a bilabiate limb, the upper lip being
CHICHOW. The seeds of Cassia Absus,
entire and the lower emarginate or biden-
an Egyptian remedy for ophthalmia. tate. The corolla is campanulate and
CHICKRASSIA. A latinised version of faintly two-lipped. There are four stamens
the Bengalee name of a lofty Indian tree, shorter than the tube; the anthers have
i belonging to the order Cedrelacece. The two smooth parallel cells, without ap-
leaves are pinnated the flowers large, in
;
pendages. The apex of the style is slightly
terminal panicles with ten stamens united bifid with sub-equal lobes. In habit and
by their filaments into a tube. Ovary three- structure this genus is very near Prostan-
celled, placed on a broad disc, with pen- thera, differing only in having no append-
dulous ovules, arranged in two rows. The ages to the anther-celL [W. C]
fruit is a capsule opening from above CHILOGLOTTIS. Under this name
downwards by three valves, leaving a stand a small number of terrestrial Aus-
central column. The seeds are winged. tralasian orchids, bearing radical leaves
The wood of C. tabularis is close-grained, in pairs and solitary galeate reddish
lieht-coloured, and elegantly veined hence ;
flowers at the end of a short naked scape.
it is in much request by cabinet makers, Like Caladenia its lip is marked by promi-
who call it chittagong wood, though there nent glands nor, indeed, does it differ
;

are other woods with a similar appellation. much from that genus, except in having a
The bark of this tree is astringent but not very broad arched dorsal sepal.
bitter. [M. T. M.]
CHILOPSIS. A genus of Bignoniaceo?,
CHICKWEED. The common name for consisting of a single species of erect
Alsine. The well-known weed of this name branching shrubs from Mexico. It has long
is Alsine, or Stellaria media. , BASTARD, — linear entire alternate leaves, and beautiful
Buffonia ternifolia. —
FORKED. Any- , flowers in terminal dense spicate racemes,
chia dichotoma. —
, INDIAN. An American on short bibracteolate pedicles. The bila-
name for Mollugo. —
, MOUSE-EAR. The biate calyx is membranaceous, inflated,
common name for Cerastium also speci- ; and deeply-cleft in front the corolla-tube
;

ally C. vidgatum. —
SEA. Arenaria pep-
, is dilated upwards, and the two-lipped limb
loides. —, SILVER. Paronychia argyro- is five-lobed. The four stamens are didy-
coma. — ,WATER. Montia fontana also ; namous, the sterile fifth being very minute.
sometimes applied to Malachium aquati- The style is Aliform, and the stigma bi-
ctim, and Callitriche verna. lobed. The pod-like capsule is two-celled,
with the partition bearing the placenta
CHICO. A kind of beer, made in Chili
contrary to the valves. The seeds are
from the Indian corn, Zea Mays. transversely winged. [W. C]
CHICON. (Fr.) Lactuca sativa. CHILOSCHISTA usneoides is a leafless
CHICOR'EE. (Fr.) Succory, Cichorium Indian epiphyte of the orchidaceous order,
Intybus. —
FRISEE'. Curled Endive, a
, with narrow, flat, green roots, which cling
variety of Cichorium Endivia. to the branches of trees and appear to
serve the purpose of leaves, as also happens
CHICORIA DE LA TIERRA CALT- in the leafless Angrcecums.
ENTE. A South American name for Achy-
rophorus sessiliflorus. CHIMAPHILA. A small genus of Pyro-
lacece, natives of Europe, Siberia, and
CHICORY. Cichorium Intybus, or Suc- North America, differing from Pyrola by
cory. the hairy filaments, very short style, and
capsule splitting from the apex downwards
CHICOT, or CHICHOT DU CANADA. with the edges of the valves not woolly.
iFt.i Gymnocladus canadensis. The term
Chicot is applied to the
also seeds of
The plants, called Winter Greens in Ame-
rica, have woody subterranean shoots, and
Moringa pterygosperma.
a short stem with a tuft of thick shining
CHIENDENT. (Fr.) Cynodon Bactylon. evergreen leaves, oblong, wedge-shaped, or
A BALAIS.
N
Andropogon Ischoemum. — lanceolate —
in the latter case variegated
A CHAPELET. Avena bulbosa.
y
— DES with white. The scape is corymbosely or
BOUTIQUES. Triticum repens. umbellately branched at the apex the ,
chim] Wfyt Crotfurp flf Matany. 270
pedicels one-flowered, bearing handsome, |
Opegrarpha and their allies, which grow on
bell-shaped, white flowers, tinged with i the trunks of trees. These lichens are also
purplish-red, and very sweet-scented. The :

1
sometimes called Letter-lichens, or Scrip-
leaves contain a bitter extractive matter, ture-worts. [M. J. B.]
on which account they have been used in CHINQUAPIN. An American name for
medicine, in North America. [J. T. S.]
Quercus prinoides; also for Castanea pu-
CHIMNEY PLANT. Campanula pyra- mila.
midalis. CHIOCOCCA. A genus of the Cinchon-
CHIMONANTHUS. The Japan Allspice, aceous family, consisting of small shrubs,
C fragrans, is the only representative of
with a funnel-shaped yellowish corolla,
this genus of the Calycanthus family, and concealing the five stamens, which are
it is well-known in gardens for its early
provided with hairs. Ovary two-celled,
flowering and the sweet scent of its blos- with two inverted ovules. Fruit a berry
soms. It was introduced from China in with two seeds. The species are remark-
able for the violent emetic and cathartic,
1766, and for a long while was known
under the name of Calycanthus pracox, properties possessed by the roots, which
until it was shown to differ from that are administered in Brazil as a certain
genus in having but ten stamens arranged remedy for snake bites, though their in-
in two rows while in Calycanthus they are
tense action would seem to be, from the
;

very numerous, and arranged in four rows. account of Von Martius, almost as danger-
The Japan Allspice is a much-branched ous as the wound they are intended to
shrub, and generally treated as a wall-plant cure. The name is derived from two Greek
in gardens its leaves are opposite, stalked,
;
words, signifying 'snow-berry,' in allu-
between oval and lanceolate in form, and sion to the white fruit. [M. T. MJ
very rough on the surface they generally
; CHIONANTHUS. The Snowdrop tree of
fall late in the autumn, but sometimes a North America, or the Snow-flower, as the
few remain till the spring. The flowers are name implies, belongs to a gen us of Oleacea?,
sessile on the branches, about an inch in and is distinguished by its deciduous leaves,
diameter, and made up of a large number and the long narrow ribbon-like segments
of pale yellow waxy petals, arranged in of the corolla. The fruit is a drupe like
several rows: the inner series in one that of the olive. C. virginica is a decidu-
variety chocolate-coloured, and in an- ous shrub or small tree, with large smooth
other mottled with red. These flowers in
mild winters often appear about Christ-
M
leaves like those of a agnolia, and bearing
flowers in terminal panicles. It blossoms
mas, and last for a long time. [A. A. B.J in this country in June, and is highly or-
namental. [M. T. MJ
CHINA ASTER. Callistephus chinensis,
also called Callistemma hortense. CHIONOPHILA. A genus of Scrophu-
lariacece, nearly allied to Pentstemon, but
CHINA BARK. The bark of Buena hex-
differing from that genus in its five-
andra, an indifferent febrifuge.
toothed (not five-cleft) calyx, as well as in
CHINA GRASS. The fibre of Bbhmeria habit. C. Jamesii, the only known species,
nivea, the Rheea, or Ramee. found in the Rocky Mountains near the
snow limit, is a small unbranched herb
CHINA ROOT. The tuberous rhizome about two inches high, with a few smooth
of Smilax Cliina. linear leaves which are enveloped near the
CHINCAPIN. (Fr.) Castanea pumila. base by a number of membranaceous
scales. The tubular flowers grow one or
CHINCH IN. A Chilian name for Poly-
two on the apex of ashort scape. The fruit
gala thesioides.
is not known. [A. A. BJ
CHIN-CHON. A gummy or glutinous
CHIP. A material used for plaiting into
matter, much used as a glueor varnish in
various articles of ornament and use, and
China and Japan, and supposed to be the obtained from the leaves of the palm called
produce of Plocaria tenax. Thrinax argentea.
CHINESE SWALLOWS' NESTS. These
CHIQU1CHIQUI. The Venezuelan name
curious productions, which sell at such a
for Attalea funifera, which yields the Pias-
high price in China, though they have saba fibre of commerce.
no especial points of recommendation be-
yond many other gelatinous ingredients in CHIRATA. An Indian tonic,
soups, were formerly supposed to be made Chrrayta; also called Chireeta or Chi-
of some species of the rose-spored Algw, as retta.
Sphcerococcus lichenoides; but this is now
ascertained to be amistake, and it is known
CHIRITA. A small genus of Gesnera-
cece, natives of tropical Asia. They are
that thev are formed of a secretion from
herbaceous plants with a short stock or a
the mouth of the bird itself. [M. J. B.]
simple leafy stem, the leaves opposite, and
CHINESE TREE. Posonia Moutan. the flowers solitary or umbellate, on axil-
lary or radical peduncles. The calyx is
CHINESE VARNISH. Ehus vernici- flve-lobed the corolla tubular, the limb
;
fera.
two-lipped. Of the four stamens the two
CHINKWORT. The popular name upper are small and sterile, and the fertile
in
some districts for the different species of pair have divaricate anther-cells cohering
 Elje ErcaSurg of ^otaiiD-. [CHLO
laterally. The stigma flattened and
is several Indian trees, especially of Cedrela
emarginate or two-lobed. The linear Toona, and Chickrassia tabularis.
capsule contains many minute seeds with-
CHITTAH-PAT. The Assam name for
out appendages. [W. C.J
Licuala peltata.
CHIROXIA. A genus of the gentian CHIVES or CITES. Allium Schceno-
family, somewhat singularly named after
Chiron, one of the reputed fathers of p rasum, a garden esculent.
r

medicine, inasmuch as the species in- CHL^ENACE^E. A small family consisting

habit a district unknown in those days, of only four genera of one or two species
to wit, the Cape of Good Hope. The ge- each, all from the island of Madagascar,
nus consists of herbs or small shrubs with and as yet but very imperfectly known.
narrow ribbed leaves, and a corolla with They are trees or shrubs with the habit,
a short tube, and a five-cleft bell-shaped alternate leaves, stipules, and terminal
limb with deciduous segments. The five inflorescence of some Sterculiacece, of which
stamens are short, inserted on the throat j
they have also the free petals, monadel-
of the corolla and bent downwards, and the phous stamens and anthers and the ;

anthers open by two pores at the top. structure of the ovary fruit and seed is
The ovary is partly two-celled, .by the the same as in some genera of that
bending inwards of the placenta, bearing family ; but the calyx is said to be always
the numerous seeds the style terminal,
;
j
three-cleft or composed of three sepals,
curved at the top, and directed away from and enclosed in a five-toothed involucre,
the stamens. The capsule has a somewhat an anomaly which has prevented the abso-
fleshy external rind, and an inner membra- lute union of Chlcenacece with Sterculiacece.
nous one. Several kinds are in cultivation.
They have for the most part pretty pink CHLAMYDANTHUS. A
name now ap-
flowers. plied to a section of the genus Thymelcea,
[M. T. M."
in which the tubular calyx remains
CHIRONIS. (Fr.) Slum Sisarv.m. attached after withering and encloses the
CHIROPETALUM. A genus of Euphor- nut. The plants embraced in this section
are low woody-stemmed bushes, chiefly
Macece, allied to Croton, but differing in the
natives of the Mediterranean regions.
stamens being united into a column, not
free, and also to Ditaxis, which, however,
Their bark is very tough as in all the
has ten stamens in two tiers, instead of five plants of the family to which they belong
in one tier. The plants are herbs or small
(Thymelacem). Their leaves are seldom
shrubs confined to the temperate parts of more than half an inch long, and generally
linear in form and the flowers are small
South America, some of them having all ;

their parts covered- with little simple hairs. and inconspicuous in the axils of the
leaves. [A. A. B.]
The leaves are alternate entire or serrate,
generally lanceolate in form and three- CHLIDANTHUS. A genus of South
nerved. The small green flowers are American amaryllids having truncated
disposed in axillary or terminal racemes, bulbs, linear-lorate leaves sheathing at the
I
the upper portion of the raceme being |
base, developed after the flowers, and a
j
occupied by the males, which are the most scape, one and a half foot high, supporting
numerous, the lower by the females. The ;
an umbel of a few large fragrant flowers.
• calyx is five-parted, and the petals, of a like i The perianth has an erect cylindrical
j
number, are three or seven-lobed. The j
tube widened at the mouth, and a nearly-
i ovary is crowned with three styles, each |
equal somewhat spreading limb of six
I forked at the summit in the form of a Y, j
segments. The filaments of the six
and bent back on the fruit which is three- stamens are inserted in the points of the
lobedand contains three seeds. The leaves alternately unequal teeth of a thin mem-
of some of the species are of a reddish- brane adhering completely to the tube and
brown colour owing to the presence of base of the petals, but partible. This
j
colouring matter. [A. A. B.] membrane Dr. Herbert regarded as an
CHITOXIA. A genu3 of West Indian incipient manifestation of the staminife-
j

shrubs of the family Melastomacece, some rous cup of his pancratiform section of
amaryllids, with which Chlidanthus thus
|

species of which are grown in this country

as ornamental stove-plants. They form becomes a connecting link. C. fragrans,
shrubs or small trees, and have opposite the only species, has glaucous erect leaves
ovate acute five-nerved leaves, and termi- about a quarter of an inch wide its flowers
;

nal panicles with three-flowered branches. are yellow, fragrant, sub-sessile, with the
The limb of the calyx is described as tube two to four inches long, and the
being in two rows, the outer consisting limb one inch and a half. [T. M.J
of aw]-shaped teeth, the inner of short CHLO ANTHES. A genus of Verbenacea?
very blunt membranous processes, adhe- New Holland, consist-
from extra-tropical
rent to the base of the outer teeth ing of undershrubs thickly covered with
the ;

anthers open by one pore only the ovary

; opposite or ternate sessile linear and
is enclosed within the tube of the calyx, revolute leaves, and having solitary axil-
and has six compartments. [M. T. MJ lary flowers with short peduncles. The
CHITTA-EITA. calyx is campanulate, five-cleft, and spread-
An Indian name for ing.
Ph cunix fa rin ifera. The tube of the corolla has a woolly
ring on its interior above the apex of the
CHITTAGOXG WOOD. The timber of ovary, and the ringent limb has the upper
CHLO] Cf)e Ercatfurg al 330tang. 272
and the lower tripartite, the middle
lip bifid, flowers are in simple or branched terminal
lobe being the longest. The four didyna- spikes, often articulate, as in Gnetum.
mous stamens are inserted in the corolla- There is no perianth. One or more sta-
tube, and the ovary is four-celled, with a mens are adnate to the ovary when the
single ovule in each cell the slender
; flowers are hermaphrodite. The ovary con-
style, as long as the stamens, has a bifid tains a single pendulous ovule, and is
stigma. The capsule is dicoccous, each crowned by a thickened sessile stigma.
coccus being two-celled. [W. C] The fruit is a small drupe, the embryo
very minute in the top of a fleshy albumen.
CHLOIDIA. Among the terrestrial There are but very few species, all tropical
orchids with the habit of small^bamboos and contained in two genera: Chlorantlius
are two species referred to Neottia by in Asia, and Hedyosmum in America,
Swartz N. flava and N. polystachya, the
:

firstfound in swamps in Jamaica and CHLORANTHUS. A genus of tropical

Brazil, thesecond inhabiting barrens on Cliloranthacece, the only floral envelope of
the highest mountains of Jamaica. Both which is a very small calyx, consisting of
look like a Corymbis or Cnemidia. They one scale adhering to the side of the ovary.
seem to fill the same position among It consists of small evergreen shrubs,
Neottece as Evelyna among Epidendrece. having jointed stems with tumid articu-
C. decumbens is six feet high ; but C. ver- lations, and opposite simple leaves with
nalis is not more than a foot. minute intervening stipules. The appa-
rently single stamen, which is the most
CHLORA. An annual herbaceous plant, remarkable part of its structure, consists
well marked among the Gentianacece by of three, the central one of which has a
its eight-cleft flowers and eight stamens. perfect two-celled anther, and the other
G. perfoliata, called Tellowwort, the only two, one on each side of it, have only half
British example, is a singularly erect slen- an anther, so that they are only one-celled;
der plant, about a foot high, with but few or the two lateral half anthers may be
root-leaves, opposite stem-leaves which deficient, leaving a single perfect stamen.
are united at the base (connate), and stems They are attached to the side of the ovary
which are forked towards the extremity, immediately above the calyx. The three
having a single flower in each fork and stamens grow together except at their
others crowded at the extremity. The points, so as to become monadelphous,
whole plant is perfectly smooth and of a which has given rise to different opinions
decided glaucous hue. The flowers, which as to their structure. The ovary is one
are rather large, and of a delicate clear celled, consisting of a single carpel with
yellow, expand only during the sunshine, one pendulous ovule and the seed has a
;

like the genus Erythrcea, to which Clilora large quantity of albumen, the embryo
is allied. The whole plant is intensely being very minute.
bitter, and may be employed with ad-
vantage as a tonic; it also dyes yellow.
It is of tolerably common occurrence in
chalky pastures, especially near the sea.
Two other species resembling C. perfoliata
in habit occur on the European continent,
one a native of Germany and Hungary, the
other of Southern Europe. French, Chlore;
German, Bikerkraut. [C. A. J.]

CHLORiEA. An extensive genus of

terrestrial orchids exclusively found in
the southern districts of South America.
Botanically they are allied to Arethusa,
although very different in habit from that
genus. Their roots are coarse fascicled
tr'.utinous fibres. The leaves are all radical.
The scape is clothed with thin herbaceous
sheaths. The flowers grow in spikes or
racemes in the manner of the genus Orchis,
are greenish, whitish, or yellow, occasion-
allymarked by deep brown specks. Some
thirty or forty species are known, none of
which are in cultivation, although they Chloranthus inconspicuus.
have been occasionally introduced, among
which is the plant called, in the Botanical The roots of C. officinalis, a native of
Magazine (t. 2956), Ulantha grandifiora, the Java, occasionally seen in our hot-houses,
native country of which is unknown. are an aromatic stimulant, which, Dr.
CHLORANTHACEiE. A small family of Blume states, has proved of the greatest
dicotyledons with flowers of a very simple service in a typhus fever of that island,
structure, allied to those of Piperacece and accompanied with symptoms of extreme
Saurnracea?. They are trees, shrubs, or debility, languid pulse, and stupor. It
rarely herbs, with opposite leaves con- was also employed most beneficially in
nected by sheathing stipules. The minute malignant intermittent fever; and he adds
 273 3TI)C 5Trca£uvp of 2S0tanjn [CHLO

there can be no doubt that it is one of the which those of clover, onions, cucumbers,
most valuable stimulants in such cases. and melons, are perhaps the best known.
It was given in infusion, and was usually Melons have become so subject to chlorosis,
1

combined with a decoction of Cedrela from some unknown cause, that their cul-
•
Toona. The roots are also employed there tivation is daily becoming more difficult
with the greatest success, mixed with and cucumbers are still more generally
carminatives, as anise, in the malignant affected, the fruit even partaking of the
'

small-pox in children. C. brachystachys malady, and not only losing its brilliant
has similar properties. [B. C] green, but becoming distorted from gum-
J

The detached flowers of C. inconspicuus, ming and partial decay. [M. J. B.]
which are fragrant, are used in China under CHLOROSPERME^l. One of the three
the name of Chu-lan, for scenting some of
I

great divisions of Alga? characterised by

the perfumed teas. They are placed with the green colour of the spores. To this
•
the prepared leaves in alternate layers there are occasional exceptions, and in
1

under pressure, and thus impart their some of these the spores are originally
fragrance to the leaves. [T. M.]
green. The species are in general far less
CHLORETTE. (Fr.) Chlora perfoliata. compound than in the two other orders,
though in some instances the phenomena
CHLORIS. A genus of grasses, typical of fructification are more striking. The
of the tribe Clilor idee?, distinguished chiefly green powdery or gelatinous productions,
hy the spikes of inflorescence being in i
which are so common upon damp walls or
finger-like fascicles, rarely two, or only ! rocks the curious microscopic few-celled
;

one. Flowers polygamous ;

glumes two, ,
productions which abound in our pools
containing from two to six florets ; lower or infest other Algie ; the green floating
flowers one to three, hermaphrodite male ;
'

masses which form a scum upon our pools,

flowers often stalked pales with terminal
; or the shrubby tufts of the same colour in
awns stamens three styles two. Sixty-
; ; running streams or on sea rock the flat
;

nine species are described in SteudeTs filmy membranes which occur both in
Synopsis, and these are mostly natives of fresh and salt water, are so many mem-
warm, dry countries, and consequently ;
hers of the division ; to which may be
require the protection of a conservatory i
added, the spongy Codiums and the herba-
in Britain. C. radiata is a pretty annual . ceous tinted Caulerpce, which often assume
grass, frequently cultivated in green- I
the more solid appearance of the more per-
houses, in consequence of its ornamental fect A Igce. In a few genera large quantities
and curious appearance. Many of the of carbonate of lime are deposited, so as
other species are handsome also. [D. MJ to give them a coral-like appearance. To
avoid repetition the peculiar features of
CHLORO.
I

In Greek compounds =green.

j
each group will be stated in its proper
CHLOROCHROUS. Having a green skin. place. In Diatomaceae the spores, which
are however rarely produced, their multi-
CHLOROPHYLL. The green resinous !

plication being chiefly effected byrepeated

granular colouring matter secreted below
cell divisions, are of a yellow brown, and
i

the surface of plants.

j

in an artificial system they might be re-

CHLOROSA latifoUn, is an insignificant ferred to the M elan o sperms. Though, how-
Javanese orchid, allied to Neottia and ever, they are in some respects so peculiar
Cryptostylis, from the latter of which it as to stand apart from other Alga3, they
differs in the pollen, which is strictly are so closely connected with Desmidiacece,
powdery, and in the anther, which is ter- that they can scarcely be separated from
minal. It has small insignificant green time Chlorosperms.
flowers. The spores of most members of this
great division when they are first liberated
CHLOROSIS. One of the most formid- are endowed with active motion, which is
able diseases to which plants are subject,
produced by long thorny-like appendages
and often admitting of no remedy, espe-
cially where it is constitutional.
and by short cilia?. In most cases they are
It con-
very minute. Such spores are called, from
sists in a pallid condition of the plant, in
their resemblance to Infusoria, Zoosperms.
which the tissues are weak and unable to
contend against severe changes, and the In some instances, as in Govjugate, the ad-
mixture of the contents of two contiguous
cells are more or less destitute of chlo-
cells, either in the same or different in-
rophyll. It is. distinct from blanching,
dividuals, is requisite for the production
because it may exist in plants exposed to
of the perfect spore. In the latter case,
direct light on a south border, but is often
produced or aggravated by cold ungenial short lateral tubes are thrown out, by
weather and bad drainage. Plants may, means of which different threads are
united, or they become adherent without
however, be affected by this disease as
any distinct connecting thread. Male
soon as the cotyledons make their appear-
ance, and the seedlings of chlorotine organs have been found in many of the
plants partake often of the weak consti- divisions. [M. J. BJ
tutor of the parent. The best culture CHLOROXTLON. A
genus of Cedre-
!
will not always restore such plants to lacece, generically distinguished by its
health. The most promising remedy is fruit having only three cells, and split-
watering them with a very weak solution ting into three parts instead of five.
of sulphate of iron. Many forms exist, of The Satin-wood tree of India, C. Swietenia,
 CHNO \e Creating at Matm%£. 274
forms a fine tree fifty or sixty feet in infusion of its leaves is purgative and
height. It is a native of Ceylon, and the diuretic. [T. M.]
Coromandel coast, and also of other parts of
India. Its leaves are pinnate, consisting CHOHO. An Abyssinian name f or In-
of numerous pale-coloured leaflets, of a digo/era argentea.
somewhat egg-shaped outline, but with CHOIN. (Fr.) Schcenus.
the two sides unequal. These leaflets are
readily distinguishable from those of all CHOISYA. A Mexican rutaceous shrub,
the allied genera, with the exception of with ternate leaves, a panicled inflor-
Flindersia, an Australian genus, by their escence, with large deciduous bracts be-
substance being dotted with minute pel- neath the flower-stalks white flowers
;

lucid glands or oil cells. The small whitish sprinkled with glandular dots the five
;

flowers of this tree are borne in large petals and ten stamens inserted on a short
branching panicles, growing at the ends stalk supporting the ovary, which consists
of the young branches. They have a small of five carpels fused into one. The style
five-parted calyx ; five spreading petals is short with five furrows, hairy like the
with short stalks ten awl-shaped spread-
;
ovary; stigma capitate. The fruit is a
ing stamens, all of which are distinct and capsule with five furrows. [M. T. MJ
fertile and a three-celled ovary, which is
;

half buried in the disk from which the

CHOKE-BERRY. An American name
for Pyrus arbutifolia.
stamens rise. The fruit contains four
seeds in each and the seeds are
cell, CHOKE, BLACK. Cerasus Memalis.
prolonged at one end into a thin wing
or membranous expansion. CHOLA. An Indian name for Gram,
Cicer arietinum.
This tree yields the satin-wood of India, a
handsome light-coloured hard wood, with CHOLLU. An Indian name for the grain
a satin-like lustre, and sometimes beauti- of Eleusine coracana.
fully mottled or curled in the grain, bear-
ing some resemblance to box-wood, but
CHOLTJM. The great Millet, Sorghum
vidgare.
rather deeper in colour. The best kind of
satin-wood, however, comes from the CHOMORO. Podocarpus cupressinus, one
"West Indies, and is the produce of a dif- of the best timber trees of Java.
ferent but unknown tree. In 1858 the im-
ports of this wood amounted to 248 tons,
CHONDRILLA. A genus of the com-
posite family, nearly allied to the lettuce
valued at 2.487Z. the Indian wood being in
:

(Lactuca), which has the achenes pro-

circular logs of nine to thirty inches in
longed into a beak and smooth while
diameter, and that from the West Indies ;

those of Cliondrilla are often rough and

,

j
(St. Domingo and New Providence) in furnished at the base of the beak with five
square logs or planks varying from nine
small scales, arranged in the manner of a
to twenty inches across. The principal
use of satin-wood is for making the backs
little calyx. The plants are herbs, with
generally pinnatifid root-leaves, having a
of clothes- and hair-brushes, and for arti-
large terminal lobe and small lateral ones
cles of turnery ware ; the finest mottled
those of the stem, few small and entire.
pieces, however, are cut into veneers and
used for cabinet-making and similar pur- The yellow flower-heads are solitary and
terminating the branches, or in corymbs
poses. [A. S.J
or leafy spikes. C. juncea, a native of the
CHNOOPHORA. A name sometimes south of Europe, a straggling much-
given to certain ferns usually referred to branched plant, is almost destitute of
Alsophila. [T. M.] leaves when in flower; a narcotic gum is
said to be obtained from it in the Island
CHOCO. Sechmm edule, a tropical escu- of Lemnos. About twenty species are
lent of the cucurbitaceous order. Notused enumerated, all of them weedy plants,
in this country. natives of South Europe, the East, and
Siberia. [A. A. B.]
CHOCOLATE ROOT. Geum canadense.
—, INDIAN. Geum rivale. CHONDRODENDRTTM. A genus of climb-
ing shrubs belonging to the Menisper-
CHOCOLATE TREE. Theobroma Cacao. macecv, and closely allied to Cocculus, from
The Chocolate-nut is the seed of this tree, which it is distinguished by the stigmas,
and the chocolate of the shops a prepara- which are ovate and simple by the glo-
;

tion of these seeds. bose fruit, which consists of one drupe,

owing to the suppression of the others
CHCERADODIA. A genus referred by and by the flat orbicular seeds with a
Herbert to the alstromeriform amaryllids. striated margin. C. convolvidaceum is
It has fibrous roots, numerous radical called by the Peruvians the Wild Grape, on
linear acute erect glabrous leaves, and account of the form of the fruits, and their
a scape five to six feet high, bearing three acid and not unpleasant flavour. The bark
or four smaller alternate clasping leaves, is esteemed as a febrifuge. [M. T. M.]
and supporting a corymb of flowers, of
which the sepals and petals are very un- CHONDRORHYNCHA rosea is a ter-
equal in size, the one white the other restrial orchid related to Cymbidium, in-
tipped with red. It isa little-known plant habiting Central America. It has long
of Chili, where it is called Thekel. A
cold ribbed broad grassy leaves, and large dirty
 270 Ctje Crea£urp of 33 clang. [CHOR
purple radical flowers, with the upper sepal CHOOPA. Pierarclia dulcis, a Malacca
united to the back of the column, and the fruit.
lip in the form of a large boat-shaped body.
The pollen masses are four, secured in
CHORDA. A genus of dark-seeded Algce,
with a simple cylindrical tubular frond, in
pairs to a long soft gland attached to a
the surface of which are imbedded a num-
hard cartilaginous rostel. ber of obconical spores. In C. filmn, the
CHOXDROSPERMUM. A genus
of frond is slimy, perfectly cylindrical, and
climbing evergreen shrubs, natives of sometimes twenty, or even forty feet in
India, with opposite petiolate and three- length. It is occasionally used instead
nerved leaves the flowers are in very short
;
of fishing lines, for which, however, it
pedunculate panicles with small lanceolate must be a poor substitute. It is in quiet
'

bracts. The calyx and corolla consist each land-locked bays,' says Dr. Harvey, with '

of four parts the corolla has a long tube,

;
a sandy or somewhat muddy bottom, and
and spreading limb, cleft into four linear in from three to six fathoms of water,
clavate lobes there are two scarcely ex-
;
that it reaches its greatest size. In such
serted stamens, a two-celled ovary with a places it frequently forms extensive sub-
single erect ovule in each cell, and two marine meadows so dense as seriously to
very short styles or stigmas. The yellow affect the passage of boats, and to endanger
flowers and climbing stems, together with the life of the unfortunate swimmer who
the erect ovules, have caused this genus to may chance to become entangled in its
be referred to Jasminacece. The whole struc- slimy cords, which when growing have
ture of the flower seems, however, to unite considerable tenacity.' [M. J. B.]
it more closely to Oleacece. ["W. CJ
CHORDA PISTILLARIS. A line of
CHOXDRUS. A small genus of rose- tissue reaching from the stigma down to
spored Algce, with a forked fan-shaped the cavity of the ovary.
frond, and the capsules, which contain CHORDARIE^E. A natural order of
several masses of spores, immersed in the dark-spored Algce, distinguished by their
frond without any definite border. The compound gelatinous frond consisting of
type of the genus is C. crispus, the true vertical and horizontal threads variously
Carrageen. It is very common on our interlaced, the cysts being contained in
the substance of the frond, and not ex-
ternal as in Ectocarpecc. Some are as ge-
latinous as Batrachospermum while Lea-
;

thesia presents an irregular firm but

hollowT truffle-like mass Ralfsia forms an
;

adherent crust. They are principally in-

habitants of colder regions, though species
are found at Port Natal and amongst the
Philippines. The spore-like cysts are
often of two kinds, both producing zoos-
pores. The tips of the terminal threads
are often swollen so that they appear to be
fruit. [M. J. B.J

CHORETIS. A genus of Mexican and

Texan Amaryllidacece., with the habit of
Ismene, and the flowers of Hymenocallis.
The perianth has a long slender nearly
straight tube, a reflexed limb of long
narrow segments, and a large rotate coro-
nel lacerated at the margin, the long fila-
ments being spreading-connivent. C.
glauca is a beautiful species with black-
coated bulbs, erect glaucous leaves, a foot
Chondrus crispus.
and a half long and two and a half
inches wide, and a scape upwards of a
coasts, as also on the Atlantic coast,
it is
foot high, supporting three or four sessile
from the shores of British America to
flowers. The tube of the perianth is six
those of Long Island. The colour varies
I

inches long, quite slender, green, the limb

from a dull livid purple to greenish and '

three and a half inches or more, linear

yellowish. [II. J. B.]
white-ribbed with green, the cup, or coro-
CHOXEMORPHA. A genus of Apocyn- j
nel above an inch long, white, rotate, with
i acece, closely allied to Echites, and differing large teeth between the stamens, which
from it principally in the funnel-shaped have long incurvo-connivent filaments at-
The species are, moreover, Indian
corolla. tached to the upper part of the anther in a
not American. The root and leaves of prominent callosity. C. galvestonensis is a
C. riri ,fjf' ,-,>», a plant of Malabar, are used smaller-flowered species from Texas, pro-
medicinally by the natives. [M. T. M.J ducing four-flowered umbels, the tube of
the perianth and the limb each about two
CHOOA or CHOUA. An Indian name and a half inches long. [T. M.]
for Amaranthus frumentaceus, and olera-
I CHORETRUM. A genus belonging to
the order of sandalworts. The flowers remarks, that the cottony hairs which
have both stamens and pistils; the divi- cover the seeds and line the walls of the
sions of the calyx vaulted and covering the fruit ofmany of the plants of this Bombax
five stamens ; the style, or appendage on family, are used wherever they grow—
the top of the ovary, is very short, ending whether in India, Africa, or America, im-
in a star-like surface. The name is derived precisely similar purposes. [A. A. B.]
from the Greek word signifying a rustic,
probably in allusion to the plain aspect of CHORISMA. The only species of this
the species. They are natives of New genus, C. repens, a little plant of the com-
Holland, having the form of shrubs re- posite family, grows on the sandy sea-
sembling our native broom. The leaves shores, from Loo Choo and Hong Kong to
are very small and scattered, confined Kamtschatka. The stems, about the
mostly to the vicinity of the flowers, thickness of a straw, creep along the sand
which are also small, white, and sub- and emit roots where the leaves are given
tended by four leaflets or bracts. [G. D.] off; these leaves have stalks about three
inches long, and are generally three or
CHORION. A carpel; also the pulpy five-lobed, but sometimes three-parted
matter which fills the interior of a young with three-lobed segments, the blades
seed before impregnation. much shorter than their stalks and quite
smooth. The yellow flower-heads are from
CHORIPETALTTM. A genus of scan one to three, supported on a stalk a little
dent shrubs or trees of the ardisiad longer than the leaves. This plant is
family, distinguished among its allies in nearly related to the sow-thistles, but the
its petals being four in number and free, peculiar habit and form of its leaves
not united, as well as in its racemed readily serve to distinguish it. It has
flowers. The leaves are alternate, shortly- been called Cliorisis repens, and is now
stalked, and entire, generally about Ave placed in the genus Ixeris. [A. A. B.]
inches long, between ovate and elliptical
in form, and furnished with glandular CHORISPORA. A genus of Cruciferce,
dots. The small white or yellowish flowers allied to Cakile, but differing in the longer
are borne in little axillary racemes, and cylindrical pod, which breaks across into
the berries when ripe are scarlet in colour one-seeded divisions. Annual plants, na-
and contain few seeds. Those of C. undu- tives of Siberia and the Altai, with purple,
latn.m are, according to Dr. Hooker, eaten white or yellow flowers. [J. T. S.]
in Sikkim as well as the leaves, which
are sour to the taste. This species grows
CHORISTES. A genus of much-branched
to a straggling tree of sixty feet, and,
Mexican shrubs, belonging to the Cincho-
along with a few others, is a common
nacece. The flowers are few in number,
with a top-shaped calyx, having four per-
plant in the temperate regions of the
sistent, short divisions ; a somewhat bell-
Himalayas. One species is found in Cey-
shaped corolla; four stamens;- a two-
lon another, with small leaves, rounded
;

at the apex and narrowed towards the

celled ovary,becoming a capsule, dividing
base, is found in Hong Kong, the eastern
from the top into two divisions, to liberate
the numerous seeds. [M. T. M.]
limit of the genus, Java being the southern,
and Bombay the western. [A. A. B.] OHORISTOPHYLLOUS. Separate-
leaved.
CHORISIA. A genus of small prickly-
stemmed trees of the sterculiad family, CHORISTYLIS. A South African genus
peculiar to South America. Their leaves of Escalloniacece, represented by a shrub
are alternate stalked and digitate, made with panicles of small green flowers,
up of five oblong, or elliptical smooth i
having five awl-shaped siLky three-nerved
leaflets, each from three to six inches in : petals, valvate in the bud, and four sta-
mens with a fleshy connective between
!

length. The flowers (one to three in the

axils of the upper leaves) are large, rose- |
the lobes of the anther. The ovary is in-
coloured, and composed of a bell-shaped ferior, with two compartments, and sur-
three or five-lobed calyx five narrow
; mounted by two styles, united partially
at first, but ultimately becoming disjoined.
j

petals from one to three inches long, I

either entire or with crisped margins, and The fruit is a capsule bursting into two
many
|

covered with silky hairs a double sta-

; pieces to liberate the seeds it con-
minal tube, the outer one short and bear- tains. [M. T. M.]
ing on its apex ten barren stamens, the CHORIZANDRA. A genus of cyperace-
inner much longer and bearing ten fertile ous plants, belonging to the tribe Scle-
stamens. The number and arrangement rinece.The spikes are many-flowered, and
of the stamens serve to distinguish the androgynous the exterior flowers male
genus from its allies. The fruit is a and monandrous, the central ones solitary,
one-celled pear-shaped capsule, containing female, with two to three-cleft styles.
many seeds, which are covered with silky Three species are described of these little-
or cottony hairs. The tough bark of C. known plants, which are all natives of
crispiflora is used in Brazil for making
Australia. [D. M.]
cordage; and the white cottony hairs of
the seeds of C. speciosa are used by the CHORIZANTHE. A genus of Pohjgo-
Brazilians for stuffing pillows and cush- nacece, of the tribe Eriogonece. Herbs,
ions. The tree is known by the name of natives of California, orunder-shrubsfrom
Arvore de Paina in Brazil. M. de St. Hilaire Chili. Leaves alternate, crowded at the
 -I * Cfjc Erca£urp of 23otanu. [CHRY
base of tlie stem, woolly inflorescence Oihidiinn so o it t<v folium, and
Colocosia
—
;

cymose, lax, or contracted into heads esculenta. DE CHIEN. Mercicricdis

involucres one-flowered, tubular, three- perennis. — FLEUR. Brassica oleracea
sided, six-toothed perianth herbaceous,
: botrytis. — MARIN. Crambe maritima
,

tubular, with a six-lobed limb, the lobes in — , PALMISTE. Areca oleracea.

two rows stamens nine, the filaments co-
;

hering at the base ; styles three fruit a ;

CHRISTISONIA. A
genus of Oroban-
three-sided nut. [J. T. S.] chacece containing ten or twelve species,
natives of India. They are parasitic plants,
CHORIZOPTERIS. A name *
proposed with fleshy steins, scattered or imbricated
for one or two Acrostichoid ferns, now scaly leaves, and the flowers terminal or in
classed with NewroeaUis, which are re- the axils of the upper leaves ; the calyx
markable in having the parts of the is tubular and five-toothed ; the corolla
j
fronds articulated, so that they readily infundibuliform and somewhat two-lipped;
|
fall to pieces when dry. [T. MJ the anthers two-celled, with one of the
cells barren and subulate and the ovary
;

CHOROZEMA. A genus of pretty West imperfectly two-celled, the inflexed septa

Australian bushes belonging to the pea- only partially meeting in the axis, and the
flowered Leguminosce. It is nearly allied placentiferous margins remaining free,
to Callistachys, but differs in having the and being reflexed form two loose placentte
keeled petal shorter than the wings, as in each cell [W. C]
well as in the inside of the pod being des-
titute of any pithy substance. The plants CHRISTMAS ROSE. Helleborus niger.
are very often to be met with in green-
houses, upwards of a dozen species being CHRISTOPHER, HERB. Actcea spicata ;

in cultivation, the greater portion of them also Osmunda regalis.

|

I producing their graceful elegant flowers CHRIST'S EYE. Inula cuius Christi.
in the spring months. The leaves are sim-
pie, either entire or with spinous teeth,
CHRIST'S THORN. Paliurus aculeatus.
J

'
generally smooth, and varying much in CHRISTYA. A Cape shrub forming a
i
form. In the greater portion the flowers genus of Apocynacea, and having erect
! are in racemes, but in a few they are axil- rod-like branches and large handsome
;
lary and solitary; the pods are generally flowers, with a calyx divided into five
I
oval in form, turgid, and about half an lance-shaped divisions, each with a cleft
! inch long, containing a number of seeds. gland at its base a somewhat bell-shaped
;

The first species of the genus, C. ilici- corolla with a row of cleft fleshy scales at
:
folium, was found by Labillardiere in West its mouth, alternating with the linear
;
Australia. This botanist was attached to divisions of its limb five anthers, hairy
;

! the expedition sent by the French govern- oil their back, and cohering with the
I
inent in search of the lost La Perouse, and velvety cushion-like stigma. The two ova-
: onone of his excursions suffered much.wir.h ries contain several seeds. [M. T. M.j
his party, for want of water at last they;

i
met with an ample supply, and near it with CHROMATIDIUM. The colouring matter
1

this plant, which he named Chorozema, a of plants.

!

name said to be derived from choris a CHROMISM. Preternatural colouring

\
dance, and zema a drink, in allusion to the of plants, as that of leaves when they
.
joyful feelings of the party on meeting become red, &c.
: with a supply of water. CHROMULE. The fluid colouring matter
Amongst the most beautiful of the Cho- of vegetation.
j
rozermas known in cultivation are: C. —
Henchmanni,vrith long terminal leafy ra- CHROOLEPUS. A curious genus of
!
cemes, of a beautiful red colour, the Algce, referred to the green-spored division
I
standard having a green spot at its base ;
oil account of its clear natural affinities,
!
the leaves are awl-shaped, about half an but exhibiting, when fresh, orange not
|
inch long, and generally disposed in green tints. The species grow on damp
j
clusters of three. C. spectabile, a twiner walls, rocks, evergreen leaves, bark, &c,
j
of great beauty, producing long drooping and when fresh often emit a scent like that
i
racemes of orange-coloured flowers, which of violets. The minute zoospores are con-
! appear in the winter months; its leaves tained in lateral cysts, and by these the
j
are oblong-lanceolate, with a little point genus is at once distinguished from Calli-
I
at the apex. C. cordatum, a plant very thamnion, which in some respects it re-
|
common in gardens, and having ovate sembles. The black productions, commonly
! short-stalked leaves, heart-shaped at the referred to this genus are evidently fungi
i
base, the margins armed with prickly and not algas. Chroolepus sometimes oc-
teeth the flowers, in loose racemes, are
; curs in a rudimentary state on exposed
red, the standard spotted with yellow at stones, and then obtains the name of the
the base. C. Dicksoni, a handsome plant sweet-scented Byssus. [M. J. B.]
with larger flowers than the others the
leaves are entire and lance-shaped, gener-
;
CHRYSALOIDEUS. Rolled up and
folded up at the same time.
ally having on both surfaces a few long-
spreading hairs. There are upwards of CHRYSANTHE^ME DES INDES OTJ
twenty species known. [A. A. B.] POMPON. Pyrethrum indicum.
CHOU- (Fr/) Brassica. — , CARAIBE CHRYSANTHEMUM. A genus of her-
chry] Elje Erea^uri? of 3Sotan«. 278
baceous or slightly shrubby plants belong- that order taken in its most extended
ing to the corymbiferous group of the sense. They are distinguished from the
order Composites, distinguished by their other tribes by a frequent irregularity in
hemispherical involucre composed of im- the stamens, and more especially by their
bricated scales which are membranous at solitary carpels, with the style always pro-
the edges, large naked receptacles, and by ceeding from the base, and containing two
the absence of a pappus from the fruit. ascending ovules. Trie fruit is free,
The family is represented in Britain by the either drupaceous or capsular. They are
familiar Ox-eye Daisy, C. Leucanthemum, all trees or shrubs with alternate stipulate
and Corn Marigold, C.segetum the former
: leaves and several of them produce edible
a common weed in hay-fields, where its fruits. There are nearly one hundred
flowers, which are white with a yellow species, more or less known (including
disk, are conspicuous; and the latter a several as yet unpublished), dispersed over
handsome but mischievous weed in corn- the tropical regions both of the Old and
fields, where it is sometimes so abundant New World, although much more abun-
as to be more conspicuous with its large dantly so in the latter. They are distri-
golden-yellow flowers than the crop which buted into about twelve genera, of which
it tends to impoverish. Many species have the principal ones are Chrysobalanus, Hir-
been introduced from various countries, tella, Couepia, Parinarium and Prinsepia.
and are cultivated in our gardens, of
which C. gntndiflor am from the Canaries, CHRYSOBALANUS. This genus, the
C. pinnatifldum from Madeira, and others, type of the family to which it belongs, is
are of a shrubby habit and flower during a composed of shrubs and small trees,
large portion of the year, but require natives of the tropical parts of Africa
protection in winter while C. coronarium
;
and America, one species being found in
from the Levant, and C. carinatum (called Florida. It differs from others of the
also C. tricolor) from Barbary, are orna- family in having its stamens, in number
mental border annuals. The species, how- about twenty, arranged in a regular whorl,
ever, which holds so high a rank, and with not inserted on one side of the flower, as
reason, among florists' flowers is C. sinense, well as in the nut of the fruit being one-
a plant which has long been familiar to us celled only. The leaves are alternate,
from its frequent appearance in Chinese stalked, entire, and obovate in form,
drawings, but has of late years been having both the surfaces smooth. The
improved to such an extent as to be prized flowers, borne in short panicles or racemes,
for its intrinsic beauty, and not simply are small, white, and made up of a bell-
from its valuable property of blooming in shaped five-clef t calyx five petals about
; ;

November and December. This plant, twenty stamens and an ovary the style of
;

popularly known as the Chrysanthemum, which arises from one of its sides near the
is more generally referred by botanists base, which latter is one of the principal
to the genus Pyrethrum, as P. sinense. characters of the family. The Cocoa-plum,
Chrysanthemums are classed by growers C. Icaeo, is one of the commonest species.
into Large-flowered, Anemone-flowered, The fruits are about the size of a plum,
Pompons, and Anemone-flowered Pom- and vary much in colour, being either
pons. [C. A. J.] white, yellow, red, or purple. The pulp is
sweet, a little austere, and not disagree-
CHRYSANTHUS. Yellow-flowered. able. The shell of the kernel is hard and
CHRYSBIS. A name sometimes given six-grooved. In the West Indies, according
to the species of Bschscholtzia which :
to McPadyen, the fruits prepared with
see. sugar form a favourite conserve with the
Spanish colonists, and large quantities are
CHRYSIPHIALA. A synonyme of annually exported from Cuba. The kernels
Stenomesson, adopted in some systematic yield a fixed oil, and an emulsion made
books. with them is said to be used in dysentery.
CHRYSO. In Greek compounds = golden An astringent bath recommended in leu-
yellow. corrhoea and blennorrhoea is prepared from
the leaves and roots. Pour species are
CHRYSOBACTRON. A genus of Lilia- known. [A. A. B.]
cece, near Anthericum, from the Auckland
and Campbell Islands, New Zealand. It has CHRYSOCHROUS. Having a yellow
linear leaves and racemose flowers (which skin.
are occasionally dioecious) of abright yellow
colour. The perianth is six-lobed the an-
;
CHRYSOCOMA. A genus of South Afri-
thers connected (absent in the female flow- can shrubs or undershrubs of the com-
posite family, nearly allied to Linosyris,
ers). The ovary has three furrows style ;

thick stigma capitate, three or six-lobed

from which it differs in the hairs of its
;

capsule ovoid, three-celled, the cells usually

;
pappus being in a single series. About
fifteen species are enumerated. Their leaves
two-seeded. C. Hookeri is a pretty little
in most cases are linear in form and
bog plant, which has been introduced into
entire. The yellow nearly spherical flower-
this country, where it requires the protec-
tion of a greenhouse.
heads are about the size of a pea, and
[J.T. S.]
single on the ends of the branches the ;

CHRYSOBALANACB^. A family of florets all tubular and perfect. Theachenes

dicotyledons closely allied to Rosacea, or are laterally compressed, somewhat hispid,
more generally considered as a tribe of and seated on a naked honey-combed
 279 Cfye STreagurn ai 3Sotang. [CHRY
receptacle. C. Coma aureaisin cultivation, shaped, and those of the disc numerous
and is said to be a very common species and tubular. [A. A. B.]
j
about Cape Town ; its leaves are linear, CHRYSOMA. A genus of North Ame-
j
and about half an inch long. [A. A. B.]
rican plants of the composite family, con-
CHRYSOCORYNE. A curious genus of sidered by the authors of the Flora of
'

small annual Australian plants belonging North America to be the same as that of
I to the composite family. They are branch- the golden rod (Solidago). The species are
; ed from the base, and seldom exceed three perennial plants, with alternate lance-
inches in height. The leaves are small, shaped entire or serrated leaves, sometimes
i

, linear, and covered with loose white wool furnished with pellucid dots, and they bear
i but the most marked feature in the plants terminal corymbs of yellow flower-heads,
! is the arrangement of the flower-heads each of which contains from six to eight
these are disposed in short yellow club- florets, one to three of them being strap-
i

shaped spikes, and each flower head is al- shaped. [A. A. B.]
most hidden by a yellow bract, and contains CHRYSOPHYLCUM. A name expres-
but two florets. The florets are tubular sive of the golden colour on the underside
and bi- or tridentate, an unusual circum- of their leaves, which the trees of this
stance in this family. The achenes are genus possess. It is a group of Sapotacew,
covered with wart-like glands, and are des-
!

and consists of trees with a milky juice,

titute of pappus. Five species are known
|

alternate leaves with numerous trans-

they are chiefly found in the western and
verse closely aggregated ribs, and golden
southern parts of Australia. [A. A. BJ hairs on the under surface.- The corolla
is somewhat companulate its tube bears
CHRYSOCYCNIS Schlimii is a New five fertile
;

stamens and no sterile ones

Grenada epiphytal orchid, with a thick the ovary is five to ten-celled with a short
;

creeping rhizome, from which arise at long

style the fruit is a berry with ten cells,
;
intervals small flat pseudo-bulbs, each
or one only from the suppression of the
bearing one stalked oblong leathery leaf.
rest. Some of the species are grown in
From the base of the pseudo-bulbs rise
this country for the sake of their hand-
numerous short one-flowered peduncles some foliage while in the West Indies
;
clustered in the manner of some Maxll-
the fruit of C. Cainito is esteemed a deli-
larias. The flowers are furnished with a cacy under the name of the Star apple, in-
sagittate stalked lip, and are rose-coloured
or dull purple, by no means yellow, as
asmuch as it is of the size of a large apple,
while the interior, when cut across, reveals
shown in Reichenbach's Xenia, t. 55, and ten cells, and as many seeds disposed re-
as the Dame implies. The genus, if it be gularly around the centre. [M. T. MJ
one, is near Camaridium.

CHRYSODIUM. Asynonyme of the CHRYSOPSIS. A genus of annual or

perennial North American plants of the
typical species of Acrostichum, represented
composite family, the greater portion of
by A. aureum. [T. MJ
the species having all their parts covered
CHRYSOGLOSSUM. Under this name with villous or silky hairs. The oblong
Blume has a genus of two species only, C. or linear leaves are usually entire and
ornatum and villosum, inhabiting the sessile. The showy yellow flower-heads,
mountainous parts of Java. Both are usually terminating the branches and
terrestrial one-leaved orchids, allied to often corymbose, have an involucre of
Liparis, and have fleshy subterranean many linear scales enclosing numerous
rhizomes. In C. villosum, a shaggy plant, florets those of the ray strap-shaped and
:

and the best known of the two species, the bearing pistil only, those of the disc
leaf is large, plaited and ovate, while the tubular and perfect. The genus differs
scape is about two feet high, bearing from its allies in having the pappus of the
orange and yellow flowers the size of a ray and disc florets similar and double,
wild pansy. the exterior short and scale-like, the
inner copious and capillary. C. villosa, a
CHRYSOGONUU. This genus of the plant with oblong hairy leaves about an
composite family differs from its allies in inch and a half long, and numerous yellow
its achenes being crowned with a two or flower-heads, half an inch in diameter, is
three-toothed pappus. Its only representa- said to be one of the commonest plants on
tive is C. virginianum, a dwarf perennial the prairies of the Saskatchawan. C. gra-
herb found in many parts of the United
j

minifolia extends southwards to Mexico; j

States. All its parts when young are its leaves are clad with beautiful close-
covered with hairy tomentum. It is nearly pressed silvery hairs. [A. A. B.]
stemless when it begins to flower, but
soon sends out several stems, some of
CHRYSOPTERIS. A synonyme of
ridebodium, a genus of ferns which in-
which are erect and flower-bearing, while cludes Linnffius's Polypodium aureum, the
others take the form of runners and
specific appellation seeming to have sug-
creep alonp the ground. The leaves are
gested this generic name. [T. M.]
opposite on long stalks, ovate, with notched
margins. The flower-heads, stalked, soli- CHRYSORRHOE. A genus of Chamaz-
tary, and terminating the branches, are lauciacece, consisting of a rigid shrub from
made up of numerous bright yellow the Swan river, with narrow terete leaves,
florets, those of the ray few and strap- and terminal corymbs of bright yellow
 chry] €3)£ tRkt&gUYi* at 23atattj). 280
flowers. The sepals are five in number, CHUICHUNCHULLI. The root of loni-
and cut into many pilose segments the ; dium microphyllum.
petals Ave, serrate the stamens free, ten
;

fertile and ten imperfect and shorter than CHU-LAN. Chlorantlius inconspicuus, a
the others the ovary completely covered
;
tea-scent used in China.
by the disc. The genus is closely allied to CHUMBELEE. Jasminum grandiflo-
Verticordia, but that has monadelphous rum.
stamens, and the sterile ones longer than
the fertile. [J. T. S.] CHURN-STAFF. Euphorbia heliosco-
pia.
CHRYSOSPLBNI UM. Golden Saxifrage.
A small genus of unimportant herbaceous CHURRAS. The Nepalese name of the
plants belonging to the Saxifragacem, resinous exudation of the Hemp, Cannabis
among which they are discriminated by sativa.
their one-celled seed-vessel, and by being CHUSSALONGO. The vulnerary, Matico,
destitute of petals. Two species are in- Eupatorum glutinosum.
digenous to Britain, and scarcely differ
from one another, except that one has the CHYMOCARPITS. A genus of scandent
leaves opposite, the other alternate. They herbs belonging to the Tropceolacece. The
grow on the margins of streams, forming flowers consist of a coloured calyx, pro-
extensive patches, and in hilly districts longed behind into a hollow spur, and
often betray, by a line of bright green, the divided at the margin, in a somewhat two-
course of a, mountain-spring which has lipped manner, into five nearly equal lobes
worn a narrow way for itself down the a corolla of two petals inserted in the
slope. The roots are intermatted and send mouth of the tube-like spur; and eight
up numerous delicate green very succulent hypogynous stamens. The sessile three-
stems, to the height of three or four lobed three-celled ovary grows into a
inches. The leaves are roundish, some- three-lobed sweet fleshy edible berry,
what fleshy, and sprinkled with longish which remains attached to thefrontof the
hairs. The flowers, which are bright persistent calyx. This black juicy berry,
yellowish-green, appear in April and which is not unlike in appearance and
May, growing in flat tufts at the summit flavour to the Zante or currant grape, is
of the stems C. oppositifolium is the com- the most remarkable peculiarity of the
monest species. C. alternifolium is more genus, which was founded on C. pentaphyl-
j

abundaut in the north. The genus is ! lus, a plant of Buenos Ayres, long culti-
represented in various parts of the world i vated in our gardens. This is a handsome
by plants of similar habit, none of which species, with a thick fleshy fusiform tuber,
are worthy of cultivation. In the Vosges, j
and smooth filiform stems, climbing se-
the species are used as a salad under veral feet high, and furnished with alter-
the name of Cresson de Roche; French, ;
nate stalked five-parted leaves, having
Dorine German, Goldmilz.
; [C. A. J.] j
oblong-elliptic leaflets. The Howers are
solitary in the axils of the leaves, the spur
CHRYSOSTEMMA. Under the name of |

of the calyx funnel-shaped, above an inch

C. tripteris is sometimes cultivated in
long, bright orange-red, the limb green,
l

gardens a tall smooth North American marked with dark red spots. The two
herb of the composite family, with opposite petals are very small, purple. [T. M.]
leaves, those on the lower part of the
stem pinnately five-parted, the upper ones CHYSIS. Under this name are collected
three-parted, with lance-shaped segments !

about four species of orchids from tropical

one to four inches long, and having the America, with fleshy stems covered with
yellow-rayed flower-heads arranged in a sheaths, thin-ribbed leaves, and lateral
corymbose manner at the ends of the spikes of large handsome white or yellow
twigs, each head one to two inches across.
;

flowers of the consistence of wax. The

The plant is placed by modern authors in finest species is Chysis bractescens. They
the genus Coreopsis, with the same specific all have eight pollen masses attached to a
name, and may be recognised from others :

broad yellow pulverulent somewhat rect-

in that genus by the achenes being nar- angular plate.
rowly-winged, with a toothed fringe at the ,

summit of the wing. [A. A. B.] CIBOTIUM. A genus of polypodiaceous

j

ferns, belonging to the Bicksoniece, among

CHRYSOXYLON. The name of a South
Bolivian tree, now Howardia, which
referred to i
it is distinguished by having the
indusia or involucres two-valved, both the
which see. It derived its name from the valves being coriaceous, the outer one
yellow colour of its wood. larger and cucullate, the inner one opercu-
CHRYSURUS. A genus of grasses liform. They are large growing and very
belonging to the tribe Festucece. Only handsome ferns, in some cases arborescent,
one species is described, C. cynosuroides, the fronds bipinnate and often glaucous
which is the Lamarkia aurea of some j
'
beneath. The fructification is remarkably
authors. This handsome dwarf-habited pretty. C. Barometz, sometimes called C.
annual grass is a native of the south of glaucescens, is believed to be the Baranetz,
Europe and north of Africa, and is occa- I Agnus Scythicus, or Tartarian Lamb, about
sionally cultivated in botanical gardens, ! which travellers have told so wondrous a
where it makes a pretty appearance during i tale. This ' Lamb' consists mereiy of the
the summer months. [D. M.] >
decumbent shaggy caudex of a kind of
 281 £t)e Crta^urg at ftatzny. [cicc

fern, -which is no doubt the species just re- medicinally as a styptic, is derived in the
ferred to. "When inverted, the basal part islands of the Eastern Archipelago from the
of the stipes of four of the fronds suitably caudex and stipes of C. Barometz and also ;

placed, having been retained as legs, and from Dicksonia chrysotricha, of which lat-
the rest cast away, these caudices pre- ter a plantation belonging to the Dutch
sent an appearance which may be taken as government exists in the interior of Java,
a rude representation of some small woolly and the produce of this plantation has
animal. The 'traveller's tale' is that on been exported to Holland for public sale.
an elevated uncultivated salt-plain of vast This substance is called Penghawar Djambi.
extent, west of the Volga, grows a wonder- Its styptic properties seem attributable to
ful plant, with the appearance of a lamb
(Baran in Russian), having feet, head, and
tail distinctly formed, and its skin covered
with soft down. The ' lamb grows upon '

a stalk about three feet high, the part by

which sustained being a kind of
it is
navel it turns about and bends to the
:

herbage, which serves for its food, and

pines away when the grass dries up and
fails. The fact on which this tale is based
appears to be, that the caudex of this plant
may be made to present a rude appearance
of an animal covered with silky hair-like
scales, and if cut into is found to have a
soft inside with a reddish flesh-coloured
apjtearance. "WTien the herbage of its
native haunts fails through drought, its
leaves no doubt droop and die, but both Cibotium Barometz (caudex. in a natural state,
perish from the same cause, and inde- J
and formed into a Tartarian Lamb)
pendently of each other. Thus it is,' ob-
'

serves Dr. Lindley, that 'simple people the rapidity with which its filaments, act-
have been pursuaded that there existed, in ing by capillary attraction, absorb the
the deserts of Scythia, creatures half aqueous particles of the blood, and thus
animal, half plant.' ' This condition of the cause its immediate coagulation. C. Men-
rootstock of some ferns,' writes Sir W. J. ziesii, one of the species said to furnish
Hooker, 'long engaged the attention of Pulu, has large thick coriaceous bipinnate
early writers of the marvellous, and many fronds, the large oblong acuminate sinuato-
strange figures were published of it but ; pinnatifld pinnules with rounded lobes,
Dr. Beyue, of Dantzig, in 1725, declared !
bearing several large corneous opaque in-
that the pretended Agnus Scythicus was volucres. This may be taken as a fair
nothing more than the root of a large I
representative of the other species, one of
fern covered with its natural villus or j
which, besides those already mentioned, is
yellow down, and accompanied by some |
found in Assam, and another of very
of the stems, &c, in order, when placed j
graceful habit in Mexico. [T. M.]
in "an inverted position, the better to repre- CIBOULE.
j
(Fr.) Allium ascalonicum.
sent the appearance of the legs and horns
of a quadruped.' He also adds, ' that the
| — COMMUNE. The Welsh Onion, Allium
t
fistulosum.
down or villus is the poco sempic, or
" golden moss," so much esteemed by the
|
CIBOULETTE. <Fr.) Allium Schceno-
Chinese for the purpose of stopping prasum.
—
haemorrhage,' the very use to which it
CICATRICULE. The scar formed by the
has been found to be applied elsewhere in separation of a leaf from its stem.
modern times. A substance called Pulu,
consisting of silky fibrous hairs, used for CICATRJSATE, OICATRICOSE. Marked
stuffing mattresses, &c, is obtained from with scars.
three species of this genus, C. glaucum,
Chamissoi, and Menziesii, natives of the
CICATRIX. Any kind of scar formed
by the separation of one part from an-
Sandwich Islands, whence this article has
other.
become a regular export, to the extent of
some thousands of pounds annually. This CICCA. A
genus of Euphorbiacece, com-
Pulu consists of the hair-like scales found prising a number of small trees or shrubs,
on the crown of the stem and about the natives of the tropical parts of India,
base of the frond-stalks of the ferns only ; Africa, and America. The leaves, stalked,
a small quantity, about two or three ounces, entire, and generally oval, are furnished
is found on each plant, and it takes about with minute stipules the small green
;

four years for the plants to reproduce this flowers are shortly stalked, generally four
amount. The ferns which produce the to Ave in the axils of the leaves, but some-
Pulu grow on all the high lands of the times in long-bracted racemes the males ;

Sandwich Islands at an elevation of about and females being on the same, or on

1000 ft. The silken golden-coloured hairs different plants. The males have a calyx
of Dicksonia Culdta are employed in the of four divisions, no petals, and four free
same way in Madeira and the adjacent stamens inserted on a disc, which arrange
isles. A similar fibrous substance, used ment of the parts in fours serves to distin
cice] fflf)Z Crragurg of Matmy. 282
guish the genus from its allies. The calyx height, and a native of the south of
is
of the females is like that of the male. The
I

Europe, and also of India. Its leaves con-

ovary is three or five-celled, crowned with sist of from three to seven pairs of leaflets
a like number of styles, each divided at the with an odd one at the end, the leaflets
apex in the form of a V, and each cell being egg-shaped, and having their edges
contains two seeds. 0. disticha, sometimes cut into very sharp teeth. Both leaves and
called the Otaheite Gooseberry, is an ele- stems are covered with glandular hairs
gant small tree and a native of India, containing oxalic acid, which exudes from
where it is cultivated, as well as in many them in hot weather and hangs in drops,
other countries, for the sake of its fruits. ultimately forming crystals. The flowers
The slender leaf-bearing branches, about a are either white or rose-coloured, and are
foot long, are furnished with numerous produced singly upon stalks growing from
oval smooth leaves, and might by a super- the bases of the leaves. The pods are from
ficial observer be taken for pinnate leaves. an inch to an inch and a half long, of a
The racemes of small flowers proceed from rhomboidal form, with puffed-out sides,
the old wood, and are provided with a and generally contain two seeds, but some-
number of small scales, each of which times only one. These seeds vary in size
bears in its axil six to eight stalked flowers. and colour in different varieties, the finest
The fruits in size like those of a gooseberry kinds being nearly a quarter of an inch in
are green, three or five-furrowed, and diameter, slightly pointed, and of a pale-
somewhat acid and cooling. In India they yellow colour, with their skins netted in
are used as an article of food, either in a consequence of inward shrivelling, and
raw state or cooked in various ways. Euro- having two swellings on one side the ;

peans pickle or make preserves of them, peculiar form of these peas has given rise
and also use them in tarts. In Java they to the specific name of the plant arieti-
are brought to the markets and sold for num, which alludes to their supposed re-
preserving at threepence per gallon. A semblance to a ram's head.
decoction of the leaves is used to cause This plant is extensively cultivated in
perspiration, and the roots are emetic, but India and other eastern countries, and
too violently so to be used. likewise in the south of Europe. In India
C. indica, sometimes called Prosoras the seeds form one of the pulses known
indicus, is a tree of thirty or forty feet under the name of Gram,' and are greatly
'

high, found in the Bombay district and used as an article of food by the natives,
also in Ceylon ; its ovate-lanceolate entire being ground into meal, and either eaten
leaves are pale green underneath, and the in puddings or made into cakes. They are
flowers are in axillary fascicles. The bright also toasted or parched, and in this state
blue seeds are contained in a dry capsule, are commonly carried for food on long
and according to Mr. Thwaites are a favou- journeys ; rolled in sugar-candy, these
rite food of the green pigeon. Its wood is toasted peas form a rough sort of comfits,
white, tough, and used for building pur- and gram-flour made up with sesamuin
poses in Ceylon. [A. A. B.] oil and sugar-candy is an Indian sweet-
meat. Small quantities of these peas
CICELY, SWEET. Myrrhis odorata come to this country from Turkey, and are
also an American name for Osmorrhiza.
used for grinding into pea-meal. Attempts
CICER. A genus of leguminous plants, have been made to employ them as a sub-
which, in combination with five or six stitute for coffee. In Paris they are greatly
others, closely allied, forms the vetch used in soups. [A. S.]
tribe of that order. About a dozen or In Mysore the natives collect the dew
fifteen species, natives of Southern or from the Gram plants by means of muslin
' '

Eastern Europe, Western Asia, and Abys- cloths, which become saturated with it.
sinia, are described. They are annuals or The liquid thus obtained, which is very
perennial herbaceous plants or under- acid, is preserved in bottles for use, and
shrubs, clothed with glandular hairs, and is regarded as a sure medicine in cases of
having pinnate leaves, consisting either of indigestion, being administered in water.
a definite number of leaflets in pairs with It is stated that the boots of a person
the leaf-stalk terminating in a tendril, or walking through a dewy gram field will be
of several pairs of leaflets with an odd one entirely destroyed by the pungency of this
at the end, the leaflets being conspicuously acid given out by the leaves. [T. M.]
marked by veins. The generic character
consists in the tube of the five-lobed calyx
CICHE. (Fr.) Astragalus, Cicer; also
Cicer arietinum.
being puffed out on the upper side, and
two or three of the lobes being pressed CICHORACEiE. (Chicory family.> A sub-
upon the upper petal of the pea-like co- order of the natural order Composites or
rolla. The pods have their sides swollen Asteracece, under which its full characters
out, and contain only a few (seldom more are given. The plants have numerous
than two or three) seeds, which bear some florets (small flowers) on a common head,
resemblance to peas, but are of an irregular and all of them are irregular, having a
shape. ligulate form in consequence of the corol-
C. ariebinum is the Chick-pea, or Egyp- line tube being split down on one side,
tian pea of the English, the 'Cece' of the and a tongue or strap-like process formed
Italians, the ' Garbanzos' of the Spaniards, by the united petals projecting on the other
and the Gram of India. It is an annual
'
' side. The suborder sometimes receives the
plant, growing about a foot or more in name of Ligidifloros from the form of the
I
_c>o &l)t STrca^urg at SSnfang. [cicu

flowers. The stamens and their

are united, constant use. Moreover, the chicory used
anthers are as other syngenesious or com- to mix with coffee is very often largely
posite plants. The fruit is an achene adulterated with carrot, mangold-wurzel,
adherent to the ealycine-tube, and fur- oak-bark, tan, mahogany saw-dust, baked
nished with pappus or a hairy calycine horse liver, Venetian red, &c, &c. The
limb at the top. The plants abound in a detection of these several materials is
milky juice, and they have bitter and easily accomplished by the aid of the
sometimes narcotic qualities. Some of microscope and the test tube as shown in
them, as the dandelion, act on the kidneys Dr. Hassall's work on the adulteration of
I and the liver. Some of them are esculent food. Chicory is readily cultivated in this
vegetables and salads. They abound in country. That grown at Canterbury was
cold regions. Their heads of flowers have acknowledged to be finer than that im-
, usually the property of opening under the ported from abroad, and would have been
influence of light and closing in darkness. a very profitable crop, but that the buyers
Chicory or wild succory (Cichorium Inty- arbitrarily fixed a lower price upon the
. bus) is much cultivated in France and Ger- English than upon the imported. The her-
,
many, its roots being used as an addition to bage forms good food for cattle. [M. T. M.]
i coffee. The admixture, without the due The Endive, C. Endivia, is a hardy annual
!

indication of it, is forbidden in Britain. indigenous to the northern provinces of

Cichorium Endivia supplies the salad called China, and other parts of Asia, and, accord-
endive. Lactuca virosa furnished lactuca- ing to the Hortus Kewensis, was cultivated
!
rium, a drug employed in place of opium in this country in 1548. Macintosh in his
i
to procure sleep. Common lettuce is the Book of the Garden, believes it is also a
. produce of Lactuca sativa, skirret is the native of Egypt, and that it was carried
! root of Scorzonera hispanica, while salsafy from thence to Italy, and afterwards into
I
is obtained from Tragopogon porrifolius. Britain. Be this as it may, there is no
[
The root of dandelion (Leontodon Taraxa- doubt of its having been used as an escu-
cum) is sometimes used as coffee. See lent from a very early period by the Egyp-
;
ASTERACE.E. [J. H. B.] tians, who probably communicated it to the
ancient Greeks and Romans, along with
|
CICHORIUM. A genus of composites their manner of using it. Endive, radishes,
i which includes the chicory and the endive, and succory are mentioned by Ovid as
and belongs to the division characterised forming part of a garden salad and Pliny;

by the presence of ligulateor strap-shaped states that endive in his time was eaten
florets only in the heads of flowers, and by both as a salad and potherb. As such it
the presence of a milky juice. It consists has been used in this country for three
of perennial plants, with stiff branching centuries, and it is a singular fact that the
stems, and sessile heads of blue flowers, manner in which it was prepared for
surrounded by an involucre consisting of winter use, as described by Gerarde in
two rows of bracts, the outer of which are 1597, differs but little from the mode that
feflexed and shorter than the inner. The is often practised at the present day. The
fruits are crowned by two rows of minute plant has numerous large sinuate smooth
scales, constituting the limb of the calyx. toothed, or in some varieties much
The Wild Chicory or Succory, C. Intybus, undulated and finely-curled deep-green
is a perennial plant found in this country leaves. The flower-stem rises about two
by roadsides and in dry, especially chalky, feet high and produces numerous pale-blue
soil. It has a long tap root, and a rigid flowers. It is cultivated solely for the
slightly hairy branched stem, with a few stocky head of leaves, which after being
sessile clasping leaves. The lower leaves blanched to diminish their bitterness, are
spread on the ground, and are pinnately used in salads and stews during winter
lobed and coarsely toothed, while the and spring. The different varieties of
upper ones are scanty and embrace the endive are arranged in two classes, namely:
stem by the two pointed lobes at their base. 1, the Batavian (Scarolesof the French),
The heads of flowers are few, sessile, of which comprises all with large broad
the size of a penny-piece, and of a brilliant leaves, slightly ragged or torn and 2, the
;

light blue colour. The leaves of chicory Curled or Chicorees of the French, being
are blanched and used as a salad under the all those with crisp and finely-frizzled j

name of Barbe du Capucine. The root leaves. [W. B. BJ

roasted was largely used to mix with and
adulterate coffee, but within the last few
CICONIUM. A
section of the genus
Pelargonium,- comprising the species with
years grocers mixing chicory with coffee
are bound to affix a label on the outside of
the petals all the same colour, the two
the package announcing the admixture, so upper ones shorter and narrower than the
that purchasers can now have pure coffee,
rest : stamens short and erect, the two
lowest shorter, with the anthers nearly
or coffee mixed with chicory, as they pre-
fer—for there are some who like the
sessile. The stems are somewhat shrubby
mixture. It need hardly be said that
and fleshy. [J. T. S.]

chicory is entirely destitute of those pro- CICUTA. A deadly genus of Umbelliferbe

perties which render coffee an agreeable or Apiacem, known by their dissected leaves,
and nutritive beverage, while on the other by their compound umbels without any
hand it possesses medicinal properties general involucre, but with partial in-
closely like those of dandelion, and volucres consisting of several awl-shaped
which therefore render it unv, holesome for bracts, and by the teeth of the calyx pro-
cicu] 5Tf)e STrsagury ai botany. 284

jecting above the fruit, which is roundish, —, GRANDE. Conium

maculatum.
compressed at the side, and marked with — , PETITE. ^Ethusa Cynapium.
ten scarcely prominent ridges, five to each CILICE (adj. CILIATED). Marginal hairs
half of the fruit, while beneath each fur- forming a fringe. •

row in the rind of the fruit there runs a

single channel filled with volatile oil. CILIATO-DENTATE. When the teeth of
C. virosa, the Cowbane or Water Hem- anything are finely serrated as if fringed.
lock, is a plant occasionally found wild in
this country by the side of ponds and
CILIATO-SERRATE. When the serra-
tures of anything end in a hair.
ditches. The rootstock is large, white,
and fleshy, covered externally with fibres, CIMICIFUGA. Bugbane.
genus of A
and internally hollow and divided into Manunculacece, allied to Actma, but dif-
several compartments, by transverse par- fering by having several carpels, which are
titions, filled with a yellowish milky juice. follicules, not berries. The species are
The stem is erect, hollow, striated, some- natives of Eastern Europe, Siberia, and
what branched, and attains a height of North America.
three or four feet. The leaves are twice The European species, C. fcetida, which
or thrice-pinnate, with narrow lance-shaped has twice-ternate leaves and racemes of
segments, one to one and a half inches inconspicuous flowers arranged in a ter-
long, and slightly toothed at the margin. minal panicle, is extremely foetid, and has
The umbel consists of from ten to fifteen been used to drive away vermin, whence
principal rays, unprovided with any in- the generic name. [J. T. S.]
volucre or with only a few small bracts.
CIMIOINE. Smelling of bugs, as Cori-
The flowers are whitish. This plant is ander.
dangerously poisonous, having qualities
like those of Conium indeed, it is
; CINCHONA.* This important genus
called Water Hemlock. It produces tetanic gives its name to the order of which it is a
convulsions, and is fatal to cattle eating member. The genus consists of evergreen
the herbage. In April 1857, two farmer's trees or shrubs growing in the tropical
sons were found lying paralysed and speech- valleys of the Andes. The flowers are of a
less close to a ditch where they had been white or pinkish colour, very fragrant,
working. Assistance was soon rendered arranged in panicles. The corolla is salver-
but the poor fellows shortly expired. shaped, and nearly, if not quite, conceals
the five stamens. The ovary is crowned
with a fleshy disc the style is simple
;

the stigma two-cleft. The fruit is an

ovate capsule, grooved on both sides,
crowned by the limb of the calyx, and
dividing from below upwards, in order to
allow of the escape of the numerous
winged seeds.
There are, according to Weddell, twenty-
one species of this genus, but only some
of them yield commercial Cinchona, or
Peruvian bark. Of this there are several
varieties, the most esteemed of which are
the Calisaya or yellow bark, the produce of
C. Calisaya ;
grey, or Huanuco bark, the
produce of C. micrantha and C. nitida;
Loxa, or crown bark, the produce of C.
Condaminea; red bark, &c. The great
value of these barks as tonics and re-
medies for fevers, depends upon the pre-
sence of certain alkaloid substances called
Cicuta virosa.
quina, cinchonia, and quinidina, which
exist in the bark, especially in the liber or
inner bark, in combination with kinic and
A quantity of the Water Hemlock grew in
tannic acids. It is found that certain of
the ditch where they had been employed.
the barks contain more of one principle
A piece of the root was subsequently than of another; hence their greater or
found with the marks of teeth in it, near to
less value commercially, and the skill and
where the men lay, and another piece of complex knowledge required by the manu-
the same root was discovered in the pocket
facturer to distinguish the different va-
of one of them, so that there can be no
rieties of bark one from the other. Quina
doubt that they were poisoned by eating
is the most useful of the alkaloids, and
the root of this plant in mistake for some
this is found in greatest abundance in
other. The root of the American C. macu-
Calisaya bark cinchonia occurs most
[M. T. MJ
;
lata is even more virulent.
abundantly in the best grey and red
CICUTAIRE. (Fr.) Cicuta. barks while Loxa bark furnishes the
;

largest amount of quinidin. The several

CIERGE. (Fr.) Cereus. alkaloids have all similar properties, but
CIGTTE AQUATIQUE. Cicuta
(Fr.) varying in degree. Quina, in its combina-
virosa. — , D'EAU. (Enanthe Phellandriam. tion with sulphuric acid, is the most gener-
2S5 K\yt €nra£itrw at 3Satang. [CINC

ally used under the name of sulphate of greatly diminished, if means be not taken
quinine— next to opium and calomel, pro- to secure the growth of these trees. Che-
bably the most important of all drugs. mists, however, tell us we need not de-
The alkaloids extracted from the harks spair of finding a substitute. Thanks,
are recognised by their distinctive chemi- nevertheless, to the labours of Messrs.
cal characteristics, while the barks pro- Markhani, Spruce, and others in South
ducing them are likewise distinguished by America, as well as to those of Mr. Mclvor
a careful scrutiny of their external ap- and other cultivators in India, there are
pearance, the lichens, &c, growing on now established in many of the hilly dis-
them, the way in which they break, their tricts of the latter country large planta-
taste, odour, &c, as well as by their mi- tions of the most valuable kinds of cin-
croscopical and chemical characteristics. chona. Mr. Wilson also has met with
All these varied points require long prac- tolerable success in the cultivation of these
tical experience for their due acquirement. plants on the higher mountains of Jamaica,
The way in which the barks break, or the
j

Mr. Howard's reports on the analysis of i

fracture, as it is termed, depends on their bark derived from these sources are very
[

anatomical structure, that is to say, on encouraging.

the size and arrangement of their cellular Bark was first employed in Europe in !

and woody portions. "Where the former the middle of the seventeenth century, i

preponderates, the fracture is smooth and The discovery of its medicinal value is i

even, and such barks are said to yield the a matter of fable and conjecture. The
greatest quantity of quinidin. When there
j

name Cinchona is derived from the wife |

is less cellular tissue, or the constituent of a Viceroy of Peru, who is said to

cells are smaller, then a fibrous or stringy have brought the drug from South Ame-
fracture is observable, and a short stringy
fibrous fracture is considered to bean in-
dication of the presence of quinine. Withal
there is still much uncertainty as to the
trees producing the various kinds of bark.
Xo doubt the same tree, in varying cir-
cumstances, may, nay does, produce differ-
ent sorts of bark. Similar-looking barks
too may be produced by very different
species, and the same package may con-
tain the produce of more than one species
of Cinchona. These difficulties are en-
hanced by the jealousies and restrictions
of the various governments, and of the
merchants.
The Cinchona trees grow in the forests
of Bolivia, Peru, &c, in groups or clusters.
The cascarilleros, or bark collectors, en-
camp in these forests, and ascertain where
the trees are to be found, a process in
which the sagacity and endurance of the
Indians are put to a severe test. They are
reported to be able to tell the trees at a
distance by a peculiar movement of the Cinchona Calisayf
leaves, and by the colour of the masses of
rica in 1639. Afterwards the Jesuits used
bloom. When the position of the trees
has been ascertained, there is frequently
it and it became generally known when
; i

Louis XIV. purchased of Sir R. Talbor, an

much difficulty in getting to the spot; Englishman, his heretofore secret remedy
this done, however, the trees are felled
for the cure of intermittent fever, and
nolight labour, for the intertwining climb- I

ing plants sustain the trunks when cut

made it public. For full information on ]

the subject of Cinchona and its barks, the

through. When the trees are at length j

reader should consult the magnificent

felled, the bark is stripped off all round,
and cut into pieces of a convenient size works of Weddell and Howard, the account !

of Mr. Markham's travels, Mr. Spruce's re-

for carriage and particular care is taken
;

to secure the bark near the root, as it is

port of his explorations, or the valuable
there thicker and more valuable. The epitome contained in, Pereira's Materia
bark from the small branches rolls up Medica, from which sources the greater
part of this notice has been gleaned. The
when stripped into cylindrical pieces or j
aspect of a Cinchona, forest is shown in
quills, while the larger pieces are placed j

Plate 12. The name is now sometimes

in stacks to dry, with a heavy weight on i

the top. The carriage of the packages of written Chinchona. [M. T. MJ

the bark to the place of encampment, by a CINCHONACEiE. (Eubiacem, Cinchonads,
route which is traversed with much diffi- the Peruvian bark family.) A natural order
culty by the unembarrassed Indian, is a of gamopetalous calycifloral dicotyledons,
work of great hardship and labour. characterising Lindley's cinchonal alli-
In the process above described, the trees ance. The order is sometimes considered
are necessarily destroyed, and hence the as a sub-order of the natural family of
supply of this valuable drug is likely to be |
Rubiacece, or Madderworts. Trees, shrubs,
or herbs, with simple opposite leaves, hav- but in C. aquations the peristome is quite
ing glandular stipules placed between the rudimentary. [M. J. B.]
bases of the leafstalks (interpetiolar), and
flowers arranged in panicles or corymbs. CINCTUS. A term applied to albumen
Calyx adherent, entire, or toothed co- ;
when surrounded by an annular embryo.
rolla regular ; stamens attached to the CINENCHYMA. That kind of tissue in
corolla. Ovary two-celled; style one. which latex, or the proper juice of plants,
Fruit inferior, either dry or succulent, is supposed by some to be conveyed from
splitting into two or not opening; seeds place to place. Probably a form of the
either definite in number, or numerous, intercellular passages.
containing a small embryo in horny albu-
men. Chiefly found in tropical regions, CINERACEOUS. Ash-greyish.
where they constitute -J-7 of the flowering CINERAIRE A x
FLEURS BLEUES.
plants. In northern regions the order is (Fr.) Agathcea amelloides.
represented by Galiaceie, which some re-
gard as a sub-order of Rubiacece. The
CINERARIA. A family of compoiind
flowers, difficult of discrimination, and
order furnishes many important products.
containing many species which are referred
The plants supply remedies for intermit-
tent fevers some are emetics and purga-
:
by some botanists to the genus Senecio,
&c. As at present constituted, Cineraria
tives, others act in strengthening the
does not contain any native examples, but
tone of the stomach. The various medi-
is well known as an ornament of the con-
cinal barks are yielded by species of
servatory and window garden. Some of
Cinchona, which grow in the Andes be-
the species are half-shrubby, but the ma-
tween 3,000 and 9,000 feet of elevation
jority are herbaceous and of easy cultiva-
above the level of the sea. Coffea ara-
tion and some may be so managed as to
bica supplies coffee, which is the hard ;

albumen of the seeds. Cephaelis Ipecacu- be made to bloom almost at any season.
C. cruenta, a native of Teneriffe, has heart-
anha yields the well-known Ipecacuan root
which is used commonly as an emetic. shaped leaves, variously toothed at the
edge, tinged with red or purple, or of
A dye called soorangie is procured from
unmixed green the upper leaves clasp
the root of Morinda citrifolia. White gam- ;

bier, a kind of catechu, is the product of

the stem and are auricled at the base. In
the wild state of the plant, the flowers have
Uncaria Gambir. Gardenias have showy
a deep purple disk with bright purple
as well as fragrant flowers, and G. Rotli-
rays but since it has been taken up as a
mannia yields an edible fruit. There are ;

florist's flower, a countless number of varie-

upwards of 300 genera and 2,600 species in
the order. Illustrative genera Spernia-
:
ties have been raised from seed, with
flowers in which white, purple, rose-
coce, Cephaelis, Coffea, Ixora, Hedyetis,
colour, crimson, violet, azure, &c, are
Pentas, Cinchona, Nauclea, Gardenia, Mus-
scenda. [J. H. B.] combined in ever-varying proportions.
'The early flowering of this plant,' says
CINCINALIS. This name as originally Le bon jardinier, ' its long duration, which
employed by Gleditsch is a synonyme of allows it to be an ornament of the conser-
Pteris aouilina; as however used by sub- vatory and window during several months,
sequent writers it is synonymous with have given some importance to its cul-
Nothochlcsna, a genus of ferns. [T. M.] ture.' [C. A. J.]

CINCLIDIUM. A fine genus of acrocar- CINEREUS. Ash-grey; a mixture of

pous mosses belonging to Bryacem, and white and black.
closely allied to Mnium, agreeing with it
in the characters of the stem and large
CINNABAR, CINNABARINUS. Scarlet
touched with orange.
leaves, but differing in having the inner
peristome cup-shaped with sixteen short CINNAMODENDRON. A genus allied
outer teeth. It occurs in spongy bogs to Canella, and like it belonging to Pitto-
and is rare in Great Britain. It resembles sporacew, or, in the opinion of some
in general appearance Mnium punctaiinn, authors, forming a separate order Canel-
but the stems are more densely matted to- lacece. The C. axillare is a Brazilian tree
gether with the purple rootlets. Only one with smooth whitish bark cracking trans-
other species is known, C. arcticum, which versely leaves alternate, stalked, ellip-
;

has been found in Norway. [M. J. B.] tical, leathery, smooth and entire; peduncles
axillary, three-flowered calyx of three
CINCLIDOTUS. A genus of aquatic ;

sepals; petals five, alternate with as many

acrocarpous mosses belonging partly to scales stamens ten, forming a tube round
;
that division which has been called Clado- the ovary. The bark is aromatic, and
carpi, because in the majority of species
used as a tonic and antiscorbutic. [J. T. S.]
the fruit terminates in short lateral
branches. It is named from the lattice- CINNAMOMEUS The colour of cinna-
like structure of the peristome, which con- mon.
sists of thirty-two teeth anastomosing
at the base. This structure obtains in CINNAMOMUM. The trees furnishing
C. fontinaloides, which grows in large cinnamon and cassia barks belong to a
tufts on rocks and stones in rivulets and genus of Lauracew, or true laurels, cha-
on the borders of lakes, especially in hilly racterised by the presence of l-ibbed leaves,
limestone districts, and also in C. riparius ;
leaf-buds not provided with scales, a six-
 2S7 £i)£ Ercajattri) of 33otann. [CIRC

cleft leathery calyx, nine fertile stamens having the veins reticulated. The only
in three rows, with four-celled anthers species known, C. Moorii, has a short de-
j
which open inwardly, except those of the cumbent rhizome, and pedately bipinnato-
! third or innermost row, which open to- pinnatifid fronds of membranaceo-berba-
, wards the outside of the flower. The ceous texture, which are studded with sori
stamens of this third row are moreover around the margin. The fructification of
provided with two sessile glands, one on Cionidium is that of Deparia, the distinc-
!
each side of their base, and within them is tion between these two consisting in the
|
a fourth row of abortive stamens. The reticulated venation of the former, and
fruit is berry-like, one-seeded, in a cup- the free venation of the latter. [T. M.]
like calyx.
i

C. largely cultivated in
zeylanicum is CIPURA. A small genus of iridaceous
Ceylon, for its bark, which furnishes the plants closely allied to Marica, consisting
i
best Cinnamon. The bark is stripped off of bulbous herbs with ensiform leaves and
i
the branches, when it rolls up into quills, terminal heads of flowers. The species,
i the smaller of which are introduced within which are hut few in number, are found in
|
the larger and then dried in the sun. The tropical and subtropical America. The
\
thinner the bark is as a rule, the finer its perianth has a very short tube and a six-
I quality. Cinnamon is largely used as a parted limb, of which the inner or petal-
condiment for its agreeable flavour, while oid divisions .are much the smaller; there
its astringent and cordial properties give are three stamens with distinct filaments
it a medicinal value. It is said to possess inserted in the tube of the perianth, and a
!
the special property of restraining uterine three-celled ovary containing numerous
haemorrhage. ovules, and surmounted by a very short
C. Cassia furnishes Cassia bark, which is style, and three petaloid undivided styles
much like cinnamon, but thicker, coarser, alternating with the stamens. C.paludosa,
stronger, less delicate in flavour, and a native of humid meadows in Cayenne,
cheaper hence it is frequently used to
; has conico-globose bulbs, radical linear-
adulterate cinnamon Its admixture, how- . lanceolate plaited leaves from three to
ever, can be readily detected, even in a five inches long, the scape shorter than
powdered state, according to Dr. Hassall. I the leaves, and bearing a short densely-
Cassia is grown in China, Java, &c. The l imbricated distichous terminal spike of
German and Russian chocolate-makers bluish flowers. [T. M.]
prefer cassia to cinnamon, as affording a
stronger flavour. The same, or some CTB.CMX. A plant with a name so
closely-allied trees, furnish Cassia buds, ominous as Enchanter's or Enchantress-
which are something like cloves, and, like >*ight shade might well be supposed to be
them, consist of the unexpanded flower- gifted with the most potent properties.
buds but they possess properties similar
;
It is, however, a humble herbaceous plant,
to those of the bark. belonging to the Onagracece, growing to
Other species of this genus afford aro- the height of about a foot and a half, with
matic barks: such as C. Culilawan, a native delicate egg-shaped leaves which taper to
of Amboyna, whose bark has a flavour of a point, and small white flowers tinged
I
cloves. C. iners, a native of Malabar, is with pink, which are succeeded by small
employed medicinally in fevers and dysen- roundish seed-vessels thickly covered with
tery the seeds are the parts used; the
;
hooked bristles. C. Lutetiana, the com-
I
bark is likewise employed as a condiment. mon species, is abundant in shady woods,
! The leaves of C. nitidum, dried, are said to where it frequently covers a large space of

|
have furnished the aromatic leaves called ground. It often too finds its way into
'folia Malabathri'; indeed, it is surprising shrubberies, where it is a pretty but
that the leaves of the cinnamon are not troublesome weed, creeping extensively,
;
more often imported, as they, like the inner and very difficult to eradicate. It has no
hark, though to a less extent, contain the affinity with any of the true nightshades,
volatile oil on which the fragrant aromatic and is conjectured to have received its
properties depend. [31. T. M.] name from the tenacity with which its
prickly seed-vessels attach themselves to
1

CINNAMON. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, the person and clothes of passengers, and

a tree cultivated in the tropics for its from its habit of lurking in obscure
aromatic bark. BASTARD. Cinnamo- — ,
places. C. alpina, a closely-allied species,
mum Cassia. — , BLACK. Phnenta acris. scarcely differs from the preceding except
— , ISLE OF FRANCE. OreodapJine cupu- that it is smaller and of more delicate
'
laris. — SANTA
, FE'. NectanAra cinna- habit ; it is not unfrequent in Scotland
momoides. — WILD.
, Canella alba; also and the north of England. French, Circee;
Myrcia acris. German, Hexenlcraut. [C. A. J.]

CINQEEFOIL. The common name for

— MARSH. Comarum pa- theCIRCINALIS,
Potentilla. ,
CIRCINATE. Bent like
head of a crosier, as is the young leaf
lustre.
of a fern when it begins to grow.
CIONIDIUM. A small genus of Australa- CIRCUMPOSITIO. A layer; that is to
sian polypodiaceous ferns belonging to the say, a branch laid into the'ground or layered
DicksoniecB, distinguished by having the in order that it may strike root.
indusium cup-shaped and standing out
beyond the margin of the frond, and CIRCUMSCISSILE, CIRCUMSCISSUS.
CIRC] Qilyz Crta^urg of 2Sotany. 288

Cut circularly round the sides, as the seed- leaves with toothed margins, and their
vessel of Anagallis. under-surface is invariably covered with
CIRCUMSCRIPTIO. The outline of
short close-pressed white hairs. The
yellow flower-heads, arranged in terminal
anything.
or axillary panicles or corymbs, have an
CIRCUMSEPIENTIA FOLIA. Leaves involucre of eight or ten scales, enclosing
which rise up like a funnel and surround about a dozen florets, all of them tubular.
the stem as if to protect the young shoots, The achenes have no beak, are somewhat
as in the marvel of Peru. Such is De angular in form, and crowned with a
Candolle's definition, but the term is very pappus of many rough hairs, arranged in a
rarely used. single series. [A. A. B.]
CIRIER or CIRIER DE LA CAROLINE. CISSAMPELOS. The plants so named
(Fr.) Myrica cerifera. have the climbing character of the ivy
—kissos of the Greeks, and the clustered
CIRRILEA. A genus of pseudobul- fruit of the vine— ampelos. Their flowers
bous orchids from tropical America, with are dioecious. The male flowers have four
solitary ribbed ieaves, and drooping ra-
sepals and four petals combined into a
cemes of flowers, yellowish, greenish, or cup the female flowers have two sepals
;
spotted with purple. They are remarkable
fused into a somewhat fleshy two-nerved
for their long column, which bears a one-
scale, frequently notched at the margin,
celled anther at the back of the upper
and having externally a small bract, for-
extremity, curving gracefully over a deeply
merly considered as a sepa the ovary is
three-lobed lip, the middle division of
solitary. In drawing up the differential
which turns back from the side ones. The characteristics of this genus, the explana-
proscolla or stigmatic point is extended
tions of Booker and Thomson as to the
into a slender tendril-like thread, whence
structure of these flowers have been
the name. adopted as being probably correct, though
CIRRHTFEROUS. Bearing a tendril. at variance with the account given by
other writers. The most important plant
CIRRHIFORM. Shaped like a tendril. of the genus is the Velvet Leaf, C. Pareira,
C1RRHOPETALUM. An extensive ge- a native of the West Indies, Central
nus of small epiphytal orchids, with soli- America, and India. It is an exceedingly
tary fleshy leaves proceeding from the top variable plant with a climbing stem, the
of roundish pseudobulbs. Their flowers leavesof variable'rounded shape,and dotted
are remarkable for having the lateral with velvety pubescence male flowers in
;

sepals prolonged into narrow streamers, by stalked hairy cymes, and female flowers in
which the species are readily distinguished clusters,with large rounded bracts, and suc-
from Bolbophyllum. Between thirty and ceeded by sub-globose hairy scarlet drupes.
forty species are known, all from tropical The root of this plant furnishes the
Asia except C. Thouarsii, which inhabits '
Pareira brava' of the druggists, which is
the Mascaren and South Sea Islands. The used with much benefit in diseases of the
singularly-formed flowers have made a few bladder and urinary organs. Many other
favourite objects of cultivation. The best species are used as tonics and diuretics,
are C. fimbriatum, refractum, chinense, and while C. glaberrima and C. ebracteata are
Cumingii. used as remedies for serpent bites. The
root of C. obtecta is used in the manufac-
CIRRHOSITAS. The production of
tendrils.
ture of an intoxicating drink. [M. T. M.]

CIRRHUS (adj. CIRRHOSE). A tendril. CISSAROBRYON. A genus of Vivia-

A slender twining organ by which a plant niacece found in the Andes of Chili, and
climbs. differing from its congeners in having a
five-parted calyx, five petals, and three
CIRSIUM. A genus of compound flowers conspicuous slender styles. The only spe-
belonging to the thistle group, distin- cies known, C. elegans, is a little prostrate
guished from Cardials by having the branching plant with slender woody stems
receptacle covered with chaffy bristles, and and opposite roundish leaves an inch long
the achenes crowned with a soft feathery their stalks as long as the blade, which has
pappus. Several British species are des- three to seven deep notches, is slightly
cribed by English botanists as belonging hairy above, and is covered underneath
to the genus Cnicus. Numerous others with a hoary down. The flowers are blue,
occur in various parts of the continent, in size and form made like those of the
some having purple, and others yellow wood sorrel, and single from the axils of
flowers, but none of sufficient interest to the leaves, supported on long slender
require further notice. [C. A. J.] stalks. [A. A. B.]

CISSAMPELOPSIS. The name given to CISSUS. A genus of Vitacece scarcely

a number of trailing shrubby plants of the differing from the vine (Vitis). The petals,
composite family which are found in however, usually separate before they
India and the adjacent islands, as well as in fall, instead of remaining united at the
S. Africa. They differ in little except habit tips as in Vitis, and are usually four in-
from groundsels (Seneeio), in which genus stead of five the disk is more conspicuous.
;

indeed they are placed by some authors. The leaves are often more deeply divided.
Most of them have heart-shaped stalked J Most of the species are found within the
 Tropics, especially in Asia ; a few occur in species the petals are white and furnished
North America. [J. T. S.] with a yellow or purple mark at their base
while in a second the petals are rose-
CISTACEJE. (Rock-rose family.) A natural coloured, each with a yellow spot at its
order of thalamifloral dicotyledons, cha- base. None of them have yellow flowers,
racterising Lindley's cistal alliance.
a colour so common among the Heli-
Shrubs or herbs, often viscid, with sim- antlicmums.
ple entire leaves and showy flowers. The Ladauum or Labdanum of Crete is
Sepals three to five, persistent, unequal, a well-known gum, which exudes from the
The three inner twisted in the bud. leaves and branches of C. creticus, and
Petals five, rarely three, falling off, often some other allied species. This plant is a
crumpled, twisted in an opposite direction handsome shrub, with oblong obtuse
from the sepals. Stamens numerous, not rough leaves with waved margins and
united. Fruit a one-celled capsule with pa- about an inch in length. The flowers are
rietal placentas, or imperfectly three to five-
terminal and single or twin, the petals
celled with central placentas. Seeds with
purple with a pale yellow spot at the base.
mealy albumen; embryo curved or spiral. The gum is collected in Crete by means
The plants are found chiefly in the south of a kind of rake, with a double row of
'

of Europe and north of Africa. They are long leathern straps, employed in the heat
very rare in North America, still more un- of the day when not a breath of wind is
common in South America, and scarcely stirring. Seven or eight country fellows,
known in Asia, They are usually resinous, in their shirts and drawers, whip the
and have a balsamic fragrance. The resin plants with these straps, which, by rub-
called Ladonum is procured from several
species of Cistus. Helianthemum vulgare,
the common rock-rose of Britain, has re-
markably irritable stamens, which in
sunny weather move on being touched.
There are eight known genera, and about
190 species. Illustrative genera: Fumana,
Cistus, Helianthemun, [J. H. B.]
CISTELLA, CISTULA. A cell-like shield
found among lichens in the genus Sphcero-
phoron.
CISTCOIE. A membranous sac which
'

according to some, penetrates stomates,

and reaches the bottom of the subjacent
chamber. If this statement is correct the
cistome must be a fold of the cuticle.
CISTOPHORUM. The stipe of certain
fungals.
CISTOPTERIS. A mode of spelling
which is sometimes adopted instead of
Cistus creticus.
Cystopteris. [T. MJ
CISTFS. A
genus of the rock-rose bing against the leaves, lick
off a sort of
family, to which it gives the name, com- odoriferous glue sticking to the foliage.'
posed, of handsome shrubs, many of them !
Formerly it was said to be gathered from
in cultivation, natives of Southern and !
the beards of goats, which are fond of
Western Europe, North Africa, and the browsing on the foliage of the plant. The
Canary Islands. They are commonly known gum, by gently rubbing in the hands,
as Rock-Roses and Gum Cistus, but the emits a very pleasant balsamic odour, from
latter name is the better of the two, as the presence of a volatile oil. It was once
the former is equally applied to Helianthe- used in time of the plague as a stimulant
mum, from which this genus differs in i and expectorant, and as a constituent in
l
having an imperfectly five or ten-celled plaisters. About fifty hundredweight of
i capsule, while in Helianthemum the eap- it is annually sent from Crete to Turkey,
I sule is imperfectly three-celled. The where it is used as a perfume, and as a
greater portion of the species are elegant fumigation. The Ladanum of Spain and
, erect bushes, with opposite entire or some- Portugal is derived from C. ladaniferus.
I times toothed leaves, generally oblong This is one of the most beautiful of the
j
or lance-shaped, and axillary or terminal genus, and is very frequently to be met
j
flower-stalks bearing one or many flowers. in gardens. In Portugal it is said to
These are made up of a five-leaved calyx, five cover leagues of country. Its leaves are
numerous stamens, and an
large petals, i
lance-shaped, entire, and three-nerved, the
ovary crowned with a simple style. The !
upper surface covered with a clammy
,
flowers of all are handsome, and many of ;
gluten, and the under surface prominently
them in and appearance resemble
size ;
three-nerved and covered with a dense
j
those of the dog-rose; they seldom last white tomentum. The large white flowers
more than a few hours after expansion, are sometimes more than three inches
and do not open in dull weather when across in one variety, the petals having a
I

there is no sunshine. In one group of 1 deep purple blotch at the base. The gum
cist] Cfje gnrougurj) ai Statang. 290
is said to be obtained by boiling in water secrete an oily substance of a strong
the summits of the branches. It has an citron odour. Some of the species are
odour similar to that of the former, but is known on this account by the name of
not in much repute. Limoncillo, and the genus also derives its
A much more common plant in gardens name from this circumstance. The leaves,
is C. cyprius, which is often confounded sometimes three or four in a whorl, are
with the former, but has large and al- either entire or toothed, and very often
ways solitary flowers, while this has three covered with rusty hairs, but sometimes
or four flowers on a common stalk'; the smooth. The small green or yellow
leaves are also stalked, while in C. ladani- flowers without petals are numerous, dis-
ferus they are sessile. posed in axillary cymes, and either male
One of the most beautiful of the rosy- and female on the same or on different
flowered species is C. vaginatus, a native plants. They are made up of a three or
of Teneriffe. Its hairy leaves are lance- six-lobed cup-shaped calyx, which in the
shaped, three-nerved, and dilated towards male encloses few or many stamens, and
the base, while the splendid large rose- in the female a number of one-celled and
coloured flowers are very numerous and in one-seeded ovaries, each with a simple
terminal panicles. The petals are crumpled style these are at length entirely en-
;

and have wavy margins, bent inwards, veloped by the fleshy tube of the calyx.
with a yellow spot at their base. A large This latter circumstance serves to dis-
•number are in cultivation, and upwards, tinguish the genus from its allies. The
of thirty coloured figures of these plants fruit is about the size of a pea when ripe.
are given in Sweet's Cistinece. [A. A. B.] The name of the genus was formerly
written Citrosma. [A. A. B.]
CISTUS, GROUND. Rhododendron Cha-
mcBcistus. — ,GUM. Cistus ladaniferus, CITRON. Citrus medica. — , FINGERED.
and C. Ledon. Sarcodactylis.
CISTUSRAPES. A name given by CITRONELLA. Andropogon citratum,
Lindley to the group of Cytinaceous which yields an essential oil used in
parasites. perfumery.
CITHAREXYLON. A considerable ge- CITRONELLE. (Fr.) Artemisia Abro-
nus of trees or shrubs, belonging to the tanum.
order Verbenacece, natives of tropical and
sub-tropical America. They have tetra- CITRONNELLE. (Fr.) Melissa offici-
gonous sometimes spiny branches, oppo- nalis. *

site or verticillate leaves, and small race- CITRONNIER. (Fr.) Citrus medica.
mose flowers each with a minute bracteole.
The persistent calyx is cup-shaped or CITRONWORTS. A name given by
tubular the limb of the corolla is sub-
; Lindley to the family of aurantiaceous
equally five-parted. The included stamens plants to which the orange and citron
are inserted below the throat of the co- belong.
rolla on short filaments they are sub-
;

equal or the fifth is shorter than the CITROUILLE. (Fr.) A race of large
others, sometimes rudimentary and ste- oblong Gourds derived from Cucurbita
rile, on altogether absorbed. The ovary Pepo. — PASTE V QUE. Cucumis Citrullus.
,

is four-celled, with one ovule in each cell. CITRUL. The Water Melon, Cucumis
The juicy drupe is surrounded by the large Citmllus.
cup-shaped calyx, and is two-stoned, each
stone being two-celled. [W. C] CITRULLUS. The bitter Cucumber or
Colocynth, which furnishes a well-known
CITREOUS, CITRINOUS. Lemon-co^ cathartic drug, belongs to this genus of
loured. the gourd family, Cucurbita cece, and is
CITRIOBATUS. A genus of small known by its unisexual flowers, which
thorny Austraiian trees or shrubs belong- have a persistent five-parted calyx and
corolla. In the male flowers, the stamens
ing to Pittosporacece. Leaves alternate,
shortly stalked, obovate, leathery, entire. are five, united into three bundles, and the
Flowers small, solitary,sessile,axiliary,with anthers are sinuous. The female flowers
five sepals bracteated at the base
have an inferior three to six-celled ovary,
; five pe-
a cylindrical three-cleft style, and kidney-
tals united at the base; and fivestamens.
Fruit an orange berry with a leathery
shaped stigmas. The fruit is a many-
skin, sub-globular, about one inch and a
seeded gourd. C. Colocynthis was origin-
ally a native of the warmer parts of Asia,
half in diameter, eaten by the natives;
seeds large. The plants are called the
but has now become widely diffused. The
Native Orange and Orange Thorn by the
drug known as Colocynth consists of the
Australian colonists.
round fruits or gourds, which are im-
[J, T. S.]
ported either with the rind on or peeled,
CITRIOSMA. A genus of opposite- from Spain, the Levant, &c. The pulp
leaved bushes or small trees belonging to in the interior of the fruit is light and
the Monimiacece, confined to the tropical spongy, and very bitter from it a watery ;

parts of South America, and numbering extract is made, which is much employed
u pwards of fifty species. A large propor- as a purgative in the form of pills. Some
tion of them have their parts, especially discrepancy exists as to the seeds of this
the leaves, covered with glands which plant, which some describe as bland and
 291 GEIje CreaSurg of 2Sotanp.
nutritious, "while others say that they the following observations by Dr. Lindley
are hitter and purgative. Certainly the in the Journal of the Horticultural Society
dried dark-coloured seeds met with in (ix. 171), are important. He states that
this country are so ; hut it is stated that the above-mentioned fruits 'are all of
Eastern origin, and mostly introduced
into Europe in comparatively modern
days, but of very ancient and general
cultivation in Asia. The varieties known
are very numerous and difficult to reduce
according to their species, on the limits
of which botanists are much divided in
opinion. Those who have bestowed the
most pains in the investigation of Indian
botany, and in^vhose judgment we should
place the most confidence, have come to
the conclusion that the Citron, the Orange,
the Lemon, the Lime, and their numerous
varieties now in circulation, are all de-
rived from one botanical species, C. medica,
indigenous to, and still found wild in, the
mountains of East India. Others, it is
true, tell us that the Citron, the Orange,
and the Lime are to be found as distinct
types in different valleys, even in the wild
Citrullus Colocynthis.
state ; but these observations do not
appear to have been made with that ac-
the seeds are used as food at the Cape of.
Good Hope. An oil is also extracted from curacy and critical caution which would
them for burning in lamps. [M. T. M.] be necessary in the case of trees so long
and so generally cultivated.'
CITRUS. The Orange, Lemon, Citron, The Citron, C. medica, is described by
and other well-known fruits of a similar Theophrastus as abundant in Media, that
kind, are included in this genus of Auran- is to say, in the north of Persia, Its fruit,
tiacece. Its distinguishing characteristics according to Professor Decandolle, was
are: the presence of a cup-like calyx, carried to Rome in the beginning of the
I
numerous stamens irregularly united by Christian era, or perhaps at an earlier
! their filaments into several bundles, a period. The first attempts at its cultiva-
cylindrical style, and a pulpy fruit with a tion in Italy proved unsuccessful, and ac-
spongy- rind. The leaves of these trees are cording to Gallesio, it was not established
!
also remarkable inasmuch as they consist there till about the third or fourth cen-
I of one leaflet, separated from the leaf-like tury. The Jews cultivated the Citron at
stalk supporting it, by a distinct joint. the time they were under subjection to
The most important species, in a medi- the Romans, and used the fruit then, as at
cal or pharmaceutical point of view, are the present day, in the Feast of Taber-
I the Citron, C. medica, which furnishes two nacles but there is no proof of their hav-
;

]
distinct kinds of oil, used by perfumers, ing known this tree in the time of Moses.
! the essential oil of citron and the essen- It is likely they found it at Babylon dur-
|
tial oil of cedra. The Lemon, C. Limo- ing their captivity, and brought it to
!
num, is employed in medicine for the sake Palestine on their return. "Whatever may
of its aromatic bitter rind ; its odour is have been the diffusion of the species in
due to the volatile oil in which it abounds. "Western Asia at that remote date, there is
The juice of the Lemon is used as a re- no evidence of its having been indigenous
freshing beverage in fevers and scorbutic to Media, norhavemodern travellers found
affections, and as effervescing lemonade it wild in Persia; but Dr. Royle found the
to check sickness and nausea. As it is species in the forests of Northern India.
apt to decompose, crystallized citric acid The Citron is cultivated in Cochin China,
is usually employed in its place as an anti- and in China, but Thunberg does not men-
scorbutic, and with the best effects. Lately tion it as existing in Japan. Taking all
it has been recommended in acute rheu- the above facts into consideration, it is
matism. Lime juice is employed for simi- evident that the species is originally from
lar purposes. The Seville or Bitter Orange, the north of India, and as the habitat of
C. Blgaradia, is used for the sake of its every one of the Orange tribe is naturally
rind and its flowers, which possess a rather limited, Professor Decandolle does
stronger flavour and odour than the sweet not think that this extended in the case of
orange. The rind is used as a stomachic the Citron, as far as the north of Persia.
and tonic, while the flowers yield by distil- Probably the Citron was carried in that
lation orange-flower water. [M. T. M.] direction, and also into China at a very
The Citron, Orange, Lemon, Shaddock, early period. In many countries they are
and Lime have been referred to various easily naturalised. The seeds sow them-
species of Citrus, with regard to which selves in several of the colonies : for in-
botanists, however, are not agreed. It is stance, in Jamaica. In its wild state the
even doubtful whether all of them, with Citron grows erect with spiny branches. The
their very numerous varieties, have not flowers are purple on the outside and white
originated from C. medica. On this point inside. The fruit is large, oblong or ovate,
citr] Cije Erea^urji of SSfltang. 292

sometimes six inches long, the skin I

or fourteenth century, both Oranges and
covered with protuberances, and of the I
Lemons became plentiful in several parts
well-known citron-yellow colour when the of Italy. It appears, however, that the
fruit is ripe. Of the cultivated varieties, original importation of Oranges from India
some are oval, others round, and that into Arabia and Syria occurred about a
called the Madras Citron has the form of century earlier than that of Lemons. Gal-
an oblate sphere. In China there is a lesio states that Oranges were brought by
variety with its lobes separating into the Arabs from India by two routes the ;

finger-like divisions, and hence called the sweet ones through Persia to Syria, and
Fingered Citron. thence to the shores of Italy and the
The Lemon, C, Limonum, of some bota- south of France and the bitter, called in
;

nists, G. medica Limonum of others, is, ac- commerce Seville Oranges, by Arabia,
cording to Dr. Royle, who found it Egypt, and the north of Africa to Spain.
growing wild in the North of India, Of the numerous varieties of this esteemed
named in Hindostanee Neemoo, Leemoo, fruit, our limits will only admit of our
Leeboo ; in Arabic Limoun and in
; noticing some of the more important.
Italian, Limone. Professor Decandolle The Sweet Orange has the leaves ovate-
states that it was unknown to the ancient oblong, acute, somewhat serrated, with
Greeks and Romans and that its culture
; the stalk more or less winged. The flowers
only extended into the west with the con- are white. The fruit is well known. There
quests of the Arabs. On' their spreading are many varieties that called the China
;

over the vast regions of Asia- and Africa, Orange is the common Orange of the mar-
they carried with them everywhere the kets. The Blood Red or Malta Orange has
Orange and Lemon. The latter was brought the fruit round, rough red or reddish-yellow
by them in the tenth century from the outside,with a pulp irregularly mottled
gardens of Oman into Palestine and Egypt. with crimson. The Saint Michael's Orange
Jacques de Vitry, writing in the thirteenth has the fruit rather small, pale yellow and
century, very well describes the Lemon, seedless, with a thin rind and very sweet
which he had seen in Palestine and doubt-
; pulp; it is one of the most delicious and pro-
less it was by the crusaders first brought ductive varieties. The Noble, or Mandarin
into Italy, but at a date which cannot be Orange is small flattened and deep orange,
exactly ascertained. From the north of with a thin rind which separates spontane-
India it appears to have passed eastward ously from the pulp, so that when quite ripe
into Cochin China and China, and westward the latter may be shaken about inside it ;

into Europe, and it has naturalised itself is exceedingly rich and sweet. In China,
in the West Indies and various parts of where this delicious variety has been
America. Fruit oval or ovate, terminated raised, the fruit is chiefly consumed in
by a small blunt nipple-like point skin ; presents to the Mandarins, hence its name.
smooth, rind much thinner than that It is now, however, very successfully cul-
of the Citron. The varieties are nu- tivated in Malta and in the Azores. The
merous. Lemons are chiefly imported for Sweet-Skinned Orange is the Pomme
their agreeably acid juice and essential d'Adam, or Forbidden fruit of the shops
'
'

oil, and also for the manufacture of citric of Paris, but not of London; its skin is
acid. smooth, deep yellow, with a thick sweet
The Orange, C. Aurantium of those bota- soft rind. The above are some of the
nists who do not consider it to be pro- principal sorts of sweet oranges but there
;

bably only a variety of G. medica, is asso- are many other varieties, many of which
ciated with the latter as a native of the possess, however, but little merit.
north of India. According to Gallesio, in- The Common Seville, or Bitter Orange,
stead of being found in the north of Africa, orBigarade, C. Bigaradia, has around dark
Syria, or even in Media, it was not at the fruit with an uneven, rugged, extremely
time of Alexander the Great in that part of bitter rind. This sort is largely im-
India which he penetrated for it is not
; ported for the manufacture of bitter tinc-
mentioned by Nearchus among the pro- ture, and the preparation of the candied
ductions of the country which is watered orange-peel. To this section are referred
by the Indus. But the Arabs, carrying the various kinds of Bie-arades, among
their conquests fui'ther into India than which may be named the Horned, Curled-
Alexander, found the Orange more in the leaved, Purple,Double-flowered,and Myrtle-
interior and according to Professor Tar-
; leaved. These, especially the Horned and
gioni it was brought by them into Arabia
l

I
Curled-leaved, are cultivated chiefly for
in the ninth century. Oranges were un- their flowers, which are powerfully fra-
known in Europe, or at all events in Italy, grant.
in the eleventh century, but were shortly Of the Bergamot Orange, C. Bergamia,
afterwards carried westward by the Moors. both flowers and fruit possess a peculiar
They were in cultivation at Seville to- fragrance ; and from each of them an es-
wards the end of the twelfth century, and sence of a delicious quality is extracted.
at Palermo in the thirteenth, for it is said The Lime, C.L imetta, bears ovate or round-
that St. Dominic planted an orange for the ish pale yellow fruit with a boss at the
convent of St. Sabina in Rome, in the point its juice is acid and slightly bitter.
;

year 1200. In the course of the same There are varieties differing
in form and
thirteenth century, the crusaders found in the thickness of their rind. Among
Citrons, Oranges, and Lemons, very abun- them is one called by the Italians Porno
dant in Palestine and in the following
: d'Adamo, because they fancy the depres-
sions on its surface appear as if it still trees, for Limes, Citrons, Lemons, Guavas,
bore the marks of Adam's teeth. &c, are scattered about in them. Orange
The Shaddock, C. decumana, derives its trees were first introduced to the Azores
common name from Captain Shaddock, by by the Portuguese. There are only two
whom it was first carried from China to kinds of oranges cultivated at St. Michael's,
the West Indies, early in the eighteenth viz., the Portugal and the Mandarin ; many
centm-y. The shoots are pubescent; the varieties of the former exist, and they are
leaves large with a winged stalk the fruit
; greatly improved by the genial climate of
very large, weighing sometimes ten to i
St. Michaels. The Mandarin Orange has
twenty pounds, roundish, with a smooth, j
not been many years in the island, never-
pale yellow skin, and white or reddish sub- theless there are some trees of it fourteen
acid pulp. When the fruits attain their feet high. This capital little orange has
largest size they are called Pompoleons, j
lately been exported to England, where
or Pompelmousses those of the smallest
; it realises a higher price than the common
size form the 'Forbidden fruit' of all the St. Michaels. The largest orange tree
English markets.
I

which Mr. Wallace measured was thirty

The Orange tribe cannot be grown in feet high, the stem being seven feet in
this country without protection in winter. I
circumference at the base ; but many
In some parts of Devonshire, however, i

larger trees, destroyed by the coccus, had

they require but very little, as for ex- been cut down. The produce of the trees
ample, at Combe Royal, near Kingsbridge, is almost incredible ;
props are always
where very fine specimens of Oranges. used to prevent the weight of the fruit
Citrons, and Lemons, &c, have been for from breaking down the branches. An
many years obtained from trees planted orange tree in the quinta, or orange garden
against a wall, and protected only with a of the Barao das Laranjeiras produced
movable wooden shelter in winter. The twenty large boxes of oranges, each box
first Oranges, it is stated, were imported containing upwards of 1,000 fruit— in all
into England by Sir Walter Raleigh, and 20,000 oranges from one tree. Two hun-
reared by his relative Sir Francis Carew dred ship-loads of oranges are annually
at Beddington in Surrey. These trees are exported from St. Michaels, being nearly
mentioned by Bishop Gibson, in his addi- 200,000 boxes. [R. T.]
tions to Camden's Britannia, as having ex-
isted for a hundred years previous to
CIVETTE. (Fr.) Allium Schcenoprasum.
1695: but finally they were entirely killed CLADENCHYMA. Branched paren-
by the great frost in 1739-40, after they chyma.
had attained the height of eighteen feet,
with stems nine inches in diameter. Trees CLADIUM. A genus of cyperaceous
plants belonging to the tribe Ehyncho-
of the Orange tribe naturally live to a
very great age in a soil and climate which sporece. The spikelets are one to two-
suit them. Even under artificial treat-
flowered glumes five or six
;
bristles ;

ment there are some remarkable instances wanting; nut with a thick fleshy coat,
of their longevity. There may be seen, in tipped with the conical base of the joint-
the orangery at Versailles, a tree which less style. Twenty-one species are men-
was sown in 1421. It is growing with its tioned in Steudel's Plantar Cyperacece these ;

roots in a large box, and appeared very have an extensive

geographical distri-
healthy when we saw it lately. The Oranee bution, the majority being natives of New
Holland. C. Mariscus is a native of
tree at the convent of St. Sabina at Rome
Britain, and the most northerly of the
is thirty-<jne feet high, and said to be up-
wards of 600 years old. At Nice, where species. It is a handsome aquatic, plant,
the tree may be considered naturalised, not of frequent occurrence, though plen-
growing quite in the open air, there was tiful in some districts [D. M.]
in 1789, according to Risso, a tree which CLADOBITJM. An obsolete name of
generally bore 5,000 or 6,000 oranges, and Scaphy glottis.
which was more than fifty feet high with
a trunk which required two men to em-
CLADOCARPI. A small section of
brace it. In Cordova, the noted seat of mosses containing those
anomalous genera
in which the fruit is not truly lateral
Moorish grandeur and luxury in Spain,
there are Orange trees still remaining,
but terminates short lateral branchlets.
which are considered to be 600 or 700 years The British genera belonging to this
section are Sphagnum, Mielichoferia, Fis-
old.
Under favourable circumstances, the sidens, and Cinclidotus but the two latter
;

contain species which are not truly clado-

productiveness of the Orange is astonish-
carpous. [M. J. B.]
ing. In an account of the gardens and
orange-grounds of St. Michael's in the CLADOCATJLOK A Brazilian eriocau-
Azores, by Mr. Wallace (Journal of the laceous plant, an undershrub with much-
Hort. Society, vii. 236), we are informed by branched leafy stems and flowers in heads,
the author, who resided at St. Michaels the male flowers being in the centre, the
for several years, that the orange grounds females at the circumference of the head.
vary from one to sixty acres in extent, These latter present the distinguishing
and are surrounded with high walls and feature of the genus, that is to say, a
tall-growing trees as shelter, not from the double perianth, each row of three linear
cold but from the sea-breeze. The grounds oblong segments adherent at the base, the
are rarely occupied wholly by Orange outer segments reflexed, and ultimately
clad] Cfje Ertatfurg at Utitang. 294
deciduous, the inner ones shorter, thinner, CLADOPTOSIS. A name given to a
and persistent. In other particulars it singular affection to which several of our
does not differ from the other genera of forest trees, as the oak and willow, are
the order. [M. T. M.] subject, in which the small branches snap
off with a regular circular fissure, leaving
CLADODYSTROPHIA. An affection to
a cup-shaped scar, somewhat similar to
which oaks and other trees are subject in that which takes place when a leaf or
light soils, or whenpast maturity. The
fruit separates at the stalk. The branch
upper branches are less perfectly nourished was of course previously dead, and the
than the lower, and therefore more rapidly separation seems to depend upon a vital
decay. It has also been supposed that
process by means of which the dead are
trees become stag-headed in consequence thrown off from the living tissues. After
of decay of the tap root, possibly from the
pears have fallen, a repeated separation
attacks of fungi, the terminal branches
into joint-like portions takes place, in a
having an especial reference to it. This, somewhat similar manner, between the
however, is mere matter of speculation,
component parts and the branch which
though the main branches and roots have gave them birth. After cold summers, vine
in many cases direct communication with
branches are apt to fall off, a process which
each, some particular root more especially-
is facilitated by the peculiar formation of
supplying some particular branch, as is indi- the stem, there being a transverse layer
cated'by the buttress-like spurs which con-
of cellular tissue at each bud. This is
nect the two. Where the tree is without sometimes called Phriganoptosis. Larger
leading shoots, the tips of the several
branches occasionally fall off in a like
branches sometimes assume a similar con- manner in the elm, but more generally,
dition. [M. J. B.]
though the line of demarcation is well-
CLADONIA. A genus of lecidineous marked, the branch does not fall till it
lichens which is characterised by its ulti- is tightly pressed by the new layers of
mately globose or button-shaped fruit bark destined after its disappearance
growing at the tips of vertical hollow to close up the cavity. [M. J. BJ
shrub-like or cup-shaped processes, arising
from a foliaceous or crust-like thallus, to
CLADOS. In Greek compounds = a
branch.
which they bear an inverse proportion.
The fructifying disc is often of the bright- CLADO^PORIUM. A
genus of naked-
est scarlet, but sometimes assumes other spored moulds of which one species, C.
tints as pinkish-brown or black. The spe- herbarum, is found in all habitable parts of
cies are numerous even when reduced with- the world on decaying substances, whether
in reasonable limits, and extend into the animal or vegetable, covering them with
coldest regions, while some are cosmopo- olive patches which when in fruit are shot
lites. C. rangiferina extends almost to the with green. It consists of short brown-
extreme limits of vegetation, and affords jointed waved threads, which bear on their
an abundant supply of excellent food to sides oblong or elliptic spores with one or
the reindeer, without which the inhospit- two transverse divisions. In damp seasons,
able northern parts of our continent could wheat is often discoloured at the tip with
scarcely be inhabited. C. pyxidata, a com- this fungus, and it is then said to be
mon species in woods and hedge-banks, is tagged. Another species, C. dendritieum,
supposed to afford a good medicine in the is common on apple leaves, and when
whooping cough while C. sanguinea,
;
attacking the fruit causes the orbicular
rubbed down with sugar and water, is dark spots which are so common on apples,
successfully applied in the thrush of and which have been named by Fries
infants in Brazil. [M. J. B.] Spiloccea. The same species, or a mere
C. rangiferina, the reindeer moss, is the variety of it, attacks pears in a similar
badge of the clan McKenzie. way, and sometimes materially affects the
health of the tree by infesting the leaves
CLADOPHORA. A
genus of chloro- and young shoots. [M. J. BJ
sperms closely allied to Conferva, and dis-
tinguished by its branched habit. The CLADOSTACHYS. A genus of Amaran-
species are numerous, and grow in various thacece allied to Celosia, but having the
situations, but the most characteristic, as stamens free, not cohering as in that
C. glomerata and rupestris, occur either in genus, and the three stigmas linear and
rivulets or on sea-rocks. A few of the revolute, not capitate. C. muricata is a
species of warm countries attain a con- much-branched Indian shrub with alter-
siderable size. C. mirabilis was once cele- nate stalked ovate-acute smooth leaves.and
brated as affording a supposed instance of elongated paniculately-arranged spikes of
transformation from a green-spored into small white flowers. [J. T. SJ
a rose-spored alga ; but it has since been
ascertained that the cladophore serves CLADOTHAMNUS. A genus of Pyro-
merely as a matrix to the rhodosperm lacece consisting of a shrub from Western
which surrounds the threads with its Arctic America with much-branched stems
dilated base. The reproductive bodies are sessile wedge-shaped oblong glabrous
minute zoospores with thong-like appen- leaves, glaucous below, and solitary axil-
dages contained in the articulations. The lary shortly-stalked flowers, with a five-
species are found in most parts of the parted calyx, five petals, ten stamens, a
globe. [M. J. B.] thread-like style, incurved at the apex,
 295 Wfyt Ereagurfl at SSatang. CLAV
with a globular five-lobed stigma ; capsule the flowers. C. elegans is a taller plant
sub-globose, five-celled. [J. T. S.] with slender twiggy shoots, quite erect in
all stages of their growth, ovate toothed
CLAXDE8TIXA. A genus of Oroban- foliage, the flower-buds drooping before
chacece containing a single species, a para- expansion, and the bluntly rhomboidal
site on roots in damp woods in the South petals quite undivided. [W. T.]
of Europe. It is a small plant with a
short branching scaly subterraneous stem, CLARY. Salvia Sclarea. Horminum
the bluish-violet flowers being seen in Clary is Salvia Horminum, and Vervain
clusters rising from the apex of the stem Clary, Salvia Yerbenaca.
as if from the earth. The four-cleft CLATHRUS. A genus of gasteromyce-
calyx is bell-shaped ; the upper lip of the tous Fungi belonging to the phalloid group,
corolla helmet-shaped, the lower short and remarkable at once for the beauty of their
bifid. The ovary is surrounded at the colour and elegance of form, combined
base by a half-moon-shaped hypogynous with the most abominable odour. The recep-
giand. The capsular fruit contains four or tacle to which the deliquescent fruit-bear-
five seeds attached to two linear parietal ing cells are attached, forms a scarlet net-
placenta?. This genus is nearly related to work, which bursts forth from a gelatin-
Lathrcea, in which it was formerly in- ous volva. In C. crispus, which occurs in
cluded; it differs chiefly in having erect warmer climates, the edge of the meshes
flowers, and a definite number of seeds on is beautifully crisped. The closely-allied
small placentas. [W. C] Ileodictyon cibarium is known to the New
Zealanders by a name implying Thunder-
CLAOXYLOX. A genus of Euphor- dirt, and forms a coarse article of food. C.
biacece composed of trees or shrubs, natives
cancellatus is common in the south of Eu-
of the tropical portions of the eastern
rope, and occurs occasionally in the south-
hemisphere. They are nearly allied to ern parts of England, as at Torquay and the
JJercurialis, but differ in their arborescent
Isle of Wight, also in Ireland. [M. J. B.]
habit as well as in the petal-like disc of the
female flowers. The leaves are long- CLATHRUS (adj. CLATHRATUS). A
stalked, oval or lanceolate, and entire or lattice ; a membrane
pierced with holes
toothed at the margins. The nerves of and forming a kind of grating, as in the Ou-
the leaves and the various parts of the virandra fenestralis.
flowers of many species are deejly tinged
with a dark red colouring matter which is
CLAUDEA. The most beautiful genus
The inconspicu- of rose-spored Algce. It is named after
said to be used as a dye.
Claude Lamouroux, a distinguished French
ous generally green flowers are arranged algologist. Three species only are known,
in slender racemes furnished with bracts,
of which two occur on the coasts of Aus-
each bearing in its axil a cluster of tralia and Tasmania, and the third on those
flowers these in the male are made up
;
of Ceylon. The frond proceeds from a
of a calyx with three or four deep divi-
thread-shaped stem, which is continued
sions enclosing numerous stamens; and
into the marginal rib of a flat unilateral
in the female of a similar calyx enclosing
open net-work formed of several series of
a three-lobed ovary, crowned with a three- anastomosing slender mid-ribbed leaflets.
branched style, and seated on a disc Each net-work,when fully formed, is ten to
formed by three dark red petal-like glands. twelve inches long, and about an inch
The capsular fruits are three-celled, about broad, and is elegantly recurved like a
the size of a pea, and each cell contains scimetar. The capsules are in the mid-
one seed. [A. A. B.]
rib of metamorphosed primary and se-
CLARKIA. A small genus of onagrads, condary leaflets, and contain at the base
indigenous to California and North West- a dense tuft of pedicellate pyriform spores.
ern America, contributing to our gardens The tetrasperms are contained in the
two of the best known and most esteemed swollen bars of the second series of net-
of popular annuals. The genus is well work in transverse rows. C. elegans some-
'

characterised by its clawed petals, eight times grows at the mouth of rivers where
stamens, of which the alternate four are the saltness is much modified, and then
shortest and sterile, four-lobed stigma assumes a large size with increased
with broad roundish spreading lobes, and delicacy. The above account is taken
j
cylindrical four-furrowed four-celled seed- from Dr. Harvey's Phycologia Australasica
vessel, opening when ripe by four valves. a work which ought to be in the hands
The species are all erect branching plants, of every lover of seaweeds. [M. J. B.]
with entire or toothed foliage, and showy
I

'

reddish-purple flowers produced singly

CLAUDINETTE. (Fr.) Narcissus poeti-
cus.
from the axils of the leaves. C. pulcheda
has the largest flowers, and is remarkable CLAUSILE. A name given by Richard
in its typical form for its petals being to his macropodal embryo,when its radi-
three-lobed with a tooth on each side of cle is united by the edges and entirely in-
the claw, though in the variety integru- closes all the rest of it.
aetata of garden origin the lobes are ob-
literated. The leaves of this species are
CLAVALIER. (Fr.) Xanthoxylon Clava
Herculis.
long and narrowly lance-shaped, quite en-
tire, and the stem and branches are droop- CLAVARIA. A genus of the clavate
ing at the summit before the expansion of ,
division, Chivariei, of hyinenomycetous
CLAV] €3)£ Erd^urj? of 3Sfltanj). 296
Fungi, distinguished by their fleshy sub- C. ornata, a native of Brazil and Guiana,
stance and confluent stem. The species is frequently to be met with in plant
are either simple or branched, and are ex- stoves, where it is always a prominent ob-
tremely numerous, and from the great ject from its straight unbranched stems,
difference of form, colour, and division bearing on their apex a cluster of large
assumed under different circumstances, handsome leaves often afoot or more in
often extremely difficult to recognise. length. Its starry wax-like flowers, of a
The surface is mostly smooth, biit some- bright orange colour, are produced in great
times wrinkled longitudinally. Many of abundance, and are disposed in erect ra-
them afford excellent articles of food, but cemes. The root of some of the species
they are not much used in this country, is said to be emetic. [A. A. B.]
probably from the scarceness of the larger i

species. C. which comes up

vermicularis, '
CLAVIJLA. The receptacle, or spore-
frequently on our lawns, looking like case of certain fungals.
little bundles of candles, is sometimes CLAVUS. The disease which produces
very abundant, and extremely delicate ergot in grasses ; so called because it
when dressed. [M. J. B.] causes the young grain to grow into the
form of a nail or club.
CLAVARIEI. A natural order of hy-
menomycetous Fungi distinguished by CLAW The long narrow base of the
|

their vertical growth and superior hyme- petals of some flowers the analogue of ;

nium, which extends to the very apex, and the petiole.

isdistributed equally on all sides (am phi- j
CLAYTONIA. A genus of purslanes,
genous). The species generally grow on chiefly North American, consisting of
the ground amongst leaves, a few appear dwarf annual or tuberous-rooted peren-
on rotten wood, and some of the lower nial plants with entire leaves, and small
kind on decaying herbaceous stems. We white or flesh-coloured flow ers in terminal
T

believe all the species which produce white racemes. Generically they are distinguished
spores are wholesome some, moreover,
;
by a calyx of two oval permanent sepals,
with yellow spores are esculent, though five petals usually with short claws coher-
one or two are doubtful. [M. J. B.] ing at the base, five stamens inserted on
CLAVATUS, CLAVIFORMIS. Gradu- the claws, one style with its apex three-
allythickening upwards, from a very taper cleft, and an ovary ripening into a one-
base as the appendages of the flower of
;
celled capsule, opening by three valves,
Schwenckia, or the spadix of Arum macula- and containing from three to six seeds.
turn. Of the annual section, C. perfoliata, one of
the best known, is a weedy little species
CLAVICULA. A tendril. with fibrous roots, broadly ovate veinless
CLAVIGERA. The name applied by the radical leaves on long foot-stalks, and
elder De Candolle to three Mexican plants numerous simple naked flower-stems,
of the composite family, since shown by bearing at the summit a roundish leafy
Dr. Asa Gray to differ in no way from bract formed by the cohesion of two op-
Brickellia, and therefore placed in that
posite leaves, from which arise one or
genus which numbers about thirty species, more short racemes of small white flowers
mostly Mexican, and is distinguished from with notched petals. The leaves of this
Eupatorium by the many-striate instead plant are used like those of the common
of five-angled achenes. [A. A. B.]
purslane, Portulaca oleracea. The peren-
nial Claytonias have for the most part
CLAVTJA. A
genus of the myrsine small tuberous or spindle-shaped roots,
family, comprising a number of shrubs or from which arise a few simple stems a
small trees, confined to the tropical parts foot high, bearing about the middle a
of South America. Their unbranched rod- single pair of opposite linear or lanceolate
like stems are furnished at the top with a leaves, and being terminated by a loose
crown of large alternate coriaceous drooping raceme of pink flowers veined
leaves, often two feet in length, quite with red. The species are rare in cultiva-
smooth, oblong in form, and entire or tion, but C. virgin ica is sometimes met with.
spinously-toothed at the margin. The They are popularly known in America by
waxy white or orange-coloured flowers the name of Spring Beauty, from the early
are small and disposed in erect or droop- season at which they flower. [W. T.]
ins racemes which are shorter than the
leaves, and either proceed from their axils
CLEARING NUT. An Indian name for
or from the bare stem where the leaves
the nut of Strychnos potatorum.
have fallen. The tube of the corolla be- CLEAR WEED. An American name for
ing very short, and the five stamens hav-.i Pilea pumila.
ing five roundish fleshy scales alternating CLEAVERS. Galium Aparine.
with them, are characters which distin- ;

guish the genus from the others in the |

CLEGHORNIA. A Cingalese and Indian
family. The fruits are fleshy and contain genus of Apocynacea?, the plants of which
numerous seeds embedded in a pulp which have small white flowers with a calyx of
is said to be eatable. In size they vary, five lobes alternating with five glands a ;

but are seldom larger than a pigeon's egg. salver-shaped corolla with oblique lobes
The genus bears the name of J. Clavijo and without scales in its throat included
;

Faxardo, a Spanish naturalist. anthers, arrow-shaped and sharply-pointed

 297 Ef)£ StoaSurg at 23fltan^. [CLEB
at the top; two ovaries, with a short style teresting features. It is distinguished by
and large stigma the fruit consisting of
; the possession of a calyx of four pieces ;

two large follicles. [M. T. MJ a corolla of four erect petals, usually with
long claws; six stamens having long dis-
CLEISOSTOMA. A genus of caulescent
tinct filaments and a many-seeded pod-
orchids, with leathery narrow distichous ;

like fruit borne on a stipe or stalk of vary-

leaves, and long tough roots hy which
they cling to the bark of trees in various
ing length. Most of the species are
annual plants of erect habit, with digitate
parts of the East Indies. They have the
leaves of from three to seven lanceolate
pouched lip and fleshy flowers of Saccola-
leaflets, and flowers in terminal bracted
biuru and Sarcanthus, differing from the
former in having the orifice of the pouch corymbs lengthening into racemes. One
of the commonest species is C. pungens, a
closed by a large projecting tooth, and
from the latter in the pouch being abso- robust clammy plant, attaining a height of
four or five feet, with spiny stipules, foot-
lutely one-celled. Sixteen or seventeen
stalks as well as under side of midribs
species are known, all having small flowers
of little beauty.
armed with sharp prickles, and racemes of
rosy-purple flowers ; the anthers of this
CLEISTES. A genus of terrestrial leafy- species are yellow, by which it may be
stemmed orchids inhabiting tropical Ame- known from C. spinosa. C. rosea resembles
rica. In habit they resemble Arethusa. pungens in general habit, but is quite free
The flowers are terminal and nearly soli- from prickles, is less robust, and its leaves
tary, of some purple tint. C. rosea, with consist of but five leaflets, the uppermost
large nodding flowers, is one of the finest and lowest of three only. C. speciosissivia
C. paludosa is quite insignificant. has handsome rose-coloured flowers, leaves
1

CLEMATIS. An extensive genus of with five to seven leaflets, petals as long as

the flower-stalk, and a pod on a stipe longer
twining shrubs with variously-cut opposite
than itself. The species are chiefly re-
leaves, belonging to the Ranunculacece,
among which they are distinguished by markable for their beauty, but are reput-
ed to possess a pungent taste like that of
their single perianth (a coloured calyx but
no petals), and by the long feathery tail at- mustard. [W. T.]

tached to their one-seeded carpels. The CLEOMELLA. A small genus of an-

i
only English species, C. Vitalba, Virgin's- nual Capparidacece, the leaves of which
1

Bower, is so called on account of its being are trifoliate, and the flowers have four
;
used for covering bowers another name,
; somewhat spathulate petals with short
Traveller's-joy, was probably given to it claws and six separate stamens attached to
;
because of its being, in winter, among the the stalk supporting the ovary, which
:

most conspicuous and ornamental of way- latter is gourd-shaped and one-celled, be-
i side plants, often covering hedges for a coming a pod-like capsule. The plant is a
j
considerable distance with its feathery native of Mexico and M. America. [M.T.M.]
seed-vessels, from the resemblance of
:

which to grey hair the plant is sometimes CLERODENDRON. A considerable ge-

j

called Old-Man's Beard. The flowers are nus of Verbenacece, natives of tropical dis-
j

tricts chiefly in Asia, but found also in

greenish-white, and destitute of perfume.
;

French Herbe uux gueux, from its ragged Africa and America. They are shrubs or
trees with opposite or ternate simple
appearance. C. Flammula is the sweet-
leaves, and loosely cymose or capitate
i

scented species common in gardens, a

native of Southern Europe and Northern flowers in terminal panicles or thyrses,more
rarely axillary. The calyx is campanulate
i Africa a variety of this, C. rubella, has
;

larger flowers tinged w^ith rose-colour, ex -

or inflated, and five-toothed or five-lobed.
panding in October. Other ornamental The corolla-tube is slender, the limb
spreading and nearly equally five-lobed.
i

! species are C. florida, of which a variety

' with large double white flowers is to be There are four stamens inserted in the
preferred as being the handsomest and tube of the corolla, and usually much ex-
serted the anthers have two parallel cells,
i

remaining the longest in bloom C. Viti- ;

;

cella, of which there are several varieties

opening longitudinally. The ovary is four-
celled, with a single pendulous or laterally
with single or double flowers, blue, purple,
or red C. austriaca, bearing in June and
attached ovule in each cell. The slender
;

; July solitary large blue flowers with nu- exserted style has two acute stigmatic
merous abortive stamens simulating pe- lobes. The fruit is a drupe surrounded by
|

tals :and C. azurea and C. lanuginosa, mag- the calyx, its kernel usually large, separat-
nificent blue-flowered Japanese species. ing into two two-celled or four one-celled
C. tubulosa is a showy perennial with lar.<?e
nuts. This genus is nearly related to Vol-
blue flowers. kameria and JEgiplvila, but is separated
[C. A. J.]
from the former by its fruit, and from the
CLE'MATITB COMMUNE. (Fr.) Cle- latter by its pentamerous flower. Nearly
matis Vitalba. — ODORAKTB. Clematis eighty species have been described. They
Flammula. have been arranged under two sections :—
1. Euclerodendron, in which the corolla is
CLEMATITIS. Aristolochia Clematitis.
salver-shaped with a short tube scarcely
CLEOME. A genus of capparids chiefly longer than the calyx and 2. Siphonanthus,
;

found in the tropical regions of the New in which the corolla is funnel-shaped with
World, and presenting, in common with a very long tube. The plants have slightly
the other genera of the order, some in- bitter sub-astringent properties, and on
CLES &!)£ CreaStttw at 280taug. 298

this account some of them are used in three inches from the tip of the standard
Indian medicine. [W C] to the tip of the keel, and of a deep blood
colour.
CLESTINES. Large cells of paren- C. Dampieri is a native of the desert re-
chyma, in which raphides are often de- gions of Australia, and is also in cultiva-
posited.
tion. In habit it is much like the former,
CLETHRA. A genus of Ericacew, con- but it does not grow to such dimensions.
sisting of shrubs or trees, with alternate The whole plant is of a pale green colour,
serrate deciduous leaves, and bearing white and is thickly covered with long white
flowers in terminal hoary racemes. They hairs. The peduncles proceed from the
are natives of North and tropical America. axils of the leaves, and bear on their apex
The calyx is five-parted the corolla has
; four or five scarlet flowers, larger and
five distinct obovate-oblong petals. There of a much brighter colour than those of
are ten hypogynous stamens, with in- the former, the standard having also a
versely arrow-shaped anthers, which open large black-purple boss at its base. This
by terminal pores or short slits. The ovary plant has the most beautiful flowers in
is three-celled with many ovules in each the genus, but is unfortunately difficult
cell. The style is slender with a three- of cultivation. The only other known
cleft stigma. The capsule is three-celled, species is C. carneus, a native of Norfolk
with many seeds in each cell, three-valved, Island it has flesh-coloured flowers, and
;

and enclosed in the calyx. [W. C] although a pretty plant, is not to be com-
CLEYERA. A genus of Temstriimiacece, pared with the others, the flowers being
comprising a few Indian and Japanese much smaller. [A. A. B.]
evergreen bushes with camellia-like leaves, CLIDEMIA. A genus of Melastomacece
and small axillary white or yellowish from tropical America, containing hairy
flowers, sometimes sweet-scented. These branched shrubs with opposite stalked
flowers are stalked, and have a calyx of leaves, generally unequal in size, with
five leaves, Ave petals, numerous stamens three to seven ribs, and white or rose-
in two or three series, and an ovary sur- coloured flowers, often silky. The calyx is
mounted by a style which is three-parted adherent to the ovary at the base ; petals
at the top. The five free petals, and the five or six, rarely four ; stamens twice as
numerous stamens slightly adhering to many as the petals ; ovary hairy, with as
their base, are the chief distinguishing many cells as there are petals ; ben-y fleshy,
features of the genus. [A. A. B.] often edible. [J. T. S.]
CLIANTHUS. A genus of Leguminosce CLIPFORTIA. A genus of small ape-
found in New Zealand, Norfolk Island, talous South African bushes, belonging to
and New Holland. It is nearly related to the rosaceous family, whose principal dis-
Sutherlandia, a Cape genus which has
tinction lies in the three-toothed calyx
bladdery pods, while the pods in the present
and very numerous stamens. The leaves
are coriaceous. The plants are herbaceous
are alternate, small, and composed of two
or woody branching shrubs, with unequally-
or three leaflets when the latter is the
;
pinnate leaves made up of eight to sixteen
case, the two lateral ones are small, and
pairs of linear or elliptical leaflets half an
more or less united to the central one, so
inch long. The large handsome flowers are that the leaves appear to be simple. The
in terminal or axillary racemes. The calyx
flowers are small, and seated in the axils of
is bell-shaped and five-toothed. The upper
the leaves. In the males the calyx tube is
petal or standard is oval, pointed, and bent
contracted at the top, and bears about
backwards, much larger than the wings
thirty stamens. In the females the calyx
and shorter than the keel, which is skiff- is similar to that of the male, and encloses
shaped. The pod is stalked, somewhat one or two achenes, each furnished with a
woolly inside, and contains a number of The
lateral bearded or feathery style.
seeds. The name of the genus is derived
holly-like leaves of C. ilicifolia are used by
from the Greek, and signifies Glory Flower, the Boers as an emollient and expec-
a name peculiarly applicable to the plants. torant in coughs. C. crenatais remarkable
The best known species is C. puniceus, for the form and arrangement of the
called Parrot's-Bill in New Zealand, from
leaves.which are composed of two orbicular
the resemblance of the keeled petal to the
leaflets with notched margins, and are so
bill of that bird. This plant was introduced
closely set on the stems that they lap over
in 1831, and is often to be met with in
each other in the manner of the scales of a
greenhouses, or on open walls with a fish. [A. A. B.]
southern aspect, where it flowers freely if
protected in winter. It seldom attains CLIFFORTIACE^E. A name given some-
more than six feet in height, although in times to Eosacece proper, including San-
Ireland, where the climate seems to suit guisorbece, as distinguished from Amygda-
it better, it is sometimes to be seen cover- lece and Pomacece.
ing on a wall a surface of twelve or four-
teen feet square. The pinnate-leaves are CLINANDRIUM. The bed of the an-
ther of orchids an excavation of the top
about six inches long, and the leaflets, ;

of the column, in or on which the anther

about half an inch in length, are smooth
lies.
above and slightly pubescent underneath.
The flowers grow in oval clusters hanging CLINANTHIUM. A flat or broad space,
from the leaf-axils, each flower more than on which flowers are packed closely ; the
 299 Zi)t Ernt£ttrg at 23otang. [cut
receptacle of composites; a shortened tion of the corolla, and the capsule split-
widened axis. ting into ten cocci. [J. T. SJ

CLIXAXTHTTS. A name given to a CLITANTHES. A name proposed for a

group of Peruvian amaryllids subse-
; group of amaryllids, since referred to Co-
quently changed to Clitanthes, and now burgia. [T. MJ
merged in Coburgia. [T. MJ CLITOCTBI. A sub-genus of white-
CLIXIUM. In Greek compounds = re- spored agarics with strongly decurrent,
ceptacle. Also an accessary part of cer- or acutely-adnate gills, the stem elastic
tain fungals, consisting of very small long with a fibrous outer coat, and the pileus
convex when young, though depressed
j

simple or branched cells, bearing a spore

at their end.
j

when old. It contains a great many spe- I

some cies, of which are excellent

articles
OLIXOPODIUM. One of the names of of food. Agaricus nebularis, for example,
the Wild Basil, now referred to Calamintha. which occurs in woods with a compact |

ob- |

CLIXTONIA. A small genus of lobe- |

tuse pileus, clouded with grey, is one of I

liads, consisting of dwarf annuals with the the most delicate of mushrooms and A. ; I

I
aspect and habit of Lobelia, but differing geotropus, especially the form called sub- j

;
from that genus in the corolla being with- involutus, is not to be despised. [M. J. BJ
out a tube, and in the character of the
j

CLITOPILUS. A sub-genus of rose-

seed-vessel, which, instead of being a half
!
j

spored mushrooms with decurrent gills,

egg-shaped two-celled capsule opening
and the pileus confluent with the
i

fleshy
! when ripe by pores at the summit, is a !

or fibrous stem. Agaricus primulas, which

|
long slender three-angled pod of one cell is a frequent inhabitant of our woods, and
'

only, with seeds attached to two parietal

readily recognised by its primrose-whitish
j
placentas, and splitting when ripe into ;

depressed pileus, narrow rose-coloured de-

three narrow thong-like valves. Of the '

current gills, and mealy scent, belongs to

several species composing the genus, but
this sub-genus, and is excellent either
two are known in British gardens, C. pul-
j

stewed or pickled. It must not be con-

chella and C. elegans, both natives of Cali-
founded with A. gambosus (see Tricho-
fornia. The former is an elegant little loma) which sometimes bears the same
plant, with slender prostrate branched
j

name. Most of the species are too small

stems, sparingly clothed with linear blunt
to be of much value. [M. J. BJ
foliage, and producing from its upper
axils numerous flowers, with the upper CLITORIA. A large genus of pea-
lip of two spreading deep blue segments, flowered plants belonging to the legu-
and the lower lip very broadly wedge- minous family, and nearly related to Cen-
shaped, three-lobed, blue at the margin, trosema, but differing in the standard
1

the centre being white and yellow with ! having no spur-like appendage near its
several deep purple spots. The pod is so i
base. The genus is widely distributed,
long and slender that it presents the ap- j
being found in tropical Asia, Africa, and
j
pearance of a foot-stalk rather than that America in the latter country in the
:

: of a seed-vessel. C. elegans is distinguished greatest numbers, and almost exclusively

by its leaves being ovate instead of linear, on the eastern side of the Andes. The
and its flowers of a pale blue colour. The greater portion of the species are large
name of this genus has also been applied climbers, scrambling over trees to a great
by Rafinesque to a small group of plants height some few are erect, and several
;

|
belonging to the lily tribe. [W. T.] are twiners among bushes. The alternate
pinnate leaves are made up of one or
! CLIOCARPUS. A
genus of Brazilian
many pairs of opposite leaflets, and a ter-
shrubs of the family Atropacew, remark-
able for being densely covered with small
minal odd one. The peduncles arise from
s(#r-shaped hairs. The flowers are stalked, the axils of the leaves, and bear one or
and are set in the axils of the leaves. The
many large purple blue white or red
flowers, often two to three inches long.
calyx is hairy, platter-shaped at its base,
with five small pouches near its junction The tubular five-toothed calyx is furnished
with the flower-stalk, the upper portion with two bracts at its base the standard
;

is large and oval, notched or bifid at the

:

divided into five lance-shaped spreading

:

apex, and narrowed into aclawatthe base,

segments, which increase in size as the
the wings are much smaller than the
fruit ripens, and become erect their
;
standard, and the keel smaller than the
margins also are everted and touch those
of the adjacent segments, so that a kind of
wings and sometimes almost hidden by
tubeisformed. The corolla is wheel-shaped,
them. The straight pod is sometimes
hairy, its divisions with a prominent nerve.
winged, and contains a number of seeds.
C. Ternatea, so called because the seeds
i

The Ave stamens arise from a thickened

rim at the base of the corolla, and have were first brought from the island of Ter-
nate, one of the Moluccas, is a very com-
short wavy filaments, and large four-celled
anthers. The fruit is a many-seeded berry mon plant in most tropical countries, and
has long been in cultivation in England.
included within the calyx. [M. T. MJ
In habit it is much like the common pea.
CLIOCOCCA. A genus of Linacece from Its leaveshave two to four pairs of oval
South Australia, scarcely distinct from leafletsand a terminal odd one. The large
Linum, the only differential characters be- handsome flowers grow in the axils of the
ing the imbricated, not contorted, aestiva- leaves, and are of a beautiful blue colour,
CLIV] Wfyz &rca£urg of 33otaug, 300

the standard with a white or yellow hlotch to be a hybrid between C. nobilis and the
|

at its base. They sometimes occur double, Imantophyllum miniatum above referred to.
and a variety with white flowers also It has distichous lorate leaves, and an erect
exists. The corollas of the blue variety flower-scape, bearing numerous drooping
j

are said to afford a blue dye in Cochin slender funnel-shaped flowers, of a pale
|

China, but it is not permanent, and Rum- flame-colour with green tips. [T. M.]
phius says that they are used for colouring
boiled rice in Amboyna. The root is re- CLOCHETTE DES CHAMPS. (Fr.) Con-
puted to be as powerfully purgative as volvulus arvensis. —
D'HIVER. Galan-
jalap ;and in India, where it is sold in the thus nivalis.
bazaars in pieces about the thickness of CLOSTERANDRA. A poppy-like papa-
two quills, it is given to children to pro- veraceous plant imperfectly known. The
mote sickness and vomiting. The Butter- filaments of the stamens are dilated in the
fly Pea, C Mariana, has a curious dis- middle. The ovary is obovate, one-celled,
tribution, being found in the Southern surmounted by five radiating stigmas
American States and Mexico, and appear- which fall off when the capsular fruit is
ing again in the Khasia Mountains in ripe. [M. T. MJ
India without being found in any interven-
ing place. It is a Slender twining plant CLOT-BURR. A
North American name
with leaves made up of three oval or lanceo- for Xanthium.
late thin leaflets, about two inches long,
and axillary peduncles bearing one or CLOUDBERRY. Bubus Chamcemorus.
three flowers of a light blue colour. C. CLOUDED. When colours are unequally
arborescens, a native of the West Indies blended together.
and the adjoining mainland, is the only CLOVE BARK. The bark of Cinnamo-
one of the numerous large scandent spe- mum Oulilawan.
cies peculiar to South America, which are
in cultivation. Its leaves are pinnate and CLOVE CASSIA. The bark of Dicypel-
more than a foot in length, and the leaflets lium Caryoplujllatum.
sometimes eight inches long and four
broad. The large pale-blue flowers are nu-
CLOVE GILLIPLOWER. The aromatic-
merous and in racemes, which are shorter scented double-flowered whole-coloured
than the leaves. Some of the species were varieties of Dianthus Caryophyllus.
formerly known under the names Neu- CLOVE NUTMEG. The fruit of Agatho
rocarpiim&nd Ternatea. [A. A. B.] phyllum aromaticum.
CLIVERS, or CLEAVERS. Galium Apa- CLOVE TREE. Caryophyllus aromati-
rine. cus. The cloves of commerce are the
CLIVIA. A beautiful genus of amaryl- dried aromatic flower-buds. , WILD. —
lids, to which the name Imatophy Hum has
Eugenia acris.
also been applied. The latter, however, CLOVER. The common name for Tri-
corrected to Imantophyllum, Sir W. J. folium, especially applied to the sorts cul-
Hooker now proposes to apply to a distinct tivated for fodder. —
BOKHARA. Meli-
,

though allied plant of South Africa called lotus leucantha, a fodder plant, very grate-
I. miniatum. The Olivias consist of herbs ful to bees. — , BUSH. An American name
with fasciculate fleshy roots, and distichous for Lespedeza.- —
, PRAIR-IE, An American
lorate radical persistent dark-green leaves, name for Petalostemon. —
SOOLA. Hedy-
,

from among which springs a plano-convex sarum coronarium. SWEET. —, An.

scape, bearing at top a crowded umbel of American name for Melilotus.
drooping flowers. These are formed of a
six-leaved cylindrically funnel-like peri- CLOVES. The small bulbs formed with-
anth curved on the upper side, the divi- in the mother-bulb of certain plants such ;

sions having fourfold diversity, and being as garlic.

coiuiivent into the form of a tube, over- CLOVEWORTS. A name sometimes
lapping and partially united at the base used for the ^aryophyllaceous family to
the three exterior ones are the shortest; which the clove gilliflower belongs.
there are six equal slightly protruded sta-
mens affixed to the base of the segments, a CLOWESIA rosea. A very rare or-
three-lobed stigma, and an inferior three- chid, with the habit of Catasetum, said to
celled ovary containing many ovules and be a native of Brazil. It has erect racemes
seeds, the cells, according to Herbert, of concave white flowers delicately edged
being three-seeded. The species are of with rose-colour, broad fringed petals, and
South African origin. C. nobilis is a very a saccate three-lobed lip the edge of which
handsome plant, often seen in green- is broken up into innumerable thread-
houses, remarkable for its sturdy-looking shaped glands. The anther lies at the
harsh evergreen retuse two-ranked leaves, bottom of an upright toothed hood. The
and producing a large head of numerous caudicle resembles an hour-glass slit at the
(forty to fifty) pendulous, club-shaped, back.
orange-scarlet flowers tipped with green.
C. Garden i is a similar plant from Natal.
CLOWN'S ALLHEAL. Stachys palustris,
C. c y via nth 'flora, a plant raised in the Bel-
i CLUBBING. A peculiar condition or
gian gardens, and known under the name hypertrophia affecting the roots of cab-
of Imantophyllum cyrtanthiflorum, is said bages and other allied parts, in which the
 301 Cfje &rca£urg at 2Sotang. [CLTJY

whole force of vegetation is carried down- but smaller in all its parts, is C. insignis,
wards to the destruction of the leaf and a Brazilian plant, whose flowers weep a
'

stem. The main root is mostly affected, considerable quantity of resin from the
hut The disease sometimes affects the disc and stamens, so much so indeed,
laterals. The structure of the root is that Von Martius says he obtained an
much altered, so that on division it looks ounce from two flowers this resin rubbed
;

marbled like a truffle, and many of the down with the butter of the chocolate-nut,
cells gorged with highly nitrogenous the Brazilian women employ to alleviate
matter. The disease is local, or where not the pain of a sore breast.' Other large
local, capricious, and probably depends flowered species, such as C. alba, C. rosea,
upon peculiar chemical conditions of the and C. flava in the West Indies, yield an
soil. In districts which are subject to it, abundant tenacious resin from their stems,
the most effectual remedy appears to con- which is largely used for the same purposes
sist in putting a small quantity of wood- as pitch it is at first of a green colour,
;

ashes, which contain several salts of potash, hut when exposed to the air assumes a
into the hole in which the root of each brown or reddish tint. The Caribs use it
plant is placed. [M. J. B.] for painting the bottoms of their boats.
Among the smaller-flowered species the
CLTTB-GRASS. A common name for most interesting is the C. Galactodendron,
Coryneplwrus. a native of Venezuela. This plant, accord-
CLUB-MOSS. A common name for Ly- ing to M. Desvaux, is one of the Palo de
copodium. Vaca or Cow-trees of South America. Its
leaves are about three inches long, oboval
CLUB-RUSH. A common name for Scir- in form, and narrowed towards the base.
The bark is thick, covered with rough
CLUB-SHAPED. The same as Clavate. tubercles, and its internal tissue becomes
red when exposed to the air. In extract-
CLUSIA. A large genus taken as the ing the milk from this tree the inhabitants
type of the Clusiacece or Gutttferce, the make incisions through the bark till they
latter name referring to the fact that the reach the wood, these incisions are said to
greater portion of the plants secrete in be made only before the moon is full, as
more or less quantity a milk-like or yellow they imagine the milk flows more freely
resin. Clusia is chiefly distinguished by then than at any other time. One tree is
its capsular five or ten-celled fruit, which said to yield a quart in an hour. When the
splits when ripe, each cell having many inhabitants find themselves at a distance
seeds ; and by the numerous stamens, from their homes, they make use of the
whose anthers open along their whole milk for themselves and their children its ;

length, and not by a small pore or slit at use is accompanied by a sensation of as-
the apex. All are trees or shrubs peculiar tringence in the lips and palate, which is
to Tropical America, and grow in very said to be characteristic of all edible vege-
humid hot places. A great portion of them table milks.
are parasitical on other trees, and a few C. Duca yields a resin known in Columbia
send down stout root-supports from their by the name of Duca, and burnt for the
thick branches similar to those of the sake of its pleasant odour. Upwards of
banyan tree. The leaves are opposite, thirty species are enumerated. [A. A. B.]
entire, very leathery in textm-e, mostly
obovate in form, and furnished with nu- CLUSIACE^E. The gamboge family, a
merous parallel nerves which are very evi- natural order belonging to thethalamifloral
dent in dried specimens, but almost imper- dicotyledons, usually called Guttifer^: :

ceptible in the living plants. The greater wdiich see. [J. H. BJ

portion have roseate flowers, but in a few
they are white or yellow in the larger-
;
CLUSTERED. Collected in parcels, each
flowered species there are seldom more of which has a roundish figure; as the
than two or three together in the axils of flowers of Cuscuta.
the upper leaves, but in the smaller-flow- CLUTTIA. A genus of Euphorbiacece
ered ones they are numerous and disposed composed of numerous dioecious bushes,
in a sort of panicle. In the males the confined to Africa and found in the great-
calyx is of four to six leaves, the petals est number at the Cape. The double disc of
four to eight, and the stamens very nu- the male flowers readily serves to distin-
merous. In tbe females, which have a guish the genus from its allies. The alter-
calyx and corolla like the male, a few abor- nate stalked leaves are destitute of stipules
tive stamens surround the ovary, which is and vary in form from oval to linear; in
crowned by a flat radiating stigma. The some they are evergreen, but in others
fruit is a dry or fleshy capsule splitting up they fade in the autumn, whilst a few are
when ripe into five or ten portions. charged, as well as the young branches,
The genus bears the name of Charles de with glandular dots. The small, generally
\
FEcleuse or Clusius, a celebrated botanist green flowers are in cymes in the axils of
of the sixteenth century. The leaves vary the leaves, numerous in the males, and
i little inform throughout the genus those ; few or single in the females. In the former
of C. grand/flora, a native of Surinam, are they are made up of a five-leaved calyx,
from seven inches to a foot Ions', and its five petals, and five stamens supported
beautiful white flowers from five to six on a central column and arranged like the
I

I inches in diameter. Nearly allied to this, branches of a chandelier the base of the;
CLYP] ®f)z Wxtz8uv$ at 2$0tang« 302
column surrounded by two rows of
is by a spurious transverse partition. The
glands, five of them large and two- or species will grow in the south of England
three-lobed, and five smaller, each of them in sheltered situations. [M. T. M.]
entire or two-lobed. In the female flower CNEORUM. Daphne Cneorum.
(Fr.)
the calyx and corolla is the same as in the
male, but the disc is made up of five bifid CNESTIDIUM. Dr. Planchon has des-
glands only, and the three-lobed ovary is cribed under this name a Central American
crowned by a three-branched style, each tree of the order Connai-acew. It has com-
branch bind at the point and bent back on pound leaves covered with thick red
the ovary. The fruit is a three-celled cap- down clustered flowers, which have a
;

sule with three seeds. The only reported calyx consisting of five parts, adhering
useful species is C. lanceolata, a native together for a time, but at length breaking
of Abyssinia, where it is said to be used for irregularly into two or three divisions ten ;

stopping dysentery in cattle. [A. A. B.] stamens, five of which are shorter than the
rest, and confluent in a ring at their base
CLTPEA. A name which has been given and five ovaries with as many thread-
now referred to
to certain Menispermacece, shaped styles. Thefruit consists of asingle
Stephania. [M. T. M.] follicle from the suppression of the re-
CLYPEATE. Having the form of an maining four, covered with red down, and
ancient buckler the same as Scutate.
;
containing a single seed. [M. T. M.]

CLTPEOLA. A
genus of small annual CNESTIS. A name derived from the
herbs, belonging to Cruciferce, natives of Greek word signifying to scratch, in allu-
Southern Europe and temperate Asia. sion to the hairs on the fruit, which irri-
They have the habit of the annual species tate the skin. It is applied to a genus
of Alyssum, but differ in having an in- of Connaracea?- consisting of shrubs fre-
dehiscent orbicular, flattened and margined quently of climbing habit, with alternate
pouch containing a single seed. [J. T. S.] compound thick leaves, and clusters of
five-parted flowers which bear ten sta-
:

CXEMIDIA. the flowers of a large

If to mens, five shorter than the remainder,
Pliysurus are added the foliage and habit and five sessile ovaries, with two ascending
of some herbaceous-leaved Cypripedium, ovules. The fruit consists of five or fewer
the reader will form some idea of this follicles, covered with stinging hairs, and
singular genus of orchids. The few spe- containing but one seed. Two or three
cies known are all Indian. C. angulosa species are in cultivation, natives of
has also been called Govindovia nervosa, Guinea, the Mauritius, etc. [M. T. M.]
and Decaisnea angulosa.
CNICDS. A thistle-like genus of Compo-
CNEMIDOSTACHYS. A genus of Euphor- site?, known by the following charac-
known also as Microstachys, and
biacea?, ters : — Bracts of the involucre leathery,
composed of herbs seldom more than two extended into a long hard pinnated
feet high, with twiggy branches, and spine fruits furrowed, marked with a
;

alternate, linear, entire or serrate leaves. broad scar on one side; pappus in three
The inconspicuous flowers are male and rows, the outer horny, short, the next com-
female on the same plant the males in
; posed of ten long bristles, the third of ten
slender spikes, have a three-parted calyx short bristles. The English plume thistles,
and three free stamens the females, single
; formerly included in a genus of the same
in the axils of the leaves, have a calyx like name, but differing from the above, are now
the males, and a three-lobed ovary, crowned referred to Cardans. Of the true genus
with a three-parted style. The capsule, Cnicus the most remarkable is C. bene-
about the size of a pea when ripe, is either dictus, a native of the Levant and Persia,
smooth or covered with rough points, and but now widely distributed. The plant was
is three-celled, with a single seed.
each cell formerly esteemed as a tonic, diaphoretic,
The greater portion of the species are etc., but is now little used. [M. T. M.]
Brazilian. One (C. Chamcelea) is common
to India and Africa, and another, which CNIDOSCOLUS. A genus of Eupliorbi-
has been called Elachocroton aspericoccmn, acea?, composed of a few shrubs or her-
is found in Tropical Australia. [A A. B.] baceous plants, all of them confined to
tropical America. On the one hand they
CNEORUM. Agenus of uncertain posi- are nearly related to Jatropha, on the
tion, but closely allied to the Rutacea?. It other to Manihot, but differ from the
consists of small shrubs inhabiting the former in having no petals, and from the
Mediterranean region, the Canary Isles, etc. latter in the filaments of their stamens
They have narrow, entire leaves yellow ; being united into a central column, not
flowers with three or four sessile equal free. Their stems are often fleshy and
petals, larger than the sepals, inserted gouty, and are furnished with stalked
beneath the disc three or four stamens
;
leaves, which in most cases are armed
attached to the stalk bearing the three or with straight hairs, which sting most viru-
four-lobed ovary, which has two ovules in lently ; the blades are sometimes entire,
each of its three or four compartments. The but mostly palmately-lobed. The small
fruit when ripe consists of three or four white flowers are arranged in terminal or
segments, which separate one from the axillary cymes, the females few and oc-
other, and are fleshy externally, bony cupying the central portion of the cyme;
internally, and divided into two cavities the males more numerous and occupying
303 (£f)2 Creaguru of 38atang. [cocc

the lateral parts. In both males and fe- lus Avellana. — , JAMAICA. The seeds
males the calyx is tubular with a five- of Omphalea triandra,
lobed limb, and encloses in the former ten
stamens united into a column and ar- COBURGIA. A genus of ornamental
ranged in two tiers; and in the latter a Amaryllidacece, having tunicated bulbs,
three-lobed ovary crowned with three lorately linear glaucescent leaves, and a
stigmas torn at the apex. The three-celled two-edged scape supporting a terminal
capsular-fruit is about the size of a large umbel of few showy flowers. The perianth
pea, and covered with sharp hairs, each is funnel-shaped, with an elongated an-
cellcontaining but one seed. gular incurved tube, swollen towards the
C. stimulans is a plant of the Southern top, a regular six-parted imbricated some-
American states, and has palmately-lobed what spreading limb, and a short cam-
leaves from four to eight inches long. panulate cup, bearing on its margin the
The lacerated segments are covered with six stamens and six intermediate biden-
spreading hairs, which sting fearfully the tate lobes ; the ovary is three-celled with
bare feet of the negroes when they tread numerous ovules. There are eight or ten
on them it is sometimes called on this
;
species known, and these are natives of
account Tread Softly.' Its tuberous roots
'
Peru. The type of the genus, C. incarnata,
are said to be eatable like those of the is a very handsome plant, with bulbs like
cassava or manihot. C. quinquelobus has those of the Jacobsea lily, five or six ob-
been in cultivation, but it stings so ter- long linear bluntish, slightly glaucous
ribly that few people care to keep it. The leaves, and a scape two and a half feet
effects of the sting are various on different high, supporting a four-flowered umbel of
constitutions. Some on being stung fall pendent flowers, about five inches in
down and are quite unconscious for a length, of a brilliant salmon-orange colour,
length of time but others are not so af-
;
the tube of which is bluntly three-cornered,
fected. In both cases an excruciating very slender at the base, widened upwards
pain is felt, lasts for some days,
which and dividing into a moderately-spreading
and the parts swell and sometimes con- limb of six ovate-elliptic segments an inch
tinue swollen, accompanied with an itching long, lighter in colour and more pinky
sensation for months. [A. A. B.] than the tube, and with a green central
stripe. The crown is short and erect, with
COACERVATE. The same as Clustered. six green bind lobes between the stamens,
which about equal the limb in length and
COADXATE, COADUNATE. The same are shorter than the style. C. trichroma,
as Connate. a species with a five-flowered umbel and
flowers three inches long, the tube light
COALITIO. The growing of one thing
red, the limb white within, green without,
to another ; as that of petals, which pro-
duces a monopetalous corolla, &c. and with green-tipped teeth to the cup, is
said to be cultivated in pots with great
COARCTATE. Contracted ; drawn close care in Mexico, where it flowers at various
together. seasons. C. variegata has four-flowered
umbels, the tube of the flowers yellow and
COARCTURE. The neck of a plant. See red, and the limb yellow outside, white
Collum. within, margined with rose, and tipped
with green. C. lutea, formerly named
COBJSA. This small genus of phlox- Glinrmthus, and subsequently Clitanthes,
worts consists of climbing tendrilled has a two-flowered scape, the flowers yel-
plants, with pinnate foliage, and large low and about two inches long. The genus
bell-shaped flowers produced singly from was named in honour of the Prince of
the leaf axils. Although at first sight they Saxe Coburg, now king of the Belgians,
appear to have little in common with the who, when resident at Claremont, was a
other plants of this order, and really differ great patron of horticultural and botanical
essentially inhabit, they yet agree with them science. The name has also been applied
in theirmost important structural features. to another group of amaryllids, now
The genus is distinguished by its large merged in Hippeastrun. It is written Co-
leafy permanent Ave parted calyx; decli- burghia by Dr. Herbert. [T. M.]
nate stamens and style three-celled ovary
;

surrounded at its base by a fleshy annular COBWEBBED. Covered with loose,

disc; and large flat winged seeds, imbricated white, entangled, thin hairs, resembling
in a double row. C. scandens, the most in- the web of a spider.
teresting species, is a well-known summer
climber of very rapid growth. Its leaves COCA. Erythroxylon Coca, the leaves of
are composed of three pairs of elliptic which are used as stimulants by the Peru-
leaflets,the midrib being terminated by a vian Indians.
branched tendril it has large bell-shaped
;

flowers, which are at first green, but ulti-

COCALLERA. A Brazilian name for a
decoction of Croton perdicipes.
mately assume a deep violet hue. C. ma-
cros*eraa has smaller yellowish-green COCARDEAU. (Fr.) Mathiola fenestra-
flowers, with stamens twice as long as the
corolla, and the segments of the calyx lan-
ceolate. [W. T.]
COCCIDIA. A name applied to that form
of the conceptacles in the rose-spored
COB-XUT. A variety of the Hazel, Gory- Algce, which consists of globular tubercles
cocc] Elje CnraSurj} of JSotang. 304
with a cellular wall continued from the These, however, are the produce of an
substance of the frond, whether partly allied genus Anamirta: which see. Coc-
confluent with it or free, and not opening culus belongs to the same family, 2Inus-
in general by a terminal pore. Examples r>ermacece, and consists of climbing shrubs
are afforded by Rhodymenia and Gracilaria. with unisexual flowers having six sepal*'
The elongated processes in such algte as six petals, and six stamens the female ;

Gigartina rtmniillosaare simply called tuber- flowers have three ovaries placed on a
cles.In this species, at least, there is a pore short stalk, the styles erect, cylindrical.
for the exit of the spores. [M. J. B.] The fruit is a drupe with a bony shell, con-
COCCIGROLE. (Fr.) Fritillaria Melea" taining a curved seed. C. laurifolla forms
gris. an exception to the general rule in this
genus, inasmuch as its stems are erect,
COCCFSTEFS. Pure carmine colour, not climbing. The plant producing Ca-
slightly tinged with yellow. lumba root was formerly referred to this
COCCINTA. A climbing shrub of the genus, but is now included in Jateorhiza.
gourd family, common in the hedges of The root of C. villosus, an Indian species,
India, where it grows like our bryony. G.
is used in decoction in cases of rheu-
indica, the only species, has large white
matism, &c, while the fruits furnish a kind
of ink. See also Tinospora. [M. T. M.]
dioecious flowers, with five stamens united
together by their filaments into a column COCCUS. A
shell a carpel, which separ-
;
bearing three parcels of wavy anthers. The ates with elasticity from an axis common
female flower has three sterile stamens, to itself and others.
united in three parcels and the style is
;

short and trifid. The fruit is oblong, COCE DOLCE. The Italian name for the
marked with ten white lines when ripe it
; seeds of Sweet Fennel, Fceniculum dulce.
is of a red colour, bursting irregularly,
and having several seeds provided with a COCHENE. (Fr.) Pyrus Aucuparia.
gelatinous covering. The ripe fruit is COCHINEAL-FIG. Opuntia cochinillifera.
used by the natives in their curries the ;

leaves and other portions are also used COCHLEAR. A term used in describing
medicinally. [M. T. M.] Estivation when one piece, being larger
;

than the others, and hollowed like a helmet

COCCOBRYON. A South African climb-
or bowl, covers all the others; as in
ing shrub of tne pepper family has been
Aconitum.
made the type of a genus with the above
name. The flowers are perfect, in densely COCHLEARIA. A genus of Gruciferce,
crowded stalked spikes placed opposite represented in this country by the dis-
to the leaves, and each flower protected similar-looking Horse-radish and the Scur-
by stalked peltate roundish bracts there ; vy-grass, in the essential parts of whose
are two ^stamens, and sometimes a third; flowers, however, the correspondence is
and the ovary is sessile, the style short. close. The points of distinction between
The fruit is a berry, crowned by the per- this genus and its allies are the entire white
sistent style. C. capense possesses sto- petals, the stamens not being toothed,
machic properties. [M.T. MJ and especially the roundish pod or silicnla,
valves of which are very convex, the
COCCOCYPSELFM. A genus of Cincho- the partition between them very broad. The
nacece with a four-parted calyx a funnel-
shaped inflated corolla; a two-celled,
;
embyro is so folded up that the young
root or radicle lies along the edge of the
many-seeded berry ; and a style partly
divided into two. The name refers to the
two flat cotyledons or seed leaves.
C. Armor aciais the common Horse-radish
vase-like form of the fruit. C. repens, a
"West Indian creeping-plant, is in cultiva-
whose large coarsely-toothed rough leaves,
tion, and is interesting from its blue-
and tall stem bearing a profusion of white
flowers, are well known. The lowest leaves
purple berries. [M. T. M.]
are frequently deeply and irregularly divi-
COCCODES. Resembling pills ; consist- ded like the teeth of a comb, the upper ones
ing of spheroidal granulations. become smaller and narrower. The root-
stock is the part used for culinary purposes
COCCOLOBA. A genus of polygon- for its pungent taste. Dreadful accidents
aceous plants, one of which, C. uvifera, is
occurred from mistaking the root of
known in the West Indies as the Seaside have aconite for Horse-radish, as mentioned
Grape, from the peculiarity of the peri-
under Aconitum. The plant very rarely
anth, which becomes pulpy, and of aviolet
perfects its fruit in this country. C. offici-
colour, and surrounds the ripe fruit. By
nalis, the Scurvy-grass, is a small low
this character also the genus is distin-
growing plant, with thick egg-shaped-
•

guished among its fellows. The pulpy pe- cordate leaves, the upper of which clasp
rianth has an agreeable acid flavour. An
the stem unlike the preceding species, the
extract is prepared from the plant, which
;

pods have a very prominent rib in the

is so astringent as to rival kino in its
centre of each valve. This plant was for-
effects. [M. T. M.]
merly used as an antiscorbutic, and is still
COCCFLFS. This name is liable to mis- used in salads, as watercress is. It is com-
lead the general reader, who might sup- mon in some parts of Scotland. C. danica
1 <>~e it to apply to the plant producing the and C. anglica are probably only varieties of
poisonous berries called Cocculus Indicus. this species. [M. T. M.]
 COCHLEARIFORM. Spoon-shaped. isa shrub about five feet high, with alter-
nate three or flve-lobed leaves which are
COCHLEATE. Twisted in a short spire, pubescent underneath. According to Mr.
so as to resemble the convolutions of a Barter, who gathered the plant, 'each
snail-shell ; as the pod of Medicago cochleata, shoot rises from a stool, is unbranched,
cr the seed of Salicornia. and bears on the apex a cluster of yellow
flowers three to four inches across. The
COCHLIA violacea. A
small orchid-
roots are large and succulent, and yield
aceous epiphyte from Java, with fleshy the only yellow dye with which the people
leaves, and small purple flowers growing in are acquainted. It is a common plant on
heads. the river Quorra.' Another species, C. tinc-
COCHLIDIOSPERMATE. Seeds which torium, a native of Senegambia, is said to
are convex on one side, and concave on ;
have a thick tuberous root-stock, which
the other, owing to unequal growth, or ! furnishes a yellow dye, known to the na-
anomalous structure, as in Veronica. tives as Fayar, and used for dying cotton
stuffs, as well as in medicine in cases of
COCHLIDIUM. A
synonym of Mono-
j

amenorrhoea. The flowers of this only are

gramma, a genus
;

of curious small tropical known, and very likely it is not different

\

ferns. [T. M.] I

from the last-mentioned species. The
COCHLIODA densiflora, A handsome I
woolly covering of the seeds gives rise to
Peruvian epiphytal orchid, with thm i the name of the genus. [A. A. B.]
pseudobulbs and parchment-like leaves.
The flowers appear in dense spikes, and
'

COCKLE-BURR. An American name

for Xanthium.
have the lip adnate to the column as in |

Epidendrum but the pollen apparatus is

; COCKSCOMB. Celosia cristata.
that of the Vandece. A second unpublished
species of the genus has been sent from
COCKS-HEAD. Onobrijchis Caput-galli.
the Quitinian Alps by Dr. Jameson. COCK'S-SPUR THORN. Crataegus Crus-
galli.
COCHLOSPERMUM. A
genus of small
trees or shrubs, natives of Tropical India, |
COCOA
or CACAO. The seeds of Tlieo-
Africa, and America, as well as in North broma Cacao.
Australia. They are placed by some among
the Cistacece, and by others among the
COCOA-NUT. The nut of Cocos nucifera.
Ternstrbmiacece, but are easily recognised I
— , DOUBLE or SEA. The nut of Lodoicea
seychellarum.
from any genus in either of these families
by their palmately-lobed leaves. These are I COCOA-PLUM. The fruit of Chrysobala-
alternate, furnished with long stalks, and nus Icaco.
bear much resemblance to those of some of J

the maples. The large yellow flowers are in I

COCOA-ROOT or COCO. The root of
terminal panicles, and generally open and ; Colocasia antiquorum, used as an esculent
wither before the leaves make their appear- ;
in tropical countries.
ance. They are composed of a five-divided COCO, LE PETIT. Tlieophrasta Jussicb.
calyx, five large nearly round petals, and
very numerous stamens surrounding a COCOS. The well-known Cocoa-nut tree
one-celled ovary crowned by a single un- is the type of this genus of palms, to which,
branched style. The capsular fruit when j
in addition, about a dozen other species
ripe is in size and form like a pear, and belong. They mostly form tall graceful
opens with three or five valves. The seeds trees, and the majority of them are natives
are small, very numerous, and covered of the tropical regions of America, one
with a cottony down. I
only, the common Cocoa-nut, being found in
C. Gossypium is a shrub or small tree j
Asia or Africa. Their leaves are very large
found in the peninsula of India. Its five- j
and pinnate. Their flowers are of separate
lobed leaves are smooth above and downy ;
sexes produced on the same spike, both
underneath, and, including the stalk, more having a calyx consisting of three sepals,
than a foot long. The numerous yellow and a corolla of three petals, the males I

flowers in terminal panicles are about four ! containing six stamens united at the base, I

inches across. From the stem of this plant and the females an egg-shaped ovary, with
a gum
called Knteera is obtained, and it is a short style and three stigmas, and some-
used as a substitute for gum tragacanth times six barren stamens. The fruit is
]

because of its viscidity. The cottony sub- either elliptical, or egg-shaped and three-
stance which adheres to the seeds is some- sided, and contains a single seed enclosed
times used for stuffing pillows and cush- in a hard bony shell, which has three round
ions. Much like this is C. insigne, a native holes at its base, and is surrounded by a dry
of Brazil, but its leaves are smaller and fibrous husk.
have serrate lobes. The Brazilians make |
The Cocoa-nut Palm, C. nucifera, is now
use of a decoction of the roots of this plant so extensively cultivated throughout the
against internal pains, and principally tropics, that it is impossible to ascertain
against those which are the result of falls its native country there can be no doubt,
;

and other accidents they also affirm that

; however, that it is indigenous to some part
this decoction cures abscesses which have I of Asia, probably Southern India. It ex-
already formed. ists in vast quantities on the Malabar and
C. Planchoni, a native of "Western Africa, Coromandel coasts, and adjacent islands,
 growing in the greatest luxuriance upon '
Besides its use for matting, it is extensively
sandy or rocky sea-shores, and evidently '
employed in the manufacture of cordage,
preferring the vicinity of the sea, although being greatly valued for ships' cables, and
|
it sometimes occurs a considerable dis- although these cables are rough to handle
tance inland. It is also common in Africa, and not so neat-looking as those made of
America, and the West Indies. Its exten- hemp, their greater elasticity renders them
sive geographical distribution is accounted superior for some purposes. Other articles
for by the fact of the tree growing in such i
of minor importance are now made of this
close proximity to the sea, that the ripe j
fibre, such as clothes- and other brushes,
fruits, falling on the beach, are washed away brooms, hats, &c. and when curled and
;

by the waves, and afterwards cast upon |

dyed it is used for stuffing cushions, mat-
some far-distant shores, where they readily j
tresses, &c, as a substitute for horse-hair.
vegetate. It is in this way that the coral The next important product of the fruit
islands of the Indian Ocean have become is the oil procured by boiling and pressing
covered with these palms. It is also I
the white kernel of the nut (albumen). It
worthy of remark, that the triangular form is liquid at the ordinary temperature in
of the fruit facilitates its progress through tropical countries, and while fresh is used
the waves. in cookery ; but in this country it is semi-
The Cocoa-nut Palm has a cylindrical solid, and has generally a somewhat rancid
trunk, sometimes as much as two feet in smell and taste. By pressure it is separated
diameter, and rising to the height of sixty into two parts --one, called stearine, is
or one hundred feet, its outside being solid, and is used in the manufacture of
marked with scars, indicating the places stearine candles the other, being liquid, is
;

from which leaves have fallen away. It is burned in lamps. As an article of food the
surmounted by a crown of gracefully kernel is of great importance to the in-
curved feathery or pinnate leaves, each of habitants of the tropics. In the Lacca-
which is from eighteen to twenty feet in dives it forms the chief food, each person
length, and composed of a strong tough consuming four nuts per day, and the fluid,
central footstalk, with numerous narrow commonly called milk, which it contains,
long and sharp-pointed leaflets arranged affords them an agreeable beverage. While
along both sides of it, givingthe entire leaf young they yield a delicious substance re-
|
the appearance of a gigantic feather; the sembling blanc-mange. The hard shells of
base of the stalk spreads out so as to clasp the nut are made into spoons, drinking
the stem, and is surrounded by a kind of cups, lamps, &c. reduced to charcoal and
;

fibrous network of a light-brown colour. pulverised they afford an excellent tooth-

The flowers are arranged on branching powder, and very good lamp-black is made
spikes five or six feet long, and enclosed in a from them.
strong tough pointed sheath (spathe), which Amongst other products of this palm
splits open on the under side, displaying may be mentioned toddy,' which is ob-
'

the delicately white but inconspicuous tained by the same process as that des-
flowers. They are succeeded by bunches cribed under Borassus flabtlliformis. When
containing from twelve to twenty fruits, fermented it is intoxicating, and strong
each of which is about a foot long by six arrack is distilled from it, besides which it
or eight inches wide, of a three-sided form, yields vinegar and 'jaggery or sugar.
'

and covered by a thick fibrous rind or The leaves are greatly used for thatching
husk, enclosing a single seed contained in houses, for platting into mats, baskets,
a hard shell, which is what is commonly hats, and similar articles and from strips
;

called the Cocoa-nut in this country. of the hard footstalk very neat combs for
The uses of this palm are so numerous the hair are made. The unexpanded leaves
that space will only allow us to give a cut out of the heart of the tree are used in
brief outline of them. In this country we the same way that we use cabbages. The
know comparatively little of its value. It is brown fibrous network from the base of
true that we are indebted to it for several the leaves is substituted for sieves, and also
very useful articles, such as cocoa-nut fibre, made into fishermen's garments. And the
cocoa-nut oil, and the cocoa-nuts them- extremely hard wood obtained from the
selves but they are all articles that we
;
outer portion of the trunk is used in the
might contrive to do without. In tropical construction of both houses and their fur-
countries, however, such as Southern India niture. In this country, under the name of
and the adjacent islands, the case is very Porcupine wood, it is made into work-
different ; there the Cocoa-nut Palm fur- boxes, and other fancy articles. Finally,
nishes the chief necessaries of life, and its we may mention that the natives attribute
culture and the preparation of its various various medicinal qualities to this palm.
products afford employment to a large The flowers they employ as an astringent,
part of the population. Every part of the the roots as a febrifuge, the milk in op-
tree is put to some useful purpose. The thalmia, &c.
outside rind or husk of the fruit yields the Few of the other species of this genus
fibre from which the well-known cocoa-nut present particular features of interest. C.
matting is manufactured. In order to ob- butyracea, a native of New Grenada, yields
tain it the husks are soaked in salt water toddy, but the manner of extracting it is
for six or twelve months, when the fibre is very different to the process employed in
easily separated by beating, and is made Eastern countries. The tree is cut down,
up into a coarse kind of yarn called coir. and a long cavity excavated in its trunk
In 1358 we imported 81,138cwts. of this fibre. near the top ; in three days' time this cavity
 307 Cfjc Erca£ur» of botany. [CODO

isfound to be full of toddy, which, it in the mouth when chewed. This is the
must be borne in mind, is the sap of the plant so often found in gardens under
tree. Its seeds yield a semi-solid oil. C. the names of Croton variegatum and Croton
coronata, a small Brazilian species not pictum. The two other known species are
more than thirty feet high, has a pithy plants of very similar appearance. [A.A.B.]
substance in the interior of its stem,
which is used as food its seeds also yfleld
;
CODITJM. The most highly organised of
oil. The Cocoa-nut Palm is represented in the siphonaceous division of green-spored
Plate 7, fig. d. [A. S. Alga which occurs upon our coasts. The
species resemble sponges. The frond is
COCOTIER. (Pr.) Cocos nucifera. composed of branching filaments without
COCRISTE. (Fr.) Rhinantlius major. any partitions, having on their lateral
branchlets little cysts containing number-
CODACAXTHUS. A small genus of lessminute zoospores. C. tomentosum has
; Indian herbaceous plants, belonging to a more or less cylindrical or compressed
Acanthacea?, and having the habit of Cam- forked green frond, and is found from the
panula ranunculoides. The drooping blue equator almost to the polar basin, but is
, flowers are in compound one-sided racemes scarcely found on the eastern coasts of
; at the ends of the stem or branches ; they North America, though common on the
are furnished with small bracts and brac- north. It extends also southward to Cape
teoles. The calyx is equally five-parted Horn, Australia, &c, without any essential
|
the corolla has a short campanulate tube, change. [M. J. BJ
and a five-cleft limb there are only two
;

A variety of
j

included stamens owing to the non-de- CODLIN. the Apple, Pyrus

I
velopment of the other pair the style is ; Malus.
free. The racemose inflorescence of this
genus obviously separates it from the CODLINS AND CREAM. Epilobium hir-
allied genera Phlebophyllum and Endopogon, sutum.
which have their flowers in [W. C]
spikes. CODON. A
genus containing a single
species from the Cape of Good Hope. It is
CODAZZIA. A name given by Karsten an annual herb, covered over with white
and Triana to Delostoma integrifolium.
spines, and having alternate petiolate
CODDA-PANNA. The Talipot Palm, leaves and large flowers in terminal ra-
Corypha umbraculifera. cemes. The calyx is ten to twelve-parted ;

the corolla is campanulate with as many

CODESO DEL PICO. name applied A lobes as the calyx, and like the sepals long
in Teneriffe to Adenocarpus frankenioides.
and short alternately there are ten to
;

CODIA. A synonyme of Pisonia. twelve stamens inserted at the base of the

corolla tube the ovary is sub-two-celled,
CODL32UM. A genus of the spurgeworl ;

free, and ovoid-acute with two parietal

family found in the Moluccas, and the is- placenta?, to which are attached numerous
lands to the north of Australia. It is
ovules. The capsule is surrounded by the
composed of shrubs which have much the persistent calyx, and surmounted by the
appearance of Aucuba. They differ from
style, and contains numerous angular tu-
Croton, to which they are most nearly al-
berculated seeds it dehisces loculicklally.
lied, in having very numerous stamens in
;

This genus has a very uncertain position.

the male flowers, and in the females being
It has been most generally referred to Sola-
destitute of petals. Their beautiful painted
naceo? or toHydrophyllacece, though by some
leaves, which are shortly stalked and col-
to Scrophubiriacew and even toBoraginacece.
lected principally at the apex of the
Its one-celled multiovular ovary, and parie-
branches, vary much in form in the same
tal placentae separate it from Boraginacea?.
species, being either linear or broadly oval,
Its ten to twelve-lobed regular corolla, ten
generally about six inches long, and quite
to twelve equal stamens, and one-celled
smooth with entire margins. The green ovary separate it from Scrophulariacece.
inconspicuous flowers are male and female
Its habit and structure approach nearer to
on different racemes on the same plant :
Solanacece, but it can scarcely be united to
the males with a calyx of Ave divisions,
this order on account of its one-celled
five small petals, and very numerous sta-
ovary and loculicidal dehiscence. In most
mens, and the females with a similar but characters, and in its whole habit, it is more
smaller calyx, no petals, and a three-lobed
nearly related to Eydrophyllacea3, though
ovary crowned with a trifid style. The
differing remarkably from any other genus
fruit is a three-celled capsule about the
size of a pea each cell with a single seed.
of the order. [W. C]
;

C. pictam is a shrub often met with in CODONANTHEMTJM. A

genus of Eri-
stoves, where it is cultivated for the sake caceae, consisting of several species of
of its beautiful leaves, which are of a heath-like plants, with ternate whorled or
deep-red colour, or sometimes yellow mot- scattered leaves, and the flowers crowded
tled and variegated with green. In the together at the end of very short branches.
Moluccas, its native country, it is culti- It has a four-toothed calyx, and a hy-
vated about the houses, and used for pogynous persistent corolla, both cam-
fences. The inhabitants also decorate their panulate the four stamens are inserted be-
:

triumphal arches with its leaves, and strew low the hypogynous disc, and have lateral
them about on occasions of festivity. The exserted anthers the ovary is one-celled
;

bBrk and root excite a burning sensation i

with a single pendulous ovule, and the stig-
CODO] Cfje Creagurg of 23otaitM. 308
ma is This genus scarcely differs
obtuse. verticillate leaves, and flowers in terminal
from Syndesmanthus, except in having buds. It has a four-toothed campanulate
lateral and not terminal anthers. [W. C] calyx ; a persistent globular cup-shaped
corolla ;four exserted stamens, attached
CODONANTHITS. The name formerly below the hypogynous disc, with hairy
given to a West African plant of the con- anthers and a one-celled ovary contain-
;

volvulus family, hut now generally placed ing a single pendulous ovule, and sur-
in the genus Prevostea, and called Pre- mounted by a small cup-shaped stigma.
vostea africana. It is a branching tree of ovary allies it to the genus
Its one-celled
middling stature, with alternate oblong Omphalocarymi, but it has the calyx of Coi-
leaves narrowed at both ends, having entire lostigma. [W. C]
margins and about six inches in length.
Three or four white flowers grow in the CCELANTHIUM. A genus of Caryophyl-
axils of the leaves the two exterior calyx
;
lacece, of the tribe Molluginece, consisting
leaves are large and heart-shaped, the of glabrous annuals from the Cape of
others small and narrow the corolla,
; Good Hope, with obovate stalked radical
which is bell-shaped, with a slightly re- leaves in rosettes, while those of the stem
curved five-toothed margin, encloses five are thread-like and verticillate, with
stamens, and an ovary surmounted by a bifid fringed stipules. The stems are forked at
style, each of whose branches is furnished the top the flowers racemose with a fun-
;

with a shield-shaped stigma. [A. A. B] nel-shaped flve-cleft calyx, having petaloid

lobes; petals none; stamens five; stigmas
CODONOCALYX. Small Brazilian hairy three ; capsule three-valved. [J. T. S.]
plants with dioecious flowers, constituting
a genus of Euphorbiacece. The male flowers COELEBOGYNE. A genus of Euphor-
have a calyx with five deep divisions, a biacece, found in the eastern tropical por-
corolla of five overlapping segments, a tion of New Holland, and represented by
disc of five free glands alternating with C. ilicifolia, a bush which in everything
the petals, and ten stamens longer than but its flowers is very like the common
the rest. [M. T. M.] holly, or still more like the Japanese Os-
manthus. The inconspicuous green flowers
CODONOCARPTJS. A genus of Gyros- are male and female on different plants.
temonececontaining small shrubs from The males, in theaxils of theleaves, are ar-
South Western Australia, with branched ranged in short-bracted spikes, each bract
stems, alternate linear subulate leaves, toothed and supporting a number of
and solitary axillary stalked flowers, which
are dioecious, with a six or seven-lobed
calyx and no petals. The male flowers
have numerous sessile anthers and the
;

female flowers numerous carpels combined

around a central column into a many-celled
ovary; styles short recurved. The fruit
is obovate, depressed, separating into nu-
merous one-seeded cocci. [J. T. S.]

CODONOPSIS. A genus of Campanu-

lacece,natives of the mountains of Northern
India. They are glabrous herbs, often
twining, with stalked crenate leaves whit-
ish below, and axillary or terminal stalked
flowers, which are yellow, bluish, or pur-
ple. Calyx-limb flve-lobed ; corolla slightly
fleshy, bell-shaped, five-lobed at the apex
stamens five style with three stigmas
;

capsule hemispherical, three-celled, three-

valved at the apex. [J. T. S.]

CODONORCHIS, literally Bell-orchis, in Coelebogyne ilicifolia.

allusion to its campanulate flowers, is a
small terrestrial genus, occurring in the
southernmost parts of South America. flowers,which have a calyx of four divi-
sions enclosing from four to eight sta-
The best known form, C. Lessonii, is a
simple-stemmed plant with two three or mens. In the female plant the flowers are
four verticillate leaves near the base of a arranged in a similar manner, or in little
scape from four to six inches high, ter-
cymes at the ends of the branches; the
calyx is of four or six divisions, and often
minated by a single rose-coloured spotted
flower, the upper surface of whose lip is
accompanied with one or two lateral
glands near its base the ovary is crowned
covered with sessile or stalked glands. A ;

with a three-lobed stigma, whose branches

supposed second form, called C. Pceppigii,
are large and lie flat on its summit. The
is regarded by Hooker, fll., as a mere va-
fruit is a three-lobed capsule, about the
riety.
size of a pea, with three cells, each of
CODONOSTIGMA. A genus of Ericacecp, which contains one seed. The genus is
containing a single species from South nearly allied to Conceiveba, and differs only
Africa, a heath-like shrub with ternate in the number of the calyx divisions.
309 HLi)t €rca£ttrp of JSotanj). [COFF

This plant has excited much interest he- with converging and slightly-spreading
cause it is said to ripen its seeds without sepals, petals of like nature but narrower,
the aid of pollen. Female plants (and fe- a great cucullate lip usually bearing fringes
males only) were sent to Kew by Allan on its veins, and a broad membranous
Cunningham in 1S29, where they flowered column. The pollen masses are four in num-
and perfected their seeds apparently with- ber, waxy, and cohering by agranular sub-
out the aid of pollen. The circumstance stance the stigma is prominent, deeply
;

was noticed by Mr. Smith, who made it hollowed out (whence the name), and two-
the subject of a communication to the lipped. Most of the species are beautiful
Linnasan Society. This led to careful ex-
' objects, and therefore favourites in culti-
aminations by Klotzsch, Radlkofer, and A. vation. Some have tough persistent leaves
Braun, besides other continental botanists. and loose racemes of flowers; others have
The former of these demonstrated from flowers peeping up from the soil in the
the formation of the seed that it con- absence of the leaves, in the same way as
tained no embryo but a bud while the
; the crocuses of Europe to the latter the;

other two came to the opposite conclusion ; name of Pleione has been given. Between
and A. Braun made a most important
'
forty and fifty species are known, the
observation, still unexplained by him, finest of which are G. cristata, with ivory-
namely, that he found a pollen grain on white flowers, whose veins are fringed
the stigma of Cozlebogyne.' Naudin and with yellow C. odoratissima, unsurpassed
;

Decaisne, in France, made experiments on for fragrance and C. prwcox (a Pleione), an

;

Hemp, Mercurialis, and Bryony, as well as Alpine plant, ornamenting with its large
some other plants, and came to the conclu- rich rose-coloured flowers the branches of
sion that female plants of any of these, oaks, at the elevation of 7,500 feet above
when sufficiently guarded against the ac- the sea in lat. 30° N.
cidental influence of pollen from the male
flowers, produce perfectly ripe seeds. More CCELOSPERMOUS. Hollow-seeded; when
lately, Regel in Russia has made exten- the seed, or seed-like fruit, is hemispheri-
sive experiments on these plants, and cal, and excavated on the flat side, as in
affirms that no plant with evident sexual coriander.
organs can produce perfect seeds without
CCENANTHITJM. The receptacle of
the aid of pollen. This is the opinion held flowers in the inflorescence called a Capi-
by most botanists. [A. A. B.]
tulum same as Clinanthium.
;

(XELESTINA. A genus of erect annual CCENOBIO. The same as Carcerulus.

Mexican plants of the composite family,
seldom more than two feet in height. CCENOCLADIA. A name applied to the
Their leaves are opposite, shortly-stalked, natural grafting which is so common in
and generally heart-shaped in form with the beech in our own country and in many
notched margins, and often clad with tropical trees. Both branches and roots,
short rough hairs. The blue flower-heads when growing so close together that there
are about the size of a pea, and disposed in isno room for their proper developement,
terminal corymbs. The florets are all become intimately united, and form a sort
tubular and perfect, and their pappus is of network. Amongst herbaceous plants, as
cup-shaped and slightly toothed. In this in Asparagus, Hyacinths, &c, union often
latter character only does the ger.us differ takes place between two contiguous stems,
from Ageratum, which has a pappus of which in this case are generally flatter than
from five to ten awned scales. The spe- usual. Some cases of wide-flattened stems
cies are plants of little beauty. [A. A. B.] arise from this cause, but others apparently
from the attack of insects. If two or more
CCELIA. A genus of terrestrial orchids buds concur in the formation of such a
with long grassy leaves, and dense spikes stem, and they have different rates of
of rather small flowers supported by growth, we have curled fasciated branches
linear acuminate bracts. Three or four such as not uncommonly appear on the
species are said to be known, but the ash. Similar branches are produced in the
genus has been little examined. C. Bauer- elder by a species of JEcidium. The roots
ana, with fragrant white flowers, from the of contiguous firs sometimes unite, so
"West Indies, is that on which the genus that when one of the trees is cut down, the
was founded. It has a spurless lip, a stump still increases in diameter, in con-
three-winged ovary, and eight pollen sequence of receiving nutriment from the
masses without a gland. tree with which it is united. [M. J. BJ
CCELOGLOSSFM. An obscure genus of COENTRILHO. A Brazilian name for
Indian terrestrial orchids with the habit Xanthoxylum hiemale.
and general structure of Platanthera or
Peristylus, but with a concave lip, and a
(XERULETJS. Blue; a pale indigo co-
lour.
pair of adnate processes arising from the
orifice of the spur. All have small green Lavender colour.
CCESITJS.
flowers.
COFFEA. A genus of Rubiacece or Cin-
CCELOGTKE. There occurs in the tro- chonacece, composed of between fifty
pical and sub-tropical regions of Asia a and sixty species, one of which yields
race of pseudobulbous orchids, conspicu- the well-known article coffee. All are
ous for large coloured membranous flowers, shrubs or small trees, seldom more than
coff] K\yt Creatftirg ai Matmv. 310
twenty feet high, and inhabit the tropics cultivated throughout the tropics, but its
of both hemispheres, the greatest number, native country is the mountainous regions
however, being found in the Western. at the extreme south-west point of Abys-
Their flowers have a small egg-shaped sinia, the word Coffee being derived from
globular or top-shaped calyx, divided at Caffa, the name of one of the provinces of
the summit into four or five short teeth, that country. From Abyssinia the Coffee
and a tubular corolla, shaped like a funnel, shrub was first introduced into Arabia by
with four or five spreading divisions the; the Arabs, and cultivated in Yemen, or
stamens agreeing in number with the Arabia Felix as it was anciently called, and
divisions of the corolla, and being either for upwards of two centuries Arabia sup-
fixed to the top of its tube and protruded plied all the coffee then used. Towards
beyond it, or about half-way down on its the end of the seventeenth century, how-
inside, and entirely included within it. The ever, the Dutch succeeded in transporting
fruit is a small fleshy berry, sometimes it to Batavia, and from thence a plant was
crowned by the remains of the calyx, and sent to the Botanic Garden at Amsterdam,
contains two seeds enclosed in a thin where it was propagated and in 1714 one was
,

parchment-like shell, each seed being con- presented to Louis XIV". The credit of
vex"on the outside, but flat and marked by introducing the Coffee shrub into the
a longitudinal furrow on the inside. "Western Hemisphere is a disputed point.
The most interesting species is the Coffee One story asserts that the French intro-
shrub, C. arabica. This, when allowed to duced it into Martinique in 1717 while, on
;

grow freely, will attain a height of twenty the other hand, the Dutch are said to have
feet,with astern three or four inches thick, previously taken it to Surinam. In either
but in a cultivated state it is seldom permit- case, it is certain that we are indebted to
ted to grow higher than ten or twelve feet,in the progeny of a single plant for all the
order to facilitate the gathering of the j
coffee now imported from Brazil and the
berries.Its leaves are smooth and shining, "West Indies.
and of a dark green on the upper surface, The early history of the use of coffee is
enveloped in obscurity, and consequently
there are many fables regarding its origin.
According to the best accounts, the custom
of drinking coffee originated with the
Abyssinians, by whom the plant has been
cultivated from time immemorial ;and it
was not introduced into Arabia until the
early part of the fifteenth century, when
a learned and pious Scheikh, named Djemal-
eddin-Ebn-Abou-Alfagger, returning from
Abyssinia, brought a quantity of coffee
with him to Aden, where it soon super-
seded the beverage made from the leaves
of the kat (Catha editUs), and its use
gradually spread over the rest of Arabia.
It, however, met with great opposition from
the priests, who classed it among the
intoxicating beverages forbidden by the
Koran, and therefore prohibited its use,
but the most learned physicians having
declared it to be harmless, the prohibition
was removed. The European use of coffee
dates from the middle of the sixteenth
century, when it was introduced into Con-
stantinople and a century later, namely,
;

in 1652, the first coffee-shop was established

in London. Since then its use has become
Coffea arabica. so general, that the consumption of this
article in Europe and the United States is
but paler beneath, about six inches longby now estimated to be not far short of nine
two and a half wide, and of an oblong hundred million pounds, nearly half of
somewhat oval shape, with Avavy edges, which is the produce of Brazil. Ceylon,
and terminated by a long narrow point. however, supplies the greatest portion of
The flowers are produced in dense clusters that consumed in this country. In 1858
at the bases of the leaves, and, being of a the total quantity imported into the
snowy white colour, they give the shrub a United Kingdom was 60,697,265lbs., of which
beautiful appearance, but are of ephemeral was retained for home con-
35,208,932 lbs.
duration ; their corolla is cut into five sumption, and the remainder re-exported.
divisions, bearing the stamens fixed round The import duty, being three pence per
the top of the tube, and protruded beyond pound on raw, and four pence on roasted,
it. They are succeeded by numerous little yielded a revenue of 440,475?.
red fleshy berries resembling small cherries, When ripe, the coffee berries are ga-
each of which contains two of the seeds thered, and the soft outer pulp removed by
commonly called coffee. a machine called the pulper they are then
;

At the present day the Coffee shrub is steeped in water for twenty-four hours to
remove all mucilaginous matter, after COIGNASSIER DU JAPON. (Fr.) Cy-
which they are carefully dried, and the donia japonica.
parchment-like coveringthe seeds
of
COILOSTIGMA. A genus of Cape Eri-
removed by means of a mill and a winnow- cacecp., containing several heath-like shrubs,
\

ing machine. In Brazil, however, the with ternate verticillate leaves, and flowers
berries as gathered are simply dried in the clustered at the end of the branches. The !

sun, and afterwards passed through a mill calyx has four divisions, generally equal,
which crushes the shells and allows the though sometimes with one larger than
separation of the seeds. the others the persistent corolla is small
;

Before being used for the preparation of and ovate the four stamens are inserted
;
the well-known beverage, coffee under- below the hypogynous disc, and have hairy
goes the process of roasting. By this anthers; the ovary has from two to four
j

means it gains nearly one half in bulk, cells with a single ovule in each, and a
and loses about a fifth in weight besides ;
cyathiform stigma. The members of this
'

which its essential qualities are greatly

genus have the habit of Simoclieilus. They <

changed.rheheat causing the developement are separated from the allied genus Codon- i

of the volatile oil and peculiar acid to anthemum by the shape of the stigma, and
which the aroma and flavour are due. from Codonostigma by the several-celled
Coffee acts upon the brain as a stimulant, [W. C]
ovary.
inciting it to increased activity, and pro-
ducing sleeplessness hence it is of great
; COIR. Cocoa-nut fibre.
value as an antidote to narcotic poisons.
COIX. A genus of grasses belonging to •

It is also said to exert a soothing action

the tribe Phalaridece, The flowers are mo-
upon the vascular system, preventing the noecious. The males grow in lax spikes
too rapid waste in the tissues of the glumes two, membranaceous pales two ;
body, and by that means enabling it to stamens three. The females grow in two-
support life upon a smaller quantity of flowered spikelets, the inferior flower be-
food than would be otherwise required.
ing neuter with one pale, while the per-
These effects are due to the volatile oil, fect flower has two fleshy pales, of which
and also to the presence of a peculiar the superior is two-nerved. The best
crystallisable nitrogenous principle termed
and it is not a little remarkable
known species is C. Lacliryma, common-
caffeine
ly called Job's Tears, a native of the East
;

that closely allied, if not identical, prin-

Indies and Japan. This is frequently cul-
ciples exist in many similar beverages used
tivated, but requires the shelter of a con-
by mankind, such for instance as tea, servatory. The large round shining fruit
cocoa, Paraguay tea, and others. The leaves
have, when young, some resemblance to
of the Coffee shrub likewise contain caf-
heavy drops of tears, hence the fanciful
feine, and in the island of Sumatra the specific name. Its medicinal qualities are
natives prefer an infusion of them to that
said to be strengthening and diuretic, and
of the berries. A patent has been taken
for these qualities it is sometimes used in
out for the introduction of Coffee-tea into
the countries where it grows. [D. M.]
this country, but it has not been success-
ful. A Javanese Coffee-plantation is shown COLA. A genus of Sterculiacece, con-
in Plate 3. [A. SJ sisting of two species only. They are I

middle-sized trees, with smooth entire I

COFFEE. the roasted

Coffea arabica, leaves, and inhabit western tropical Africa,
seeds of which form the Coffee of the
j

Their flowers are destitute of a corolla,

shops. —
, SWEDISH. The seeds of As- but have a coloured five-cut calyx with
i

tragalus baiticus. the segments spreading like the spokes of a ]

COFFEE-BEAN TREE. Gymnocladus wheel the stamens are united into a very
;
j

canadensis. short column, which bears the anthers in a

single row, the cells of the anthers spread-
COGWOOD. Ceanothus Cliloroxylon. —, ing apart (in allied genera they are par-
JAMAICA. Hemandia i
allel). The ovaries are five in number and
cohere together, each having a slender
COHESION. The union or superficial
stigma, but no style. The fruit consists
incorporation of one organ with another.
of two (sometimes more) separate pods
COHNIA. An obscure genus of orchids, (follicles), which split open on the inner ,

related to Oncidium, whose terete-leaved side, and contain several seeds about the
species it resembles in habit. The only size of horse chestnuts.
knowledge of it is derived from a solitary C. acuminata grows about forty feet
specimen from Guatemala in the Vienna high, and bears pale yellow flowers spotted
Herbarium, and from Reichenbach's des- with purple; its leaves are about six or
cription and figure in his Xenia Orchidacea. eight inches long, and pointed at both
ends. Under the name of Cola, or Kolla,
COHOSH. An American name for Actcea or Goora nuts, the seeds of this tree are
and Leontice. — BLUE. Leontice thalic-
, extensively used as a sort of condiment by
troides. the natives of western and central tropical
Africa and likewise by the negroes in the
COHTJNE OIL. An oil obtained from
;

"West Indies and Brazil, by whom the tree

the fruit of Attalea Cohune.
has been introduced into those countries.
COIGNASSIER. (Fr.) Cjdonia vulga- In Western Africa the trees grow mostly
ris. in the vicinity of the coast, and an exten-
COLA! 3Tf)e STrcatfurg at SSotang. 312
sive trade is carried on in Cola nuts with be an alkaline sitbstance of
ciple is said to
the natives of the interior; the practice of a very poisonous nature called colchicine.
eating Cola extending as far as Fezzan Colchicum is principally used in medicine
and Tripoli. A small piece of one of these for the alleviation or cure of gout. In some
seeds is chewed before each meal as a cases its use is very beneficial, but, like
promoter of digestion it is also sup-
; other remedies, it has no claim to be con-
posed to improve the flavour of anything sidered infallible. It is acrid, sedative, and
eaten after it, and even to render half- acts upon all the secreting organs, particu-
putrid water drinkable. There are several larly the bowels and the kidneys. It is apt
varieties of Cola nuts; the common kind to cause undue depression, and in large
has an astringent taste, whilst another, doses acts as an irritant poison. Dr. Lind-
called bitter Cola, is intensely bitter, and ley relates the case of a woman who was
isthought to possess febrifugal properties. poisoned by the sprouts of Colchicum -which
,

Powdered Cola is applied to cuts. [A. S.] had been thrown away in Covent Garden
Market, and which she mistook for onions.
COLAX. A
small genus of epiphytal The Hermodactyls of the Arabians, for-
orchids, Maxillaria, imder which
near merly celebrated for soothing pains in the
name some have been published. It is joints, are said by Dr. Royle to belong to
especially remarkable for the condition of C. variegatwni. [M. T. MJ
its caudicle,which seems to have no dis-
tinct gland, but consists of a thin wavy COLDENIA. A genus of Ehretiacea?, con-
membrane gradually narrowing to the sisting of herbs from India and Ceylon,
point where a gland usually occurs. Max- with wedge-shaped stalked plicate ser-
illaria virldis and placanthera are the best rated leaves, which are often more deve-
known species. loped on one side of the mid-rib than on
the other. Flowers small, white, axiLary,
COLBERTIA. A genus of Billeniacea?, solitary; calyx five-parted; corolla funnel-
the type of which a tree from tropical
is
shaped. The nuts have a somewhat fleshy
Asia with oblong
or obovate shortly covering, and are rugose. C. procumbens is
stalked serrated leaves, and large yellow
used in India for promoting suppuration,
flowers on one-flowered peduncles, several
for which purpose
it is dried and powdered,
of which arise from the same scaly bud.
and mixed with the seeds of the fenu-
It differs from Dillenia by the greater sepa-
greek. [J. T. S.]
ration of its ovaries, which are generally
fewer than in that genus. [J. T. S.] COLD-SEEDS. In the old materia medica
COLCHICUM. The well-known Meadow the seeds of the cucumber, gourd, pump-
kin, &c.
Saffron, or, as it is erroneously called,
Autumn Crocus. The genus appertains to COLEA. A genus of Bignoniaccce, na-
MelanthacecB, and is known by its bell- tives of Madagascar, Mauritius, and the
shaped coloured perianth, with a long neighbouring islands. They consist of
tube six stamens inserted into the upper
; glabrous shrubs or small trees, with im-
part of the tube; a three-celled ovary pari-pinnate bi- or many-jugate leaves. The
placed at the bottom of the tube, and sur- calyx is sub-campanulate and five-toothed;
mounted by three long thread-shaped the corolla is funnel-shaped, and the limb
styles; and a three-celled capsule which is cleftinto five spreading lobes. The four
bursts by as many openings. The appearance didynamous stamens are inserted on the
of the flower is so like that of the crocus, corolla, and have two-celled anthers. The
that it is frequently mistaken for it but in ; fruit is oblong, fleshy, and indehiscent,
the crocus there are three stamens only, with two cells containing many imbricated
and the ovary is placed below the tube of wingless seeds. [W. C]
the perianth, not within it, as in the Col-
chicum or, more correctly speaking, in the
;
COLEBROOKIA. An East Indian genus
of shrubs, belonging to the family of
latter the ovary is free, while in the former
it is united to the lower part of the tube
labiates. They are covered with reddish
of the perianth. C. autumnale, the Meadow
down. The flowers are clustered, of a
white colour, with a bell-shaped equally
Saffron, found wild in some parts of Eng-
five-parted calyx, the segments of which
land, has a subterranean bulb-like stem,
are feathery, and whose tube becomes con-
called a corm, from which in autumn the
fluent with the ripe fruits a short-limbed
light purplish mottled flowers arise. The ;

corolla divided into four nearly equal divi-

leaves do not appear till afterwards they ;
sions, the upper lobe notched, and four
are fully developed in the following spring,
stamens equidistant one from the other;
in the shajn? of loose green sword-shaped
the anthers with two parallel cells. G. oppo-
blades, among which the ripened fruit may
sitifolia and C. ternifolia are in cultivation
be found raised from below the surface of
as greenhouse shrubs. [M. T. M.]
the ground by the lengthening of the
flower-stalk. COLEONEMA. A beautiful genus of
The Colchicum is valued not only for its Cape Eutacea?, related to Biosma, and con-
appearance, but more particularly for its sisting of evergreen shrubs with sharp
medicinal properties. The dried corms and linear leaves, and white flowers, consist-
the seeds are the parts employed, the ing of five petals attached to the base
former have much of the appearance of of a five-lobed disc, which is adherent
tulip bulbs, but are not scaly like them, to the tube of the calyx, and having
but solid in the interior. The active prin- a broad stalk or claw which is furrowed
313 {ETtje Crcagurg of 23atanw. [coll

longitudinally. There are ten stamens, five I COLICODENDRON. A genus of Cappa-

sterile, concealed in the furrows of the ridaceee, consisting of tropical American
claws of the petals and adherent to their trees or shrubs, covered with small star-
base, and five fertile, opposite to the lobes shaped hairs, and having clusters of
of the disc, longer than the sterile ones, and flowers, with a cup-shaped calyx, divided
having their anthers tipped with a minute into four or five segments, provided in-
sessile gland. The fruit is a capsule of ternally and at their base with a petaloid
five carpels, each provided with a small scale. The four or five petals are inserted
born-like process at the top and opening :
on to the calyx; the stamens are from
by two valves. C. album is the best known eight to twenty, inserted on a stalk, and
species. [M. T. M.l |
united at the base into a shallow cup the ;

ovary is also on a long stalk. The fruit is

COLEOPHORA. The name given to a tree a roundish or elongated berry, knotted
of the daphne family found mBrazil, Hie and containing several kidney-shaped
leaves of which are not known. Prom the seeds. The genus possesses an acrid prin-
little scaly buds, which are scattered over ciple, which, according to Martius, is so
the trunk of the tree, the flowers proceed. potent in C. Teo as to he dangerous to
They are small, yellow and brown, and borne mules and horses. [M. T. M.]
on short racemes. The tubular calyx has a
four or five-toothed border fringed with COLIC ROOT. Aletris farinosa.
hairs, and inside of it, and surrounding |

the stalked ovary, isa little four-toothed J COLIGNONIA. A genus of Peruvian

petal-like cup, about half the length of the herbs or undershrubs belonging to the
calyx tube. The stalked ovary, surrounded order Nyctaginacece, and having flowers ar-
by the peculiar cup, serves to distinguish ranged in an umbellate manner, surround-
the genus. [A. A. B.] ed by deciduous bracts. The perianth is
coloured, bell-shaped, with a five-cleft
COLEOPHYLL, or COLEOPTILE. The limb from which the five stamens pro-
first which follows the cotyledon in
leaf
trude the style is simple the stigma is
;
;
endogens, and ensheaths the succeeding fringed. The fruit is hardened, pentangu-
leaves.
lar, crowned by the upper part of the peri-
COLEORHIZA. The sheath formed at anth. [M. T. M.]
the base of an endogenous embryo, where
it is pierced by the true radicle. COLLABIUM nebulosum. A terrestrial
orchid, with a slender creeping rhizome,
COLEOSTYLIS. Herbaceous plants cover- |
known only by a brief description of
ed with glandular hairs, natives of New Hoi- i

Blume, who says it has distant stalked

land, and closely allied to Stylidium, but dis- membranous radical leaves clouded with
tinguishable from it by the following cha- purple, and small nodding spiked flowers,
racters :
—
The limb of the corolla is divided i

whose sepals are reflexed.

into five segments, four of like form,
stalked; the fifth or lip is unlike, jointed to | COLLANIA. A genus of amaryllids al-
the tube of the corolla, stalked, its blade lied to Alstromeria, from which it differs
boat-shaped, notched at the point or pro- in having a pulpy fruit, and in 'the great
longed and the column, which consists of
;
prominence of the operculum of the ger-
the stamens and style united together, is men, making it at least half superior in-
shorter than the lip, erect, and passing at stead of inferior.' The species are natives
its base through a kind of sheath, whence of Peru, and are very ornamental plants.
the name. [M. T. Mj They have rigid erect stems curved at the
COLESEED, or COLLARD. The Rape, summit, bearing simple rigid leaves, and a
Brassica Nwpus. pendulous umbel of flowers, of which the
six-leaved perianth is tube-formed and not
COLESTJLA. The small membranous at all spreading. C. dulcishas stems about
bag which contains the spore-case of a foot high, erect with a little tortuosity
liverworts. but not prehensile, clothed with oblong
obtuse glaucous leaves,which are narrowed
COLEWORT, or COLLET. The Cabbage, at the base, and terminating in a four-
Brassica oleracea.
flowered umbel of cylindraceous purple
COLEUS. A
considerable genus of La- flowers tipped with green, the three petal-
biatee, found in Asia and Africa. It con- ine segments longer and bright green.
sists of annual herbs, sometimes with pe- This plant is called' Campanulas coloradas'
rennial stocks, rarely shrubs. The flowers in its native country, and the fruit is
are in loose or dense six or many-flowered sweet and agreeable to the taste, and much
verticillasters. The calyx is ovate-cam- sought by children, the seeds being en-
panulate, bending back when in fruit, and veloped in a reddish gelatinous sub-
the limb is five-toothed or bilabiate. The stance. G. andimarcana is a much
corolla-tube is longer than the calyx, and larger plant, with a stem terminating in
the limb is bilabiate with the upper lip ob- a fine umbel of leafy racemes of large
tusely three to four-cleft, and the lower en- pendulous sub-cylindraceous flowers, up-
tire, lengthened, and con cave, often curved wards of two inches Jong, of which the
and enclosing the four stamens. The style sepals are orange red tipped with black,
is bifid with subulate lobes. The nucule is and the petals yellow tipped with green.
compressed and smooth. [W. C] The name Collania has also been applied to
 coll] Clje Crea<9ttri) at Matmig. 314
another genus of the same order, now '

erect, the lower lip three-cleft, the middle

called Urceolina. [T. M.] lobe forming a pouch-like cavity in which
COLLAR. The ring upon the stipe of the stamens and style are enclosed and ;

an agaric ; see also Collum. a globose two-celled many-seeded capsule.

All the species are of branching habit,
COLLARE. Theligule, or transverse and furnished with opposite leaves, and
membrane that stands in grasses at the flowers in erect whorled racemes. C. bi-
junction of the Wade and sheath of the color, one of the best known, grows twelve
leaf. to eighteen inches high, and has sessile
COLLATERAL. Standing side by side. ovate-lanceolate toothed leaves, either op-
posite or'in threes, and strongly nerved,
I

COLLECTORS. The hairs found on the the flowers, which are in whorls of five or
style of such plants as the Campanula, six blossoms, having their upper lip very
and which collect or brush out the pollen '

pale lilac or whitish, and the lower one

from the anthers. j
deep lilac-purple. C. heterophylla has
COLLEMACEiE. A natural
order of rather larger and deeper coloured flowers,
lichens, distinguished principally by their ! with the calyx clothed with coarse hairs,
gelatinous substance and the green glo- ! and the lower leaves three-lobed and
bules or gonidia, which are so distinctive a stalked. In C. multicolor the upper lip has
mark of lichens in general, forming neck- a broad white central spot speckled with
lace-like threads. They are found in vari-
crimson, and the leaves beneath the whorls
ous parts of the world, and though in are tinged with purple. These characters
general attracting little notice when dry, are, however, somewhat inconstant under
cultivation, and it is doubtful whether
a few hours rain swells them out and ex-
hibits often extremely beautiful forms. this plant, as well as C. heterophylla, may
One of the most curious genera is Myrian- not be a mere variety of C. bicolor. C.
gium, which occurs in the southern part verna is a very pretty little species scarcely
of England, Algeria, Australia, and the known in this country, though the first
United States, on the trunks of living discovered it differs from the preceding
;

trees, and is remarkable for the high de-

in its flowers having longer pedicels, as
velopment of the sacs or asci in which the well as in their colour, which is pure white
sporidia are contained. These plants have in the upper lip, and blue, of variable in-
been considered as a distinct group from tensity, in the lower one. C. grandiflora, a
lichens, but such a notion is at present re- species common in our gardens, is some-
ceived with little favour. The resemblance times confounded with verna, but has
of the young plant to Nostoc is so striking, shorter pedicels, and the upper lip ,of
both in appearance and structure, that the flower is lilac. [W. TJ
one has been supposed to be the infant
state of the other, but without sufficient
COLLINSONIA. A
genus of Labiato?,
containing a few species of strong-scented
grounds. The species grow on trees, rocks,
perennial herbs, natives of North America.
and the bare ground, and, if Lichina be in- They have large ovate leaves, and yellowish
cluded, in situations exposed to frequent
flowers on slender pedicels in loose and
immersion in the sea. One at least of the panicled terminal racemes. The calyx is
species has a very fetid smell. We
are not
ovate and two-lipped, with the upper lip
aware that they have ever been applied truncate and three-toothed, and the lower
economically. [M. J.B.]
two-toothed it is declined in fruit. The
;

COLLENCHYMA. The cellular matter corolla is elongated, expanded at the throat,

in which the pollen is generated usually ;
and somewhat two-lipped, with the four
absorbed, but remaining and assuming a upper lobes nearly equal, but the lower
definite form in some plants, as in orchids, larger, longer and pendent, toothed or
or delicate threads, as in CEiwtliera. lacerate-fringed. There are two, sometimes
four, much exserted diverging stamens,
COLLETIA. A
genus of American Rham- with divergent anther cells; the apex of
naceoz inhabiting Chili, Peru, and Mexico. the style is subequally bifid; and the nucule
They are much-branched shrubs, scantily is smooth. [W. C]
furnished with minute leaves, and having
spines which stand at right angles with COLLINUS. Growing on low hills.
the stem in alternate pairs. The flowers,
which are yellowish or white, are either COLLOMIA. A
small genus of phlox-
worts, having a five-cleft campanulate calyT x,
solitary or in tufts in the axils of the
a corolla with salver-shaped limb and slen-
leaves, or rise from beneath the base of
der tube, five stamens inserted in the mid-
the spines. Two or three species are dle of the tube, and a three-celled capsule,
known in gardens. [C. A. J.]
each cell containing one or two seeds. It is
COLLINSIA. A genus of dwarf an- nearly related to Gilia, from which it
nuals belonging to Scrophulariacea?, all differs chiefly in habit, colour of flowers,
indigenous to North America, chiefly of and form of corolla. The species are all
the north-western regions, and including dwarf annuals with red or buff-coloured
several showy border plants. Its most flowers, natives of the 'Western Hemi-
important features are a deeply five-cleft sphere, and chiefly of California. With
calyx a two-lipped irregular corolla, with
; one or two exceptions they are quite de-
the tube bulging at the base on the upper void of interest as ornamental plants, their
side, the upper lip two-cleft with its lobes I flowers being small and without effect. G.
 315 £I)c STrcatfurg ol Matmxy. COLU
coccinea or CavaniUesii grows nearly a foot COLOCASIA. A genus of Aracece, very
high, with a branched hairy stem, alter- : closely allied to Caladium, but differing
nate linear-lanceolate leaves incised near |
from it in the spadix having a club-shaped
the extremity, and terminal clusters of or pointed top destitute of stamens. The
brick-red flowers each nearly half *an inch middle portion of the spadix is provided
across, the tube and underside of corolla with stamens, above and below.which latter
being a buff-yellow, and the calyx glandu- are rudimentary organs. The anthers are
lar. C. grandiflora, the only other species two-celled, opening by pores, and having a
worth cultivating, is of taller growth and .
broad wedge-shaped connective. The
more robust habit, with shining lanceolate ovaries, at the base of the spadix, are one-
leaves coarsely serrated, and buff or nan- celled, with six erect ovules. The plants
keen-coloured flowers larger than those of j
are Indian herbs, with tuberous or stem-
coccinea. The species have no known pro- like rootstocks, and peltate leaves. C. anti-
perties, but their seeds are remarkable for quorum, the Arum Colocasia of Linnaeus, is
the quantity of mucus existing in their cultivated in most tropical cbuntries,
j

testa or outer covering— whence the name Egypt, India, &c, for the sake of its leaves,
'
;

of the genus from kolla, glue,— which which when uncooked are acrid, but by
gives rise, under certain conditions, to a boiling, the water being changed, lose
j

singular and interesting phenomenon. I

their acridity, and may be eaten as spinach.

When tbese seeds are thrown into water |
C. indica is cultivated in Brazil for its es-
the mucous matter is dissolved and forms culent stems and small pendulous tubers.
a cloud around them. This cloud, Dr. j
C. esculenta, C. macrorhiza, and many va-
Lindley tells us, ' depends upon the pre- ;
rieties of these species, are cultivated in
sence of an infinite multitude of exceed- the Sandwich Islands under the name of j

ingly delicate and minute spiral vessels Tara and their rootstocks being filled with
;

lying coiled up, spire within spire, on the starch, furnish a staple article of diet
outside of the testa, and the instant water among the natives. The leaves are like-
is applied, they dart forward at right angles wise used as a vegetable. [M. T. M.]
with the testa, tach carrying with it a
sheath of mucus, in which it for a long
)
COLOCYNTH. Citrullus or Cucumis Colo-
time remains enveloped as in a membranous
|

cynthis. —HIMALAYAN. Citrullus or Cu-

case.' [W. cumis Pseudo-colocynthis.
T.]
COLOMBINE PLUMEUSE. (Fr.) Tha-
COLLOPHORA. The name of a little- lictrum aquilegifolium.
known Brazilian tree, mentioned by Von
Martius, as abounding in a milky juice fur- COLOQUINTE. (Fr.) Citrullus Colocyn-
nishing caoutchouc. The genus belongs this.
to the Apocynacew.. It has a salver-shaped COLOMBO or CALOMBA. The Calumba
corolla, without scales in the throat of its root, Jateorhiza (formerly Cocculus) palmata.
tube; and the stigma is cylindrical. The
fruit is a berry containing several seeds
— , AMERICAN. Frasera Walteri.
embedded in, pulp. [M. T. MJ COLOUR (adj. COLOURED, COLORA-
TUS). Any colour except green. In tech-
COLLUM. The pointjunction be-
of nical botany white is regarded as a colour,
tween the radicle and plumule the point
; and green is not.
of departure of the ascending and descend-
ing axes, that is to say, of the root and COLPENCHYMA. Sinuous cellular tissue
stem, which is often called the collar. COLPOON TREE. Cassine Colpoon.
Also the lengthened orifice of the ostiolum
of a lichen ; Colliform is sometimes ap-
COLQUHOUNIA. A genus of Labiata?,
plied to an ostiolum, whose orifice is
containing three species of climbing or
erect shrubs, natives of India, with petiolate
lengthened into a neck.
ovate acuminate leaves, and scarlet flowers
COLLYBIA. A sub-genus of white-spored scattered in axillary verticillasters or
agarics with the outer coat of the stem crowded in a terminal spike, and having
cartilaginous, the margin of the pileus small bracts. The calyx is tubular, cam-
at first involute, and the gills not decur- pan ulate, ten-nerved, and unequally five-
rent. Agaricus fusipes, which is not un- toothed; the corolla tube is longer than
common at the foot of old oaks, growing the calyx, its throat dilated, and its limb
in dense tufts of a more or less decided bilabiate, with the upper lip entire, and
rufous tint, though too tough for stewing, the lower with three small ovate lobes the ;

is excellent when pickled A. esculentus stamens are covered by the galea or hel-
also, which, though small, is brought abun- met the apex of the style is subequally
;

dantly into the German markets under the bifid, with subulate lobes the nucule is
;

name of Nagelschwarnme, belongs to the oblong, dry and smooth, with a membrana-
same sub-genus. One of the best known ceous apex. [W. C]
species of the group is A. velutipes, which
grows on almost every decayed tree, con- COLTSFOOT. The common name for
spicuous for its velvety stem and rich yel- Tussilago. , —
SWEET. An American
low shining pileus. Few plants are more name for Nardosma.
patient of cold than this, for the severe COLUBRINA. Snake-wood, so called
Christmas frost of 1860 did not destroy it, from the twisted wood of one species,
specimens after the thaw being as vigorous which inhabits the forests of Martinique.
as ever. [11. J. B.] A family of plants belonging to the order
COLXJ] Cfjc Crcagurg at 3fi0tan». 316
lihamnacece, comprising small trees and styles forming a solid centi-al body, as in or-
shrubs, some of which are climbing, na- chids.
tives of South America and the warmer COLUMNARIS. Having the form of a
regions of Asia and Africa. They are columnj as the stamens of a mallow.
closely allied to Ceanothus, hut possess no
properties which render them worthy of COLUMNEA A genus of erect or climb-
cultivation. [C. A. J.] ing slender herbaceous plants or under-
shrubs, with opposite fleshy and hairy
COLUM. An obsolete term for the pla- leaves, and solitary or crowded axillary pe-
centa. duncles bearing scarlet flowers. They are
COLUMBINE. The common name for natives of tropical America, and belong to
Aquilegia. the order of Gesneracew. The calyx is free
and five-parted. The corolla is tubular, with
COLUMELLA. A little column; the the limb two-lipped, the upper one entire,
firm centre of the spore-case of an urn- erect or overarching, the lower trifid and
moss, from which the spores separate. patent; the four didynamous stamens are
The long axis round which the parts of a inserted in the tube of the corolla, and
fruit are united in reality, the ripened
: with them the rudiment of a fifth the ;

growing point. A slender axis, over which ovate anthers have two cells. The one-
the spore-cases of such ferns as Tricho- celled ovary is free, surrounded by a five-
manes are arranged. lobed disc, and contains two two-lobed
parietal placentaa with anatropal ovules.
COLUMELLIA. A genus of epigynous The fruit is a berry containing many o no-
exogens having a monopetalous corolla, vate seeds, and two fleshy placentae. The
the structure of which, and especially of genus is near to Besleria, differing chiefly
the anthers, is so remarkable that it has in the form of the corolla. [W. C]
been separated as a distinct order under
the name of Columelliacece. It consists of COLURIA. A genus of the rose family,
a few evergreen shrubs or trees, natives of very nearly allied to Geum, but differing in
Mexico and Peru, having opposite entire the styles being jointed and falling from
or slightly serrated leaves, and small yel- the achenes when mature, while in Geum
low flowers. The calyx is superior, five- they remain attached and become feathery.
cleft; the corolla five-lobed; the stamens C. geoides, the only species of the genus, is
two only, attached to the tube of the a plant about six inches high with pinna-
corolla, and the anthers are as usual only tifld leaves having cut segments, and a pe-
two-celled, but each cell is elongated, duncle bearing one to three little yellow
more so than in any other plants compara- flowers. Altogether it bears much resem-
tively with the size of the anther, but blance to the silver-weed, Potentilla anse-
being doubled and redoubled on them- rina, but its leaves although pubescent are
selves they form a ^lobular mass. The an- not clothed with silvery hairs. It is found
-

ther of C. oblong a has the shortest cells of on the less elevated mountains in Siberia,
any of the species. The ovary is two-celled, growing in rocky places. [A. A. B.]
each cell containing numerous ovules, and
the seed has a large quantity of albumen. COLUTEA. The technical name of a
The station of Columelliacece in the natu- genus of Leguminosce consisting of certain
ral system near Stylidiacece, the sta-
is shrubs, indigenous to the south of Europe
mens in the latter being only two, al- and the Mediterranean region in general,and
though differently attached. (See Ann. and especially characterised by having, with the
Mag. Ned. Hist. ser. 3. i. 109.) [B. C] ordinary papilionaceous flowers, membra-
nous bladder-like pods. The leaflets of C.
COLUMELLIACECE. Columellia, which arborescens and other species have pur-
consists of two or perhaps three species gative properties like those of senna,
from the Andes of America, having no and are sometimes mixed with senna
immediate affinity with any of the orders leaves. The distended pods, when pressed
with wlriGh it has been compared, has there- suddenly, burst with a loud noise, hence
fore been considered as forming a family the common name, Bladder-senna. Two
of itself. It consists of evergreen shrubs or three species are cultivated as deciduous
or small trees with opposite serrate leaves plants in this country, but they seem
without stipules; a superior five-cleft calyx; to be more abundantly used on the Conti-
a five-lobed spreading corolla bearing in nent than with us. C. arborescens is said to
its short tube two stamens, each with grow on the crater of Vesuvius, where there
three waved anthers. The ovary is in- is little other vegetation. [M. T. M.]
ferior, two-celled, with numerous ovules
the fruit capsular the seeds numerous,
;
COLVILLEA. The name given to a tree
of Madagascar belonging to the legumin-
with the embryo in the axis of a fleshy al- ous family. The genus is nearly related to
bumen. These characters, as well as the Ccesalpinia, but is readily distinguished by
habit, remove the genus from the gener-
the form of its calyx, which is two-lipped,
ality of Monopetatce, and indicate several the upper lip convex and four-toothed, and
points of connection with Saxifragece and the lower linear in form and entire. C.
their allies, amongst which Columellia
racemosa is a beautiful tree, which attains
may possibly take its place as a gamopetal- a height of forty or fifty feet, and is
ous form. furnished with elegant fern-like twice-
COLUMN. The combined stamens and pinnate leaves about three feet long; these
 317 CIjc Kvtuiimj at 2Sfltang. COMB
are made up of from twenty to thirty pairs flowers. The fruit somewhat resembles
of pinnae, each pinna with a like number of that of the strawberry, but is spongy
;
opposite leaflets, which are nearly linear in instead of juicy, and does not fall off when
!
form, and about half an inch long. The ripe. It is of common occurrence in
|
beautiful scarlet flowers are in dense ra- marshes and boggy meadows in most
j
cemes, which arise from the axils of the up- parts of England, and extends over a great
'
per leaves,and are either simple or branch- part of Europe and North America, The
I
ed, and about a foot and a half in length. roots and stems have been used to dye
j
The calyx, like the petals, is of a scarlet wool of a dirty-red colour, and are suffi-
1

colour; the petals are five in number, ciently astringent to be employed in tan-
I
the standard the smallest and nearly hid- ning. In some parts of Scotland the fruits
l
den by the others, the two oblong wings are called Cow-berries, on account, it is
next in size, and the two free petals, which said, of their being used to rub the inside
i
form the keel, the largest the ten free
; of milk-pails for the purpose of thickening
stamens are of unequal length. The milk. The Marsh Cmquefoil, C. palustre, is
pod is straight, about six inches long, rarely cultivated, though Gerarde says with
containing a number of seeds. The genus some pride that, he brought some plants
!
bears the name of Sir Charles Colville, from Bourne Pinas, half a mile from Col-
once governor of the Mauritius. [A. A. B.j chester, for his garden, and that they there
flourished and prospered well. French
COLZA. (Fr.) Brassica Napus olei- Comaret ; German Fimfblatt. [C. A. J.]
fera.
COMBESIA. Abyssinian herbs belong-
i
COMA (adj. COMOSE). The hairs at the ing to the Crassulacece, and having five-
end of some seeds ; the empty leaves or parted flowers with petals united for a
bracts at the end of the spike of such short distance at their base five stamens
;

flowers as those of the pine-apple. with anthers opening inwardly five small
;

COMANDRA. The generic nameof scales at the base of the five sessile two-
seeded ovaries, which ripen into follicles,
|

i plants belonging to the sandalwort order

having the calyx adherent to the seed- bursting by a long slit towards the centre
vessel, its upper part with an adherent of the flower. [M. T. M.]
disk whose border is five-lobed, on which COMBINATE-VENOSE. When the la-
,
the stamens are inserted between its lobes teral veins of a leaf unite before they
and opposite those of the calyx, the anthers reach the margin.
being connected with the calyx by a tuft of
hair-like threads. The fruit is nut-like and !
COMBRETACEiE (Myrobalans). na-A
filled with the globular seed. The name is tural order of polypetalous calycifloral
derived from the Greek words signifying dicotyledons, belonging to Lindley'smyrtal
'hair' and stamen,' indicating a character
' alliance. Trees or shrubs, with alternate
above mentioned. The plants are low : or opposite entire leaves having no sti-
perennials with herbaceous stems spring- |
pules. Sometimes the flowers are imper-
ing from a woody base the leaves alter-
;
fect, some having stamens only, others
nate, stalkless, oblong; flowers greenish- pistils only, and occasionally the petals
white in small clusters. One species, C. are wanting. Calyx adherent, its limb
umbellata, is common in North America, four to five-lobed, falling off. Petals aris-
and attaches itself as a parasite to the roots ing from the orifice of the calyx, alternate
I
of trees. [G. D.] I
with the lobes. Stamens often eight or
ten. Ovary one-celled, with two to four
COMAROSTAPHYLIS. A genus of Eri- suspended ovules. Fruit succulent or
1

cacece, containing fourteen species of small dry, one-celled, and one-seeded. Seeds
1 trees or shrubs, with the habit of Arbutus, without albumen cotyledons of the em-
;

,
natives of Mexico and Guatemala, They |
bryo rolled up. Natives of the tropical
have coriaceous oblong evergreen leaves, parts of Asia, Africa, and America. The
and flowers in terminal bracteate racemes
I

I plants of the order have astringent quali-

,
or panicles. The hypogynous calyx is five- ties ; some are cultivated for ornament,
parted ; the corolla is inserted on the others yield timber. The astringent fruit,
;
calyx, is campanulate, enlarged below, and known by the name of Myrobalan, is pro-
has the limb five-lobed. The ten stamens duced by Terminalia Bellerica and T. Che-
are inserted on the base of the calyx ; the bula. The bark of Bucida Buceras is used
. filaments are short, and the anthers oval for tanning. There are twenty-three known
and compressed. The ovary is placed on a genera, and upwards of 200 species. Illus-
ten-angled hypogynous disc, and has five trative genera : Terminalia, Combretwn,
cells, with a single ovule in each. The style Gynocarpus. [J. H. BJ
is simple, and the stigma obscurely five-
toothed. The drupe is globose and fleshy, COMBRETUM. The typical genus of
containing a single stone (pyrena), which Combretacew, inhabiting tropical regions
has five rarely more cells, with a single of both hemispheres, and consisting of
trees or shrubs, often trailing or climbing
seed in each. fw. C] by the indurated leaf-stalks, which are
COMARTJM. A herbaceous marsh plant persistent and act as hooks to support the
with a stout creeping stem, rather large and plant. The leaves are opposite, rarely al-
handsome leaves composed of seven, five, ternate, entire, exstipulate. The flowers,
or three deeply-serrated leaflets, which are which grow in spikes, axillary or some-
slightly-branched stalked and dingy-purple times terminal, solitary or arranged in
comb] Ei)e Ereagurg of 3S0tauj?. 318
a panicle, are polygamous; calyx-tube ad- have jointed hairs, in which a granular
hering to the ovary, above which it is con-" movement is seen under the microscope.
stricted, thelimb bell-shaped petalsfour; There are sixteen known genera, and 260
;

stamens eight. The fruit is leathery, with species. The best known are Commelyna,
four membranous wings, indehiscent and Tradescantia, and Cyanotis. [J. H. B.]
one-seeded by the abortion of several of
the ovules. Many of the species are very
COMMELYNA. The typical genus of the
order of spiderworts, distinguished by
handsome. [J. T. S.]
having usually three petals, dropping early,
COMB-SHAPED. The same as Pecti- one of the three different in form from
nate. the others, or wanting the filaments or ;

stalks of the anthers smooth and naked

COMESPERMA. A genus of Polyga- the style or appendage on the seed vessel
lacece, consisting of erect or twining thread-like, and entire at the end. The
i

plants found in Australia and Tasmania, species are herbs, natives of tropical and
and numbering about twenty species. It Northern America, East India, and NewHol-
is nearly related to the South American land, having ovate or lance-shaped leaves,
genus Catocoma, but differs in the corolla and the flowers in groups, either issuing
being composed of three united petals, in- from an involucre or sheath-like body, or
stead of five. The stems, which are not destitute of such covering, the former con-
much thicker than a crow-quill,are furnish- stituting Commelyna proper, the latter
ed with alternate leaves, mostly linear in Aneilema. The genus was named in honour
form. The flowers, disposed in axillary or of J. and G. Commelyn, well-known Dutch
terminal racemes, either yellow, white, botanists. The species are numerous, and
blue or purple, the three latter colours several have been long known in our col-
sometimes found in the same species, as lections. They require various modes of
they are in our own common milkwort, treatment, some being hardy, others re-
Polygala vulgaris, to whose flowers those quiring a high temperatui-e. C. ccelestis,
of the plants of this genus bear much re- notable for the delicate blue of the
semblance, but are generally larger. The flower, has oblong lanceolate leaves, and
calyx is five-lobed ; the corolla three- the sheaths ciliated it is a half hardy
;

lobed, the middle lobe largest the sta-; species, which under proper treatment
mens eight the ovary two-celled, crown-
; displays a succession of azure flowers
ed with a curved style. The fruit is a from July to September. One of more
wedge-shaped capsule with two seeds, recent introduction is C. scabra, a half
each furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. hardy perennial from Northern Mexico,
This latter circumstance gives rise to the having straggling reddish stems, the
name of the genus. leaves lance-shaped, waved and hard at the
C. volubilis, the Blue-creeper of Tas- margin, and the flowers of a dull purple
mania, is a graceful little plant, twining brown. Dr. Lindley, in his Vegetable King-
among other bushes and covering them dom, states that 'the fleshy rhizomes of
with its great abundance of beautiful blue C. ccelestis, tuberosa, angustifolia, and stri-
flowers. Its thin twining stems are fur- ata, contain a good deal of starch mixed
nished with leaves which are between with mucilage, and are therefore fit for food
linear and lance-shaped in form. This when cooked. The Chinese employ those of
plant grows in various parts of Australia, C. medico, as a remedy in cough,' &c. [G.D.]
as well as in Tasmania, and is universally
admired. It has been in cultivation in
COMMIA. The name given to a plant of
Cochin-China, which forms a genus of Eu-
England under the name Comesperma gra- phorbiacece. This plant (not well known to
cilis. [A. A. B.]
botanists) has been described by Loureiro
COMPRET. Symphytum officinale. as a tree from which a white tenacious
COM IN. (Fr.) Ervum Ervilia. gum exudes, said to be of a purgative and
emetic nature, and valuable in dropsy, but
COMMELYNACE.E. ( Spidenoorts.) A requiring careful administration. The
natural order of hypogynous monocotyle- leaves are stalked, lance-shaped, entire and
dons, belonging to Lindley's xyridal alli- smooth. The inconspicuous flowers are
ance. Herbs with flat leaves, usually male and female on different plants: the
sheathing at the base. Outer perianth males in short axillary bracted spikes,
(calyx) of three parts, herbaceous; inner having neither calyx nor corolla, and the
(corolla) also of three, coloured; stamens six stamens united into a column which bears
or three, the anthers opening on the side on its summit a number of anthers; the
next the pistil. Ovary three-celled with a females in terminal racemes having a
central placenta ; style one. Fruit a two to three-leaved calyx enclosing a three-lobed
three-celled capsule, opening by two or three ovary, crowned by three short recurved
valves, which bear the dissepiments (par- styles. The fruit a three-celled capsule
titions) on the middle ; seeds with a linear with three seeds. [A. A. BJ
hilum embryo pulley-shaped. Natives of
;

the East and West Indies, New Holland, COMMISSURE. The face by which two
carpels come together or cohere, as in
and Africa. A few are found in North
America, but none in Northern Asia or umbellifers.
Europe. The underground stems of many COMMON PETIOLE. The first and prin-
of the plants yield starch, and are used for cipal leaf-stalk incompound leaves; the
food. The filaments of the Tradescantias secondary petioles are called partial.
, COMOLIA. A genus of MelastamacecB, belonging to the order Myricacem, bearing
consisting of Brazilian trees or shrubs, both male and female flowers in catkins,
I
with four-sided branches and obovate three- and on the same plant. A native of North
!
nerved leaves clothed with adpressed America in moist peaty soils. The leaves
'

hairs; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, are long and narrow, alternately arranged
white tube of calyx adhering to the base
;
and cut on each side into rounded and
of ovary, its limb four-lobed petals four ; ;
numerous lobes, so as to resemble the
anthers one-celled curved; ovary gla- fronds of Ceterach (hence the name C. as
brous capsule two-celled.
;
[J. T. S.] plenifolia), downy and sprinkled with
golden resinous transparent dots, which,
COMPAGNON BLANC. (Fr.) Lychnis
as well as the rest of the plant, have an
dioica. aromatic scent. It was introduced in 1714
COMPARETTIA. A small genus of epi- by the Duchess of Beaufort, and was
phytal orchids inhabiting tropical Ameri- named in honour of Henry Compton,
ca. Four species are known, all Avith small Bishop of London, the introducer and cul-
pseudobulbs, coriaceous leaves, and grace- tivator of many curious exotic plants, and
fully bending racemes of long spurred a great patron of botany and horticulture.
rose coloured purple or scarlet flowers. It is hardy, but requires a peat soil and
shade. In America it is called the Sweet
COMPASS PLANT. Silphium lacinia- Fern Bush in France Comptonie, or Li qui-
;
tum, which is said to present the faces of dambar & feuilles de Ceterach but it must
:
its leaves uniformly north and south.
not be confounded with Liquidambar Sty-
COMPLEXTTS. Tissue: C. cellulosus, cel- raciflua, Sweet Gum. [C. A. J.]
lular membranaceus, the thin
tissue : C.
membrane, which is the foundation of all CONANTHERA. A genus of Liliaceoz
tissue— elementary membrane C.tubularis ;
containing a few small Chilian bulbous
tubular tissue, or woody fibre C. utricu- ;
plants, with linear leaves, and a scape
laris, angular cellular tissue C. vascularis,
;
supporting paniculate blue flowers. Peri-
spiral vessels, properly so-called often, :
anth six-parted, adhering to the base of
however, extended to all sorts of tubes the ovary, and breaking away by a trans-
with markings on the side, thus losing pre- verse split as the fruit ripens; stamens
cision, and with it its value as a scientific six, united into a cone. [J. T. S.]
term.
CONCEPTACLE. A term sometimes ap-
COMPLICATE. Folded up upon itself. plied to the capsular fruit of red-spored
Algce, in contradistinction to the fruit in
COMPOSIT2E. The more familiar name of
which the reproductive mass is ultimately
theAster acece, a large natural order of gamo-
divided into four bodies, and hence called
petalous calycifloral dicotyledons belong-
tetrasperms. Modifications have received
ing to Lindley's campanal alliance, con- the names of ceramidia, cystocarps, fa-
sisting of herbs and shrubs with alternate
villa?, nuclei, &c. The explanation of these
or opposite leaves having no stipides the ;
terms belongs rather to a treatise on Alga?
stamens and pistils either in the same or than to the present work. [M. J. B.]
in separate flowers, which are collected
Also, a special organ, developed in some
into a head on a common receptacle (hence
fungals on the surface, or in the interior
tne name Composite or compound flowers),
of a receptacle, and containing the organs
and surrounded by a set of floral leaves or of reproduction as well as their accessories
bracts, called an involucre. The fruit is it differs from a spore-case in the latter
single-seeded, crowned with the limb of
being itself one of the accessories, and only
the' calyx. The plants are found in all containing spores.
parts of the world, in warm countries
sometimes assuming arborescent forms. CONCHIDIUM. Eria.
They were included by Linnaeus in his CONCHIFORM. Shaped like one valve of
class Syngenesia. The properties of the
order are various ; but bitterness seems to
a common bivalve shell.
prevail in it, and this is accompanied with CONCHOCHILUS. Appendicula.
tonic, stimulant, aromatic, and sometimes
even narcotic qualities. Lactuca sativa, CONCOLOR. Of the same colour as
the common lettuce, and L. virosa, supply some other thing compared with it.

lactucarium, a substance used like opium. CONCOMBRE D'ANE, or SAUVAGE.

[J. H. B.] (Fr.) Ecbalium agreste, the Momordica
COMPOSITION. The arrangement of Elaterhim of some.
organs, or their order of development, or
CONDAMINEA. The name of a genus
.

their manner of branching, &c.

of Cinchonacece, consisting of Peruvian
COMPOUND, COMPOSITE. When formed shrubs, some of which have similar tonic
of several parts united in one common properties to those contained in the true
whole as pinnated leaves, and all kinds of
: Cinchona, while others are used for dyeing
Inflorescence beyond that of the solitary purposes. The genus is known by the
flower. j
cup-shaped tube of the calyx, whose limb
is five-toothed, and separates from the
COMPRESSED. Flattened lengthwise;
tube by
as tire pod of a pea. a circular line. The corolla is
tubular, concealing the stamens, which are
COMPTONIA. A deciduous bushy shrub attached near to the middle of its tube
 cond] £J)C Ercarfurg oi SSntann. 320
'
The fruit is a top-shaped truncated capsule, of Callithamnion, externally contains zoo-
opening by two valves, and containing spores. [M. J. B.]
several wingless seeds. [M. T. M.]
CONFLUENT. The fastening together
CONDUPLICANT. Doubling up; as of homogeneous parts. Gradually uniting
when the leaflets of a compound leaf rise organically.
up and apply themselves to each other's CONFORM. Of the same form as some
faces. other thing.
CONDUPLICATE,' CONDUPLICATION. CONGELATIO. In countries where frost
A term of aestivation when the sides of
;
is severe, most forest trees exhibit marks
j

an organ are applied to each other by their of serious injury, either in formidable As-
faces, sures caused by differences of temperature
CONDYLIUM. The antherid of a Cham. in the different parts of the trunk, or in
the death of portions of the bark and wood.
CONE. The strobilus or conical ar- Trees thus become accurate registers of
rangement of scales in the fruit of a Pinus sevei-e winters. While, however, some
or fir-tree. plants give way at once under a slight de-
CONE-FLOWER. An American name gree of frost, others may be turned into a
for Radbeckia. —.PURPLE. An American solid mass of ice without losing their vital
name for Echinacea. powers, especially if the mass is thawed
gradually, and in the dark. The outward
CONE-HEAD. A garden name for Stro- parts of plan ts sometimes escape, when more
bilanthes. delicate and protected parts are destroyed.
CONENCHYMA. The conical cells which Pear blossom, for instance, may be appar-
constitute hairs. ently unaffected by frost and expand as
usual, when the pistils are completely de-
CONFERRUMINATE. Glued together. stroyed. The effect of frost on plants de-
CONFERTUS. When parts are pressed pends greatly upon the condition of soil.
closely round about each other; packed The wetter the soil, and the more saturated
close. the plants with moisture, the more destruc-
tive is it. Adegree of cold, which is quite
CONFERVA. The typical genus of Con- harmless wh n the cells are comparatively
fervaceai, the species of which are either empty.is positively destructive under other
attached to various bodies or float in circumstances. [M. J. B.]
dense masses on ponds swollen up with
bubbles of gas, from whence the genus CONGESTED. Crowded very closely.
takes its name. The branched Confervce CONGLOBATE. Collected into a ball, as
are now separated under the name of the florets of Echinops.
Cladophora. Confervce, when dried, were
once used as a packing instead of tow, to CONGLOMERATE. The same as Clus-
support fractured limbs, a use which is tered.
now quite obsolete. The name was also CONGLUTINATE. Glued together, not
applied to a vast heterogeneous mass of organically united.
plants, as may be seen in Dillwynn's His-
tory of British Conferva. [M. J. B.] CONIDIA. Many Fungi, besides their
true fruit, produce littlereproductive cells
CONFERVACEiE. A division of the in different parts, especially on the spawn
green-spored Algce characterised by their or mycelium which are known by the name
simple or branched articulated threads, of conidia. The substance called ergot
diffused endochrome, and small zoospores. isa good example, the conidia appearing
The articulations are mostly as long as, or some months before the perfect fungus.
longer than, their diameter, which forms When these conidia are contained in
one of the main technical distinctions be- distinct cysts or perithecia, they are called
tween them and the Oscillatorice, which stylospores. In some cases undoubtedly,
have, however, a very distinct habit. The as in Erysiphe, the conidia are reproduc-
genera are numerous, and in some cases, as tive, but in others it is possible that they
in Chcetophora, the threads are compacted may perform the functions of male organs.
into a solid mass by means of gelatine. The The subject of impregnation, in Fungi, is so
zoospores sometimes occur in the ordinary imperfectly known that it is not possible |

cells of the threads, but sometimes in dis- to speak with certainty about it. [M. J. BJ
tinct cysts, and sometimes privileged cells
are multiplied by cell-division for their
CONIDIUM. The gonidium of a lichen.
production, as in Stygeoclonium. They are CONIFER.E. (Conacece, Pinacece, Conifers,
found in all parts of the world, but are the Pine family.) A considerable and im-
most plentiful in temperate regions. They portant family, constituting with the
are sometimes so abundant that, after floods, smaller groups of Cycadece and Chietacece
they form a thick coat, like paper, on the the sub-class gymnosperms of dicoty-
ground, to which the name of meteoric ledons. It consists of trees or shrubs,
paper has been given. Chroolepus differs mostly with resinous secretions. The
from the rest in its being developed in the leaves are stiff, sometimes linear or needle-
air and not in water, and in its golden colour like, sometimes short and scale-like, or
when fresh, but the species when dry be- more rarely broad, lobed, or divided. The
come green. The fruit, however, like that flowers are unisexual, either in cylindrical
or short catkins with closely packed scales, the base. Pinus syirestris is the common
or the females are solitary. There is no Scotch fir, which abounds in cold climates,
perianth. The stamens in the males are and which supplies timber, turpentine, and
either inserted on the axis of the catkin pitch, as well as a hemp-like fibre from its
under the scales, or the anther-cells are leaves, which is used for stuffing pillows
sessile on the inside of the scales them- and cushions under the name of pine wool.
selves, which then form part of the sta- Pinus Pinaster, the Bordeaux pine, thrives
mens. The ovules and seeds are naked, well on the sea-shore. Abies includesdiffer-
that is, without ovary, style, or pericarp, ent species of fir and spruce, in all of which
althoush sometimes more or less enclosed the leaves come off from the stem and
in two bracts, or in a fleshy or hardened branches singly. Abies excelsa is the Nor-
disk. The seeds are albuminous, with one way spruce ;A. balsamea the balm of
or sometimes several embryos in the centre, Gilead fir; A. canadensis the hemlock spruce;
each embrvo having sometimes more than and A.pectinata the silver fir. Cedrus com-
two cotyledons. There are probably nearly prises those cedars which have clustered
two hundred species known, dispersed over persistent leaves. Cedrus Libani is the
a great part of the globe, several of them cedar of Lebanon, the Eres of the Bible;
forming large forests in temperate climates, while Cedrus Beodara, a local variety, is
or more rarely within the tropics ; while the sacred cedar of India. Larix includes
some of them "extend almost to the utmost the species of larch, which have clustered
limits of woody vegetation in high lati- deciduous leaves. Larix europea is the com-
tudes, or at great elevations. They are mon larch L.G-riffltliii the Himalayan larch.
;

distributed into about twenty-five genera, The Araucarias have single-seeded scales,
forming three tribes or sub-orders 1. : with adherent seeds and many-celled an-
Abietince, with the fruits collected in cones, thers ; Araucaria imbricata is a Chilian
and inverted ovules of this the principal
; species; A. BidwiUii is from Moreton Bay:
genera are Pin us (including Abies), Arauca- both have edible seeds. Eutassa excelsa is
ria, Cunninghamia, Sequoia, &c. 2. Cupres- the Norfolk Island pine, which yields valu-
sinere. with the fruits collected in cones, and able wood. Cryptomeria japonica is the
erect ovules including Juniperus, CaUitris,
:
Japan cedar. Cupressus sempervirens is
Thuja, Cupressus, Taxodium, Cryptomeria, the common cypress. The Junipers have
arc. 3. Taxinece, sometimes considered as a peculiar succulent fruit. Juniperus Ber-
a distinct family, with the fruits solitary mudiana furnishes the cedar for pencils.
or loosely spiked, including Podocarpus, The species of Thuja are known by the
Bacrydium,Pliyllocladus, Salisburia, Taxus, name of Arbor Vitae. [J. H. B.]
&c. CONIMA. The fragrant gum resin of the
The woody tissue of the trees of this incense tree, Idea heptaphylla.
family is seen to bejnarked with pecu-
liar circular dots or punctatiuns when ex- CONIOCTSTS. Closed spore-cases re-
amined under the microscope. The ovules sembling tubercles, and containing a mass
at the base of each cone-scale are gene- of spores.
rally held to be naked, each ovule having CONIOGRAMMA. A name given by Fee
a large opening at its apex, to which to the species of Gymnogramma repre-
the pollen from the stamens is applied sented by G.javanica. [T. M.]
directly. But some say that the ovules are
not naked, but are contained in a proper CONIOMYCETES. A family of Fungi
ovary which is closely applied to the seed; distinguished by the predominance of the
that "the outer membranous scales are spores over the receptacle. The spores are
modified leaves ;and that the hard scales simple or articulated, solitary or chained
are altered branches bearing the pistillate together, and sometimes fasciculate, naked
flowers. or enclosed in a distinct cyst. The plants,
Some botanists look upon Conifers as the however, in which this last structure ob-
highest type of true dicotyledons. They tains are probably, for the most part, mere
are most abundant in temperate regions, conditions of Sphccriw and other pyrenomy-
both in the northern and southern hemi- cetous Fungi. The most important mem-
spheres. In Europe, Siberia, and China, and bers of the family, are the numerous parasi-
in the temperate parts of North America, we tic species which affect the living organs
meet with species of pine, spruce, larch, of plants, and cause great mischief, especi-
cedar, and juniper. In the southern hemi- ally amongst our corn crops, by exhausting
sphere they are replaced by Araucaria, the energies of the mother plant, and pre-
Eutassa, Bamma/ra, Podocarpus, and Ba- venting the full development of the seed.
crydium. One or two of these, which grow on differ-
Conifers are of great importance to man- ent species of Juniper, approach Tremella
kind. They supply valuable timber, and in outward appearance, as all do in some
yield resin, oil, pitch, and turpentine. Some peculiarities of structure. In most of these
attain a great size. Thus Wellingtonia, gi- the spores exhibit bright colours, while in
gantea has been known to attain in Oregon, other divisions they are as generally black.
a height of 450 feet, with a circumference The dark soot-like patches which are so
of 116 feet at the base. Taxodium Hcmpcr- common on old rails and dead wood are
virens also attains an enormous size. The formed mostly by these dingy Coniomycetes,
various species of Pinus have their leaves which notwithstanding their unpromising
in clusters of two, three, four, five, or six, appearance, are often full of interest when
surrounded by a membranous sheath at closely examined. [M. J. B.]
CONl] Etje Crca^uvj) at 3Satang. 322
CONIOSELINUM. A genus of four species 1

nial plant,with a tap-shaped root, a smooth

belonging to the Umbelliferce, and found in ! shining hollow stem, two to five feet in
mountain districts in Central Europe, Si- : height, frequently marked with purple
beria and North-west America. C. Fischer), spots, though these vary very much in
the best known species, and one which has number and intensity of colour. The leaves
long been cultivated in botanic gardens, is are much divided, with numerous small
a biennial herb one to three feet high, with [
egg-shaped or lance-shaped deeply cut seg-
much the appearance of the hemlock, and l
ments; the upper leaves are smaller. When
having its small white flowers disposed i
bruised they emit a peculiarly nauseous
in many-rayed umbels, without common, odour, not at all aromatic, as is usually the
but with partial involucres of Ave to seven case in our native umbelliferous plants.
narrow linear leaves, which are equal in The inflorescence is a compound umbel,
length to the flower-stalks. with ten or more rays, surrounded by a
The principal distinguishing features of general involucre of three to seven leaf-
the genus are found in the fruit, why;h is lets ;the partial umbels or umbellules,
elliptical, dorsally compressed and about have at their base a small involucre of three
one-third of an inch long each of the car-
; bracts, which are all turned to one side,
pels has five winged ribs, the marginal ones and do not surround the umbel, as in the
twice the breadth of the others and in the
; case of the general involucre. The flowers
lateral furrows, there are three oil tubes are white or greenish white, and the fruits
(vittas), seen in the form of dots when have the important characteristics before
the fruit is cut across, usually two in the mentioned. In attempting the discrimina-
dorsal furrows, and four to eight on the tion of this plant, all the above points
inner face. [A. A. B.] must be attended to, as there are many
plants possessing some of the character-
CONIOTHECJE. The cells of an anther.
istics of the true Hemlock, and which are
CONIUM. The genus to which belongs in consequence frequently mistaken for it.
the well-known Hemlock. The botanical The active principle of Hemlock is a
name has been given under the supposition peculiar oily-looking fluid, lighter than
that this is the plant mentioned by the water, and called conia. It exists in all parts
Greeks, under the same name, and which of the plant, but especially in the fruits.
was administered, as a judicial means of ex- It acts first as an irritant poison, but
ecution, to Socrates and Phocion. The dis- speedily causes paralysis of all the muscles,
tinguishing characters reside in the fruit, convulsions and death. The plant is of
which is somewhat globular in shape, and course much less dangerous than its ex-
each half is marked with five wavy ridges. tract, but in poisonous doses it produces
There are no vittse or channels for oil, and similar symptoms, and sometimes coma,
the albumen is deeply furrowed on its and other effects like those produced by
inner surface. Such are the botanical cha- opium. Medicinally Conivm has been used
racteristic, but the poisonous nature of for promoting the absorption of tumors,
C. maculatum, the common Hemlock, and and glandular swellings, and as an anti-
spasmodic and anodyne. [M. T. M.J

CONJUGATE. A tribe of green-spored

Alcjce distinguished from Coi/fervaeece by
their endochrome being spiral, stellate, or
otherwise disposed, and not equally dif-
fused, or simply denser in the centre; and
by the large zoospores formed by the union
of the endochromes of two contiguous
cells, or one divided into two for the pur-
poses of fructification in the same or in
two different plants. In a few, impregna-
tion is effected, in the manner described
under Bulbocluvte, by means of free anthe-
ridia, which ultimately fix themselves near
the spore-bearing cell. In some instances
the bodies perfected by impregnation un-
dergo cell-division, and the component
parts become so many zoospores. The
species are either attached or float freely
in the water. Almost all are fresh-water
plants, and are found in various parts of
the globe, but especially in temperate re-
gions.
The term Conjugate does not strictly
apply to all. In JEdogonium there is no
Conium maculatum. conjugation, but fructification takes place
by the division of a cell, one of the two divi-
itsfrequent growth in hedges and byroad- sions only proving fertile. In this genus,
sides in this country, demand a more full as also in some others, the spores are often
description. of a brilliant scarlet or vermilion. The same
The Hemlock is an erect branching bien- i spore, however, may be, in different stages
323 €f)2 Creature of SSotang. [CONO
phenome-
of growth, either green or red, a natives of India, and tropical South Ame-
non not very uncommon amongst the rica. [M. T.M.]
green-spored Algce. Conjugation takes place
also in Besmidiacece. and Biatomacece, and
CONNATE. When the bases of two op-
posite leaves are united together. Also
also amongst moulds, as in Syzygites, so
common on decaying toadstools. [M. J. BJ when any parts, originally distinct, become
united in after-growth.
CONJUGATE. Paired when the petiole
;
CONNECTIVAL. Of or belonging to the
of a leaf hears one pair only of leaflets. connective.
CONJUGATO-PALMATE. When a leaf CONNECTIVE. The part which inter-
divides into two arms, each of which is venes between the two lobes of an anther
palmate. and holds them together it is subject to
;

CONJUGATO-PINNATE. When a leaf great diversity of form. It appears to be

divides into two arms, each of which is analogous to the midrib of a leaf, and is
pinnate. only absent when an anther is strictly one-
celled that is to say, when the whole of
;

CONJUNCTORIUM. The operculum of the interior of the end of the stamen is

the spore-case of an urn-moss. converted into pollen.
CONJURER OF CHALGRAVE'S FERN. CONNEMON. The fruit of Cucumis Cono-
A name assigned by Relhan in his Flora of vion, cultivated everywhere in Japan.
Cambridgeshire to Puccinia anemones but ;

whether a popular name or not we are un- CONNIVENT. Having a gradually inward
able to say. It is derived from the external direction, as many petals converging.
;

resemblance of its little heaps of proto-

spores to the fructification of Ferns. P.
CONOCARP. A fruit consisting of a col-
lection of carpels arranged upon a conical
anemones is 'filix lobata, globulis pulveru-
centre, as the strawberry.
lentis undique aspersa' of Ray's Synopsis,
where it is figured, and named after a spe- CONOCARPUS. A genus of Combretacece,
cimen in Bobart's Herbarium marked by consisting of trees and shrubs from tropi-
his own hand—' This capillary was gath- cal America (one species extending north-
ered by the Conjurer of Chalgrave.' The wards as far as Florida) and Western Africa,
elder Bobart, it may he observed, died in
]

with alternate leathery entire leaves, and

1680, and his son, who succeeded him, in densely aggregated stalked heads of flowers
1719. [M. J. B.] on globular or oblong receptacles. Calyx
J

CONNARACE.E. (Connarads.) A family of about the length of the ovary to which it

calycifloral dicotyledons, closely allied on adheres; petals none; stamens five to ten ex-
the one hand to Xanthoxylece, and on the serted ovary compressed, two-ovuled. The
;

other to Leguminosoe, differing from the fruit is leathery, scale-like, forming imbri-
former chiefly in the more completely apo- cated cone-like heads. The Indian species,
carpous ovary, and from the latter in the which were formerly placed in this genus,
perfectly regular flowers, and in the seed are now, separated under the name of
in which the radicle is always at a distance
j

Anogeissus, having the calyx tube pro-

from the hilum. They are trees or shrubs,
j

longed upwards far above the ovary. They

sometimes climbing, with alternate usu- produce very valuable timber, nearly as
ally pinnate leaves ; the stipules either
|

durable as teak, if kept dry. [J. T. S.]

small and deciduous, or wanting the flow-
j

ers small, in terminal or axillary racemes or

CONOCLINIUM. The name given to a
panicles. There are five sepals and petals,
j
genus of the composite family, composed
|

of a number of tropical American weeds,

ten stamens, and one to five carpels, with
rarely exceeding three feet in height. It
two ovules in each, and distinct terminal
is characterised by a setose pappus, conical
styles. There are about forty species, na-
tives of the tropics both of the New and
naked receptacle, and bell-shaped involucre,
the Old World. They are distributed into made up of two or three series of linear
scales. The species, of which about ten
six or seven genera, of which the principal
are enumerated, bear much resemblance
ones are Rourea, Connarus, and Gnestis. The
to each other. C. ccelestinum is a common
aril in some species of Omphalobium is
plant in thickets and waste places in the
entire. Zebra-wood is obtained from Om-
phalobium Larnberti.
,
Southern and Western United States. It is
a smooth or slightly hairy herb with oppo-
GONTSARTJS. A genus of shrubs or trees, j
site stalked leaves, which are oval in form,
forming the type of the order Connaracece. with notched margins. The flower-heads,
The leaves are compound,without stipules in terminal corymbs, are very numerous,
j

the flowers regular, with ten stamens and about the size of a pea the florets, of a
;

united by their filaments at the base, the bright blue or purple colour, are all tubu-
five which are opposite to the petals shorter lar, and have a fragrant odour. The genus
than the rest. 'Of the five ovaries, four differs from Eupatorium only in the conical
are generally abortive, and reduced to the receptacle. [A. A. BJ
condition of styles, while the fifth contains
two ascending ovules the stigma is di-
;
CONOID AL. Resembling a conical figure,
but not truly one, as the calyx of Silene
lated. The fruit is a kind of pod, but it
conoidea.
does not open, and contains only one seed,
the other being suppressed. The trees are J CONOMORPHA. A genus of 3mall ever-
CONC-] &l)z Creature oi SSotang. 324
green trees of the Myrsine family, found in are included the ovary is five-celled, with
;

the tropical parts of South America. The a single pendulous ovule in each cell. The
species have alternate stalked entire leaves hard indehi scent drupe is one-celled from
of a leathery texture and full of dots, oblong the abortion of the other cells. [W. C]
or elliptical in form, and varying from
three to seven inches in length. The small CONOSTYLIS. A genus of New Holland
white or green flowers are borne on short Hcemodoracece, consisting of perennial herbs
stiff racemes, and have a calyx of four
with distichous ensiform radical leaves, par-
divisions a funnel-shaped corolla with a
;
tially sheathing and equitant at the base,and
four-parted border, enclosing four stamens corymbose or subspicate heads of flowers at
and a one-celled ovary, which is crowned the top of a simple scape. The perianth is
with a short style. The fruit is a berry lanately woolly outside, its tube connate
about the size of a pea, and contains few with the ovary, and the limb regular, per-
seeds. [A. A. B.] sistent, and half- expanded in a bell-shaped
form it has six stamens with short erect
;

CONOPHOLIS. A genus of Orobanchacecs, filaments, and a conically dilated hollow

containing a single species, a native of persistent tripartible style. There are about
South America. It is a singular plant grow- half-a-dozen described species. [T. MJ
ing in clusters among fallen leaves, in oak
woods. The stem is crowded with scales, CONOTHAMNUS. A myrtaceous shrub,
which are at first fleshy, then dry and hard. native of the Swan River Colony, having
The upper scales form bracts to the flow- linear lance-shaped leaves, and flowers in
ers, the lower are closely and regularly im- heads, surrounded by ovate hairy bracts.
bricated. The flowers are in a thick scaly The calyx is hairy and four-toothed at the
spike, and have an unequally four to five margin the stamens are numerous, uni-
:

cleft calyx, a bilabiate slightly curved ted into five parcels, opposite to the petals
corolla swollen at the base, protruded sta- ovary three-celled; fruit a capsule in-
mens, and a depressed stigma. The fruit cluded within the tube of the calyx united
is an ovoid pod, with four placenta? ap- at the base with the branch, and contain-
proximated in the middle of each valve. ing one seed in each of its three compart-
The genus is nearly related to Orobanche, ments. [M. T. MJ
differing chiefly in having a bibracteolate
calyx, and exserted stamens. [W. C] CONRADIA. A genus of Gesneracece,
containing several species of shrubs or her-
CONOPSIDIUM. Platanthera. baceous plants, natives of the West Indies,
CONOSPERMUM. A genus of Proteacece, and reaching into the southern districts of
containing about forty species. It is dis- North America, They are shrubs, or rarely
tinguished by having a tubular four-cleft herbs, with petiolate generally dentate
calyx, one of the segments of which is oc- leaves, and axillary peduncles with a single
casionally much larger than the others. flower or sometimes with many-flowered
There are four stamens on short fila- cymes. The calyx tube is adherent to
ments (one of which is sterile), inserted the ovary, the limb five-cleft, or more or
at the base of the calyx segments : the less deeply five-parted the corolla is tubu-
;

three anthers cohere together; style fili- lar or campanulate, and its limb nearly
form, with a free oblique stigma. The fruit equally five-cleft. There are four didyna-
is a nut, containing a single silky seed. The mous stamens, with the rudiment of a fifth,
inflorescence is either in spikes or panicles. but neither hypogynous disc nor gland.
The habit of the different species varies The capsule is two-valved, and has two-
considerably; some are tall erect shrubs, parietal placenta? with numerous minute
while others are of much humbler growth. seeds. This genus can readily be separated
The foliage is very variable : in C. imbrica- from its allies, by the absence of disc or
tum the leaves are oval, scarcely a quarter glands around the ovary. [W. C.]
of an inch in length in C. filiforme and
;

C. ericifolium they are narrow and sharp-

CONSOLEA. A name proposed for a
genus of Cactacece. in honour of M. Michel-
pointed ; in C. cceruleum they are spathu-
Angelo Console, assistant-director of the
late, on very long footstalks ; in C. longifo-
Botanic Garden at Palermo, by whom the
lium and C. flexaosum they are nearly a
peculiar feature which serves to distinguish
foot in length, and not more than a quarter
it from Opuntia was first observed in
of an inch in width; while in C. tereti'fo-
1860-61. This peculiarity consists in the
lium and C. tenuifolium they are filiform,
presence of a cupuliform disk at the sum-
and a foot in length. A few species, as C. mit of the ovary, within which the substi-
ephedra ides, C. polycephalum, are nearly
pitate base of the style is inserted. The
leafless. This genus is confined to the
species, which include both unarmed and
extra-tropical portions of Australia one :
prickly plants, are shrubby, with tall simple
species (C. taxifolium) is likewise found in
continuous and inarticulated stems.bearing
Tasmania, [R. H.]
a few lateral-apical branches, which fall off
CONOSTEPHirM. A genus of Epacri- as the stem increases in height. The
dacece, containing a single New Holland flowers resemble those of Opuntia, and are
species, a branched erect shrub, with scat- produced near the apices of the branches
tered leaves, and solitary recurved axillary they are succeeded by oblong compressed
flowers. The calyx is five-parted, and is berries. C. rubescens is an example of the
surrounded with four or more bracts the ; unarmed species and C. ferox and spino-
;

corolla is five-toothed the oblong anthers

; sissima of the aculeate series. [T. M.]
 32-5 Clje Erra^urg at 38atang. [cony

CONSOLIDA. A section of the ranuncu- general meaning had been attached to the
laceous genus Delphinium, containing an- term 'Lilies of the Field,' which has by
nual species with only one carpel. D. ori- common consent been ascribed to the
entate and D. Ajacis, the rocket larkspurs, parallel phrase, Fowls of the Air,' while
'

are ofteu cultivated: and the blue variety J

the passage itself would have gained in
of the latter occurs in Cambridgeshire as a force and dignity by being kept clear from
corn-field weed, though it is usually con- botanical disquisitions. The Lily of the
sidered as D. Consolida by British authors. Valley is an inhabitant of the woods in
The true D. Consolida differs by having many parts of England, and has long been
glabrous carpels, and a corymbose inflores- admitted into every garden. A variety
cence, not racemose or paniculate, as in D. with double flowers, and another of a
Ajacis. It has been found in Jersey, but reddish hue, are also cultivated; but these
perhaps not truly wild. [J. T. S.] are far inferior to the wild form of the
plant. Notwithstanding the fragrance of
CONSOUDE GRANDE. fFr.) Symphytum the flowers, they have a narcotic odour
officinale. — HE'RISSE'E. Symphytum when dried, and if reduced to powder
echinatum. — MOYEXNE. Ajuga reptans.
j
excite sneezing. An extract prepared
CONTINUOUS. The reverse of articu- from the flowers or roots partakes of the
lated. A stem is said to be continuous properties of aloes. A beautiful and
which has no joints. durable green colour may be prepared
CONTORTED. An arrangement of petals from the leaves with lime. The genus
belongs to the Liliacece. C. majalis is the
j

or corolline lobes, when each piece, being

I

oblique in figure, and overlapping its only species retained, some others which
neighbour by one margin, has its other were formerly included being now referred
'
margin in like manner overlapped by that to Polygonatum. French, Muguet de Mai,
which stands next it, as in oleander. Lis de Mai, or des Vallees ; German, May-
Mume. [C. A. J.]
CONTORTUPLICATUS. Twisted back
upon itself. CONVERGENTI-NERVOSE. When sim-
veins diverge from the midrib of a leaf,
ple,
CONTRA YERVA. Dorstenia Contrayerva. and converge towards the mai'gin.
CONULEUU. The name given to a West CONVERGINERVED. When the ribs of
African bush of the eheagnus family, with a leaf describe a curve and meet at the
opposite entire leaves, which are oboval in point, as in Plantago lanceolata.
form and pointed, while both surfaces are
covered with scurfy scales. The small CONVOLUTE, CONVOLUTIVE. When
flowers are not known. The females, ar- one part is wholly rolled up in another, as
ranged in forked racemes, have a calyx in the petals of the wallflower.
with a cylindrical tube and a conical limb,
and are provided with a little opening at CONVOLVULACE^E. (Bindweeds.) A
the top through which the style protrudes. natural order of corollifloral dicotyledons,
The fruit is not known. [A. A. B.] included in Lindley's solanal alliance.
Herbs or shrubs, usually twining, and
CONVALLARIA. The Lily of the with a milky juice, having alternate leaves
Valley is a plant so well known, and one without stipules, and regular flowers
which is so universally a favourite, that the flower-stalks (peduncles) bear one or
little need be said by way of description. many flowers. Calyx five-divided, im-
A slender irregular stalk, a few inches bricated, persistent corolla plaited sta-
; ;

high and slightly curved, bears from eight mens five, alternate with the corolline
to twelve small bell-shaped milk-white lobes ovary free, two to four-celled
;

flowers, arranged one above another, each ovules one to two in each cell; styles
on a stalk of its own, all bending towards united, often divided at the top. Fruit a
the ground, symmetrically elegant in form, two to four-celled capsule, rarely one-
and of a delicate perfume. This stalk rises celled, valves breaking off and leaving the
from the base of a pair of broadly-lanceolate dissepiments and placentas in the middle
leaves, tapering towards each extremity of the fruit seeds large with mucila-
;

of a somewhat glaucous hue, clasped to- ginous albumen embryo curved. Abun
;

gether at the base by sheathing scales, and dant in tropical countries, and rare in cold
scarcely unfolded by the time the flowers climates they twine around other plants
;

aie in perfection. "Without poetical or and creep among weeds on the sea-shore.
fanciful conventionalities, the Lily of the The plants are characterised chiefly by
Valley is as perfect an emblem of purity, their purgative qualities, and many of
modesty, and humility, as the floral world them are used medicinally. Jalap is pro-
can afford. It may seem idle to observe cured from the root, or rather underground
that a flower of this description cannot stem of Exogonium (Ipomced) Purga, while
be that referred to in the Sermon on the the gum-resin called scammony is pro-
Mount but as that opinion is frequently duced by Convolvulus Scammonia. Ipomaa
;

broached in popular works, it may simply Bona nox is the moonflower of Ceylon and
be observed, that it never grows in the open other warm countries. Batatas edulis,
fields, and that there is nothing in its sweet potato or Batatas, is cultivated in
array to which the term 'glory 'is appli- Carolina, Japan, and China, and succeeds
cable. Not a little unprofitable commen- within an annual isotherm of 59°. It is
tary might have been spared if the same cultivated also in Spain and Portugal. In
CONV] €i)t E«a£ttrg af 3Sotang. 326

the Philippine islands the batatas or cam ci- white flowers isby some authors placed in
tes are used for making soup, as well as this genus. French, Herbe aux Puces
roasted. There are forty-six known genera, German, Diirrwurz. [C. A. J.]
and nearly 700 species. Illustrative genera: COOKIA. A genus of Aurantiacece, named
Calystegia, Convolvulus, Exogonium, Ipo-
[J. H. B.]
in honour of the famous circumnavigator.
mcea, Batatas, Pharbitis. It consists of small trees with compound
CONVOLVULUS. An extensive and leaves; whose leaflets are unequal at the
widely-distributed genus, typical of the base. The flowers have four to five concave
order of bindweeds, consisting of twining petals eight to ten stamens, distinct one
;

or trailing annual and perennial plants, from the other the ovary on a very short
;

mostly with showy flowers expanding stalk, four to five-celled, with two ovules
during the early part of the day. Among in each compartment and the style short
;

the allied genera of the order it is dis- and surmounted by a four to five-toothed
tinguished by its naked bractless calyx, stigma. The fruit is a globular berry, with
funnel-shaped corolla, two linear often re- five, or by suppression, fewer compart-
volute stigmas,and two-celled capsule, each ments, filled with juice. The fruit of one
cell containing two seeds. The species species,C.pz«ict«£a,isesteemed in China and
share largely in the medicinal properties the Indian Archipelago, where it is known
found in some other genera of the family ; under the name of Wampee. [M. T. M.]
qualities which depend on the presence of
a peculiar resin with purgative properties. COONDA OIL. The oil of Carapa guia-
C. Scammonia furnishes the scammony of nensis.
the druggist and in most of the perennial
;
COOPERIA. A
genus of Arnaryllidacem,
species, including the indigenous C. arven- allied to Zephyranthes. They are bulbous
sis and C. Sohlanclla, the same principle plants with linear tortuous leaves, and one-
occurs. C. dissectus abounds in hydrocya- flowered scapes. The perianth consists of
nic acid, and is said to be one of the a long erect slender cylindrical tube wide-
plants from which the liqueur noyau ned at the mouth, and a stellate limb of six
is prepared. Some of the species are regular equal segments the filaments are ;
popular ornaments of the flower-garden, nearly equal, erect, inserted in the mouth
and with one at least every body is familiar ;
of the tube the style erect with a three-
viz. C. tricolor or Minor Convolvulus of
;

lobed fimbriated stigma. The species, of

the seedsman, a dwarf Mediterranean
which but few are known, are natives of
species with large flowers of a beautiful Texas. The typical one, C. Brummondiana,
violet blue, the centre white and yellow. has narrow tortuous leaves, twelve to
Of the perennial climbing species, C. al- eighteen inches long, and a scape of six
thceoides with silky deeply-cleft ovate
inches to a foot high, bearing at the end a
foliage and rose-coloured flowers is an single flower, of which the tube is four and
example. C. bryouiicfolius, C. italicus, and
a-half inches long, greenish, often fading
C. Sibtlt'iriiii are closely related to it, and red, and the limb, rather over an inch long,
not easily distinguished. C. lineatus with and white. The flower always ex viands
very narrow entire foliage, and flesh- in the evening, and is not usually perfect
coloured flowers, is occasionally met with after the first night, the limb becoming
in gardens it is dwarfer and less showy
;
less stellate, and its margins curled, but it
than the preceding. A very distinct lasts three or four days in that state.
species is the C. Cneorwm, indigenous to '
The nocturnal flowering of this plant is an
the south of Europe, of shrubby habit i
anomaly in the order, and the more
with persistent lanceolate foliage clothed remarkable because its nearest kin, Zephy-
with silvery hairs, and whitish flowers ranthes, requires apowerful sun to make it
produced in terminal bunches in spring. expand. The flower is fragrant, smelling
C. mauritanicus is a pretty dwarf trailing
i

like a primrose.'— Herbert. C. pedunculate,

species with oval wavy foliage, and nu- called also Sceptranthus, isaiso a nocturnal-
merous axillary flowers of a pleasing violet blooming plant, with pure white primrose-
colour. [W.T.]
scented flowers. [T. M.]
CONYZA. A
genus of herbaceous or
shrubby plants belonging to the radiate COOPER'S WOOD. Alphitonia excelsa.
group of compound flowers, among which COPAIVA TREE. Copaifera officinalis,
it is discriminated by its naked receptacle,
which, with other species of Copaifera,
its three-cleft outer-florets, and the rough
yields Copaivi balsam.
pappus which crowns its fruit. The spe-
cies possess no properties to render them COPAI YE'. The wood of Vochya guia-
attractive. They were formerly supposed nensis.
to have the power, when suspended in
a room, of driving away fleas; hence the COPAL. A name applied to a gum-
English name Flea-bane, given also to an resinous product of various tropical trees.
allied genus. C.camphorata and marilan- — , BRAZILIAN,' obtained from several
dica give out a strong smell of camphor. species of Hymencea, and from Trachy-
'iitnisis is an evergreen shrub, a bibium Martianum. —, INDIAN, produced
native of Carolina, growing to the height by Yateria indica. —.MADAGASCAR, pro-
of live feet, and producing purple flowers duced by Hymencea verrucosa. —.MEXI-
from July to October. Bacchtrris lialimi- CAN, supposed to be the produce of some
folia, a shrubby species with insignificant I
Hymenoea.
327 Qtfyc Crcaj»ttrp of 23ntanji.
COPALCHE PLANT. Strychnos pseudo- '
tins is distinguished by its salmon-coloured
quina, which furnishes the Brazilian co- spores. [M. J. B.]
palche bark also Croton pseudo-china, the
;

bark of which is called copalche bark in I

COPROSMA. A genus of cinch onaceous
Mexico. ! shrubs, owing their name to their fetid
smell. The flowers are polygamous, each
or COPALMB D'A-
t

COPALM BALSAM, whorl of from four to nine divisions the

ME'RIQBE. (Fr.) A liquid balsam ob- stamens project from the somewhat bell-
;

tained from Liquidambar styraciflua. i shaped corolla the ovary has two to three
;

CO'PERNICIA. A genus of palms I compartments, and is surmounted by an

named in honour of the celebrated Coper-
'

epigynous disc. The fruit is a berry with

nicus. It comprises six species, inhabiting two or three seeds. The leaves of C. fceti-
tropical America, but three of them are dissima are used by the New Zealand
almost unknown. They grow twenty, priests to discover the will of the gods.
thirty, rarely forty feet high, their trunks The leaves are attached with a cord of flax
being covered by the remains of leaf-stalks, to sticks, which are laid on the ground,
and surmounted by tufts of fan-shaped each stick representing a separate party.
leaves, from amongst which the branching The priests retire to pray, and after a time
spikes of small greenish flowers are pro- the chiefs are summoned to examine the
duced, each spike having several sheathing sticks, which are found to have been
bracts scattered along its stalk. The moved, and some have disappeared entirely;
flowers are either perfect or imperfect, this is considered a certain sign that one
and have a cup-shaped calyx with three of the party will be destroyed. Others are
small teeth, a bell-shaped corolla with the found turned over. If the leaf be turned
upper part cut into three divisions, six down, the omen is bad, but if the reverse
stamens fixed to the inside of the corolla, should occur, it is a sign that the party
and three ovaries more or less cohering represented by the stick will prosper in
together. The fruit is yellowish, of an their undertakings. See Bennett's Gather-
elliptical form, and contains a single ings of a Naturalist in Australia. [M. T. M.]
seed.
The Carnaiiba or "Wax-Palm of Brazil, COPTIS, Gold Thread. A genus of
Eanunculacece containing a few North
C. cerifera, grows about forty feet high,
and has a trunk six or eight inches thick, American and North-east Asian herbs (one
of which extends into Russia) with creep-
composed of very hard wood, which is
commonly employed in Brazil for building ing rootstocks and trifoliate or biternate
radical leaves and simple or branched
and other purposes, and is sometimes sent
to this country and used for veneering. scapes with small white flowers, with five
The upper part of the young stems, how- or six petaloid deciduous sepals and as
ever, is soft, and yields a kind of sago
many petals ; fifteen to twenty-five sta-
and the bitter fruits are eaten by the mens, and five to ten follicular stalked car-
pels diverging in the form of a star, with
Indians. The young leaves are coated
with wax, called carnaiiba wax, winch four to eight seeds in each. The bitter rhi-
is detached by shaking them, and then
zomes are used in America as atonic, and
also yield a yellow dye. [J. T. SJ
melted and run into cakes it is harder
;

than bees' wax, and has been used by COPTOPHYLLTJM. The name of a sec-
Price and Co. for making candles, but tion or group of Anemia in which the
as no process of bleaching has been caudex produces distinct sterile and fertile
discovered, they retain the lemon-coloured fronds. It contains one or two beautiful
tint of the raw wax. The leaves are also dwarf species, as A. buniifolia and A. mille-
used for thatching, making hats, &c, and folia. [T. M.]
while young as fodder for horses. [A. S.]
COQUARDEAU. (Fr.) Cheiranthus fenes-
COPPER. Y. Brownish red, with a metal- tralis.
lic lustre.
COQTTE. (Fr.) Cocculus.
COPRINUS. A genus of gill-bearing
Fungi remarkablefor their dark spores and COQUELICOT. (Fr.) Papaver Rhceas.
deliquescent pileus. The gills moreover COQUELOURDE. (Fr.). Anemone Pul-
adhere together in consequence of the satilla also Lychnis coronaria.
;
great projection of the transparent pro-
cesses supposed to be antheridia. The COQTJELUCHIOLE. (Fr.) Cornucopia.
species are numerous, of extremely rapid
growth, and are developed for the most
COQBERELLE. (Fr.) Anemone Pulsa-
tilla.
part on dung hotbeds or very rich manured
soil. They have even been found on the COQUERET. rFr.) Physalis Alkekengi.
dressings of fractured limbs. A few hours — COMESTIBLE. Physalis peruviana.
,

is often sufficient for their complete deve-

lopment and decay.
COQUILL A NUTS. The seeds of Attalea
G. atramentarius
funifera.
yields a very dark juice which has some-
times been used for ink, and both that and COQUITO. The Chilian name of the
some other species are mixed with other palm Jubcea spectabilis.
fungi to make ketchup. C. comatus is
sometimes eaten when young and is said CORACAN. (Fr.) Eleusine Coracana,
to be both delicate and wholesome. C. bolbi- CORACINUS. Raven-black.
 coea] €Ije QixZciSuvy of 3Sotang. 328
CORACOA DE JESU. Mikania offlci- ' Corallorhiza; also sometimes applied to
nails. Dentaria bulbifera.
COR AIL DES JARDIN8. (Fr.) Capsi- CORAL-TREE. The common name for
cum annuum. Erythrina.
CORAL BERRY. An American name CORALWORT. Dentaria bulbifera.
for Symphor tearpus vulgaris.
CORBEILLE D'ARGENT. (Fr.) Iberis
CORALLIFORM, CORALLOID. Re- sempervirens. — D'OR. (Fr.) Alyssum sax-
sembling coral in general appearance. atile.

CORALLINA, CORALLINES. A genus CORBULARIA. A genus of amaryllids,

and division of rose-spored Algce, the latter commonly called Hoop-petticoats. It is a
characterised by their calcareous rigid small group sub-divided from Narcissus,&nd.
fronds, which when fresh are purple, fading its chief peculiarities are a funnel-shaped
to creamy white. Some are shrubby and tube to the perianth, an inconspicuous limb
jointed, others are crustaceous, and often with small narrow spreading segments.
adhere closely to their matrix, as pebbles, and a large funnel-shaped cup, which is
\
shells, seaweed, &c, while others present longer than the tube itself; the filaments
clavate or nodular forms, and are at length and style are decimate and recurved, the
free from any attachment. When treated sepaline filament inserted at the base, and
with hydrochloric acid their structure be- the petaline near the base of the tube. The
comes visible under the microscope, and species are pretty dwarf hardy bulbs with
A ery narrow half-terete leaves, and com-
r
in some, as in Corallina, tetraspores have
been discovered. The whole group, how- paratively large sliowy flowers, one to
ever, requires further investigation, and three together on the scape. The species
when the fruit is discovered in all the are found in the middle and south of
genera, it is probable that they will be ab- Europe. C.Bulbocodium,the common Hoop-
sorbed into other groups. From the great petticoat and the type of the genus, is a
quantity of carbonate of lime which they small plant, with conical bulbs as large as a
contain, some of the species, but especi- nut, three or more leaves from four to
which is very com-
ally Corallina. officinalis, eight inches long, and a one-flowered scape
mon on our coasts, have been employed in four to six inches long; the flower an inch
medicine. They have, however, no specific long, pale yellow, with narrow linear lance-
properties beyond common chalk, which is olate segments, the cup or coronet promi-
a much more convenient substance. Crabs' nent truncate deep yellow-. Thefewspecies
eyes, crabs' claws, and red coral may be vary chiefly in size and colour. [T. M.]
considered as belonging to the same phar-
maceutical category. [M. J. B.] CORCHORFS. This genus of Tiliaceas
contains between forty and fifty species of
CORALLINES. See Corallinece. herbaceous plants or small shrubs, with
simple leaves, inhabitants of both hemi-
CORALLORHIZA. A genus of orchids spheres, but seldom found far beyond the
consisting of a small number of brown or
tropics. Their flowers are produced either
yellowish terrestrial parasitical herbs, na-
singly or in clusters opposite the leaves.
tives of moist woods and sliady places in
They have a calyx of five deciduous sepals,
Europe, North America, and Northern
and a corolla of five petals, with numerous
Asia. Their leaves are reduced to small
stamens, a very short tubular style, and
scales of the colour of the stems their ;
from two to five stigmas. Their fruit is
flowers are small in a loose terminal spike,
long and pod-like or roundish, and splits
the sepals and petals nearly alike, the lip when ripe into five divisions, each of which
larger and often white, the column short,
has numerous seeds arranged in rows on
with a terminal lid-like anther, and two
either side of a longitudinal partition.
pairs of globular pollen masses attached
C. capsular is is an annual Asiatic plant,
laterally. C. innata, the only European spe-
growing about ten or twelve feet high,
cies, occasionally occurs in some parrs of
and having a straight cylindrical stem as
Scotland. It is a slender plant of six to nine
thick as the little finger, and seldom
inches high, of a pale colour, and remark- branching till near the top. Its leaves are
able for its rootstock, formed of a number
about six inches long by one and a half or
of short thick whitish fleshy fibres, repeat-
two broad towards the base, but tapering
edly divided into short blunt branches, and
upwards into a long sharp point, and hav-
densely interwoven, which, from their re
ing their edges cut into saw-like teeth, the
semblance to coral, have given the name two teeth next the stalk being prolonged
to the genus.
into bristle-like points. The flowers are
Two species are found in Mexico, of yellow, and produced in clusters of two or
which one, C. bullosa, has its stem dis-
three together: they are succeeded by a
tended into a kind of corm at the base. small almost globular but flat-topped fruit.
The largest flowered species inhabits
This species, as well as C. olitorius, yields
North-west America. C. indica was found the exceedingly valuable fibre known
by Dr. T. Thomson in the North-western under the name of Jute. Only twenty years
Himalaya. A supposed species called C. ago, Jute was hardly heard of out of India,
foliosa, because it bears a true leaf, now where it had long been in use amongst the
forms i art of the genus Onorchis. natives for making cordage and cloth, but
CORAL-ROOT. The common name for it now forms a very important article of
 329 Qfyt €rca£urw at 33otang. [coed
! commerce no ; lessthan "38,085 ewt.,valued |
tropical regions of the world. They are :

at 019,668?., having been imported to this trees or shrubs with alternate rarely sub-
country alone in 1858. The plant is largely opposite petiolate and entire or subden-
cultivated in India also by the Malays arid
;
'

tate leaves, and flowers variously arranged,

|
Chinese. The fibre is separated by the or- sometimes polygamous, or monoecious from
I
dinary process of steeping in water. It is the abortion of parts. The calyx is tubular
frequently as much as twelve feet in length, with four or five teeth the corolla is f un-
j
;

I very soft, silky, and separable into fine fila- nel-shaped with the limb four to five-parted,
I

• nients, which are easily spun. Jute is rarely six to twelve-lobed the stamens are
i
;

j
much used in the manufacture of carpets, as numerous as the divisions of the corolla,
I
and some kinds of cloth but is not suit- and are inserted in the tube the ovary is
; ;
:

|
able for cordage, as it will not bear expo- four-celled, and bears a doubly-bifid style, !

|
sure to wet. Its most important use, with a stigmatic surface on each division. I

l
however, is for the manufacture of the The drupaceous fruit is ovate or globose,
|

I gunny-bags, so extensively used for packing pulpy, generally surrounded by the per-
|
cotton, rice, and other dry goods, enormous sistent calyx, and four-celled or one to
quantities of them being exported from three-celled from the abortion of one or
India to the United States for that pur- more cells there is a single seed in each ;

pose. Very good paper is made from the cell. This large unwieldy genus has been
refuse fibre, and also from worn-out guu- divided into the following sections from
! ny-bags and a kind of whisky, resembling characters obtained from the calyx and it
; ;

corn-spirit, has been distilled froni the would be well if these sections were raised
waste ends of the stems. into genera :—
ft olitorius, is a native of India, but is now Gerascanthus, having a cylindrical ten-
naturalised in all parts of the tropics, and grooved calyx.
extends as far north as the shores of the Pilicordia, with an oblong or cylindrical
Mediterranean. It is an annual plant much ten-striate calyx.
resembling ft capsularis, the principal dif- Physoclada, having a membranaceous
ference existing in the fruit, which in this calyx, hispid at the apex with sette, and at
species is two inches long, almost cylin- length irregularly torn.
drical, and about the thickness of a quill. Sebestenoides, having a cylindrical or |

The young shoots of this species are com- ovate smooth three to ten-toothed calyx.
monly used as a pot-herb in tropical coun- Myxa, the calyx not grooved, four to
tries, as are those of ft capsularis ;it is five-toothed, the teeth short or rarely awn-
(
much grown for this purpose in Egypt and shaped. I

Syria, and being used by the Jews, it has Cordiopsis, with an obovate or oblong
obtained the name of Jews' Mallow. It calyx terminating in five setaceous divi-
I

yields part of the Jute of commerce. sions.

ft siliquosus, a common species in the The fruit qf some species is eaten, as of
West Indies and tropical America, is an ft latifolla and ft Myxa, two Indian species
!

herbaceous plant about two or three feet which have succulent mucilaginous and
j

high; its leaves differ from those of the two emollient fruits. From their mucilaginous
! i

last in not having bristles on the two bot- Equalities, combined with some astringency, I

tom teeth, and there is usually a line of they have been employed as pectoral medi- I

minute hairs along the stem. The negroes cines, under the name of Sebestens. The
f

in the West Indies use it for making be- fruit of ft abyssinica is used in the same j

soms, and the inhabitants of Panama drink way in Abyssinia. The bark of ft Myxa is i

an infusion of the leaves as a substitute a mild tonic, and is used in India for astrin-
for tea hence they call it te.
: [A S.] gent gargles. Some species supply useful
j

and ornamental timber the wood of ft ;

CORCULUM. The embryo; and also, the Rumphii is brown, beautifully veined with j

small axis of growth in such dicotyledon- black, and smells of musk, ft Gerascanthus \

ous ernbryos as the walnut. yields a timber of importance in the West

Myxa
j

CORDATE. A plane body, having two

Indies. The wood of ft and is soft, \

of little use except for fuel. It is reckoned

round lobes at the base the whole resem-
; j

one of the best kinds for kindling fire by

bling the heart in a pack of cards.
i

friction, and it is said to be the wood

CORDATO-HASTATE. Between cordate which was used by the Egyptians in con-
j

and hastate. structingtheir mummy-cases. See Plate 6,c, i

CORDATO-OVATE. Between cordate and and Plate 10, e. [W. C]

ovate.
CORDIACE.33. A tribe or suborder of |

CORDATO-SAGITTATE. Between cord- Boraginacem, often considered as forming

ate and sagittate. a distinct family. They differ from true
BoraginecE, but agree with Ehretiacece in
CORDELYSTYLIS. A little known genus their concrete entire ovary internally di-
of Indian orchids described by Falconer in
the Journal of Botany (iv. 75). It seems to vided into four or more cells and are dis- ;

be related to Spiranthes. tinguished from both of those suborders by

their branching style, and most frequently
CORDIA (including Myxa, Pilicordia, by their plaited cotyledons. They are trees,
Rhabdocalyx, and Sebestena). A genus of Bo- shrubs, or rarely herbs, with alternate
r«ginaceo>., containing nearly 200 species of rough leaves their flowers are in terminal
;

plants scattered over the tropical and sub- cymes, sometimes gyrate as in true Bora-
ginece-, or rarely solitary. The fruit is usu- often by abortion one or two-seeded.
ally more or less drupaceous. There are The species are found in tropical Africa,
above 150 species, natives of the tropical or in Madagascar, and the Mascarene Islands,
subtropical regions both of the New and and in the Malayan Archipelago. The typi-
the Old World, and have been distributed cal species, C. reflexa, a native of the Mauri-
into about twelve genera, most of which tius, St. Helena, and Madagascar, has a
have, however, been since reduced to Cor- naked simple stem, bearing a crowded
dia itself. head of numerous ensiform striated leaves,
six or seven inches long, and scarcely half
CORDICEPS. A fine genus of Spha?riace-
an inch wide. The flowers are fragrant,
ous Fungi distinguished by its fleshy tex- numerous, yellowish green, in a branched
ture, vertical stipitate stroma and filiform terminal raceme. C. fragrans, a "West
articulate spores, which separate at the
African species, has a tall stem with a
articulations. The species are the most terminal head of lanceolate leaves, two
remarkable amongst the very important to three feet long, and two to three inches
group to which they belong. A few grow broad, and divaricately-branched panicles
upon dead leaves, decaying branches, or of fragrant white flowers, collected into
ergoted grains, the rest upon pupae or dense umbellate heads. C. Sieboldii is a
larvas of insects. The New Zealand C.
compact growing species with oblong
Robertsii occurs on the caterpillar of a
leaves, four to six inches long, deep green,
species of Hepialus, and is frequently
ornamentally blotched with paler green,
brought home as an object of curiosity. and producing short terminal panicles of
"We have two or three fine species in this
greenish-white flowers. Some very orna-
country, of which C. militaris is remarkable
mental species formerly included in C'ordy-
for its brilliant scarlet hue. C. alutacea,
line, are now referred to the genera Cala-
which is of a pale tan, grows upon pine
dracon and Draccenopsis and others less
leaves, and a form of it, or distinct species, ;

striking in their appearance to Charl-

on Ulex europceus. There is no doubt
icoodia. [T. M.]
that, in many cases, the fungus-bearing
insects are attacked during their lifetime CORDTLOBLASTE. The name
of a
and there is one species of Cordiceps which Javanese doubtfully referred to
tree
occurs on wasps in the "West Indies, which Meliacece. has elliptic entire pointed
It
is considerably developed before the insect leaves flowers in whorls of five stamens
; ;

dies. The wasps so attacked are known united into a tube, the upper edge of which
by the name of Guiipes vegetantes. The has six anthers on it and ten or twelve
peculiarities of the species which grow on teeth, while numerous other anthers are
ergot will be noticed under that head. C. attached to the inner surface of the tube
sinensis is supposed by the Chinese to have of the stamens style simple ovary seated
; ;

healing properties, and is sold as a drug in on a fleshy disc, which is adherent to the
little bundles. [M. J. B.] base of the calyx, with one many-seeded
CORDIFORM. "When a solid has the compartment. [M. T. M.]
form of cordate. CORDYLOGYNE. A genus of Asclepia-
CORDLEAFS. A name given by Lindley dacece, consisting of a single herbaceous
to the group of restiaceous plants. plant growing at a height of 4,000 feet on
the mountains of Southern Africa. The
CORDON DE CARDINAL. (Fr.) Poly- plant has many erect slender stems about
gonum orientate. a foot high, long linear leaves, and pale
CORDYLANTHUS. A genus of Homa- green flowers clustered in many-flowered
linacece from Java. It is allied to Black- long peduncles. The calyx consists of five
wellia, but with an elongate club-shaped small hairy sepals the corolla is five-
;

perianth tube, adhering to the ovary, the parted, the divisions erect, and at length
limb ten or twelve-par ted, and the segments spreading the staminal crown consists of
;

in two rows, the inner longer and petaloid five oblong leaves with angular processes
leaves alternate, shortly-stalked, leathery, on their lateral margins the anthers are
;

elliptical, toothed; flowers white, race- terminated by a triangular opaque apex,

mose, axillary; peduncles one to three- adpressed to the base of the oblong fleshy
flowered stamens fifteen or twelve styles
; ;
stigma the pollen masses are attached by
;

three to five ovary one-celled. [J. T. S.]

;
slender-kneed processes to a small simple
corpuscle the follicle is solitary, slender,
CORDYLINE. A genus of erect-stemmed and erect, with comose
;

seed. [W. C]
shrubby palm-like Liliacece, bearing spread-
ing and very ornamental heads of narrow COREMA, Portugal Crakeberry. An
elongate striated leaves, and terminal erect much-branched low shrub of rigid
panicles of numerous small flowers. The habit, closely allied to JEmpetrum, from
perianth is deciduous, tubulosely bell- which it is distinguished by having no
shaped, with a six-cleft or six-parted spread- scales at the base of its calyx, and by its
ing limb of linear segments, inserted in white three-seeded globose berries. The
two rows and there are six stamens with
; branches are slightly downy; the leaves
linear filaments inserted in the mouth of obtuse, small, and narrow, with revolute
the tube. The ovary is three-celled with edges, and sprinkled with resinous dots
one ovule in each cell; and the style is flowers white, growing in terminal groups
filiform with a capitate three-lobed stigma. very like those of Empetrum, but larger.
The fruit is a globose three-celled berry, It is a native of Portugal and other coun-
 J31 Efje CrcaSurii' of 28 a tang. [CORI

tries ofSouthern Europe, and is described pinnately divided into broad or wedge-
by some authors under the name of Empe- shaped deeply-cut segments, while the
trum lusitanicum. [C. A. J.] upper leaves are more finely cut. The
umbels have five to eight rays without a
COREOPSIS. A genus of American general involucre, and the partial ones
herbaceous composite plants remarkable consist of only a few small bracts; the
for the singular shape of its seeds, which j
flowers are whitish or pink. The most
are flat on one side, convex on the other, characteristic feature, however, is the
membranous at the edge, and having the globular fruit, which is crowned by the
pappus furnished with two horns not un- teeth of the calyx, and has no oil channels
like the antennae of an insect. Hence its on the outer surface, but two on the inner
name, which in Greet signifies 'bearing face of each half of the fruit ; the
resemblance to a bug.' Many species are ridges are five and rather indistinct. The
cultivated, among which C. diversifolia isa two carpels of which the fruit is composed
perennial with branching stems, small I

do not readily separate one from the other.

three to five-lobed leaves and large ter- j Coriander fruits or seeds are carminative
minal flowers, the disk of which is purple, and aromatic, and are hence used for
and the rays yellow, marked with a purple flavouring purposes in curries, &c, &c.
stain at the base. Several beautiful annual The odour and taste depend upon a vola-
species, as C. tinctoria, C. coronata, C. Aikin- tile oil. The fresh plant has a strong
soniana, and C. Brummondii, are now re- smell of bugs. [M. T. MJ
j

ferred to Calliopsis. C. verticillata is a

handsome shrubby perennial, continuing CORIARIA. A genus of shrubs of un-
long in flower; its flowers are used in certain position, by some made to consti-
i

North America to dye cloth red. [C. A. J.] tute a distinct family under the name of
j

Coriariem. The leaves are opposite, simple,

CORESES. Dark red, broad, discoid ribbed, and entire. The flowers are in
bodies, found beneath the epicarp of clusters, either hermaphrodite, monoe-
grapes. cious, or dioecious calyx five-parted, bell-
;

CORETTE POTAGE^RE. (Fr.) Corcho- shaped; petals five, fleshy, with a promi-
i rus olitorius. nent ridge internally stamens ten, arising ;

from beneath the ovary, which consists of

CORETHROSTYLIS. A genus of "W. five carpels arranged obliquely upon a
Australian bushes belonging to the bytt- thickened receptacle stigmas five; ovules ;

neriads, remarkable for the form of the solitary, pendulous, inverted. Fruit of
style, which is elongated and furnished five crustaceous indehiscent one-seeded
:

with numerous tufts of recurved hairs, carpels, concealed by the membranous

giving it the appearance of a bottle-brush, sepals and fleshy petals. These shrubs are
j

This curious appearance has suggested the natives of Southern Europe, the Mediter-
j

name. About seven species are known, ranean, Peru, Nepaul, and New Zealand.
all of them having their parts more or less
J

C. myrtifolia, the European species, is a

covered with rusty-coloured starry hairs. low deciduous shrub with myrtle-like
. Their leaves are alternate, mostly heart- leaves. Its fruit is poisonous, and is said
;

shaped, and either entire or notched. The to have proved fatal to some French
flowers are in branched racemes, which soldiers in Catalonia. The leaves have
arise from opposite the leaves, each flower also been used to adulterate senna—
I supported by a bract, and consisting of a dangerous fraud, as they are stated to have
five-parted petal-like calyx covered with caused tetanic convulsions, and subsequent
|
soft hairs; no petals; five stamens with coma. C. myrtifolia is also used in dyeing
;
short stalks, and anthers opening at the black. C.sarmentosa, theWine berry shrub of
;

apex by a small pore, surrounding a three- the settlers in New Zealand, has pendulous
!
lobed ovary, which, when ripe, becomes a branches, greenish white flowers in long
\
three-celled capsule with three seeds. C. slender clusters, and shining-black berry-
J
Vracteata is a pretty bush sometimes seen like fruits, full of a dark red juice of sweet
in greenhouses it has heart-shaped entire taste, and free from any deleterious pro-
:

leaves about an inch in length, covered perties, but the seeds if eaten are poison-
like all parts of the plant with rusty hairs. ous thenativesthereforehavingexpressed
;

The pink starry flowers, with pink bracts, the juice from the fruits, strain it before
appear in great profusion. [A. A. B.] they drink it, or soak their baked fern root
in it. The missionaries at the Bay of
'

CORIACEOES. Having the consistence Islands,' says Dr. Bennett, from whose
of leather. Wanderings in Australia this notice is
CORIANDER. Coriandrum sativum. taken, make an agreeable wine from the
'

berries of the shrub, which tastes like

CORIANDRUM. A genus of Umbelliferce that made from elderberries.' The effects
producing the fruits erroneously called that result from eating the seeds are con-
Coriander seeds. There is but one species, vulsions and delirium, which continue for
I C. sativum, a native of Southern Europe, several hours, and frequently terminate
the Levant, &c, and cultivated even in fatally. The fruit of C. nepalensis is also
>
this country, where it is also sometimes eaten in Northern India. [M, T. MJ
met with in a half wild condition. It has
a branching annual stem, one to one and a CORTNDE. (Fr.) Cardiospermuvi Ealica-
I half foot high, with the lower leaves cabum.
 CORINTHS. The berries of the Corin- cereal or grain-producing grasses. —
thian grape, the Currants of the shops. BROOM. Sorghum Dora, the panicles of
which are made into brooms, and the
CORIS. A genus of Primulacece, con- grain used for poultry food. KAFFIR —
taining a single species, a native of the A species of Sorghum, probably S. saccha-
western coasts of the Mediterranean. It ratum. —GOOSE. Juncus squarrosus: —
is a lowly branching herbaceous plant, GUINEA. Sorghum vulgare also applied ;

with alternate linear coriaceous leaves, in the West Indies to several grain-bear-
and flowers in dense terminal spicate ra- ing species of Panic urn, as P.pyramidalc,
cemes. The calyx is campanulate with a scabrum, &c. —
INDIAN. The maize, Zea
double limb, the outer ray subbilabiate, Mays.
with the upper lip six-toothed and the
lower five-toothed, the inner portion being CORNACEiE. An inconsiderable natu-
cleft into five triangular lobes, of which ral order of polypetalous calycifloral dico-
the upper two are the largest the corolla tyledons, belonging to Lindley's umbellal
;

is tubular, with the limb bilabiate and cleft alliance. Trees or shrubs usually with op-
into five emarginate lobes, the two upper posite leaves having no stipules; flowers
of which are the smallest the stamens are in cyrnose clusters or in heads surrounded
;

scarcely exserted; the slender filaments by an involucre calyx adherent, its limb ;

have glands at their base on the corolla four-toothed petals four, valvate in bud
;

tube the ovary is obovate, and has a sub- stamens four, alternate with the petals
;

globose placenta the globose capsule has styles united into one ovary two-celled
; ;

five valves and five seeds. [W. C] ovules solitary, pendulous. Fruit a two-
celled drupe (like a cherry). Natives of the
CORISPERMUM. A genus of Clienopo- temperate parts of Europe, Asia, and Ame-
diacece, containing wiry-stemmed hairy an- rica. The plants of this order are used as
nual herbs from Eastern Europe and tem- tonics and in ague. Cornus mascula is the
perate Asia. Leaves narrow, sessile; flowers akenia of the Greeks, and the kizziljiek
very small, solitary in the axils of the or red-wood of the Turks. From the wood
leaves, forming spikes perianth of a vari- of this plant the Turks obtain the dye for
;

able number of small scales, rarely of one, or their red fez. The fruit stewed and mixed
absent stamens one to five, but generally with water forms a good drink in hot
;

tln-ee, the lateral ones often sterile ovary weather, and from its astringeucy it is
;

compressed with short style and two stig- useful in bowel-complaints. Various species
mas fruit compressed often margined. of Cornus or dogwood are used in America
;

Abundant in the marshy steppes of South- as substitutes for Peruvian bark. There
ern Russia. [J. T. S.] are nine known genera and forty species.
CORK, KORKER. The name in the Aucuba. Illustrative genera Cornus, Benthamia,
: —
[J. H. B.]
Scotch Highlands of Lccanora tartarea,
where, Dr. Lindsay informs us, it is made CORNARET. (Fr.) Martynia.
into a domestic dye by macerating the
powdered lichen for some weeks in putrid CORN CAMPION, CORN COCKLE. Agro-
urine, with the addition of kelp or salt,
stemma Githago.
and when the requisite crimson or purple CORNE-DE-CERF. (Fr.) Coronopus vul-
tint is obtained, forming the paste into garis.
balls or lumps with lime or burnt shells,
and hanging it in bags to dry. When used CORNEILLE. (Fr.) Lysimachia vul-
garis.
it is powdered, and then boiled in water
with a little alum. In the island of Shet- CORNEL. (CORNOUILLER, Fr.) The
land both the dye and the lichen are called Cornelian cherry, Cornus mascula. WILD —
Korkalett. [M. J. B.] or FEMALE. The dogwood, Cornus san-
guinea.
CORK-TREE. Quercus Suber, the bark
of which is cork. CORNEOUS. Horny; hard and very close
CORK- WOOD. Anona palustris. —NEW in texture, but; capable of being cut with-
out difficulty, the parts cut off not being
SOUTH WALES. Duboisia myoporoides. as the albumen of many plants.
— WEST INDIAN. Ochroma Lagopus. brittle :

CORM. A underground stem, hav-

fleshy
CORN-FLAG. The common name for
Gladiolus.
ing the appearance of a bulb, from which
it is distinguished by not being scaly. CORN-FLOWER. Centaurea Cyanus.
CORMAU or CORNIAU. (Fr.) A kind CORNICULATE. Terminating in a pro-
of olive. cess resembling a horn as the fruit of;

CORMIER. Trapa Mcornis. If there are two horns the

(Fr.) Sorbus domestica.
word Mcornis is used, if three tricornis,
CORMOPHYLLUM. A name given by and so on.
Newman to a genus of Ferns having an
CORNIDIA. A genus of trees and shrubs
erect caudex 'eventuating in fronds,' and
in which he proposed to imite the species
from Peru and Chili belonging to Hydran-
usually referred to Cyathea, HemiWia, and
geacea.'. They have opposite ovate or obo-
vate stalked leaves, which are leathery and
Alsophila. [T. M.]
generally serrated, and bear their flowers
CORN. A general term applied to the in a terminal corymbose cyme of many
 ;33 CTje Crca£urg nf SSntanj?. [corn

rays : calyx-tube adhering to the ovary, parts of Germany, and eaten by children, or
the limb four or five-toothed petals four or
; made into sweetmeats and tarts. The
five ou an epigynous ring stamens eight
; Turks use the flowers in diarrhoea, and the
or ten; styles two to four capsule with two
; fruits against cholera, or for flavouring
or four imperfect partitions. [J .T. S.] sherbet. The wood is exceedingly hard
and durable, and also tough and flexible
CORN-SALAD. The Lamb's lettuce,
in central Europe it is used for making
Valerianella olitoria. forks and other implements, ladder-spokes,
CORNIJ (adj. CORNUTT7S). A horn-like &c, and the young branches for butcher's
process,commonly solid, and usually a me- skewers. C. sanguinea, which grows wild
tamorphosed state of some other organ. in England, is known under the names of
Also employed in the sense of Calcar. Dogwood, Dogberry tree, or Hound's tree,
in consequence of a decoction of its bark
CORNUCOPLE. A genus of grasses having formerly been used for washing
belonging to the tribe Phalaridece. It is mangy dogs. It is a shrub about six feet
distinguished chiefly by the involucre high with dark red branches and broadly
being large, one-leaved, cup-shaped or egg-shaped pointed leaves, which are hairy
funnel-shaped, many-flowered glumes ; when young; and bearing heads of dull white
two, united at the base, mitre-formed, and flowers without bracts, producing globular,
equal pales one, bladder-shaped, split on
; nearly black, and very bitter fruits, which
one side, with an awn below the middle yield an oil fit for lamps. Its hard wood is
stigmas long. Only one species is des- used like that of the other species, and its
cribed, C. cucullata, the Horn of Plenty young branches for skewers. C. suecica is
grass, a native of Greece and Asia Minor, a humble little plant not more than six
which is frequently cultivated in gardens inches high, native of Britain, Northern
amongst curious annuals. [JD. M.] Europe, Asia, and America. Its creeping
roots produce annual stems having a few
CORNUELLE. (Fr.) Trapa nutans. stalkless egg-shaped leaves, and termi-
CORNTJS. The typical genus of the nated by a head of very minute purple
order of cornels, consisting of twenty or flowers, surrounded by four large petal-
thirty species distributed throughout tem- like white bracts. The little red berries of
perate Europe, Asia, and America, generally this plant form part of the winter stock of
forming small trees or shrubs, some, how- food collected by the Esquimaux and in ;

ever, being humble herbs only a few inches the Scotch highlands they are a reputed
high. Their leaves are undivided and tonic, and are supposed to increase the
generally opposite ; their flowers have a appetite, the plant being called lus-a-
calyx composed of four minute teeth, and chrasis, or Plant of gluttony. [A. S.]
a corolla of four yellow or white petals Chemical analysis shows that the bark of
and their fruit contains a hard two-celled the root, stem, and branches of C. florida,
stone with two seeds, and is marked at the which are bitter, astringent and aromatic,
top with a scar from the remains of the contain, in different proportions, the same
calyx. substances as are found in Cinchona, except
G. florida, a deciduous tree about thirty- that there is more gum,mucilage,gallicacid,
feet high, is common in the woods in vari- and extractive matter, and less resin, qui-
ous parts of North America. It has shining nine, and tannin. The principle obtained
branches, and egg-shaped sharp-pointed from it is called comine, and its salts have,
leaves, clothed with closely-pressed hairs according to Dr. Blackie, all the properties
on both sides and its heads of yellowish of these of quinine, though not so strongly
;

flowers are surrounded by four large white marked; the principle is also difficult to
bracts. In the United States the bark of obtain in any quantity. The extract of Dog-
!

this tree is substituted for Peruvian bark wood, though inferior and less stringent
in intermittent fevers. Mixed with sul- than the best cinchona, is said to be better
j

phate of iron it makes a good black ink than the inferior kinds this extract con- ;

and the bark of the root dyes a scarlet tains all the tonic properties, while the
colour. Its wood is hard, heavy, and close- simple resin is merely a stimulant. In
grained, but being of small size it is only cases of debility, Dogwood is a valuable
!

used for handles of tools, &c. the young corroborant. Country people often use it
; !

branches stripped of their bark are used as a decoction, or chew the twigs as a
j

for whitening the teeth. prophylactic against fevers. Drunkards

The Cornelian Cherry, C. rnascula, is a sometimes employ a tincture of the berries
native of many parts of Europe and to restore the tone of the stomach, and
Northern Asia, forming a large shrub or combat the pains of dyspepsia. The pow-
small tree about fifteen or twenty feet in dered bark of the plant makes one of the
!
height, having smooth branches with oval best tooth powders, as it preserves the
sharp-pointed leaves, and producing its gums hard and sound, and at the same
heads of small yellow flowers early in time renders the teeth extremely white.
spring, before the appearance of the leaves. Rubbing the fresh twigs on the teeth has
Its pulpy fruits resemble a cornelian in this effect, and the Creoles of the West
colour, and are about the size and shape Indies, the pearly whiteness of whose teeth
|

of olives, for which they are sometimes is universally acknowledged, use another
i

substituted. The ripe fruits have a harsh species in this way.

j
[T. MJ
acid taste, and are scarcely eatable, but
they are sold in the markets in some CORNWEED. Biserrula Pelecinus.
 CORO] &f)£ Creasiurg of SSotang. 334
COROLLA (adj. COROLLARIS, COROL- with creeping roots, and slender angular
LINE). Tliat part of a flower which stems, from one to three feet long. The
intervenes between the calyx and stamens leaves, from two to three inches in length,
its parts are called petals. have numerous oblong leaflets, and the
flowers vary much in colour, being either
COROLLIFLOR^. A subclass of dico- white, rose, or violet. It grows in various
tyledons or Exogens, characterised by the parts of Southern Europe, and has been
petals being united so as to form a monope- recommended as a forage plant, but its
talous corolla, inserted below the ovary, and leaves are too bitter, and are even said to
by the stamens being usually attached to the be poisonous. The plants of this genus
corolla, but sometimes inserted separately bear much resemblance to each other, and
below the ovary. Such orders as the heath in almost all, the foliage is of a peculiar
family, the gentians, and the labiates, pea-green colour. The yellow flowers of
may serve as illustrations. [J. H. B.] many emit a strong odour. [A.A. B.]
CORONA. Acoronet. Any appendage CORONULE. The small calyx-like body
that intervenes between the corolla and which crowns the nucule of Chara.
stamens, as the cup of a daffodil, or the
rays of a passion-flower. STAMINEA. — CORPUS. The mass of anything thus,
;

A coronet formed from transformed sta- C. ligneum, or lignosum, signifies the mass
mens. of the woody tissue of a plant, and G.
meduUare the mass of its cellular tissue in
CORONANS. Situated on the top or crown the pith.
I of anything. Thus, the limb of the calyx
may crown an ovary a gland at the apex
;
CORPUSCULES. The spore-cases of cer-
I

of the filament may crown a stamen. tain fungals. — VERMIFORM. Spiral

vessels in a contracted, strangled, distorted
CORONARIA. A
section of the caryo- condition.
phyllaceous genus Lychnis. The type of
the group is the Rose Campion, Lychnis CORREA. The pretty greenhouse shrubs
coronaria, a native of S. Europe, com- so named are now familiar to most per-
monly cultivated for its beauty. The sons. They belong to a genus of Butacece,
leaves of this plant are elliptical, white and have simple dotted leaves, covered
with soft wool, as are the stems and calices more or less with down. The handsome
corolla with the petals nearly entire, reddish or greenish flowers have a cup-
red or white, with a firm scale at the base shaped nearly entire calyx a corolla of
;

of the limb of each these scales form the

;
four petals united into a tube eight sta-
;

crown. The most natural group to com- mens attached beneath the ovary and four;

bine with the Rose Campion are the one-celled ovaries placed on a small eight-
remaining species of the discarded genus lobed disc, and covered with dense star-
Agrostemria, which have not the deeply- like hairs, the styles confluent into one.
bifid petals of Lychnis this is the arrange-
:
The fruit consists of four follicles bursting
ment of Fries. [J. T. S.] each by two valves, and one-seeded by
abortion. These shrubs are natives of the
CORONATE. Furnished with a coronet. Southern and Eastern parts of Australia,
Also used in the sense of Coronans. where they are sometimes called Native
Fuchsias, from the slight resemblance of
CORONILLA. A genus of pretty an- the blossoms to those of the fuchsia. It
nual or perennial plants of the pea family,
is said too that the leaves of some of the
characterised by the flowers being borne
species are used as tea. [M. T. M.]
on stalked umbels, as well as by the articu-
lated, round, and nearly straight pod. The CORRIGIOLA. A genus of Illecebracew,
plants of this genus are found in Europe, small herbs growing in Europe (especially
Asia Minor, and North Africa, and in the Mediterranean region), and at the Cape
greatest abundance in the countries bor- of Good Hope. They have numerous
dering on the Mediterranean Sea. Be- slender slightly-branched procumbent
tween twenty and thirty species are enu- stems, bearing linear and oblong fleshy
merated. The Scorpion Senna, C. Emerus, glaucous leaves stipules scarious, small
;

a plant not unfrequently seen in gardens flowers small, green and white striped,
is a much-branched pretty bush, about five forming compound corymbs or racemes at
feet high. Its leaves are alternate, pin- the end of the stem and branches calyx ;

nate, from one to three inches long, and five-parted, herbaceous, with a petaloid
composed of three or four pairs of small margin petals five, very small stamens
; ;

wedge-shaped leaflets of a pea-green colour five ; style very short, three-cleft fruit, a;

these are said to produce a dye like indigo hard nut enclosing a single seed. C. littor-
by proper fermentation, and are also re- alis, found in the extreme south-west of
ported as laxative. The yellow flowers, in England, is a small annual with narrow
their form and arrangement, are a good leaves extending to the tips of the stems,and
deal like those of the bird's-foot trefoil there intermixed with clusters of small
(Lotus convciilatus), and are produced in flowers which arise from the axils.and also
great abundance, making their appearance from a small terminal corymb. [J. T. S.]
iu May or June, and continuing in succes-
sion till the frost appears. The slender-
CORROYE\RE. (Fr.) Coriaria myrti-
folia.
jointed pod has been compared to a scor-
pion's tail. C. varia is a perennial plant CORRUGATED, CORRUGATIVE. When
335 Clje CrcaSttrw Df JSntang. [CORY

the parts are crumpled up irregularly, as of epiphytal orchids inhabiting tropical

the petals of the poppy, or the skin of America, which are the strangest of all the
some seeds. strange forms of that extraordinary order.
COR SEMINIS. An old name for the
From one or two-leaved pseudobulbs hang
embryo.
down few-flowered racemes of flowers vary-
ing in length from two to five inches long,
CORTEX. The bark. Also the peridium with the following singular structure.
of certain fungals. For the sepals there are two large mem-
branous plates folding like a bat's wings,
CORTICAL INTEGUMENT. The hark,
with a smaller interposed. In front hangs
or false bark of endogens.
down a fleshy lip, bucket-like at the base,
CORTICAL STRATUM. The superficial and expanding into a great helmet-shaped
layer of tissue in the thallus of a lichen. terminal lobe, whose weight keeps it al-
ways downwards, the cavity being turned
CORTICATE. Harder externally than upwards. The column is a long twisted
internally : having a rind, as the orange. recurved body with a vertical anther, con-
CORTINA. The filamentous ring of taining a pair of excavated pollen masses.
certain agarics. At the foot of the column are two fleshy
feet, from whose toe perpetually distils a
CORTINARITJS. A large genus of Fungi,
clear honey-like fluid, which drops into the
separated from Agaricus more from habit
hollow of the helmet. The meaning of so
than from any striking characters. The
strange an apparatus is at present unex-
spider-like veil, and bright red-brown
plained. Six species are known, of which
spores resembling in tint that of peroxide
C. Fieldingi has the largest flowers, five
of iron, are the most easily recognised cha-
inches long and three wide when closed,
racters. In the woods of Sweden they
form by far the larger part of the mass of and C. distillatoria the smallest.
Fungi, and in our own country are some- CORTCIUM. A remarkable genus of or-
times very abundant. There is scarcely a chids related to Ceratandra, and, like it,
single species which is received into Euro- turning black in drying the most marked
;

pean cookery, but in Bhotan one or two difference between the two consisting in the
are eaten. Many of the species are ex- petals of Corycium being saccate, and the
tremely beautiful in point of colour, es- lateral sepals connate.so as to form a narrow
pecially when young. They alter wonder- concave lower lip. Nine or ten species
fully in this respect in dry weather or as have been described, all inhabiting the
they pass maturity. [31. J. B.] Cape of Good Hope, and having close spikes
CORTINATE, CORTINARIOUS. Having of purplish or greenish flowers. One of
a cobweb-like texture. them, Corycium orobanchoides, has been in
cultivation.
CORTISIA. A
genus referred to FJire-
tiacece, consistingof a much-branched shrub CORTDALIS. A genus of Fumariacece,
from the Pampas of South America, hav- containing succulent-stemmed herbs, na-
ing alternate sessile wedge-shaped leaves tives of the Northern Hemisphere. They
trifid at the apex, and small white tuber- have ternate or twice ternate leaves, and
cles on both surfaces, from which tubercles racemose flowers, which are very irregular.
spring white hairs. Flowers solitary, ses- Calyx of two lateral sepals corolla of four
;

sile, generally terminal, with a tubular petals, the upper one spurred or gibbous at
calyx having ten small teeth corolla ;
its base; stamens six, in two bundles of
yellowish-white tubular, with a five-lobed three each, the filaments forming a ribbon
spreading limb; stamens five exserted; which is three-cleft at the end, the middle
style thread-like, cleft at the apex fruit, an ;
lobe with a two-celled, the others each
ovate drupe with two seeds. [J. T. S.] with a one-celled anther a spur-like process
;

projects backwards from the upper ribbon,

CORTUS A. A genus of Primnlacece, con- and is received into the hollow space of the
taining a single species, a native of alpine |
upper petal. The capsule is a two-valved
and boreal districts in the Old World. It j
one-celled pod with numerous seeds, which
is a herb with the radical leaves on long have an appendage at the hilum. The
petioles, and with simple scapes bearing genus is divided into several sections :—
pedicellate flowers in umbels. The calyx
j

|
Capvites with no thickened tuberous root-
is five-parted the corolla has a very short
;
j
stock. Bulbocapnos with a roundish or
tube, and a carnpanulate limb the five
:
ovoid enlarged rootstock and alternate
included stamens are inserted at the base leaves. Cryptoceras with a fusiform root-
of the limb with very short filaments and stock and opposite leaves. [J. T. S.]
obcordate anthers the capsule is five-
;

valved, and many-seeded, and dehisces CORYDALIS, CLIMBING. An American

from the apex. [W. C] name for Adlumia.
CORTUS ALES. A name given by Lind- CORYDANDRA. Fulophia.
ley to a group of perigynous exogens, con-
taining among others the primrose and the
CORYLACE^E. (Cupulifera?, Castanece,
thrift families.
Quercinece, Mastviorts.) A
natural order of
monochlamydeous dicotyledons, belong-
CORTANTHES. Under this name, formed ing to Lindley's cmernal alliance. Trees or
in allusion to the resemblance of a part shrubs bearing catkins, with simple, alter-
of the flower to a helmet, is collected a set nate, stipulate, often feather-veined leaves,
and frequently staminate and pistillate (mo- ment of the characters by which it may be
noecious) flowers. Barren flowers (stami- identified. The usual form of the Hazel in
nate) in catkins stamens five to twenty,
; itswild state is a straggling bush consist-
inserted in the base of scales, or of a mem- ing of a number of long flexible stems
branous valvate perianth. Fertile flowers from the same root. The bark on the young
(pistillate) aggregate, or in a spike. Ovary branches is ash-coloured and hairy, that on
with several cells, enclosed in an involucre the old stems mottled with bright brown
or cup (cupule) ovules in pairs or solitary
; and gray. C. Avellana includes not only
stigmas, several. Fruit a nut with a husk or the hazel, but all the European varieties
cup seed solitary, without albumen. The
;
of filbert and cobnut. Among the wild
plants abound in the forests of temperate animals which feed on these nuts the most
regions in the form of oaks, hazels, beeches, destructive are the squirrel, which carries
and chestnuts. They afford valuable tim- them off for a winter hoard, or demolishes
ber and edible seeds, and their bark is as- them on the spot, splitting the shell into
tringent. Quercus includes the various two halves the dormouse, which climbs
;

species of oak,which are well characterised the trees, and nibbles a round even hole, ex-
by their acorns. Liebman says that there tracting the contents piece-meal and the ;

are 230 species of oaks known, belonging nuthatch, a bird not much bigger than
chiefly to the Northern Hemisphere. To a sparrow, belonging to the tribe Scan-
the south of the Line they occur in the sores,which carries them off singly, and
Sunda Islands. They are not met with in fixing them in the crevice of an oak or
the temperate zone of the Southern Hemi- some other rough-barked tree takes his
sphere. Quercus pedunculata or Hobur is position above, and, head downwards, ham-
the common British oak, which has usually mers away with his strong beak until he
stalked acorns. Q. sessilifiora is the Dur- has made an irregular angular hole. Many
mast with sessile fruit, which by some is nuts are also rendered worthless by a beau-
reckoned only a variety of the former. tiful little beetle (Balaninus nucum), which
The Durmast furnishes the best timber. in early summer lays within the tender
In the common oak the medullary rays are shell of a nut a single egg, which when the
large and the wood is easily rent in the
; kernel is approaching maturity is hatched
Durmast the rays are small and the wood into a small grub. This, when the period
not easily rent. Common oak taken from of transformation to the pupa state is ap-
a ship broke under an average weight of proaching, eats its way through the shell,
931 lbs., only bending 4J inches while ; and falling to the ground buries itself and
Durmast from the same ship broke with constructs a cell from which it comes forth
an average weight of 1,032 lbs., and de- in the following season as a perfect insect.
flected 5| inches before breaking. Durmast The hazel is rarely found of sufficient size
grows faster than common oak, and it was to supply building materials, but the young
used in many
ancient buildings, as in rods being tough and flexible are much
Glasgow Cathedral. The cups of Quercus used for hoops,walking-sticks, fishing-rods,
Jdjihips are used by dyers under the name &c. and from their smoothness and pleas-
;

of valonia. The outer bark of Quercus Suber ing colour they are well adapted.f or making
supplies cork. Corylus Avellaiia, the com- rustic seats and tables for summer-houses
mon hazel, yields excellent charcoal for they are also good fire-wood. The. charcoal
drawing. Fag us sylvatica, the beech, and crayons used by artists for drawing outline
C«rtanea vulgaris, the Spanish chestnut, are are also prepared from hazel-wood. A purple-
cultivated for timber. Castanea chryso- leaved variety to be obtained at the nurse-
pjiylla is the golden chestnut from Oregon. ries is a great ornament to shrubberies.
There are eight or nine known genera, and Other species occasionally cultivated in
about 280 species. Illustrative genera:— England are C. tubulosa from Europe,
Corylus, Carpinus, Fagus, Castanea, Quer- C. americana and rostrata from America,
cus. [J. H. B.] and C. Colurna from Turkey. French,
Noisetier; German, Haselstande. [C. A. J.]
CORTLOPSIS. The name of a genus The name of Avellana is said by Pliny,
belonging to the order of Witch-hazels,
according to Prof. Targioni, to be derived
characterised by the calyx being adherent
from Abellina in Asia, supposed to be the
to the ovary, and divided above into five Valley of Damascus, its native country.
unequal pieces; corolla of five pieces, He adds that it had been brought into
broadest upwards filaments or stalks of
;
Greece from Pontus, hence it was also
the stamens awl-shaped and free five short
called Nux pontica. The nuts were called,
;

scales in the spaces between the stamens;

by Theophrastus, Heracleotic nuts, from
styles or appendages on the ovary two in
Heraclea, now Ponderachi, on the Asiatic
number, each thickest at the base, and shores of the Black Sea. Others admit that
ending in a round head or stigma. The a variety of hazel nut or filbert was brought
name is derived from the Greek, and means from Pontus to Abella, a town in Campania,
'Hazel-like,' indicating the general habit
and hence the name of Avellana was ap-
of the species, which are shrubs, natives of plied to these trees. In France, at the
Japan, with alternate stalked leaves, heart- present day, the better varieties are called
shaped or entire at the base and of short Avelines. But the above indications of an
duration the flowers are yellow. [G. D.]
;
Eastern origin can only refer to particular
CORYLUS. A small tree belonging to kinds, for the species, it is well known, is
the Corylacece, and under the name of common enough in Italy, as well as in
Hazel too well known to need any state- other parts of Europe. It is also found over
337 €f)c Crragurg at SSntang. [COBT

a great part of Asia in a wild indigenous berts, which have long tubular husks con-
state. It bears the common names of Hazel, tracted beyond the apex of the nuts. These
Hazle, or Hasel, not only in tins country, were formerly called Full-beards, whilst
but also in Germany, Holland, Sweden, and those with short husks were simply termed
Denmark. The plant is indigenous to all Nuts or Hazel-nuts.
these countries. Its habitat extends from There are numerous varieties, differing
the extreme south of Europe to the most in the form of the nuts, and in the relative
northern parts of Britain. According to length of their husks. The Red Filbert and
De CandoUe it is found wild in the moun- White Filbert are similar in external ap-
tains of the Island of Sardinia and he is
; pearance, but in the former the thin pel-
not certain whether its growth may not be licle which forms the immediate coating of
natural in some ravines near Algiers. It the kernel is red or crimson, that of the
is said to be not now found in Shetland; but latterwhite or pale-brown. Both these are
formerly it had existed there, for the shells esteemed because they admit of being kept
of its nuts are found plentifully in bogs, as fresh in the husks. Short roundish nuts
they are likewise in similar places through- with a strong thick shell are called Cob
out Scotland. The ancient nut-shells are nuts. Of this description are most of those
often met with in fragments, but many are imported frpm Spain. The Cosford nut is
found quite entire, at various depths below of an oblong form with a comparatively
the surface some of them are larger than
; thin tender shell, finely striated longitu-
those of the Wild Hazel, growing near dinally. The sorts above-named, together
the same localities at the present day. with the Downton large square nut, and
The Hazel generally forms large bushes, the large Spanish, are amongst the best
from its great disposition to produce sorts for cultivation.
suckers but if grown with a single stem it
; In this country, the neighbourhood of
assumes the form of a low tree. One at Maidstone in Kent is the most celebrated
Gordon North Britain, measured
Castle, for the cultivation of filberts. The foreign
thirty feet in height, with a trunk three feet supply is chiefly from Spain. Phillips states
in circumference. The plants often form a that from a single wood near Recus, 60,000
sort of jungle on precipitous banks of bushels have been gathered in one year,
rivers and streams, and may frequently be and shipped from Barcelona, whence they
seen growing out of crevices and fissures are called Barcelona nuts. • In the neigh-
of rocks, sometimes much confined for bourhood of Avelino in Italy,' says Swin-
root-space, yet in that case roots will ex- burn, the whole face of the neighbouring
'

tend far downwards, naked along the face valley is covered with nut trees, and in
of the rock, till they reach soil below. The good years they yield a profit of 60,000
wood when two years old and upwards is ducats.' According to French authors the
tough and elastic, and it is well adapted for nuts of Provence and Italy are preferable
hurdles, crates, hoops, walking-sticks, &c. to those of Spain and the Levant. [R. T.]
Its charcoal is esteemed for making gun- The common Hazel, C. Avellana, is the
powder. of the clan Colquhoun.
Nut leaves are large, roundish cordate,
and somewhat pointed. The same tree bears CORYMB (adj. CORYMBOSE >. A raceme,
male and female flowers, distinct from whose pedicles are gradually shorter as
each other, proceeding from different buds. they approach the summit, so that the re-
The male flowers begin to make their ap- sult is a flat-headed inflorescence, as in
pearance in autumn, and acquire their full candy-tuft. —
COMPOUND. A branched
developement early in spring; they are- at corymb, each, of whose divisions is corym-
first compact cylindrical bodies of a greyish bose.
colour, afterwards they become long pen-
dulous catkins of a yellow colour, giving CORYMBIFERiE. Corymb-bearing com-
the trees, then destitute of leaves, a con- posite plants . a sub-order of the natural
spicuous and rather ornamental appear- order Compositce or Asteracece, containing
ance. The female flowers do not appear plants with numerous flowers on a common
till spring. They exhibit a few crimson receptacle, forming a head surrounded by
thread-like styles issuing from the apex of a set of floral leaves or bracts called an
a bud. This bud elongates, and forms a small involucre. The heads of flowers are
branchlet, at the extremity of which the either placed singly on stalks or there are
;

cluster of nuts is borne. Until the nuts are several stalked heads supported on a com-
nearly full-sized their yet soft green shell mon axis, and so arranged as to have col-
is filled with a milky juice, but this does lectively the form of a corymb, the lower
not constitute the kernel. The latter may stalks being longer so as to bring the
be observed at the same time not larger heads to nearly the same level. The flowers
than the head of a pin. As it grows the in the circumference of the heads are
milky substance is absorbed, all except the usually ligulate and bear pistils only,
fibrous portion, which is deposited on the while those of the centre are tubular and
inside of the shell, forming a soft lining have both stamens and pistils. The style
for the kernel. The calyx or husk has a of the perfect flowers is not swollen below
fleshy base, to which the lower part of the the stigma. Such plants as chamomile,
nut is strongly attached until fully ripe, the daisy, the ox-eye, the dahlia, ever-
when the husk dries up and permits the lasting, sunflower, cineraria, ragwort,
nut to drop out, except in the case of some and groundsel belong to this sub-order.
varieties, more especially those called fil- The plants have bitter qualities ; some of
00 ry] IKfyt €rra£tirg at 2Sntango 338

them induce sleep, and they usually contain of a plum, pulpy in the interior and sweet.
more or less of a volatile oil. [J. H. B.] The seeds are used in times of scarcity,
CORYMBIS. Under this name, and and contain a tasteless farinaceous sub-
stance. The raw seeds, however, are poison-
those of Corymborchis, Centrosis, Rhyncan-
ous, and produce spasmodic pains, giddi-
thera, Macrostylis,and Hysteria, botanists ness, and partial paralysis, to obviate
have described a singular herbaceous plant which effects they are steamed for twenty-
found in the tropical parts of Africa and four hours, and then either buried in the
Asia, with the habit of a small bamboo,
ground, or allowed to soak in water for
and long slender white flowers. After
some days. [M. T. M.]
flowering the column grows to a great
length, with the remains of the other CORYNOSTYLIS. Tropical American
organs at the base. Only one species, C. climbing shrubs of the violet family, with
disticha, is well known ; two others very entire saw-toothed leaves, deciduous sti-
like it are described, pules, and large handsome flowers. The
sepals are nearly equal the five petals
CORYMBIUM. A genus of S. African ;

very irregular, the anterior ones the small-

plants of the composite family, some of
est, the lateral ones erect, the hinder one
them common on the flats .about Cape very large and prolonged at the base into a
Town, and on Table Mountain. They are spur the five stamens have short filaments
perennial plants about two feet high, with
;

prolonged into a hairy appendage at the

grassy root leaves, which have parallel
base, the anthers surmounted by a mem-
nerves, and are furnished at the base with
branous crest the ovary is somewhat glo-
a tuft of woolly hairs. The stem bears a
;

bular, three-celled the style terminal, club-

number of small linear leaves, and termi- shaped
;

the stigma ciliated, lateral the

nates in a dense corymb of flowerheads, ; ;

fruit a capsule with many seeds. [M. T. M.]

each of which contains but a single floret
—a circumstance unusual in the family, by CORYPHA. A
genus of fan-leaved
far the greater portion having many florets palms composed of about five species, all
collected in one flower-head. The achene is natives of tropical Asia, and mostly form-
clothed with long soft hairs, and crowned ing tall trees. All their flowers are perfect,
by a pappus of short scales. [A. A. B.] and produced on branching spikes, which
are surrounded at the base by numerous
CORYNEPHORUS. A genus of grasses
leafy bracts. They have a cup-shaped
belonging to the tribe Avenece. It is not
calyx, the rim of which is cut into three
considered essentially distinct from Aira,
teeth a three-petaled corolla
; six sta- ;
under which it is described in Steudel's Sy-
nopsis, as the Aira canescens of Linnaeus.
mens, whose bases are dilated so as to join
one another; and three ovaries, which
It is a. rare grass in Britain, and is not
cohere, and have their awl-shaped styles
found wild out of England. [D. M.]
united together and crowned by a simple
CORYNEUM. One of the most remark- stigma. The fruit is a one-seeded berry.
able genera amongst the coniomycetous The Talipot palm, C. umbraculifera, is a
Fungi, distinguished by the dark naked native of Ceylon and the Malabar coast,
elongated articulated spores, radiating in where it grows to sixty or seventy feet
every direction from alittle raised cushion- high, with a straight cylindrical trunk,
like receptacle. It is distinguished from marked by rings, and surmounted by a
Hendersonia, which has somewhat similar crown of gigantic, fan-like leaves. These
spores, by the absence of any surrounding leaves have prickly stalks six or seven
cyst or perithecium. From Bactridium it feet long, and when fully expanded form a
is separated by its more developed re- nearly complete circle of thirteen feet in
ceptacle and dark, not coloured, spores. diameter, and composed of from ninety to a
The species grow on dead twigs. C.Kunzei, hundred radiating segments, joined to-
which is not uncommon on oak, affords a gether and plaited like a fan till near the
pretty microscopical object. [M. J. B.] extremity, where they separate and form
a fringe of double points. Large fans
CORYNIDIA. Processes sunk into the made of these leaves are carried before
margin of the germinating leaf of ferns, people of rank among the Cinghalese they ;
and containing spiral threads. are also commonly used as umbrellas, and
CORYNOCARPUS. A New Zealand genus tents are made by neatly joining them
of handsome trees belonging to the order together; besides which they are used by
Myrsinacece. The leaves are entire and the natives as a substitute for paper, being
smooth and the flowers small,white,in ter-
; written upon with a style. Some of the
minal clusters. The sepals and petals are sacred books of the Cinghalese are com-
five in number, the latter provided with a posed of strips of them. The hard seeds
narrow claw alternating with the petals
; are suitable for turnery purposes. C: Tali-
are five ascending scales, each with a small era is a native of India, and is closely
globular gland attached to it there are
; allied to the preceding, but does not grow
five stamens the ovary is globular. The
; I more than thirty feet high. Its leaves are
fruit is club-shaped, hence the name of the ! used for the same purposes. C. Oebanga
genus it contains but one seed. C. laevi-
; j
is called Gebang iii Java, where it is a
gatas is in cultivation in this country. native. The leaves are used for thatching,
The tree, according to Dr. Bennett, is ! plaiting into baskets, hats, and similar
valued in New Zealand for the sake of its J
articles. From the interior of the trunk a
fruit and seeds ; the former is of the size I kind of sago is obtained ; and the sliced
 root is said to be an efficacious remedy COSMIDIT7M. A
genus of composites,
for diarrhoea. [A. S.J recently separated from Coreopsis, from
which it having an elongated ob-
differs in
CORYSANTHES. Curious little swamp scurely four-angled, and minutely mammil-
orchids, inhabiting Australia and Java, lated fruit, crowned by two short thick
hare received this name in allusion to horns, and partially enveloped in a mem-
their large dorsal sepal having the form of branous scale, which remains attached when
a helmet. They have thin roundish soli- the fruit separates from the receptacle. In
tary leaves, from the axil of which rises a general habit and aspect, the species ap-
single purple and green flower. One proach very closely to Calliopsis, having,
species, named Calcearia by Blume, grows like that, smooth erect branched stems,
among damp moss on the summit of opposite leaves, pinnatifldly cut into dis-
Mount Salak in Java. tinct thread-like segments, and flower-
heads an inch and half in diameter, with a
COSCINICM. A remarkable genus of
ray of about eight broadly wedge-shaped
Menispermaeece, characterised by its large florets, and a double involucre surround-
petals, the irregularly-mottled albumen,
j

ing the capitule, each series consisting of

and the structure of its embryo, which has eight leaflets, the innermost broad and
its radicle superior, pointing towards the
erect, the outer narrow, spur-like and
apex of the drupe-like fruit, while the spreading. C. fllifolium, till recently the
cotyledons are rounded, widely-spreading,
only species generally known or cultivated,
either perforated with holes, or, according
has the ray florets yellow, and the disk or
to Miers, deeply-gashed but they are so
;
centre crimson-brown. The beautiful C.
thin as not readily to be taken from the
Burridgeanum, of gardens, which is per-
albumen on which they lie. C.fenestratum, haps but a variety of the preceding, has
formerly called Menispermum fenestration,
larger flower-heads, with the ray florets of
is considered in Ceylon to be a valuable
a deep purple brown at their base, the tip
stomachic and tonic. The wood, which has
only being orange yellow. The fruit of
a peculiar structure, described in Hooker
this plant is considerably shorter and
and Thomson's Flora Indica, is of a yellow thicker than in C. fllifolium. [W. T.j
colour, and yields a yellow dye. Medici-
nally the wood, bark, and root, are used as COSMOPHYLLTJM. The name given to
tonics. [M. T. M.] a genus of the composite family found in
Guatemala. C. cacaliwfolium is the only
COSMANTHUS. A small genus of an- known species it is described as a shrub
;

nual hydrophylls, closely allied to Eutoca or small tree, with leaves one to two feet in
and Phacelia, so closely in fact, that by length, oval in contour, with seven trian-
some botanists both Eutoca and Cosman- gular lobes, and having their surface
I thus are regarded as only sections of the clothed with short white down. The
genus Phacelia. It scarcely differs from flower heads have some resemblance to
the latter, but in its fringed corolla and those of the chamomile, and are disposed in
procumbent habit from Eutoca it is dis-
;
terminal corymbs the outer
; florets are
tinguished by the former character, and by white, strap-shaped and contain a pistil
its fewer and larger seeds. The only only ; the inner are yellow, tubular, and
species at all known in this country, C.fim- perfect. The four-sided achenes bear on
briatus, and which may serve as a type of their angles rough points, and are crowned
the genus, is a neat procumbent plant, with a hard short pappus composed of a
with rather succulent branched angular number of unequal-cut scales. [A. A. B.]
spreading stems, pinnatifid leaves, those of
the stem stalklessand stem-clasping, those COSMOS. A small genus of composites al-
at the root on long stalks, all with ovate lied to Bidens,v?ith large showy reddish-pur-
entire lobes ; it has very pale lilac purple ple'or yellow flower heads, and finely divided
flowers produced in a curled or crook-like or pinnate foliage. They are better known
raceme, the corolla wheel-shaped, and hav- in gardens by Willdenow'sname Of Cosmea,
ing at the base of each lobe a scale rolled but Cosmos has priority in its favour. The
into a tubular form five linear calyx, seg-
;
genus has a double involucre, as in Coreop-
ments," five stamens with hairy filaments, sis, each series composed of from eight to
a single style with a circle of hairs at it3 ten ovate leaflets, the outer ones spreading,
base, and a four-seeded pod, complete the the inner ones erect the receptacle is flat
;

description. The species are all natives of and set with membranous coloured scales,
North America, and appear to be destitute drawn out to a thread-like point ; and the
of any marked properties. [W. T.] fruit is four-angled, tapering to both
ends, and crowned with from two to four
COSMELIA, A genus of Epacridacem, deciduous barbed awns. C. bipinnatus is a
consisting of two species of erect marshy handsome annual, attaining in moist soil a
plants, with glossy leaves sheathing the height of four or five feet, with a smooth-
stem, and solitary reddish flowers at the ish erect furrowed stem, spreadingly-
termination of the short branches. The branched opposite bipinnate leaves, the
;

foliaceous calyx is surrounded with many segments of which are linear, pointed,
imbricated bracts; the corolla is five- and somewhat curled; and flower heads two
parted the anthers are exserted there are
; ; inches or more in diameter, on long pe-
Ave hypogynous scales; the capsule is duncles, the ray florets about eight in
five-valved and many-seeded The species number, of a bright red purple, the disk
are natives of New Holland. [W. C] being composed of yellow florets tubular.
cosm] Cljc Kxtttguvg at 28fltang. 340
The the species is smooth and
fruit of outer segments of the limb equal, the
usually furnished with three awns; but inner lateral ones (sterile stamens; want-
that of C. tenuifolhts, a dwarfer species ing, while the innermost or middle seg-
with more finely-divided foliage, and ment, called the lip or labellum, is large,
darker flowers, is rough, and more fre- bell-shaped, cleft at the back; the filaments
quently has hut a single awn. All the are petaloid, prolonged beyond the an-
species are natives of Mexico. Under the ther on all sides. Ovary with three com-
name of Dahlia Zimapani, a new species, partments the style thread-like, passing
;

C. diversifolius atropurpureus, has recently between the cells of the anther the stigma
;

been introduced, with pinnate dahlia-like two-cleft, with two small horns at the
foliage, and flower heads varying from base. Many of the species are highly
blackish-purple to red-purple, on very long ornamental as stove plants, such as C. specio-
peduncles, the disk being of the same sus, the roots of which are used by the na-
colour as the ray florets. [W. T.] tives in a kind of preserve. [M. T. M.]

COSMOSTIGMA. A genus of Asclepiada- COSTUS. The roots of an Arabian

containing a single species, a branched
cea>-
plant, supposed to be allied to Cardopatum
twining shrub, that climbs over trees of corymbosum. The Costus of the ancients
great height in India. It has opposite has, however, been ascertained to be the
leaves with conic glands at their base, and root of Aucklandia Costiis, now Aplotaxis
many small flowers in racemes on inter- Lappa.
petiolar peduncles. The small calyx is COTONEASTER. A family of small
five-parted ; the corolla is rotate and five- trees or trailing shrubs belonging to the
parted ; the staminal corona consists of order Eosacem, and allied to Mespilus,
five bifid divisions, which are irregularly inhabiting the northern parts of Europe
toothed on their upper and inner margins ; and the mountains of India. The leaves
the anthers are terminated by a broad are small and entire at the edge, downy
membrane the oval pollen masses at-
;
beneath, in some species evergreen; the
tached by long-kneed processes to a small flowers, which are white or pinkish, grow
bifurcate corpuscle the follicles are large,
; either in lateral clusters, like those of the
linear, oblong, and smooth, with ovate hawthorn, or singly, and are succeeded by
comose seeds. [W. CJ scarlet, or less commonly black, berry-like
fruit. '
The species are very desirable from
COSSIGjSTA. A
genus of Sapindacece, the beauty of their foliage, flowers, and
differing from the others in the family m fruit the fruits of C. frigida and C. ajfinis,
;
having flowers with petals, together with in particular, being produced in great
a capsular but not bladdery fruit, which is abundance, and being of an intense scarlet
three-celled, each cell containing two or colour, have a very splendid appearance,
three small black seeds. The two known and remain on the trees the greater part
plants of this genus are natives of the of the winter. Though the greater part are
Mauritius, where they are known as Bois natives of Asia, yet in Britain they are
de Judas. They are small trees with pin- found to be as hardy as if they were indi-
nate leaves made up of one or three pairs genous to the north of Europe, especi-
of oblong or oboval entire leaflets and an ally such of them as are true evergreens.
odd one these are about two inches long,
;
C. vulgaris, a species with deciduous
smooth above, and covered underneath (as leaves, has been in cultivation in British
are' all the young parts) with a short white
gardens since 1656, and was always consi-
down. The small white flowers, disposed dered a foreign plant, till it was found in a
in terminal panicles, have a five-parted wild state at Orme's Head in Carnarvon-
calyx, four or five oval petals larger than shire.'— (Loudon). C. microphflla is a yet
the calyx, and a like number of stamens more valuable plant. In this species the
inserted on a disc. The three-lobed ovary branches are trailing, the leaves small and
is crowned with a single style. [A. A. B.]
evergreen. It is perfectly hardy and,
COSTA. The midrib of a leaf that part
; wherever it grows, ornamental. '
Its deep
which is a direct extension of the petiole, glossy foliage, which no cold will impair,
and whence the veins arise a leaf may
; is,when the plant is in blossom, strewed
have many costas. with snow-white flowers, which, reposing
on a rich couch of green, have so brilliant
COSTATE. When there is only one rib, an appearance, that a poet would compare
as in most leaves. Also the mere adj. of them to diamonds lying on a bed of eme-
costa. ralds.'— (Lindley). C. marginata, rotundifolia
COSTATO-VENOSE. When the parallel and buxifolia, are of similar habit. The
side-veins of a feather-veined leaf are last species were introduced from the hills
much stouter than those which intervene. of Hindostan in 1824 and 1825. [C. A. JJ

COSTMART. Pyrethrum Tanacetum, COTONNTER. (Fr.) Gossypium.

sometimes called Balsamita vulgaris. COTTON. This well-known valuable
COSTUS. A genus of tropical herbs textile commodity is the haiiy covering of
belonging to the Zhigiberaceo?, and having the seeds of Gossypium herbaceum and
tuberous rocts, somewhat fleshy leaves, other species of Gossypium, especially of
and flowers in spikes with overlapping G. religiosum, barbad.ense, indicum, and
bracts. The calyx is tubular and three-cleft; arboreum. — , CORKWOOD. A name given
the tube of the corolla is funnel-shaped, the in Trinidad to the down of Ochroma Logo-
 341 1S\)t Crea^urg of 3Batang. [COUE

pus. — , NATAL. A textile material re- during a great part of the winter. Of
sembling true cotton, obtained from the the foreign species several are natives of
pods of a species of Batatas. —
SILK. , the Cape of Good Hope these are ever-
;

A common name for Bombax. B. pentan- green under-shrubs, and are sometimes
druni is called the Indian cotton-tree. found in the green-houses of the curious.
C. orbiculata, which is the one most fre-
COTTONIA macrostachya is an orchide- quently cultivated, has thick and succulent
ous epiphyte from the Madras presidency leaves tinged at the edge with purple. The
'

and Ceylon, with a few greenish purple- flowers are large drooping, and have the di-
lipped flowers at the end of- a long lateral
j
visions revolute and of a reddish hue they :
slender peduncle. The foliage is that of a
|

last from June to September. C. lutea is

Saccolabium or Tanda, so that the name of
,

by some authors enumerated among British

V. peduncularis has been applied to the
plants, but without due grounds. It is a
plant. Another species, C. Championi, found
native of Portugal. [C. A. J.]
on both Victoria Peak Hong Kong, and
the Khasya mountains, has smaller dirty COTYLEDONS. The the
seed-lobes;
lemon-coloured flowers in racemes little primordial leaves in the rudimentary plant
longer than the distichous leaves, which or embryo.
are mucronate and even serrate at the
point. COTYLIFORM. Dished. Resembling ro-
tate, but with an erect limb.
COTTON-GRASS. The common name
for Eriophorum. COUCH-GRASS. Triticum repens.
COTTON-ROSE. A common name for COFCOU. (Fr.) Primula officinalis.
Filago. COUCOURZELLE. (Fr.) A kind of
COTTON-RTTSH. A name sometimes gourd.
COUDRIER. CFr.) Corylus Avellana. —
;

given to Eriophorum.
COTTON-SEDGE. A name given by DU LEVANT. Corylus Colurna.
Bentham to Eriophorum. COUEPIA. A genus of the chrysobalan
COTTON-THISTLE. A common name family, whose distinguishing characters
for Onopordum. are its one-celled ovary, which adheres to
the calyx tube, and its numerous stamens
COTTON- WEED. Biotis maritima. (twenty to forty or more), which arise from
COTTON- WOOD. An American name for one side only of the mouth of the calyx,
Populus monilifera and P. angulata. or are disposed round it in a perfect ring.
COTTTLA. A genus of weedy compound The genus comprises upwards of a dozen
species, all of them trees of South America,
flowers allied to Anthemis, from which it is
generally small, but sometimes attaining a
distinguished by its hemispherical naked
height of fifty feet. Their leaves are en-
receptacle, four-cleft florets of the disk, and
tire, usually oblong, and very often covered
by the ray being almost wanting. There with short white down underneath. The
are numerous species, of which one only,
flowers, numerous and seldom more than
C. coronopifolia, is found in Europe. There
half an inch in diameter, are either white
is no British example. Cotula is a diminu-
or cream-coloured, and when in bud have
tive of Cota, the old name of some species
a shape exactly like that of a clove they ;
of Anthemis. [C. A. J.]
are disposed in terminal or axillary panicles
;

COTYLEDON. A genus of shrubs and or racemes, and are composed of a tubu-

•
herbaceous plants belonging to the Cras- lar calyx with a five-parted border, five
sulacece, among which they are distin- petals, numerous stamens, and an ovary
j
guished by their Ave sepals, tubular five- with a simple style arising from near its
j
cleft corolla bearing ten stamens, and a base. The oval stoned fruits of a number
scale at the base of each of the five carpels. of species are eaten. C. chrysocalyx is a
I
The only British species,C. Umbilicus,Navel- beautiful tree of a pyramidal form, branch-
wort, or Penny-wort, is a common weed ing to the base, and attaining a height of
in the west of England and some parts of thirty feet. According to Mr. Spruce, it
I "Wales and elsewhere, growing on the sides grows plentifully all along the Amazon
or in the crevices of damp rocks and walls, river from the Barra upwards. The Indians
i
where it is conspicuous during the winter plant it also near their houses for the sake
i and spring months by its orbicular concave of its edible fruits, and a large puebla on
peltate exceedingly succulent leaves, called the Maranon of Cucama Indians derives its
by children Penny-pies. In summer it name 'Paranari' from the abundance of
sends up a stalk, the lower portion of this tree, so called. Its oblong pointed
which bears succulent leaves,which gradu- or blunt leaves have a smooth upper sur-
ally lose their peltate form and pass into face, and are covered underneath with short
bracts. The stalk, when the plant grows white down. The flowers, about an inch
in a dry situation, is from four to six in length, have a calyx covered with yel-
inches long, and bears a simple spike of low down, and are borne in axillary racemes
drooping green flowers but in a more
; much shorter than the leaves. C. guianen-
;
genial situation grows to the height of a sis is, according to Aublet, a tree of sixty
foot or more and is branched. After the feet high, with grey shining bark, and dark
i
seeds have ripened, the stems wither and red-coloured wood, which is durable and
, turn brownish red, but retain their form heavy. The leaves are oval, acute, and
coug] €f)e €r*agurg at 38ntang. 342
stalked. The Indians make use of
the bark are pinnately-parted, with spiny segments,
in the manufacture of their pottery. The and covered, especially underneath, with a
Caribbean name of the tree is Couepi, loose white cottony substance those of the
;

whence the origin of the generic name. C. stem, similarly cut and spiny, often have
bracteata, a Brazilian tree forty feet high their bases decurreut, which gives the stem
with leaves half a foot long, and panicles a winged appearance. Others have leaves,
of flowers furnished with large bracteas, which in and form are not unlike
size
is remarkable in the family, according to those of the holly. The flower-heads are
Mr. Spruce, for the fetid odour of its either large and few on the ends of the
cream-coloured flowers. [A. A. B.] branches, or numerous and small their in- ;

volucres, made up of many spiny-pointed

COUGOURDETTE. (Fr.) Cucurbita ovi- scales, enclose a great number of yellow or
fera. pink florets. The achenes are smooth, or
COULEUVRE'E. (Fr.) Bryonia dioica. have rough points, or longitudinal furrows,
and in some cases they are compressed and
COUMARIN. The fragrant principle of angled. The pappus is composed of two
the Tonka bean, Dipterix odorata, and also i
or three series of short and unequal rough
of Melilotus cceruleus, the latter of which hairs. [A. A. B.]
gives its peculiar odour to Chapziger cheese.
COUSSAPOA. A genus of tropical Ame-
COUNTRYMAN'S TREACLE. An old rican trees, abounding in a milky juice,
name for Ruta graveolens. and belonging to the family Artocarpacea.
COURGE. (Fr.) Cucurbita maxima. — The trees are described as being at first
DE SAINT-JEAN. Cucurbita Pepo. mere climbing shrubs, but after reaching
the summit of the tree upon which they
COURONNE DES BLE'S. (Fr.) Agros- are supported, they send down branches
temma Githago. — IMPE'RIALE. Fritil- into the earth, these branches becoming
laria Imperialis, and also Cucurbita Me- fused together so as to encircle completely
lopepo. the tree which originally sustained them,
COUROUPITA. A genus of trees belong- and cause its death. The branches are
ing to the order Lecythidacece, and natives spongy in texture, and hollow in the in-
of tropical America. The clusters of flowers terior. The flowers are dioecious and clus-
spring from the trunk and branches. The tered in heads, tiie male flower encircled
flowers are large whitish or rose-coloured, by three or four small bracts, and consisting
with a top-shaped calyx-tube, adherent to of a tubular perianth, from whose base two
the ovary, its limb having six deciduous conjoined stamens arise the female flower
;

segments the corolla consists of six pe-

;
without bractlets surrounding its perianth,
tals inserted into a disc, which surrounds and consisting of four leaflets in close ap-
the top of the ovary the cup formed by
;
proximation. The one-celled ovary be-
the union of the filaments of some of the comes succulent when mature, as also does
stamens is inserted with the petals on one :
the investing perianth, so that a mul-
side it is very short, on the other it is pro- berry-like fruit is produced. [M. T. M.]
longed into a petal-like hood overlapping COUSSINET. (Fr.) Oxy coccus palustris.
the style, and bearing anthers at its top
the stamens at the base of the cup are COUTAREA. A genus of cinchonace-
minute and barren, those at the apex of ous trees inhabiting Guiana, &c, and hav-
the petal-like hood are fertile ovary with ;
ing large whitish flowers. The corolla
six compartments stigma sessile, hex-
;
is funnel-shaped, its tube short, so that
agonal. The fruit is large, globular, and the six stamens project from it, and its
woody, marked with a circular scar indicat- limb six-parted. The fruit is a leathery
ing the point of detachment of the limb of capsule, bursting by two valves, and con-
the calyx the seeds are numerous and
;
taining several kidney-shaped seeds. C.
imbedded in pulp. The fruit of C.guianen- speciosa is a very handsome stove plant;
sis is called from its appearance the Can- its bark is used in Guiana as a substitute
non-ball fruit its shell is used as a drink-
,
for cinchona. It is also known by the
ing vessel, and its pulp when fresh is of an name of Portlandia hexandra. [M. T. M.]
agreeable flavour. [M. T. M.] COVENTRY BELLS. Campanula Medi-
COURT. A kind of Catechu, obtained by um, also called Canterbury Bells.
evaporating a decoction of the nuts of COWAGE. The Cow-itch, Mucuna pru-
Areca Catechu. riens.

COUSINIA. A genus of prickly-leaved COWANIA. Agenus of the rosewort

thistle-like plants of the composite family, family, distinguished from its congeners
found in Western Asia, occurring as far by the ten-cleft calyx corolla of five petals
;

east as Kunawur in the Himalaya, having seed vessels five to ten, closely covered
their western limit in Asia Minor and with fine down, and when ripe, each
found in greatest numbers in Persia. They crowned with a feathery appendage, con-
are nearly allied to Carlina, but differ in sisting of the enlarged persistent style. The
having a simple-haired, not feathery, pap- genus was named by David Don in honour
pus. Upwards of thirty species are enume- of Mr. Cowan,who, in the course of visits to
rated, some of which are annual, others per- Mexico and Peru, introduced many plants
ennial some dwarf and prostrate, others
; of those countries into Britain. C. plicata
tall and erect. The root leaves of many or mexicana, the only species, is an inter- j
 343 CI)e CrraSurg at ISntang. [CRAN

esting shrub, about two feet high when placed in the genus Tephrosia, from which
mature, with alternate small narrow leaves, they differ in having no cup-shaped disc
the edges turned down, covered with round the ovary. Six species are enume-
glands on the upper surface, and on the rated, all of them confined to tropical
lower, white with fine down. The flowers America. Their leaves are unequally
are numerous and of a yellow colour, very pinnate, with four to twelve pairs of small
much resembling those of certain species opposite leaflets mostly elliptical in form,
of Potentilla. [G. D.] and the flowers (about the size of those of
a vetch) are arranged in axillary racemes.
COTVB.AJE. Cicuta virosa; also an The straight narrow pods are thin, smooth,
American name for Archemora. and contain a number of seeds. [A. A. B.]
COWBERRY. Vaccinium Vitis idcea. CRAKE BERRY. Empetrum nigrum.—
j
The name Cowberry is also applied in some PORTUGAL. Corema alba.
parts of Scotland to the fruits of Coma-
1

rum palustre. CRAM DES ANGLAIS. (Fr.) Cochlearia

COW-GRASS. Trifolium medium* Armoracia.
COWHAGE-CHERRY. The fruitof Mal- CRAMBE. A
genus of Cruciferce, con-
pighia urens. sisting of several species, of which two are
edible, namely, C. maritima and C. tatarica.
COW-HERB. Saponaria Vaccaria. The former is our well-known Sea Kale.
COWITCH, COWAGE, or COWHAGE The latter is the Tatar Kenyer or Tarta-
rian bread of the Hungarians, of which an
The hairs of the pods of Mucuna pru
which are used as a mechanical an interesting account is given in Loudon's
riens,
Encyclopaedia of Plants, v. 557; but we are not
thelmintic.
aware of any attempt having been made to
COW-PARSLEY. Reracleum Panaces ; cultivate it in this country, although the
also commonly applied to Chcerophyllum plant is stated to have been introduced in
1789.
COW-PARSNIP. A common name for The Sea Kale, C. maritima, is a hardy
any Eeracleum. native perennial, found on various parts of
the coast, growing among sand and shingle.
COW-PLANT, CEYLON. Gymnema lac- It is easily recognised by its broad wavy
tiferum. toothed gray-coloured leaves, which, with
COW-QUAKES. Briza media. the stem, have a peculiar appearance, from
being glaucous, or covered with a very
COWRIE PINE. Dammara australis. fine bloom. The flowers are white and
COWSLIP.Primulaveris. —AMERICAN. have a strong smell of honey. It appears
The common name for Dodecatlieon. — to have been known to the Romans, who
VIRGINIAN. Mertensia or Pulmonaria gathered it in its wild state, and preserved
it in barrels for use during long voyages.
virginica.
From a remote period it has also been
COW-TREE. The Palo de Vaca of South used in this country by residents near the
America, Brosimum Galactodendron, some- sea, but its introduction into our gardens
times called Galactodendron utile also the
; is comparatively of recent date, although
Hya Hya of the same continent, Tabernce- it is recorded that bundles of it were
montana utilis. The name has besides been exposed for sale in Chichester market in
given to Fines Saussureana, and other 1753. It was not known about London
species of figs and is, according to M. Des-
;
until 1767, when Dr. Lettsom cultivated it
vaux, applied to Clusia Galactodendron. at Camberwell, and was the first to bring
it into general notice. It has now become
COW-WEED. Clicerophyllum sylvestre.
a common vegetable, and when blanched,
COW-WHEAT. A common name for the young shoots and leaves, before their
Melampyrum. complete development, are cut and tied
CRAB. Pyrus Malus. -.QUEENSLAND. up in small bundles for boiling. When
Petalo stigma quadrilocularis. — ,SIBERI AN.
thoroughly dressed they are served like
Asparagus, and are esteemed exceedingly
Pyrus baccata and P. prunifolia.
choice and delicate. [W. B. B.]
CRAB OIL. The oil obtained from
Carapa guianensis. CRANBERRY. The fruit of Oxycoccus
sometimes applied, according
palustris,a.]so
CRAB'S EYE LICHEN. Lecanora palles- to Lindley to those of Vaccinium Vitis idoea.
,

cens, which was formerly gathered under — ,AMEP>,ICAN. Oxycoccus macrocarpus.

this name in the
dyers.
north of England for the
[M. J. B.]
— ,TASMANIAN. Astroloma humifusum

CRAB'S-EYES. The seeds of Abrus pre-

CRANE'S BILL. The common name for
Geranium.
catorius.
CRAB-WOOD. The timber of Carapa CRANICHIS. A rather numerous genus
of American orchids, mostly tropical, with
guianensis.
the habit of Spiranthes, but with a dorsal
CRACCA. The name given to a few I
concave not convolute lip. The flowers
slender perennial herbs or small bushes of ; are insignificant, and the species scarcely
the pea family, which were at one time i more than weeds.
cran] ®$z QLxznZnxQ nf 33atanji. 344
CRANIOLARIA. A genus of Pedaliads, I in numberto the petals or twice as many
distinguished from its congeners by the ovary composed of numerous one-celled
somewhat hell-shaped calyx, which is cleft carpels, having scales at their base fruit ;

or five-toothed, and by the tube of the co- consisting of follicles. Natives of dry places
rolla widening to ward the upper part, where in all parts of the world. They are found
it is hell-shaped and two-lipped, the upper on naked rocks, old walls, or hot sandy
lip of two pieces, the lower of three, the plains, alternately exposed to the heaviest
middle piece of the latter longer than the dews of night, and the fiercest rays of the
other two. The name of the genus was noon-day sun. Acridity prevails in many
given in allusion to some resemblance plants of this order. Some species are
which the ripe fruit has to the skull, in cooling in their properties, others are
Latin 'cranium.' The species are herba- astringent. Sedum acre is very acrid, and is
ceous, natives of the tropical parts of Ame- hence called Wall-pepper ; it is abundant on
rica, usually very hairy and viscid the ; sandy shores. Sempervivum tectorum, the
leaves are opposite angled or five-lobed, Houseleek, is so called from being grown
the flowers from the axils of the leaves or on the tops of houses. Bryophyllum caly-
terminal, the corolla being generally pale, cinum has the property of producing leaf-
with the throat variegated. The genus buds along the margin of its leaves. There
was originally formed to comprehend a are about 470 species, distributed among
plant known as the Martynia Craniolaria, twenty-four genera, of which Crassula,
first introduced in 1733, and which is now Bryophyllum, Sedum, Sempervivum, and
Craniolaria annua : a handsome green- Penthorum are examples. [J. H. B.]
house plant, easily cultivated, attaining a
height of two feet, with leaves somewhat CRASSTTL A. A well-known genus giving
heart-shaped, five-lobed and toothed, the its name to the order Crassulacea*. It con-
tube of the corolla longer than the calyx, sists of herbs or shrubs, with, for the most
which has at the base two leaflets or bracts. part, more or less fleshy leaves and stems,
Dr. Lindley states 'that its fleshy and and white or pink flowers in loose cymes
sweet root is preserved in sugar by the or compact heads. The form and disposi-
Creoles as a delicacy. In the dry state it is tion of the leaves vary in the different
said to be a hitter cooling medicine.' species frequently the two opposite leaves
;

Another species is the C. unibracteata, are conjoined at the base, as in C.perfoliata.

which is perennial the tube of the corolla
;

is as long as the calyx, which has one bract.

The flowers ai*e in clusters, sulphur
yellow, with purple dots. [G. D.]
CRANTOSPERMUM. small genus of A
Siberian herbs belonging to Boraginacece.
They are hairy with obovate or linear
leaves, and rather small rose-coloured
flowers with a five-parted calyx, a tubular
corolla, five-cleft at the mouth, the seg-
ments erect, the throat without scales
stigma capitate; nuts four, obliquely de-
pressed at the apex, affixed to a four-sided
pyramidal central column, the disk sub-
concave with a narrow margin. [J. T. S.] Crassula perlbliata (stem and leaves).

CRANSOX. (Fr.) Cochlearia officinalis. The sepals are five, shorter than the Ave
— RUSTIQUE. Cochlearia Armoracia. petals the stamens are five, perigynous
;

there are also five hypogynous scales;

CRAPAUDINE. (Fr.) Any Sideritis. the ovaries are five, distinct one from the
CRAQUELIN. (Fr.) Fragaria collina. other, and ripening into as many few or
many-seeded follicles. Some of them are
CRASPEDARIA. A name given hy found in the Mediterranean region, but
Link and others to various polypodiaceous the head-quarters are at the Cape of Good
ferns, now referred to the genera Gonio- Hope. Numerous species are in cultivation,
phlebium, Niphobolus, &c. [T. M.] some of them frequently produce little
CRASS. Something thicker than usual. leaf-buds in place of flowers on their in-
Leaves are generally papery in texture florescence. [M. T. M.]
the leaves of cotyledons, which are much CRATAEGUS. A well-known family of
more fleshy, have been called crass.
moderate-sized trees, commonly called
CRASSULACE^. {Sempervivcc, Succu- thorns, belonging to the sub-order Pomece,
lentce, House-leeks, Stonecrop family.) A of rosaceous plants, closely allied to the
natural order of polypetalous calycifloral medlar, Mespilus, from which it is distin-
dicotyledons, included in Lindley's violal guished by the small (not leaf-like) seg-
alliance. Succulent herbs or shrubs with ments of the calyx, and hy the different
exstipulate (no stipules) leaves, and clus- form of the fruit. The thorns are natives
tered flowers, which are often turned to- of Europe, North America, and the tempe-
wards one side sepals three to twenty,
; rate regions of Asia and Africa, bearing
more or less combined petals three to ;
for the most part a great resemblance to
twenty, separate or united ; stamens equal one another in habit of growth, and agree-
 345 Wfyt Erca^urg at 23ntani?. [CEEM

I ins generally in having cut leaves, white i cantharides. Some of the species have a
fragrant flowers, and scarlet hemes, strong smell of garlic. [M. T. MJ
though there are exceptions to all these
characters. All are hardy and ripen their
CRATOXYLON. A genus of opposite-
leaved bushes or small trees of the St.
fruit in the climate of Great Britain, and
John's wort family, found in the Malayan
1

being very ornamental, both when in flower

peninsula, China, Java, and the adjacent
and fruit, are highly prized by the land- |

Its chief distinguishing cha-

scape gardener. C. Oxuacantha, the Haw-
islands.
racters are the winged seeds, contained in
thorn, is to be met with on a dry soil in !

a three-celled capsule, which when ripe is

most parts of Europe, in the North of surrounded by the withered calyx. The
. Africa, and in Western Asia, varying greatly
leaves are stalked, or sessile and entire,
in size according to soil and climate, and
generally lance-shaped or elliptical in form,
•
presenting in the shape, size, and surface
but sometimes oboval. The flowers are
of its leaves, and in the colour of its
white, chocolate, or rose-coloured, arranged
berries, numberless shades of difference.
in terminal panicles, or arising from the
The leaves vary also in their amount of
axils of the leaves. They have a five-leaved
!

pubescence and the flowers, though gene-

;

calyx, five roundish petals, and three or

rally white and fragrant, sometimes have
five parcels of stamens surrounding an
an unpleasant fishy smell they are either
;
!

tinged with red, or, in some cultivated ovary crowned with three styles. About
varieties, are of a full pink or crimson,
ten species are known. C. Hornschuchii, a
The fruit or haw,' too, varies greatly in
' Javanese species, is said to be slightly as-
tringent and diuretic.
i

[A. A. B.]
;
size, shape, and colour, being sometimes
oblong, sometimes nearly globular, some- CRAWFURDIA. A genus of Nepalese
times downy, at other times smooth and
1

gentianaceous herbs with twining stems

polished. Varieties have been observed in and large axillary flowers. They have a
I
which it changes its usual crimson hue for bell-shaped corolla whose limb is five-cleft,
black, orange, golden-yellow, or white. In or ten-cleft, with five of the divisions
some districts, each haw contains a single
I

smaller than the rest filaments of the

;
1 nut, in others they more frequently contain five stamens dilated; ovary one-celled,
i two. Tn spite, however, of all these liabili- style straight stigma two-cleft with ob-
;
ties to variation, a hawthorn tree can be long recurved lobes; disc hypogynous,
distinguished at any season of the year five-lobed; capsule stalked, one-celled,
i without recourse being had to botanical many-seeded. [M. T. M.]
[
characters and a mere cursory examina-
;

i
tion of almost any other species of cratas- CREAM-COLOUR. White, verging to
gus will suffice to assign it to its proper yellow, with little lustre.
genus. Most of the cultivated species CREAM FRUIT. Roupellia grata.
blossom in the month which has given to
the Common Hawthorn the name of May- CREAM OF TARTAR TREE. Adanso-
tree but no one of them is more worthy
; nia Gregorii.
of the title than that which has so long CREEPER, TRUMPET. An American
held it. Collections of thorns exist in
name for Tecoma radicans.
various places in Europe, some containing
from fifty to eighty sorts, including varie- CREMANIUM. A genus
of tropical
ties for a full account of which the reader
:
American shrubs or small trees belonging
should consult Loudon's Arboretum Britan- to Melastomacece. They have terminal
nicum. French, Aubepine German, Hage- ; panicles of small white flowers with the
dorn. The hawthorn is the badge of the parts in fours or fives the stamens twice
;

Ogilvies. [C. A. J.] as many as the petals the berry globose,

;

depressed at the apex, blue or violet, ad-

CRATERA. The cup-shaped receptacle hering to the circumsessile calyx, with
of certain fungals. three to five cells, and numerous seeds. G.
reclinatum and tinctorium yield a yellow
CRATERIFORM. Concave, hemisphe-
dye. [J. T. SJ
rical, a little contracted at the base.
CRAT^EVA. A genus of the caper
CREMASTRA. A
little-known genus of
terrestrial orchids from India and Japan,
family consisting of shrubs or trees, natives with broad ribbed leaves, and radical scapes
of tropical regions, whose flowers have a bearing each a spike of dull-red tubular
four-parted calyx, a corolla of four stalked flowers. Two species are known. Hyacinth-
petals inserted on the margin of a hemi- orchis of Blume is the same genus.
spherical fleshy receptacle, and eight to
twenty stamens inserted with the petals ;
CREME D' ABSINTHE. A bitter aro-
ovary on a long stalk stigma sessile berry
; ; matic liqueur prepared from Artemisia
globalar.one or two-celled, containing pulpy Mutellina'and A. spicata.
matter, in which the seeds are imbedded. CREMOCARP. Such fruits as that of
C. Xurvala, a native of Malabar and the umbellifers, consisting of two or more
Society Isles, i3 a sacred tree in the latter indehiscent inferior one-seeded carpels
islands, and is planted in graveyards. Its adhering round a distinct and separable
leaves are aromatic, bitter, and stomachic, axis.
and other parts of the tree are likewise
used medicinally. The bark of the root of CREMOLOBUS. A genus of Cruciferce
C. rjynand.ru, the Garlic Pear, blisters like from Peru and Chili, consisting of herbs or
ceem] Cije Ertragttrg at SSotanc. 346
undershrubs, with oblong or ovate leaves, feet high, with its leaves growing in clus-
and elongated racemes of numerous yellow ters of three the two outer ones being
;

flowers ; filaments not toothed pouoh ;

undivided and stalkless, while the central
stalked, laterally compressed, constricted one is composed of three distinct leaflets,
at the partition as in Biscutella, with or- with a long winged stalk, and is compared
bicular valves winged on the back, tipt by to a cross by the inhabitants of the
the persistent style; seed solitary in Philippines, the tree being called Hoja-
each valve. [J.T.S.] cruz, and a decoction of its leaves used as
a remedy against spitting of blood. The
CREMOSTACHYS. M. Tulasne's name fruit is about the size and of the same
for a genus of Stylaginacece, which had pre- colour as an orange, and contains a sourish-
viously, unknown to him, received that of bitter pulp, which the Mexicans boil with
Galearia which : see. [A. A. B.] sugar and administer internally as a cure
for chest complaints while the shells are
CRENA, CRENATURE, CRENEL. A ;

converted into drinking cups.

round or convex flat tooth.
C. cucurbitina, the Calabazo de playa of
CRENATE, CRENELLED. Having con- the Panamians, is a shrub about twelve or
vex flat teeth. When these teeth are fifteen feet high, found growing very com-
themselves crenated, bicrenate is the term monly on' the coasts of Central America,
which is used. the West Indian, and some of the Pacific
Islands, and cultivated in Java. Its leaves
CRENATO-DENTATE. Divided at the are placed singly and alternately upon the
edge into triangular notches. stem, and vary very much in shape. Its
CRENATO-SERRATE. When serratures fruit is either round, egg-shaped, or ellip-
are convex, and not straight. tical, and has a very brittle shell. This
shrub has been reported to possess poison-
CRENUL ATE. Having the edge divided ous properties, but as the rest of the plants
into small crenels.
belonging to the order are of a harmless
CRE'OX. (Fr.) Pinus Pumilio. character, probably some mistake has oc-
curred.
CREPIS. A
genus of herbaceous plants,
C. Cujete, commonly called the Calabash-
known as Hawk's-beards, belonging to
tree,from the Spanish word Calabazo,
the chicory tribe of compound flowers,
which means a gourd or pumpkin, and
and distinguished among its congeners by alludes to the resemblance of the fruits,
the soft whitish deciduous pappus which
is a tree about thirty feet high, and is
crowns the cylindrical achenes, which are found growing either wild or cultivated in
destitute of a beak, or furnished with but
various parts of tropical America, and the
a very short one. The species are common
hedge plants throughout Europe, and are
West Indies. Its flowers are variegated
with green, purple, red and yellow and its
;
uninteresting. The most frequent British
leaves are arranged in clusters of five, all of
species is C. virens, a branched herb from
them undivided, and of a narrowly elliptic
twelve inches to two feet high or more, form, the upper half being broader and
with leaves not unlike those of the dande- terminated by a short point, while the
lion (Leontodon), and numerous small yellow
lower tapers gradually to the base. The
flowers. Its most favourite habitat is the
fruits are generally of a globular form, or
moss of thatched cottages, but it grows sometimes slightly oval, and haAr e a very
also in dry hedges and in waste ground.
hard woody shell, which is made to serve
C. paludosa is a much larger plant, not un-
common in moist woods, where it grows to
many useful purposes in the domestic
the height of six feet or more. A. J.]
economy of the inhabitants of the above-
fC.
mentioned countries— basins, cups, spoons,
water-bottles, pails, and even kettles being
CRESCENTI-PINNATISECT. When the made of them the latter, it is said, stand-
:
lobes of a pinnated leaf become gradually
ing the fire several successive times before
larger as they approach the end.
they are destroyed. In fact they in great
CRESCENTIA. The typical genus of measure take the place of pottery-ware,
Crescentiacece. Its four species are inhabi- and many of them are carved and polished
tants of the forests of tropical America, or stained in various quaint devices. The
and are either small trees or large shrubs, pulp is esteemed as a medicine, acting as a
having simple or trifoliate leaves arranged purgative, and considered to be beneficial
alternately or in clusters upon the stem. in diseases of the chest it is also roasted
;

The flowers are produced upon the stem or and used as a poultice for bruises and in-
old branches, and are distinguished by flammations. The wood of the Calabash-
having a two-lipped calyx, with the lips tree is light, tough, and pliant, but is only
undivided; the corolla being somewhat obtainable in planks six or eight inches
bell-shaped, and having a long tube puffed broad. [A. SJ
out on one side. Their fruits have a hard
woody shell or rind, and contain numer- CRESCENTIACE^:. (Crescentiads.) A
ous seeds nestling in pulp. C. alata is a small family of corollifloral dictoyledons,
native of Western Mexico, growing mostly closely allied to Bignoniacece, and often as-
in the vicinity of the sea-coast but it is ; sociated with them as a tribe or suborder,
cultivated in the Philippine and Ladrone or but differing in their one-celled ovaries
Marianne Islands. It is called Tecomate with parietal placentas, and in their large
in Mexico, and forms a tree about thirty succulent fruits,with almond-like wingless
 347 &§t Crnttfurg of SSfltang. [CRIN

seeds. They are usually trees with alter- common sublittoral undershrub in tropi-
nate or rarely opposite leaves, and rather cal and sub-tropical regions all over the
large flowers growing out of the old stems world. It has scattered entire leaves, and
or branches. Calyx at first undivided, but crowded flowers in the axils of the upper-
at length splitting into irregular pieces. most leaves. The calyx consists of four
Corolla gamopetalous, irregular, somewhat sepals; the corolla is funnel-shaped and
two-lipped; stamens four, inserted in the five-cleft; the ovary is two-celled with
corolla, two long and two short, often with two ovules in each cell; the capsule con-
the rudiment of a fifth; ovary free, one- tains from one to four seeds. [W. C.]
celled, with two or four parietal placentas
ovules numerous. Fruit woody, not split- CRESSON ALE'XOIS. (Fr/> Lepidium
ting, and containing large seeds immersed sativum. — AMER. Cardamine amara.
in pulp embryo without albumen. They — D'EAU or DE FONTAINE. Nasturtium
officinale. — DE PARA'. Spilanthes oleracea.
;

are tropical and subtropical plants, extend-

ing from 30° S. to 30° X. they abound in — DES JARDINS. Lepidium sativum. —
DES PRE'S. Cardamine pratensis. — DU
;

Madagascar, the Mauritius, the Seychelles,

and other islands of Eastern Africa. In BRE'SIL. Spilanthes fusca, — DU PE'ROU.
America they are represented by ten species, Tropazolum majus. DE ROCHE. — Chry-
in Asia by two only, and they are not found sosplenium also Cardamine petrcea.
;

in Europe.nor on the continent of Australia.

Some, as Kigelia pinnata, yield timber, CRESS-ROCKET. Telia Pseudo-cytisus.
which is used for canoes and for pillars. CRESTED. Having an elevated, irregular
Crescentia Cujete is the Calabash tree, whose or notched ridge, resembling the crest of a
gourd-like fruits have been seen two feet helmet. This term is chiefly applied to
in diameter in the west of Africa. A large seeds, and to the appendages of anthers
Calabash can support two men in crossing it also belongs to bracts which form with
a river. Parmentiera cerifera yields wax, their edges an appearance like that of a
and is called the Candle-tree in Panama. crest, as in Melampyrum.
The fruit of P. edulis is the Quexhilote of
Mexico, and is edible. The fruit of Tanae- CRETACEOUS. Very dull white, with a
cium lilacinum and of Colea Telfairice is little touch of grey ; chalky.
eaten. There are eleven known genera and CREATE DE COQ. (Fr.) Celosia cristata ;
thirty-four species. Illustrative genera :
also Erythrina Crista-galli ; also Rhinanthus
Crescentia, Parmentiera, Colea, Kigelia, major. — , MARINE. Crithmum mariti-
and Tandecium. [J. H. B.] mum.
CRESS, AMERICAX. Barbarea prcecox. CRE'TELLE COMMUXE. (Fr.) Cyno-
—, AMERICAX WATER. Cardamine ro- surus cristatus.
tundifolia. — AUSTRALIAX. The Golden
,

Cress, a broad yellowish-leaved variety of CREWE-CHIEX. (Fr.) Solanum nigrum.

Lepidium sativum. — BASTARD. The com- CREYAT. The Indian name for Justicia
,

mon name for Tlilaspi. — , BELLEISLE. paniculata.

Barbarea prcecox. BITTER. A common — ,
CRIBRARIA. One
name for Cardamine. GARDEX. Lepi- — ,
of the most elegant
dium sativum. —
genera of myxogastrous Fungi. The lower
, GOLDEX. A variety of
Lepidium sativum. —
IXDIAX. Tropmo- half of the spore-case or peridium is per-
,

lum majus the name of Indian Cresses is manent, but the upper half partially shells
;

also given to the order Tropceolacea?. off, and leaves behind a complicated net- —
LAXD. Barbarea vulgaris. —.MEADOW. work. The species are confined to the
Cardamine pratensis.
—
—
MOUSE-EAR. northern temperate regions. Two species
,

Arabis Thaliana. PARA'. Spilanthes have been found in this country.

,

oleracea. — , PENNY. Thlaspi arvense. [M. J. B.]

— PETER'S.
, An old name for Crithmum CRIBROSE. Pierced (like a sieve) with
maritimum. — ROCK. A common name numerous
,
close small apertures.
for Arabis ; also an old name for Crithmum
maritimum. — ,SPANISH. Lepidium Car- CRINITE. Having tufts of long weak
damines. — , SPRIXG. Cardamine rhom- hairs, growing from different parts of the
boidea. — , SWIXE'S. Senebiera Coronopus. surface.
— THALE. Arabis Thaliana. — , TOOTH. CRINODEXDROX. The name of a small
A common name for Dentaria. — TOWER.
j

Arabis Turrita. — , VIOLET. Ionopsidium

,
Chilian tree of the lime-tree family, having
opposite or alternate shortly-stalked and
acaule. — , WALL. Arabis Thaliana : also
smooth leaves, with their margins toothed
a common name for Arabis. , WART. — near the points. The flower-stalks, which
Senebiera, Coronopus also a common name ;
are single from the axils of the leaves, and
for Senebiera. WATER. Nasturtium — ,
longer than them,are thickened towards the
officinale. —
, WINTER. Barbarea vulgaris
apex, and bear a rose-coloured flower,
also a common name for Barbarea. — ;

which has a two-lobed five-toothed calyx

YELLOW. Nasturtium palustre, and N. five pyramidal fleshy petals hollowed at
amphibium.
their base about twelve stamens with
;

CRESSA. A genus of Convolvulaceo?, con- anthers as long as their stalks, and a globu-
taining probably a single species, though lar ovary crowned with a single style. The
very variable from the different conditions fruit is a four or five-celled capsule about
under which the plant grows, as it is a the size of a cherry, and containing numer-
chin] l&fyt €rta£ury at botany. 348
ous seeds. Chequehue is the name given CRISTATE. The same as Crested.
by the Chilians to this plant, which is CRIST ATO-RUGOSE. When the wrinkles
known to botanists as Crinodendron H'ook- of a surface are deep and sharp-edged.
eri or G. Patagua. [A. A. BJ
CRISTE MARINE. (Fr.) Crithmum marir
CRINTTM. A genus of remarkably hand- timum.
some amaryllidaceous plants, well-known CRITHMUM. The Samphire, an umbelli-
in gardens. They are tropical or sub-tropi- ferous plant, easily distinguished from all
cal herbs, generally of large size, with co- others of the same order by its glaucous
lumnar or sphajrical bulbs, lorate-lanceolate twice-ternate leaves, the divisions of
leaves, and a solid scape bearing a many- which are very succulent and taper to-
flowered umbel. The perianth has a long wards either extremity. The flowers are
slender tube scarcely enlarged at the greenish-yellow and inconspicuous, except
mouth, and a six-parted limb of nearly from the contrast between their general
equal segments, which are erect, spreading hue and the blue tinge of the foliage. The
or reflexed. The six stamens are inserted whole plant is ' of a spicie taste with a cer-
in the mouth of the tube. The ovary is taine saltnesse,' on which account it has
three-celled, containing many ovules the ;
been long held in great repute as an ingre-
style filiform and inclined, and the stig- dient in salads, and was declared by Gerarde
ma obtuse or obsoletely three-lobed. There to be 'the pleasantest sauce, most familiar,
are numerous species of Asiatic, Austra- and best agreeing with man's bodie for
lasian, and South American origin, while digestion of meates.' For this purpose it
one or two are met with in Western is now nearly gone out of use, but it is still
Africa, and some of a hardier character so much valued as a pickle that other suc-
in South Africa. Many very fine cross- culent marine herbs are not unfrequently
bred varieties have also been obtained in offered for sale under the name of Sam-
gardens. One of the best known species phire, for example Salicornia and Sumda.
is C. amdbile, which Dr. Herbert regards as All these substitutes, which are worthless
a spontaneous cross, probably between G. for the purpose of pickling, may be in-
procerum andC. zeylanicum, also stati ng that fallibly detected on a simple examination
it is cultivated for its beauty in Sumatra. of the leaf. Samphire is exclusively con-
This plant has thick pyramidal bulbs, and fined to the rocky sea-shore, and, like many
sheathing strap-lance-shaped erect leaves, other marine plants, has an extensive geo-
three to six feet long and three to six inches graphical range, being found on most of
wide in the centre. The scape is much com- the shores of Europe, from the Crimea to
pressed, three to four feet high, and bears the Land's End, and extends even to the
an umbel of from twenty to thirty large Canaries. The best pickled Samphire is
rosy fragrant flowers, having a tube Ave or made from leaves which have been
six inches long, and a limb of lanceolate- gathered in May, before the appearance of
linear lobes as long as the tube, and pale the flower-stalk; otherwise it is apt to be
flesh-coloured within. TheSouth African, tough and stringy. The etymology of the
capense, is sufficiently hardy to grow in a name Samphire is somewhat curious; it
protected border out of doors in warm was formerly written Sampier, a corruption
situations. This has roundish ovate bulbs, of Saint Pierre and, more anciently still,
;
and lanceolate-linear glaucescent leaves, it was called by the French Perce-piierre ;
two to three feet long, ending in long nar- by the Italians, Herba cli San Pietro, and in
row points the flowers are pleasantly
;
Latin, Petrus crescentius. Thus a herb pro-
scented, flesh-coloured, and about six inches perly enough called Rock-cress from its
long. It is sometimes called C. longifolla. growing in the crevices of rocks, came to
Among the interesting hybrids is one called be known as Peter's cress (the name Peter
C. Mitch-amice, raised between australe and meaning a rock). The change to Saint
capense this is a very handsome plant,
;
Peter's Herb was an easy one the postfix
;

perfectly hardy in favourable positions, 'herb 'being dropped, San Pietro became
and produces a succession of flower-scapes Sampier and that Samphire. French, Ba-
till the winter. Another is G. Herbertii, cille; German, Meer/enchel. [C. A. J J
raised between scabrum and capense, a
plant of great beauty, bearing about a CRITHO. A genus of grasses belong-
dozen flowers on a scape three feet high, ing to the tribe Hordew, not considered
the tube four inches long, the limb three I by modern authors to be distinct from
and a half inches, the colour blush with Hordeum, under which it is described
deep-red stripes. See Plate 2, fig. d. by Steudel. The only species is the curi-
[T. M.] ous Nepal Barley, C. agiceras, which is cul-
tivated at great elevations on the Him-
CRISPATURE (adj. CRISPUS). When the alayas and Thibet. The grain has been
edge is excessively and irregularly divided frequently sent to Europe from those
and puckered also when the surface is
; countries, recommended as a very hardy
much puckered and crumpled. Good ex- kind, arriving at maturity within an
amples are afforded by 'curled' endive, unusually short period after sowing. It
'
curled' kale, and the like. Also a diminu- has not, however, been found of much
tive of Bullate. value in Britain, where it is chiefly culti-
vated in botanical gardens. [D. MJ
CRISTALLINE. (Fr.) Mesembryanthe-
mum crystallinum. I CRITHOPSIS. A genus of grasses be-
 349 €f)e ttoagurj? of iSatany. [CROS

longing to the tribe Hordece, scarcely blooming species some of the most beau-
distinct from Ehjmus. One species is de- tiful are C. speciosus, pulchellus, Visianicus-
scribed, namely, C. rachitrichus, a native Cartivrightianus, cancellatus, medius, Bory,
of Syria and Persia. [D. M.] anus, byzantinus, and odorus. C. satirus,
CROCEOUS, CROCATUS. Saffron-co- which is a light-purple autumnal-flowering
species, formerly cultivated about Saffron
loured.
Walden, and partially naturalised, yields
CROCOSMIA. A beautiful genus of
the saffron of the shops, which consists
Iridacece, separated from Tritonia, and con- of the deep orange-coloured stigmas of the
sisting of one species, C. aurea, a native of flowers gathered with part of the style,
South Africa. It is a perennial Ixia-like and carefully dried. According to Dr.
herb, with fleshy corms, slender erect com- Pereira, a grain of good commercial saffron
pressed stems terminating in a branched contains the stigmas and styles of nine
flower-spike, the leaves narrowly sword-
flowers, and consequently 4,320 flowers are
shaped, and the flowers, sessile on the required to yield one ounce of saffron.
branches, large, deep orange-coloured, and
I

I
English grown saffron is now rarely, if
not inaptly compared to large crocus blos- ever, met with in commerce. The best
soms. The perianth has a longish curved comes from Spain, while that imported
slender tube, and a nearly regular six-part-
from France is usually considered of
ed limb of oblong segments spreading in a second-rate quality. The quantity imported
star-like form, which causes the long fila-
I

A'aries between 5,000 and 20,000 lbs. weight

ments and style, which are fully as long as
per annum. Saffron has a bitter taste,
the segments, to stand out very promi-
i

and a penetrating aromatic odour, and

nently. The ovary is oblong with about
i

was formerly considered to possess stimu-

ten or twelve ovules in each of its three
lant, emmenagogue, cordial, and antispas-
I

cells; this grows into a three-lobed sub-

j
modicproperties, but when administered in
globose capsule, having about three seeds
large quantities it is narcotic. It is em-
!

in each cell. In this particular, and in not

ployed, especially on the continent, as a
;

having the throat of the perianth en-

!

flavouring and colouring ingredient in cul-

larged, this plant differs from Tritonia,
|
inary preparations, liqueurs, &c, and in
with which it had been associated. [T. M.]
modern medicine is only applied for simi-
I
CROCUS. A well-known genus of Irida- lar purposes, except when included in
\
very much prized in gardens as afford-
cece, the domestic pharmacopoeia. Saffron gives
|
ing some of the earliest of spring flowers. to water and alcohol three-fourths of its
! The species and varieties are numerous, weight of an orange-red extract, which is
I
and exceedingly beautiful, best known as largely employed in painting and djeing.
early spring bloomers, a large proportion of Another colouring agent of the same deep
them flowering at that season but also ; orange colour, called safflowers, is quite
including several which are very handsome different from saffron, and consists of the
autumn-flowering kinds. They are all florets of Carthamus tinctorius. [T. M.]
dwarf herbs, with fleshy corms and grassy CROISETTE. (Fr.) Gentiana cruciata.
leaves, the latter not fully developed till
after the flowers have faded. The perianth
— VELTJE. Galium cruciatum.
is funnel-shaped with an elongated tube, CROIX DE JE'RUSALEM or DE
and a six-parted limb of concave petaloid MALTE. (Fr.) Lychnis chalcedonica. The
segments, of which the inner are rather name Croix de Malte is also applied to
smaller than the outer series these seg-
: Tribulus terrestris. , — DE ST. JACQUES.
ments are erect and closed in cloudy Sprekelia formosissima.
weather and at night, but expand under CROSSANDRA. A genus of Indian Acan-
the influence of sunshine. There are three
thacece, consisting of shrubs or herbs with
erect included stamens inserted in the
subentire verticillate leaves, and large red
throat of the tube, and an elongated style
flowers in terminal four-cornered spikes,
terminated by three dilated wedge-shaped
with broad bracts, and narrow membrana-
fleshy cleft or fimbriated stigmas. The ceous bracteoles. The calyx is five-parted,
ovary is three-celled, containing numerous
with broad lobes, the inner ones being
seeds. The species are mostly found in the
smallest; the corolla has a long tube, and a
southern and eastern parts of Europe, and
flat five-cleft limb the four didynamous
in Asia Minor. A few species extend to ;

stamens are included in the tube the one-

central Europe, and one or two, long culti- ;

celled anthers are hairy and ciliated at the

vated for ornamental purposes, have be-
margin; the capsule is compressed and two-
come established in some localities in celled, with four ovate see^s at the base.
England. C.vernus, one of these latter, is a
handsome plant producing in very early The genus is nearly related to Stenandrium,
spring its large bluish-purple flowers with
which has, however, a more prostrate ha-
bit, and more slender anthers. [W. C]
orange-coloured stigmas. Another of them
is C. pyrenoeus or nudiflorus, an autumnal-
The same name is given to a little
blooming species, producing light purple
known genus of terrestrial orchids, near
Gastrodia.
flowers. C. vermis and versicolor have yielded
many of the fine garden spring-flowering CROSSOSTEMA. A climbing shrub of
sorts, other favourite ones blooming at the passion-flower family, found in Sierra
that early season being, C. Imperatonius, Leone. The calyx and .corolla each con-
nivalis, reticulatus, annulotus, lagenceflorus, sist of five segments those of the corolla
;

with its variety luteus. Of the autumnal- are larger than the sepals, more deeply
 CROS] €3)e {feagurg of 3Sfltaug. 350
coloured, and three to five-nerved within
; hairs, and when young of a fine golden
them is a 'crown' consisting of one row colour. This plant is a common domestic
of filaments. The ovary is placed on a medicine in Venezuela ; a decoction of it is
short stalk which is expanded into a disc- a sudorific, and it is used in fevers.
like mass, with five short acute teeth at C. juncea, the Sunn-hemp of India, is
the margin, alternating with the five sta- a shrubby plant growing from eight to
mens which arise from the same place it ; twelve feet high, with a branching stem
is terminated by a slender style with a marked with longitudinal furrows; when
dilated stigma, and is internally one-celled cultivated, however, it is sown close, so as
with several ovules attached to the walls to prevent branching as much as possible.
of the ovary. [M. T. M.] Its leaves are on short stalks, and are
either bluntly lance-shaped, or very nar-
CROSSOSTYLIS. A genusof trees row and sharp-pointed, from two to six
placed by Lindley and others among Lecy- inches long, thickly covered with shining
thidacece, but by Bentham referred to silky white hairs, which give them a silvery
Rhizophoracece. The trees are natives of appearance. The flowers are of a beautiful
the Society and Feejee Islands. They have bright-yellow colour, resembling those of
opposite entire leaves ;flower-stalks ar- the common broom they are produced in
;

ranged somewhat umbel fashion, jointed long racemes at the ends of the branches,
in the middle flowers greenish with four
; and are succeeded by club-shaped stalk-
or five segments to the calyx, and as many less pods about two inches long, contain-
shortly-stalked petals ; stamens about ing numerous kidney-shaped seeds. This
twenty on a short disc alternating with an plant is extensively cultivated in different
equal number of sterile stamens ovary
;
parts of Southern Asia, particularly in
superior, with five to twelve compart- India, on account of the valuable fibre
ments, in each of which are two ovules yielded by its inner bark and which is
;

fruit fleshy, but ultimately opening by known by the names of Sunn-hemp, Bom-
two valves. [M. T. M.] bay-hemp, Madras-hemp, Brown-hemp, &c.
The stems after being cut are steeped in
CROSSOTOMA. The name of an Austra-
water for two or three days in order to
lian shrub, of the order Goodeniacece, sepa-
loosen the bark, they are then taken out
rated by Don from Sccevola, but by others
in handfuls and bent so as to break the
ranked with the latter,from which it differs interior wood without injuring the fibre
in the calyx being imperfectly developed
the operator then beats them upon the
or obsolete, and in the segments of the
surface of the water until the fibrous part
corolla being fringed. [M. T. M.] is entirely separated, when it is washed
CROSS-SPINE. Stauracanthus aphyllus. and hung upon bamboo poles to dry, and
afterwards combed to separate the fila-
CROSSWORT. The common name for ments from each other. The fibre thus
Crucianella also applied to Galium or
;
obtained is very strong, and is considered
VaiUantia cruciata, and to Eupatorium per-
to be equal if not superior to some kinds
foliatum. It is further sometimes applied
of Russian hemp it is employed for cord-
:
to the cruciferous family.
age, canvas, and all the ordinary purposes
CROTALARIA. A very extensive genus of hemp. A variety produced at Jubbul-
of papilionaceous leguminous plants, con- pore in Malwah, and called Jubbul pore-
taining between 250 and 300 species, na- hemp, has been supposed to be the produce
tives of the tropics and sub-tropics of both of a different species, C.tenuifolia, but that
hemispheres. They are either herbs or species is now united with the present.
small shrubs, some having simple and Besides its use as a fibrous plant, it is
others compound leaves. Their flowers are grown in the Madras territories as a food
I produced in racemes, either opposite the for milch cows, and is said to be very
leaves or at the ends of the branches, and nourishing.
are usually of a yellow colour. They have C. retusa, a native of the East Indies, but
a somewhat two-lipped calyx a papiliona-
; naturalised in the West Indies and Brazil,
ceous corolla, the upper petal or standard is an annual plant with smooth branching
being heart-shaped, and the lower or keel stems, from four to six feet high, and ob-
sickle-shaped and the stamens united into
; long wedge-shaped leaves notched at the
a column which is split down one side. top, smooth upon the upper surface, but
The legume or pod is curved inwards, covered with short silky hairs underneath.
and of an oblong form, with its sides This is cultivated for its fibre in the Ma-
puffed or swollen out. dras territory. [A. S.]
C. Burhia is a small shrub with nume-
rous spreading stiff branches, slightly CROTON. An important genus of Eu-
armed with spines, growing in arid sandy among which it may be known
plwrbiacece,
places in Sindh. Its leaves are of an ob- by the flowers being monoecious, with a
long form and wide apart on the branches five-parted calyx. The male flowers have
and the whole plant is covered with silky five petals,and ten stamens, and the fe-
hairs. The tough twiggy branches are used male flowers are destitute of petals, but
in Sindh for twisting into tough ropes. have three styles, divided into two or more
C. Espadilla, a harsh shrubby plant about branches. The fruit consists of three car-
a foot high, growing in sandy places in pels separating one from the other, and
Venezuela, has bluntly lance-shape leaves, each containing one seed. The species are
covered with stiff, close-pressed, shining numerous and vary very much in general
351 GTfjs Erea£urp of 33Dtang. CROW
appearance, some being herbs, others trees, bark having similar properties with the
and some having entire, others divided above, and which is used in Mexico in
leaves. place of cinchona. C. balsamiferum, a
Tiglium is the most important tree of
C. "West Indian shrub, furnishes a spirituous
this genus in a medicinal point of view, as liquor called Eau de Mantes, which is used
it produces the seeds whence croton oil is in irregular menstruation whilst others ;

extracted. The tree is a native of Coro- i

are employed in the West Indies, the Cape,
mandel, the Indian Archipelago, &c, and I &c, for their aromatic, fragrant, and bal-
has oblong-pointed leaves covered with samic qualities. C. lacciferum in Ceylon,
stellate hairs, when young. One seed is ! and C. Draco in Mexico, yield resin used for
sufficient to act as a purgative, but the oil j
varnish-making, &c. The plants known in
expressed from the seeds is yet more |
cultivation as C.pictum, &c, are referred
powerful, though sometimes uncertain in to Codiceum. [M. T. M.]
its action one drop is usually sufficient,
:

hence the great value of this drug in cases CROTONOPSIS. A North American
where smallness of dose, speediness of herb of the euphorbiaceous family, scat-
action, and powerful effects are required, tered over with bran-like scales the fruit ;

as in mania, apoplexy, dropsy, &c. It is and calyx with stellate hairs. The flowers
so acrid that it is exhibited usually in are monoecious, the males having a five-
parted calyx, with five petals, and as many
stamens the females likewise have a five-
;

parted calyx, two of the segments of which

are frequently suppressed, with five peta-
loid scales opposite the sepals the ovary ;

has three two-lobed stigmas. The fruit is

one-seeded. [M. T. M.]
CROTTLES. A name given by the lichen
gatherers in Scotland to various species,
which they distinguish under the names
black, brown, dark, light, white, stone crot-
tles, &c. In Scotland the name is applied
indifferently, but the merchants and dyers
distinguish the species with an erect or
all
pendulous habit by the name of weeds,
while the flat imbricated species, as Parme-
lia saxatilis, are called mosses. The word
Crottles is not confined to Scotland, but is
used in some parts of England. [M. J. B.J
CROWBERRY. Empetrum nigrum. —
Croton Tiglium.
BROOM. An American name for Corema.
CROWEA. Pretty greenhouse shrubs
order to avoid the burning heat it
pills in with simple dotted leaves, and purple
occasions in the throat if swallowed by flowers, constituting a genus of Rutucece,
itself: on this account it is not used in !
and natives of New Holland. The whorls
any case where there is inflammation of j
of the flower are in fives there are ten
;

the bowels. In large doses it acts as a 1

stamens with hairy filaments, five of which,

frightful poison, producing symptoms like j
opposite the petals, are shorter than the
those of cholera. Externally it has been j
remainder the anthers have an awl-shaped
;

used as a counter-irritant. It is obtained hairy appendage prolonged from the sum-

by submitting the seeds to pressure, an j
mit the carpels are five on a five-lobed
;

operation which affects the men engaged disc, with five styles fused into one. The
in it with irritation of the eyes, and air I

I
fruit consists of five dry segments, which
passages, and purging. Dr. Pereira gives burst into two pieces, each containing
the case of a workman who suffered very one seed. [M. T. M.]
severely from inhaling the dust of the
seeds, he having been occupied for some CROWFOOT. The common name for
time in emptying packages of them. The Ranunculus.
seeds of C. Pavana and C. polyandram,
Indian shrubs, are also used as purgatives.
CROW GARLIC. Allium vineale.
Many of the species have aromatic pro- CROWNBEARD. An American name
perties. Of these the most important are for Verbesina.
C. Eleutheria, the tree yielding Cascarilla
bark, which is chiefly collected on the
CROWN IMPERIAL. Fritillaria Im-
perialis.
island of Eleuthera, one of the Bahamas.
This bark is esteemed in this country as an CROWNWORTS. A name given hy
aromatic bitter tonic, without astringency, Lindley to the group Malesherbiacea.
in cases of simple indigestion. It has a
fragrant smell when burnt, on which ac-
CROW'S-FOOT. Echinochloa crus-corvi.
count it is said to have been at one time CROWSILK. A name sometimes given
mixed with tobacco for smoking. C. pseudo- to the Conferva and other delicate green-
China, called in Mexico Copalche, yields a spored Alga. [M. J. B.]
CROZ Qtf)t Creatfurj) of SSfltanij. 352
CROZOPHORA. A genus of Euphor- form of a cross, with equal arms, as the
biacexe found in tropical and northern flowers of radish or wallflower.
Africa, and extending eastwards as far as
India, It consists of annual or perennial
CRUCIBULUM. A genus of gasteromv-
cetous Fungi, belonging to the natural
low growing plants, having all their parts
order Nidulariei. It is distinguished from
densely clothed with starry hairs or shield-
Cyathus by its peridium being homogeneous
shaped scales. The stalked leaves have an and not composed of distinct strata, and
oval or heart-shaped blade with either
entire lobed or curled margins. The mi-
by the sporangia being supported by a
cord ending above in a globular swelling
nute green flowers are borne on terminal sunk in a pit of the sporangium, and in-
or axillary bracted racemes, the lower por-
cluding an elastic complicated thread.
tion of which is occupied by the females,
There is but one species which is common
the upper by the males. The latter have
all over Europe, and occurs in the north of
a calyx of five divisions, five petals and a
Africa, and New Zealand. It is especially
central column of five to ten stamens, but
fond of the old fronds of ferns, but oc-
most commonly eight,these being arranged curs also on sticks, old ropes, and various
in two whorls, the outer one of Ave short
other vegetable substances. [M. J. B.]
stamens, the inner of three longer, and all
of them opposite the calyx leaves. The CRUCIFERS. (Brassicacew, Crucifers,
number and disposition of these stamens the Cruciferous family.) A natural order
afford the chief distinguishing character of thalamifloral dicotyledons, belonging to
of the genus. The ripe capsule is about Lindley's cistal alliance. Herbs with alter-
the size of a pea, and covered with shield- nate leaves having no stipules, and flowers,
shaped scales. It contains three seeds. usually yeHow or white, arranged in ra-
C. tinctoria, which grows wild in the cemes or corymbs without bracts sepals ;

countries bordering the Mediterranean, is four, falling off petals four, arranged like
;

cultivated in the South of France for the a cross; stamens six, of which four are
sake of a dye which is obtained from it. long and two short. Fruit, a siliqua or
This dye is called Turnsole, and is obtained silicula, that is, a long or short pod open-
by grinding the plants, little herbs seldom ing by two valves, with a partition (sep-
more than a foot high, to a pulp in a mill, tum) in the centre; seeds without albu-
when they yield about half their weight men embryo with its radicle folded on
;

of a dark green coloured juice, which the cotyledons. The plants of this very
becomes purple by exposure to the air or natural order were included by Linnasus in
under the influence of ammonia. It is his class Tetradynamia. They are gene-
chiefly exported to Holland, and is pre- rally distributed,but most abound in cold
pared for exportation by soaking coarse and temperate regions, especially in Eu-
linen rags or sacking with it, the rags rope. This order has been divided into sub-
being previously washed clean. After orders and tribes according to the nature
soaking they are allowed to dry, and are of the fruit or the embryo. Considering
exposed to the influence of ammonia by the fruit we have these six divisions :—
being suspended over heaps of stable ma- 1. Siliquosce, a siliqua or long pod opening
nure. They are then packed in sacks, and by two valves from below upwards 2. ;

ready for shipping to Holland. Not much SMculosce latiseptce, a silicula or short
is known of the uses the Dutch put the pod opening with two flat or convex
dye to, but it is supposed to be chiefly valves, the replum (partition) being in the
employed as a colouring matter for cheese, broadest diameter; 3. Siliculoscc avguxti-
and perhaps confectionary, wine, &c. septce, a silicula with folded or keeled
This dye has been confounded by some valves, the replum in the narrow diameter;
authors with the litmus of our chemists. 4. Nucumentacece, a silicula whose valves
,[A. A. B.] do not open, one-celled, having no replum ;

5. Septulatie, valves with transverse parti-

CRUCIANELLA. A genus of herbaceous
tions on their inside 6. Lomentacece, a pod
plants, called Crosswort and Petty Mad-
;

dividing transversely into single-seeded

der, and belonging to the Rubiacece. The
portions, the beak sometimes containing
corolla is funnel-shaped with an exceed-
one or two seeds, while the true pod is
ingly slender tube and narrow inflected
abortive. The nature of the embryo gives
lobes the seeds are in pairs, linear not
;
origin to Ave subdivisions, namely:— 1.
crowned with the calyx. They are found Pleurorhizece, the radicle folded on the edge
in the southern parts of Europe and Asia,
of the cotyledons; 2. Notorhizece,the radicle
and are of humble growth, bearing thin folded on the back of the cotyledons; 3.
leaves inserted in opposite pairs, and
Orthoplocece, the cotyledons folded on the
having stipules at their base so arranged radicle 4. Spnrolobece, cotyledons twice-
as to simulate a whorled form of growth.
;

folded 5. Diplecolobece, cotyledons thrice-

;
The species are rarely cultivated except folded. Crucifers are pungent, and occa-
in botanical gardens, with the exception
sionally acrid in their properties. None
of G. stylosa, a native of Persia and the
of them are poisonous many are culinary
Caucasus : this is a low tivf ted herb with vegetables.
;

From containing much ni-

rose-coloured flowers, which bloom during
trogen and sulphur in their composition
the greater part of the summer it is well
;
they give out a fetid odour when decaying.
adapted for rockeries. French, Croisette ;
Among the common cruciferous garden
German, Kreuzblatt. [C. A. J.]
flowers may be enumerated wallflower,
CRUCIATE, CRUCIFORM. Having the stock, rocket, honesty. Brassica oleracea
353 STIjc Crcas"uru of 2Sotang, [CRYP

is the origin of the cabbage, cauliflower, bushes, natives of S. Africa. They differ
broccoli, savoy and curled kale. Brassica from their allies in their tubular calyx
Bapa is the origin of the turnip. The bearing on its inner surface near the
Swede or Swedish turnip is by some said apex of the ovary eight anther-like glands.
to be a variety of Brassica campestris, by Their minute linear leaves are numerous,
others a hybrid between B. Bapa, the tur- opposite and smooth the pink flowers,
:

nip, and B. Xapus, the wild navew, rape single or in pairs at the apex of the twigs,
or coleseed. Crambe maritima supplies sea- or from the axils of the upper leaves, con-
kale, which is subjected to the process of j
sist of a coloured tubular calyx with a
blanching in order to fit it for the table. four-parted border, covered outside with
Among the pungent plants of the order short silky hairs, and bearing on its tube
are Sinapis nigra, the black seeds of which
:

eight stamens, four of which are short and

supply the best mustard S. alba, or white
; included, the others longer and slightly
mustard, which pungent Lepidium
is less ; protruding beyond the mouth of the tube.
sativum, common cress: Nasturtium offi- C. uniflora is a slender pretty bush with
cinale, water-cress; Cochlearia Armoracia, I

pink flowers at the ends of the branches,

horse-radish; and Baphanus sativus, the and is sometimes seen in greenhouses.
radish. Isatis iinctoria, woad, yields a Five species are known. The name of the
blue dye; and/, indigotica is used as indigo genus has reference to the eight hidden
in China. Many of the species grow on glands of the calyx tube. [A. A. B.]
the sea shore, and have been used as fresh
vegetables by the crews of ships affected CRYPTANTjRA. Agenus of heath-like
with scurvy. Hence, Cochlearia officinalis under-shrubs, belonging to the order
Bhamnacece, natives of ]S ew Holland. They
receives tne name of scurvy-grass. Oil is
procured from the seeds of many of the are erect branching plants, with alternate
plants thus we have rape oil, and oil of
:
entire glabrous leaves, and flowers aggre-
mustard, and camelina oil. After pressing
j

gated at the summits of the branches, or

out the oil from rape-seeds the cake is sometimes solitary. The coloured calyx
used as food for cattle. There are 206 ,
has a campanulate occasionally cylindrical
known genera, and about 1730 species. \
tube attached below to the ovary, but free
—
Illustrative genera: Cheiranthus, Arabis, above, and having a five-cleft limb cut
into acute segments. The small hooded
Imnaria, Draba,Thlaspi,TeesdaUa, Hesperis, ,

Erysimum, Capsella, Isatis, Brassica, Bun- petals are inserted in the throat of the
\

ias, Senebiera, and Schizopetalura. [J. H. B.] I

calyx, and cover the stamens, which have
short filaments, and two-celled anthers
CROCKSHAXKIA. The name of certain I

opening longitudinally. The three-celled

Chilian herbs, constituting a genus of ovary is semi-inferior, each cell containing
Cinchonacew. The plants have branching a single erect ovule the style is simple,
;

wavy stems, and yellow flowers in terminal with a three-lobed stigma the capsule is
;

heads. Their calyx tube is globular, its covered with the persistent calyx. There
limb with four stalked roundish netted seg- are upwards of seventy species. [W. CJ
ments, having two stipules at the base of
each the corolla is salver-shaped. The
:
CRYPTANTHUS. A
Brazilian epiphyte
fruit is a membranous two-celled and two- belonging to the Bromeliacece. Its leaves
valved capsule. The most remarkable f ea are lanceolate, and conceal the flowers
ture in the genus is the curious condition hence the name. The flowers have the
of the calyx before mentioned. [M. T. MJ | arrangement and structure common to the
The upper surface of lichens,
CRXJ STA. order, with six stamens inserted on a
fleshy epigynous disc, three of them more-
j

CRrSTACEOUS. Hard, thin, and brittle; over are united to the base of the inner
as the seed-skin of asparagus, and the :

petal-like segments of the perianth. The

thallus of many lichens. stigmas are three in number, twisted and
CRUSTOLLE. (Fr.) Buellia. hairy. [M. T. MJ

CRTBE rosea is a small tuberous orchid CRTPTARRHENA. A very singular

with grassy leaves, from Guatemala. It has genus of tiny stemless epiphytal orchids
the habit of Bletia, but its pollen is that of with spikes of minute yellowish flowers,
an Arethusean. living in the forests of Surinam and Mexi-
co. They have a lip divided into attenuated
CRTPSIS. A
genus of grassesbelonging segments, and a column furnished at the
to the tribe Agrostid^os. The inflorescence upper extremity with a hood, under which
is generally between a thyrse and a capi- the anther lies. A plant called Orchido-
tule spikelets one-flowered glumes two,
; ; funkia pallidiflora belongs to the genus.
compressed and carinate pales two, Ian- ;

ceolate, the inferior one nerved stamens ; CRYPTOCARYA. A

genus of Lauraceas,
two to three styles two. Thirteen species
; consisting of trees natives of the tropics
are described, mostly annuals, and little of both hemispheres, and of Australia.
known in a* cultivated state. [D. MJ The leaf buds are scaly. The flowers are
hermaphrodite, with a somewhat funnel-
CRTPTA. The sunken glands or cysts shaped six-cleft perianth stamens twelve
which occur in dotted leaves. The same ;

in four rows, the nine outer ones fertile,

as Cyst.
the three inner sterile; the Innermost
CRYPTADENIA. A genus of Thyme- row of the fertile stamens has stalked
laceoz, composed of a few heath-like dwarf glands at each side of each stamen, and the
CRTP] Cfje Erca^urg af 23atang. 354

anthers of this row open outwardly, while J

themselves are from phasnogams. Many of
those of the two outer rows open inwardly, them indeed consist entirely of cells, but
in either case by two valves the one-celled
; so do some more perfect plants, and vas-
ovary is immersed in the calyx tube, which cular tissue exists in many Cryptogams.
becomes succulent as the fruit ripens, con- The greater part increase from the tips of
cealing the latter, hence the name of the the threads, but cell division takes place
genus. Brazilian Nutmegs are the produce occasionally in other parts while even in
;

of C. moschata. [M. T. M.] exogens, the main growth of the cells of

which the wood and bark are composed is
CRTPTOCERAS. A section of the fuma- similar. Again, if they have no true pistils
riaceous genus Corydalis, containing a few and anthers, they have their analogues,
species from the warmer parts of temperate while in several an embryo is at length
Asia, They have enlarged fusiform root- produced, and in Selaginella something
stocks, siiuple stems with two opposite even like cotyledons. Both the embryo and
leaves, which are ternate with imbricated cotyledons are, however, aftergrowths, and
segments, and very large flowers. [J. T. S.] not derived immediately from the spore
The consideration of the relations between
CRYPTOCHILTJS sanguinea. A terres-
the reproductive organs of phamogams and
trialorchid from the cooler parts of India, Cryptogams is one of the most interesting
with leathery lanceolate leaves, and scapes which is to be found in Botany, but it is
bearing spikes of crimson tubular flowers. also one of the most abstruse and difficult,
There is another species from the same and can be followed out only by those who
country, the flowers of which are smaller have an intimate knowledge of the struc-
and yellow. ture and functions in either branch of the
CRYPTOGAMS. Many names have been vegetable kingdom. Such considerations
applied to the vast class of plants com- would be wholly out of place in a work like
prehended under this name, as Asexual, or the present. [M. J. BJ
Flowerless Plants, Acrogens, Agamce, Anan-
drse, Acotyledons, Cryptogams, Crypto- CRYPTOGLOTTIS serpyllifolia is a little
trailing moss-like orchid growing on trees
phyta, Cellulares, Exembryonata, &c. Some
in the Malayan archipelago. Its flowers
of these have been given to them by
authors collectively, while others have are very minute. It is the same as the
been appropriated to one of the two great Hexameria of Brown, and notwithstanding
sections into which Cryptogams are divisi- its diminutive dimensions, is nearly re-

ble. Of these we have chosen the term

lated to the showy Angrcecums.
Cryptogams as liable to fewer objections CRYPTOGRAMMA. A small genus of
than most others, and predicating little polypodiaceous ferns of the group Platy-
that is exposed in the present state of our lomecB. They are very closely related to
knowledge to much contradiction. "We our native A llosorus, with which they are
have already stated the objections to which indeed sometimes, and, perhaps rightly,
some are subject, as Asexual Plants, Acoty- united. The typical species of the present
ledons, Anaudrse, and Cellulares ; others genus, C. acrostichoides, has, however, the
will be mentioned hereafter. The great dis- spore-cases continued in lines along the
tinctive point of Cryptogams does not course of the veins from the margin a
consist iu the absence of decided male and short distance inwards, so as to be uumis-
female organs, nor in their minuteness, for takeably oblong or linear-oblong, andhence
in the greater part their presence has been has the distinguishing characteristic of the
ascertained beyond all doubt, and the Platylomece while in Allosorus, as now re-
;

analogous organs in phasnogams often re- stricted, the sori are normally punctiform,
quire the assistance of the lens to make and therefore polypodioid. They simu-
out even their external form clearly. The late the Pteridece, in consequence of the
main point is that the reproductive organs reflexed herbaceous margin resembling an
are not true seeds containing an embryo, indusium. The aspect of the plants is quite
but mere cells consisting of one or two that of Allosorus crispus, being of dwarf
membranes inclosing a granular matter. and tufted habit, with dimorphous fronds,
These bodies, whether called spores or and having the fertile pinnules formed like
sporidia, produce by germination a thread a silicle or short pod. There are three
or mass of threads, a membrane, a cellular species, C. acrostichoides, found in Arctic
body, &c, as the case may be, which either America, G. sitkensis, found in Sitka, and
at once gives rise to the fruit or to a plant C. Brunoniana, found in India. [T. M.]
producing fruit. Indeed the differences
are so great that these spores seem rather CRYPTOMERIA. A lofty evergreen
to be relatives, or what is technically tree, forming a genus of Coni/erce of the
termed homologucs, of pollen grains, than tribe or suborder Cupressinece. The leaves
of true seeds. are shortly linear, falcate, rigid and acute,
The Cryptogams are divided into two crowded but spreading. The flowers are
great classes, Thallogens and Acro- monoecious, the males in axillary catkins,
gens, whose distinctive characters will be the peltate scales bearing five anther-cells
found under those heads. It is scarcely at their base. The fruits are in small ter-
possible to give any general character of minal globular cones, with palmately-lobed
the whole except that which we have indi- imbricate scales, each one covering four
cated above, as these two divisions are as to six winged seeds. C.japonica, the only
distinct from each other as Cryptogams species known, is a native of North China
 355 Qfyz €rea£ttrg at 280tang. [cube
and Japan, and being hardy enough to sus- on the globose stigma. The large three-
tain our climate without injury, is now sided follicles are widely divaricate, with
very generally planted in collections of an incurved apex and comose seeds.
Conifers. It is not, however, suited to The plants of this genus abound in milky
heavy soil. juice, which when exposed for a short
CRYPTONEMATA. time to the sun is converted into pure
Small cellular
threads produced by cryptostomata.
caoutchouc. [w. CJ
CRYPTOSTOMATA. Little circular nu-
CRYPTOXEMIACE-E. One of the largest clei found on the surface of some algals.
natural orders amongst the rose-spored
Algce, belonging to the section Gongylos- CRYPTOSTYLIS. A
small genus of
permece, in which the inarticulate cartila- brown-flowered terrestrial orchids inhabit-
ginous frond consists of a number of ing New Holland, Java, and Ceylon. The
jointed threads compacted by gelatine. In main character consists in its having a
the membranous species it is sometimes great dorsal lip hollowed out at the base
formed of many-sided cells, decreasing in to receive the column. - The abolished
size towards the surface. The capsules are genus Zosterostylis is one of the species.
immersed and are sometimes compound, CRYPTOT^ENIA. A genus of Umbelli-
and the spores are congregated without fercB. The Honewort, C. canadensis, is the
order. These arise either from several only species, and is one of a goodly number
congregated fertile cells, which at length of plants common to North America and
enlarge their endochrome, giving rise to a Japan. It is a smooth perennial erect
multitude of spores, or from a single cell, herb, one to two feet high, having ternate
according as they are compound or simple ; stalked leaves with ovate coarsely-toothed
in the former case all trace of the original leaflets, and numerous umbels of small
structure is frequently lost when the fruit white flowers, curiously disposed in an
is perfected. The genera and species almost panicled manner, which is very
are numerous, and occur in all climates. unusual in the family. The fruit is linear-
Chondrns crispus with several species of oblong, contracted at both sides, each of
I
Iridcea and Gigartina belonging to this the carpels having five equal obtuse ribs,
i
order, abound in gelatine, and in conse- with an oil tube (vitta) in each furrow,
I
quence are useful for many domestic pur- and one under each rib. [A. A. B.]
!
poses. [M. J. B.]
CRTPTOPHYTES. A synonym of cryp-
CRYPTOTHECA. A genus of Lythracece,
togams. containing bog herbs or undershrubsfrom
[M. J. B.]
Japan with angular stems, opposite shortly
CRTPTOPUS electa (Beclardia of Rich.) stalked lanceolate or linear-lanceolate
is a handsome epiphytal orchid from the leaves, and axillary many-flowered pe-
Isle of Bourbon. It has the habit of Epi- duncles. The calyx is funnel-shaped, four-
dendrum elongatum, the double gland and cleft; corolla of four small petals or ab-
j
caudicle of an Angrcecum, and flowers with sent stamens two, with roundish anthers;
;

deeply-lobed petals and lip their colour is

; style lateral capsule one-celled, irregu-
;

|
white dotted with purple. larly circumscissile, inclosed in the calyx
tube. [j. T. S.]
CRTPTOS. In Greek compounds=con-
cealed; thus Cryptogams are plants with CRYPTOTHECII. A small group of
concealed sexes. mosses, represented by Spiridens.
CRYPTOSANCS. Leochilus. CRYSTAL WORTS. A name given by
CRYPTOSEMA. A name Lindley to the Ricciacece.
sometimes
given to a "West Australian bush of the CTENOMERIA. A
genus of slender
pea family, also called Jaxsoxia which
: twiners of the spurgewort family, found in
see. [A. A. BJ South Africa. The slender cobwebby fila-
CRYPTOSORTTS. A very appropriate
ments of the male flowers, together with the
name proposed for pectinately-toothed calyx leaves of those of
a few species of small-
growing Ferns, having sunken punctiform the females, serve to distinguish it from
nonindusiate sori, but which are not gene- its allies. The wiry stems are furnished
rally considered sufficiently distinct from
with distant nettle-like heart-shaped leaves,
and the small green flowers are disposed
Polypodium. [T. MJ in racemes which arise from opposite the
CRYPTOSTEGIA. A genus of twining leaves. [A. A. BJ
shrubs, belonging to the natural order
Asclepiadacew, and containing a single CTENOPTERIS. A name originally pro-
species from India and another from Mada- posed as a sectional division of Polypodium
gascar. They have opposite leaves, and by Blume, a Dutch botanist, and subse-
large reddish-white flowers in terminal quently adopted as a genus, with various
cymes. The calyx consists of five lanceo- modifications by modern pteridologists. It
late sepals; in the tube of the corolla is,however, synonymous with the true or
there are five linear bipartite scales the typal species of Polypodium. [T. M.]
;

stamens are included, and have very short CUBEBA. A genus of Piperacece, the
i filaments inserted at the base of the tube, distinguishing features of which are, the
I
J
and the oval pollen masses are solitary dioecious flowers partially covered by ses-
j
and attached to the five glandular points sile bracts and the fruits elevated on a
 sort of stalk, formed from the contraction SEEDED. A common name for Sicyos.
of the hase of the fruit itself, so that — SNAKE. Trichosanthes colubrina also
, ;

they are not really hut only apparently Cucumis flexuosus. — SPIRTING or,

stalked. They are shrubs frequently of SQUIRTING. Ecbalium agreste, formerly

climbing habit, indigenous in the tropics called Momordica Elaterium.
of Asia and Africa. C. officinalis, a native
of Java, furnishes the cubeb fruits of com-
CUCUMBER-ROOT. An American name
for Medeola.
CUCUMBER-TREE. An American name
for Magnolia acuminata and M. Frazeri.
CUCUMBERTS. A name proposed for
the CucurbitacecB.
CUCUMIS. A genus of Cucurbitacew,
comprising a number of species, among
which the most remarkable are the Cucum-
ber, C. sativus, so well known as one of our j

most ancient table esculents, and the

Melon, C. Melo, equally familiar to us as one
of our most ancient and luscious fruits.
Some of the species possess valuable medi-
cinal properties,
'

Nearly all are annuals

and natives of the wanner parts of Asia,
Africa, and America. It is worthy of note
that the tender tops of all the edible spe-
cies of Cucurbitacece, boiled as greens or
spinach, are even a more delicate vegetable
than the fruit.
Cubeba canina. The Cucumber, C. sativus, is a tender
annual, having rough trailing stems, with
nierce, which are like black pepper but large angular leaves, and yellow male and
stalked. They have an acrid hot aromatic female flowers borne in the axils of the
taste, and are specially useful in diseases leaf stalks. It is a native of Asia and Egypt,
of the bladder and urinary passages. In where it has been cultivated for more than
large doses they give rise to symptoms of 3,000 years. It is mentioned as one of the
irritant poisoning. C. canina is also said things for which the Israelites longed while
\
to furnish some portion of the commercial in the wilderness, and complained to Moses
cubebs. [M. T. M.] (Numbers xi. 5). At a very early period it
was grown by the Greeks and Romans, and
CUBEBS. The fruits of various species according to Pliny, the Emperor Tiberius
of Cubeba, as C. officinalis, C. canina, and had Cucumbers at his table every day in
others. the year. They were known in England in
CUCHUNCHULLY or CUICHUNCHUL- the time of Edward III. (1327), but during
LI. Ionidium microphyllum. the wars of the Houses of York and Lan-
caster their cultivation was neglected, and
CUCKOLD TREE. Acacia comigera. the plant lost until the reign of Henry
CUCKOO-FLOWER. Cardamine praten- VIII.,when it was again introduced. Since
sis ; also Lychnis Flos-cuculi. then it has gradually increased in public
favour until it has now become of such
CUCKOO-PINT. Arum maculatum. importance as to be an object of rivalry
with gardeners to produce fruit for the
CUCUBALUS. A genus of Caryophyl- great and wealthy at all seasons. In sum-
lacem, of the tribe Silenece, containing a
single European herb which has been mer such is the demand for this esculent
that in order to obtain a sufficient supply,
found in the Isle of Dogs, hut doubtless
introduced. It has trailing stems, opposite
it is grown extensively in forcing frames,
ovate leaves, and shortly stalked drooping
and in the counties near the metropolis,
whitish flowers in dichotomous cymes.
whole fields are devoted to cucumbers as a
crop. Although cold and watery, and by
The calyx is bell-shaped the petals deeply
;

cleft stamens ten styles three fruit a

; ;
some considered unwholesome, still the
fruits are generally much esteemed as form-
;

globular berry, at first reddish, but black

ing a most grateful salad when cut into
when ripe seeds numerous.
; [J. T. S.]
very thin slices, and dressed with vinegar,
CUCULLATE. When the apex or sides &c. In a young state when small they are
of anything are curved inwards, so as to called Gherkins, and are in great request
resemble the point of a slipper, or a hood for preserving in vinegar, or for pickling
as in the lip of Cypripedium and Calypso. with other vegetables. It is recorded that
the village of Sandy in Bedfordshire has
CUCULLUS. A hood or terminal hollow. been known to furnish for the London
CUCUMBER. Cucumis sativa. — , BIT- market, 10,000 bushels for this purpose in
TER. Citrullus or Cucumis Colocimihis, one week! [W. B. B.]
commonly called Colocynth. INDIAN. — , The Melon, C. Melo, is the Pepon of Dios-
Medeola virginica. — ONE-SEEDED STAR.
, corides, the Melopepon of Galen, and the
An American name for Sicyos. —, SINGLE- Melo of Pliny. In Greece at the present
 c"; Cfje Erca^urj? of 3Sotang. [cucu

day it is named Peponia. In Italy in 1539, June, and the common Musk or Scented
is
the names of Pepone, Melone, and Mel- Melon of India; the other ripens in July,
lone were applied to it. In Sardinia, where, and is the true Melon of Turkistan : in
it is remarked by De Candolle, Roman tra- appearance it is not unlike a water melon,
1

ditions are well preserved, it is called Me- and comes to maturity after being seven
lon!. From the Spaniards in the begin- :

months in the ground. It is much larger

ning of the sixteenth century, it received than the common sort and generally of an
the name of Melon, which it retains in oval shape, exceeding two and three feet
France, England, and with but slight modi- in circumference. Some are much larger,
fications in other countries throughout and those which ripen in the autumn have
Europe, where indeed the uniformity of exceeded four feet. One has a notion that
name seems to indicate an introduction what is large cannot be delicate or high-
not very remote. De Candolle is of opinion flavoured but no fruit can be more lus-
;

that the species was originally confined to cious than the Melon of Bokhara, nor do I
the valleys in the south of the Caucasus, believe their flavour will be credited by
and chiefly to the southern coasts of the any one who has not tasted them. The
Caspian. But its cultivation in the open Melons of India, Cabool, and even Persia,
—
-

air has long been extensively practised ;

bear no comparison with them not even
over a great part of Asia. It even appears the celebrated fruit of Ispahan itself. There
i
to have been introduced into Italy early in I
are various kinds the best is named Ko-
:

I
the first century, if not before, as it is kechu,andhas a green and yellow-coloured
mentioned by Pliny, who died from suffoca- '

skin another is called Ak nubat, which

;

tion caused by the great eruption of Vesu- means white sugar candy; it is yellow and
vius in a.d. 79. In his works he describes exceedingly rich. The Winter Melon is of a
the modes by which melons were grown or i dark green colour, called Kara koobuk,
forced, so as to be obtained for the Empe- !
and said to surpass all the others. Bokhara
ror Tiberius at all times of the year. Their appears to be the native country of the
cultivation, however, appears to have been Melon, having a dry climate, sandy soil,
very limited in Europe till within the last 1
and great facilities for irrigation.' {Burnes'
three centuries. According to M. Jacquin, j
Travels in Bokhara.)
Monographic complete du Melon, the Canta- Provided the soil is moist below, the
loup variety derives its name from Canta- 1

Melon succeeds in all countries where the

|
luppi, a seat belonging to the Pope, near summer is sufficiently hot, even although
i
Rome, where this sort, brought from Ar- , the winters are cold, as is the case at Cabul,
|
menia by the missionaries, was first culti- where severe winters are succeeded by very
i
vated. He states further that it was receiv- ; hot summers. There, Melons are produced
i ed into France from Florence; that from in great abundance. Being an annual, its
j
France it passed into Spain, and thence vegetation only commences naturally when
into England, where, according to some the soil and air are warm the fruit ripens
;

! authors,"it has been cultivated since 1570; in summer or before winter and the plant
;

but the precise time of its introduction is then dies off before cold weather sets
]
uncertain. Probably the cultivation of in. In the middle and southern states of
Melons had been attempted much earlier. America, Downing informs us, Melons are
Till lately they were called in this country raised as field crops by market gardeners,
Musk Melons to distinguish them from the seeds being sown in the open air in
water melons, which belong to a different May, and ripe fruit is obtained in August.
species. Persia is noted for the excellence In Australia likewise Melons are produced
of its Melons, and the extensive scale on with the greatest ease in extraordinary
which their cultivation is carried on. Some abundance. There are many varieties of
I

nobles and wealthy individuals keep, it is Melons, differing in size, form, and colour.
'
said, from 10,000 to 20,000 pigeons, chiefly Some are round or oblate, others oblong or
j
for manuring their melon beds, pigeon's oval; the surface of some is smooth, of
i
dung being there considered the best ma- : others ribbed, netted, or warted. The flesh
|
nurefor these plants. A collection of seeds is either white, greenish, salmon-coloured,
of the best Persian varieties was sent in or red. The green-fleshed varieties are
1824 to the Horticultural Society by Sir now generally preferred.
Henry Willock, ambassador at the court of The Water Melon, G. Citrullus, is stip-
Persia and some of the kinds when grown
; ! posed to be of more ancient introduction
under particular treatment in this country . to Europe than the foregoing. RauwOlf, in
proved excellent, but they are apt to de- ;
1574, found it in abundance in the gardens
generate. The melons of Bokhara are of of Tripoli, Rama, and Aleppo, under the
the highest excellence, although in our name of Bathieca, the root of which word
climate they are liable to the same objec- is from the Hebrew Abbattichim, one of
tion with regard to degeneration as those the fruits of Egypt which the Jews re-
of Persia. Burnes in his Travels says The '
gretted in the wilderness. It still forms
Melon is the choicest fruit of Bokhara. The chiefly the food and drink of the inhabi-
Emperor Baber tells us that he shed tears '

tants of Egypt for several months in the

over a melon of Turkistan which he cut tip year. It is very much cultivated in India,
in India after his conquest: its flavour China, Cochin-China, Japan, the Indian
brought his native country and other dear archipelago, in America, and in short in
associations to memory. There are two most dry hot parts of the world, on account
distinct species of Melons which the people of its abundant refreshing juice, which,
class into hot and cold ; the first ripens in ,
however, is not so rich and sugary as that
 cucu] Cf)e (Treasury of 28atang. 358
of the common Melon. It is not esteemed of the cell. There are about seventy
in this country, where it is rarely grown. genera, and 340 species. Bryonia, Citrullus,
[R. TJ Momordica, Luffa, Cucumis, Cucurbita,
Coccinia, Trichosanthes, Telfairia, Feuillcea,
CUCURBITACELE. (Nliandirobea, Cucur- and Sicyos are examples. [J. H. B.]
bits, the Cucumber and Gourd family.) A
natural order of polypetalousand gamope- CUCURBITA. The typical genus of the
talous calycifloral dicotyledons, character- Cucurbitacece, and composed of herbaceous
ising Lindley's cucurbital alliance. Succu- mostly climbing plants, that are natives of
lent climbing plants with teudrils in place hot countries in both hemispheres, chief y
of stipules, alternate palmately-veined within the tropics. A few are found in
rough leaves, and staminate and pistillate the north of Europe and North America,
flowers. Calyx adherent, its limb five- but India appears to be their head
toothed, or obsolete. Petals four to five, quarters. Those which are annuals readily
usually united (gamopetalous), reticulated. submit to the climate of northern lati-
Stamens generally five, distinct or com- tudes during summer. Although we best
bined ; anthers long and wavy. Ovary know the cucurbits by the use of the
one-celled, inferior, with three parietal melon, cucumber, vegetable marrow and
placentas, which often send processes into similar plants, yet it must be borne in
the cavity so as to reach the centre, and mind that acrimony and a drastic tendency
there unite stigmas thick. Fruit succu-
; pervade many species, the fruits of some
lent, a pepo (gourd) seeds flat, without
; of which afford cathartics of remarkable
albumen cotyledons of the embryo leafy.
; power. Such being the predominant quality
Natives chiefly of hot countries; they of the family it is well to be cautious in
abound in India and South America, a few the use of even the best known species.
are found in the North of Europe and (Lindl. Yeg. King. p. 313.)
North America some are also met with at
; The Pompion or Pumpkin Gourd, C.
the Cape of Good Hope and in Australia. Pepo, of which there are many varieties, is
The plants of this order possess gene- a tender or half-hardy annual, a native of
I rally a certain amount of acridity. Many of Astrachan, and is stated to have been culti-
them are powerful purgatives, such as the vated in England since 1570. It has large
inelou, cucumber.vegetable marrow, gourd, rough heart-shared five-lobed leaves, and
pumpkin and squash while of others the ; hispid branching tendrilled stems, which in
fruits are edible when cultivated. The good soil will grow rapidly and cover a
seeds are usually harmless. The pulp of large space in the course of a season the;

the fruit of Citrullus Colocynthis, the colo- flowers are large deep yellow. The fruit is
quintida, or bitter apple, is the colocynth oblong egg-shaped, varying both in form
of the shops this is supposed to be the
; and size, and is used for soups or stews,
wild gourd of Scripture. Ecbalium pur- but more frequently in this country it is
gans or agreste {Momordica JElaterium) is mixed with sliced apples, to which a little
called squirting cucumber on account of sugar and spice are added, and after being
the elastic force with which its seeds are baked is eaten with butter under the name
scattered the deposit from the fluid of
; of pumpkin pie. Until 1815, according to
the fruit constitutes the powerful purga- Loudon, this was the principal kind of
tive called elaterium. Cucumis sativus gourd cultivated in British gardens —
is the common cucumber, C. Melo the melon, in those of the rich chiefly for ornament,
and the water-melon.
C. Citrullus, Cucur- and in those of the poor, in some parts of
bita Pepo, the gourd, is a scrambling plant, England, as a culinary vegetable.
to which belong the vegetable marrows, The Egg-shaped or Succade Gourd, or
which are edible, the orange gourds, which Vegetable Marrow, C. ovifera succada, some-
are bitter, the egg-gourds, giraumons, times regarded as a variety of C. Pepo, is
crooknecks, Turks' caps.and warted gourds. believed to have been originally brought
C. maxima, the pumpkin, bears immense from Persia, but the date of its iutroduc-
fruit and C. Melopepo, the Squash, forms
;
j
tion is not exactly known. It is one of
a bush about 3 ft. high, and may be had 1

the most valuable sorts of gourd for culin-

in the shops under the names of Piitisson, ary purposes that we possess. The plant is
Elector's Cap, and Jerusalem Artichoke similar in habit and appearance to the other
Gourd. The seeds of Hodgsonia are eaten in kinds of trailing gourds and the leaves are
;

India. Lagenaria vulgaris supplies fruit, rough, middle-sized, and deeply-lobed. The
which after the pulp is removed is used fruit is of an uniform pale greenish yel-
for carrying water, under the name of low, of an elongated oval-shape, slightly
bottle-gourd. The fruit of Luffa .Egiipii- ribbed and about nine inches long. It is
aca is cut up when dry and used as a used in every stage of its growth, and is
flesh brush, under the name of towel-gourd. peculiarly tender and sweet when very
;

Scchium edule yields an edible fruit called young it is good if fried in batter, but it is
chocho or chacha. The species of Bryonia in the intermediate or half-grown state
are purgative. There are three divisions that it deserves the name of Vegetable
of this order 1. Kliandirobea, anthers not
: Marrow. It is then excellent when plain
wavy, placentas adhering in the axis of j
boiled and served with rich sauces. For
the fruit, seeds numerous 2. Cucurbitece, ;
I
many years this valuable esculent was
anthers wavy, placentas and seeds as in the only to be met with in the gardens of the
first 3. Sicyece, placentas not projecting
; wealthy, but it is now extensively culti-
into the cavy, seeds solitary from the top I
vated, and during the latter part of sum.
 359 W$z CrcaSuri? of Bnfaitg. [cull

mer and autumn it forms one of our com- CUITLAUZINA. Odontoglossum.

mon vegetables. CUJUMART BEANS. The fruits of
The Melon Pumpkin, C. maxima, is one Aydendron Cujumary.
of the largest examples of the gourd tribe.
It is a native of the Levant, and is recorded CULANTRILLO. The Chilian name for
to have been introduced in 1547. The Tetilla, an astringent plant.
stems are angular, rough and trailing, with CULCASIA. A little known genus of
large heart-shaped flve-lobed tooth-letted Aracece, comprising a tropical African spe-
rough leaves. The flowers are large bell- cies, with entire stalked leaves, and a
shaped deep-orange. The fruit is roundish, brownish spathe enclosing a spadix bear-
often flattened at top and bottom, slightly ing male and female flowers, and interme-
ribbed, of a pale buff or salmon colour, and diate rudimentary organs. Ovaries crowded,
thickly netted over its surface with nar- each with one ovule. [M. T. M.J
row vermicular processes. When dressed
it has a peculiar flavour not unpleasant to CULCITA. Bicksonia Culcita. The
the taste, and forms an excellent substi- name has sometimes been used generically
tute for carrots or turnips. It is the to separate this species from the rest of
Potirmi of the French, who use it largely the genus Dicksonia. [T. M.J
in soups, as well as mashed in the manner
of potatoes. In North America it is exten- CULCITIUM. A genus of Composite,
sively cultivated as an article of food, and composed of woolly herbs or small bushes
as it keeps well it affords a supply through found in the Andes of Peru and Columbia
a great part of the winter. The fruit often near the snow limit at an elevation of
attains a large size. One grown at Lus- 14,000 or 15,000 feet above the level of the
combe in Devonshire is mentioned in the sea. The name derived from Culcita, a
Gardener's Magazine (vii. 102), as having cushion, is given, because all parts of the
weighed 245 lbs. Another, grown at Lord plants, except the upper surface of the
Rodney's in 1834, weighed 212 lbs., and was leaves of a few, are covered with dense
8 ft. round. Yellow, green, and grey varie- white or rusty coloured woolly hairs,
ties are cultivated. which serve as beds for those travellers
Besides the gourds just noticed as being who may be forced to spend the night in
I the sorts that have been longest cultivated the open air at this great elevation. The
i and best known in this country, there are manner of making the bed is, by first
;
many other sorts well deserving of atten- amassing a quantity of the plants, and
tion. Among these we would particularly after taking the soft woolly pappus from
mention the Custard Marrow Squash, and the flowers, laying the branches, with the
! the improved Custard Marrow or Bush leaves attached, on the ground. On this
Squash, both of which are prolific and first layer the soft warm pappus hairs are
'
highly esteemed for their superior excel- scattered, then a third layer is placed of
'

lence, as well as for the peculiar form of leaves only, and, lastly, another layer of
their fruit, which for culinary purposes pappus hairs. On this couch the traveller
are remarkably handsome and in great reposes after the toils of the day without
!

request. Many kinds of gourds are also fear of frozen limbs. The genus Espeletia
exceedingly ornamental. [W. B. B.J also belongs to this family, and growing
on the high Andes, bears much resem-
CUDBEAR. A name given in Scotland blance to this in the woolly clothing of the
'

to a crimson dye prepared from Lecanora leaves and stems, but the present is easily
I tartarea and some other lichens, by treat- distinguished from it, the florets being all
'

ing them with alkaline substances. The tubular, while in Espeletia there is an
collection of the lichen formerly employed outer row of strap-shaped florets in the
a great number of hands, but it is now
i

flower-head. Their nearest relationship is

i much neglected. A
person so employed to the groundsels, Senecio, from which they
1

could earn fourteen shillings a week, the may be at once recognised by their appear-
lichen being sold at about three halfpence ance. About a dozen species are known,
j
a pound. It is now principally procured some attaining a height of five or six feet,
j
from Sweden and Norway, the manufac- and having lance-shaped root leaves from
ture being chiefly in the hands of the six inches to a foot in length clasping
English. The name was derived from Dr.
I

j
the stem with their sheathing bases these;

I
Cuthbert Gordon who first introduced the are sometimes called Lion's ear. [A. A. B.J
i manufacture in Glasgow. [M. J. B.]

CUDRANIA. Climbing spiny shrubs,

CULEN. A Chilian name for Psoralea
glandulosa.
belonging to the Artocarpacea? they are
;

natives of the Moluccas, Philippines, and CULILAWAN BARK. The barkof Cin-
India, and have entire dioecious flowers, namonium Culilawan, or Clove Bark.
the females in globose or oblong heads,
each with a four-leaved perianth, and a CULLUMIA. A genus of little Cape
pendulous ovule. bushes belonging to the composite family,
CM. T. M.J
and distinguished from its allies by the
CUDvTEED. The common name for achenes being destitute of pappus, as well
Gnciphalium. as by the curiously spinous margins of the
leaves. These are seldom more than an
CUTCHUNCHULLI. Ionidium micro- inch long (generally much shorter), oblong
'phyllura. in form, sessile, and often closely pressed
 €f)t tErcajaitrj) of 28atang. 360
to the stem. In a great many the margins CUNEATE, CUNEIFORM. Wedge-
are bordered with a single row of slender shaped. Inversely triangular, with rounded
hristles about an eighth of an inch in length angles.
and in a few there is a double row of these CUNICULATE. Traversed by a long
bristles, one set pointing upwards, the
passage, open at one end, as the peduncle
other directed downwards. In all cases of Tropceolum.
the leaves are terminated by a bristle.
i

The yellow flower-heads are single on the CUNILA. A genus of Labiato?, contain-
ends of the branches, and half an inch or |
ing several species of perennial herbs or
more in diameter. The scales of the j
undershrubs, natives of N. America. They
involucre, in many rows, are furnished with ! have small white or purplish flowers, in co-
bristles like the leaves. The florets of the rymbed cymes or close clusters. The calyx
outer row are strap-shaped and barren, of i is ovate-tubular, equally five-toothed, and
the inner tubular and fertile. Abouttwenty 1 hairy in the throat the corolla is two-
;

species are enumerated. [A. A. B.] 1

lipped, with the upper lip erect, flattish,

mostly notched, and the lower somewhat
CULM. The straw of corn; a kind of equally three-cleft; the two inferior sta-
hollow stem. mens, which alone are fertile, are erect,
CULMIFEROUS. Producing culms. exserted, and distant, and there are no
traces of the superior stamens the apex of ;

CULVER'S ROOT or CULVER'S PHYSIC. the style is shortly bifid with subulate
American names for Veronica virginica. lobes. The nucule is smooth. [W. C]
CUMIN or CUMMIN. Cuminum Cymi- CUNIX. The separable space which in-
num. — BLACK. The pungent seeds of
, tervenes between the wood and bark of
Nigella — SWEET. The Anise, exogens
sativa. , an obsolete word.
Pimpinella Anisum. — WILD. Lagbecia
;

cumihoides. CUNNINGHAMIA. A
lofty evergreen
tree, forming a genus of Coniferce of the
CUMIN CORNU. (Fr.) Bypecoum pro- suborder or tribe Abietinece. The linear
cumbens. — , NOIR. Nigella sativa. falcate or lanceolate stiffly-pointed leaves
are nearly those of the American Arauca-
CUMINUM. Fennel-like plants, belong- rias, but of a brighter green and less rigid.
ing to the Umbellifera?, and botanically In the flowers and cones, the genus is
characterised by the presence of both
nearly related to Pinus, but there are three
general and partial involucres, the latter
or four anther-cells instead of two to each
one-sided by the calyx having five lance-
;
scale of the male catkins, and three instead
shaped teeth and by the elongated fruits,
;
of two ovules or seeds to each scale of
slightly contracted at the side, and each
the females. C. sinensis, the only species
half provided with five thread-like ridges,
known, is a native of South China, and too
and four intermediate ones more promi- tender for our climate without protection
nent and slightly prickly, beneath each of but it is occasionally to be seen in our
;

which there is an oil channel or vitta. conservatories, where, from the elegance
The cumin seeds or fruits are the produce of its habit, it is a welcome inmate when
of C. Cyminum. They are much like those
there is room for its development.
of caraway, but larger and of lighter
colour, and with nine in place of five CUNONIA. A genus of Cunoniacew, con-
ridges on each half of the fruit. They are sisting of a small tree from the Cape of
but little used, as caraways are more agree- Good Hope, where it is called Rood Eize by
able and more efficacious. The seeds of the Dutch colonists. It has reddish twigs,
cumin smoked were considered by the and opposite pinnate leaves with oblong
antients to produce pallor of the counten- coriaceous serrated leaflets, and ovate cadu-
ance. [M. T. M.] cous stipules. The dense racemes of small
white flowers are axillary and opposite,
CUMINGIA. A
genus of Liliacew, con- with the pedicels fascicled; calyx five-
sisting of bulbous Chilian herbs, with lin- parted, deciduous corolla of five oblong
;
ear-lanceolate nervose leaves, and branched petals stamens ten ovary free, with two
; ;
scapes bearing panicles of nodding blue diverging styles capsule conical, two-
;
flowers. The perianth is bell-shaped, the celled, separable into two many-celled car-
tube adhering to the base of the ovary, pels. [J. T. S.]
the limb six-parted with spreading seg-
ments. The six stamens are inserted in CUNONIACE^. {Ochranthacece, Cunoni-
the tube, and have short compressed fila- ads.) A
family of dicotyledons, closely
ments; the ovary is three-celled with allied to Saxifragacew, and very generally
many ovules, the style subulate and the considered as a tribe only of that family,
stigma simple. The genus is near Conan- differing more in their habit than in the
thera, but differs in having a less divided structure of their flowers or fruit. They
perianth, in the same way as Kyacinthus are shrubs or trees with opposite leaves,
differs from Scilla. C. campanulata is a simple or compound, and have stipules be-
very interesting plant, with linear-chan- tween the leaf-stalks. The calyx is half-
nelled leaves, and a stem from a span to superior or nearly inferior, the petals and
a foot high, bearing a racemose panicle stamens perigynous, the latter definite or
at top, the flowers violet, paler in the more rarely indefinite. The ovary is two-
throat around which they are spotted with celled, with two or more ovules in each
blackish purple. [T. M.] cell the styles usually distinct the fruit
; ;
361 djc ErcaSurg of 33ntano. [CUPE

capsular or indehiscent. They are natives verticillate, entire ; flowers solitary, on

chiefly of tropical regions or of the south- short often-curved stalks, and not unfre-
ern hemisphere, and especially of Australia. quently arranged in a racemose manner,
There are above a hundred species, dis- purple, red or white calyx tubular, in-
;

tributed into about twenty genera, among flated below, and gibbous or spurred at the
which may be cited as the most generally base on the upper side, strongly nerved,
known, Wei7imannia, GaUicoma, Acrophyl- the limb plaited and six-toothed, often with
h/m, Ceratopetalum, Cunonia, Caldcluvia, six smaller intermediate teeth, the whole
Belangera, &c. coloured and often forming the most con-
spicuous part of the flower; petals six,
CUPANIA. Alarge genus of trees or shrubs rarely absent, unequal, the two uppermost
belonging to the Sapindacece, numbering generally much larger than the others
upwards of fifty species, more or less fre-
stamens about twelve, unequal, in two
quent in all tropical countries, but found in sets ovary free, one or two-celled, few
;

greatest numbers in South America. They ovuled, with a slender style and two-lobed
are distinguished from their near allies by
|

stigma. Capsule oblong, usually ruptured

having a dry capsular fruit, which bursts before the seeds are ripe, in which case the
when ripe those genera more immediately
:
placentas with the seeds attached, pro-
related to them having more or less fleshy
trude. [J. T. S.]
fruits which do not burst when ripe. In
all cases the leaves are pinnate, varying in CUPIDONE. (Fr.) Catananche ccerulea.
length from six inches to two feet, and
composed of few or many leaflets. The CUP-PLANT. An American name for
flowers are small, generally green or white, Silphium perfoliatum.
and arranged in terminal or axillary ra- CUPE.ESSUS. A genus of evergreen
cemes or panicles some of them contain
;
trees and shrubs, giving its name to the
stamens only, others both stamens and tribe Cupressinece, of the family of conifers.
pistil. The calyx is five-parted the petals
;
Their foliage is not often to be distin-
five.with or without a little scale-like appen- guished from that of some species of juni-
dage and surrounding the ovary is a fleshy
;
per, consisting, as in that genus, of either
ring, inside of which the stamens (eight to small scale-like closely-appressed leaves,
ten in number) are inserted. The ovary is or of longer linear spreading ones, acute
crowned with a simple style, generally trifid or acuminate, always opposite, and both
at the top, and becomes when ripe a two forms occurring sometimes in different
or three-lobed capsule, woody or thin in parts of the same tree or shrab. The fruit or
texture, with two or three cells, each con- cone is, however, very different from that
taining one seed the latter in all the spe-
;
of Juniperus, being much larger, with
cies are furnished with a large or small peltate woody scales opening to let out the
fleshy cup-shaped aril, which is frequently seeds when ripe, and not at all succulent;
of a bright yellow colour, while the outer and the seeds are winged. There are about
coating of the seed is generally black ten species natives of the northern hemi-
and polished. C. edulis, the Akee Tree, sphere, all extratropical or penetrating
is sometimes called Blighia sapida which :
into the tropics only in mountain regions.
see. The Tulip "Wood of eastern tropical They may be readily distributed into
Australia is furnished by the Cupania or two sections, considered sometimes as dis-
HoTpulia pendula, a tree of lofty growth, tinct genera Cupressus proper, with seve-
:
with a stem varying from eighteen to ral seeds under each scale of the cone and ;
twenty inches in diameter. The light Chamcecilparis, with two seeds only to each
coloured wood is interspersed with darker scale. But the species themselves are very
mahogany-coloured patches, and is sus- difficult to mark out, being distinguished
ceptible of a high polish it bears much
;
rather by general habit than by any very
resemblance to that of the Tamarind positive botanical character.
tree. Avery curious circumstance has C. sempervirens of Linnams, the common
been noticed by Mr. Spruce in connection Cypress, is a native of Persia and the
with the seeds of C. cinerea, a Peruvian Levant, but so generally planted in the
tree with pmnate leaves, and wedge-shaped East that the precise limits of its indige-
leaflets covered underneath with a white nous area have not been well ascertained.
down. He says, 'The embryos fall out of It has two very remarkable forms. One,
the seeds, while the outer coating or husk C. fastigiata,with erect closely-appressed
of the seeds with their aril contained in
!

branches, is the well-known tall Cypress,

the burst capsules still remain on the tree.' celebrated by Oriental poets for its elegant
Loblolly-wood is the name given in Jamaica slender pyramidal form, and extensively
to the wood of a number of trees of this planted in Southern Europe and Western
genus. [A. A. B.] Asia, especially in Mahommedan and Ar-
CUP FLOWER.. Scyphanthus elegans. menian burial grounds. It will there reach
a height of above sixty feet, densely clothed
CUP GOLDILOCKS. Trichomanes radi- with leafy compact branches to within four
cans. or five feet of its base, the trunk below the
CUPHEA. A
genus of Lythrarece, con- branches attaining twelve to fifteen feet
sisting of herbs or undershrubs, often in circumference. In our country, how-
viscid, natives of Tropical America, one ever, it is only in a few favoured spots that
species extending northwards as far as it will rise much above a bush of ten to
New York. The leaves are opposite, rarely fifteen feet, for it is of very slow growth,
cupu] Cfjc Creagttrg of Matmxv. 362
and much liable to injury from wind and five distinct petals. forms a large bush
It
severe frost. The second variety, C. hori- or sometimes a tree of twenty feet high,
or spreading Cypress, with all its
zontal-is, with soft spongy wood and smooth bark,
branches more or less spreading or quite and is indigenous in Tropical America,
horizontal, is so different in aspect that it but is very generally found in all tropical
would be difficult to conceive it to belong countries, being cultivated for the purga-
to the same species, were it not that it will tive oil of the seeds. Its leaves, generally
frequently spring from the seed of C. fas- crowded at the apex of the branches, are
tigiata. In the south of Europe it readily smooth, entire, and heart-shaped, or more
grows to a tree, having much the form of commonly three or five-lobed, and includ-
a Cedar, but it is seldom planted in Eng- ing the stalks, from six to eight inches in
land. length. The small green flowers are sup-
G. torulosa, from the Himalaya, is one of ported on stalked cymes about the length
the most elegant of modern introductions to of the leaves; the males occupy the ex-
our pinetums and shrubberies; the branches tremities of the ramifications, and the fe-
are erect or ascending, but less compact males the forks. The former have a calyx
than in the common tall cypress and the of five leaves a bell-shaped corolla with a ;

colour is not so dark. It is hardy enough five-lobed border and a double stamen-;

to bear well the climate of some parts of tube of ten stamens, the five inner longer
England, but in others suffers- much in than the others. The females have a simi-
severe winters. C. glauca, another East lar calyx and corolla, and a three-lobed
Indian species, is much more tender, and ovary crowned with a tripartite style, each
will seldom outlive our winters without branch forked at the apex.
protection, but it is much planted in Portu- Dr. Bennett in his Gatherings of a Natu-
gal, and has thence acquired the name of O. ralist, states that this tree '
contains a
lusitanica. C. fnnebris, from North China, milky acrid glutinous juice, which when
with its long branches, said to droop like dropped on white linen produces an indeli-
those of a Weeping Willow, promises to be ble stain, at first of a light blue colour, but
a valuable addition to oar hardy ever- after being washed, changing to a perma-
greens. To these must be added G. macro- nent brown it might therefore form a
:

car-pa and Goveniana, both Californian. The very excellent marking ink. The fruit is
first a noble tree with the habit of C. sem- globular and fleshy, about the size of a
pervirens, the second of much smaller di- filbert, and contains three seeds in distinct
mensions and with a less compact habit. cells. When immature, it is of a green
Of the section Chammcyparis, two spe- colour, and when ripe black. On removing
cies, G. thyoides and C. naikaensis (Thitjop- the husk from the oblong seeds, a white
sis nutkaensis of our garden catalogues), kernel remains, which contains much oil,
from North America, and C. squarrosa (Be- and has an agreeable almond-like taste.
tinospora squarrosa of our garden cata- The seeds are collected by the natives of
logues) from Japan, are to be met with in the Philippine Islands for the purpose of
our plantations of conifers. expressing the oil, which they use for
CUPTJLE. The cup or husk of the acorn,
Spanish chesnut, &c. a collection of
;

bracts a sort of involucre a cup-like body

; ;

found in such fungals as Peziza.

CUPULA-SHAPED. Slightly concave,
with a nearly entire margin as the calyx ;

of Citrus, or the cup of an acorn.

CUBAGE. (Fr.) Polygonum Hydropiper.

CURANA WOOD. The wood of Idea
altissima.
CURATELLA. A genus of small trees
from Tropical America, belonging to Dille-
niacea, with alternate ovate rough leaves
often with winged leaf stalks flowers ;

small, white, racemose calyx of four un-

;

equal roundish sepals petals four or five

;

stamens numerous ovaries two, subglo.

;

bose, united at the base, with sublateral

styles capsulesleathery, hispid, one-celled,
;

two-seeded; seeds -with a membranous

aril. The rough leaves of G. americana
Curcas purgans.
are used in Guiana for polishing. [J. T. SJ

CURCAS. A
genus of Euphorbiaceai burning in their lamps, as well as for medi-
formed for the reception of the Phj sic-nut cinal purposes. The leaves are employed
tree, C. purgaiis, or, as it was formerly for fomentations, and the juice of the
called, Jatropha Curcas. It differs from young buds or other parts of the tree as a
Jatropha merely in having a bell-shaped beneficial application to the ulcerated sur-
corolla, while the latter has a corolla of face of wounds.' The seeds are employed
 363 CTje Erca£uru af 23fltang. [CTTRT

by the native doctors of the Philippine Is- of alkalies, which change its yellow colour
lands, and are considered excellent and to a reddish brown. The young colourless
mild purgatives, in doses of from one to tubers of this plant furnish a sort of arrow-
four seeds. The effects which result from root ; another species, however, C. angusti-
an overdose are vomiting, purging, a burn- folia, furnishes East Indian arrowroot,
ing sensation in the stomach and bowels, which is prepared by bruising and powder-
with a determination of blood to the head. ing the tubers, and throwing the powder
The only antidote used by native prac- into water, which is frequently changed
titioners is cold water warm water they till the starch loses its originally bitter
;

affirm would be injurious. The kernels are taste. C. rubescens and C. leucorhiza also
administered entire, or are pounded in a furnish starch. C. aromatica and C. Zedo-
mortar with water, and after being strained aria furnish Zedoary tubers, which are used
given as a draught. Dr. Bennett has by the natives of India as aromatic tonics,
himself administered these seeds to Euro- and as a perfume. Several species with
peans, but has found their effects very yellow or reddish flowers are cultivated
irregular, and occasioning in all cases a in hot-houses. [M. T. MJ
burning sensation in the bowels, followed
with nausea and vomiting. CURL. A formidable disease in potatoes,
The oil is said to be sometimes boiled referrible to Chlorosis, in which the tubers
with oxide of iron, and used by the Chinese produce deformed curled shoots of a pallid
;
as a varnish. It is of a light colour, and tint, which are never perfectly developed,
j
has been imported into England and used and give rise to minute tubers. It is sup-
as a substitute for linseed oil, as well as for posed to arise from the tubers being over-
dressing cloth, burning in lamps, &c. Its ripe. It is, however, a local disease, and is
qualities differ little from those of castor quite unknown in many districts. It must
oil according to Dr. Christison, who says not be confounded with a curled state of
that twelve or fifteen drops of it are equal the foliage, which arises from the presence
to an ounce of castor oil. The white milky of aphides. [M. J. B.]
juice in which the plant abounds is re- CURLS, BLUE. An American name for
ported as having healing properties, and Trichostema.
a decoction of the leaves is used in the
Cape de Verd islands to excite secretion of CURRANT. The common name for .Kibes,
milk in women. but especially applied to Bibes rubrum, the
The only other species of the genus is red, and B. nigrum, the black currant of
C. spathulata, sometimes called Mozinna the gardens. The currants of the shops
spathulata, a low bush found in Mexico, are the dried berries of the Corinthian
with stout succulent stems, having olive- grape. — AUSTRALIAN. Leucopogon
,

coloured bark, and furnished with nume- Bichei. — INDIAN.

, An American name
rous warty excrescences from which the for Symphoricarpus vulgaris. , NATIVE, —
leaves and flowers arise. The former are of New South "Wales. Leucopogon Bichei.
small and spathulate, and the latter incon- — , NATIVE, of Tasmania. A name applied
spicuous. [A. A
B.] to some species of Coprosma.
CURCULIGO. A genus of hypoxids CURRANTWORTS. A name given by
found in extratropical South Africa, in Lindley to the Grossulariacece.
tropical New Holland, and in India. They
are herbs with grassy ribbed leaves, and
CURRA-TOW. Ananassa Sagenaria.
short scapaceous spikes or fascicles of CURRORIA. A genus of Asclepiadacece,
small inconspicuous flowers, which have a containing a single species from "Western
cylindrical tube adhering to the style, a Tropical Africa, It has a five-parted calyx,
regular spreading six-parted limb, and six with ovate-lanceolate sepals; the corolla
stamens inserted in the mouth of the tube. tube is short and subglobose, the divisions
The roots of C. orchioides are bitter and of the limb are linear-lanceolate, and have
aromatic, and are used medicinally in In- a twisted aestivation there are Ave linear
;
dia: while those of C. stems are eaten in scales in the throat of the corolla the ;

the Marianne Islands. [T. M.] gynostegium is included the pollen masses
;

CURCUMA A genus of Zingiberacece, are slightly stalked and erect; and the
consisting of plants with perennial root- stigma is short. rw. C]
stocKs and annual stems. The flowers are CURRY-LEAF TREE. Bergera Ebnigii.
in spikes with concave bracts they have a
;

tubular three-toothed calyx the tube of

; CURTISIA. A genus belonging to the
the corolla is dilated above, five of its lobes order of cornels, having a four-parted
are equal, but the middle one of the inner calyx, four blunt petals, four stamens al-
row or the lip is larger and spreading the ; ternate with them, and a stone fruit, the
filament is petaloid, three-lobed at the top, hard part of which is four or five-celled.
with a two-spurred anther on the middle The name was given in honour of Mr.
lobe. The substance called Turmeric con- Curtis, a well-known English Botanist.
sists of the old tubers of C. longa, and The only species is a large and fine tree, a
perhaps some other species. The powder native of the Cape, with opposite shining
is nsed as a mild aromatic, and for other broad or toothed leaves, of a rusty colour
medicinal purposes in India. It enters oeneath the flowers small and numerous.
;

into the composition of curry powder, and The natives of the region where it abounds
is used as a chemical test for the presence employ it to form shafts for their javelins
 j
CURV] 5Fi)e Creagttry ol 3Bfltang. 364
or assagays : hence the common name As- [
The extent of the mischief
Aiate the evil.
sagay Tree. [G. D.] may he judged from the fact that it Mas
„ TT „„ imT , T „ ,^ reported in the Agricultural Gazette for 1859
CURVATIVE. When ,
the margins are
.

that one grower of flax had separated no

slightly turned up or down, without any
sensible bending inwards.
CURVE-RIBBED. When the ribs of a
leaf describe curves, and meet at the point
as in Plantago lanceolata.

CURVINERVED, CURVE-VEINED. The

same as Convergenti-nervose.
CUSCO BARK. A kind of cinchona
hark.
CUSCUTACE^E. A natural
(Dodders.)
order of corollifloral dicotyledons, belong-
ing to Lindley's solanal alliance. The
plants are included by some in a suborder
of Convolvulacece. Leafless parasitic twin-
ing herbs, with flowers in dense clusters.
Calyx inferior, four to five-parted corolla ;

persistent, four to five-cleft scales alter- ;

nating with the segments of the corolla, Cuscuta Epilinum.

and adhering to them stamens four to ;

five ovary two-celled, with two ovules in

;
less than seventy bushels of Dodder seed
each cavity styles two or wanting fruit
; ;
from his flax crop. With some of this
two-celled, either capsular or succulent seed we carried out the following experi-
seeds with fleshy albumen embryo spiral, ;
ments :—
filiform, having no cotyledons. The seeds Exp. 1.— On sowing some seeds in a sau-
germinate in the soil in the usual way, and cer with fine mould, the following ap-
afterwards become true parasites by attach- pearances presented themselves. In four
ing themselves to plants in their vicinity, days, the radicle was extended. In five
and growing at their expense. Some of days the germ was elevated above the soil,
them destroy flax, clover, and other crops. bearing the seed-covering on its apex. In
Dodder, or scaldweed, is also the pest of six days the young thread-like plant was as
it were on the look-out for a foster parent,
: beans and hops in some places. These
parasites are found in the temperate re- and by the eighth day, not finding a foster
parent, it emerged from the soil and died.
;

gions of both hemispheres. They seem

(See diagrams in Agric. Gaz. 1859, 746.)
|

also to possess acrid and purgative quali-

ties. The farmer requires to take care Thus, then, all the plants which germinated
that dodder seeds are not mixed with freely died within a few days, the thread-
those of his crops. They may be separated like germs gradually becoming elevated out
by careful sifting. There are upwards of of the soil, and then withering away. How-
fifty species included in four genera, of ever, on planting young examples of flax,
which Cuscuta, Lepidanche, and Epiliiwlla chickweed, tomato, and others among
are examples. [J. H. B.] them, the later germinated seeds immedi-
ately directed their threads towards them,
CUSCUTA. The Dodders, a genus of and commenced that parasitic mode of
annual leafless parasitic plants, the stems growth which was so fully shown in the
of which consist of small wh-e-like tendrils next case.
that twine round the plant destined to be Exp. 2.— A saucer was sown with a mix-
the foster parent, and into the texture of ture of flax and Dodder. In a few days
which they send out aerial roots at the both germinated, and the Dodder threads
points of contact, and through these im- were attracted to the stems of the young
bibe the sap of the attacked plant. Our flax, their history and progress being as
native flora contains two species C. euro- : follows. In seven days the Dodder had
pwa, a plant which is described by Sir J. just clasped a flax plant. In nine days,
Smith as climbing two or more feet high
' both Dodder and flax having grown, the
upon thistles, oats, and any plants that are elevation of the flax stem had lifted the
crowded together and will afford it nourish- firmly attached Dodder out of the soil. In
ment and C. Epithymum, a smaller plant
;' eleven days the Dodder was throwing out
which grows on heath, thyme, &c. Besides buds for new shoots, and the lower un-
these are now recognised C. Epilinum, the attached part was dying away. (See dia-
Flax Dodder, and C.Trifolii, the Clover Dod- gram already referred .to.) This explains the
der, species, or probably varieties, which it method by which the Dodder first becomes
would appear have been introduced with attached to the plant upon which it grows.
foreign seeds of their respective crops in It makes one or two tight coils around its
the cultivation of which they are so gradu- future support, and during the time these
ally becoming most serious impediments. coils are progressing, the foster-parent is
This is so much the case that we were in- increasing in size, the compression of the
duced to experiment largely on their mode former around the latter becomes tighter,
of growth, with a view if possible to ob- thus causing the bark of the foster-parent
 365 €f)c Crea£urg nf Matm$. [cyan

I
to be more delicate, while the parasite is disk on the upper part of the seed vessel
preparing a series of aerial roots to pene- stamens five to seven, adherent to the
trate it it having done this, its position is
; petals fruit almost round, with little juice,
;

firmly established, its own natural root two to three-celled, one seed in each cell.
dies quite away, and thenceforward its The genus was named in honour of Cusson,
true parasitic growth is astonishingly rapid. a botanist of Montpelier. The species are
Experiments 3 and 4 were repeated during shrubs, natives of the Cape or of New Zea-
. the present summer, I860, as follows : land, having a soft stem, with leaves alter-
;
Exp. 3.— A plot of pure flax seed was nate, smooth, stalked, in three to seven
i sown in the botanical garden of the Ciren- large lobes the flowers are greenish.
:

cester Royal Agricultural College ; this Two species have been known in our
t
came up well, and afforded a good crop of collections since the end of the last cen-
i fine flax. tury they are chiefly interesting on ac-
;

i
Exp. 4.— A plot of flax seed and Dodder count of their peculiar aspect. C. thyrsi-
i
seed intermixed. In this the flax and flora has the leaflets sessile, wedge-shaped,
>
Dodder came up simultaneously, and the truncate, and three-toothed at the end.
thread-like germ of the latter soon twisted C. spicata has the leaflets wedge-shaped,
; round the flax stems, and in time sent out acuminate, and serrated at the end, the
branches in every direction, which in turn flowers in spikes. C. triptera is by some
twined about fresh flax stems until the considered to be a hybrid, having numerous
whole plot was borne down by the para- leaflets, like those of C. spicata, but without
i site, and both it and the crop went through stalks, as in C. thyrsiflora. [G. D.]
the processes of flowering and seeding
;
simultaneously so that in harvesting the
: CUSTARD-APPLE. The common name
\
crop both would be gathered together, and for Aiiona.
of course, unless carefully separated, such
CUTICLE.
i

flax seed would perpetuate the evil.

The external homogeneous
!

skin of a plant, consisting of a tough mem-

The same remark applies equally to the brane overlying the epidermis. The word
clover crops as to those of flax. If crops are
is also used for the skin of anything, in-
to be free from the Dodder pests, the far-
cluding the epidermis.
mer must take care not to sow them with the
seed for the crop, for it is now evident that CUTIS. The peridium of certain fun-
this is their mode of propagation. C. Tri/olii
grows precisely in the same way, but the
whole plant is smaller the seeds on this
;
CUVY. The name of the large common
account are not so readily detected, so that form of Laminar in cligitata in Orkney .where
it is much on the increase. [J. B.] the narrow plant with a smooth stem
(Laminaria flexicaulis) is distinguished by
CUSPID ARIA. A genus of Bignoniacew, the name of tangle. The situations in
natives of Brazil, containing several spe- which the two plants grow, are, according
cies,f orming erect or subscandent glabrous to Mr. Clouston, very different the Cuvy
:
'

shrubs. The leaves are opposite, petiolate, growing so far out in the sea that the
and simple or trifoliate, with petiolulate highest limit can only be approached at the
ovate acuminate and ciliate leaflets. The lowest stream tides, and from this it runs
flowers are in terminal panicles. The cup- out into the ocean as far as the eye can
shaped calyx is cut into five long cuspidate penetrate, and probably much farther
teeth the corolla tube is ventricose-cam-
;
while the tangle may be approached at
. panulate, and the limb is five-lobed one of
;
ordinary tides, and forms a belt between
the five stamens is sterile ; the stigma is the Cuvy and the beach. The general as-
bilamellate. with long acute lobes the four
; pect also differs the stems of the Cuvy
:

,
angles of the capsular fruit are produced stand up like a parcel of sticks, and the
into wings the seeds also are winged.
;
leaves wave from them like little flags
This genus is nearly related to Bignonia and while the tangle lies prostrate on the rocks,
!
Luadia. It is separated from the former the leaves mingle together and form a
by its ciliated anthers, from the latter by darker belt round the shore. Six or eight
its awn-like sepals, and from both by its feet is reckoned a good length for a Cuvy,
I
tetrapterous fruit. [W. C] while tangles may be found from twelve
This name has also been applied to a to twenty feet.' [M. J. B.]
genus of ferns, which have since been
called Dicranoglossum. [T. M.] CYAMIUM. A kind of follicle, resem-
bling a legume.
CUSPIDATE. Tapering gradually into a
CYANANTHUS. A genus of Polemonia-
rigid point; also abruptly acuminate, as
cece, containing a few species of annual
the leaflets of many Rvbi. procumbent or erect herbs, found on lofty
situations on the Himalayas. They have
CUSSO. The Abyssinian Bray era anthel-
mintica. alternate entire or lobed leaves, and few
solitary and generally terminal showy
CUSSOXIA. The name of a genus be- blue flowers. The calyx is inferior, tubular-
longing to the order of Ivyworts, distin- campanulate, and five-cleft the corolla is
;

guished by the top-shaped calyx, which is funnel-shaped, with a large five-cleft limb ;

adherent to the seed AT essel, its border the five stamens are inserted at the base of
having from five to seven short teeth the ; the corolla, alternate with its lobes, the an-
petals five to seven, adhering to a conical thers being adpressed to orconnate with the
ovary. The ovary is free and five-celled, with of the flowers. The species are showy
many ovules in each cell, and bears a simple plants, natives of Tropical Asia, annual or
style, and a five-lobed stigma. The capsule perennial, hairy or woolly, seldom naked
is oblong-conical, dehiscing loculiciclally. the stems trailing below, sometimes erect
Some botanists, overlooking the superior above. [G. D.]
ovary, have referred this genus to Cam-
pamllacece, because of its five-celied ovary CYATHEA. An extensive genus of ar-
and five-lobed stigma, but in every other borescent ferns representative of the Cy-
respect it appears more nearly connected atheinece. The genus belongs to that series
with Polemoniacece. [W. C] or subgroup which has an indusium or
involucre placed in the form of a cup be-
CYANELL A. A genus of herbs from the neath or so as to contain the spore-cases,
Cape of Good Hope, belonging to Liliacece, the fructification being seated on the under
and having lanceolate-elliptical or linear surface of the fronds. The species are nu-
radical leaves sheathing at the base, and merous, and rank amongst the most strik-
racemose blue or yellow flowers. Perianth ing features of tropical scenery. They are
coloured, six-parted; stamens six, with most abundant in South America and in
glabrous filaments the lower perianth seg-
: the West Indies, in India, the Eastern
ments, the lowest stamen, and the style Islands, and thePacific Islands a few are
;

declinate; capsule three-celled, with nu- met with in New Zealand and South Africa.
merous seeds. They are pretty greenhouse In some the trunk is short, but in others
plants. [J. T. S.] it reaches a height of forty or fifty feet or
even more, and is crowned with a magnifi-
CYANEOUS, CYAKffiTTS, CYALINUS. cent head of fronds, which, in many cases,
In composition Cyano. A clear bright blue. are of gigantic size, and are always large.
CYANOCHROTTS. Having a blue skin. The greater number have the fronds bipin-
nate.with the pinnas deeply pinnatifid but
CYANOPHYLLUM. A
;

genus of Melas- in one, C. Brunonis, found in Malacca and

tomacece, containing one or two under- Penang, they are pinnate, the fronds being
shrubs with large five-nerved leaves hav- two to three feet long, and the pinnae six
ing a metallic lustre. The flowers are or eight inches and in another, C.sinuata,
;
small, with five petals and ten stamens. found in Ceylon, they are simple and lance-
C. metallicum, which grows at an altitude olate, with a sinuated margin. This lat-
of 6,000 or 7,000 feet, has a blue metallic ter has a slender trunk, about an inch in
lustre on the under-surface of its leaves. C. diameter, on which the elegant crown
magnificum, one of the grandest of what of simple wavy fronds is upborne. C. me-
are now commonly cultivated in hothouses dnUaris, a fine bipinnated or tripinnated
as ornamental-leaved plants, has its very species of New Zealand and the Pacific
large opposite leaves of a rich shaded
green above, and purple beneath. They are
from Tropical America. C. assamicum, a si-
milar plant, is of eastern origin. [J. T. S.]

CYANOSTEGIA. A genus of Verbenacece,

foundin West Australia, and composed of
small upright bushes with narrow lance-
shaped or linear entire leaves, often cov-
ered with a gummy substance. The
blue flowers, in terminal branching ra-
cemes, are numerous and remarkable for
their frill-like papery calyx, with a five-
lobed border, which increases in size after
the flowers have withered, and when ma-
ture is about half an inch in diameter.
The somewhat irregular corollas are small
and tubular. The great profusion of the
blue flowers with their remarkably enlarged
calyces of a paler colour, together with
their neat bushy habit, would no doubt
render them favourite greenhouse plants
were they in cultivation. Three species
are enumerated. [A A. B.]
Cyatliea medullaris.
CYANOTIS. The generic name of plants
belonging to the spiderwort order, charac- Isles, and known in gardens as a noble
terised by having the calyx in three divi- j
tree fern of comparatively hardy character,
sions joined into a tube at the lower part, forms in its native country a common
and persistent the three petals also joined
; . article of food with the natives. The part
to form a tube, but soon falling off; the :
eaten isthe soft pulpy medullary sub-
style thickened upwards, ending in a point stance, which occupies the centre of the
the stigma— which is hollow and covered J trunk, and which has some resemblance
with hairs. The name of the genus is !

to sago. C. dealbata, another beautiful

derived from the Greek words signifying species of New Zealand, is said to be eaten
'blue' and ear,' in allusion to the colour
' > in a similar way. This has a trunk of from
 Clje CrraSttrg of 330tan^. [CYAT
ten ro fifteen feet high, crowned with a CYATHUS. One of the genera to which
noble tuft of fronds, which are white be- the curious Fungi belong which are com-
neath with a silvery powder. [T. M.] monly named Bird's Nest Peziza?. It is
distinguished from Niclidaria by the more
CYATHEINE-E, CYATHEJE. The former complicated structure of the walls, and
is a principal sub-division or tribe of the stouter peduncle of the sporangia.
the polypodiaeeous ferns, in which the re- We have two species generally distributed
ceptacles are elevated and the sessile or throughout England: C. striatus, which has
subsessile spore-cases are oblique-laterally a bright-brown shaggy cup, deeply grooved
compressed, and burst horizontally, tbe within, and C. vemtcosus, which is mouse-
ring or annulus being narrow, nearly com- grey, with the outer surface tomentose,
plete, and more or less obliquely vertical. and the inner polished. [M. J. B.]
The latter is a section of this group, in CYBELE. Peristylus.
which the sori have involucres or inferior
indusia, the fructification being borne on
the back of the fronds.
CYBISTAX (including Yangna). A
[T. M.] genus of Bignoniacece confined to Peru,
Bolivia, and Brazil, and easily distin-
CYATHIFORM. The same as Cup-shaped. guished from its allies by its lax plicate
CYATHOCALYX. A genus of Anonacece, calyx, and broad pods traversed by twelve
characterised by having their petals hol- deep furrows on the surface. There seems
low and constricted at the base, but ex- to be only one species, C. antlsypliilitica
panding above into a flat blade the sta- ;
(Tangua tinctoria of Spruce), which forms
I

mens numerous; and the ovary solitary, em- a bush or small tree, and has when
I

bedded in a hollow receptacle, with several young duplicato-pinnate, when old digi-
tate leaves. The bark of the younger
\

!
ovules attached to the line of union of the
,
margins of the carpels. The genus in- branches is considered, in Brazil, one of
i
eludes a Cingalese tree, with flowers oppo- the most powerful remedies against syphi-
site to the smooth shining leaves. [31. T. >[.] litic swellings of a malignant character.
The decoction is chiefly used, and also the
CYATHOCNBMIS. A genus of begoniads, bark dried and powdered and applied exter-
i consisting of succulent Peruvian plants. nally. In the Peruvian Andes, the tree is
i
The staminate and pistillate flowers have termed Yangua or Atunyangua, and the in-
I
each two sepals the anthers elongated with
: habitants dye the cotton cloths of theirown
;
slightly united filaments; the style per manufacture a permanent blue by simply
sistent, its branches furnished with a con- boiling them along with its leaves. About
tinuous papillose band, making two spiral every three months all the leaves that can
turns the seed-vessel margined with three
; be got at are stripped ofl,and the trees seem
equal wings. The peduncles at their dicho- not to suffer from being thus denuded
tomous divisions are surrounded by a but they rarely put forth flowers till they
large cup-like bract. There is one known grow beyond the reach of spoliating hands.
species, viz., C. dbliqua, found on rocks in The panicles are small, the calyx whitish,
the Andes of Peru. It was formerly a and the tubular corolla and the fruit of a
|
Begonia. [J. H. B.] greenish colour. In Brazil and Peru the
plant is cultivated ; it was also, at one
CYATHODES. A genus of Epacridacece, time, an inmate of our gardens. [B. S.]
consisting of fifteen species, natives not
only of Australia, but, like very few other CYCADEACEiE. (Cycads.) A natural or-
genera of this order, found also in New der of achlamydeous dicotyledons belong-
Zealand and the Pacific Islands. They are ing to the gymnospermous (naked-seeded)
small branching woody heath-like shrubs, alliance. Small palm-like trees or shrubs,
with small axillary white or yellow flowers. with unbranched sterns, occasionally di
The pedicles are covered with imbricated viding into two,marked with leaf-scars,and
bracts.which are gradually larger upwards, having large rays in the wood along with
,
and appear to pass into the sepals the ; punctated ligneous tubes. Leaves pinnate,
corolla is funnel-shaped, with a naked or and usually rolled up like a crozier while
|
bearded limb, and a smooth tube the sta- ;
in bud. Flowers staminate or pistillate,
mens are included or exserted the drupe ; and without any envelope (achlamydeous):
is more or less fleshy, with a bony five to staminate flowers in cones, the scales bear-
ten- celled and five to ten-seeded nut, seated ing one-celled anthers on their lower sur-
on a fleshy cup-shaped disc. [W. C] face pistillate flowers consisting only of
;

ovules on the edge of altered leaves, or

CYATHOGLOTTIS. An obscure genus placed below, or at the base of scales.
of terrestrial orchids, with the ribbed foli- Seeds either hard, or with a soft spongy
age of an Evelyna, to which genus it is covering embryo hanging by a long cord
;

probably more nearly allied than to Sobra- in a cavity of the albumen cotyledons
;

lia, with which it has been usually com- unequal. Natives chiefly of the tropical and
pared. TwoAndine mentioned
species are :
temperate regions of America and Asia.
one with white, the other with yellow They are found also in southern Africa, and
flowers. in Australia. Cycads are mucilaginous and
starchy. Cycas revoluta, a native of Japan,
CYATHUS. The cup-like body which supplies a kind of starch which is used as
contains propagula, or the reproductive sago; and a similar kind of false sago is sup-
bodies of MarcJiantm. plied by Cycas circinalis in the Moluccas
 Caff re-head is made from the starch of a ground, in which position the seeds are
Cape species of Encephalartos, many spe- ripened. The fleshy rootstocks, tinmen of a
cies of which genus exist in Australia. In highly acrid nature, are in Italy and'Sicily
the West Indies some species of Zamia greedily sought after by swine hence the
;

yield a kind of arrowroot. Cycads occur name Pane porcino, from which the English
in a fossil state after the coal epoch. name Sowbread is adopted, the plants not
There are seven known genera, and about being found in Great Britain in any situa-
fifty species. Examples: Cycas, Dion, Ence- tion to which swine have access. One spe-
phalartos, and Zamia. [J. H. B.] cies is, indeed, sometimes included in the
British Flora, but is in all probability an
CYCAS. A remarkable genus giving its
outcast from a garden. Most of the spe-
name to the order Cycadeacece. It consists cies are hardy, and as they flower early are
of trees of no great height, with cylindrical much prized as border flowers or for pot
usually unb ranched stems, terminated at cultivation. C. persicum, the handsomest
the top by a crown of handsome deeply-cut of all, requires artificial heat during the
pinnate leaves of thick texture. The male winter, but with care may be made to
flowers grow in cones, consisting of scales flower freely in the window garden.
bearing anthers on their under surface. French, Pain de Porceau: German Erd-
The female plants bear in the centre scheibe. [C. A. J.]
of the crown of leaves surmounting the
.

stem, a tuft of woolly pinnarely-cleft CYCLANTHACE.E. A name sometimes

leaves, in the notches of whose margins given to the family of Pandanacece, of
the naked or uncovered ovules are placed. which the Cyclanthem are a tribe.
The species are natives of the tropical
regions of Australia, Polynesia, and Asia.
CYCLANTHERA. A Mexican climbing
herb, belonging to the Cucurbitacece." It
C. circinalis furnishes in Malator a sort
of sago, which is prepared from the seeds,
has bifid tendrils, and small green flowers.
which are dried and powdered medicinal The female flowers are sessile, arising from
the same point as the males. The latter are
j
;

properties are attributed to the seeds, but

j

stalked, and their peculiarities have given

these are of little importance. The plant
rise to the name of the genus, and to the
is said to be singularly tenacious of life.
The pith in the interior of the stem of C. means of distinguishing it from its allies :

the stamens, that is to say, are combined

revoUita abounds in starch, which is highly
esteemed in Japan. A clear gum exudes below into a short column which expands
from the trunks of these trees, which is said above into a round disc, bearing the an-
thers at its circumference. [M. T. M.j
to be employed by the natives of India in
promoting speedy suppuration. These ele- CYCLANTHUS. A
remarkable genus of
gant species are great ornaments in our Tropical American plants, referred to Pan-
plant-houses. A fine group of them and danacece. From a contracted stem they
of the allied genera may be seen at throw up leaves, which are fan-shaped and
one end of the large palm-house at Kew. cleft into two divisions. The flowers are
They are popularly but erroneously called unisexual, and arranged in spiral bands
Sago-palms, as they furnish none of the around the spadix, the bands consisting
sago of commerce. See Plate 6, figs, b alternately of male and female flowers.
and d, the latter showing an old branched The former have many stamens with four-
stem. [M. T. M.j celled anthers the latter several ovaries,
;

CYCLADENTA. A genus of apocynace- which become blended into a fleshy many-

ous plants, natives of California, and allied seeded fruit. The spadix is protected by a
to the genus Vinca, but abundantly distin- spathe which consists of four overlapping
guished from it, says Mr. Bentham, by the bracts. [M. T. MJ
cymose inflorescence, the funnel or bell- CYCLE. A term employed in the theory
shaped corolla, and the ring-like disc at the
of spiral leaf-arrangement to express a
base of the stamens, from which latter the
complete turn of the spire which is as-
genus derives its name. C. humilis is de-
scribed as being a most beautiful plant,
sumed to exist.
resembling Villarsia pumila. [M. T. II.] CYCLICAL. Rolled up circularly, as
CYCLAMEN. A strongly marked genus many embryos.
of plants belonging to the order Primu- CYCLOBOTHRA. A genus of Liliaceous
lacece. In all the species the leaves and from which they
plants,allied to C'alochortus,
flowers spring direct from a solid tuberous are distinguished by having all the divi-
rootstock, which is shaped like an orange sions of the perianth bearded within, and
the leaves are deeply heart-shaped at the furnished with a honey-pit in the centre,
base, toothed or crenate at the edge, and forming a hump or gibbosity on the out-
in outline more or less orbicular. The side. The species are found in Mexico and
flowers are of one petal, deeply divided California, and are very singular and hand-
into five oblong segments, which being some objects. They have tunicated bulbs,
erect while the mouth of the tube is and erect leafy stems, the leaves linear and
turned downwards, present something of acuminated, and the stems bearing at the
the appearance of a turban. After flower- top the nodding flowers, which are some-
ing, the flower-stalk (scape) coils itself up times arranged in the form of an umbel,
into a spiral form, having the seed-vessel and have considerable general resemblance
in the centre, and bends itself towards the to those of certain species of Fritillaria.
369 Efjtr CrcaSurg ai 3C3ctanin [CYCN

The perianth is bell-shaped or ventri cose, pinnate aspidiaceous ferns, with peltate
|
with the three outer segments about half |
indusia and free veins, now referred to
as large as the inner ones and there are
; Polystichum. [T. MJ
j

six stamens inserted in the base of the

perianth, and a three-cornered ovary sur-
CYCLOPHORUS. A name given by Des-
vaux to a group of polypodiaceous ferns,
I

mounted by three sessile stigmas. C. lu- j

subsequently called Niphubolus by Kaulf uss,
teus grows about a foot high, and has
on the ground that Desvaux's name was in
oblong bulbs, long linear leek-like leaves, i

use among conchologists. Niphobolus has

and two or three terminal yellow flowers, |
been generally adopted. [T. M.]
the divisions of which are scarcely con-
nected at the base, the three exterior ones, CYCLOPIA. A
genus of dark-coloured
which are smaller, greenish on the outer South African bushes of -the leguminous
side, the three broade/ inner ones being order, belonging to that group of the family
bearded with purple hairs; the stem is in which the filaments of the stamens are
bulbiferous in the leaf axils. C: purpurea quite free. They may be recognised from
is a more showy plant, growing two feet their allies by having a circular depression
high, with the lower leaves elongately- at the base of the calyx, round the pedicel.
linear, and the upper ones broader and The leaves are sessile and made up of three
more lanceolate these also bear numerous
; generally linear smooth or pubescent, leaf-
little bulbs in their axils. The stem pro- lets, which often have their margins rolled
duces about three flowers, two from the backwards. Their bright yellow broom-
point, and one from a side branch these; like flowers are generally produced in great
are large, with the sepals green marked profusion from the axils of the upper leaves,
with purple outside and yellow within, and and have their stalks always furnished
the petaline segments brownish-purple with two boat-shaped bracts. The pods
outside, yellow within, and ciliated the ; are oblong, compressed, and contain a num-
nectariferous pit is spade-shaped. [T. MJ ber of seeds. C. genistoicles, a plant some-
times seen in greenhouses, has smooth
CYCLODIUM. A
genus of polypodia-
linear leaflets strongly-recurved at the
ceous ferns belonging to the Aspidiece.
margin, and pretty yellow broom-like
They are distinguished by having pinnate flowers. The leaflets of this plant are used
veins from a central costa, these producing
at the Cape in infusion or decoction for
connivently anastomosing venules, which
promoting expectoration in chronic catarrh
form arcuate or angulate areoles. The and consumption. It is called Bush Tea,
sori, which are globose, are covered by pel-
and has an agreeable tea-like smell, with a
tate indusia. The species are thick-frond-
sweet astringent taste. [A. A. BJ
ed robust pinnate ferns, with the fertile
fronds more or less contracted, and some- CYCLOSIS. A supposed motion of fluids,
times so much so that the sori almost cover occurring in the kind of tissue called cinen-
the surface. There are two or three closely chyma.
allied species found in South America, and
M.]
CYCXOCHES. A singular genus of or-
one in the Philippine Islands. [T.
chids, with the habit of Catasetum. The
CTCLOGYXE. A genus of LeguminoscB name, which signifies Swan-neck, was sug-
found in Western Australia, the chief dis- gested by the long curved column which
tinguishing character of which is found in in the original species rose gracefully from
the style, which is coiled inwards at the a broad convex lip. The character of the
point, and much bearded. C. canescens, the column is proper to all the species, but the
only species known, is an astragalus-like lip varies from a broad solid oval plate to a
bush with unequally pinnate leaves and stalked disk whose margin is broken up
leafy stipules ;the leaflets (thirteen or into numerous glandular rays. And, what
fifteen in number) being small, oboval, is most strange, the same stalk bears flowers
smooth above, and clad underneath with of both kinds, with others intermediate
white hairs. The white appearance these between the two. Here, therefore, we have
hairs give to the plant, together with the a repetition of the singular variations al-
profusion of purple flowers, render it an ready described in Catasetum. Upon this
attractive object. The flowers are disposed tiie Editor of Paxton's Floiver Garden makes
in erect racemes, and have a bell-shaped the following remarks In Mr. Bateman's
:
'

five-toothed calyx a nearly round stan-

; magnificent work we are told how the
dard, with a green blotch at its base, two long-spiked small purple-flowered C. Eger-
short wing petals, and a keel longer than tonianum is only the short-spiked large
the wings. The inflated oblong pods con- green-flowered C. ventricosum; how the
tain a number of seeds. [A A. B.] same plant at one time bears one sort of
flowers,and at another time another sort
CYCLOMYCES. A curious genus of hy- and we have ourselves shown how the
menomycetous Fungi, allied to Polyporus, same plant, nay the same spike, is some-
in which the walls of the pores form gills times both the one, the other, and neither.
concentric with the stem or with the bor-
C. Egertonianum is then a sport,' as gar-
'

der of the pileus. The species originally deners say, of C. ventricosum. But what,
described was gathered in Mauritius, but again, ventricosum ? Who knows
is C. that
another occurs in North America, and a not another 'sport' of
it is G. Loddigesii,
third has been found in the Sikkim Hima- which has indeed been caught in the very
laya. [M. J. B.]
act of showing a false countenance, some-
CYCLOPELTIS. A name applied to two thing wonderfully suspicious, all things
considered, and justifying the idea that it to Drs. Roxburgh and Royle. De Candolle
-

is itself a mere Janus, whose face is green thinks its native country extends perhaps
and short on one side, and spotted and long as far as Hiudoo-Coosh but it is not culti-
;

on the other? Then, if such apparently vated in the north of China. In Imiretta,
honest species as C. Egertonianum, ventrico- a region in the interior of Mingrelia, a
sum, and Loddigesii are hut counterfeits, variety is said to have been found with
what warrant have we for regarding the fruit as big as the head of a child. It ap-
other so-called species as not being further pears from the above that the Quince is
examples of plants in masquerade? For indigenous over a great extent of Europe
ourselves we cannot answer the question : and Asia, and that it is likewise found in
nor should we be astonished at finding the north of Africa. Phillips says in his
some day a Cycnoches no longer a Cycnoches, Historical and Botanical Account of Fruits
hut something else perhaps a Catasetum.
: known in Great Britain, 'The learned Goro-
If one could accept the doctrine of the pius maintains that Quinces were the
author of the Vestiges, it might be said that golden apples of the Hesperides, and not
in this placewe have found plants actually oranges, as some commentators pretend.
undergoing the changes which he assumes In support of his argument, he states that
to be in progress throughout nature, and it was a fruit much revered by the ancients,
that they are thus subject to the most and he assures us that there has been dis-
startling conditions only because their new covered at Rome a statue of Hercules
forms have not yet acquired stability.' that held in its hand three Quinces this,' ;

The principal species of this curious ge- he says, agrees with the fable which states
'

nus are C. Loddigesii, ventricosum, and chloro- that Hercules stole the golden apples from
chilon, which have a sessile perfectly entire the gardens of the Hesperides.' Galesio,
fleshy lip and C. pentadactylon, aureum,
; in his treatise on the Orange, has shown
maculatum, and Egertonianum, with a that the orange tree was unknown to the
stalked flat lip, whose edges are broken up Greeks, and that it did not naturally grow
into numerous finger-like rays. These in those parts where the gardens of the
plants are all from Tropical America, and Hesperides were placed by them. The
chiefly from the central states. See Lr/D- Quince tree, according to the Hortus Kew-
DBMANNIA. ensis, was introduced into this country in
1573 but Gerarde, who was alive at that
;

CYDONIA. A genus of the pomaceous date, says it was often planted in hedges
division of the Rosacea?, allied to Pyrus, and fences to gardens in his time, and from
from which it is distinguished by its leafy this it may be concluded the tree was com-
calyx-lobes, and the many-seeded cells of mon long before the period above men-
its fruit, those of Pyrus being disper- tioned.
mous. It comprises a few species, one of The Quince is a hardy deciduous tree,
which the well-known Quince
is and
; twenty feet high, with numerous
fifteen to
another, C.japonica, one of the most orna- crooked branches, forming a bushy spread-
mental deciduous shrubs in our gardens. ing head; the leaves are roundish or
The latter reaches some five or six feet in ovate. The flower-buds push early in
height, and is clothed in summer with oval spring, and elongate into a branch, with
crenately serrated leaves having kidney- i
five or six leaves, and at the extremity a
shaped serrated stipules, and in spring ;
single flower, white or pale red and of
with a multitude of glowing red flowers, large size, is produced as late as May or June.
to which it owes its beauty. [T. M.] The fruit is large, roundish, turbinate,
The common Quince tree is called C. vul- I
pear-shaped, or irregularly oval, according
garis. The name of Cydonia was given to j
to the variety. On approaching maturity
this by the ancients from its growing it assumes a fine golden yellow -colour,
abundantly near Cydon, in the isle of Crete, giving the tree a very ornamental appear-
now Candia. It is stated by some authors ance. The Portugal Quince is considered
to have been introduced from Greece to the best, hut it does not bear so abundantly
Italy but this can only refer to a particular
; as the more common apple and pear-shaped
variety, for Pliny in his fifteenth book says, varieties. All the varieties have a strong
'
There are many kinds of this fruit in odour, with an austere flavour, so that they
Italy, some growing wild in the hedge- are unfit for eating raw but the fruit is
;

rows, others so large that they weiph the much esteemed along with apples in pies
boughs down to the ground.' Sir Joseph and tarts, and in confectionary it forms an
Banks [Trans. Hort.Soe.i. 153), referring to excellent marmalade and syrup. Indeed,
Martial (xiii.24), states that the Romans had the name of marmalade is said to be de-
three sorts of Quinces, one of which was rived from Marmelo, the Portugese name
called Chrysomela from its yellow colour of the Quince. The plants are much used
they boiled them with honey as we make as stocks for pear trees, especially those
marmalade. According to the best modern intended to be kept- dwarf. [R. TJ
botanists, the species grows spontaneously
on the hills and in the woods of Italy, i CYLINDRENCHYMA. Cylindrical cel-
in the south of France, in Spain, Sicily, lular tissue, such as that of Confervce, of
Sardinia, Algeria, Constantinople, the many hairs, &c.
Crimea, and in the south of the Caucasus CYLINDROLOBUS. Eria.
it also grows abundantly on the banks of
|

the Danube. It is found in Cashmere, CYLISTA. A genus of Leguminosm,

and even in the north of India, according j
found in the Bombay districts of India,
 and only represented by a single species, eight stamens with flattened filaments,
C. scariosa, which is a perennial twiner four longer than the others an ovary with
;

growing among bushes, with ternate four two-ovuled cells, placed on a fleshy
leaves, having oval, pointed, and entire disc a short style
; and a berry-like fruit.
;

leaflets with short white pubescence. The The species are natives of China, the East
yellow flowers, borne on erect bracted Indies, and Australia. [M. T. M.]
'

racemes, are remarkable for their large

papery calyx, which is much more con- CYMODOCEA. A genus of Zosteracew,
spicuous than the corollas, and is deeply containing a dicecious plant resembling
i four-cleft the upper segment being two-
;
Zostera, and found in the Mediterranean
lobed, the lateral ones much smaller, and Sea. It has creeping branched rhizomes,
; the lowest very large, all of them beauti- and ribbon-like leaves faintly serrulated to-
fully veined. The little oval one-seeded wards the apex the flowers have no peri-
:

pod is completely enveloped in the peculiar anth, and consist of a pair of male flowers
calyx, which affords the most marked cha- each reduced to a single two-celled stamen,
racter in the genus. [A. A. B.] or a pair of female flowers reduced to a
single ovary, with a short style and two
j
CYMBALAIRE. (Fr.) Linaria Cyinba- stigmas, which are long and thread-like.
laria. The fruit is produced in pairs. [J. T. S.]

|
CYMBELLJE. Reproductive locomotive CYNANCHUM. A genus of South Euro-
1

bodies, of an elliptical form, found in some pean and Mediterranean herbs, belonging
;
algals. to the order Asclepiadacece, and character-
CYMBIDITJM. A name given by Swartz ised by its wheel-shaped corolla, and by the
|

to a large group of tropical orchids, grow- coronet of the stamens being tubular, with
ing in the ground.with simple fleshy hairy from five to ten divisions at its upper
, roots, throwing up tufts of sword-shaped margin, and with five inner segments ex-
leaves, and producing radical spikes of terior to, and parallel with, the anthers.
flowers, which are erect or pendulous, The fruit consists of two cylindrical folli-
many-flowered or few-flowered, and con- I
cles. The Arghel, the leaves of which are
spicuous for their beauty, or quite incon- used to adulterate Alexandrian Senna, was
spicuous. All have a pair of curved ridges
J

I
formerly considered to belong to this ge-
on the lower part of the lip an essential :
nus, but is now included in Solenostemma :

character. Many plants in which this see also Yincetoxicum. [M. T. M.]
character is absent, and which have been CYNARA. A genus of Compositcp., of
erroneously referred to the genus, are now | which many of the species are prickly
eliminated ; nevertheless some twenty or troublesome weeds, some are handsome,
thirty legitimate species remain. Of them
j

j
but scarcely any are useful besides the two
the most important are C. sinense, a strong familiarly known as the Artichoke and
Chinese species with erect spikes of brown Cardoon.
flowers emitting the most delicious fra-
j

TheCardoon orChardoon, C. Cardunculus,

grance C. giganteum, an Indian plant with
;
!

very much resembles the artichoke. It is

racemes of very large brown tessellated j
a hardy perennial, a native of the south of
flowers'; C. eburneum from India, with i

Europe and the northern parts of Africa.

large radical ivory-white flowers smelling The earliest writer on gardening who has
like lilacs and C. elegans, also Indian,
; noticed it is Parkinson, who calls it Car-
with great massive pendulous spikes of dials esculentus in his Paradisus Terrestris,
yellowish flowers. There are also many published in 1629. Its introduction into
yellow Cape species not yet known in cul- this country is stated to have been in 1658,
tivation. and according to Dr. Keill, it was even cul-
I
CYMBIFORM. Having the figure of a tivated in Holyrood Palace Garden so early
:
boat in miniature that is to say, concave,
;
as 1683 but it has never been considered a
;

tapering to each end, with a keel exter- vegetable of much excellence, and at the
nally, as the glumes of Phalaris .canari- present day it is only to be met with in a
few of our best gardens. On the conti-
|

ensis.
nent, however, the Cardoon is regarded as
|

|
CYMBOCARPA. genus of Burmannia-A a wholesome esculent, which in the hands
! cecz,consisting of a single slender leafless of a skilful cook forms an excellent dish.
j
annual, closely allied to Dictyostegia. The parts which are used are the stalks
! CYME. A kind of inflorescence, pro- of the inner leaves, rendered white, crisp,
! duced by the rays of an umbel forming and tender by blanching. These stalks
•
one terminal flower, and then producing are either stewed, or form an ingredient in
secondary pedicels from below it, in the soups and salads during autumn and win-
centrifugal manner, as in the laurustinus. ter. When permitted to flower, the plant
has a fine appearance, and attains a greater
CYMIXOSMA. Small trees with opposite height than the artichoke. The .flowers
or alternate entire dotted leaves on a have also the property of coagulating milk,
jointed stalk. They are of uncertain posi- for which purpose they are frequently used
tion, but are generally placed in Rutacece, by the French, after being gathered and
and by some authorities are included in dried in the shade.
Acronychia. The flowers are white or The Artichoke, C. Scolymus, is a hardy
greenish, in axillary or terminal corymbs, perennial, a native of Barbary and the
and have a four-parted calyx and corolla ; |
south of Europe. Although it is mentioned
cyna] Clje GTreaSttrii af Sootanp. 372
by Pliny as being a vegetable that was ages and the projecting stigma is hilnbed
;

much esteemed by the Romans, it does not or with a bifid linear apex. [W. C]
appear to have been known in this country
until introduced from Italy in 1548. The CYNODON. A genus of grasses belong-
plant has some resemblance to a large ing to the tribe Chloridece, distinguished
thistle. The leaves are numerous, ample, chiefly by the spikes of inflorescence being
pinnatifld, somewhat spiny, from three to in short spreading finger-like heads. The
four feet long, and covered with an ash- spikelets one-flowered, awnless ;theglumes
coloured cottony down. The flower stems nearly equal, spreading; pales equal; sta-
grow erect, and attain the height of from mens three ; and styles three. Fourteen
four to six feet. They are each terminated species are described, only one of which is
by a large globular head of imbricated a native of Britain, C. Dactylon, which
oval spiny scales of a purplish-green colour, inhabits the southern coasts of England.
which envelope a mass of flowers in the The creeping roots of this and some other
centre. These flower-heads in an im- grasses are said to possess some of the
mature state contain the parts that are medicinal properties of sarsaparilla. [D. M.]
eatable; which comprise the fleshy recep-
tacle usually called the ' bottom,' freed CYNOGLOSSUM. Houndstongue. A
from the bristles and seed-down, commonly
genus of Boraginacece, consisting of herbs
called the ' choke,' and the thick lower
from the temperate zones, especially of
the northern hemisphere. Leaves often
part of the imbricated scales or leaves of
the involucre. Although Artichokes are covered with silky-white hairs flowers in
;

scorpioid racemes, often bractless, dull-red

a common vegetable, they are not so
much in request with us as on the conti- or blue calyx five-parted corolla salver-
; ;

nent, where by various modes of cooking shaped with the throat closed by five
they are made to form favourite dishes. obtuse scales, and the limb five-lobed
In Prance, the bottoms are often fried in stamens five, included nuts four, muri-
;

paste, and enter largely into ragouts.

cated depressed externally. Two species
They are occasionally used for pickling, occur in Britain, G. officinale, with leaves
but for this purpose the smaller heads covered with soft white hairs, dull-red
which are formed on the lateral shoots flowers,and strongly-margined nuts and ;

that spring in succession from the main C. montanum, a much more local plant,
stem, are generally preferred when about with green roughish leaves without soft
the size of a large egg. The Chard of hairs, blue-veined flowers, and nuts with-
Artichokes, or the tender central leaf-stalk out a prominent margin. [J. T. S.]

blanched, is by some considered to be CYNOMORITJM. One of the genera of

equal to the cardoon. The flowers are very the singular family Balanophoracece. It is
handsome, and are stated to possess the represented by a fleshy red herbaceous
property of coagulating milk. [W. B. B.] plant, about a foot in height, covered with
CYNAROCEPHAL.E. The artichoke- scales, the flowers of which are unisexual,
headed composites, a suborder of the na- the males and females mixed in the same
tural order Composite or Aster acecc, having heads, and surrounded by numerous scales
numerous flowers collected in a common occasionally the flowers are hermaphro-
receptacle, and surrounded by a series of dite. The perianth in either case consists
leaves or scales so as to form a compact of six divisions.
head. The flowers are all tubular, and C. coccineum, the fungus melitensis of old
either have stamens and pistils, or those writers, was formerly valued as a styptic
of the circumference (the ray) are abor- and astringent. The plant is not confined
tive; the style is swollen below the stig- to Malta", but extends also to the Levant,
ma. Among the plants of this suborder Northern Africa, and the Canary Islands,
are the artichoke, the cardoon, the bur- in which, according to Mr. Webb, it is
dock, the safflower, and thistles. They esteemed good to eat. It was formerly
are usually bitter and tonic; some are es- used to procure abortion in Malta, and was
culent. See Composite. [J. H. B.]
so highly valued as a remedy for dysentery
that the place where it grew was guarded
CYNARRHODON. Such a fruit as that with the utmost vigilance and even up to
;

of the rose, in which many bony achamia a recent date the plant was gathered, and
are enclosed in a fleshy hollow enlarge- its growth secured by a person specially
ment of the apex of the flower-stalk. appointed to the office by the English
Government. [M. T. M.]
CYNOCTONUM. A genus of Asclepia-
containing more than thirty species
clacece, CYJSTORCHIS. A Mascaren genus of ter-
of perennial herbaceous plants or twining restrial orchids, differing from Habenaria
shrubs, natives of Africa, India, and tropi- in little except the lip being connate with
cal America. They have cordate leaves, the face of the column. The species have
and lateral peduncles springing from be- testiculate roots, like the orchids of Eu-
tween the petioles, and bearing many- rope. One, G. fastigiata, has been in culti-
flowered umbels. The calyx and corolla vation (see Bot. Register, t. 1998). Blume's
are five-parted ; the stamina! corona is genus, Mitostigma, is a synonym.
tubular and simple, with five or ten lobes,
and without any appendages in the in- CYNOSTJRUS. Agenus of grasses be-
terior the gynostegium short the anthers
; ; longing to the tribe Festucece, and distin-
surmounted by membranaceous append- guished chiefly by the inflorescence being
 3~3 Cf)£ CrcaSurg cf Jacitaug. [CYPE

j
in crowded close thyrsoid panicles, with sands of the sea-shore. Their cellular tissue
I
flowers pointing to one side; glumes is sometimes used for paper. The under-
|
nearly equal, scarious.and strongly keeled, ground stems of several species of Cyperus
|
two or more-flowered; each spikelet with are used as food. Carices abound in moist
'<

a pectinated bract at its base. The genus temperate and cold regions. Carex aren-
comprises fire species, only one of which, aria is one of the sandy-shore plants; its
the Dog's Tail grass, C. cristatus, is truly underground stems are used for sarsapa-
. a native of Britain. This is considered an ex- rilla. The species of Eriophorum, or cotton
cellent species for permanent sheep-pasture. grass, have long white silky hairs sur-
The roots penetrate deep into tue earth, rounding the fruit. Papyrus antiquorum ap-
which enables the plant to withstand pears to be one of the plants called bulrush
droughts better than many of the other in scripture. It formerly grew abundantly
pasture-grasses ; hence it may often be seen at the mouth of the Kile, which was hence
looking quite fresh when they are partially called by Ovid papyriferous, but it is now
withered up. C. echinatus is an annual gone. The cellular tissue of its stems was
i
species, which is occasionally cultivated used in place of paper. Scirpus lacustris, the
'
in British collections of grasses. It is a bulrush, is used for making mats, baskets,
southern plant, but extends as far north and the bottoms of chairs. In South
as the Channel Islands. [D. MJ America it is used for making balsas or
boats; a similar use is referred to in
CYPELLA. A genus of beautiful Iri-
Isaiah (xviii. 1, 2). There are 120 known
dacece, consisting of a single species, C.
:

genera, and upwards of 2,000 species. The

Herbert. The perianth is six-parted, con-
|

genera Carex, Cladium, Scirpus, Eleocharis,

cave at the base, the outer segments larger
I
Eriophorum, Cyperus, and Papyrus afford
and spreading, the inner ones small con-
A
'

examples. plant of this family is shown

volute and reflexed at top. There are
in Plate 10, fig. a. [J. H. B.]
, three erect stamens, united at the base of
the filaments a slender style and a three-
; ; CYPERORCRTS. A name proposed by
Blume for the Cymbidium elegans of
I

lobed stigma with trifle! segments, which

! are appendic.ulate on both sides at the base. Lindley, on account of its having a pro-
The chief distinction of the genus consists minent stigma and pyriform pollen masses.
in its spreading not reflexed sepaline seg-
;

ments, and in their being deeply indented or

CYPERUS. A genus of plants giving
hollowed out, as it were, at the base, so as to
itsname to the sedge family, Cyperacece.
It is distinguished chiefly by the stem
form a kind of bowl or cup. C. Herbert is a being triangular, and leafy at the base;
very slender plant, with fleshy corms, long
spikelets distichous, imbricated, in clus-
lanceolate acute plaited glaucescent leaves,
ters or heads, with a leaf-like involucre
and a slender stem 1£ to 2 feet high, under them ; glumes several in each spike-
branched at top and producing in succes- let, with one flower in each glume seed
sion many flowers which last for several
;

without bristles. According to Steudel's

days, unlike those of some allied plants
untrustworthy Synopsis, the genus con-
i
which are very fugacious. The flowers tains 673 species, widely distributed over
are bright orange yellow, the three outer
the warmer parts of the earth, and gradu-
!
segments with a central dark purple stripe, ally disappearing as the extremes of north
the three inner whitish in the centre,
!

and south are reached. Two species only

spotted with purple. It is a native of
are natives of Britain, both of which
I
Buenos Ayres. [T. MJ are rare and not found out of England.
I CYPERACEJ2. (Cyperoidece, Sedges.) A Dr. Lindley states that the roots of these
j
natural order of glume-bearing monocoty- plants are succulent, and filled with an
ledons belonging to Lindley's glumal alli- agreeable and nutritive mucilage. The
! ance. Grass-like tufted plants, having English species, C. long us, contains also
solid, usually jointed, and frequently an- a bitter principle, which gives its roots a
gular stems leaves with their sheaths en-
; tonic and stomachic quality. The tubers
tire mot split, as in grasses) and flowers
; of C. hexastachys are said to be suc-
either perfect or incomplete (staminate cessfully used by Hindoo practitioners
and pistillate), each borne on a solitary in cases of cholera, who call the plant
|
bract or scale, and all united in an imbri- Mootha. Those of C. pertenuis, or Nagur
cated manner so as to form a spike. In Mootha, are, when dried and pulverised,
the pistillate flowers there is often a mem- used by the Indian ladies for scouring and
branaceous covering within the scale. perfuming their hair. The root of C.
Stamens hypogynous, varying from one to odoratus has a warm aromatic taste, and is
twelve, usually three anthers attached at
;
given in India in infusions as a stomachic.
their base to the filament. Ovary superior, The roots of some of the species are also
often surrounded at the base by bristles ;
used as an article of diet. C. esculentus
ovule one style two to three-cleft. Fruit
; yields tubers which are called by the
a crustaceans or bony achene embryo lens-
; French Souchet comestible or Amande de
shaped, and lying at the base of fleshy or terre, and are used as food in the south of
mealy albumen. The plants are generally Europe. According to Dr. Royle, they have
distributed over the world, and abound in been proposed as a substitute for coffee
moist situations. Some of the sedges are and cocoa wheD roasted. The tubers of
demulcent, others are bitter and astringent. another species, C. bulbosus, are said to
Some by means of their creeping under- taste like potatoes when roasted, and
ground stems bind together the loose would be valuable for food only they are
cyph] ftfyz Ercasiurg at 33otang. 374
so small. Some
are also useful for textile once called Calceolus Marianus or the Slip-
purposes, 0. textilis being employed iu per of our Lady. It has a branching fibrous
making ropes and mats for covering the root; single stems, a foot or more high,
floors of houses; others are valuable for bearing three or four broad ovate rather
covering the sand and loose soil on the downy ribbed leaves, clasping the stem at
borders of rivers and streams thus, C. ; the base, and one or two large flowers.
inunclatus helps to bind the banks of the These consist of two lanceolate brown
Ganges, protecting them from the rapidity purple sepals, and a pair of somewhat
of the stream, and the force of the tides. narrow wavy petals crossing each other at
(See Lindley, Veg. King. 118.) [D. MJ right angles (decussating); from the midst
of these projects a great yellow pouch or
CYPHEL. Cherleria sedoides. bag, within which lurks the column, for
the plant is an orchid. From other orchids
CYPHELIA. Collections of gonidia in it differs,however, in having two lateral
the form of cups a term only used in ;
anthers instead of one that is dorsal, the
speaking of lichens. latter being represented by a great broad
CYPHELL^. Pale wart-like spots, angular plate, in front of which projects a
found on the under-surface of the thallus stalked three-lobed stigma. This curious
of some lichens. deviation from the ordinary state of an
orchid flower is characteristic of the genus
CYPHIA. A genus of three or four Ciipripedium (that is to say, shoe of Venus).
South African species, intermediate, as it Great numbers of species of the same ge-
were, between Campanulece and Lobeliere, nus occur in both the Old and New World,
and therefore, when these two tribes are in the ice-bound woods of Canada and
considered as independent families, Cyphia Siberia, the warm glades of Mexico and
is raised to the same rank under the name
\

Nepal, and in the torrid regions of Central

of Cyphiacece. The species are all slender
j

India and Continental (not Insular) Ame-

herbaceous twiners, with small nearly re- rica. Some of them have yellow flowers,
gular bell-shaped flowers, and united an-
and they are the most frequent; others are
thers. They possess no peculiar interest,
white and pink many are more or less
;
except that the Hottentots are said to purple and one, C guttatum, a Russian
;
eat the tuberous roots of at least one
plant, is richly bloodstained. Two princi-
species.
pal forms are to be distinguished, one
CYPHOCARPUS. A genus of Campanula- having thin ribbed leaves, and the other
cece, containing ariprid scabrous pilose herb narrow carinate veinless ones. The latter,
from Chili, with erect stems, and oblong which are all from warm countries, are
spinosely dentate radical leaves. Bracts easily cultivated, and are common in gar-
three together, spinosely dentate calyx ;
dens under the names of C.venustum,in-
tubular-curved, contracted at the mouth, signe, purpuratum, Lowei, Dayanum, Fairi-
with a five-parted limb, having spinous- eanum, villosum, &c. The others, though
toothed segments: corolla very irregular, often introduced, live for only a short
two-lipped capsule one-celled, resembling
;
time and disappear. In addition to these,
a follicle. [J. T. SJ another race, exclusively found in Tropical
America, distinguished by having a three-
CYPHONEMA. A genus of cyrtanthi- celled ovary, might be added. We
prefer,
form Amarylhdacece. The only species, C. however, to notice it under the name of
Loddigcsianum, produces scapes with a >ut I ><
Selenipedium. The curious Cypripedium
two erect flowers, which measure an inch caudatum belongs to that race.
and three quarters, and are whitish, striped
with green. The perianth has a straight CYPSELA. The dry one-celled one-
slender cylindrical tube, campanulate seeded inferior fruit of composites.
above, with a regular reflexed limb. The
plant had been supposed to have been im- CYPSELIA. A genus of Tetragoniacece,
ported from Valparaiso, but Dr. Herbert, consisting of a small fleshy annual herb,
by whom it was described, suspected it to resembling Montia, from St. Domingo.
be South African. [T. M.] Stems prostrate, with small ovalorobovate
stalked alternate or opposite leaves, and
CYPRE V
S. (Fr.1 Cupressus sempervirens. fringed stipules; flowers small, solitary,
— CHA UVE or DE LA LOLT1SIANE.
, Tax- shortly stalked, with a free five-parted
odium distichum. calyx and no corolla, the two inner seg-
CYPRESS. The common name for Cu- ments of the calyx broader and membra-
pressus, especially applied to C. semper- nous stamens one to three ovary one-
; ;

virens. — , BALD. An American name for celled capsule bursting transversely;

;

Taxodium. — , BROOM. Kochia scop/trio. seeds numerous. [J. T. S J

— , DECIDUOUS. Taxodium distichum. CYRILLACE^E. A small family of Di-
— GROUND.
, SantolinaChamaicyparissus. cotyledons, most nearly related perhaps to
—, SUMMER. Kochia scoparia. Ericaceo?, although differing in their free
CYPRESS KNEES. See Exostosis. petals and anthers opening in slits or to ;

some of the groups connected with Saxi-

CYPRIPEDIUM. In the north of Eng- fr<u;acea>. They have also been compared
land the eye of the botanist has been now with Olacacece and with Aquifoliacea;, both
and then delighted by the discovery of one of which are much farther removed. They
of the rarest of native plants, C. Calccolus, are shrubs or small trees, with alternate
 evergreen undivided leaves without sti- inserted at the base of the tube and ad-
pules, the flowers usually in racemes. herent to it beyond the middle the anthers
;

There are four or Ave calyx lohes and are two-celled; the stigma is obtuse and
petals, and as many or twice as many undivided. [W. C]
slightly perigynous stamens. The ovary is CYRTANTHUS. A
genus of handsome
two, three, or four-celled, with one pendu- AmaryllidacecB, consisting of bulbous
lous ovule in each cell, and bears as many herbs, with two-ranked narrow elongate
stigmas as cells. The fruit is usually suc- leaves, and many-flowered umbels of flow-
culent the seeds albuminous with anaxile
I

;
I
ers. The perianth has a curved narrow
embryo. There are about six species funnel-shaped tube, which is often a little
known from North or Tropical America, ventricose, and a limb of six short sub-
constituting four genera, Cyrilla, Mylo- equal segments; the filaments of the six
caryum, Elliottia, and. Purdicea. !
stamens straight, decurrent, inserted in
CYRILLA. A genus of Cyrillacece, con- the upper portion of the tube. They are
sisting of plantsfrom the warmer parts of |
South African plants, the type of the genus
North America, with the habit of some of j
being C. obliquus. This has globose bulbs
the larger shrubby species of Andromeda. as large as a man's fist, persistent lanceo-
Leaves alternate, wedge-shaped; racemes llate entire leaves an inch wide, and an
lateral, elongated, aggregated ; flowers I erect scape supporting a loose umbel of
sinall, white, with a five-cleft calyx, five j
numerous pendulous flowers, orange-col-
i
petals, and five stamens ; ovary two-celled ; our mixed with yellow and green, the tube
\
capsule fleshy, two-valved, two-seeded. C. sensibly widened upwards, an inch and a
! caroliniana is a handsome greenhouse half long, and the limb spreading, nearly
!
shrub. [J. T. SJ as long as the tube. In another group of
the species the leaves are deciduous. One
I CYRTANDRACEJE or CYRTANDRE^. |

of them, C. striatus, has subacute leaves a

A tribe of Gesncracece, formerly considered |

foot long, and half an inch wide, and an :

as a separate family, including all the

!

umbel of three or four pendulous narrow

Asiatic genera which have no albumen in
funnel-shaped flowers two and a half inches
the seed, whilst the American genera were
-

long, red, striped with yellow. C. odorus

l
all believed to be possessed of albumen.
has fragrant crimson flowers; whilst in
These and some other slight distinctions ,

C. collinus they are poppy scarlet. [T. M.j

!

'

have, however, all proved less constant

than had been supposed, and the two CYRTOCERAS. Centrostema.
groups are now acknowledged to be tribes
of one family. The Cyrtandrece proper CYRTOGONIUM. Pcecilopteris.
consist of above thirty genera, including CYRTOGYNE. A genus of succulent-
Bamondia and Haberlea from Europe, leaved undershrubs, belonging to the order
jEichynanthus, Chirita, Bidymocarpus, and Crassulaceae, having white flowers in cymes,
many others from Asia, Streptocarpus from with a five-parted corolla whose segments
South Africa, Klu.gia from Eastern Tropi- are much longer than those of the calyx.
cal Asia and Mexico, and perhaps Nape- The stamens are inserted into the base of
:
anthus from Brazil. the corolla, with whose lobes they alter-
i

and within them are five small hy-

;

CYRTANDRA. A genus of Cyrtandrous nate, pogynous scales. The ovary consists of

!

Gesneracece, containing a considerable j

number of caulescent undershrubsor herbs, five oblong carpels, gibbous at the top,
| j

natives of the Moluccas. They have oppo-' and ending in long styles. C. albiflora, a
site leaves, equal or frequently with one side
native of the Cape of Good Hope, is in cul- j

dwarfed or aborted. Their flowers are in tivation. [M. T. M.] j

axillary fascicles or heads, seldom solitary. I

CYRTOLEPIS. A genus of Composite,
The calyx is tubular, with five more or less i composed of a few small annual herbs,found
|
deeply-cut lobes the corolla funnel-shaped,
; ;
in northern Africa and Asia Minor. They
with the limb spreading and cleft into five I
have much resemblance to the chamomile
obtuse lobes: there are four to five sta- (Anthemis), and are nearly related to that
mens, two of which only are fertile ; the genus, differing only in having winged
ovary is cylindrical, containing many j
achenes, the wings toothed, those of An-
ovules attached to two two-lobed revolute themis not being winged. They have al-
parietal placenta} the stigma is obtuse or
; ternate pinnatisect leaves with linear seg-
emarginate. The fruit is a many-seeded ments, yellow flower-heads with an invo-
ovate berry. [W. C] lucre of one series of roundish scales, which
enclose a large number of tubular five-
CYRTANTHERA. A genus of Acan-
toothed florets. [A. A. B.]
tharece, natives of Tropical America, con-
sisting ofsome eight species of caulescent CYRTOMIUM. A genus of polypodia-
|
shrubs, with broad petiolate leaves, and ceous ferns, belonging to that series of the
: large scarlet flowers like those of Aplie- Aspidiece which have reticulated veins
landra, arranged in a beautiful dense ter- and peltate indusia. The characteristics
minal thyrse, except in one species, in 1
of Cyrtomium, as shown in the more typical
which they are in axillary cymes. The j
plants, consist in the veins being pin-
calyx is cleft into five equal coloured parts ;
nato-furcate from a central costa, the lower
the ringent corolla has a long tube, and anterior venules being free, and the rest
the limb is divided into two lips, the lower !
angularly and irregularly anastomosing,
of which is trifid there are two stamens
:
1

forming unequal subhexagonal areoles,

CYRT Efje Cwarftttg at 33atang. 376
within which two or three excurrent vein leaflessand usually climbing orchids, allied
lets are produced. Sometimes only the up- to Vanilla, but producing a more or less
per venules are anastomosed. The species dry capsule instead of a fleshy aromatic
are robust evergreen pinnate ferns, of very fruit.Few species are known, among
ornamental character, the pinnse being of a which are the Dendrobium cassythoides of
New Holland, or Ledgeria aplvylla of
Mueller and the Erythrorcliis or Hcemator-
;

chis of Blume. The best known species is

Cyrtosia Lindleyana of Sikkim, admirably
represented by Dr. J. D. Hooker. This is a
stout erect plant, with a great woody root-
stock, a strong reddish brown stem, and
panicles of bright yellow flowers, suc-
ceeded by velvety brown flat pods which
after a long time open into flat valves.
The seeds are surrounded by a thin jagged
wing, which forms a pretty microscopical
object.
CYRTOSPERMUM. A name applied by
Mr. Bentham to a tree growing in tropical
Cyrtomium caryotideum. South America, forming a genus of Ana-
cardiacea?, and yielding a yellow-coloured
deep shining green, broad, and of a singu- resin. The calyx is five-parted, and there
lar rhomb-lanceolate form, sometimes ap-
are ten stamens arising from beneath a
proaching to hastate. The species are few,
hypogynous disc but the chief peculiarity
the typical ones natives of India, China, and ;

resides in the drupe-like fruit, whose

Japan, one or two, somewhat anomalous,
bony inner shell is divided into two com-
occurring in South America. [T. M.]
partments by a hard curved partition
CYRTONEMA. Herbaceous plants of the one of these compartments is small and
gourd family, Cucurbitacece, with tuberous empty, the other forms a horse shoe-shaped
rhizomes, simple tendrils, and monoecious cavity, containing a simple seed of the
greenish flowers, the males in clusters, the same form attached to the apex of the
females solitary. The stamens are five, in cavity. The same name has been applied
three bundles, with straight anther-lobes, to a genus of Umbellifero?, now known as
and curved filaments thickened at the top. Lereschia. [M. T. M.]
The fruit is a spindle-shaped beaked gourd name
with three compartments and few seeds.
CYRTOSTYLIS. Under this are
The plants are natives of the Cape of Good collected a few little Australasian terres-
[M.T.M.] trial orchids, with thin solitary roundish
Hope. flat leaves, a slender naked scape, and two
CYRTOPERA. A genus of tuberous or three greenish distant flowers. They
tropical orchids with a tall radical inflores- inhabit dry rocky spots on the edge of
cence and membranous plaited leaves, ravines.
sometimes not appearing along with the CYST. The spore-case of certain fungals
flowers. Some are American, some Asiatic, also the hollow spaces in parenchyma in
a few are South African, and one, C. plan- which oily matter collects, as in the rind
tag inea, is from Madagascar. C.Wood/ordi, of the orange.
a plant with dense upright racemes of
greenish-purple flowers, is the only one in CYSTANTHE. A genus of Epacridacece,
cultivation. The genus is perhaps hardly containing a few species, natives of the
distinct from Eulophia. mountains of Tasmania. They are small
glabrous bushes with erect naked stems,
CYRTOPHLEBIUM. A name proposed marked, as are also the lower portions of
for the species of Campy loneurum, a the branches, with annular scars, where
genus of polypodiaceous mostly simple- the leaves, which are sheathing at the
fronded ferns. [T. M.] base, were inserted. They have a subfoli-
CYRTOPODIUM. Under this genus are aceous bracteate calyx the corolla is a
;

collected some species of terrestrial or- closed conical calyptra, which dehisces
chids from Tropical America, with long transversely a little above its base, the
fusiform fleshy stems, bearing membranous upper part falling away, and the lower be-
plaited leaves, and long racemes or pani- ing Very persistent the stamens are hy-
;

cles of showy yellow or spotted flowers, pogynous and persistent; the ovary is
whose scape rises from the base of the five-celled, each cell containing many
stem. They are very fine objects in culti- ovules, attached to a pendulous placenta.
vation, well grown specimens measuring The plants resemble Sprengelia and Pilitis
as much as five feet in height. The hand- in stature and habit from the first they
;

somest species are C. Andersoni and cardi- are separated by the structure of the
ochilum, brilliant yellow, and C.punctatum, corolla, and from the second by the ab-
yellow and brown. Tyloch ilusjlavus of the sence of hypogynous scales. [W. C]
Germans is the same as Cyrtopodium An- CYSTEA. A fanciful alteration, which
dersoni.
has not met with acceptance, of Cystopte-
CYRTOSIA. A remarkable genus of [
ris,the name of a genus of ferns. [T. MJ
 37 CIjs Crsatfurg at 23atang.
CYSTIDIA. Salient cells, accompanying CYTINACEiE. The Cytinus Hypocistis,
the basids or asci of fungals ; by some re- either alone or in conjunction with two
garded as antherids. [M. J. B.] African root-parasites, Hydnora and Hy-
polepis, has been considered as constituting
CYSTIDI AXTHT7S. A genus of Asclepia- an independent family of very uncertain
dacecc, containing a few species of climb- affinities. It is a native of the Mediterra-
ing shrubs, natives of the Indian Archi- nean region, growing on the roots chiefly
pelago,with opposite leaves, and numerous of Cistus monspeliensis, and rises to a few
pedicellate flowers in interpetiolar and inches above ground in the form of a tuft
terminal umbels. The calyx is flve-parted ; of succulent stems covered with imbri-
•the corolla bell-shaped, five-toothed, and cated scales, and terminating in a head of
spreading the staminal corona consists of
; flowers, the whole plant of a rich yellow or
five fleshy leaves attached to the short gy- orange-red colour. The flowers are poly-
nostegium the anthers are terminated by
;
gamous, with a tubular four-lobed peri-
amerabraneadpressed to the stigma, which anth, and four two-celled anthers, sessile on
is convex, pentagonal, and smooth ; the a central column attached to the perianth-
follicles arc solitary, long and slender.with tube. The ovary is inferior, one-celled,
numerous comose seeds. This genus has with several parietal placentas, and nume-
the habit of Centrostema. [W. C] rous ovules. The plants contain gallic acid,
and have been used in consequence as as-
CYSTOCAPXOS. A genus of Fumariacece, tringents and styptics. [M. T. M.]
containing a glabrous climbing branched
herb from the Cape of Good Hope, with CYTISE A GRAPPES or AUBOERS or
v

stalked twice-pinnate leaves, having three- DE YIRGILE. (Er.) Cvtiftus Laburnum, —

lobed segments, and small white racemose PETIT. Cytisus sessilifolius.
flowers. It differs from the other genera
of the order in the capsule, which is in- CYTISOPSIS. A genus of Leguminosa?,
flated and bladdery, containing several containing but one species, C. dorycniifolia,
seeds. [J. T. S.] a small prostrate perennial plant found in
the mountains of Syria and Cilicia. This
CYSTOCARPIUM. A case including a has sessile leaves made up of from three to
great many spores; a term confined to seven small oblong leaflets, which are cov-
algals. ered with silvery hairs and the axillary
;

CYSTOPTERIDE-E. A section of poly- yellow flowers have a tubular calyx nearly

podineous ferns, in which the sori are punc- an inch long, and a corolla of five nearly
tiform or dot-like, and covered by cucullate equal clawed petals, a little longer than
or fornicate indusia, which, being attached the calyx. The pods are narrow, thick,
behind them, are inflected over them in elongated, and contain a number of seeds,
the earlier stages. [T. 31.] i
The genus is nearly allied to Anthyllis, but
i
differs in the sessile digitate leaves, and in
CYSTOPTERIS. A genus of dwarf poly- the calyx and corolla falling after wither-
podiaceous ferns, typical of the group Cys- I
ing. [A. A. B.]
toptc-ridece. In that group, it is distin-
CYTISUS. An extensive and well-known
guished at once t>y its sori being medial
!

genus of trees and shrubs belonging to the

on the veins, that is, placed some distance 1

Leguminosce. C. Laburnum, with which all

below the apex. The species, numbering
are familiar under the name of Laburnum,
about a dozen, are small membranaceous
is a native of the mountains of France,
plants with a tufted or creeping caudex, and
Switzerland, and Southern Germany, where
twice or thrice-pinnated annual fronds
it attains the height of twenty feet and up-
they are furnished with punctiform sori, j

wards. It was introduced into England

covered by roundish ovate indusia, which
previously to 1597, at which time Gerarde
are fornicate or subhemispherical, affixed
appears to have had it in his garden under
by their broad base, and sometimes lacer- the names of Anagyris, Laburnum, and
ate or acuminate at the apex. C.fragiUs,
which has lance-shaped fronds, is a widely Bean Trefoil. This and the lilac are the
distributed British species C. montana,
commonest ornamental trees in suburban
;
gardens but the Laburnum is seen to the
;
with a creeping caudex and triangu-
greatest advantage when planted in front
lar fronds, has been gathered in a few
of loftiertrees in a park or extensive
1

Scottish habitats. The genus is scattered

shrubbery. The heart wood is of a dark
|
from the poles to the tropics. [T. M.]
colour, and, though of a coarse grain, it is
|

i
CYSTOPUS. Under this name Blume i

very hard and durable it will take a polish,

;

. has collected a few little white-flowered '

and may be stained to resemble ebony. It

I Java orchids near Goodyera. I
is much in demand among
turners, and is
wrought into a variety of articles which
CYSTORCHIS. A genus of terrestrial
i

require strength and smoothness. The

orchids, allied to Goodyera. Blume men-
seeds, it should be remembered, act so
!

tions three species with small pink or yel-

i

violently as an emetic that they are justly

:

'
low flowers. They are especially known by ,

deemed poisonous.
having the glands found inside the lip in
C. purpureas is an elegant procumbent
so many of these little plants enclosed in a
shrub, a native of Carniola. It seldom ex-
pair of cysts or pockets, whence the name
ceeds a foot in height, and is either used
has been formed. for ornamenting rockwork, or is grafted on
CYTHER-IS. Nephelaphyllum. |
the Laburnum. C. purpurascens (Fr. C.
CYTO] Ef)e &ttK3\ivt) flf 3Satau». 378
d'Adam), the purple Laburnum, is a hybrid DACHA. A Hottentot name for Canna-
between the two preceding. It was origi- bis sativa.
nated in Paris in 1828, by M. Adam, and
has since been much cultivated in England.
DACRYDIPM. A genus of Taxacece,
consisting of a few evergreen trees inhabit-
A peculiarity of this tree has often been ing the East Indies and New Zealand. The
noticed, which is interesting to the phy- distinguishing characteristics reside in the
siological botanist as showing the influence
female flower, which consists of? a boat-
exercised by the stock on the scion. ' This shaped bract, bearing an ovule which at
purple Laburnum is a hybrid between the first lies on the scale, but ultimately be-
common yellow Laburnum and C. purpu- comes erect, and when fully developed
reus. The branches below the graft pro- lias a short outer fleshy integument, from
duce the ordinary yellow Laburnum flow- which the inner bony investment of the
ers of large size those above often ex-
;
seed protrudes. D. cupressinum, which has
hibit a small purple Laburnum flower, as pendulous feathery branches and slender
well as l-eddish flowers, intermediate be- needle-like leaves, is a very graceful lofty
tween the two in size and colour. Occa- j

tree. D. Franklinii is the Huon Pine. D.

sionally the same cluster has some flowers
I

taxifolium is said to acquire a height of 200

yellow and some purple' (Balfour). C.
feet in New Zealand its shoots may be
;
alpinus differs principally in having its I

leaves rounded at the base, and in hav- j

made into a beverage having the same
antiscorbutic properties as spruce beer.
ing the pods smooth and few-seeded
D. laxifolium, also a native of New Zea-
:

whereas C. Laburnum has the leaves white

I

land, is a low growing shrub not unlike

with down beneath, and the seed-pods
i

many-seeded and downy. The Cytisus ra-

Empetrum nigrum. [M. T. M.J
cemosus and rlwdopnceus, so generally to DACRYMYCES. A genus of tremelloid
be observed among the plants offered for
|

I
Fungi, of which B. stillatus is almost uni-
sale in spring in the streets of London, are versal in the form of small bright-orange
referrible to Genista. [C. A. J.] I

I gelatinous tear-like masses on decayed

CYTOBLAST. That elementary spherule, !
pine or larch rails, accompanied sometimes
derived from organic mucus, which pro- |
by a larger species, D. deliquescens. The
duces a cell from its side, according to former plant has often been supposed to
Schleiden. It is the nucleus of R. Brown i
consist of a mass of branched threads,
and others. terminated by chains of oblong spores.
These, however, are merely conidia, the
OYTTARIA. A
curious genus of as- perfect fruit being developed in the same
comycetous Fungi, consisting of a sub- way as in Tremella, and consisting of
globose cartilaginous receptacle in which slightly-curved septate spores, from the
are sunk a number of ovate pits lined with edge of which minute secondary spores
the hymenium. The mouth of these at
j

are given off. The scarlet gelatinous fun-

last becomes open, and the whole plant gus so common on dead nettle stems is
has then the appearance of a little waxlike now believed to be a condition of Peziza
j

wasps' nest, from whence the genus takes fusarioides. [M. J. B.]
its name. There are three or four species,
all of which grow parasitically upon the DACTYL^NA. The name of a herb of
living branches of evergreen beeches, and the capparidaceous family, whose native
one in Tierra del Fuego for several months country is not known. It has a calyx of
affords the staple food of the inhabitants. four sepals, the anterior one longer than
It is, however, almost tasteless, and has I
the rest four petals, two longer than the
;

been compared to cow-heel. The species others six stamens, inserted into a hemi-
;

are confined to a portion of the south- spherical receptacle, which is provided

ern hemisphere. The individual plants are with a gland at the back; four of these
sometimes solitary, but frequently they stamens are antherless, while the two re-
form dense clusters, and it is probable that maining ones are completely joined to-
the same branch yields more than one crop gether, so that the anther appears four-
from the same spawn. [M. J. B.] lobed. [M. T. M.]
CZACKIA. The name of a group now DACTYLANTHUS. A genus of Balano-
generally regarded as a subdivision of the plwracece, founded on
a root-parasite from
genus Anthcricum, from which it is, how- I New Zealand. It is attached to the roots
ever,still sometimes separated. It is dis-
I
of beeches and Pittospori by a thick tuber-
tinguished by having the segments of the ous rhizome, the stems rising in clusters
flower brought together, or coimiveut into two or three inches from the ground, cov-
a kind of bell-shaped form, and by having \
ered with imbricated scales. The flowers
the stamens glabrous. [T. M.] j
are dioecious, small and numerous, in dense
spadices, of which several are clustered
DABCECIA. A section oi Henziesia, or
;

together at the summit of the stems sur-

sometimes considered a separate
!

as it is
rounded by the upper scales.
genus of Ericacecc, distinguished chiefly by
its tetramerous instead of peutamerous DACTYLICAPNOS. A genus of Fuma-
structure, the calyx being four-cleft, the riacece, distinguished by having the two
corolla limb four-toothed, the stamens outer petals bulging out at the base, the
eight, and the capsule four-celled, with fruit berry-like, and the seeds crested. It
four valves. The plant called D. polifolia is considered by Drs. Hooker and Thomson
is the St. Dabeoc's Heath. [T. M .] as merely a section of Licentra, from which
 379 CIjc Crcafiuvp of 23otaitin [D^MO
it differs only in having the wall? of the '
in which the root divides and becomes
fruit fleshy. It contains two Indian herbs hard and worthless. It is commonly called
with weak stems climbing by means of Fingers and Toes, and must be distin-
tendrils, compound triternate leaves, and guished from anbury, which arises from
racemes opposite the leaves. [J. T. S.] the attacks of insects. It is in fact not
properly a disease, but a tendency to a
DACTYLIS. A genus of grasses belong- reversion to the wild state, which can only
ing to the tribe Festucece, and distinguished be remedied by a careful selection of seed.
by the flowers being in very crowded It is sometimes thought that it arises f nun
panicles, and subsecund, i. e., pointing
an unequal distribution of manure, but
nearly all to one side. The glumes are
this is probably a mistake. [M. J. B.]
I

unequal and many-flowered, acute and

'
herbaceous, with terminal setae. B. glo- 1

DACTYLOSTEMON. A genus of the

meruia, the Cock's-foot Grass, is the only spurge-wort family, composed of a num-
i
British species, and one of the best known ber of trees or shrubs found in the tropical
I
of our native grasses. It is also the parts of South America, and chiefly distin-
i
strongest grower among the superior guished by their flowers being destitute of
;
kinds, and derives its English name from (
a true calyx, the males containing three,
the fancied resemblance the three-branched or more generally from four to seven sta-
panicles of flowers bear to the foot of a mens. The leaves are lance-shaped, entire,
|
fowl. It forms a portion of most good and glossy; either alternate or whorled,
pastures, particularly where the soil is and varying from two to eight inches in
'
loamy or chalky. It is also suitable for length. In their axils the little green
sowing alone on boggy land which is in flowers are arranged in short catkins, the
the course of being reclaimed, for, although males towards the apex, and the females j

it does not grow on this sort of soil natu- near the base, the former entirely naked I

rally in great quantities, it produces a good or accompanied with one or more little j

crop when cultivated on it artificially scales which represent the calyx, the latter
Steudel describes twenty-nine species, also naked or having a calyx of three small
which have a wide' range of habitats over divisions. The fruit is a brown polished ;

the globe. [D. MJ three-lobed woody capsule, about the size

of a pea, and contains three seeds. The
DACTTLTUM. A
genus of filamentous
name Actinostema< is sometimes given
moulds, of which the genuine species have
to the plants of this genus. [A.A.B.]
hyaline threads bearing at their tips clus-
ters of septate spores. B. rosewit, which DJEDALEA. A genus belonging to the
was formerly referred to Trichothecium spore-bearing section of the higher Fungi. \

from an insufficient knowledge of its In this genus the cavities, instead of being
structure, belongs essentially to this ge- circular or only slightly distorted, are sin-
nus, and is remarkable not only as being uous and intricate from the partial break-
one of the most widely-diffused species, ing-up of the cell-walls. B. quercina, a fun-
distinguished by its delicate pink hue, but gus of a hard corky texture, is not un-
as occurring not unfrequently in the closed common upon oak stumps or rails, and
cavities of nuts. The spawn of these deli- sometimes makes its appearance in build-
cate moulds will, however, soon penetrate ings or conservatories, where the wood
the firmest vegetable tissues if there be has been impregnated with its spawn be-
proper conditions of moisture. Another fore being felled. [M. J. B.]
species, B. oogenum, occurs in the inside of
eggs, where its presence is difficult to ac-
D.EDALETJS. Wlien a point has a large
count for without having recourse to the
circuit, but is truncated and ragged. Or,
wild and unphilosophical notion of equivo-
wavy and irregularly plaited as the hyme-
cal generation. In B. roseum, besides the
nium of some agarics.
common large spores, there are conidia of D^-EMONOROPS. A genus of palms
a small size, which may have greater power closely allied to Calamus, in which the
of penetration than the larger. The func- greater number of the forty species re-
tion, however, of these bodies is uncertain, ferred to it were formerly placed. Its dis-
and they may be spermatia rather than tinguishing peculiarities consist in the
conidia. [M. J. B.] flowers being loosely scattered along the
branches of the flower spikes, not collected
DACTYLOCTEXIUM. A genus of grasses into catkins as in Calamus, and also in the
belonging to the tribe Chloridece, distin-
spathes or bracts being complete, i.e.,
guished by the inflorescence being in i

entirely enclosing the young spikes. All

finger-like spikes, the flowers on the spik-
the species are natives of the eastern
lets pointing to one side; the glumes two,
hemisphere, principally of the Malayan
compressed, keeled, and subherbaceous,
Peninsula and Islands they have long thin
:
the exterior one cuspidate stamens three
;
;
flexible stems, furnished with pinnate
ovary smooth styles two stigma hairy
;
;
leaves, the prickly stalks of which are fre-
and branched. There are only seven spe- quently prolonged into whip-like tails.
cies described, all natives of Africa^ with
B. Braco (formerly Calamus Braco) is a
one exception, B. radulans, which is a New i

native of Sumatra and other islands of the

Holland grass. They are mostly annuals,
Indian Archipelago, and is called the Dra-
and known in cultivation. [D. M.]
little
gon's Blood Palm, in consequence of its I

D ACTYLORHIZA. An affection of some fruits yielding a portion of the substance

agricultural plants, as turnips and carrots, known in the arts as dragon's blood. The j

:
daff] &f)C £r?a£urg of 3Sntani). 380
fruits are about the size of cherries, and, singular regularity, in others the florets
when ripe, are covered with a reddish were arranged in the form of a perfect
resinous substance, which is separated by rose. Finally, in the course of years, hoi - -

shaking them in a coarse canvass bag. ticulturists flatter themselves that they
The resin thus obtained forms the best have brought the Dahlia to the highest
kind of dragon's blood, while inferior point of beauty, though among the nume-
sorts are obtained by boiling the fruits rous seedlings raised every year, there are
after they have undergone the shaking constantly occurring individuals which are
process. Several varieties of dragon's considered as surpassing their predeces-
blood (sticks, reeds, tears, and lumps) sors in some point of floral excellence. A
are known in commerce, but some are race of pompons with remarkably small
yielded by plants belonging to widely flower-heads has been obtained. [C. A. J.]
different natural orders. It is chiefly used DAIS. A genus of Thymelacew or Dapli-
for colouring varnishes, for dyeing horn in nacece. Its characters are flowers sur-
:
imitation of tortoise shell, and in the com- rounded by an involucre calyx coloured,
position of tooth-powders and various
;

funnel-shaped, with a four or five-divided

tinctures. [A. S.]
limb, and without scales in its throat sta- ;

DAFFODIL. Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus, mens eight to ten in two rows, included

also called Daffy-down-dilly. — , PERU- within the calyx ; no hypogynous scales
VIAN. Ismene Amancaes. — , SEA. Is- ovary one-celled, with a single pendulous
mene calathina. ovule. Fruit a drupe enclosed by the per-
sistent calyx albumen fleshy embryo
DAGGER-FLOWER. Machceranthera. ;

orthotropal. Shrubby plants found at the

;

DAGGER PLANT. A name for Yucca. Cape of Good Hope and in the tropical and
subtropical parts of Asia. There are seven
DAHLIA. A well-known herbaceous known species. [J. H.B.]
plant belonging to the compound flowers,
and distinguished by its chaffy receptacle, DAISY. The common name for Bellis.
the absence of a pappus, and by the double — AFRICAN.
, Athanasia annua. —
involucre of which the outer is many- AUSTRALIAN. Vittadenia triloba. —,
leaved, the inner of one leaf divided into BLUE. Globularia vulgaris. , CHRIST- —
eight segments. The Dahlia is named MAS. A popular name for some of the
after Dr. Dahl, a pupil of Linnajus, but is species of Aster. — , MICHAELMAS. A
also known, especially on the continent, popular garden name for Aster, especially
by the name Georgina. Countless as are for A. Tradescanti. — OXEYE. Chrysanthe-
,

the varieties of this flower, there are, at the mum Leucanthemum. — , SWAN-RIVER.
most, only two species in cultivation, D. Brachycome iberidifolia.
superjlua, of which the outer involucre is
reflexed, and D. frustranea, in which it is
DAISY-STAR. Bellidiastrum.
spreading while under the name D. vari-
; DALBERGIA. A large genus of legu-
abilisboth these are united. The Dahlia minous forest? trees and climbing shrubs
is a native of Mexico, where it grows in principally inhabiting the tropics of the
sandy meadows at an elevation of 5,000 feet Eastern Hemisphere. Most of the species
above the sea, and from whence the first have pinnate leaves with numerous leaflets
plants introduced to England were brought arranged alternately, but sometimes re-
by way of Madrid in 1789, by the Mar- duced to three leaflets only. The flowers
chioness of Bute. These having been lost, are borne in axillary racemes, and have a
others were introduced, in 1804, by Lady bell-shaped calyx, the mouth of which is
Holland. These also having periled, a cut into five divisions, a papilionaceous
fresh importation was made from France, corolla, and nine to ten stamens, either all
when the continent was thrown open by joined together into a sheath, which is
the peace of 1814. The first introduction split along the upper side, or divided into
into France had taken place about 1800 ; two equal bundles of five each. The pods
and the plant was cultivated there for the are thin, very much flattened, not winged,
sake of its tubers, which were said to be and either long and straight, or short and
eatable. Owing, however, to their acrid crescent-shaped, containing one or several
and medicinal flavour, they found no fa- flatseeds
vour with the human species, and were re- D. latifolia, the Black-wood or East
jected by cattle. The roots are large, Indian Rose-wood tree, and the Sit-sal of
spindle-shaped, and assembled into bundles the Bengalese, is common on the Malabar
from the centre of which rises the stem. and Coromandel coasts, and forms a mag-
The flowers, in the examples first intro- nificent tree, yielding one of the most
duced, were single, with a yellow disk and valuable furniture woods. The timber is
dull scarlet rays having a velvety surface. procurable in planks four feet broad, ex-
The seeds of these soon produced flowers clusive of the sap-wood, and is of a dark
of various tints, some double, others varie- purplish colour, very heavy, close-grained,
gated. Flowers of a better colour and and susceptible of a fine polish. It comes
form were successively propagated; in to this country under the names of Black-
some the petals, or rather florets (for wood and East Indian Rosewood, but it
in what is called the 'double Dahlia 'the has not the agreeable perfume of the true
fulness of the flower is owing to the con- rosewood, nor is it marked with the black
version of disk into ray florets), as- lines of resinous matter which add so
sumed the shape of a horn or funnel with much to the beauty and value of the Brazi-
 381 Ojc Crcasfuru at Maimy, [dama
]ian -wood.In India it is greatly used for DALECHAMPIA. A genus of spurge-
making the most expensive descriptions of worts found in the tropics of both hemi-
furniture. B. sissoides, is a smaller tree, spheres. Their slender stems are generally
but yields an equally valuable timber, found twining among bushes, but some-
which also goes by the names of Black- times scrambling to a great height amongst
wood and Rosewood in Madras, where it is trees.The leaves are alternate, stalked,
employed, in the construction of gun- heart-shaped, entire or three to five-lobed,
carriages. sometimes divided to the base. The small
D. Sissoo is an East Indian species, but green flowers are borne on stalked heads
found farther north than either of the pre- which proceed from the axils of the leaves,
ceding,abounding principally in Bengal and a circumstance that at once serves to dis-
the provinces as far north as the Punjab. tinguish the genus. The heads contain a
It is a large and very rapid-growing tree, number of flowers of both sexes, and are
yielding a strong tenacious compact tim- enveloped by an involucre of two leafy,
ber of a dark brown colour, but not so fine- beautifully veined green or coloured
grained as the Blackwood. This wood is bracts. The male flowers have a four or
called Sissoo or Sissum; and being very du- five-parted calyx, and very numerous sta-
rable it is included among those which are mens the females a calyx of five or six
;

authorised to be employed for the sleepers divisions which are often fringed with
of Indian lines of railway. In Bengal it hairs, and an ovary surmounted by a cy-
is used in the construction of gun-carri- lindrical or club-shaped style, which is en-
ages, and it also supplies the ship-builders tire, with a terminal or lateral stigmatic
of that presidency with crooked timbers opening. The fruit is a three-celled three-
and knees, besides which it is extensively lobed capsule about the size of a large pea.
employed for all the ordinary purposes The names Cremophylhtm and Rhopalostyiis
connected with house building. [A. S.] are given by some authors to plants of
this genus. [A. A. B.]
DALEA. A genus of sub-shrubby or
herbaceous plants of the pea family found DALHOUSIEA. A smooth simple-leaved
in America, appearing in greatest numbers shrub of the pea family found in Silhet,
in New Mexico, and having their northern where it bears its white blossoms in May,
limit in the United States, and their south- and ripens its pods in the end of the sea-
ern in Chili,very few being found in the son. Its beautifully veined glossy leaves
north-eastern part of the continent. Its are stalked, oval, and entire the pedun-
;

cles which arise from their axils are once

j

most marked features are the flowers in

terminal spikes, and the pods small, one- or twice forked, and at, the points of fork-
seeded, and not longer than the calyx. Its
J

ing furnished with small round bracts ;

each flower is also supported by two simi-

j

nearest affinity is with Petalostemon, in '

which the stamens are five, while here lar bracts, which completely hide the five-
they are generally ten, and never fewer toothed calyx. The upper petal or standard
is deeply notched, and the ten stamens are
j

than nine. In the great bulk of the spe-

cies the leaves are unequally pinnate, and quite free to the base. The dark brown
composed of numerous small wedge-shaped polished pods are of a woody consistence,
j

! or oblong leaflets, which are often covered from three to four inches long, tapered at
with small glandular dots like those seen each end into a sharp point, and contain-
I in the St. John's-wort. The white, yellow, ;
ing two or three flat seeds. The simple
I
pink, or purple flowers are about the size of leaves, bracted peduncles, and free stamens,
I
those of a vetch, and arranged in terminal together with the nature of the pods, are
i
spikes or heads the calyx nearly equally
;
its most marked features. [A. A. B.]
j

five-toothed or cleft and the keeled petal

|
;

and wings united with the stamina! tube

j

:
DALIBARDA. A genus of herbs or
;

small shrubs with white or yellow flowers,

and jointed to it, but the standard or upper
j

petal quite ree. The little pod is wholly

belonging to the liosacece, distinguished
j

Enveloped in the calyx.

j
from the allied genus Rubus bx having
dry fruit, and terminal, not lateral, styles.
,

One of the most remarkable species is

j

D. spinoso, which inhabits the desert re-

;

The herbaceous species, which are hardy,

have creeping stems and solitary flowers ;
.

gions of California, and has simple narrow

I
they may be grown in a peaty soil, and are
1
leaves, and large deep violet flowers ar-
fit for ornamenting rock-work. The shrubby
; ranged in a spiked manner on the spiny-
species have the flowers in panicles, and
pointed branches. The plant attains a
;

height of four or five feet. Like many

being natives of Java require to be grown
in a hot-house. [C. A. J.]
I
desert plants the stems have a bleached ap-
;
pearance. D.arborescens, found in the Sierra DAMAR. A viscid resinous product of
Nevada mountains, is remarkable as being Canarium mierocarpnim.
the only one which attains the dimensions
!

of a small tree. D. Jamesil attains only a

DAMAS. (Fr.) Hesperis matronoMs.
1

height of about six inches, and is alto- DAMASONIUM. A floating aquatic he-
gether covered with silky hairs it is also
; longing to the Alismacece, better known
I remarkable as being the only species with under the name of Actinocarpus Dama-
: trifoliolate leaves. Upwards of sixty spe- sonium. It is found, though somewhat
: cies are enumerated. The genus is named rarely, in our ponds and ditches, and forms
1 in honour of Thomas Dale, an English a tuft of radical floating long-stalked
I botanist of the last century. [A. A. B.] i leaves, from amongst which issues the
 flower-stem bearing one or more whorls of solete; a monopetalous, two-lipped, blue
white flowers. They are each succeeded or purple corolla, the segments of the
by six or eight two-seeded carpels, ar- upper lip of which are auricled on the
ranged in the form of a star. [T. MJ inner margin five stamens with coherent
;

anthers and a style with a stigma seated

;

DAME D'ONZE HEURES. (Fr.) Omi- at the base of a cup, termed an indusium.
thogalum umbellatum. The flowers are axillary or terminal and ;

the leaves alternate. Tlfe plants,which are

DAMIER. (Fr.) Fritillaria Meleagris.
shrubby or herbaceous, are natives of Aus-
tralia and Tasmania. [R. H.]
DAMMARA. A genus of Coniferaz or
Pinacece, the name of which is derived from DAMSON. A small austere variety of
the native one in Amboyna. Flowers dioe- plum. .-, BITTER, or MOUNTAIN. Sima-
cious, that is, some with stamens only, and ruba amara.
DANiEA. A
remarkable genus of ferns
of the danasineous division of the Marat-
tiacece.The species are not very numerous,
and are all South American or West Indian
They have large woody rhizomes, and pin-
nate rarely simple fleshy coriaceous fron
the pinna of which are usually articulated,
The fertile fronds are more or less con-
tracted. The sori are very remarkable
they are linear, occupying the whole
length of the veins, and crowded so as
to cover the whole under-surface of the
divisions of the fertile fronds. The spore-
cases are consolidated into a fleshy mass,
which represents an involucre, each fleshy
case at length opening at the top by a
small round pore, so that the contiguous
fructiferous ridges appear to be each
pierced by a double line of small apertures.
In some species represented by B. nodosa,
Dammara obtusa. which has the joints of the fronds thick-
ened, the sori are affixed to the veins by
others with pistils only on separate plants :

the staminate flowers in catkins, the nu-

merous stamens having very short fila-
ments, and eight to fifteen-celled anthers ;

the pistillate ones in ovate or globular

cones with persistent scales without bracts.
I There is a single unequal-winged seed with
j
two cotyledons under each scale. The
|
species are large trees with scattered
I
leathery leaves. They are found in the
j
East Indian Islands, New Zealand and New
! Guinea.
j
B. anstralis, the Kauri Pine of New Zea-
! land, is a tree from 150 to 200 feet in height,
producing a hard brittle resin like copal.
B. macrophyUa is a large tree 100 feet high,
\
found on Vanicolla, one of the Queen Char-
lotte Islands in the South Sea. B. Moorii
]

Dansea alata (fructification).

i
is a tree forty feet high, found in New
Caledonia, B. obtusa is a large timber
their whole length in others, as in B.
tree used in ship-building, found in the ;

stenoplnjlla, they are said to be affixed

New Hebrides. B. orientalis, the Amboyna only by the centre. ["T. M.]
Pine, is a tree of the Moluccas, 100 feet
high, which yields the fine transparent re- DAN^ACE^E. The name of a natural
sin called Dammar. [J. H. BJ order of ferns, also called Marattiace.33 :
DAMMER TREE, BLACK. Ca.narium which see.
strict urn. — , WHITE. Vateria indica, the DAN^OPSIS. A doubtful genus of ferns,
resin of which is called Dammer pitch. separated from Dancea, on the ground of
its having anastomosing veins. Nothing
DAMOTJCH. An Arab name for mtraria definite, however, appears to be known of
trridentata, which is believed to be the the plant. [T. MJ
Lotus tree of the ancients.
DANCING GIRLS. Mantisia sanatoria.
DAMPIERA. A genus of Goodcniacece,
DANDELION. Taraxacum Bens Leonis,
named after the celebrated navigator Cap- the Dent de Lion.
tain W. Dampier. It is distinguished by
having a calyx whose limb is short or ob- DANEWORT. Sambucus Ebulus.
SS3 QTfyz Erea£ttri) af SSotaitg. [dael
D ANGLE-BERRY. An American name of the mezereon, though it is not em-
for Gaylussacia frondosa. ployed in medicine. It finds a place in
shrubberies, on account of its evergreen
DAXTHOXIA. A genus of grasses be-
character, and because it thrives well
longing to the tribe Avenece, distinguished
beneath the shade of trees.
•by theglumes being two or many-flower- The tough fibrous nature of the inner
ed the outer pale smooth and coriace-
;
bark of these plants is made available for
ous below, many or sometimes nine-nerved, the manufacture of paper in various parts
emarginate at the apex, with an interme-
of India and China. In Nepal the bark of
diate broad tooth, which sometimes ter-
B. cannabina, B. Eclgivorthii, and other
minates in a geniculate twisted awn sta- ;
species is thus employed. For this pur-
mens three styles two. Sixty species are
;
pose it is scraped and boiled in water, with
described, nearly all natives of South
a small quantity of the ashes of the oak
Africa, and many of them useful there as
;

after this it is washed and beaten to a

pasture grasses. [D. M.]
pulp on a stone, and then spread out on a
DAPANIA. A genus considered by mould or frame made of bamboo mats.
Korthals to belong to Chrysobalanacece, This paper is of various qualities the
;

but referred to Oxalidacece by Planchon, best is strong and tough, is not liable to
who considers closely allied to Averrhoa.
it crack or break upon being folded, is not
The hypogynous flowers, and five-celled eaten by insects, and does not suffer from
fruit with pendulous exalbuminous seeds, damp. Prom its durability it is used in
are sufficient to distinguish it from the many parts of India for deeds and records.
Chrysobalanacece. [J. T. S.] Several kinds are cultivated in this
country as hardy shrubs or in greenhouses.
DAPHNACE.E. A natural order of mo- Among them are B. pontica, which resem-
nochlamydeous dicotyledonous plants, bles the common spurge laurel, but is of
synonymous with THYMELiEACE^: or Thy- larger growth, has more fragrant flowers,
melace^e which see.
: IJ. H. B.] and grows well under the shade of
trees B. alpina, a low growing shrub
DAPHXADS. A name used by Lindley
;

with deciduous leaves and white fragrant

for the Thymelacece.
flowers, well adapted for rock-work; as
DAPHNE. A well-known thymelaceous also is B. Cneorum, a charming plant with
genus of shrubs, the species of which are procumbent stems, lance-shaped ever-
very widely distributed, being found in green leaves, and clusters of pink sweet-
the temperate and tropical parts of Eu- scented flowers. The foregoing are hardy.
rope, Asia, America, and Australia. The B. odora, B. indica, B. cMnensis and others
flowers are hermaphrodite the calyx tu-
; require the protection of a greenhouse.
bular, its limb divided into four segments ;
The Spurge Laurel is the badge of the Gra-
petals none; stamens eight, inserted in hams. [M. T.M.]
two rows upon the inner surface of the
tube ovary one-celled, style short, stigma
;
DAPHNIDITJM. Indian trees constitut-
ing a genus of Lauracece, having unisexual
button-shaped fruit a drupe.
; Many of flowers within an involucre of scaly bracts.
the species are remarkable for the beauty
and fragrance of their flowers while all
;
The perianth is six-cleft the male flower
;

have a more or less stringy bark, and all has nine stamens in three rows, the three
are more or less acrid.
innermost having glands at each side of
B. Me-ereum, the Mezereon, a common their filaments. Fruit berry-like, one-
shrub in cottage gardens in this country, seeded, partly enclosed within the persis-
where it is also said to grow wild, is re- tent base of the perianth. [M. T. M.]
markable for the appearance of its fragrant DAPHNIDOSTAPHYLIS. small group A
pink flowers in early spring before the of shrubby plants, separated by some from
leaves expand. It forms a dwarf bush Arctostaphylos.
with erect branches, along the sides of
which the flowers are placed, while the DAPHNOPSIS. A genus of Thymelacece,
leaves occur in tufts at the extremity of consisting of dioecious Brazilian plants.
the twigs. The fruits are red and pulpy, The male flowers have a four-cleft peri-
of the size of a pea, and poisonous to anth, with eight stamens, and a rudimen-
human beings, though birds eat them with tary ovary. The perianth of thefemaleflow-
avidity. There is a variety with white er is persistent at the base of the drupe,
flowers and yellowish fruits. The bark of which is of a fibrous texture. [M. T. MJ
this species, and especially that of its DARBYA. A North American tree or
roots, has been used in medicine as a shrub, described by A. Gray as constituting
sudorific and alterative in scrofulous, ve- a distinct genus of Santalacece, but re
nerea!, and other diseases. It is extremely duced by A. De Candolle to a section of
acrid to the taste, and is now rarely em- Comandra,
ployed.
B. Laureola, the Spurge Laurel, occurs DAREA. A section of Asplenium, some-
in woods in this country. It is a smaller times called Ccenopteris, and characterised
plant than the preceding, and has bright by the prevalence of unisorlferous seg-
green oblong evergreen leaves, and green- ments to the fronds. [T. M.]
ish flowers which are scentless ; the fruits DARLINGTONIA. A remarkable genus
are oval and of a bluish-black colour. This of Sarraceniacece found in California. The
species participates in the acrid properties only species, B. californica, known as the
 darn] QTf)e Ereajattrp of 23ataixn. 384

Californian Side-saddle flower or Pitcher- Sarracenia, which has an umbrella-shaped

plant, is a perennial herb growing in stigma. The genus is named in honour of
marshy places. Its leaves all rise from the Dr. Darlington, of Pennsylvania.
root, the adult ones being from eighteen This account is chiefly abridged from a
inches to a foot or more in length, the paper of Dr. Torrey's in the Smithsonian
stalk or pitcher tubular, gradually tapering Contributions to Knowledge (Washington
downwards and singularly twisted on the 1853), where a full history of this interest-
axis about half a turn, marked with strong ing plant is given. It has been in cultiva-
veins and slender veinlets, and the summit tion in England. [A. A. B.]
I
vaulted and formed into a sac about the DARNEL. Lolium temulentwn.
size of a hen's egg, on the under side of
DARWINIA. A small genus of
|

which is an oval orifice about half an inch Chamce-

lauciacecB, named after Dr. Darwin. It has
I

in diameter opening into the cavity of the

pitcher the upper part of this tube is of a
; a five-cleft calyx, the lobes of which are
dull orange colour. The tolade, which is roundish-cordate, concave, and full of pel-
home on the end of the stalk or pitcher, lucid dots petals wanting stamens from
; ;

is narrowed at the base and deeply divided ten to fifteen, often joined in threes, in-
into two spreading nearly lance-shaped serted in the limb of the calyx, and hav-
lobes, which are curved downwards, and
J

I
ing very short flat glabrous filaments, and
also often backwards, resembling the lop- anthers inserted by their bases style ta-;

ears of some varieties of rabbit. The pering, bearded at the apex stigma a
;

pitcher inside the hood is furnished with pruinose dot ovary one-celled, single-
;

short conical hairs which point downwards, seeded seeds pentagonal pitted on the
;

and towards the base there are long slen- surface. Heath-like shrubs of lowly growth
der hairs also pointing downwards; re- found in the extra-tropical portions of
mains of insects are sometimes found at Australia. The leaves are marked with
the bottom. Dr. Torrey writes ' The orifice pellucid dots. [R. H.]
of the pitcher being placed directly under
DASYA. A lovely genus of rose-spored
A1cia>, allied to Polysiphonia, from which it
differs in its more compound stem, with
persistent coloured branchlets, which origi-
nate the pod-like receptacles of the tetra-
spores or stichidia. The species are far
more common in the Southern Ocean. We
have, however, a few fine species, of which
D. coccinea is well known to most col-
lectors of Algce from its bright scarlet
tint and there are representatives in the
;

Northern Hemisphere of four out of the

five sub-genera into which Dr. Harvey has
disposed the species in his Nereis Aus-
tralis. In Polysiphonia, it may be observed,
the tetraspores are imbedded in the
branches themselves, and not in distinct
'

organs. [M. J. B.]

DASYCLADE^. A small natural order
of green-spored Algcp, which are either
Darlingtonia californica. naked or coated with carbonate of lime,
and have a one-celled simple or branched
the vaulted summit, cannot receive either axis which is whorled either throughout
rain-water or dew, and yet Mr. Bracken- its whole length or near the summit with
ridge thinks he found some of the leaves jointed branchlets. The fruit is contained
containing water; still I cannot think the in free or laterally united sporangia. In
water was secreted by the hairs in the Acetabular la the stem is Aliform, and ends
tube.' The flowers are single and nodding in a target-shaped disc composed of spore-
at the apex of a smooth stalk, which is bearing cells from the centre of this
;

furnished with straw-coloured scales, and the stem is continued bearing whorls of
varies from two to four feet in length. forked fibres, and as the fruit cells fall off
When fully expanded the flower is about below, new discs are formed above. Dasy-
two inches in diameter the calyx consists
;
cladus, the typical genus, has threads free
of five straw-coloured acute sepals the;
from any crust, and the axis is clothed
petals, of alike number, and pale purple in everywhere with whorls of jointed trifid
colour, are narrowed and concave at the branchlets. The thread-shaped forked dis-
apex and broad below the twelve to fifteen
;
tinctly jointed frond of Cymopolia, on the
stamens are nearly hidden by the project- contrary, is densely incrusted, the crust
ing summit of the ovary, which is top- being pierced with pores, and the nodes
shaped, slightly five-angled, and crowned fringed with byssoid multifld fibres. We
by a short style with a five-lobed stigma. have no representative of this curious
The fruit is a five-celled capsule about an order on our coasts. Both Dasycladece
inch in length, with numerous seeds. The and Valoniacea? were first separated by
forked blade of the leaf and the form of Kutzing from Siphonei, and are adopted by
the stigma distinguish the genus from Dr.Harvey in his admirable work on North
 American Algce, to which we have been i margin flowers
; sessile in a gobular ter"
largely indebted, [M. J. B.] |
minal head. [J. T. S.]

DASYLIRION. A genus of Bromeliacem, |

DASYSTEMON. A genus of Australian
consisting of Mexican plants with short herbs, covered with scaly pimples, and hav-
stems, and densely crowded linear leaves I ing linear fleshy opposite leaves united at
which droop gracefully, and generally have their bases greenish yellow flowers a
; ;

a little brush-like tuft of fibres at the !

calyx of three to seven leaf-like segments
point. From amid these leaves the flower- j
corolla of three to seven petals rolled un-
stalks rise to a considerable height, the j
der at the point, and slightly united at the
upper portion being crowded with a dense base stamens three to seven inserted on
;

which are to the calyx round the three to five

|

I panicle of flowers, dioecious.

j
The perianth consists of six nearly equal ovaries. The filaments are thick, hence the
! segments in two rows and there are six
; j
name of the genus 'thick-stamen.' It is
[
stamens with filaments thickened in the , included among the Crassulacece. B. caly-
! middle, and having a gland at the base. cinns is occasionally grown as a green-
The female flowers differ in having anther- house plant in this country. [M. T. M.]
'

less stamens, a superior six-seeded one- —, WILD.

DATE. Phoenix dactylifera.
celled ovary, with membranous angles,
i
P. sylvestris.
the six ovules in pairs a short style with
;

a dilated three-lobed stigma and a nut-; DATISCACE.E. A natural

(Batiscads.)
like fruit, oue-seeded by abortion. B. order of dicotyledonous plants included in
acrotrichum is a handsome kind grown in the sub-class Monochlamydece, and referred
.
greenhouses. [M. T. M.] byLindleytothe cucurbital alliance. Herbs
or trees with alternate leaves having no sti-
DASYLOMA. The generic name of plants
pules; some flowers have stamens only,
belonging to the umbelliferous order,
;

others have pistils only the corollais want-

;

characterized by having five ribs on each

ing the calyx or perianth adheres to the
;
half of the fruit, three on the back smaller ovary,and is divided into three or four parts;
;
than the two at the sides, the latter being stamens three to seven ovary one-celled,;
larger and thicker, a character indicated with three or four many-seeded parietal
! by the name, which is derived from two placentas. Fruit a one-celled capsule,
Greek words signifying' thick border.' The opening at the top seeds having a reti-
;
species are natives of India, and are herba-
culated skin, and a cup-like swelling at
i
ceous plants, with hollow stems, and twice one end; there is no separate albumen.
i pinnate leaves, the leaflets of which are The plants consist of few species, which
i
wedge-shaped, toothed at the end. [G. D.]
are scattered over North America, north-
! DASYMALIiA. A genus of small West ern India, Siberia, the Indian Archipelago,
'

Australian bushes of the Myoporum family, and the south-eastern part of Europe.
having their leaves and stems covered with They have bitter and purgative qualities. It
i
dense white wool. The forked style and is said that the ovary of Batisca canndbina
bracted flower-stalks, together with the can produce perfect seeds without the ap-
woolly nature of the stems and leaves, are plication of pollen to the pistil. Tetrameles
its chief distinguishing features. Thefour- Horsfleldii is a large tree of the order.
angled stems are furnished with opposite There are but three known genera, Batisca,
entire leaves, oblong obovate in form. In the Tetrameles, and Tricerastes, and these corn-
axils of these the flowers are found in little prise but four species. [J. H. B.]
bundles or cymes shorter than the leaves.
I

The calyx is five-parted, and the purple

DATISCA. A genus of plants typifying
the Batiscacece. The characters are flow-
tubular corollas are widened at the top
:

ers dioecious calyx five-parted in the sta-

;
and two-lipped, the upper lip two-lobed, minate flowers, three to five-toothed in
the lower three-lobed. In the inside of
the tube and near its base the four sta-
the pistillate flowers no corolla sta-
; ;

mens (two long and two short) are in- mens five to fifteen, collected in the
middle of the flower ovary united with
serted. The ovary is densely hairy and
;

the calyx, inferior, one-celled, with three

crowned with a filiform style forked at the
to five parietal placentas styles three to
top when ripe it becomes a somewhat dry
;
;

five. Fruit a one-celled capsule opening

four-celled berry with one seed in each
Two species are known. [A. A. B.]
by a round hole at the apex. Seeds numer-
GelL
ous, striated, with a cup-like covering at
DASYXEMA. A name once given to a the base. Annual herbaceous plants found
few South American trees of the lime-tree in Nepal and in Asia Minor. They have
family they, however, belong to Sloaxea
: : unequally-pinnate alternate leaves, and
which see. [A. A. BJ racemose bracteated greenish flowers.
There are two known species. [J. H. B.]
DASYPHYLLUM. Flotovia.
DASYPOGON. A
genus referred to
DATLIER COMMUN. (Fr.) Phcenix
dactylifera.
Juncacece, in which it is distinguished by
its capsular one-celled fruit with basilar DATURA. A genus of Solanacece, or, ac-
ovules, and longitudinally dehiscent incum- cording to Mr. Miers, of Atropacece, the
bent anthers with filaments thickened at species of which are eminently poisonous ;

the apex. It comprises two undershrubs while in small quantities they act as valu-
from South Australia, with simple leafy able remedial agents. They are known by
stems, and grass-like leaves rough at the their tubular calyx, the upper part of
daub] Cp t£rea£ttrg at 28fltanj?. 386
which the fruit ripens, while a
falls off as nevertheless occur from its narcotic pro-
small portion remains as a circular rim perties. See Brugmansia. [M. T. M.]
around the base of the fruit the corolla
is funnel-shaped and plaited.
;

The fruit is
DAUBENTONIA. A genus of bushy
plants of the pea family, comprising three
a capsule with four compartments and species found in Texas and Buenos Ayres.
four valves. They are chiefly remarkable for their curi-
The best known plant of this genus is ous quadrangular pods, which are three to
the common Thorn Apple, D. Stramonium, four inches long, stalked, pointed, and
which springs up in a half wild state on fivrnished with wings along the angles.
the borders of cultivated fields, rubbish The only other genus with four-angled
heaps, &c, in this country, and is found in
pods nearly related to this is Piseulia,
similar situations in all the warmer parts
which has unequally pinnate leaves while
;
of the globe. It is a coarse strong-smel-
here there is no odd leaflet, but the leaves
ling annual, growing one or two feet high,
are made up of ten to twelve pairs of ob-
with widely-spreading forked branches, long leaflets, each about an inch in length.
and large ovate leaves with irregularly- The red or yellow flowers, a good deal like
waved or sinuately-toothed margins. The those of the laburnum, are borne on axil-
flowers are large, placed on short stalks
lary racemes shorter than the leaves. D.
arising from the forks of the stem; the
jmnicea is a common plant on the banks
calyx is tubular and angular the corolla
of the Uraguay, and in various parts of
;

is double the length of the calyx, funnel-

shaped, with a large plaited five-toothed
Banda Oriental and Rio Grande, where it
limb, generally of a pure white colour, but
grows into a large handsome shrub with
leaves like those of the false acacia, and
sometimes in hot climates pink or purple ;
bears abundant racemes of brilliant red
the capsule is ovate, of the size of a wal-
flowers, between cherry and orange-colour.
nut, somewhat four-celled, bursting by
The genus is named in honour of M. Dau-
four valves, which are covered with stout
benton,an eminent French naturalist and
triangular spines, whence the name Thorn
physician. [A. A. B.]
Apple. The poisonous principle of this
plant is an alkaline crystalline substance DAUBENTA. A genus of one or two
called daturin. The effects produced by species of bulbous Liliacece from the Cape
medicinal or poisonous doses of Stramo- of Good Hope. D. aurea, the typal spe-
nium are similar to those induced by cies, has a pair of oblong leaves seated
belladonna, but to this is added a certain close to the earth, and in their sinus a ses-
degree of acridity and of anodyne power sile umbel of yellow flowers, whose peri-
not possessed by the other plant. Stramo- anth is tubulose with a two-lipped limb,
nium has been found beneficial in neu- both lips being three-toothed, the upper
ralgia, epilepsy, mania, &c. while in some
; short, the lower one larger in the ray
cases of asthma relief has been experien- flowers and depauperated in those of the
ced from smoking the leaves. centre or disk. There are six stamens with
D.fastuusa, a common Indian plant, is unequal declinatefilaments,somewhat join-
possessed of properties similar to those of ed at the base and a filiform style with a
;

stramonium, and is employed by the na- capitate stigma. The genus is dedicated
tive doctors for the relief of rheumatic to Prof. Daubeny of Oxford. [T. M.]
and other painful affections. The seeds DAUCOSMA. A North American genus
are used in India and China to stupefy or of Umbelliferce, represented by an annual
even poison an enemy. D. alba or D. Met el, herb, with the odour of the wild carrot,
also an Indian plant, produces similar ef-
whence its name. Its distinguishing cha-
fects. The Rajpoot mothers are said to
racters are its petals, which are bent in-
smear their breasts with the juice of the wards ; its five-toothed calyx and its
;
leaves, so as to poison their newly-born
distinct carpophore or stalk bearing the
female infants. It has been conjectured two halves of the fruit. The first of these
that the seeds of D. Stramoniumwere used characters separates it from Cynosciadium,
by the priests of Apollo at Delphi to pro- the second from ^Ethusa, and the last from
duce those frantic ravings which were CEnanthe. [M. T. MJ
called prophecies, a suggestion which de-
rives some support from the fact that in ' DAUCUS. A genus of Umbelliferce, con-
the temple of the Sun, in the city of Sago- sisting of several species of dwarf weedy-
mozo (.Peru ?), the seeds of the Floripondio, looking plants, having thin deeply-cut
D. sanguinea, are used for a similar pur- pinnatifld leaves ; and flower-stems rising
pose.' The Peruvians also prepare an in- from two to three feet high, and bearing in
toxicating beverage from the seeds, which j
a terminal umbel a number of small white
induces stupefaction and furious delirium |
or rosy-coloured flowers. It is distinguish-
if partaken of in large quantities. The |
ed by the long prickles to its carpels, the
Arabs of central Africa are said by Lieut. prickles being long, flat, and straight.
Burton to dry the leaves, the flowers, and Of one of its species cultivated as a vege-
the rind of the rootlet, which is con- table, there are many varieties.
sidered the strongest preparation, and The Carrot, D. Carota, is a biennial, a
smoke them in a common bowl, or in a native of Britain, usually found, in its
water-pipe. It is esteemed by them a wild state, in light sandy soil. Notwith-
sovereign remedy for asthma and influ- standing the great difference between its
enza, and although they do not use it like dry sticky root, and that of the large suc-
the Indian Datura poisoners, accidents culent root of our garden Carrot, it is
 387 Cfje Er«Htfur|} at Matmv. [davy

generally admitted to be the stock from '

quite scandent and bramble-like in habit;
which all the cultivated varieties have
'

the other tubulose, represented by B. ele-

sprung; although Miller states that he in gans and B. solida. The genus is well
vain endeavoured to improve the quality marked by natural features, and is one of
of the wild plant by cultivation. As an the most elegant to be found in our gar-
esculent, the Carrot was known to the an- dens. Several offshoots have been sepa-
rated from it, as Acrophorus, Ilniimtn,
|

cients; and Pliny says the best came to

Rome from Candia. Gerarde, writing in Loxoscaphe, and Microlepia. [T. MJ
1597, tells us they do not grow in Candia DAVIESIA. A large genus of New Hol-
only, but are found upon the mountains in land and Tasmanian bushes of the pea
Germany, and about Geneva, How or family, easily recognised among their al-
when they were first introduced into this lies with ten free stamens and two ovules,
country is unknown, but it is generally by the form of their pods, which are short,
believed to have been by the Dutch during nearly triangular, with a straight upper
the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558), and and a much curved under edge. In some
that they were first grown about Sandwich,
species the leaves are much like those of
in Kent.
the juniper, and in a large number they
Scarcely any vegetable is better known,
take the form of spines like those seen on
or in greater demand for culinary pur- the furze, to which plant many of them
poses than the Carrot. Its root contains
bear a strong resemblance. In a few the
a large portion of saccharine matter, and leaves are heart-shaped and embrace the
is used in soups and stews, as well as a
stem in others they are oblong and a
; ;
vegetable dish during winter. In order
few are entirely destitute of leaves, but in
to supply the demand for young carrots
these the stems are usually flattened and
during the spring and summer, large leaf functions. The flowers are
perform
quantities are grown by artificial heat.
small, usually yellow, sometimes blue or
The various sorts of Carrots in cultivation
purple, arranged in little tufts or racemes
are divided into two classes, known as
or stalked cymes arising from the axils of
Horn Carrots and Long Carrots the for-
:
the leaves, or from those of little scales
mer short and early; the latter becoming where no leaves exist.
mature in autumn for winter use. A
very common plant in greenhouses,
Parkinson, writing in 1629, says, that in
and one of the most beautiful in the ge-
his day ladies wore Carrot leaves in place
nus, is B. latifolia, a native of Tasmania
of feathers and Loudon states (Encycl. of
;
and the south parts of New Holland. This
Gard., p. 835) that in winter an elegant
plant has smooth oblong leaves, in the
chimney ornament may be formed by cut- axils of which the pretty yellow flowers are
ting off' a section from the head or thick found disposed in dense erect racemes.
end of a Carrot, containing the bud, and i

Another scarcely less beautiful species

placing it in a shallow vessel of water.
j

is B. cordata, the leaves of which, about

Young" and delicate leaves unfold them- I

the largest in the genus, are sessile, heart-

selves, forming a radiated tuft of a very
j

[W. B. B.] shaped, acute, and embrace the stems at

handsome appearance.
:

the base they are quite smooth and beau-

;
The Carrot yields two British species, B. tifully veined. The flowers are in stalked
Carota and maritimus; but we agree with
!

deeming them corymbs, each supported by two leafy

Sir W.J. Hooker in 'scarcely j

bracts which envelope a number of stalked

permanently distinct.' The Carrot of the i

flowers having a yellow standard and a

;
garden and farm is a well known deriva- purple keel. B. epiphyllum, a West Aus-
i
tion of one of these we almost think of
;
tralian species, is remarkable for having
the latter, as our experiments in ennobling
,

white flattened and variously lobed stems

the common B. Carota have been unf ortu- without leaves, but having much the ap-
nate, though we have had reports of suc-
j

pearance of the antlers of a stag. The

cess in this experiment by those with I

flowers are curiously placed on the middle

whom the ennobling of the parsnip has 1 of the flattened portion, and arise from the
not succeeded as it has with us. [J. B.]
axils of little scales, two or more together.
I

DACPHINELLE. (Fr.) Delphinium. B. juncea has rush-like branches devoid

of leaves, and furnished at distant in-
DAFRADE. (Fr.) Ceterach offlcinarum. I

tervals with bundles of yellow flowers

and an allied species has similar but much
D A"VALLIA. A fine and extensive genus thicker stems, nearly half an inch in dia-
of polypodiaceous ferns, typical of the meter, with soft pith-like wood. It would
group Bavalliece. They have scaly creeping be difficult to point to a genus comprising
rhizomes, which feature has given rise to
more diversity of form among its species,
the name of Hare's Foot Fern, applied to of which there are upwards of fifty known.
D. cano.riensis. The fronds are sometimes It bears the name of the Rev. Mr. Davies,
pinnate, but more frequently pinnately de-
a Welsh botanist. [A. A. B.]
compound, very elegantly cut into multi- ,

tudes of small divisions, and bearing !

DAVYA. A genus of small opposite-
numerous fructifications, which form a leaved trees or scandent bushes of the
series of cups or cysts at the margins of i
Melastomacem, found in various parts of
the segments. These cysts assume two tropical America, and numbering about a
somewhat different forms the one, rather
: dozen species. They are chiefly character-
shallow cup-shaped, represented byD.ten air ised by the- capsular (not berried) fruit,
folia and B. aculeata, the latter of which is i
and the peculiar structure of their sta-
dayf] QLfyz Erca^ttrj) of 2Satang. 388

mens, which are eight to ten in number, Sikkim. The name is also a synonyme of
nearly equal in height and similar in form ;
Cnemidia. [J. H. BJ
the anthers linear or awl-shaped, curved
outwards and opening at top by a little DECAMALEE or DIKAMALI. A gum
pore the connective or point of junction
:
obtained in India from Gardenia lucida.
of the anther with its stalk produced be- DECANEMA. A genus of Asclepiadacece,
hind into an obtuse or acute horn, some- containing a single species from Madagas-
times forked at the point and parallel to
I

car. A leafless branched undershrub, re-

the anther. The leaves are stalked, lance- markably like Sarcostemma aphylla, except
|

shaped, oval or elliptical, entire or toothed. in the structure of the flower. The flowers
j

The flowers are yellow, rose, or purple, dis- are small in terminal or lateral umbels
posed in terminal panicles or cymes, and the calyx is five-parted the corolla rotate
;
having an entire or five-toothed calyx; five and five-cleft the staminal crown consists
;

obovate petals, and a filiform style crown- of two series of five lobes, the outer be-
ing an ovary which becomes, when ripe, a ing opposite to, the inner alternating with,
five-celled capsule with numerous seeds. the lobes of the corolla, and its lobes are
The genus bears the name of Sir H. Davy, rounded and terminate in a long linear
the eminent chemist. [A. A. B.]
blade exceeding the corolla. The Ion ground
DAY-FLOWER. An American name for follicles contain comose seeds. [W. C]
Commelyna. A
DECASPORA. small Tasmanian genus
DEAL. The wood of various pine and of JSpacridacece, having small ovate or
fir trees. lanceolate leaves, and flowers in terminal
spikes of a reddish hue. The calyx with
DEALBATE. Covered with a very two bracts at the base corolla campanu-
;
opaque white powder. late, the limb slightly bearded stamens
;

DECA. In Greek composition = ten. exserted with five scales united at the
base a ten-celled ovary with a single seed
DECAISISTEA. A genus of plants named
;

in each cell. The fruit is a violet-coloured

after Decaisne, a celebrated French botan- berry. [R- H.]

DECIDUOUS. Finally falling off ; as the

calyx and corolla of crucifers.
DECKERIA. A
name recently proposed
for a genus of palms, but the characters
upon which it is founded not being of
sufficient importance to warrant its adop-
tion, other botanists have since referred
the species to the older genus Iriartea, to
which three of them originally belonged.
They are natives of tropical South Ameri-
ca, and are remarkable on account of the
singular shape of their trunk, which,

Decaisnea insignis.

ist, by Drs. Hooker and The mson. It belongs

to the natural order Lardizabalacece, and is
an erect shrub with large pith, pinnate
leaves, racemose inflorescence, and green-
ish flowers sepals six, linear and awl-
;

shaped petals none flowers sometimes

; ;

abortive or becoming staminate or pistil-

late stamens six, free or united by their
;

filaments ovaries three with an oblique

;

style ovules very numerous, on two

;

thread-like placentas. The fruit consists

of follicles filled with pulp. The only known Deckeria ventricosa.
species is D. insignis found at Sikkim and
Bhotan in the Himalaya at the height of though cylindrical throughout its entire
6,000 to 10,000 feet, flowering in May and height, like that of numerous other palms,
fruiting in October. The fruit is very while young, after attaining a certain age,
palatable, and is eaten by the Lepchas of swells suddenly out at a point about mid-
 : way between the ground ana its crown of DEDUPLICATION. The supposed un-
I more than double
leaves, to its previous lining process which some botanists be-
diameter, again contracting to its original lieve in when one organ in a flower is pro-
] size and cylindrical form at a short dis- duced opposite another.
tance from the summit. This peculiarity
;

is more particularly evident in the species

DEER BALLS. A synonym of Hart's
I

Truffles, Lycoperdon Nuts, and Elapho-

called by the Indians on the Amazon
I

myces. [M. J. B.]

;
Paxiuba barriguda i.e. pot-bellied Paxiuba
| :

|
Paxiuba being a general term applied to DEERBERRY. Gcmltheria procumbens
i the Iriarteas), the Deckeria or Iriartea also an American name for Vaccinium sta-
ventricosa of botanists, a common palm in mineum.
the forests bordering the Amazon and Rio
Negro, where the natives take advantage
DEERINGIA. A genus of Amaranthacece,
distinguished, by its fruit being a many-
of its swollen trunks in the construction
of their canoes, its natural shape saving
seeded berry." They are smooth weak-
them much labour. They also use the stemmed shrubs from India and Australia,
hard black wood of the outer portion of with alternate leaves, and spikes of small
flowers, having a five-leaved calyx, five sta-
the trunk to make harpoons for spearing
mens united below into a cup, a short style,
!

the cow-fish. [A. S.]

three stigmas, and an inflated berry. D.
:

j
DECLINATE. Bent downwards. celosioides, from New Holland, bears long
spikes of red berries, about the size of cur-
j DECODON. A genus of Lythracece, rants. [J. T. S.]
nearly related to Lythrum, and differing
: chiefly in the calyx-tube being shortly DEFERENT. Conveying anything down-
bell-shaped, instead of cylindrical. D. wards.
verticillata, the Swamp Loosestrife, grows
.
on the borders of swamps in the United DEFOLIATION. The casting off of
leaves.
States, and is the only known species. It
.
is a pretty bush six to eight feet high, DEFORMATION. An alteration in the
having slender recurved stems furnished usual form of an organ by accident or
with privet-like leaves, placed in whorls otherwise.
'

of three round the stem, and bearing in

their axils clusters of stalked rose-coloured
DEGRADATION. A change consisting
i

of an abstraction, loss, abortion, or non-

flowers much like those of Lythrum Sali-
caria. The plant is also called Nescea ver-
developement of usual organs.
I
ticillata. According to Torrey it is used DEHAASIA. A genus of Lauracece, con-
|
as an emmenagogue. [A. A. B.] sisting of trees with hermaphrodite or
DECOMPOUND, DECOMPOSITE. Hav- monoecious flowers, the perianth of which
is six-cleft, the three outer divisions being
ing various compound divisions or ramifl-
!

cations.
much smaller than the inner ones. Sta-
mens nine or twelve in three or four rows,
.

I
DECUMARIA. A climbing shrub of the the inner row sterile of the fertile sta-
;

Southern States of North America, form- mens, the two outer rows have their
ing a genus of Philadelphacece. The flowers anthers opening inwardly, while those of
are white, arranged in corymbs, sweet- the inner row open outwardly, the fila-
scented, and in gardens are observed to be ments of this latter series having glands on
sometimes unisexual, though this has not each side at the base. The fruit is a one-
I
been found to be the case in wild specimens. seeded berry placed upon a thickened fleshy
The calyx-tube is adherent to the ovary, flower stalk. [M. T. M.]
and is marked by from seven to ten pro-
! minent nerves the style is consolidated,
;
DEHISCENCE. The act of splitting into
regular parts, or in some manner depen-
I expanded above into a stigma, with seven
I
to ten rays. The capsule is divided into
dent upon organic structure.
1

seven to ten compartments, and is crowned DELABECHE A. The Bottle-tree of North-

i by the persistent style and limb of the calyx. eastern Australia, B. rupestris, is the only
;
It contains not only numerous seeds, each plant of this genus, which belongs to the
: surrounded by an aril, but also, at least Sterculiacew, and is very nearly related to
|
in dried specimens, a quantity of small Bracliy chiton. The Bottle tree is of
crystals (raphides) interspersed among middling stature, and is chiefly remark-
j
them. [M. T. M.] able for the curious form of the trunk,
DECUMBENT. Reclining upon the earth,
which is bulged out in the middle in the
|

and rising again from it. form of a barrel. The stem abounds in a
j

mucilaginous or resinous substance re-

DECURRENT. Prolonged below the sembling gum tragacanth, which is whole-
point of insertion, as if running down- some and nutritious, and is said to be used
!
wards. as an article of food by the aborigines in
cases of extreme need. Dr. Lindley, in
! DECURSITELY PINNATE. When a pe- describing the tree, says, 'the wood has a
tiole is winged by the elongation of the
remarkably loose texture; it is soft and
base of the leaflets hardly different from
'
'

brittle, owing to the presence of an enor-

;

pinnatifld.
j
mous quantity of very large tubes of pitted
I
DECUSSATE. Arranged in pairs that tissue,some of which measure a line and
: alternately cross each other. a half across ; they form the whole inner
dela] Ki)t tEratfurg of SSotattg. 390
face of each woody zone. When boiling our coasts, a great part of their beauty aris-
water is poured on shavings of this wood, ing from the symmetry of the frond, and
a clear jelly resembling tragacanth is the contrast between the dark midrib and
formed, and becomes a thick viscid mass ;
the membranous border. The capsules con-
iodine stains it brown, but no trace of tain a placenta formed of branched threads
starch is indicated in it.' Usually the bearing short chains of spores, the ulti-
leaves are from two to four inches long, mate members of the chains being the
entire, stalked, and lance-shaped; some- first to ripen. The species are numerous,
times, however, they are digitate and com- and many of them are widely dispersed.
posed of seven to nine sessile leaflets of The beautiful ash-leaved seaweed formerly
the same form as the simple leaves. The called B. scmguinea, has fruit of a different
digitate leaves are probably found only on structure, and is nowreferred to a distinct
young plants. The flowers are inconspicu- genus, Wormslcioldia. [M. J. BJ
ous, and borne on short panicles arising
DELIMA. A small genus of Billenia-
with the exception of one Asiatic
cece, all,
West-
species, natives of the tropics of the
ern hemisphere. They have very small
flowers disposed in loose panicles at the
ends of the young branches the calyx :

consisting of five permanent sepals, and

the corolla of four or five white petals,
which soon fall away. The ovary is soli-
tary, nearly globular, and terminated by a
curved tapering style it ultimately be-
;

comes a small dry oval fruit, which splits

open along the inner edge when ripe,
exposing a solitary arillate seed.
B. sarmentosa is widely distributed
throughout the eastern countries of tropi-
cal Asia, including Ceylon, Malaya, Ava,
Silhet, Java, Southern China, the Philippine
Islands, &c. Its leaves vary very much in
shape, but are generally somewhat oval;
their edges either entire or cut into teeth
tipped with short hard points the upper ;

surface of these leaves is completely cov-

Delabechea rupestris.
ered with little asperities,which are so hard
from the axils of, and shorter than, the
and render the leaves so rough that they
are commonly employed in most of the
leaves in the males the calyx is five-cleft,
;

and the stamens numerous the females above-mentioned countries as a substitute

;
for sand-paper, and are thus used for
are not known. The fruit is composed of
polishing various domestic utensils, and
five stalked smooth brown leathery folli-
other articles made of either wood or
cles, covered internally with a thick fur of
metal. In Ceylon the plant is called Kora-
starry hairs each of these contains about
;
sawel, and in the Philippine Islands, Bois
six seeds, which have their lower portion
covered with similar hairs, and are smooth
de rape. [A. S.]

above. The genus is named in honour of DELIQUESCENT. Branched, but so di-

the late eminent geologist, Sir H. T. De la vided that the principal axis is lost trace
Beche. [A. A. B.] of in ramifications ; as the head of an oak
tree.
DEL AIREA. The name sometimes given
to a trailing South African Groundsel DELISSEA. A genus of shrubs, natives
(Senecio mikanioides), with stalked, smooth, of the Sandwich Isles, and included in the
and fleshy leaves, which are cordate at the order Lobeliacew. The main characteristics
base, and five to seven-lobed. The flower- of the genus are a hemispherical calyx
heads are numerous, and disposed in axil- tube, which is united to the ovary, and is
lary corymbs longer than the leaves. In gar- surmounted by a limb with five very short
dens it is called German Ivy. [A. A. B.] teeth a tubular corolla with a two-lipped
;

limb filaments and anthers combined into

:

DELASTREA. A genus of Sapotacece, a tube; fruit a somewhat globular berry,

represented by a lofty tree native of Mada- two-celled, crowned by the limb of the
gascar, distinguished from its allies by the calyx. [M. T. MJ
lobes of its corolla, which are eighteen in
number, twelve external, six internal, oppo- DELOSTOMA (including Codazzia). A
genus of Bignoniacece, remarkable for its
site to which latter are six stamens, all of
double calyx, and flat oblong capsule di-
them fertile and by its ovary, -svhich con-
;
vided into two cells by a partition placed
tains twelve compartments. pi. T. M.]
contrary to the direction of the valves.
DELESSERIA. A genus of rose-spored There are four species, all confined to the
Algce, belonging to the section in which Andes of South America, where they range
the spores form little necklaces {Besmio- from New Granada to Peru. They are small
sperinece) containing many of the most trees, with simple oblong leaves generally
beautiful and delicate species which adorn covered with hair, and terminal panicles
 391 Elje Erca£urg of 23otanin [dend
bearing fine pink or purple blossoms. The semblance of the petals, which are studded
I outer calyx is five, the inner three-cleft with yellow hairs, to a humble bee whose
the corolla tubular, slightly curved the ; head is buried in the recesses of the flower.
stamens four in number the capsule; One of the most beautiful species in cul-
smooth, with the winged seeds arranged tivation is D. formosum, with large rich
in several rows. One of the handsomest blue flowers and D. cardinale is remark-
;

species is J), integrifolium (Codazzia speci- able for its scarlet flowers. [M. T. M.]
osa),frequent in the Andes of Quindiu. D.
latifolium is identical with CallicMamys DELTOID. A solid, the transverse sec-
riparia, and JD. Stenolobium with Steiwlo- tion of which has a triangular outline, like
bium starts. Amphilophium is the only other the Greek a. Also applied to the outline
bianoniaceous eenus which has a double of thin bodies.
j

calyx. [B. SJ DEMATIEI. A natural order of fila-

mentous moulds, separated from the white
DELPHINIUM. A genus of Ranuncu- !

or brightly-coloured species by the dark

lacece, commonly known by the name of threads, which look as if they were smoke-
Larkspur. The species are numerous, and dried or carbonised and in the more ty-
;

widely distributed orer the temperate re- pical species have an investing membrane.
gions of the Northern hemisphere. They Some of our common moulds, as Cladospo-
are herbaceous plants, with erect branch- rium lierbarum, belong here. [M. J. B.]
ing stems, and finely cut or palmately-
divided leaves. The flowers are in loose
j

DEMERSED. Buried beneath water.

racemes towards the end of the branches ; \
DEMIDOVIA. A genus of Trilliacece,
they have a calyx of five-coloured sepals, founded on the Paris inconvpleta of Bieber-
the upper one prolonged at its base into a stein. It differs from Paris by not having
long tapering spur, and four (or two) petals any inner series of perianth segments.
concealed partially within the spur of the The leaves are six to twelve, oblong or ob-
calyx. The fruit consists of from one to
1

long-oblanceolate, acuminate; the perianth

five many-seeded follicles. The flowers re- i

segments green, ovate acuminate, twice

semble those of some species of Aconite, \
as long as the eight to twelve stamens;
but they have a spurred, not a hooded styles four, longer than the stamens. The
calyx, and they have not the peculiar ham- I

only species, D. polypliylla, is a native of

mer-like petals of the aconite. Larkspurs !

southern Russia, [J. T. S.]

partake largely of the acrid properties for
which the order is in general so remark-
j

DENDROBIUM. A well-known genus

'
able. of epiphytal orchids, comprising more than
D. Staphisagria, or Stavesacre, was used 200 species, of which upwards of eighty
medicinally by the Greeks, and still finds a have been cultivated in hothouses for the
place in the pharmacopoeia, though now sake of their beautiful flowers. The great
rarely used. The seeds contain the active mass comes from India and its Archi-
principle in greatest abundance, andhence pelago a few are found in East Australia
;

are ordered to be used in the form of oint- and the Pacific Islands and one in New ;

ment to destroy vermin. Delphinia is an Zealand. The genus varies extremely in

!
'

extremely acrid bitter white powder pre- the habit of its species, some being little
I

pared from the seeds, and used externally larger than the mosses among which they
:

in cases of rheumatism and neuralgia. grow while others are surpassed in sta-
!
;

Numerous species and varieties of this ture by few in the order. Like the Onci-
genus are cultivated in gardens. D. Con- dia of the New World, there are some
solida, a common European plant, is occa- species of which the foliage is ancipitous,
sionally found in a half-wild state on. the others having it terete, while in the ma-
borders of fields. Its name was given in jority it is in the usual flat condition. A
reference to its power, real or imagin- few have no other stem than a wiry creep-
ary, of healing or consolidating wounds. ing rhizome others have small conical ;

D. Ajacis, a common garden plant, de- pseudo-bulbs many form clavate horny ;

rives its name from certain markings on stems, leafy only at the summit but the ;

the petals, presenting more or less resem- greater part produce long leafy branches.
blance to the letters A I A I hence also it
; In the majority the colour of the flowers
has been conjectured to be the hyacinth ' is some shade of purple a few are desti- ;

of the ancients, described as possessing tute of all colour except green; and a
similar markings. Dr. Daubeny, the latest rather considerable group is especially dis-
commentator on the plants mentioned in tinguishable by the rich yellow tint of
ancient Greek and Latin writers, con- their blossoms.'— Lindley. In arrangement,
eludes, ' that the term huakinthos was in the flowers are either solitary, fascicled, or
general applied to some plant of the lily in racemes. According to Dr. Lindley, all
tribe but that the poets confounded with
: agree in having a two-celled anther with
this the larkspur, which has upon it the four pollen masses, which have no caudicle
markings alluded to and that the name
; or separate stigmatic gland, -and are of
hyacinth was given, in the first instance, uniform breadth at either end the latter ;

to the plant which most distinctly ex- character separating them from Eria,
hibited them.' which bears pear-shaped pollen masses;
Some of the cultivated species, such as whilst, from the nearly-related genus Bol-
I). grorifJ/'florvm, I), chinense, D. sibiricum, b opt rij limn, they may be recognised by the
&c, are called Bee Larkspurs, from the re- sessile and not unguiculate (clawed) lip.
dend] El)t CDrca^ttrj) ai 300tanj). 392
Of cultivated species, with flowers in bracted spikes six to eight inches long
which purple predominates, we have B. the bracts arranged in a two-ranked man-
nobile, perhaps the most beautiful in the ner. The anther is two-celled, with four in-
genus. It has erect stems one to two cumbent pollen masses while the column
;

feet high, bearing at intervals two or has two short horns in front, and the lip
three-flowered peduncles, the flowers when is entire. About a dozen species are
expanded being two to three inches across. known of which one is B. glumaceum, a
;

The petals and sepals are fain tly rose-colour- very pretty Philippine Island plant, culti-
ed at the base, and bright purple towards vated in orchid houses for the sake -of its
apex the lip rolled up so as to be nearly
; graceful drooping spikes of ivory-white
trumpet-shaped, with a recurved border flowers, the leaves resembling those of the
which is greenish-yellow at the edges and lily of the valley and another is the grace-
;

purple at the end, while the tube is of a ful little B. filiforme, in which the flowers
deep blood-red colour. There are a number are bright yellow. [A. A. B.]
of fine varieties of this plant cultivated.
B. macranthum, from Manilla, has rich DENDROID. Divided at the top into a
rose-coloured flowers, sometimes five in- number of branches, so as to resemble the
ches across; the ovate lip is margined head of a tree ; only applied to small plants
with a delicate fringe of hairs, and marked like mosses.
at the base on either side with a deep purple DENDROLOBIUM. A genus of small
blotch. B. Macarthice, called in Ceylon leguminous trees found in the tropical
Wissak-mal, meaning rainy-month flower, countries of the eastern hemisphere, but
has slender stems one to two feet long, in greatest abundance in India. They only
and three to five-flowered racemes the ;
differ from Desmodium in their small joint-
flowers of a pale purple, three inches wide. ed pods, about an inch in length, being
B. Falconeri, from Bhotan, is readily re- somewhat rounded, and in the disposition
cognised by the markedly tumid joints of of the flowers. The leaves are made up
its slender stems ;the beautiful large soli- of three oblong or oval leaflets, usually
tary flowers have pale rose-coloured petals downy or covered underneath with silvery
and sepals tipped with dark purple, the hairs. The flowers, in little axillary fasci-
lip having a deep purple blotch at the base cles or umbels, are white and inconspicu-
bordered by a yellow ring. These are all ous. [A. A. B.]
lovely plants. In the yellow-flowered
group we have B.ftmbriatum from Nepal, DENDROMECON. A genus of shrubby
with racemes of fine yellow flowers from Papaveracece found in California, and hav-
near the apex of thenaked stems; avariety ing two ovate caducous sepals, fourpetals,
of this occurs with a deep red spot at the numerous stamens with filiform filaments
base of the beautifully fringed lip. B. and linear anthers, two short thick sessile
densiflorum has stout stems which end in a stigmas, and a siliquseform one-celled two-
tuft of glossy leaves, setting off to great valved pod, with a marginal placenta and
advantage the fine dense clusters of droop- numerous seeds. Bendromecon, literally
ing golden-yellow flowers this is one of
: Tree Poppy, is a most appropriate name,
the finest in the genus. Mr. Darwin, in the plant having all the aspect and charac-
his book on orchids, gives an account of ter of the poppy tribe, combined with a
the self-fertilisation of B. chrysantlmm, woody stem and branches. The species, B.
which belongs to this group. Amongst a rigidu.m, has lance-shaped glaucous leaves,
host of species with drooping stems, we and yellow flowers resembling those of
have B. Pierardi, with delicate pale lilac Meconopsis cambrica. [T. M.]
flowers and the beautiful little B. Bevo-
;

nianum, named after the late Duke of De-

DENDRON. In Greek compounds =a
tree.
vonshire, the lovely flowers of which have a
white ground colour, the sepals and petals DENDROPEMON. A genus of Loran-
tipped with pink, and the heart-shaped shrubs from the Antilles,
thacece, parasitic
frilled lip marked with a pink blotch at the with small white or purplish flowers in
apex, and two yellow spots near the base. simple racemes, rarely paniculate or
No collection should want the B. HUM, of corymbose. It differs from Loranthus in
Australia, which is an improvement on having the alternate anthers abortive, the
the better known B. speciosum. Its stout style filiform, and the flowers conspicu-
stems bear a number of large glossy green ously bracteated. [J. T. S.]
leaves, and a profusion of dense flowered
racemes, the creamy-white narrow-petaled
DENDROPHTHOE. A genus of Loran-
thacecc,natives of Australia, Asia and the
flowers of which have a highly agreeable
Cape of Good Hope, distinguished from
odour. The generic name is derived from
Loranthus and its near allies by having the
the Greek, signifying tree and life, from petals united into atube. They are parasitic
the plants living on trees. [A. A. B.]
shrubs, with long green yellowish or pur-
ple flowers, the peduncles several flowered,
DENDROCHILUM. A genus of orchids racemose or fasciculate. [J. T. S.]
found growing on branches or trunks of
trees in the Malayan Archipelago. They DENDROSERIS. A few small trees pecu-
have short and fleshy pseudo-bulbs, each liar tothe island of Juan Fernandez make
with a single coriaceous leaf, and their up this composite genus, which is nearly
small green, white, or yellowish flowers hawk-weeds, though the plants
allied to the
are arranged in slender, terminal, or lateral have more the appearance of gigantic sow-
393 Clje €rra£urg at 23otang. [deop

thistles, from which they are, however, DENTARIA. A family of herbaceous

easily recognised by their tawny pappus perennials belonging to the Gruciferce, and
hairs, those of sow-thistles being silvery closely allied to Cardamine, from which it
white. The stems seldom exceed twelve differs in having broad seed-stalks, and in
feet in height. The leaves vary much in itscreeping roots being singularly toothed;
form and size, some being entire and two hence the systematic name, and the Eng-
or three inches long, while others are afoot lish one of Toothwort. Thei'e are many
or more in length, and pinnatifld. The species, which inhabit mostly the tempe-
flower-heads few and large in some, or nu- rate regions of Europe and America, and
merous and small in others, are arranged are ornamental plants with terminal
in terminal panicles, and the numerous corymbs of light purple, sometimes white
florets are either of a white or tawny-yel- or yellow flowers. The roots of B. diphyUa
low colour. The achenes, compressed or have a pungent mustard-like taste, and
triangular with winged angles, are crowned are used by the natives of the mountains
with a pappus of rough unequal hairs. of North America, from Pennsylvania to
The most striking species of the genus Canada, instead of mustard, under the
is B. macrantha, whose lower leaves are name of Pepperwort. The genus is repre-
stalked, oblong, coarsely toothed, and ob- sented in England by B. bulbifera, a slender
tuse, while the upper ones are small and en- plant about eighteen inches high with pin-
tire, and clasp the stem by their base. The nate leaves and a few pretty light purple
flowerheads are more than an inch in dia- flowers. In the axil of every stem-leaf is a
meter. Seven species are enumerated. small bulb of a purple hue, by which the
The name Rea is sometimes given to these plant, which rarely perfects seeds, is propa-
plants. [A. A. B.] gated. Though local it is very abundant in
DEXHAMIA. A
genus of tropical Aus- some of the woods of Hertfordshire, creep-
tralian trees or shrubs of the spindle-tree
ing extensively by means of its curiously
toothed white roots, and forming dense
family, chiefly distinguished by their bony
capsules and numerous seeds. Their pale-
patches. The root-leaves are all pinnate,
those of the stem pinnatifld, the upper
green stalked leaves are oval or lance-
ones nearly simple. [C. A. J.]
shaped, and have entire or spiny margins.
The flowers are small, green, arranged in DENTATO-CRENATE. The same as Cre-
terminal panicles, and have a five-cleft nato-dentate.
calyx, five petals, and Ave stamens, in-
serted on a sinuate fleshy ring. The fruits DENTATO-LACINIATE. When tooth-
are imperfectly three or five-celled bony cap- ings are irregularly extended into long
sules, the seeds being enveloped in a beau- points.
tiful red aril. B. heterophylla has some of
its branches furnished with lance-shaped DENTATO-SERRATE. When toothings
entire leaves, and others with oval leaves are taper-pointed and directed forwards,
having spiny teeth like those of the holly. like serratures.
Five species are known. [A. A. BJ
DENT DE CHIEN. (Fr.) Eryfhronium
DENNISONIA. The only species of this Bens Cards.
genus, which belongs to the vervain
family, is B. temifoUa, a North Australian DENT DE LION. (Fr). Taraxacum Bens
bush,with straight stems clad with glandu- Leonis.
lar hairs, and a great abundance of mint- DENTELAIRE. (Fr.) Plumbago euro-
like leaves, which are sessile, oval and pcea.
sharply toothed. The little rose-coloured
flowers are single in the axils of the leaves DENTELLA. Little creeping annuals,
and shortly stalked, the corollas being two- natives of marshy places in India and the
lipped. The genus bears the name of Sir Indian Islands, constituting a genus of
W T. Dennison, governor of New South
Wales. [A. A. B.]
CinchonacecB. The flowers are small.white,
on axillary flower-stalks, with a roundish
hairy calyx-tube united to the ovary the ;

DENNST.EDTIA. A genus of herbace- limb of the calyx is five-cleft the corolla

;

ous ferns of the group Bickfoniece, distin- is funnel-shaped with a dilated throat, its
guished from Bicksonia itself, chiefly by limb five-cleft, each of the petals having
having a cup-shaped instead of a two- on either side a small acute tooth-like pro-
valved indusium, this being reflexed so as cess the stamens are concealed within
;

to stand at a right angle to the plane of the corolla; and the fruit is a two-celled
the frond. They have creeping rhizomes, berry, surmounted by the lobes of the
and for the most part large herbaceous calyx. [M. T. M.]
bipinnate or decompound fronds. B. punc-
t'dohvla I), cicutaria, B. apiifolia, &c, are
, DENTICULATE. Having very fine mar-
familiar examples. The same group has ginal teeth.
been sometimes called Sitobolium, or by DENUDATE. When a surface which
error Sitolobium. [T. M.]
has once been hairy, downy, &c, becomes
DENS. A
toothing adj. DENTATE
; : naked.
having sharp teeth with concave edges. DEODAR. Abies, or Cedrus, Deodara.
When these teeth are themselves toothed,
the part is duplicato-dentate not bidentate,
: DEOPERCULATE. A term used in de-
which means two-toothed. scribing mosses, when the operculum will
depa] Clje Erea^urj? of 380tanp. 394

not separate spontaneously from the leaf-stalks are furnished with one or more
spore-cases. glands, and at their base are two small
setaceous stipules. The small green or
DEPAUPERATE. When some part is white flowers are numerous, and borne in
less perfectly developed than is usual in
round stalked heads which arise from the
plants of the same family thus, when the
;
axils of the leaves, and consist of a bell-
lower scales of the head of a cyperaceous
shaped calyx, five petals, and five or ten
plant produce no flowers, such scales are
stamens, though sometimes flowers are
said to be depauperated, or starved.
found in which there are neither stamens
DEPPEA. The name Mexican shrub
of a nor pistil. The pods are flat, smooth,
of the cinchona family, the wood and bark membranaceous, several-seeded, and about
of which are of a red colour. The flowers an inch in length when ripe they split
;

are yellow arranged in cymes the limb of; into two portions, while in Mimosa, to
the calyx has four small teeth the corolla ; which this genus is nearly allied, they break
is wheel-shaped the filaments are very
; up into as many portions as there are
short, nevertheless, the anthers project seeds. The little brown polished seeds
from the corolla the fruit is a capsule
; of B. virgatus are in Jamaica strung like
bursting by two valves. [M. T. M.] beads, and used for making bracelets,
= the work bags, &c. B. brachylobus is a Texan
DERMA. In Greek compounds plant, sometimes known as Darlingtmia;
bark or rind. but that name is now given to the Califor-
DERMIS. The skin of a plant. nian pitcher plant. [A. A. B.]

DESCENDING. Having a direction gra-

DESMIDIACEiE. A natural order of
dually downwards.
green-spored A Igce, remarkable for their
DESERT ROD. Eremostachys. mode of reproduction, and for the eccen-
tric and varied, forms assumed by many
DE'SESPOIR DES PEINTRES. (Fr.)
of the species. The more typical species
Saxifraga umbrosa.
of the group, as the name implies, consist
DESFONTAINE A. The name of a genus of a chain of connected joints, increasing
of Peruvian shrubs of doubtful affinity, by the continued addition of two new half-
but somewhat allied to Solanacece and joints in the centre, so that the two ex-
GentianacecB. The leaves are thick with treme members of the chain are the oldest
spiny margins like those of a holly; the and the two in the centre the youngest. In
flowers are axillary, stalked, five-parted the majority of instances, however, the
the corolla tubular, more than twice the disarticulation takes place on the forma-
length of the calyx, the lobes of its limb tion of the first new half-joints, in such a
imbricated before expansion stamens ; manner that the two new individuals con-
five, concealed within and attached to the sist of half the old plant connected with
corolla; anthers opening longitudinally; half of the new, a mode of increase which
ovary one-celled with five parietal pla- obtains also in Biatomaccai. Fructification
centas ; style thread-like. The fruit is takes place, though rarely, by the conjuga-
berry-like with numerous seeds. B. spinosa, tion of two individuals by means of lateral
with its deep green spiny leaves, and splen- tubes or simple contact, as in Conjugate?-,
did scarlet flowers, is a most ornamental the spore affecting a variety of interesting
greenhouse plant. [M. T. M.] forms, and being often strongly spinulose,
DESICCATIO. In very hot countries, the spines being occasionally complicated
in structure. The new individual is pro-
and in dry seasons in those which have a
more temperate climate, not only is the duced from this by the formation of a ver-
tical partition in the centre, and the sub-
duration of annual plants cut short, but
many perennials fall a sacrifice. Trees sequent formation of two new half-joints,
which send their roots down deeply into so that the proper form of the species is
the soil may stand the trial better, while not attained till the third generation, if so
soon.
those with more superficial roots suffer
Besmidiacece differ from Biatomacece in
but even in climates like our own, two
their green colour, and the absence of
years of annual drought like 1858 and 1859
will cause the death of many a deep-rooting
silex. The general appearance of the
plants, moreover, is totally different.
tree, where the vitality was previously
low. "Where plants have suffered from They occur in pools, running streams, &c,
want of water, a too liberal supply at and appear to be more frequent in Europe
than elsewhere though North America
once is apt to bring mischief; and in ;

produces many species, and Closteria occur

yougn trees which have been long kept out
in the Himalayan collections. We are not
of the ground, the application of damp moss
aware that they are ever attached at any
to the bark in a shady place is better than
period of growth. In one or two instances
immediate planting. [M. J. B.]
the endochrome is spiral or not equally
DESMANTHPS. A genus of tropical diffused. In general the joints are deeply
and subtropical Indian and American constricted, but this is not always the
herbs of the leguminous family. The case, and in Closterium, in which the plant
stems seldom exceed three feet in height, consists of two elongated curved cones
and are furnished with twice-pinnate applied to each other by thin bases, there
leaves composed of numerous small leaf- is not the slightest constriction. In this
lets like those of the sensitive plant ; the genus the joints are often as distinctly
395 Cf)£ ErcxZuvt) 0f 23otan». [desm

grooved or striate as in Biatomacece. Be- lar rotatory motion of the leaflets of this
sides the increase of the species by means plant renders it an object of great interest.
of cell division and spores, minute zoo- In the trembling poplar, the leaf-stalk is
spores with lash-like appendages have been so constructed that the least breath of
discovered in Pediastrum, a genus which wind causes the leaf to whirl in the sensi- ;

belongs to a small group in which the tive plant when the leaves are touched,
cells remain united so as to form a little
flat frond. In Closterium there is, more-
over, an organ at the extremity of the
frond consisting of a cell inclosing active
molecules. This is probably the male ap-
paratus. The armed spores are sometimes
found in a fossil state enclosed in flints
and other transparent minerals. Like Dia-
tomacece, Ehrenberg has attempted to re^
fer them to the animal kingdom, but all
good authorities seem now convinced that
the proper place is amongst the Algce. Mr.
Ralfs' beautiful work on Desmidiacece may
be consulted by those who wish for fuller
j

details. It does not appear that any indi-

vidual of the order can be applied to any
economical purpose. [M. J. B.]
DESMIOSPERMEJE. One of the main
divisions of rose-spored Algce, in which
the spores are not scattered or simple, I

but form distinct chains like little neck-

laces. These are attached to a placenta,
which may either spring from the walls or j

their base, or may be strictly central. Far i

the larger portion of the more compound Desmodium gyrans.

species belong to this section. [II. J. B.] I

they are perceptibly affected but in this

DESMOBRYA. A term proposed to de- the motion in the leaves goes on if the
;

signate that group of ferns in which the air be quite still, and they are scarcely
fronds are produced terminally, that is, influenced by mechanical irritation. The
from the apex of the caudex, and are ad- leaflets move in nearly all conceivable
herent to it see Eremobrya.
: [T. M.] ways, but do not fold on themselves two
|
;

DESMOCLADUS. An Australian genus of them may be at rest and the other re

I

g, or all three may be moving to

of Restiacece, a sedge-like plant, with the volying,I

branches of the stem rigid, the barren gether. Sometimes one leaf or two on the
ones awl-shaped, the flowering ones with a plant only are affected, and at others the
single ovate few-flowered spike. [J. T. S.] movement is nearly simultaneous in all
the leaves. More commonly the lateral
DESMODITJM. An extensive genus of leaflets are seen to move up or down,
herbs, shrubs, or small trees, of the pea either steadily or by jerks. The move-
family, found more or less in all extra- ments are most evident if the plant be in a
i

European countries, but chiefly confined to close hothouse with a strong sun shining.
!

the tropics. They are easily recognised It is said that by arresting the AT ital action
by the form of their pods, which are flat, going on in the leaflets, by giving them
straight or curved, with two or many coating of gum, and thus preventing
[

joints, each jointed portion enclosing one transpiration and respiration, the move-
!

seed; in form, size, and thickness, they are men ts are stopped, but that they re-
much like the blade of a pen-knife, but commence when the gum is removed by
Iways notched, and wa ter. Upwards of 100 species are known,
occasionally the upper also. The leaves3 a great proportion natives of South Ame-
are commonly made up of three leaflets, ri ca an a India i

[A. A. B.]
but sometimes they are simple and lance-
shaped or linear. The flowers are white, DESMONCUS. A genus of palms in-
I

pink, purple, or blue, and usually disposed habiting the forests of tropical America.
:

in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes or They have long slender flexible stems, and
panicles they have a bell-shaped four or pinnate leaves with the leaf-stalks pro-
;
(

five-toothed calyx, five narrow petals, and longed into whip-like tails, resembling in
ten stamens, all inserted into a tube or one general appearance the calami of the East-
'

of them free. The most interesting, al- ern Hemisphere, and like them also, they
though by no means the most beautiful, climb over and amongst the branches of
plant in the genus is D. gyrans, the Moving trees, and support themselves by means of
j

plant, a native of India, and often found in the hooked or recurved spines attached to
cultivation in plant stoves ; its leaves are !

all parts of their leaf -stalks. The flower

made up of three oblong or lance-shaped . spikes are simply branched, and have male
smooth the two lateral ones much
leaflets, flowers upon the upper, and females upon
the smallest. The flowers are violet, and the lower part of the branches. The males
arranged in terminal racemes. The singu- 1 have a thin three-cornered calyx, a corolla
 1B%z WxtKiurt} at 2Satang. 396
of three petals of thicker substance than arranged in axillary panicles shorter than
the calyx, and six stamens with narrow the leaves. The fruits are between oval
erect anthers ; and the females have a cup- and orbicular, slightly compressed, and
shaped calyx with the rim entire or di- about the size of an apricot. Underneath
vided into three small teeth, a bell-shaped the thin outer covering there is a quantity
corolla with the mouth drawn in, and an of green fai-inaceous edible pulp intermix-
ovary with one perfect and two imperfect ed with stringy fibres that proceed from
cells, surmounted by a short style and the inner and bony covering which en-
three sharp stigmas. The fruit is small closes the single seed. According to M.
and nearly round. Richard there are two varieties of this
B. macracanthos, the Jaeitara of the fruit, one bitter, the other sweet. The
Amazon and Rio Negro, grows fifty or latter is sold in the markets and prized by
sixty feet long, with a stem not thicker the negroes as well as eagerly sought
than an ordinary cane, and either climbs after by monkeys and other animals. The
up trees or ti-ails among the underwood, fruits of both are so similar that the
where it offers an annoying obstruction to negroes often mistake the one for the
persons wearing clothes, the sharp curved other, and do not find out their error until
spines upon its leaves taking such firm after having tasted them. The bitter va-
hold of the garments that great care and riety they regard as a violent poison.
patience are required to detach them. The The wood of the tree is hard and resem-
Indians use strips of the stem for platting bles mahogany in colour. [A. A. B.]
the tipitis or strainers used for squeezing
out the poisonous juice of the mandioc DEUTZIA. A genus of PMladelpliacece,
root. [A. S.] consisting of shrubs, whose leaves are
rough with star-shaped hairs. The flowers
DESMOPODIUM. A subgroup of Poly- are handsome, arranged in panicles, with
podium. a bell-shaped calyx, five petals inserted
DESMOS. In Greek compounds^any- beneath a disc which surrounds the top of
thing bound to another or brought into the ovary, ten stamens inserted with the
close contact with it. petals, the five between the petals longer
than the others, the filaments flat, awl-
DESMOSTACHYS. A genus of Icacin- shaped at the top or three-lobed, the mid-
acece, founded on a climbing shrub from dle lobe bearing the anther ovary in- ;

Madagascar, with alternate, ovate or lan- ferior, three to four-celled styles three or
;

ceolate smooth leathery stalked leaves, four, thread-shaped, erect stigmas club-
;

and several slender spicate racemes grow- shaped capsule leathery, surmounted by
;

ing out of each axil. The flowers are very the disc, bursting in the middle by three
small, bracteated,with a five-toothed calyx, or four slits. B. scabra is a hardy shrub,
five linearoblong thin petals, and Ave sta- whose clusters of white flowers give it a
mens. [J. T. SJ very ornamental character. Its leaves are
used by polishers in Japan on account of
DESVAUXIACEiE. (Centrolepidece, Bris-
their rigid star-shaped hairs these latter,
tleworts.) A
natural order of monocoty-
too, and especially those of B. staminea,
;

ledonous plants with incomplete flowers,

are sought after by microscopists, as af-
included in Lindley's glumal alliance. fording objects of great beauty. B. gracilis
They are small tufted herbs with bristly is a particularly elegant early-flowering
leaves, and flowers enclosed in a spathe or
green-house shrub. [M. T. MJ
sheath. Glumes one or two pales either
;

none or represented by one or two delicate DEVERRA. The generic name of plants
scales stamen one, rarely two ; ovaries
;
belonging to the umbelliferous order, cha-
one to eighteen, attached to a common racterised by the fruit being round or
axis, distinct or united partially, one- ovate and covered with scales or hairs.
celled, with a single stigma to each The species are natives of Africa, usually
ovules single orthotropal. Fruit consist- of small size and of a bare rigid aspect,
ing of one-seeded carpels, opening. length- broom-like; hence named Deverra, after
wise seed pendulous
; embryo having a
;
the ' goddess of brooms.' In the earlier
lens-like form. They are found in the stages the plants usually have small linear
South Sea Islands and in New Holland. leaves ; at more advanced periods of
There are about fifteen species described, growth few of these remain, hence the pe-
and four genera, of which Centrolepis and culiar habit of the species. [G. D.]
Aphelia are examples. [J. H. B.]
DEVILLEA. A genus of Podostemacece,
DETARIUM. A genus of West African comprising Brazilian herbaceous species,
Leguminosce, of which two species are with hermaphrodite flowers unprotected
known. The four-lobed calyx, absence of by a bract one stamen, whose anther
;

petals, and rounded succulent fruit dis- opens inwardly; small globular stigmas;
tinguish them from most genera and ; and smooth fruit, dividing by two unequal-
from Bialium to which they are most sized valves. B. flag elhfor mis has in its
nearly allied, they are readily recognised leaves somewhat the appearance of Panun-
by having ten stamens, five of which are culus aquatilis. [M. T. M.]
longer than the others. B. senegalense is a DEVIL IN A BUSH. Nigella.
tree of twenty to thirty feet high, with
pinnate leaves, having oval entire leaflets, DEVIL'S APRON. The American name
and numerous small white fragrant flowers for the very broad form of Laminar ia sac-
397 &f)Z ErcaSurB of 33ntanj?. DIAL
charina. Dr. Harvey says of the United Sphceropteris of some authors), from which
States plant, 'numerous varieties, which it isdistinguished by having the globose
perhaps demand future study, occur on the involucres, which enclose the spore-case«
American coast. L. Lamourouxii, which sessile instead of being stalked and on ;

has heen sent me from Boston Harbour the other to Woodsia, from which it may
and from Newfoundland, looks almost like be known by the hard texture of the in-
a species with its thick broadly-elliptical dusia, and by their irregular mode of burst-
scarcely waved frond and its slightly- ing. D.deparioides is a herbaceous species,
branching root.' The species, in fact, with finely divided decompound fronds,
and is found in Java and some parts of
j

varies from one foot to six or ten feet in

length, and from one to twelve inches in India. Two other species have been de-
j

breadth. [M. J. BJ scribed, one from Java, the other from

known respecting
j

Madagascar, but little is

DEVIL'S BIT. Scdbiosa succisa ; also them. [T. M.]
;

Chamcelirinm luteum, sometimes called

Helonias dioica. DIADELPHOUS. Consisting of two
DEVIL'S GETS. A vulgar name for the parcels or fraternities of stamens.
species of Cuscuta or Dodder.
DIADENTUM micranthum is a stem-
DEVIL'S LEAF. Urtica urentissima. less orchid about a span high, found grow-
ing on trees in Peru. The leaves are ob-
DEVIL'S MILK. Euphorbia Peplus. long-lanceolate, seldom more than two or
DEVIL TREE. Alstonia scholaris. three in number, and the small rose-
coloured flowers are arranged in a loose
DETVAZ. The Caspian name for the
panicle. The anther is two-celled with
grape Vine.
two waxy pollen masses attached to the
DETVBERBY. Bubics cozsius, and B. ca- end of the caudicle which is dilated above,
nadensis. and furnished with two glands at the
apex, whence the generic name. Compa-
A
DEWEYA. genus of the umbelliferous rettia is the most nearly related genus,
order, having five sharp tooth-like pro- but that has two instead of one caudicle to
jections on the top of the fruit the latter
;
the pollen masses. [A. A. B.]
is oblong and oval, each half with five ele-
vated ribs. The only species is perennial, DIAGNOSIS. The short character or
herbaceous, a native of North America, description by which one plant is distin-
with the leaves simply divided into pinnse, guished from another.
the divisions large, ovate or heart-shaped,
with numerous sharp teeth; the flowers DIALIUM. A genus of leguminous trees
pale-yellow. [G. D.] found in tropical India, Africa, and Ame-
rica, and numbering about seven species.
|

DHAEE. The flowers of Grislea tomen- The chief distinguishing features of the
;

tosa, used in India, mixed with Jlorinda, genus are found in the flowers having but
for dyeing. two stamens (most leguminous plants
]
'

DHAK TREE. Butea frondosa, which have ten), and in the fruits being round ,

yields Butea kino. or slightly compressed, and containing an I

edible pulp surrounding the seeds. All I

DHAL or DHOL. Cajanus indicus. have unequally pinnate leaves, and ter- i

DHAMNOO. The timber of Grewia elas- minal panicles of small white or rose-
tica. coloured flowers. These have a five-parted I

calyx, and are usually destitute of petals

DHAROOS. A Bengalee name for Abel- some flowers, however, are found with a
rnoschus esculentus. solitary petal. D. acutifolium, the Velvet
DHENROOS. A Bengalee name for the Tamarind of Sierra Leone, is a tree of about
fibre of Abelmoschus esculentus. twenty feet high with slender branches,
and pinnate leaves of five to seven smooth
DHOONA The balsamic resin of Shorea oval entire leaflets the flowers are pale
;

robusta. rose-colour and the pod, about the size and

;

DHOONA-TIL. The Cinghalese name for form of a filbert, is covered with a beauti-
the balsam obtained from Dipterocarpus. ful black velvet down,while the farinaceous
pulp which surrounds the seeds has an
DHOOP. Vateria indica. agreeable acid taste,and is commonly eaten.
DHOURIA. An Indian name for worm- The fruits of D. ovoideum, a Ceylonalso
plant,
wood. are sold in the bazaars they have
; an
agreeable acid flavour. The wood of this
DHURRA DOERAH or DERRA. An plant is said to be strong, durable, and
Indian name for the grain-bearing Sorghum suitable for ornamental furniture. D.
vuk/are. floribundum, a Brazilian species, has round
DI. In Greek compounds = two. smooth fruits about the size of a marble,
containing one or two seeds surrounded
DIACHYMA. The green cellular matter with a pulp which has a taste and smell
of leaves. like that of currants. The Tamarind Plum
of the Ease Indies, D. indum, has a delici-
DIACALPE. A beautiful eastern fern ous pulp resembling that of the tamarind,
allied, on the one hand, to Peranema (the but not quite so acid. [A. A. B.]
dial] ®f)e CreaSurg ni 330tanj?. 398
DIALYPETALiE. Plants with distinct ovules seven or numerous style single.
;

petals, in contradistinction to Gam.opetalce, Fruit a membranous or papery capsule,

which have the petals united into a single surmounted by the persistent sepals, and
corolla. The term is a modern one pro- terminated by the rigid style seeds ;

posed to he substituted for Polypetalce, pitted, peltate; embryo very small, in

which is more generally used in the same fleshy albumen. The plants inhabit the
sense, although it signifies literally plants northern parts of Europe and North Ame-
with many petals. rica. There are two genera, Diapensia and
Pyxidanthera, and but two or three spe-
DIALYPETALOTTS. The same as Poly-
cies. [J. H. B.]
petalous.
DIALYPHYLLOUS. The same as Poly- DIAPENSIA. Two beautiful little Al-
sepalous. pine plants are the only representatives of
this genus, which gives the name to its
DIAMORPHA. The name a small
of family. The best known is D. lapponica,
'

crassulaceous North American herbaceous originally discovered in Lapland, but since

plant, with whorled branches, alternate found in many parts of Northern Europe,
cylindrical leaves, and small white flowers Asia, and America, where it has been
with four-parted whorls. The ovary con- gathered as far south as the White Moun-
sists of four carpels adherent at the base, tains in New Hampshire it is also
: found
but divergent at the top the fruit is a
;
in Japan. D. himalaica was found by Dr.
four-celled capsule. [M. T. M.] Hooker inSikkim growing on rocks and in
DIANELLA. A genus of Liliaceaz, con- moist places in the sub-Alpine valleys at an
taining herbs from Australia and Tropical elevation of 8,000 to 10,000 feet. Both are
Asia, distinguished by their fruit being evergreen, and grow in dense tufts scarcely
berry-like, their stem leafy, the flowers rising more than an inch above the ground.
perfect, the stamens inserted at the very The stems are clad with closely imbricated
bottom of the six-parted perianth, and the spathulate, and entire leaves, which in
filaments incurved, thickened at the apex. D. lapponica are nearly half an inch long,
They have fibrous roots, grass-like leaves, and in D. himalaica much smaller in the ;

and paniculate blue flowers on drooping former the stems are terminated by a
pedicels. The berries are blue, many- peduncle about an inch long bearing a soli-
seeded. [J. T. SJ
tary white bell-shaped flower-about half an
inch across, surrounded by a five-leaved
DIANTHUS. The Pink. An extensive calyx the border of the corolla has five
;

genus of Caryophyllacece, distinguished by rounded flat lobes, and alternating with

having two styles, and a cylindrical calyx these lobes are five stamens which have
tube bracteated at the base. Most of the their filaments dilated upwards. The
species are natives of Europe, temperate Himalayan species has much the habit of
Asia, and the North of Africa. The leaves the procumbent Azalea of the Scotch moun-
are often rigid, glaucous and grass-like the ;
tains, and its purple flowers with short
flowers crimson or pink in more or less stalks call to mind those of the opposite-
regular dichotomous cymes, sometimes re- leaved saxifrage. The flower-stalks con-
duced to fascicles or compact heads in ;
tinue growing after the flower withers,
these latter the central flowers have no and when the capsule is ripe are frequently
bracts at the base of the calyx tube, but in more than two inches long. The only
this case the lateral flowers, and in by far other genus in the family (Pyxidanthera)
the greater number of species, all the has got awned points to the anther-cells,
flowers have two or more close-fitting while in Diapensia the anthers are awn-
scales or bracts, often like a small outer less. [A. A. B.]
calyx. In Britain the following occur
D. prolifer and D. Armeria, both annuals DIAPHANOUS. Transparent, or nearly
with clustered flowers and D. plumarius,
;

or Pheasant's Eye D.Caryophyllus, or-Clove

;
DIAPHYSIS. A pra?ternatural extension
Pink D. ccesius and D. deltoides, all which
;
of the centre of the flower, or of an inflo-
are perennials with separate or solitary
rescence.
flowers. D.Caryophyllus is the original of
the garden Carnations. D. barbatus, which DIARRHENA. A genus of grasses he-
has fasciculate corymbose flowers and broad longing to the tribe Festucem, distin-
leaves, is often seen in cultivation under guished by the panicles of inflorescence
the name of Sweet William. [J. T. S.] being simple and contracted the spikelets
;

roundish, two to five-flowered glumes

DIAPENSIACE.E. (Diapensiads.) A na- ;

two, unequal, acute, mucronate stamens ;

tural order of dicotyledonous plants, be- two or three styles two, feathery. Only
;
longing to the subclass Corolliflorce and to one species is described, D. americana,
Lindley's gentianal alliance. Prostrate
which has creeping stoloniferous roots,
undershrubs with crowded heath-like ex- and erect simple stems, three to five feet
stipulate leaves, and solitary terminal flow-
high. [D. M.]
ers. Calyx formed of five rather unequal
sepals, surrounded by bracts corolla
; DIASCIA. Agenus of Scrophulariacece,
gamoperalous and regular; stamens five, consisting of South African herbs, mostly
equal; filaments dilated and attached to annuals, very nearly allied to Nemesia and
the corolla anthers two-celled, opening
; Heni'imeris. They differ from the former
transversely; ovary superior, three-celled; j
in the corolla, which is flattened or con-
 cave, with two spurs or pouches at the base cate streaks and other markings. In Cosci-
instead of one, and in the capsule, which is nodiscus they form a disk with circular
not flat while from Hemimeris they are
; apertures like a colander. In many cases
chiefly distinguished by their four sta- the frustules have distinct external aper-
mens, all usually bearing anthers, the fila- tures in the siliceous coat, without which
ments of the lower ones curved round at it is not easy to see how there could have
the base so as to embrace the upper ones. been a proper communication with the
There are about twenty species known. surrounding medium from which they
must derive their nourishment. In conse-
DIASPASIS. A genus of Goodeniacece, quence of the large proportion of silex
containing a single species, B.filifolia, a which they contain, the frustules are
native of the south-west coast of Australia. capable of retaining their form after all
This has an adnate calyx with five short vegetable constituents have fled, and thus
teeth, a nearly regular salver-shaped rose-
they are admirably adapted for preservation
coloured corolla with a five-parted limb, in a fossil state. Vast beds accordingly'
and free included stamens. The peduncles occur, many feet in thickness, consisting
are axillary and single-flowered the leaves
;
entirely of effete frustules. known under
alternate and nearly terete. [R. H.]
the name of Tripoli, and affording an ad-
D1ASTEMELL A. A genus of Gesneracece, mirable material for polishing, for which
containing a single species from Costa they are used extensively. The phonolite
'

Rica. It is a slender hairy herbaceous stones of the Rhine,' says Dr. Hooker, and '

plant, with ovate serrate and petiolate the Tripoli stones, contain species identical
leaves, and flowers in axillary racemes. with what are now contributing to form a
The corolla is slightly oblique and ringent, sedimentary deposit, and perhaps at some
and the limb bilabiate, with the upper lip future period a bed of rock extending in
I two-lobed, and the lower one trifld. The one continuous stratum for 400 measured
four stamens are included, and with the miles. I allude to the shores of the
rudimentary fifth are inserted on the base Victoria barrier, along whose coasts
of the corolla. The capsular fruit is mem- the soundings examined were invariably
branaceous. [W. C] charged with diatomaceous remains con-
stituting a bank which stretches 200 miles
DIASTEMMA. A genus of Gesneracece, north from the base of the Victoria bar-
containing thirteen species natives of
rier, while the average depth of water
.

I
South America. They are perennial sto- above it is 300 fathoms or 1800 feet.
lonif erous scaly herbs with opposite leaves,
Vast quantities again occur in bed under
and small flowers in axillary corymbs. the guise of a white powder, which is
The calyx is adherent to the base of the called mountain meal, and is actually
ovary the corolla is oblique, erect in the
;
mixed with flour in some parts of Swe-
calyx, with a tube subcylindrical or in-
den, though it is perfectly inert, and can
creasing upwards, and a five-lobed spread- I

serve merely to increase the bulk of the

ing limb the four stamens are included, |

;
food, a circumstance of some importance
the fifth rudimentary the anthers are
;

The ovary is sur-

'

where it is scarce.* The walls of the

small and coherent.
frustules are so thin, and the little cells
rounded by five elongate glands, and sur- of silex so light, that they are often wafted
mounted by a bilamellatc stigma. [W. C] to great distances by the trade and other
DIATOMACECE. A very distinct natu- winds, so that species of remote regions
ral order of green-spored Algce, remarkable may occasionally occur in a dead state in
for the enormous quantity of silex con- countries where they could not maintain
tained in their frond, and for their yellow- \
their existence. Diatomacece form a large
brown colour. The mode of increase so I
portion of the food of some of the lower
closely resembles that of Desmidiacece, |
moOusks, which in turn are preyed on by
that in this respect, we refer for informa- 1

sea birds and as the shells are capable of

;

tion to that article. Their claims to a place !

resisting digestion, they are found, fre-
amongst animals was even more strongly quently in great quantities, in the beds of
contested than in that order, but Mr. ;
manure which are collected for agricultural
Ralf s' discovery of the formation of spores j
purposes under the name of guano. Many
byconjugation inseveral genera has effectu- I
unique species have been obtained by
ally put an end to controversy. The spe- travellers from the stomachs of fish, which
cies are often attached by a slender pedun- I
sometimes afford an abundant harvest for
cle when young, and in some genera this is I
the microscope. Diatomacece occur in all
repeatedly dichotomous. The joints often ,
parts of the world, and abound amongst
remain connected for a long time, separa- the ice and in the deep sea of polar regions.
ting in some instances alternately above They probably are the plants above all
and below so as to form a curious chain. others capable of enduring extreme de-
When connected they form various shaped grees of cold without annihilation while, ;

fronds, as linear, flabelliform, circular, &c. ; on the contrary, several occur in springs of
but in a multitude of instances disarticu- high temperature. The striae on the walls
lation takes place with the formation of
each new individual. The separate joints * Experiments in cattle-feeding show that the
relative quantity of nutritious matter in food, in-
which have received the name of frustules dependent of the bulk, is not the only point worthy
exhibit frequently a totally different out- of observation. The stomach must be properly
line when seen dorsally and laterally, and filled, or, as it is termed in French, leste, or the
they are almost always adorned with deli- due effect of the nutriment -will not be obtained.
 dibl] GHje Ereagury at ISatattg, 400
are often so regular that the frustules formosa, is often cultivated in gardens;
form admirable tests for ascertaining the but the best known and most beautiful is
comparative merit of microscopes. B. spectabilis, from Northern China, which
Though Diatomacece are for the most has a leafy stem, and flowers nearly an inch
part free or only attached for a time, there long, of a beautiful rose colour, with the
are a few genera in which an enormous narrow constricted inner petals white;
quantity of mucus is thrown out by the the leaves are like those of the Moutan
frustules, which accordingly, as in Scliizo- peony in miniature. [J. T. SJ
nema, Dickiea, &c, form variously shaped
filiform or alvoid fronds. In Cymbellece, a DICERANDRA. The name of a genus
suborder, the quantity of silex is compara- belonging to the labiate order, chiefly dis-
tively so small that the plants are more tinguished from its congeners by the
easily destructible than in the other sec- presence of two straight and pointed ap-
tions. The peculiar motions in the genus pendages on the upper part of each sta-
Bacillaria have been noticed above. In men, hence the name, derived from Greek
many other genera motion has been ob- words which together signify two-homed'

served, but it is now well known that even stamens.' B. carolinensis is a small shrub,
active motion is not incompatible with a native of the United States, having erect
the nature of vegetables. For full infor- stems and narrow entire leaves. [G. D.]
mation we refer to Mr. Smith's beautiful DICEROS. A name successively given by
work on Diatomacece. [M. J. B.]
different authors to species of Artanema,
DIBLBMMA. The name of a Philippine Limnophila, and Vandellia.
Island fern, in which the sori are of two
kinds : the first linear continuous, seated
DICHJEA. A genus of orchids found
growing on tree stems in the West Indies
on a submarginal receptacle the second ;
and the adjoining mainland. They are small
roundish or oblong, and irregularly scat-
tufted plants having short erect or creep-
tered. D. samarensis has simple fronds
ing stems, thickly clad with small ovate-
and uniformly reticulated venation, short oblong or linear leaves arranged in a two-
free veinlets being included in the unequal
ranked manner, and solitary inconspicuous
areoles. [T. M.]
axillary greenish flowers. About a dozen
j
DICALYX. The name given by Loureiro species are known. [A. A. B.]
to a few Asiatic bushes which were de-
scribed as belonging to the tea family.
DICH^ETA. Agenus of small annual
Californian composite herbs, of which two
Modern authors have shown, however, species are known. They seldom exceed
that they are genuine species of Syjiplo-
six inches in height, and are found on the
cos which see.
: [A. A. BJ
margins of pools or in wet places. The
DICELLA. A genus of Brazilian climb- stems and leaves are covered when young
ing shrubs belonging to the Mulpighiacece. with loose white wool. The lower leaves
The calyx has five segments each provided are generally pinnatifld with linear seg-
with two glands at its base the petals are
;
ments, and the upper entire; and the
stalked, unequal in size, and downy on the yellow flower-heads are single on the ends
outside the stamens are ten, united below
;
of the stems. The genus is nearly allied
into a tube, the anthers hairy the ovary is ; to Burrielia, but differs in the pappus be-
two-celled, surmounted by two hook-like ing composed of from four to eight ob-
styles. Drupe woody, one-celled, one- long-obtuse scales, with generally two
seeded. [M. T. M.] which are awl-shaped and awned. [A.A.B.]
DICENTRA. A
genus of Fumariacece, DICHASIUM. A name once given to an
the Bielytra or by mistake Bielytra of Indian fern which proves to be the same as
some authors. They are known by the two the English Lastrea Filix-mas paleacea.
outer petals being spurred or bulging at
the base, the seeds crested, and the capsule DICHERANTHUS. A genus of niece-
with two dry valves. The species are na- bracece allied to Pterantlms. Small shrubs
tives of the Northern Hemisphere, and are from the Canary Islands, with opposite or
fleshy linear-cylindrical leaves,
generally stemless herbs with ternately verticillate
compound leaves, and succulent stems dilated and clasping atcompound the base and ;

terminating in a raceme of large nodding flowers in small dense

corym-
flowers, which are white, rose-coloured, or
bose cymes at the apex of the branches
purplish. The section Eucapnos has the
calyx segments mucronate, hooked when
outer petals merely bulging at the base, in fruit corolla none. ; [J. T. S.]

and the racemes compressed while Cucul- ; DICHILUS. A genus of slender erect
laria has the outer petals produced back- or prostrate South African leguminous
wards into two long spurs at the base, and herbs, nearly related to Argyrolubium,
its racemes are simple. The two most com- but differing in the keeled petal being
mon American species, which belong to the rather longer than the vexillum, and in
second group, have white flowers. D. Ou- the pods being swollen at intervals (tor-
cullaria is known in the United States as ulose), not flat, and clad with silky hairs.
Dutchman's Breeches, from the shape of The stalked leaves are made up of three
the spurred flower, and B. canadensis, narrow leaflets. The little yellow flowers
which is fragrant, as Squirrel Corn. A are either solitary or racemed in the axils
stemless species from Virginia and North of the leaves, their calyx distinctly two-
Carolina, with rose-coloured flowers, B. lipped, and the pod is smooth, narrow, an
 401 EIjc Crcas'ttrp of USotanij.
inch or more in length. Three species are which are oblong ovate, coarsely serrated,
known. [A. A. B.] with the under surface (as well as the
branchlets and inflorescence) covered with
DICHLAMYDEOTJS. Having both calyx
stellate down. The stipules are large and
and corolla.
kidney-shaped. The flowers grow in
DICHOGAMOUS. When the florets of an axillary panicles.which are much branched
inflorescence are of two separate sexes. in a corymbose manner the calyx five or
;

six-parted, persistent stigmas two, diverg-

DICHOXDRA. A genus of Convolvulacece
;

ing; capsule two-beaked seeds numerous,

;
containing two species, one a native of the
with a membranous wing. [J. T. S.J
tropical and sub-tropical regions both of
the Old and the New
Worlds, the other DICKIEA. A curious genus of Biatoma-
i found in tropical America. They are pros- cece, in which the frond assumes an ul-
| trate herbs with small flowers. The calyx void form, as it does a filiform in Moiiema
'
five-parted the corolla campanulate and
; and Schieonema and a globose in Berkeleia.
deeply five-lobed the ovary consisting of
; When the gelatinous element in these
two distinct carpels with one ovule in genera is removed, the frustules are found
;
each of the two cells. The two styles to be of precisely the same nature as those
|
are distinct from the base, with thickened in genera where the gelatinous element is
i
stigmas. [W. C] extremely reduced, or where it only tends
to keep a quantity of frustules together in
I
DICHORISAXDRA. A genus of Comme-
an irregular stratum. [M. J. BJ
\
lynacea? with the habit of Tradescantia, but
with the filaments neither hairy nor dila- DICKSONTA. A genus of noble mostly
! ted at the apex. They are Brazilian herbs, arborescent ferns of the polypodiaceous
with lanceolate acuminate leaves, and race- group, and typical of the section Bick-
j
mose flowers, either terminal or produced soniem. Their stems are often thick and
! from the base of the stem. [J. T. SJ trunk-like, but sometimes decumbent and
criniferous. The fronds are large, generally
I
DICHOSEMA. There is a group of small decompound, and leathery, forming a
, leguminous West Australian bushes in noble tuf t or crown and the sori are globose
;
:

which the stamens are ten in number and or shortly oblong, transverse, and marginal
quite free, and the pods have their mar-
I

with a coriaceous indusium of two valves,

i
gins rolled inwards, so that they are imper-
of which the outer, formed of a lobule of
fectly or altogether two-celled, and a cross
'

the frond, is cucullate, and the inner usu-

;

section of them would be somewhat like

ally smaller and less convex the veins ;
the figure 8. Tq that group Bichosema be-
are free. 1). antarctica is a very beautiful
longs. It differs from the others in having
tree fern often seen in green-houses, having
a very broad vexillum which is bilobed at
|
been freely imported from our Australasian
the apex, and much longer than the wings, colonies. Others occur in St. Helena,
these in their turn being a little longer
Brazil, Juan Fernandez, Columbia and
than the keeL There are about half a Java. One pinnate species, D. abm.pt a,
dozen species, all of them little spiny which is only found in Bourbon, has quite
bushes seldom more than two feet high. the aspect of a Nephrolepis. The sori are al-
The slender stems are clad with minute ways more or less recurved from the plane
linear or oblong leaves generally arranged
of the frond. [T. M.]
in parcels of three, and accompanied by
i slender spines which often exceed them DICLESIUM. A one-seeded indehiscent
: in length. The flowers are small, yellow, fruit enclosed within a hardened perianth,
I
or purple, solitary in the .leaf-axils or ar- as in the marvel of Peru.
ranged in short racemes. [A. A. B.] I

DICLIDANTHERA. A genus of dicoty-

I
DICHOTOMIA (adj. DICHOTOMOUS). ledons, founded on two Brazilian shrubs
Having the divisions always in pairs a which are in many respects allied to Sapo-
;

term equally applied to branches, or veins, tacece. Differing, however, as it does in a

or forks. slight irregularity in the flowers, in the
curious two-valved anthers, and in some
DICHROCEPHALA. A genus of Asiatic, !

measure in the structure of the ovary, the

African, and Australian Composites, which
genus has been removed from that family,
differs from its near allies chiefly in the
convex receptacle of the flower-heads. They and eminent botanists have severally pro-
posed associating it with Polygalacece., Ha-
are branching herbs, with oval coarsely
mamelidacece, or even Byttneriacem.
toothed or lyrate sometimes pinnatifid
leaves ; the branches being terminated by DICLIDIUM. A genus of plants belong-
panicles of nearly globular flower-heads, ing to theCyperacer.e. Only one species is
about the size of a small pea. Theachenes described, namely, B. ferox, a native of
are compressed, those of the outer florets South America. [D. MJ
without pappus, and those of the inner
series with a pappus of one or two short
' DICLIDOCARPUS. The name given to
hairs. Of the five species known, all are
a genus of Tiliacece, remarkable for the
common weeds in the countries where they form of its fruit, which is a somewhat
grow, and of no beauty. [A. A. B.]
woody compressed two-celled capsule,
with numerous seeds. It is about an inch
DICHYNCHOSIA. A genus of Cuno- !
long, rather more in breadth, and nearly
niacem from Celebes. A tree with oppo- inversely heart-shaped in form. When
site pinnate leaves, the few leaflets of i
ripe it splits into two portions, and has
dicl] Wfyz Creagury at Watmv. 402
the appearance of some bivalve shell. a small rounded herbaceous projecting
The only known species, B. Richii, was lobe of the frond ; and the inner a proper
found by Mr. Rich in the Feejee Islands, indusium, larger than the lobe, membra-
where it grows to a tree of forty feet high, naceous, and distinctly renif orm, affixed by
with oval entire nearly smooth leaves, hav- the sinus. The sori,though not stalked, pro-
ing two lateral ril;s at the base parallel to ject from the margin so as to resemble
the central one. The fertile flowers are those of Beparia, but instead of a marginal
unknown. The sterile ones are small and cup, as in that genus, the involucre con-
crowded in axillary cymes, which, as well sists of the two valves lying flat in the
as the flowers, are clothed with minute plane of the frond the veins are free. Some
;

white down. [A. A. B.] writers, however, regard the plant as a

Lastrea with exserted sori. B. deparioides
DICLIDOPTERIS. A genus of poly-
is a very beautifid bipinnate fern, found
podiaceous ferns belonging to the Pleuro-
in Ceylon. [T. M.]
grammece, having linear continuous sori,
sunk in a deep oblique furrow on each DICLYTRA. An erroneous mode of
side and near to the costa, towards which spelling sometimes adopted for Bielytra,
the opening is directed. The veins are a synonyme of Bicentra.
reduced to the costa, and the intermar-
ginal receptacle parallel with it. The only DICOCCOUS. Splitting into two cocci.
species, D. angustissima, found in the
Pacific Islands, is a very small plant, with DICOLORATIO. As petals are mere
narrow simple fronds. The genus is re- modifications of leaves, we need not be
lated closely to Monogramma and Pleuro- surprised if leaves, though not in a state
gramma. [T. M.] of transmutation to petals, occasionally
exhibit vivid coiours,especially in variegat-
DICLIDOSTIGMA. A cucurbitaceous ed plants. It does not appear, however,
plant of Cuba, with the aspect of Bryonia. that coloured varieties grafted on those
Both calyx and corolla are five-cleft, the which are not coloured, communicate
segments of the latter, in the male as well their colour in the same way in which
as in the female flowers, being rough and variegated grafts affect the stock. The
glandular there are five stamens in three
:
change of colour in leaves as autumn ad-
parcels with separate wavy anthers in;
vances, appears rather to be a chemical
the female flowers there is a five-lobed than a vital action, and is owing to some
glandular disk surrounding the base of the change in the chlorophyll on which the
style, which latter is terminated by three healthy green tint of the leaves depends.
stigmas, each of which is divided into The contents of the cells, like the cell
two plates. The fruit contains six to nine walls themselves, have performed their
seeds. [M. T. M.] office, and are therefore, like other inert
DICLINOUS. Having the stamens in bodies, subject to chemical changes, which
one flower and the pistil in another. would not affect them while their vital
powers were active. pi. J. B.]
DICLIPTERA. A considerable genus of
Acanthacece, containing nearly seventy DICORYNEA. A genus of large trees of
species, dispersed over the tropical and Brazil and Guiana belonging to the legu-
sitbtropical regions of the New and Old minous family. Some attain a height of
"Worlds. They are herbs with entire leaves, sixty, and a diameter of three to four feet.
and with flowers in axillary clusters and All have pinnate leaves afoot or more in
short cymes, usually surrounded by four length, made up of five or seven smooth
bracts, of which the outer two are the leaflets. The branches are terminated by
larger. The calyx consists of Ave sepals ;
very large panicles of numerous white
the corolla is two-lipped, and the tube is flowers, which are interspersed with fawn-
so twisted that the upper entire or two- coloured bracts. Each flower is about half
toothed lip becomes the lower there are
; an inch long, and composed of a calyx of
two stamens whose anthers have each two three divisions five unequal petals, the
;

similar cells, but with the one inserted two exterior like the calyx leaves, the
much below the other. [W. C] upper broadly orbicular at the point and
narrowed below into a claw, and the two
DICLIS. A genus of Scrophttlariacece, lateral obliquely orbicular and shorter;
consisting of slender herbaceous creepers two stamens with broad and thick fila-
resembling in habit Linaria Cymbalaria, ments of unequal length; and an ovary
and with very similar corollas, but the crowned by a curved style. The pods are
anthers have only one cell, and the capsule obliquely oval, thin, about one and a half
is nearly globular, opening loculicidally
inch long, and contain one or two seeds.
in two valves. There are three species Five species are known. [A. A. B.j"
known, all from south-eastern Africa or
Madagascar. DICORYPHE. A genus belonging to
DICLISODON. A name proposed for a the order of witch-hazels. The name in-
curious genus of ferns, in which the sori dicates one of its obvious characters, viz.,
occupy small projecting marginal teeth, the presence of two horn-like append-
and have scale-like covers. Hence it has ages on the upper part of the fruit. B.
been regarded as having a two-valved in- xtipiilnta is a native of Madagascar, having
dusium, and as associating with the Bick- slender branches with oblong, entire, and
soniece, the outer valve being described as shortly-stalked alternate leaves, and below
403 &\)t Crca£urg of 23fltanin DICT

each, a pair of unequal heart-shaped ap- Indian plant, with furcately-lobed fronds,
pendages, the stipules. [G. D.] is the only species. [T. MJ

DICOTYLEDONOUS. Having two coty- DICRANOLEPIS. A genus of thymela-

ledons. ceous plants, the flowers of which have a
salver-shaped perianth with a five-parted
DICOTYLEDONS, DICOTYLEDONE.E. limb, and ten scales inserted in its throat
Plants having two seed-leaves or seed- stamens ten, attached to the perianth
lobes, which are called cotyledons. This ovary stalked, with a cup-like disk at the
is one of the primary divisions or classes base, one-celled, containing a single pen-
of the vegetable kingdom, including about dulous ovule. There is only one species, D.
7,000 known genera, and about 70,000 djstieha, which grows at Sierra Leone: a
known species of flowering plants. The shrubby plant Avith distichous leaves, and
class also receives the name of Exogencc or solitary axillary flowers. [J. H. B.]
Exogens, from the structure of the stems.
The plants in this great class have spiral DICRANOPTERIS. A synonyme of Glei-
vessels their stems are formed by addi-
;
clienia ; by some writers to a
also applied
tions externally in the form of zones or section of Polypodium.
rings stomata or pores exist in the leaves,
;
DICRANOSTIGMA. A genus of Papa-
which have a reticulated or netted vena- veracew, represented by a plant indigenous
tion. The plants have stamens and pistils, in the Himalayan mountains. It has nume-
either in the same or in different flowers. rous radical pinnately-lobed leaves covered
The symmetry of the flowers is represented with short hairs the stems are about a
;

by five or two, or multiples of these num- foot in height, and bear at the top two or
bers. The ovules are contained in an ovary, three golden-coloured flowers, with a flask-
or more rarely are naked ; and the em- shaped ovary, surmounted by thickened
bryo has two, sometimes more, cotyledons. stigmas with two erect awl-shaped arms
In De Candolle's system this class of Dico- alternating with the placentas. Its nearest
tyledons is divided into four sub-classes :— ally is Clielidonium, from which the form
1. Thalamiflorae, petals distinct; stamens of the ovary and stigmas abundantly dis-
hypogynous 2. Calyciflorce, petals distinct
;
tinguish it. [M. T. M.]
or united stamens perigynous or epigy-
;

nous 3. Corolliflorce, petals united sta-

; ;
DICRANUM. A large and important
mens usually attached to the corolla, which genus of acrocarpous mosses, distinguish-
is hypogynous 4. Monochlamydece, includ-
;
ed by the unequal cernuous capsule, the
ing' Gymnospermw, a calyx only, or no hood-like calyptra, rostrate lid, and single
floral covering. Lindley divides the class peristome consisting of sixteen equidis-
into four subclasses 1. Diclinous, those
:
tant teeth which are confluent at the base,
plants which have separate staminate and and split half way down or more into two
pistillate flowers. Those which have sta- i
unequal portions,the medial line being con-
mens and pistil in every flower are divided tinued to the base, and occasionally perfor-
—
into 2. Hypogynous, stamens not adher- ated. Leucobryum is distinguished by the
peculiar structure of the leaves, and their
ing either to calyx or corolla; 3. Perigynous,
stamens adhering to either calyx or co- consequent pallid hue. The species, from
rolla and 4. Epigynous, stamens, calyx,
;
the different habits which they assume, are
and corolla, all adhering to the side of the distributed into several distinct sections.
ovary. Gymnogens, or plants with naked They grow variously on rocks, or on the
seeds, represent a separate class according ground, or more rarely on the trunks of
to Lindley. The age of Dicotyledonous trees. Some of them, as D. scoparium, are
trees can be computed by counting the amongst the larger mosses, and remark-
number of annual concentric rings of able for their long and often curved leaves,
wood. [J. H. B.] while others are minute. It is observed
by Wilson, in his Bryologia, that in se-
DICR.EA. Herbaceous plants, natives veral of the larger species, which have the
of Madagascar, &c, constituting a genus stem covered with a dense layer of radical
of Podostemaeew, characterised by herma- fibres, the male plants appear to be re-
phrodite flowers unprotected by a bract placed by minute bulbs, nestling among
monadelphous stamens and ribbed fruit ;
the fibres and this is all that is known of
;

opening by two equal valves, pi. T. MJ the male inflorescence of certain species;
but in D. scoparium the inflorescence may
DICRANODIUM. Gymnogramma lepto-
sometimes be traced from these radicular
phylla.
gemma? Up to the perfect development of
DICRANOGLOSSUM. A genus of poly- male plants. A somewhat analogous pro-
podiaceous ferns of the group Tom'di.da.e, cess is observable also in a few species of
in which the sori are naked, linear, con- Hypnum. [M. J. B.]
tinuous, and submarginal as in Tcenixrpsis;
DICTAME BLANC. (Fr.) Dictamnus di-
but the veins, instead of being straight
and free, or combined by the transverse
— DE CRETE. Origanum Dictam-
bits.
nus.
receptacle, describe a series of simple
elongated arcs, each one uniting with DICTAMNCS. A small genus of Buta-
the next, and thus forming a continuous ceo3,found in southern Europe, Asia
irregular curved sub-marginal receptacle !
Minor, &c. D. Fraxinella and D. allma are
to which the spore cases are affixed. I). sub- both cultivated in gardens for their fra-
p-innotifidum, a South American and West
j

1 grant leaves, as well as for the hand-

dict] Elje Ersatfurg of 2S0tan», 404
some appearance of their flowers. They veined leaves, which usually disarticulate
are perennial plants with unequally-pin- with the stem. The woody matter on the
nate leaves, the main stalk between the rhizomes of the plant is often disposed in
four or five pairs of leaflets being winged a circular wedge-like manner. The name
and leaf-like. The inflorescence, as well as is derived from the Greek word dictyon, a
the outer parts of the flowers themselves, is net. This subclass includes Bioscoreaccw
covered with glands secreting a resinous or yams, Smilacece or sarsaparillas, and
or oily matter, so volatile, that the air sur- Trilliacece, Roxburghiacece and Philesiacece.
rounding it becomes inflammable in hot Some Aracece and Liliaceos have, however,
weather. The calyx has five sepals, the net-veined leaves. [J. H. B.]
two lowermost of which are longer than DICTYOGLOSSTJM. A genus of acros-
the rest ; the five petals, which are stalked tichoid ferns, now called Hymenodium.
and inserted into the stalk bearing the
ovary, are of unequal size, the four upper DICTYOGRAMMA. A genus of polypo-
ones erect, and the lowest one bent down- diaceous ferns, found in Japan and the
wards the stamens are ten, bent down-
; Feejees, and belonging to the group He-
wards; the five ovaries are placed on a mionitidece, with naked linear reticulated
short stalk, each one-celled. The fruit sori, among which Bictyogramma is dis-
consists of a capsule, the constituent car- tinguished by having the primary veins
pels of which are confluent below but sepa- arcuate so as to form costal areoles, and the
rate above, and when mature burst each venules reticulated, except those of the
into two pieces : they contain two or three margin, which are free. The sori are nar-
seeds. [M. T. MJ row, linear, and sub-parallel, the lines
sparingly united towards either end. The
DICTYANTHUS. A genus of Asclepia- fronds are pinnate and somewhat leathery,
dacece, containing twenty species, natives with a few large pinnse. B.japonica, the
of Central America. They are twining typical species, is, as its name implies,
undershrubs, with cordate membranace- found in Japan. B. elongata, from the
ous leaves on long petioles, and one or two- Feejees, is the same fern which has been
flowered peduncles. The corolla is cam- called Syngramma pinnata. The name has
panulate, spreading, and five-cleft, andthe been used in place of Selliguea. [T. M.]
staminal crown consists of five small lobes
adnate to the tube the stigma is fleshy
;
DICTYOLOMA. A
genus of Brazilian
with five prominent angles, and very trees belonging to the Simarubacece. The
small glandular corpuscles. [W. C] flowers are unisexual calyx minute five-
;

parted; petals five, sharply-pointed, or

DICTYDIUM. A beautiful genus of prolonged into a linear appendage sta- ;

Fungi allied to Cribraria, but distinguish- mens five, attached below to a two-cleft
ed by the outer coat of the peridium dis- scale. In the female flower there are five
appearing to the very base, and leaving ovaries, five styles, and a five-toothed
behind a beautiful net-work. In B. um- stigma. [M. T. M.]
biUcatum, which is not uncommon on de-
cayed fir stumps, the peridium is deeply
DICTYOPTERIS. A genus of ferns be-
longing to the reticulated division of the
umbilicate, and looks like an elegant bal- Poly podiem, and comprising a few species
loon. [M. J. B.]
found in the East and in Australia. They
DICTYMIA. Dictyopteris. have either simple or bipinnate fronds,
sometimes of large size and dot-like naked
;

DICTYOCALYX. Creeping pubescent sori, which are seated at the confluence of

herbs, allied to Nicotiana, but constituting several veinlets (compital). The areoles
a distinct genus of Solanacece or Atropacece, of the reticulated veins are without free
characterised by the presence of a cylin- included veinlets, which, together with
drical five-lobed calyx, the tube of which their uniformly reticulated, not connivent-
becomes distended after the expansion of ly-anastomosing venation, separates them
the corolla, and is marked by a network of from all other genera of ferns with netted
prominent veins. The corolla is mem- veins, and naked dot-like sori. [T. MJ
branous and funnel-shaped. [M. T. M.]
DICTYOSTEGIA. A genus of Burman-
DICTYOCLINE. A genus of interesting niacem, consisting of a very few species
hemionitoid ferns, which grow in Indiaand from tropical America, all small slender
China. B. Griffithii, found in Assam and leafless annuals, with very small flowers in
Khasya, is a coarse herbaceous pinnate a terminal cyme or head. They grow on
fern, with three or four pairs of pinnae, rotten leaves in damp shady woods, and
and having the sori reticulated between differ from Burmannia chiefly in their
the primary pinnate veins, which trans- capsules opening by lateral pores.
versely anastomose so as to form two or DICTYOTA. A small genus of dark seed-
three series of roundish hexagonal areoles ed Algce,, with thin flat ulva-like forked
between them. The aspect of the plant fronds, producing spores in little superfi-
approaches that of some of the larger cial disks. The species are of an olive-
species of Aspidium. [T. M.]
green, and are widely diffused in either
DICTYOGENS. (Bictyogence.) sub-class A hemisphere. B. dichotoma is one of the
of monocotyledons or Endogens according commonest Alga: on our coast, and assumes
to Lindley. The plants are characterised a great variety of forms as regards the
by having net-veined in place of parallel- length, breadth, and division of its fronds.
 405 Kfyz CreaSurp at 230tanj).
The development of the frond is curious, Fungi, characterised by a double peridium.
each division ending in a ' single cell by of which the outer is quite smooth and
the constant division of which at its lower crustaceous ;the inner delicate and at-
side the other cells of the frond are form- tached to the straggling hairs amongst
ed, the terminal cell being then continu- which the spores are seated. In some
ally pushed onwards.' This is the same species the peridium bursts by regular ra-
mode of growth as that which obtains in diating fissures, so as to look like a little
exogenous stems. [M. J. BJ flower, while in others it is ruptured ir-
regularly. One of the most common spe-
DICTYOTE.3E. An order of dark-seeded cies, D. vernicosmn, is characterised by its
Algce with superficial spores or cysts, dis- obovate shining chestnut-coloured outer
posed in definite spots or lines. The peridium. It is common in woods, on
fronds are sometimes flat, sometimes mosses, twigs, &c, and is often very con-
thread-like, and occasionally branched and spicuous. The flower-like species are by
tubular. In Hydroclathrus it is pierced no means common. The genus is found
with large holes. Some beautiful Algce, as more or less frequently in all temperate re-
Padina,Zonaria, Haliseris, belong to this gions. [M. J. B.]
order, which has representatives in every
part of the world, but very few are found DIDICLIS. Selaginella.
in high latitudes. Padina pavonia, the DIDISCCS. A genus of umbellifers,
turkey feather laver, is common in warm characterised by the fruit being very
countries, but extends to our own coasts mucft flattened laterally, each half with
as far as lat. 51°, though in North America five ridges, the middle ridge most promi-
it does not pass farther than lat. 25°. In nent. The name of this genus is intended
Cutleria there is reason to believe that to indicate the double disk-like fruit. The
true spermatozoids are produced but in ;
species are herbaceous and natives of Aus-
some other genera, as Stelophura, two kinds tralia. D. cceruleus is a showy plant, cover-
of fruit occur, the one of which produces ed with hairs ;its leaves three-parted,
large, the other small zoospores, both of each division again subdivided its flowers
;

wh ich have lash-like appendages. The cysts, blue. The fruit when mature is covered
which produce the large zoospores, are with small tubercles. Another species, D.
called Trichosporangia those which pro-
;
albiflorus, has no hairs, and the flowers are
duce the smaller, Oosporangia. [M. J. B.] white. [G. D.]
I

I DICTYOXIPHIUM. A genus of poly- I

DIDISMUS. A genus of Cruciferce, with
i
podiaceous ferns related to Lindscea, from pods breaking across into joints which
which it is distinguished in the first place have one or two seeds in each, the upper-
I by its compoundly-reticulated veins hav- .
most joint ending in a striated beak, the
ing free included .veinlets in their areoles p
lower one truncate at the apex. Flowers
'.

and in the second, by its indusium exceed- i

white or yellow. The species occur in
ing and being inflected over the margin of Greece, Syria, and N. Africa. [J. T. S.]
, the frond. The fronds are simple, nar- DIDYMIUM. A genus of myxogastrous
rower in the fertile parts, and the sori are Fungi, distinguished by the outer coat of
linear continuous and marginal, with the
I

the peridium being scurfy, mealy, scaly,

indusium opening outwardly. There are tomentose, &c, and bursting irregularly.
only a couple of species, which are found
[T. MJ
The species are numerous and sometimes
in Panama and New Grenada.
beautiful. One of the most common is B.
DICYPELLITTM. The name of a Bra- cinereum, which occurs everywhere, and
zilian tree of the laurel family. The flowers is easily known by its stemless cinereous
are dioecious. The male 'flowers are not peridium, and the snow-white flattish hairs
described, but the female ones have a amongst which the dark spores are dis-
six-parted perianth ; twelve barren sta- persed. The genus belongs essentially to
mens in four rows, the outermost petal- temperate climates. [M. J. B.]
like, the innermost small and scale-like,
the intermediate ones glandular. The DIDYMOCARPUS. A genus of Cyrtan-
drcccece,containing fully thirty species, na-
fruit consists of a one-seeded berry, sur-
rounded by the thickened fleshy perianth,
tives of India. They are caulescent or
j

stemless herbs or undershrubs, with the

which, with the sterile stamens, is per-
;

leaves serrate or crenate petiolate, those on

: sistent. The bark of D. caryophyllatum the stem being opposite or rarely alternate;
furnishes Clove Cassia. [M. T. M.]
\

the flowers blue or white, in cymes the ;

I
DICYRTA Agenus of Gesneraeece, con- calyx five-cleft; and the corolla funnel-
|
taining a single species, a native of Guate- shaped and unequally five-lobed. There
(
mala. It is a perennial stoloniferous are four stamens, two of which only are
j
herb, with opposite leaves on long petioles, generally fertile; the long capsule bursts
j
and solitary axillary flowers, the small co- longitudinally, and contains many naked
rollas of which have a slightly-curved sessile pendulous seeds. [W. C]
tube and an equally flve-lobed limb. There
are four didynamous stamens, with the
DIDYMOCHITON. A genus of Meliacece,
j

consisting of trees or shrubs, natives of

rudiment of a fifth, inserted at the base of
the Moluccas. They have soft compound
the tube. The disk is fleshy five-sided the
leaves, and flowers in axillary spikes or
;

stigma capitate, depressed. [W. C]

heads. The corolla has five linear petals,
DIDER.MA A genus of myxogastrous attached below to the tube of the stamens,
didy] &l)z Erca^ttrg of 3Satang. 406
which is divided at the top into ten lobes, to bite them, the juice of the plant being
and contains within it ten anthers. The so excessively acrid as to cause the mouth
ovary is sessile, five-celled, surrounded by to swell, and thus to prevent articulation
a gourd-shaped five-lobed disk and the; for several days. It is said that the West
fruit is berry-like. [M. T. M.] Indian planters were formerly in the habit
of punishing their refractory slaves, by
DIDYMOCHLvENA. A genus of poly-
cruelly forcing them to bite a piece of this
podiaceous ferns, having indusiate sori of
plant and accidents have occasionally oc-
;
an oblong form, attached longitudinally curred with it in this country, where, how-
along its centre to a crest-like elevation
ever, it is only to be found growing in the
of the receptacle, and free all round the
hothouses of the curious. The negroes in
margin besides which the veins are free.
;
the West Indies make an ointment for
B. lunulata is a fine South American ar-
rubbing dropsical swellings, by boiling the
borescent fern with bipinnate fronds, the
juice of the plant in hog's lard; and a phy-
articulated pinnules of which are dark
sician in the reign of Charles II. recom-
green, coriaceous, and shining. D. dimi-
diata, a South African plant, differs in
mended the juice to be administered in-
ternally as a cure for dropsy, but it is so
having ecostate pinnules. [T. M.]
excessively acrid that it is almost impos-
DIDYMOGLOSSUM. A division of the sible to swallow it. Notwithstanding the
genus Trichomanes, in which the funnel- acridity, however, a wholesome starch has
shaped involucres are two-lipped instead of been obtained from the stem. The plant ,

truncate at the mouth, which is, in fact, grows from six to eight feet long, and has I

an approach towards the two-valved in- a stem an inch and a half thick, bearing
volucre of Hymeno'phyllum. The group is green leaves about ten inches long by four
considered by some writers to form a dis- broad. When the leaves are pulled away
tinct genus. [T. M.] the stem has a cane-like appearance. [A. S.]
DIDYMOTHECA. A genus of Phytolac- DIELLIA. Schizoloma.
cacece, from Tasmania. A smooth-branched DIELYTRA. The name sometimes given
undershi-ub with scattered linear semicy-
to a very handsome genus of Fumariacece,
lindrical leaves and axillary divisions
flowers on short stalks the perianth four-
made familiar in gardens by the beauti-
;
ful Chinese perennial called D. spectabilis.
lobed, two of the lobes larger than the
It is sometimes called Diclytra, but more
others. [J. T. S.]
correctly referred to Dicentra. [T. M.]
DIDYMOTJS. Double growing in pairs,
as the fruit of umbellifers.
;
DIENIA. A
small genus of terrestrial
orchids, the species of which are found in
DIDYNAMOUS. Having two stamens the Himalayas, Siberia, and Mexico. They
longer than the two others. seldom exceed a foot in height the stems;

in some being furnished with one leaf, in

DIEFFENBACHIA. A genus of arads, others with several. These are membra-
consisting of about fifteen species, all in-
naceous, plaited, and usually ovate or ovate-
habitants of tropical South America and
lanceolate in form. The flowers are minute,
the West Indian Islands, where they
green or yellowish, and disposed in slender
flourish in moist shady places in the woods.
erect spikes.
Their stems are fleshj , and vary from two
to six or eight feet long, partly lying upon
The four pollen masses are collateral
(oooo), while in the nearly-related British
the ground and partly erect, the erect por-
tion bearing the greatest number of leaves.
genus Malaxis they are incumbent ( 8 8 )•
Microstylis, also nearly related, has the lip
The leaves have fleshy foot-stalks, the lower at right angles to the column instead of
part of which expands and forms a sheath
parallel with if, as in Dienia. [A. A. B.]
round the stem they are generally of an
;

oblong form; inmost species they are green, DIERVILLA. A genus of caprifoils,
but some are marked or variegated with distinguished from the honeysuckle and
white or yellowish irregularly shaped spots, others allied to it, by its funnel-shaped
and all have numerous veins diverging three-cleft corolla, and one-celled fruit.
from the midrib, and running parallel The name was assigned by Tournefort in
with each other until near the margin, compliment to Dierville, a Frenchman,
where they curve upwards and unite. The who discovered a species in Acadia, and
spadix or flower spike is enclosed in a green sent it to that botanist. The species are
or yellowish spathe, which does not wither erect shrubs, natives of North America
like that ofsome allied genera, hut remains and of Japan. That best known in culti-
fresh until the fruit is ripe the lower
; vation is D. canadensis, a shrub from three
part of the spike bears female flowers only, to four feet high, with the leaves shortly
each consisting merely of an ovary sur- stalked, smooth, sharply ovate, the edges
mounted by a stalkless stigma, and sur- serrate the flowers are yellow and appear
;

rounded by from two to four rudimentary in early summer. In its wild state it is
or imperfect stamens the upper part is
; widely distributed in Canada, and is found
free and thickly covered with male flowers about Hudson's Bay and on part of the
only. Rocky Mountains.
D. seguina has acquired the name of Those which are natives of Japan are
Dumb Cane in the West Indies, in conse- reported by Siebold, in his account of the
quence of its fleshy cane-like stems render- plants of that country, as notable on ac-
ing speechless any person who may happen count of the beauty of their flowers. These
 showy eastern species are the Weigelas of frequently repeated doses dangerous symp-
our modern gardens. [G. D.] toms accrue. Foxglove likewise acts as a
diuretic, and in large doses causes vomit-
DIFFUSE. Spreading widely. ing, purging, and fainting. It is now most
DIGITALIFORM. Like campanulate, frequently employed in certain cases of
hut longer and irregular, as the corolla of dropsy and of heart disease with great
Digitalis.
benefit, though its use demands care and
vigilance on the part of the practitioner.
DIGITALIS. A genvis of Scrophulariacece, Lately it has been recommended in large
represented in this country hy the well- doses in delirium tremens.
known Foxglove which is the badge of
; Several other species are grown in gar-
the Farquharsons. The genus consists of dens, such as D. grandiflora and P. lutea,
several species, which are biennials or with yellow flowers, and D.ferruginea with
perennials, with flowers having a calyx brown flowers, but none rival our indige-
deeply divided into five unequal segments nous foxglove in beauty, though they may
an irregular tubular corolla, the tube of do so in their poisonous qualities. [M.T.M.]
which is distended in the middle, the limb DIGITARIA. A genus of grasses belong-
four or five-lobed, the lowest lobe the ing to the tribe Panicew, distinguished by
longest four concealed stamens and the
; ;
the inflorescence being in fingered spikes
f ruit a capsule opening by two valves. spikelets in pairs, on one side of the flat-
D. purpurea, the common
foxglove, is a
tened rachis, awnless, one-flowered with
well-known ornament of woods and road- an inferior rudiment of a second ; seed
sides in this country and the central parts invested with the hardened pales. This
of Europe. It has an erect stem three to genus is nearly allied to Panicum, under
four feet high, marked with a few longitu- which all ' the species are described by
dinal ridges and covered with greyish
Steudel. They are mostly natives of the
down the leaves are alternate, ovate-
;
middle and south of Europe, one, P. humi-
lanceolate or oblong, covered with down, |

fusa, reaching to the southern counties of

especially on the under surface, their mar-
!

England. [D. M.]

gins crenate or divided into small rounded i

lobes, and the base tapered gradually into DIGITATE. When several distinct leaf-
the leafstalks. The raceme is at the ex- '

lets radiate from the point of a leaf-stalk.

tremity of the stem, and consists of a DIGITINERVED. When the ribs of a
number of flowers each protected by a leaf radiatefrom the top of the petiole.
bract, and all drooping on one side of the
stem the corollas are irregularly bell-
; DIGITUS (adj. DIGITALIS). The length
shaped, and upwards of an inch in length, of the Index finger.
]
and of a pinkish-purple colour, marked in DIGLOTTIS. A name applied to a Brazi-
the interior with circular dark spots, which shrub of the rue family, characterised
j

lian
are interspersed among a number of deli-
!

by its bell-shaped calyx

:

; its corolla of five

cate light-coloured hairs. This plant from
i

partially united petals; its five stamens,

its stately beauty is cultivated in shrub-
i

three of which are sterile and adherent to

'

beries and gardens, where likewise a va-

the tube of the corolla, while the two fer-
riety with white flowers may be frequently
tile stamens have flattened filaments, hairy
j

observed. In cultivated plants there fre-

at the top, and anthers whose connectives
quently occurs a malformation, wbereby
are prolonged into acute hairy strap-like
some one or two of the uppermost flowers processes ; ovaries five. [M. T. M.]
become united together, and form an erect,
regular, cup-shaped flower, through the i
DIGRAMMARIA. A genus of polypo-
centre of which the upper extremity of the diaceous ferns proposed by Presl, and
stem is more or less prolonged. All parts figured by him in his Tentamen Pteridogra-
of this plant possess powerful medicinal phice, but somewhat doubtful as to its
properties, which are due to an extremely identity, no fern with indusia such as he
poisonous substance called digitalin. In describes being known to possess venation
medicine the leaves are the parts used, in such as he figures. Some regard Callipteris
the form of tincture and infusion. The ef- ambigua as the plant intended by Presl
fects of this drug are various and remark- while others consider it to be the plant he
able; that most frequently observed is a afterwards named Heterogonium, which
lessening of the force and frequency of the latter view we adopt. This fern has linear
pulse. This occasionally takes place to a oblong naked sori, borne on the two
dangerous degree, and more than one in- branches of the forked veins, and looking
I
stance is recorded, of a patient under the like double lines of spore-cases united
; influence of this medicine, having died im- below hence appropriate to the name.
:

mediately on making a sudden effort to The veins too are arcuate, forming costal
change his posture. Theheart.enfeebledby areoles, with free marginal venules as in
i
the drug, has been unequal to the fulfll- Presl's figure. [T. M.]
; ment of its functions under the increased I

DIGRAPHIS. A genus of grasses be-

requirements made upon it by the change
longing to the tribe Phalaridece, and now
in position. Hence, although it may be, ;

'

generally referred to Phalaris. [D. M.]

and is sometimes used in large doses with
impunity, its action must always be watch- i
DILIVARIA. A small genus of Acan-
ed with great care, the more particularly as thacece, containing probably not more than
occasionally when employed in small but , three species, erect shrubs, natives of
India and Africa. They have entire or leaves they have only ten stamens and
;

generally spinose and dentate leaves, five styles. According to Dr. Cleghorn, it
and showy bracteate flowers in leafless isprobable that this tree, and not the Calo-
spikes the corolla consisting of a single
; phyllnm Inophyllum, as generally supposed,
three-lobed lip enclosing four didynamous furnishes the valuable poon spars used for
stamens, with one-celled anthers, the mar- Indian shipping.
gins of which are ciliated. LW. C] D. speciosa is also a very handsome tree,
growing about forty feet high, and com-
DILL. Ayiethum graveolens.
monly cultivated in India on account of its
DILLENIACE^E natu-
(Dilleniads). A ornamental appearance. It is found in all
ral order of thalamifloral dicotyledons in- parts of tropical India, as well as in the Ma-
cluded in Lindley's ranal alliance, con- layan Islands and peninsula. The leaves are
sisting of trees, shrubs, or undershrubs from ten inches to a foot in length seated
with exstipulate alternate leaves five ;
upon broad foot-stalks and the flowers are
;

persistent sepals in two rows five decidu- ;

produced at the same time as the leaves,
ous imbricated petals stamens more than
;
which are of great size and beauty, measur-
twenty, often turned to one side. Fruit ing, when fully expanded, as much as nine
consisting of two or five distinct or united inches in diameter the petals white and
;

carpels seeds surrounded by an aril albu-

; ;
contrasting with the bright yellow sta-
men homogeneous. There are about thirty mens, which are extremely numerous, and
known genera and 230 species. They are form a dense globular mass in the centre
found chiefly in Australia, India, and of the flower, with the stigmas radiating
Equinoctial America. They have astrin- like a white star upon the summit. The
gent qualities. Some
are large timber fruit is about three inches in diameter, en-
trees. Dillenia speciosa is an Indian tree closed in the swollen and fleshy calyx,
with showy flowers and an edible acid which, as well as the fruit, is eatable but
fruit. There are two suborders 1. Dil- :
very acid, and is also said to be slightly
lenece, connective of the anthers equal laxative. The natives in India use it in their
or narrow at the point, found in Asia and curries or for making jelly, and the acid
Australia 2. Delimece,
; connective of the juice sweetened with sugar forms a cool-
anthers dilated at the point, found chiefly ing fever drink. The hard tough wood, also,
in America. Illustrative genera : Dillenia, is used for making gun-stocks. The fruits
Candollea, Delima, and Tetracera. [J.H.B.] and calices of another species, D. scabrella,
are likewise used in the same way as those
DILLENIA. The species of this genus of the last species ; and the Cinghalese
of dilleniads are handsome lofty trees in- employ a decoction of the leaves of D.
habiting dense forests in India and the retusa, for cleansing foul ulcers. [A. S.]
Malayan Peninsula and Islands, one only
reaching as far as the base of the Himalayan DILL-SEED. The name applied by Ben-
mountains. They have large alternate tham to Anethum graveolens.
generally oval or oblong leaves, strongly DILLWTNIA. A genus of pretty yellow-
marked with parallel veins running from flowered juniper-leaved bushes of the legu-
the midrib to the margin, where they form minous family, numbering about a dozen
the points of sharp teeth. The flowers, species, three of which are found in Tas-
which are frequently large and showy, mania, and the remainder in the southern
have five fleshy concave sepals, and and western parts of Australia. The leaves
five white or yellow petals, the sepals have no stipules, the pedicels are furnished
increasing in size after flowering and with little bracts, and the vexillum or
eventually closely covering the ripe fruit. upper petal is broad. These characters
The stamens are very numerous, and ar- taken together serve to distinguish the
ranged in several series round the pistil, genus from Pultencea, to which it is most
those composing the inner rows facing nearly allied. In a few the leaves are more
outwards, while the outer ones face in- like those of a heath than a juniper they
;

wards, the anthers opening by pores or are either smooth or slightly rough, and
holes at the top. The fruit consists of sometimes covered with a grey pubescence.
from five to twenty cells (or carpels) grow- The little yellow pea-flbvvers, scarcely half
ing together round a fleshy centre, and an inch across, make up for their minute-
surmounted by as many radiating styles ;
ness by their great profusion; they are
each cell containing numerous seeds, sur- arranged in axillary or terminal clusters
rounded by a gelatinous pulp. which seldom exceed the leaves. The
D. pentagyna is common throughout the minute pods, unless carefully searched for,
peninsula of India, Birmah, and Malaya, will be readily overlooked they are nearly
;

and forms a handsome forest tree, with a oval, ventricose, and one or two-seeded.
broad spreading head. Its leaves are of A number
of these plants have long
extraordinary size, averaging from one to been in cultivation in greenhouses, and
two feet long, but in young trees some- richly repay the attention of the cultivator
times as much as four or five feet they ; in the great profusion of their yellow
are pointed at the top, and gradually taper blossoms. One of the best is D. ericcr folia,
from the middle to the base, the edges which has solitary or twin bright yellow
being either toothed or waved. The flow- flowers, arranged so closely towards the
ers are yellow, about an inch in diameter, ends of the branches as nearly to hide the
and produced in clusters upon the naked leaves this plant is sometimes called D.
:

branches before the appearance of the floribunda from the abundance of its
 409 &)t Crca^urn of 23flfcm». [dion

flowers. In B. parvifolia the leaves are bloom from June to September. These have
scarcely a quarter of an inch long, and the florets of the ray white above, violet
the flowers are in terminal clusters of four below, and those of the disk brown. B.
or five, of a pale-yellow colour, with the stan- pliivialis is so called because the florets
dard marked at the base by a reddish tint. of the ray fold together and close at the
One of the most desirable species, from its approach of rain. French, Souci pluvial or
flowering while not more than eight inches hygrometre. [C.A. J.]
high, is B. scabra, which has linear leaves
about half an inch long covered with
DINEMANDRA. A genus of heath-like
Peruvian shrubs, belonging to the Mal-
minute tubercles this is remarkable in pighiacecB. They bear
;
flowers in clusters,
having stalked corymbs of bright nearly
on small jointed stalks the calyx in five
;
scarlet flowers at the ends of the twigs.
divisions, each provided with one or
The genus is named after L. "W. Dillwyn, more glands at its base; the stamens
Esq., an English botanist. [A. A. BJ
ten, united below, eight being sterile and
DILOPHIA. A genus of Cruciferce from short. The fruits consist of three-winged
Thibet, a small annual with spathulate carpels. [M. T. MJ
leaves, and the flowering racemes con- DISTKEL. (Fr.) Triticum monococcum.
tracted into umbels pouch tuberculated
;

with a partition, having a wide opening DINOPHORA. A genus of the Melas-

through it. [J. T. SJ tovia family, nearly related to Spennera,
from which it differs in its five, not three-
DIMIDIATE. "When one half of an organ celled ovary. It is represented by a single
is so much smaller than the other as to species, B. spenneroides, which is a smooth
seem as if missing hardly different from slender branching bush of three to five
;

oblique except in degree also slit half-way feet, found in moist places in Fernando
;

up. Po, and bearing opposite stalked oval-acute

leaves, the branches terminated by loose
DlillDIATO-CORDATE.Whenthelarger panicles of little pink flowers, which have
half of a dimidiate leaf is cordate.
;

a top-shaped calyx tube, five oval acute

'

DDIORPBTAXTHUS. A genus belong- petals, and ten stamens. [A. A. B.]

ing to ivyworts. The name means two- '
j

formed flower,' indicating that there are DIODIA. A genus of Cinchonacece, con-
sisting of herbaceous plants or small
some flowers which are in every respect
shrubs, natives of Tropical America and
perfect and produce fruit, and others in
which no perfect seeds are 'formed. The Africa. They have small white flowers,
flowers of the first kind have the calyx
with a calyx divided into two or four equal
oblong and bell-shaped, or ovate and pent- or unequal segments; a funnel-shaped
corolla, the tube of which is lined with
,

agonal the styles or appendages on the

;

upper part of the seed-vessel are more or hairs, and the limb divided into four lanceo-
;

late divisions; four stamens inserted into

less spreading; in the other flowers the
i

the throat of the corolla and an ovary ad-

tube of the calyx is in the form of a hemi- ;

herent to the calyx tube, surmounted by a

sphere and very short, while the styles ap-
fleshy disk, and internally divided into two
proach each other. The species are shrubs
or herbs, natives of China and Japan
compartments, each containing a single
;

. some are prickly, others unarmed the ;

;
j ovule. [M. T. MJ
. leaves are alternate, once or twice pinnate, DKECIA (adj. DICECIOF/S, DIOICUS).
;
the leaflets serrate. Dr. Lindley, in his
|

When the sexes of a plant are borne in

j
Vegetable Kingdom, states that B. edulis
'
\
different flowers by distinct individuals,
is employed in China for exciting the as in willows. Expressed by the signs
action of the skin and producing perspira-
tion its young shoots are a delicate article
;
I

of food, and its root, which is bitter, aro- DIOICO-POLYGAMOTTS. When some of
j

matic, and pleasant to the taste, is em- the flowers of a dioecious plant produce
I ployed by the Japanese in whiter, as we hermaphrodite flowers.
use Scorzonera.' [G. D.] DIOLENA. A genus of Melastomacece
found in Venezuela, and nearly allied to
DMORPHOLEPIS. An Australian genus Sonerila, but differing in having the parts
of the composite family represented by one of the flower in fives and also to Berto-
;
species, B. anstralis, an annual branching linia, from which it is recognised by the
herb one to three inches high, with linear form of the anthers, which are ten in
nearly smooth leaves, and stems clothed number, short obovate and open at top
with loose tawny hairs, and terminated by by two pores, while at the junction of the
small yellow flower-heads, which have an anther with its stalks there are tAvo slender
involucre of two sorts of scales, while the erect spur-like appendages. The only
florets are all tubular, and the few outer known species, B. hygrophila, is a dwarf
female ones three-toothed. [A. A. BJ unbranched herb, with opposite long-
stalked oval pointed entire leaves, and
DIMORPHOTHECA. The Cape Marigold,
known also under the names of Calendula terminal one-sided raceme of small white
pliivialis and Meteorina gracilipes. An flowers, succeeded by three-celled and
annual herbaceous plant with narrow sin- three-winged capsules. [A. A. BJ
uated and toothed leaves, very slender DION^E ATTRAPE-MOUCHE. (Fr.)
weak stems, and pretty flowers which Bioncea vmscipula.
DION] l&fyz Ercatfurp of 23d tang. 410
DI01SLEA. A singular plant
referred to by their whole base. The female cone is
in most works on structural and physio- about the size of a child's head, and con-
logical botany, as affording a striking in- sists of flat lance-shaped scales, covered
stance of vegetable irritability, B. musci- with wool, and two-lobed at the base each ;

pula, Venus's Flytrap, the only species, scale bears two large seeds of the size of
belongs to the order Droseracece, and is an chestnuts. The seeds of B. edule yield a
humble marsh plant bearing from the root, large quantity of starch which is used as
on a smooth leafless stalk a few inches high, arrowroot. [M. T. M.]
a corymb of white flowers. The root is
composed of scales almost like a bulb DIORYCTANDRA. This name, whicli
with a few fibres. From this proceed in a has but slender claims to euphony, is ap-
plied to a shrub of the violet family, in
radiating manner a number of leaves on
allusion to the passage of the style through
lougish stalks, which are winged like those
of the orange-tree. The lamina of the leaf
the anthers. The genus is closely allied
to Alsodeia from which it differs in the
itself is divided by the midrib into two
nearly semicircular halves, each of which greenish petals, which are stalked, not
is fringed with stiff hairs, and furnished
sessile and in the stamens which have
;

near the middle with three minute bristles slender filaments as long as the stalks of
arranged in a triangle, which bristles are the petals. [M. T. M.]
extremely irritable, and when touched by DIOSCOREACEiE. (Yams.) A natural
a fly or other insect cause the two sides of order of monocotyledonous or Endogenous
the leaf to collapse with a sudden spring, plants belonging to the subclass of Bictyo-
imprisoning the intruder until it is either gence. Twining shrubs or herbs with
tubers either above or below ground, usu-
ally alternate leaves with reticitlated vena-
tion, and small staminate and pistillate
flowers growing in spikes. Perianth six-
cleft, in two rows, herbaceous and adhe-
rent stamens six, inserted into the base
;

of the perianth ;ovary inferior, three-

celled ovules one or two, suspended style
; ;

three-cleft. Fruit compressed, three-celled,

two cells often abortive ; seeds albumin-
ous embryo in a cavity. They are found
;

chiefly in tropical countries. Tamus is,

however, a native of Europe and of the
temperate parts of Asia.
Acridity prevails in the order, but it is
often associated with a large amount of
starch. Various Bioscoreas produce edible
tubers, which are known as yams and are
Dionsea muscipula. used like potatoes. Tamus communis,
black bryony, has an acrid purgative and
dead or ceases to move. Some time after emetic tuber, and a berried fruit of a red
all motion has ceased, they open again colour. Testudinaria Elephantopis has a re-
spontaneously. It is a native of the
markably tuberculated stem, and has been
swamps of North Carolina, but is often called elephant's foot or the tortoise-plant
cultivated in English stoves. Biomsa is of the Cape. The central part is eaten by
derived from Dione, one of the C4reek the Hottentots. There are seven genera
names of Venus muscipula is in Latin a
:
'
and 160 species. Tamus, Testudinaria,
fly-trap.' As might be expected, the same and Bioscorea, are examples. [J. H. BJ
result is produced by touching the irri-
table bristles with any fine-pointed sub- DIOSCOREA. The typical genus of the
stance, as a pin or bit of straw. French, order of yams. Upwards of 150 species
L'attrape-mouche German, Venus die flie-
: are described, most of them being confined
genfungerin. [C. A. J.] to tropical countries, principally in Ame-
rica and Asia, the majority, however, be-
DIONYSIA. A genus of Prhnulacece, longing to the former continent about a
;

closely allied to Gregoria, and including

dozen are found in Africa, and three or
all the Oriental species previously de- four in Australia. They are herbaceous
scribed under the latter name, but dis- perennials qr undershrubs, with twining
tinguished by Boissier from the European stems generally turning to the left hand
G. vitaliana on account of some slight and fleshy tuberous roots their leaves
:

differences in the seeds and in the shape are usually produced alternately, but occa-
of the corolla. They are all small Alpine sionally opposite, and, except in a few spe-
tufted plants, with flowers intermediate cies where they are divided into several
between those of a Primula and of an radiating lobes, they are always entire,
Androsace. and have several strongly-marked veins
DION. A family of Mexican Oycadeacem running throughout their entire length.
with a simple Zamia-like stem clothed The flowers, which are very small and in-
with woolly hairs, and bearing light-green conspicuous, are produced in spikes from
pinnate leaves, whose leaflets are sword- the bases of the leaves, and consist of a
shaped, very sharp, attached to the petiole perianth of variable form, but usually
411 Cfjs STrcasurg af 33ntanp, [diot

either bell or f unnel-shaped ; the males ,

latitude 44°. They have flowers of se-
have six stamens, and the females a three- parate sexes on different trees, and
celled ovary, surmounted by a style se- borne in little clusters, or singly at the
parating into three stigmas. bases of the leaves ; the calyx divided
Tnder the name of Tarns, the large into from four to six lobes and the corolla
;

fleshy tuberous roots of several species of tubular or bell-shaped. The fruit is fleshy
this genus are extensively used for food or pulpy, generally either globose or egg-
in many tropical and subtropical countries, shaped, and varies greatly in size.
where they are largely cultivated, and Ebony wood is obtained from several
take the place of our potatoes.. Among species of this genus. The best and most
the species most commonly employed for costly kind, with the blackest and finest
this purpose are B. sativa, which is a na-
: grain, is that imported from the Mauritius,
tive of Malabar, Java, and the Philippines ;
which is yielded by B. reticulata. East
B. alata of the Moluccas and Java, and B. Indian ebony is mostly procured from two
aculeata of Malabar, Cochin China, and species, B. Helanoxylon aud B. Ebeu aster ;

Java, all of which are cultivated in various while the best kind of Ceylon ebony is ob-
parts of tropical Asia, and likewise in the tained from B. Ebenum. It is only the
West Indies, where they have been intro- inner part of the trunk or heart-wood, as it
duced besides which, B. gldbosa, B. pur-
: is called, that yields the black ebony, the
purea, B. rubella, and D. fasiculata are outer portion or sap-wood being white and
cultivated in India, and other species else- soft. The chief uses of ebony are for fancy
where. Yams vary greatly iu size and colour, cabinet-making, mosaic work, and turnery,
according to the species or variety pro- and for making a vast number of small I

ducing them ; many attain a length of two articles, such as knife handles, door knobs !

or three feet, and weigh from 30 to 40 lbs. and plates, pianoforte keys, &c.
some are white, others purplish through- B. quwsita produces the beautiful wood
out, while some have a purple skin with called Calamander in Ceylon, and which i

whitish flesh, and others are pink, or even the Cinghalese use for making the finest i

black. Like potatoes they contain a large kinds of ornamental furniture. It is a very
quantity of starch and a nutritious meal,
; large tree, and the wood is so extremely
used for making cakes, puddings, &c, is hard that it is only worked with great dif- !

prepared from them in the West Indies, Acuity. B. JEmbryopteris is a tree called
where, also, they are commonly sliced and Gaub by the Hindus. Its fruit is power- |

dried in the sun in order to preserve fully astringent, and is employed for tan- !

them. ning purposes. The juice of the unripe

One species, the Chinese or Japanese Yam, fruit is very viscid, and is used in India for
B. Batatas, has recently come into notice in paying the seams of boats fishing nets
;

this country, where it has been recom- are also coated with it to render them
mended for cultivation as a substitute for more durable.
the potato but although it succeeds very
; The fruit of the Kaki or Chinese Date
well when properly managed, it has not as Plum, B. Kaki, is as large as an ordinary
yet found much favour among agricul- apple, of a bright red colour, and contains
turists. The chief drawback connected a yellow semi-transparent pulp resembling
with it, is the great depth to which the the flesh of a plum, both in appearance and
roots penetrate into the earth, and the flavour. The Chinese dry them in the sun,
consequent difficulty of extracting them. and make them into sweetmeats. The tree
It isextensively grown and used for food is a native of China and Japan, but is culti-
in China and Japan. [A. S.] vated in India. B. virginiana is the Vir-
ginian Date Plum or Persiinon, a native
DIOSMA. A genus of heath-like plants, of the United States, where it attains a
natives of the Cape of Good Hope, and
height of fifty or sixty feet, with a trunk
belonging to Rutacea. It is nearly al-
about a foot and a half in diameter, the
lied to Barosma, but differs in that the
heart-wood of which is of a brown colour,
flowers have Ave fertile stamens, and no
hard and elastic, but liable to split. The
sterile ones, in the style being shorter than
fruit of the Persimon is an inch or more in
the stamens, in the more narrow leaves, and
diameter, nearly round, and of a yellowish
in other minor points. They possess a fra-
orange colour, very austere and astringent
grance not unlike that of the kinds of
even when quite ripe, but when bletted or
Bucku (Barosma), and many of them are softened by the action of frost it becorffes
cultivated for their white or pinkish flow-
eatable. In the Southern States, Persimons
ers, the most frequently met with being
are pounded and made into cakes with
B. capitate, and ericoides. [M. T. M.]
bran, and by adding yeast and hops to an
DIOSPYROS. Large hard-wooded'trees, infusion of the cakes a kind of beer is
or rarely shrubs, belonging to the Ebena- brewed or, by fermenting and distilling
;

cece, which is so named in consequence of j

them they yield a spirituous liquor. The
several species of this genus yielding the bark of the tree is very bitter, and pos-
black wood called ebony. There are upwards j
sesses febrifugal properties it has been
;

of 100 species, the greater part of them successfully employed by American physi-
natives of Asia and the Mauritius, only i
cians in cases of cholera infantum and
about a dozen being found on the Ameri- ;
diarrhoea. [A. S.]
can continent, and three or four in Africa
for the most part they are confined to the I DIOTIS. A Siberian
shrub belonging to
tropics, but a few extend as far north as the Chenopodiaceee, deriving its name, sig-
dipe] €3)£ Evca^urw of SSotang. 412

nifyihg two-eared, from the calyx of the ing shrubs or undershrubs, natives of
female flower which is of one piece, but Central America, having opposite entire
deeply divided, and ending in two horns. B. leaves, and at their point of attachment
cemtoides, the only species, is a dwarf often provided with glands or bristles the
;

bushy hoary plant, plentifully furnished flowers are handsome, springing from near
with slender spreading branches. The the point of insertion of the leaves, or in
leaves are narrow tapering towards each terminal clusters. These plants are near
end and alternate. Neither male nor female allies of the well-known genus Eclntcs, in
flowers are showy, but the former from which indeed some of them were formerly
their number and the prominence of the included.
stamens, render the flowering of the plant The species of Bipladenia are divided
obvious. They have a slight scent of a into two sections: 1. Those in which the
honey-like sweetness. [C. A J.] glands at the base of the seed-vessel are
large and well developed, and the append-
DIPETALOUS. Consisting of two petals. ages at the insertion of the leaves, small
or wanting 2. Those having the glands
DIPHYLLEIA A genus of Berberidacece
.
|
;

small. There are some differences in the

containing a North American herb, with
|

general outline of the corolla. In certain

thick horizontal rhizomes, sending up a
!

i
species it is almost salver-shaped, the tube
large roundish peltate umbrella-like leaf slightly inflated at the top in others the
deeply-lobed, or a flowering stem with two ;

tubular part is cylindrical below, and fun-

alternate excentrically peltate deeply-cleft
nel-shaped above. Some approach the her-
leaves with wedge-shaped segments and
baceous character, with narrow leaves
a terminal cyme of rather small white others are undershrubs with broader
flowers, having six sepals, six petals, and
leaves. Several species must be ranked
six stamens: fruit a few-seeded berry. The
with the finest of our stove plants, and are
only species, B. cymosa, a native of the among the more important and recent ac-
southern United States, is there called the quisitions of collectors.
Umbrella Leaf. [J. T. S.]
The twining habit, the large and graceful
DIPHYLLOTTS. Two-leaved. flowers and general appearance of the
foliage are sufficient recommendations.
DIPHYSCIUM. A curious genus of B. crassinoda, nobilis, splendens, and others,
mosses allied to Buxbaumia, with large
occupy a prominent place as stove climbers.
oblique nearly sessile capsules, an obscure The charming and finely-coloured convol-
or obsolete outer peristome, the inner
vulus-like flowers of B. splendens succeed
being formed of a conical membrane with each other for weeks. [G. DJ
sixteen folds thickened at the prominent
angles, as though so many thread-shaped DIPL A1N DBA. A genus of onagrads,
outer teeth were united with it. There is distinguished by having the calyx in four
but one well-established species which lanceolate divisions, two of which are often
occurs on shady banks and barren places joined the corolla has four divisions, one
;

in mountainous districts. The leaves are larger than the others, all attached to the
narrow and linear, and resemble somewhat calyx and shorter than it. The name Bi-
those of Polytrichum. The plant looks plandra indicates another character, viz.
like a monstrous Phascum. [M. J. B.] the presence of two stamens only, opposite
to two pieces of the calyx. The only species,
DIPL ACTTS. A genus of Scrophulariacece, B. lopezoides, a native of Mexico, is a
closely allied to Mimulus, from which it branched hairy shrub, with opposite
chiefly differs in a shrubby habit, and in shortly-stalked leaves, which are oblong
the capsule which, on opening, cai'ries and narrow toward the end, almost entire,
away the seed-bearing placentas attached and hairy on both surfaces. The flowers
to the valves. There are three or four are purple, forming clusters. [G. D.]
species known, all natives of Mexico or
California. B. glutinosus, a native of North- DIPLANTHEBA. A scrophalariaceous
tree, native of tropical Australia, with
ern California, has long been cultivated in
our gardens under the names of Mimulus large f our-lobed stalked leaves, which have
glutinosus, M. aurantiacus, or B.puniceus. two glands at their base, and terminal
clusters of handsome flowers, with yellow
it is an erect branching plant, becoming
more two-lipped corolla, and four projecting sta-
or less shrubby at the base, the young
bran ches being often very viscid. The leaves mens. [M. T. M.]
are opposite, varying from broadly-oblong DIPLABCHE. A genus of Ericacea?, con-
to narrow-lanceolate. The flowers are sisting of evergreen, heath-like under-
rather large, solitary in the upper axils, shrubs, with prostrate stems, and small
and vary from a pale yellow to a rich orange rose-coloured flowers ai-ranged in terminal
or scarlet. heads. It is botanically characterised by
DIPLADENIA. The generic name of the presence of ten stamens in two rows,
plants belonging to the order of dogbanes,
the upper placed upon the corolla (perigy-
nous), the lower arising from beneath the
distinguished principally by the presence
of two blunt glands at the base of the seed-
ovary (hypogynous), a most unusual cir-
cumstance. These shrubs are natives of
vessel, each of which is apparently formed
the Himalayan mountains. [M. T. M.]
of two conjoined. The name Bipladenia,
"double gland," appropriately indicates DIPLASPIS. A genus of Umbelli/erce,
the chief character. The species are climb- consisting of two species, natives of the
413 &I)e €"rai£ury at 3Batattg. [dipl

South Eastern Alps of Australia and of neled leaves notched at the apex, and
Tasmania, They are small herbs with radi- axillary racemes, or panicles of small pink j

cal stalked cordate or reniforru leaves, and ]

flowers with a crimson lip, or the petals
simple scapes bearing a small simple umbel are dull brown with a lilac lip. The lip has
of flowers. They have thus the habit of two instead of one short spur, whence the
Hydrocotyle, whilst the fruit is nearly that name, and this is the only character which
of a Bolax. separates the genus from the well-known
Vanda. [A. A. B.]
DIPLAX A genus of grasses belonging
to the tribe Oryzece, distinguished by the DIPLOCLLNTTJM. A genus of begoniads,
inflorescence being in panicles, the spike- separated from Begonia by Lindley, but
lets two-flowered glumes two, unequal,
;
subsequently restricted by Klotzsch. It
the inferior one nerved, blunt and ovate, contains plants which are found in the East
the superior much larger lower floret ster- ; Indies and in Java. The staminate flowers
ile stamens two or one styles short and
; ; have four, the pistillate three sepals
smooth. B. avenacea, the only species, is anthers oblong with narrow lateral As-
a native of Xew Zealand. [D. M.] sures; filaments slightly united at the
base; style persistent with two lunate
DIPLAZIITM. A genus of polypodiaceous branches furnished with a continuous pa-
ferns, belonging to that group of the Asple-
pillose band placentas split lengthwise.
niece which have the indusia connate in ;

There are five species. The name refers

pairs set back to back on the same vein, the
to the divided placenta. [J. H. B.]
veins in this case being free. The limit
between Biplazium and Asplenium is not DIPLOCLISIA. This genus of Meni-
very definite, certain of the species bear- spermacea?, proposed by Miers, has been
ing but few of the double sori of Diplazium referred by Drs. Hooker and Thomson to
amongst many of the single sori character- the genus Coceulus, from which it differs
istic of Asplenium. On this account the only in the elongated drupe, a character I

two groups have been reunited by some not of sufficient importance in the judg-
modern botanists. It is, however, more ment of those authors to constitute a new
convenient to keep them distinct. The genus. [M. T. M.]
species are rather numerous and very
varied in size, form, and habit, some bear-
DIPLOE. That part of the parenchyme
of a leaf which intervenes between the
ing simple fronds like Scolopenclrium,
others very large bipinnate or tripinnate two layers of epiderm.
fronds. There is a tendency in many of DIPLOGENEA. A genus of Melasto-
them to develope a short stem. [T. M.] viacece, nearly related to Medinilla. The
only known species, B. viscoides, is found
DIPLECOLOBE^E. A
subdivision of
in Madagascar, where it grows on trees, and
cruciferous plants, embracing those in
has somewhat the appearance of mistletoe,
which the cotyledons are twice folded, but is not like that, a parasite. It has fleshy
and the embryo,when cut across, presents
smooth three-nerved leaves, between oval
this appearance, II, in which O repre-
II II

sents the cut radicle, which is placed on the

and elliptical in form, and small flowers
arranged in axillary cymes. These have a
back of the two cotyledons marked by lines
bell-shaped calyx, with a nearly entire
to show that they are cut across three
II
fleshy border, four oval petals, and eight
times. Among the genera in this section
equal stamens. Its leaves are said to be
of Cruciferce are placed Senebiera, Brachy-
furnished with dots like those seen in
carpcea, Subularia, Seliophila, Schizopeta-
myrtles. [A. A. B.]
lum, and a few others. [J. H. B.]

DIPLESTHES. A name sometimes given DIPLOL^NA. A genus of shrubs natives

to the Cape species of Solatia.
of New Holland, belonging to Rutacece.
They have alternate stalked dotted leaves
DIPLOCALYMXA. An imperfectly de- with stellate hairs on the upper surface,
scribed genus, included by its author, and thick white down on the lower. The
Sprengel, among Pentandria, and subse- flowers are borne within a many-parted in-
quently referred to Thunbergia (Acantha- volucre, the bracts of which are arranged |

cem), but incorrectly if Sprengel's descrip- in three rows, the outermost being woolly,
tion can be trusted and also to Convolvu-
; the inner petaloid. [M. T. M.]
lacece, with no genus of which, however,
does it seem to be allied. The genus is
DIPLOLOMA. A
genus of Boraginaceaz
a,lliedto Cynoglossum and more nearly to
founded on a twining plant, without a
Solenanthus. It has a tubular corolla with
locality, having the appearance of a Con-
five bosses at the throat and an erect five-
volculvus. It is described as possessing a
double calyx, the outer two-valved and cleft limb ; stamens longer than the co-
rolla nuts adhering to a central column by
the inner ten-toothed the corolla infundi- ;
;
their inner angle, crowned and margined
bulifonn, and subplicate; the anthers
sagittate and included the stigma urceo- ;
by a ring. A
native of the Altai. [J. T. S.]

late and subbilobed. [W. C] DIPLOMORPHA. A name at one time

given to afewplants of thedaphnad family
DIPLOCENTB.TTM. A. genus of epiphytal which are now generally known as spe-
orchids found growing on tree stems in
cies of Wickstrbmia. [A. A. B.]
the Madras presidency. The three known
species, B. recitrvum, lantifolium, and con- DIPLOPAPPUS. A genus of perennial
geetum, are furnished with strap-like chan- bushes or dwarf herbs of the composite
dipl] <£ije &rea£urj? ctf 23ntang. 414
family, very near Aster, and only differing head-like spikes; spikelets one-flowered;
in the nature of the pappus, which is glumes two, lax, membranaceous, and
double, the outer row of short stiff bristles, awned stamens three
; ovary sessile ; ,"

the inner of capillary bristles as long as styles two, joined at the base; stigmas
the disk florets whilst in Aster the pappus
; feathery. B. setaceus, the only species,
is single. About twenty species are known, is a native of New Holland. [D. M.]
some found in South Africa, others in DIPLOPTERYS. A
genus of Malpighia-
China and the Himalayas, and the re- cece,consisting of climbing shrubs natives
mainder chiefly in North America. The of Guiana, with yellow flowers disposed in
most of the Cape species are smooth an umbellate manner, and surrounded by
bushes with small linear or oblong leaves, a series of bracts. The calyx has five seg-
and solitary stalked flower-heads terminat- ments, four of which are provided with two
ing the twigs. B. asper, of the same glands stamens ten, slightly coherent at
country, is an herb about a foot high, with
;

the base ovary three-lobed, three-celled

;
sessile lance-shaped leaves, entire or styles three; fruit with five somewhat
;

toothed at the margin, and handsome

woody wings. [M. T. MJ
flower-heads, which are solitary and sup-
ported on long naked stalks, and nearly DIPLOSIPHON. A genus of Rydrocha-
two inches across, the ray florets being ridacece, an annual herb growing in rice
strap-shaped and purple, those of the disk fields in India,with radicle leaves arranged
tubular and yellow. A goodly number of in a rosette and axillary perfect flowers
;

those found in the Himalayas are hand- from a spathe split at the apex. The peri-
some Alpine plants.with short unbranched anth tube is twice as long as the spathe,
stems, furnished with oblong toothed or the three outer segments of the limb herb-
entire leaves, and terminated by single aceous, the three inner larger, petaloid,
flower-heads one to two inches in diameter, white stamens three style long, adhering
; ;

the outer florets strap-shaped and violet, to the perianth tube; fruit membranous,
the inner yellow and tubular. The North many-seeded. [J. T. S.]
American species are mostly shrubby, with
linear or lanceolate leaves, and terminal DIPLOSPORA. A Chinese shrub of the
corymbs of flower-heads of which the ray cinchona family, but imperfectly known.
florets are either blue, purple, or white. The calyx tube is obovate, its limb some-
Almost the only species found in South what bell-shaped, four-toothed the corolla :

America is B. larunduUfolia, a large hand- with a wide tube, hairy at the throat, and
some bush found on the Peruvian Andes with a limb divided into four fleshy
at an elevation of 11,000 to 12,000 feet; its spreading segments the anthers four,
;

closely packed leaves are covered under- sessile, projecting. B. dubia or Canthium
neath with white down, and the numerous da,l>ium is a shrub with axillary tufts of
little twigs are each terminated by a purple- white flowers. [M. T. M.]
rayed flower-head. This plant and a few DIPLOSTEMONOTTS. Having twice as
of the North American species are also many stamens as petals.
known under the generic name of Biploste-
pliium, and some of the former are known DIPLOSTEPHIUM. Biplopappus.
also by the name Eucephalus. [A. A. B.] DIPLOTAXIS. A family of unimportant
herbaceous plants, belonging to the Cruci-
DIPLOPELTIS. A genus of Sapindacece ferceand allied to Sinapis, distinguished
composed of a few West Australian herbs by having the seeds arranged in two
from one to three feet high.with alternate rows in a long compressed pod. B. tenui-
wedge-shaped and toothed, or sometimes, folia is a slender glabrous perennial plant
pinnatifld leaves, and terminal panicles of
with a branched stem shrubby at the base,
numerous pretty pink flowers, each about bluntly divided leaves, and rather large
half an inch across. All the parts of the
light-yellow flowers. It grows in quarries,
plant are usually covered with a short
on rubbish and walls, near large towns.
white glandular pubescence. The flowers
B. muralis is a smaller and much rarer spe-
are male and female on the same plant, the cies, an annual whose stems and leaves are
former with a calyx of five leaves, five ob- rough with scattered hairs. [C. A. JJ
long petals, and usually eight stamens;
the latter with a similar calyx and corolla, DIPLOTEGIA. An inferior capsule.
and a three-lobed ovary crowned with a
simple twisted style. The herbaceous na- DIPLUSODON. A genus of Lythracece,
ture of the plants is almost enough to dis- consisting of Brazilian herbs and shrubs
tinguish them in the family, which is for with opposite often four-angled branches,
the most part composed of bushes or trees opposite or verticillate entire leaves, and
with pinnate or trifoliolate evergreen solitary axillary nearly sessile flowers, ar-
leaves. [A. A. B.] ranged in a racemose or even capitate
manner. They have a bell-shaped twelve-
DIPLOPHTLLTJM. A name at one time toothed calyx, with the teeth arranged in
given to Veronica crista galli, a species two rows six petals, and from twelve to
:

much like V. Buxbaumii, which is indigen- forty stamens. [J. T. S.]

ous to Britain. [A. A. B.]
DIPODITTM. A
genus of terrestrial leaf-
DIPLOPOGON. A genus of grasses he- less orchids of Australia and New Cale-
longing to the tribe Pappophorece, distin- donia, belonging to the tribe Vandece.
guished by the inflorescence being in close They have thick branching roots, and
 ±15 Cfjc Crca^uri? at SSatang. [dipt

stems one to two feet high furnished at variety of the preceding, from which it
intervals -with brown scales, and terminat- only differs in the scales of the flower-
ing in large racemes of numerous rose- heads being hooked instead of straight,
coloured nearly regular flowers about an and the involucral bracts being shorter
inch across. The oblong clawed lip is and spreading. The flower-heads of this
|
two-eared at the base and slightly bearded plant, under the name of Teazels, form an
I at the apex. There are two pollen masses article of considerable importance to the
each with a separate caudicle, whence the cloth manufacturer, who employs them
generic name signifying two feet. There for raising the nap on cloth, no machine
1

are three known species. A beautiful having yet been invented to supplant
figure of B. punctatum will be found among them. For this purpose they are fixed in
'

the illustrations to Dr. Hooker's Flora of regular order upon cylinders, which are
j
Tasmania. [A. A. B.] made to revolve in such a manner that the
hooks of the Teazels come in contact with
I DIPSACACE.E. (Teazelworts.) A natural the surface of the cloth, and thus raise a
'

order of gamopetalous calycifloral dicoty- nap, which is afterwards cut level. The
ledons or Exogens, belonging to Lindley's plant is cultivated in some parts of this
campanal alliance, embracing herbs or country, also in France, Austria, and other
undershrubs with opposite or whorled ex- parts of Europe. In 1859 the enormous
stipulate leaves, and flowers in heads sur-
number of 18,907,120 teazel-heads were im-
rounded by an involucre calyx adherent,
;
ported, all of which came from France,
membranous, surrounded by a separate and were valued at five shillings per
covering or involucel ; corolla tubular,
thousand. [A. S.]
with an oblique four to five-lobed limb;
stamens four anthers distinct ovary one-
; ; DIPTERACANTHUS. A large genus of
celled ovule pendulous. Fruit dry, not
; Acanthacece, containing nearly 100 de-
opening, crowned by the pappus-like scribed species, chiefly from Central and
calyx seed albuminous. Natives chiefly
; South America and Asia, with a few from
of the south of Europe, Barbary, the Le- Africa and Australia. They are creeping
vant and the Cape of Good Hope. Astrin- or erect herbs or rarely shrubs, with soli-
|
gent qualities reside in some of the spe- tary or fasciculate flowers, collected at the
!
cies. Some are used in dressing cloth. ends of the stem and branches into ra-
Bipsacus Fullonum is the fuller's teazel, cemes. The lower flowers have large leafy
the dried heads of which,with their hooked bracts, which become small and narrow in
I

i
spiny bracts, are used in fulling cloth, the crowded racemes the calyx is more or
;

i
The opposite leaves of the wild teazel, B. less deeply five-cleft, and the corolla is fun-
i
eylvestris, unite at their bases so as to form nel-shaped with a five-cleft limb the four
;

I a cavity in which water collects hence the

; didynamous stamens are included, and
'
plant was called Bipsacus or thirsty. There the stigma is bilamellate. [W. C]
are six known genera and about 170 spe-
!

cies. 2Iorina, Bipsacus, Cephalaria, and DIPTERACE^E. (Bipterocarpeo?, Bipter-

ads.) A natural order of thalamifloral dico-
I

Scabiosa afford examples. [J. H. B.]

|
tyledons or Exogens.belonging to Lindley's
DIP3ACT7S. The Teazel family, typical guttiferal alliance, containing large trees
of the order Bipsacacew. It forms a small with resinous juice; alternate involute
genus of prickly biennial plants, natives leaves with convolute stipules ; long un-
of Europe and Northern Asia, having ob- equal calyx lobes twisted petals, and sta-
;

I
long or globular heads of flowers, sur- mens above twenty, distinct or united
rounded by an involucre of several narrow in several bundles. Fruit leathery, one-
bracts, the individual flowers separated by celled, surrounded by the calyx, the en-
long prickly scales, and inserted into a larged divisions of which form winged ap-
small angular outer calyx (involucel). The pendages seeds single, without albumen.
;

true calyx has a small cup-shaped border Tropical Indian trees found especially in
surmounting the involucel, and the corolla the islands of the Indian Archipelago.
,
is divided into four unequal lobes. They yield a resinous balsamic juice. Bip-
B. sylvestris, the common Teazel, is a terocarpus Irnvis or turbinatus, the gur-
i native of the southern parts of England jun of Chittagong, yields wood-oil which
and Ireland, also of central and south exudes from the trunk, and is used as pitch,
Europe, and Russian Asia. It grows from varnish, and medicine. Bryabalanops
four to six feet high, and is very prickly Camphora or aromatica, a tree from 100 to
in all parts the leaves long, lance-shaped,
; 130 feet high, supplies the hard cam-
and stalked, those on the upper part of phor of Sumatra, which exists in a solid
the stem growing together by their bases, state in the interior of the stem, some-
and forming a cup, which is generally times in pieces weighing from 10 to 12 lbs.
found full of clear water. The heads of It also yields by incision a resinous oily
flowers are cylindrical, and between two fluid called the liquid camphor or camphor-
and three inches long, by one and a half oil of Borneo. Sometimes five gallons of
broad, having an involucre of from eight the liquid are found in a cavity in the
to twelve stiff prickly bracts curved up- trunk. The wood of Vateria or Shorea ro-
wards, and the scales separating the flow- busta is used in India under the name of
ers terminate in a long straight sharp sal. Dhoona pitch is also procured from
point. the plant. Vateria indica yields the piney
:
B. Fullonum, the Fuller's Teazel, is by resin or piney dammer of India, which is
most botanists supposed to be merely a used as a varnish, and for lighting. There
dipt] €tyz Etratfurg of 230tati£. 416
are seven known genera and forty-seven lofty trees, abounding in resinous juice,
species, including Dipterocarpus, Dryoba- with leathery leaves, covered in some
lanops, Vateria, and Shorea. [J. H. B.] instances with star-shaped hairs. The
flowers are in clusters, large, white or
DIPTERIS. A beautiful genus of poly- pink, fragrant the calyx divided into Ave
;

podiaceous ferns, sometimes referred to unequal segments, two of them becoming

Polypodium itself, but differing in the very large and leaf-like; petals Ave; sta-
netted venation, and in the binate digi- mens numerous, with linear anthers;
tato-palmately-lobed or repeatedly dicho- ovary with two ovules in each of its three
tomously-partite fan-like fronds. Two or compartments, included within the tube
three species only are known, and these of the calyx. Fruit woody, one-celled, one-
are beautiful plants of India and the Archi- seeded by abortion, surmounted by the
pelago, with tall slender rod-like stipes, persistent and enlarged calyx. These trees
and fan-shaped palm-like coriaceous fronds, are natives of the Indian islands, where
which rise from a freely creeping woody the resin is made use of medicinally, and
rhizome. The sori are small, round, and for burning in torches. J), kevis yields in
very numerous in D. conjugate/, and D. Wal- Eastern India and the Malay Islands a
lichii, in which the costais dichotomously- thin liquid balsam called wood-oil, which
branched in the ultimate segments of the is employed for painting ships and houses.
frond but uniserial in D.Lobbiana, in which
;
The resinous fluid is collected by cutting
there is a simple central costa in each of
the narrow and more completely separated
ultimate divisions. The reticulation of
the veins is highly compound. [T. M.]

DIPTERIX. One of the few genera of

leguminous plants bearing a single-seeded
fruit, which does not open naturally at matu-
rity; the pod which bears this is called dru-
paceous. There are eight species belonging
to the genus, all of them large trees in-
habiting the forests of Brazil, Guiana, and
the Mosquito country, and having pinnate
leaves and panicles of flowers. The flower
is characterised by having a two-lipped
calyx, the upper lip consisting of two
large lobes spreading like wings, while
the lower is very small and either of
three teeth or only one the stamens are
:

eight or ten in number and united to-

gether into a sheath, which is split on the Dipterocarpus trinervis.
upper side.
D. odorata yields the fragrant seed called a deep notch in the trunk of the tree near
Tonquin, Tonka, or Tonga bean, used for the ground, where a fire is kept until the
scenting snuff. Perfumers also obtain an wood is charred, when the liquid begins to
extract from it, which forms an ingredient ooze out. This wood-oil is now imported
in some bouquets, and the pulverised seed into this country as a substitute for balsam
is employed in the preparation of sachet of Copaiba, which it greatly resembles.
powders. The odour resembles that of By the application of heat becomes it
new-mown hay, and is due to the presence concentrated and semi-solid. The resin
of coumarine. The tree producing these mixed with dammer is valuable in pre-
seeds grows sixty or eighty feet high, serving timber from the ravages of white
and is a native of Cayenne. The fruit ants, according to Dr. Wight. [M. T. M.]
bears some resemblance to that of the
almond tree, and the seed or bean is shaped DIPTEROUS. Having two wing-like pro-
cesses.
like an almond, but much longer, and is
covered with a shining black skin. DIPTERYGIUM. The name applied to
D. ebbensis, the Eboe tree of the Mosquito an Arabian herbaceous plant, with rather
shore, has a fruit and seed greatly resem- thick leaves, and flowers in terminal
bling the preceding in appearance, but en- clusters provided with bracts. The calyx
and corolla four-parted stamens six, four
{

tirely destitute of the odoriferous prin- ;

ciple. however, contains a large quan-

It, somewhat longer than the other two
which the natives of the
tity of fatty oil,
'

ovary four-cornered, one-celled, with a

Mosquito country extract and use for cylindrical style and capitate stigma; pod
anointing their hair, for which purpose it indehiscent, compressed, provided with a
is said to be peculiarly suitable. It is a !
membranous wing, one-celled, one-seeded.
large tree, and produces an excessively This plant seems to have nearly equal
claims to be comprised among Cruciferce
j

heavy yellowish-tinted timber. [A. S.]

and CapparidacecB. [M. T. MJ
DIPTEROCARPUS. A name indicative
of the two calycine wings, which sur- DIPYRENA. A genus of Verbenacece,
mount the fruit of these plants, which found in Chili, and represented by D.
give their name to the order of Dipteracece glabrescens, an erect rigid bush, with
or Dipterocarpece. The genus consists of narrow oblong somewhat fleshy entire
!
4i; €!)£ EreaSitrg of Santang. [disc

leaves, alternate on the stems, and often usually much larger than the petals, and
arranged in bundles of four or five. The the posterior sepal instead of the labellum,
twigs terminated by a loose spike of tubu- I as in Habenaria and other allied genera,
lar sweet-scented flowers resembling those I is furnished with a more or less evident
of the Verbenas so commonly seen in our j
hood-like spur. D. grandiflora is perhaps
flower-beds. Indeed the plant would be a I
the most beautiful of all terrestrial or-
Verbena were it not that the fruit is com- :
chids, and is spoken of by Dr. Harvey as
posed of two little nuts or pyrena? (whence ]
the pride of Table Mountain, where it
the name) instead of four. A
still closer l grows in great profusion on the borders of
relationship exists between this plant and streams and water pools which are dry in
Priva the latter, however, has an herba-
;
summer, producing its gorgeous flowers
ceous stem. [A. A. B.] I in February and March. The stems grow
two and a half feet high, and are furnished
DIPYRENOUS. Containing two stones I

|
with a number of broad grassy leaves, and
or pyrenae. terminated by from one to four splendid
j

DIRCA. A
genus of Thymelacece, I flowers, measuring from three to five
with hermaphrodite flowers, the perianth inches across. The lateral sepals are of a
coloured, somewhat bell-shaped and ob- bright crimson, the dorsal one paler on
lique the stamens eight, inserted in two
;
!
the outside, and blush-coloured and deli-
rows in the tube of the perianth the ovary ; cately veined with crimson within. Un-
one-celled, with a single pendulous ovule. fortunately this plant is very difficult to
The fruit is drupaceous. There is one cultivate, and is therefore not so fre-
snecies, D. palustris, a North American quently seen in our gardens as it deserves
shrub called Leather-wood, Moose-wood, to be. It is beautifully represented in
and Wicopy the twigs are used as thongs
; Lindlei/s Sertum Orchidaceum, t. 49. D.
fruit poisonous leaves alternate entire;
;
spathulata is a most remarkable species
flowers pale yellow. [J. H. B.] from the long and slender stalk of the lip,
which much exceeds the flower in length,
DIRCJEA. A genus
of Gesneracece, con- and has a trowel-shaped more or less
sisting of Brazilian herbs with tuberous lacerated apex. Many species have rose-
rhizomes, and herbaceous stems bearing coloured flowers, but in a goodly number
large opposite leaves, and long-tubed there is a charming mixtm e of blue,
-

showy panicled flowers, often of a rich white, green, and purple, in the same
scarlet colour. The group is typified by flower. [A. A. BJ
the species formerly known as Gesnera
foudaUs, bulbosa, &c, and is distinguished
DISANDRA. A
trailing plant often seen
in greenhouses, referred by some botanists
bv the great development of the upper lip to Sibthorpia.
of the corolla. [T.M.]
DIS. An Algerian name for the fibrous
DISCANTHUS. A palm-like plant from
the Andes of Eastern Peru, forming a
stems of Festuca patula and Arundo tenax,
which are used for cordage. genus of Cyclanthacece. It has the long
radical trifid leaves, and the inflorescence
DISA. A numerous genus of terrestrial of a Carludovica or of a Cyclanthus, and
orchids peculiar to South Africa and most of the characters of the latter genus;
but it differs chiefly in the perianth con-
sisting of distinct disks embracing the
spadix, and in the ovules being naked from
their first appearance. The lobes of the
leaves have also only one strong rib, and
are not plicate as in Cyclanthus.
DISCARIA. A genus of Bhamnacece,
nearly allied to Colletia, but differing in
having no petals. One species, D. a.us-
tralis, is common to Tasmania, New Zea-
land,and Australia, and the others are
found in extra-tropical South America.
All of the six known species are spiny
undershrubs of no beauty, some almost
leafless, and others with minute oblong
or spathulate smooth leaves. The small
opposite secondary branches terminate in
a sharp spine, and towards their base are
found, in twos or threes, the little flowers,
which have a short bell-shaped calyx tube,
and from four to five small scale-like hooded
petals. [A. A. B.]

DISCHISMA. A genus of Selaginacece,

containing nine species from Southern
Disa grandiflora. Africa. They are herbs or herbaceous
shrubs, with linear entire or dentate
Abyssinia. The species vary much in leaves, and flowers in more or less hairy
habit, but most agree in having the sepals t erminal bracteate spikes, the corolla tube
disc] Cfje Crntgurg al 38otan». 418
short, and the limb fissured in front, and the other hand, induced by bad food, im-
consisting of a single four-lobed lip perfect nutriment, depraved atmosphere,
there are four sub-sessile stamens with defect of light, &c. A very important class
one-celled anthers. [W. C] again arises from the attacks of parasitic
animals and Fungi, while others are the
DISCIFORM. Flat and circular; the direct consequences of injury from ex-
same as Orbicular. Also a name given to ternal agents. Many of the objects
the of cul-
the chambered pith of such plants as
tivation, in which some particular organ
walnut. or element of the plant is preternaturally
DISCIPLINE DE RELIGIEUSE. (Fr.) developed, are really in a diseased state,
Amaranthus caudatus. the peculiar condition being induced arti-
ficially, or, at least, encouraged to supply
DISCOC ACTUS. A genus of Cactacece,
the wants of man, exactly as the livers of
consisting of three or four species, natives geese are compelled to put on a diseased
of the West Indies and Brazil, remarkable
action to afford materials for the patee.
for having very short flat "fleshy stems, The blanched stems and leafstalks of ce-
which are only about two inches in height, lery, the swollen steins of kohl-rabi, the
and from four to six broad, with eight or enlarged roots of turnips and carrots, &c,
ten ridges bearing at intervals little are all so many instances of diseased ac-
bundles "of stiff prickles. The flowers are tion compelled to administer to our neces-
produced from out of a mass of silky wool sities.
and slender spines with which the plant; is The study of vegetable diseases is essen-
crowned they have a long narrow tube,
;
tial togood cultivation, for though little
the sepals spreading and coloured,the petals
can be done towards arresting disease in
white and spreading out very flat, the any individual plant, much may be done,
stamens of different lengths closing up
either rationally or empirically, in prevent-*
the tube of the flower, and the style
ing the spread of those which are infec-
thread-like, shorter than the stamens, and
tious or contagious, and more by guarding
divided at the top into five radiating
against those conditions which induce
stigmas. The flowers of D. insignis have
disease. The principal maladies to which
a very pleasant odour, somewhat resem-
plants are subject will be noticed briefly
bling that of orange flowers; while that
under their respective heads. [M. J. B.]
of D. alteolens is not so pleasant. [A. S.]
DISCOCAPNOS. A genus of Fumariacece, DISEMMA. A genus of Passifloracece,
distinguished by having the fruit mem- closely allied to Pas siflora, hut distinguish-
branous, orbicular, flattened, and winged ed from it by the coronet,which consists of
all round. The flowers are nearly as in an outer row of thread-like processes, and
Corydalis, but with the inner petals united. an inner tube with longitudinal plaits.
It is a Cape annual with bipinnate leaves They are shrubs, natives of tropical Aus-
made up of wedge-shaped segments, glau- tralia, and have entirely the appearance of
cous beneath, and climbing by the petioles passionflowers. [M. T. MJ
the flowers are in racemes opposite the
leaves. [J . T. S.]
DISEPALUM. A Borneo tree forming
a genus of Anonacere, remarkable for the
DISCOCARPIUM. A collection of fruits sepals and the petals of each series being
placed within a hollowed receptacle, as in two only, instead of three, as in the rest of
many roseworts. the order.
DISCOIDAL. Orbicular, with percepti- DISETTE. (Fr.) A kind of Beet.
ble thickness, slightly convex, and a round-
DISK. An organ intervening between
ed border.
the stamens and ovary; it assumes many
DISCOLOR. Parts having one surface forms, the most common of which is a
of one colour, and the other of another ring or scales it is apparently composed
;

colour. Also any green colour altered by a of metamorphosed stamens. Also the re-
mixture of purple. ceptacle of certain fungals, or the hyme-
DISCOPHORA. A genus of Icacinacece,
nium of others.
containing a shrub from Guiana, with large DISOCACTUS. A genus of Cactacece, of
smooth leathery shortly-stalked leaves, and which only one species is known. This
axillary racemes of small flowers articulat- plant, B. biformis, is a native of Honduras,
ed with the flower-stalks. [J. T. SJ and forms a weak trailing shrub or bush,
with stem and older branches nearly cylin-
DISCOPODIUM. The foot or stalk on
drical, gradually tapering upwards, and
which some kinds of disks are elevated.
woody while the younger branches are
;

DISCOSTEGIA. A name proposed for a broad and flat, with blunt teeth, resem-
few marattiaceous ferns including Ma- bling leaves in appearance, but of a succu-
rattia alata. [T. M.] lent or fleshy nature. Like most plants of
the order, it has no i eal leaves. The flowers
-

DISCOSTIGMA. Garcinia. are produced singly from one of the

DISEASES OF PLANTS. Plants like notches at the upper end of the young
animals are subject to diseases both func- branches, and are characterised by having
tional and organic. They arise from vari- only four sepals and four petals, both of a
ous causes, being often strictly constitu- deep pink colour, and about two inches in
tional and hereditary and frequently, on
; length, the sepals very narrow and bent
 backwards, and the petals broader and
1

celled styles four or three. Fruit inde-

;

growing so close together for the greater hiscent, seeds few by abortion. [M. T. M.]
part of their length as to form a tube.
The fruit is of a beautiful shining deep j
DISSOTHRIX. A genus of the composite
family found in Brazil. B. Gardner!, the
crimson colour, shaped like a little flo-
only species, is a slender annual herb, a
rence-flask it contains numerous seeds,
,

;
foot and a half high, with erect stems
imbedded in a soft pinkish pulp, which has
terminating in a loose panicle of small
a sweetish sub-acid taste.
i

[A. S.]
j
flower-heads, and furnished with stalked
DISOCARPUS. A genus of the spurge- j
nearly oval leaves toothed at the margin,
wort family, composed of a few tropical j opposite on the lower part of the stem and
South American trees, with smooth oval alternate above. Each flower-head has
entire leaves two or three inches long, a from five to eight tubular five-toothed
good deal like those of the Portugal laurel, j
florets, enclosed in an involucre formed
!
and axillary bundles of small sessile j
of two series of lance-shaped scales. The
i
flowers of which the male and female are I
achenes are five-angled, and crowned with
on different plants. The males have a cup- a pappus of numerous hairs of two sorts,
'
shaped calyx of five unequal divisions, no !
the greater proportion capillary, but five
i
petals, and Ave stamens while the females
;
longer than the rest, more rigid, and cor-
have five petals, five rudimentary stamens, responding to the angles of the achenes.
The nature of the pappus serves to distin-
:

and a three-lobed ovary. Three species

'
are known. The genus differs from its guish the genus from Stevia, to which it is
near allies in the absence of petals in the most nearly allied. [A.. A. B.]
male flowers, and the presence of rudimen-
tary stamens in the females. [A. A. B.]
DISSOTIS. A genus of West African
!
melastomaceous herbs, nearly allied to
DISOON". A genus of Myoporacece-, re- Osbeckia, from which it differs in having
;
presented by B. flaribundum, a smooth dissimilar stamens. The few known spe-
slender graceful bush, six feet high, found cies are erect herbs one to three feet high,
|

:
in South-eastern Australia. It has alter- with opposite lance-shaped three to five-
i nate linear leaves, and a great profusion of nerved leaves, which as well as the four-
little bell-shaped flowers arranged in axil- sided stems, are clothed with soft-spread-
j

;
lary clusters,and having a five-toothed ing hairs. The rosy or purple flowers
: calyx which does noc grow larger after the generally in threes at the ends of the
'
flower withers, a five-toothed border to twigs, and about an inch across, have the
the corollas, and four protruding sta- tube of the calyx beset with hairy tuber-
mens. The fruit is a little two-celled cles, and its border five-toothed five;

drupe with two seeds. The nature of the rounded petals and ten stamens, the latter
;

fruit,and the calyx not enlarging after of two sorts, the five opposite the petals
the fading of the flower, are the most having their anthers joined to the filament
marked characters. [A. A. B.] by a long slender connective, while those
opposite the calyx teeth have a very short or
DISPHEXIA. A small set of cyathea- almost obsolete connective. B. Irvingiana,
ceous ferns, now generally included in a pretty species found in Abbeokuta, is
Cyathea itself, but separated by some now cultivated in England. [A. A. B.]
authors on account of the elevated recep-
tacle being split into two wedge-shaped DISTEGANTHUS. The name of a para-
divisions. [T.M.] sitical bromeliaeeous plant, with yellow
flowers, which have a six-parted perianth,
DISPORUM. A genus of Melanthacece, the three inner divisions of which form a
belonging to the group connecting that kind of spiral tube below, while above
order with Liliacece, of which Uvularia is they are petal-like and somewhat concave
the type. The species which occur in stamens six, thick, hidden by the scales of
India are herbs with subsessile leaves and the inner divisions of the perianth style;

few-flowered axillary peduncles, the peri- twisted at the base, divided above into
anth six-cleft, with each division keeled papillose convolute stigmas. [M. T.M.]
and bulging at the base, the whole forming
an angular tube. [J. T. SJ
DISTEGOCARPUS. A name sometimes
given to a few Japanese species of horn-
DISSECTED. Cut into many deep lobe3. beam, Carpinus, which differ from the
others in having the bracts of the male
DISSEPIMENTS. The partitions in a catkins narrowed into a stalk. In other
fruit caused by the adhesion of the sides respects they are very like the common
of carpellary leaves.— SPURIOUS. Any
,
hornbeam of our shrubberies. [A. A. B.]
partitions in fruit which have not the
origin just explained. DISTEPHANUS. A
genus of shrubs of
the composite family from Mauritius and
DISSOMERIA. A genus of Womaliacece, Madagascar, nearly related toVernonia, and
represented by a shrub native of Western differing in having appendiculate apices to
tropical Africa, the parts of whose flowers the scales of the involucre. Of the three
are arranged in fours, the eight petals known species, the most common is B.
alternate with as many glands the sta-
; populifolius, a bush with stalked oval
mens numerous, in eight bundles opposite pointed leaves covered on both surfaces
to the petals, the anther-lobes separated with soft white pubescence. The flower-
by a thick fleshy connective ovary one-
: heads, each about half an inch in diameter.
dist] GTfje STreagurg of SSciang. 420
are numerous, and disposed in terminal DITAXIS. A
genus of Euplwrbiacecr.,
corymbs ; the florets being numerous and comprising about seven species, which
all tubular. [A. A. B.] are found in various parts of America,
south of Mexico. They are white-barked
DISTICHIA. A genus of Juncacece, from shrubs, with alternate entire or finely-
elevated table-land in Peru, forming small toothed lance-shaped or oboval leaves, and
tufted plants with dichotomous stems, have small green flowers, either male and
subulate distichous leaves sheathing at female on the same, or on different plants,
the base, and a six-parted perianth with and arranged in little axillary racemes or
three stamens. [J. T. S.] cymes The males have a calyx of five deep
divisions, five fringed petals, and ten sta-
DISTICHTS. A
name at one time applied mens arranged in a candelabra-like manner
to a few terrestrial orchids of India and
in two tiers, their filaments united below
Mauritius, now shown by Dr. Lindley to
[A. A. B.]
into a column, round the base of which is
belong to Liparis.
a disk of five glands the females are nearly
;

DISTICHOUS. When parts are arranged similar, having calyx and corolla; and a
in two rows, the one opposite to the other, three-lobed hairy or nearly smooth ovary,
as the florets of many grasses. crowned with a three-forked style. pur-A
plish colouring matter is found in the
DISTICTIS. A genus of Bignoniacece,
leaves and flowers of some species. The
containing a few species, natives of Ame-
calyx-leaves do not overlap in the buds
rica and the West Indies. They are slen- ,

this serves to distinguish the genus from

der clirrfbing shrubs, with opposite petio- Jatropha and other of its allies. [A.A.B.]
late sometimes trifoliate, more
leaves,
generally doubly bifoliate the apex of the
;
DITTANDER. Lepidium latifolium.
petiole is commonly produced into a ten-
dril. The white flowers are in terminal DITTANY. Gunila mariana. — BAS-
,

few-flowered racemose panicles, the corolla TARD. Dictamnus Fraxinella. — OF ,

funnel-shaped, cut into five unequal round- CRETE. Origanum Dictamnus.

ish lobes, and enclosing four didynamous
stamens, with the filaments kneed and
DIURNAL, DITJRNTTS. Enduring but
for a day, as the flower of Tigridia.
hairy on the inner surface of the angle;
the fifth is sterile. [W. C] , DIURIS. Agenus of terrestrial tuber-
DISTRACTILE. Divided into two parts ous-rooted orchids found in Australia and
as if torn asunder, like the connective of Tasmania. They are slender herbs, having
some anthers. stems one to two feet high, furnished be-
low with several grassy leaves, and ter-
DISTYLIS. A genus of Goodeniacece, minating in a loose raceme of pretty
found on the West coast of Australia, and flowers, which are usually of a rich yellow
containing only a single species. It is. dis- colour marked with purple spots more :

tinguished by having a five-parted calyx rarely white or purple. The two lateral
adnate to the ovary a five-parted spread-
; sepals are long and narrow, suggesting the
ing somewhat bilabiate coi-olla, the seg- generic name— from the Greek, signifying
ments of which have winged margins and two tails. The lip is trilobed, and the
the tube cleft behind. There are five dis- column is furnished on either side with a
tinct stamens and a bipartite style. The short erect petal-like appendage. Four of
fruit is a capsule, which is crowned by the the species are well represented in Dr.
permanent calyx. D. Berardiana is an an- Hooker's Flora of Tasmania. [A. A. B.]
nual plant, with alternate toothed leaves,
and yellow axillary solitary flowers on DIVAR ICATE, DIVARICATING. Strag-
long footstalks. [R. H.]
gling, spreading abruptly, and at an obtuse
angle, such as 140.°
DISTYLIUM. An evergreen tree, native
of Japan, belonging to the order of witch-
DIVERSIFLOROUS. When a plant or
hazels. The flowers are sometimes per- inflorescence bears flowers of two or more
sorts.
fect, having stamens and pistils while ;

others have stamens only or pistils only. DIVIDIVI. The astringent pods of Cas-
One marked character implied by the name, alpinia coriaria.
isthe presence of two cylindrical erect ap-
pendages, the styles, which remain at- DIVI LADNER. A Cinghalese tree, Ta-
tached to the fruit. [G. DJ bernaiinontana dicliotoma.

DITASSA. A
considerable genus of
D'JURNANG. A natural secretion of the
fruit of Calamus Draco, commonly known
Asclepiadacece, containing nearly forty
as Dragon's-blood.
species of small twining or erect under-,
shrubs, natives of tropical America. They DOBERA. latinised form of an
The
have opposite coriaceous leaves, and small Arabic name for a tree with opposite-
whitish interpetiolar flowers, either solitary stalked leaves, whose stalks are thickened,
or umbellate.with rotate five-cleft corollas and of a yellow colour, and whose flowers
the staminal crown double, its outer whorl grow in terminal panicles, and have a four-
consisting of Ave linear or ovate-acuminate toothed calyx, four petals, and four sta-
lobes and its inner of five generally shorter
; mens with the filaments combined below
leaflets opposite the outer lobes the folli-:
and having four little scales
into a tube,
cles are loug, round, and smooth. [W. C] between them and the petals the ovary is
;
 superior, and becomes an ovate fleshy one- ,
of the order Sapijidacec?, comprising about
seeded edible warted fruit. The genus is : ninety species, the greater proportion of
referred to the Salvadoracece. [M. T. M.] which are found in extratropical Australia,
and the remainder are thinly scattered
DOBINEA. An Eastern Himalayan bush J

over other tropical countries. Few of them

of the maple family. It grows to about
,

exceed ten feet in height, and almost all

ten feet in height, and has opposite stalked |

I have their leaves more or less covered

lance-shaped or oval toothed leaves, and with a clammy gum. In the most com-
minute flowers, male and female on the
!

monly diffused group theseorgans are lance-

same plant, disposed in long terminal shaped or spathulate in another they are ;
panicles. The males have a four-toothed
linear in a third they are wedge-shaped
;
bell-shaped calyx, four oblong clawed
and toothed while in a fourth they are
;
petals, and eight stamens. The females
pinnate, made up of numerous little wedge-
are quite naked, and sit on the middle of a
shaped or linear leaflets. The apetalous
thin yellowish beautifully-veined bract,
flowers are unisexual or polygamous,
which is nearly round, and about half an arranged in axillary or terminal racemes or
inch in 'diameter. The circumstance of the
panicles. The fruits are menibranous.with
female flower arising from near the middle
their angles produced into thin papery
of a veined bract is highly curious, and
roundedwings. The leaves o£D.viscosa,one
not paralleled in the family, nor is it met
of the most widely diffused species, have a
with in any family more nearly related
somewhat sour and bitter taste, and the
than that of the lime tree. [A. A. B.]
plant is from this circumstance, called in
DOCK. The common name for Bumex.— Jamaica, Switch Sorrel. According to Mr.
GROVE, Bumex Xemolapathum, —WATER, Bennett, this plant is known in Tahiti as
Bumex Rydrolapathum. Apiri, and ' fillets of it were once used for
binding round the heads and waists of
DODARTIA orientals is an erect glabrous victors after a battle, and during the pur-
herb with stiff rush-like very spreading suit of the vanquished.' The leaves of D.
branches, and few small leaves, forming a Thunbergiana, a native of South Africa,
genus of Scrophidariacece, with flowers are said to be used against fevers, and as a
much like those of the smaller Antirrhi- purgative. The genus bears the name of
nums, but with a globular capsule opening Dodoens, a Belgian botanist and physi-
in two short nearly equal valves. It is a cian of the sixteenth century. [A. A. B.]
native of the dry saline steppes of southern
Russia. DODRANS (adj. DODR ANT ALLS). Nine
inches, or the space between the thumb
DODDER. Cuscuta. and the little finger separated as widely
DODDER-CAKE. An oil cake made from as" possible.
the refuse of Camelina sativa. DOGBANES. A name given by Lindley
DODDER-LAURELS. A name applied to the Apocynacece.
by Lindley to the Cassythacece. DOGBERRY-TREE. Cornus sanguined.
DODECA In Greek compounds=12. DOG MERCURY. Mercurialis.
DODECAS. A genus of Lythracece from DOG-POISON. JEthusa Cynapium.
Surinam. It consists of glabrous shrubs
with four-angled branches, opposite ob- DOGS-BANE. A common name for
long-obovate entire leaves, and axillary Apocynum also Aconitum Cynocf.onum.
;
I

; usually one-flowered peduncles the calyx; DOG'S-CHOP. Mesembryanthemum cani-

j
is urceolate with a four-cleft spreading nvmi.
i limb, the petals four, small and round,
and the stamens twelve. [J. T. S.] DOGWOOD. A common name for Cor-
DODECATHEON. A
nus. — AMERICAN. Cornus
, florida.
genus of Primu- — BLACK. Piscidia carihaginensis. —,
,

lacece, known by the reflexed segments JAMAICA. Piscidia Erythrina. —NEW

of the deeply-cleft corolla, and the cylin- SOUTH WALES. Jacksonia scoparia. —
drical capsule opening at the apex by Ave TASMANIAN or VICTORIAN. Bedfordia
teeth. They are smooth perennial herbs,
with fibrous roots, and rosettes of oblong
salicina. — , WHITE. Piscidia Erythrina.
or obovate root leaves the scape is simple,
; DOH. A Javanese name for the horse-
bearing an umbel of large nodding rose- hair-like fibres of the Gomuti palm, Sa-
purple or white flowers, with long reflexed guerus saccharifer.
segments, and five short monadelphous
filaments with long anthers which are ex- DOL ABRIPORM. Fleshy, nearly straight,
serted and form a slender cone. The well- somewhat terete at the base, compressed
known American Cowslip, D. Meadia, towards the upper end one border thick ;

grows in woods in the warmer parts of and straight, the other enlarged, convex,
North America In the Western States, and thin.
where it is more common, it is called
; the Shooting Star. The name, signifying DOLIA. A
genus of Nolanacece, con-
twelve divinities, is one of fanciful appli- taining a few South American littoral
cation. plants with the habit of some of the
[J. T. S.]
smaller maritime Chenopodiacea?. Heath-
DODOX.EA. A genus of viscous shrubs ,
like branched shrubs with fleshy linear
DOLl] &l)t 3Trea£urg of Botaiun 422
leaves and small flowers, with salver- berous root, which the inhabitants cook
shaped corollas, and eight or ten ovaries as an article of food, and they also vise the
variously united. [J. T. S.] pulse for the same purpose. It has a
shrubby stem, with twining branches, and
DOLICHANDRA. A small genus of leaves with l-oundish-pointed leaflets. B.
Biijrimiiacece, inhabiting extratropical parts imifloriis is an annual plant having an
of Brazil, and remarkable as the only erect stem and twining branches, with
known climber of the order having a cap- leaves composed of three egg-shaped leaf-
sule the partition of which runs in a con- lets, and yellow flowers, which produce
trary direction to that of the valves. In narrow flat pods curved something like a
habit it much resembles Macfadyena, the reaper's sickle, and covered with soft hairs.
branches being climbing, the leaves either This plant is a native of the East Indies,
trifoliate or conjugate, and furnished where it is grown for food under the name
with tendrils, and the flowers in the axils of Horse Gram. [A. S.]
of the leaves; the calyx is spathaceous;
the corolla is long and tubular, whilst the DOLIOCARPUS. A small genus of dille-
stamens (four in number with the rudi- niads, consisting of about half a-dozen
ment of a fifth), as well as the stigma, pro- species, nearly all of which are climbing
ject beyond the corolla. The typical spe- shrubs, inhabitants of tropical South Ame-
cies is B. cynmiclioides. [B. S.] rica. It is closely allied to Belima, but the
leaves are not rough, and the flowers are
DOLICHANDRONE. A small genus of produced from the sides instead of the
bignoniaceous trees, inhabiting tropical ends of the branches besides which, the
:

Asia and Australia. Their leaves are either fruit is pulpy and does not burst open
simple or impari-pinnate, and the leaflets when ripe. B. Calinea is a climbing shrub
either ovate, lanceolate, or, in B. flliformis with woody stems, having oblong pointed
of New Holland, reduced to very narrow leaves, and small white flowers collected
linear bodies. The flowers are white and into dense heads, a portion only perfect,
arranged in panicles the calyx is spatha-
;
the rest being male or female. The fruit
ceous, and the corolla has a tube twice or is a small fleshy shining berry. [A. SJ
thrice the length of the calyx; the sta-
mens are four in number, with the rudi- DOLOMIiEA. A genus of Composites,
ment of a fifth ; the fruit is a flat cap- nearly related to Saussurea, but differing
sule opening at the margin, but being divi- in the pappus-hairs being rough instead of
ded by a partition, which runs contrary feathery. B. macrocephala,the only known
to the direction of the valves. Some of the species, is a perennial stemless herb found
Asiatic species yield timber. [B. S.] at elevations of 10,000 to 13,000 feet in
f
N. W. India it has pinnately parted much-
DOLICHOS. A genus of leguminous ;

lobed leaves clothed with white down be-

plants, consisting of herbaceous or shrubby
plants, 'which for the most part have twin-
neath, while the centre of the plant is
ing stems. Between sixty and seven ty occupied by a cluster of shortly-stalked
species are known, and are found equally flower-heads, each an inch or more in
distributed throughout the tropical and length, and furnished with an involucre
of numerous lance-shaped scales, which
temperate regions of Asia, Africa, and
enclose many purplish tubulous florets.
America. The plants, formerly called D.
Lablab {Lablab vulgaris), B. sinensis (Vigna According to Royle, it is used by the
sinensis), B. bulbosus (Pacliyrhizus angula-
inhabitants of the hills in their religi-
tus), B. Catjang {Vigna Catjang), all produce
ous ceremonies, and is called by them
Googlan. [A. A. BJ
edible legumes and pulses. The species of
Bolichos have trifoliate leaves and their
; DOMBA-OIL. A fragrant oil obtained
flowers are produced, either solitary or in from the seeds of Calophyllum Inopltyllum.
racemes, from the bases of the leaves.
The pods are generally more or less flat- DOMBEYACE^E. A tribe of plants in-
tened, and neither winged nor prominently cluded in the natural order Byttneriacem.
nerved. The petals are flat stamens fifteen to
;

B. sesquipedalis is a native of the West forty, united at their base, usually some
Indies and tropical South America, but is of them sterile. Ovary with five or many
cultivated in warm sheltered places in cells, having two or more ovules in
France, and some parts of the south of each. Fruit a capsule embryo within
;

Europe. The French call it Bolic asperge. fleshy albumen. Trees or shrubs growing
It has smooth twining stems, six or eight
in tropical regions of the Old World.
feet in height, with large egg-shaped
In this tribe are included the genera,
Pentapetes, Brotera, Bombeya, Me'lhauia,
pointed leaflets, and yellowish-green
flowers. Its pods are from a foot to a foot
Astrapcea, and a.few others. [J. H. B.]

and a half long, cylindrical and pendulous, DOMBEYA. A genus of handsome

and of a shining light-green colour, con- African shrubs or small trees of the Bytt-
taining from seven to ten kidney-shaped neria family, a goodly number of them
seeds. The young or green pods of this cultivated in plant stoves for the sake of
plant are cooked and used as a table vege- their handsome foliage and flowers. They
j

table, and, being without the tough parch- I are found in the greatest number in Mada-
ment-like skin of the common pea-pod, I gascar and Mauritius, and extend as far
they form an excellent dish. B. tuberosus, \
north as Abyssinia. The leaves are often
a native of Martinique, has a fleshy tu- like those of the maple or the plane, but
 423 CI;c Crca£ttr» at SSntamt. [dore
in some are much smaller, heart-shaped DOODIA. A group of polypodiaceous
and nearly entire while the flowers are
; ferns related to Woodicardia, with which
borne in axillary cymes or umbels, each they are incorporated by many modern bot-
flower being supported by an involucre of anists notwithstanding considerable differ-
three small leaves which fall early. It ences of size, habit, and aspect. They differ
has a five-parted calyx, five petals, and from Woodivardia chiefly in having super-
fifteen to twenty stamens, accompanied ficial instead of sunken sori, and in having
by five filiform or strap-shaped sterile ones, the indusia less convex or vaulted, and
all slightly united at the base into a ring. more lunate. These differences seem rather
The fruits are little hairy five-celled cap- ! to indicate sectional than generic distinc-
sules. Ropes and various sorts of cordage tion. [T. M.]
are made in Madagascar from the bark: of DOOGHAN'. Myristica spuria.
D. platanifolia, as well as from some other
of the species. D. mollis has large heart- DOOLOO. A kind of rhubarb.
shaped leaves, three-lobed at the apex, DOONA seylanica is a large resinous
covered with a soft dense down, and its dipteraceous tree with rose-coloured flow-
rose-coloured flowers with narrow petals, ers in panicles. Three of the five sepals
are disposed in dense stalked umbels, and of its flowers are larger than the other
smell like hawthorn. The genus bears the two, and increase in size after the fall of
name of M. Dombey, a French botanist the corolla the petals are united at the
;

and traveller in S. America. [A. A. B.] base; there are sixteen stamens in two
DOMPTE-VENIS". (Fr.) Vincetoxicum rows with dilated filaments, and four-sided
officinale.
anthers with a club-shaped appendage
ovary three-celled, six-seeded. [M. T. M.]
DOXALDIA. A genus of S. American be- DOOPADA. Indian Copal or Piney Var-
goniads whose staminate flowers have two,
nish, a resin obtained from Vateria indica.
|
and pistillate five sepals; anthers elongated,
:

with a dark-brown small connective, the DOORA. Sorghum vulgare.

filaments not united the style is persis-
i ;

tent, its branches furnished with a con-

DOORNIA. A genus of Pandanaceve, na-
j

tive of Bourbon or Madagascar, having

tinuous papillose band, which makes three
length- the appearance of screw pines. The fe-
spiral turns ; the placentas are split
j

male flowers, which alone are known, are

1

wise. There are two species, viz., D. ulmi-

seated on a branched spadix, and consist
folia andD. Ottonis, both formerly included
\

of ovaries arranged in groups of three or

in Begonia. [J. H. BJ
;

four. The fruit consists of a number of

DOXATIA. A genus of Saxifragaceoe fibrous or woody drupes arranged in
from the Straits of Magalhaens: small herbs groups, and separated from neighbouring
parcels by a fibrous material. These col-
\

!
resembling Saxifraga grcenlandica, with
I tufted stems, and thick linear lanceolate lections of drupes form six-sided conical
I
obtuse glabrous leaves having wool in masses on a common stalk. [M. T. M.]
their axils flowers, terminal, sessile,
; DOORWA. Cynodon Dactylon, a fodder
j
white, with the calyx tube adhering to grass of India.
the ovary, and the limb four or five-toothed,
I

and having eight or ten petals. [J. T. S.]

DOOR-WEED. Polygonum aviculare.
DORADILLE. (Fr.) Asplenium.
DOXDIA. Hacquetia.
j

DORATOMETRA. A genus of begoniads,

DOXDISIA. The name applied to an consisting of East Indian undershrubs,
!
Indian shrub of the order Cinchonacece. The whose staminate flowers have four, and
tube of the corolla is lined with rigid hook- whose pistillate flowers five sepals the ;

j ed hairs its limb is divided into five acute

; anthers are short, rounded on both sides,
lobes stamens five, inserted into the throat
; with united filaments the style is persis-
;

of the corolla style thread-like dilated in

; tent, its branches surrounded by a contin-
the middle stigma ovate.
; [M. T. M.] uous papillose band which makes two spi-
ral turns; the placentas are undivided and
DOXIA The name sometimes applied stalked, their transverse sections cordate-
to. an American genus of yellow-flowered ovate acute. The seed-vessels have three
composite plants, better known as Grin-
equal wings, and are attenuated at the
delia.It has been also applied to Clian-
apex. There is only one species, D. Wallich-
thus.
iana, which has been separated from Be-
DOXKLAERIA. A garden name some- gonia. _
[J. H. B.]
times applied to Centraclenia. DORELLE. (Fr.) Linosyris vulgaris.
DOXZELLIA. A genus of polypetalous
DOREMA. A genus of UmbelUferce or
dicotyledons, established by Tenore on a
Apiacece, comprising certain Persian herbs
I shrub grown in the plant-houses in the with branching proliferous umbels, and
Botanic Garden of Naples. It is, however, flowers imbedded in a woolly substance,
so imperfectly described, that it has not
but having no involucre the calyx is
been recognised in our own collections. ;

slightly toothed at the margin. The fruit

DOOB or DOORBA. Indian names for is compressed, surrounded by a broad
Cyno&on Dactylon, which is there a fodder border, and marked on the back by five
grass. ridges, the three central ones thread-like,
DORl] Wfyz CrcaSurw ol SBatang. 424
and more prominent than the two lateral of the authoi 's synonyms for Pardalian-
-

oil channels four, on the inner surface of ches: while the human experimentalist
each half of the fruit. D. ammoniucum found the powdered root of the latter
furnishes the drug now known as ammo- plant inert. Leopard's-bane is a robust
niacum. It is a native of Persia, and plant, with large roughish leaves and con-
abounds in a milky juice which exudes spicuous yellow flower-heads. There are
upon the slightest puncture being made, several species natives of Europe or Asia,
and dries upon the stem in little rounded some of which are cultivated as orna-
lumps, or tears as they are called. This mental plants. French, JDoronic German, ;

gum resin is used as a stimulant expector- Gemsenwurz. [C. A. J.]

ant, and as an external application, but its
powers are not great. The ammoniacum DORSIFEROUS. Bearing something on
of the ancients is said to have been the the back.
produce of Ferula tingitana. [M. T. M.j
DORSTENIA. A genus of moraceous
DORINE. (Fr.) Chrysosplenium. plantsnamed after Dorsten, a German
author. It is associated with mulberries
DORITIS. A small genus of caulescent
epiphytal orchids found in Cochin-china
and New Guinea. They have ovate or ob-
long leaves, and axillary panicles of small
white or purple flowers. The sepals are
oblong, the lateral ones decurrent with
the column; the petals, nearly equal and
wedge-shaped the lip trifld, with a long
;

claw attached by an elastic joint to the

produced foot of the column, and the two
bilobed pollen masses are borne on the
end of a long slender caudicle attached to
an ovate gland. [A. A. B.]

DORONICUM. A family of herbaceous

perennials belonging to the order of com-
pound flowers. The florets of the ray are
destitute of a pappus, while those of the
Dorstenia ceratosanthes.
disk have a hairy pappus. D. Pardalianches,
though enumerated among British plants, and figs. The genus has a flat and some-
is not generally considered to be indigen-
ous to the soil. It is to be found in waste
what concave receptacle bearing numerous
flowers. The staminate flowers have no
ground near houses in several parts of Eng- perianth, but two or more stamens. The
land, and yet more frequently in Scotland.
pistillate flowers are also without a peri-
Under the name of Pardalianches, or Leo- anth the ovary one-celled with a lateral
is
;
pard's-bane.it had the reputation of posses-
sing 'virtues so ambiguous,' says Gerarde,
style and stigma, containing one
bifid

'and so doubtfull yea, and so full of con-

ovule. The fruit-bearing receptacle be-
:

troversies, that I dare not to commit that

comes somewhat succulent. There are
thirty-six known species. They are herba-
to the world which I have read. It is re-
ceous plants found In tropical America.
ported and affirmed that it killeth pan-
thers, swine, wolves, and all kindes of
They have radical leaves which are palmate
or pinnatifid, and the receptacle termi-
wilde beasts, being given them with flesh.
nating the scape is quadrangular or
Theophrastus saith that it killeth cattle, rounded, or occasionally linear and forked.
sheepe, oxen, and all fower-footed beasts
D. Contrayerva and other species have a
within the compasse of a day: yet he
stimulant and tonic rhizome, which is used
writeth further, that the roote being
medicinally under the name of Contra-
drunke is a remedie against the stiugings
yerva-root. [J. H. B.]
of scorpions, which sheweth that this
herbe or the roote thereof is not deadly to DORSUM. The back of anything; in
man, but to divers beasts onely, which the parts of the flower, that surface which
thing also is f ound out by triall and mani- looks towards the outside.
fest experience :for Conradus Gesnerus,
a man in our time singularly learned, and DORTANTHES. A genus of New Hol-
a most diligent searcher of many things, land Amaryllidacece, having what Herbert
sheweth that he himself, in a certain epistle calls imperfect bulbs, a tall straight stem
written to Adolphus Occo, hath often- twenty feet high, springing from an aloe-
times inwardly taken the roote heereof like tuft of broadly ensiform-spreading
greene, chie, whole, preserved with honie, basal leaves, the stem itself clothed with
and also beaten to powder, and that much smaller appressed ones, and ter-
even on the A'ery same day in which he minated by a bulky compound flower-head
wrote these things, he had drunke, with composed of crimson flowers emerging
warme water, two drams of the rootes from great half-sheathing crimson bracts.
made into fine powder, neither felt he any The perianth is six-parted and funnel-
hurt thereby.' The fact appears to be that shaped, the segments nearly equal the six ;

the leopards and other 'fower-footed stamens, having long erect anthers, are in-
beasts' were poisoned with aconite, one serted into the base of the perianth seg.
425 &f)z STrca^iin? nt 23otan». [dott
raents; the style is three-furrowed, with a which belongs to the Atherospermaeece, and
three-cornered stigma; and the ovary grows is somewhat nearly related to the Sassafras
into a three-celled turbinately oval capsule. of Tasmania, Atherospermum moschatum.
It differs, however, in having the anthers
prolonged into a tail-like process. D.
Sassafras, the only species of its genus,
grows to a fine symmetrical pyramidal
tree of sixty or one hundred feet high, with
a diameter of two to three feet and is fur-
;

nished with opposite smooth lance-shaped

or elliptical toothed leaves. The flowers
are small, perfect, and three together, sup-
ported on axillary peduncles shorter than
the leaves, and enveloped by two silky
bracts, each with a calyx border of six ;

divisions and twelve stamens, six fertile

and six sterile, the fertile ones having the
anthers prolonged into a tail. The ovaries
are numerous and become one-seeded nuts,
j

the styles remaining attached to the ripe [

fruits in the form of feathery awns. The

leaves, bark, and wood emit an agreeable j

aromatic odour which, when fresh, is said to I

resemble fennel. The bark is also said to |

be used by the colonists as a tonic, and is

much esteemed. The wood is of little
j

value, being extremely soft and light. It j

is sometimes used for making packing cases

and similar articles. [A. A. B.]
Doryanthes exeeisa.
DORYSTIGMA. Agenus of Solanacece,
It is a fine plant, sometimes met with in consisting of low-growing herbaceous
cultivation. [T. M.] plants, with solitary extra-axillary flower-
stalks; the corolla is funnel-shaped, hairy
DORYCSIOI. A genus of Leguminosce, within, the anthers green, concealed with-
comprising a few erect twiggy herbs, in the corolla; the ovary is two-celled.
nearly related to Lotus, from which they They are natives of the Andes. [M. T. M.]
may be recognised by the keeled petal
being obtuse, not beaked. Their leaves DOSSISIA marmorata is the name of a
are sessile, and made tip of three to five beautiful little Bornean orchid cultivated
linear leaflets about half an inch long. in gardens for the sake of its olive-green
The minute pink or white flowers are col- velvet-like leaves, the nerves and nervelets
lected into round stalked heads, a good of which are of a paler colour, thus giving
deal like those of the white clover, but them a marbled appearance, whence the
smaller. The pods are turgid, scarcely specific name. The creeping stems have
larger than the calyx, and contain two to five or six ovate leaves, two or three inches
four seeds. The species are confined to in length by one or two broad ; and the
the countries bordering on the Mediterra- flower spike is about a foot high, bearing
nean. - [A. A. BJ a number of small white flowers tinged
with pink. The plant is sometimes called
DORYCSOPSIS. A genus of Leguminosce, Cheirostylis or Ma codes marmorata, as well
with the habit of Dorycnium, but differing
as Ancectochihis Lobbii it differs from
in the stamens being of equal instead of ;

Ancectochilus in the absence of a bearded

unequal length, as well as in the pod not
fringe to the lower part of the lip, as well
bursting when ripe. The only known spe-
as in the boat-shaped process of the column.
cies is D. Gerardi, found in the south of
It is dedicated to E. P. Dossen, a Belgian
Europe, a perennial branching herb one
botanist. [A. A. B.]
to two feet high, having slender stems
furnished with unequally-pinnate vetch- DOTHIDEA. A large genus of sphaeria-
like leaves, the twigs terminating in little ceous Fungi, differing from Sphceria and
clover-like heads of small rosy flowers. its more immediate allies in not having
The minute one-seeded pod is quite hidden the walls of the fruit-bearing nucleus so
in the calyx. [A A
BJ perfectly developed or so distinct in colour j

DORYOPTERIS. A name proposed for and structure from the stroma. D. ribesia
a group of ferns belonging to the Pteridecc, is one of our commonest Fungi, forming
and having uniformly reticulated venation, little black spots on the dead stems of
which is sunk in the substance of the frond, currants, &c. the sporidia in Dothidea sel-
;

and is on that account generally obscure. dom acquire complicated forms like those
The genus is not, however, materially dif- which make Sphceria so abundant a source
ferent from Litobrochia, with which it is of objects for the microscopist. [M. J. B.]
now frequently united. [T. M.]
DOTTED. Furnished with transparent
DORYPHORA. The generic name of receptacles of oil, looking like dots
the Sassafras tree of Sew South Wales, marked with punctures.
 GTIje Crca^ttrj) at 2Sfltang. 426

_ DOUBLE-BEARING. Producing twice several of the foreign species, being of

in the same season. humble growth, and tufted habit, and
made conspicuous by their white or yellow
DOUBLY. Having a form or structure flowers, which, though small, are numerous
repeated ; doubly-toothed = teeth them- and bright. Of the other British species,
selves toothed, and so on. D. verna, called also Erophila vulgaris, an
DOUCE-AME\RE. (Fr.) Solatium Dulca- humble little annual with scanty foliage
mara. and inconspicuous white flowers, is not
Avithout interest from its appearing very
DOUCETTE. (Fr.) The common Valeria-
early in the year. It grows on wall-tops
nellas,which were called Valeriana locusta, and dry banks. Fr. Brave ; German, Hun-
by Linnasus. gerblumchen. [C. A. J.]
DOUCIN. (Fr.) Certain varieties of Pij-
rus Mains. DRACiENA. A genus of monocotyledons
of the order Liliaceo?, remarkable for the
DOUGLASIA. A genus of primworts, elegant palm-like character assumed by
distinguished from its allies by the funnel- the greater number of the species. The
shaped corolla, the tube of which is partly genus as formerly constituted was a rather
dilated. The name was given by Dr. Lind- extensive one, but it has lately been re-
ley as an appropriate compliment to David modelled by Dr. Planchon, who removes
Douglas, a well-known botanical collector, from it all but the Draccena Draco, or
to whose energy and zeal we owe the in- Dragon tree of Teneriffe ; and refers the
troduction of many interesting plants. D. other species to Dracwnopsis, Cordyline,
nivalis, which is the best known species, Galodracon, Charhvoodia, and Cohnia. Thus
was discovered by Douglas not far from the limited, Dracana is distinguished by hav-
sources of the Columbia river, near snow, ing a bell-shaped perianth deeply separated
at an elevation of 12,000 feet another, ; into six equal segments, furnished with
D. arctica, was found by Sir J. Richardson, six stamens inserted at the base of the
on the Arctic shore between the Mackenzie ,
segments, and succeeded by a fleshy berry
and Coppermine rivers. These plants have containing one, two, or rarely three seeds,
forked and closely tufted stems, linear the ovary, which is three-celled, with a
leaves, and are covered with numerous single ovule in each cell, seldom perfecting
short stiff hairs. [G. D.] all of them.

DOURA, or DURRA. The great Millet, D. Draco has a tree-like stem, simple or
Sorghum vulgare. divided at the top, and often when old
becoming much branched, each branch ter-
DOUVE, GRANDE. (Fr.) Ranunculus minated by a crowded head of lanceolate
Lingua. — , PETITE. B. Flammula. linear entire leaves of a glaucous green
colour, which leaves embrace the stem by
DOUX-GUILLAUME, — also DOUX- their base, and on falling off at maturity
JEAN. (Fr.) Dianthus barbatus. leave a ring-like cicatrix or scar." The flow-
ers form a large terminal panicle, and are
DOUZE DIEUX. (Fr.) DodecatheonMeadia. individually small and of a greenisb-white
colour. As seen in our stoves and green-
DOVEA. A genus of Bestiacece, consist-
houses, the plant is usually unbranched,
ing of South African sedge-like plants,
being in its '
first age ' or Infancy, which
distinguished by their simple one-celled
lasts in its native country from twenty-five
anthers, three-celled capsule opening at
to thirty years. The ' second age,' or period
the angles, and three (rarely two) sessile
of maturity and reproduction, and the
stigmas. The rhizome is creeping, scaly ; '
third age,' or period of decay, are of in-
the stems wand-like with remote sheaths
definite extent. During the former of-

the flowers dioecious. [J. T. S.]

these, the scars of the leaves disappear,
DOVE-FLOWER. Peristeria. and the thickness of the trunk is at length
increased by the formation of branches,
DOVE'S-FOOT. Geranium dissectum. and the consequent deposit of new matter
DOWNY. while in the latter stage, aerial roots
Covered with very short weak
appear, and glandular excrescences are
close hairs.
formed. It is only when of great age that
DRABA. Whitlow Grass. An extensive it branches. This tree derives its common
genus of small annual or perennial herba- name from a resinous exudation known in
ceous plants the cruciferous order,
of commerce as dragon's-blood. The resin has
among which they are distinguished by j
been found in the sepulchral caves of the
having the frond compressed, with the Guanches, and has hence been supposed to
dissepiment in the broadest diameter, and |
have been used by them in embalming
numerous seeds in each cell. They are their dead. It appears at one time to have
most numerous in the cold mountainous formed a considerable branch of export
countries of Europe a few are natives of
; from the Canaries, and has never wholly
America, and several of Great Britain. Of fallen into disuse. The colossal Dragon
these last, D. aizoides grows on walls and tree at the town of Orotava in Teneriffe is
rocks near Swansea, and is remarkable for ! a giant amongst the plants of this type of
its bright yellow flowers, and glossy leaves |
vegetation, being according to Meyen
margined with hairs. It is a pretty plant, I
seventy feet high, and forty-eight feet in
well adapted for rock-work, as, indeed, are j circumference, with an antiquity which
427 0)C Crea&trg at 28ataug. [drak
must at least be greater than that of the
'

ful stimulant properties. In Guiana it is

pyramids. The trunk of this tree is hol- considered as a remedy against the Labaeri
low, and may he ascended by a staircase in snake, which it resembles in the colour of
the interior up to the height at which it its spotted leaf-stalks. [M. T. MJ
begins to branch. Near the ground Le DRACOPHYLLUM. A genus of Epacri-
Due found it to be seventy-nine feet in dacece, which is distinguished by having a
circumference. As to its great age, Hum-
calyx of five coriaceous leaves; a broad-
boldt mentions that when he saw it, it had
tubed glabrous corolla with five spreading
the same colossal size— a diameter of more and the
lobes curved in at the point ;
than sixteen feet—which it had when the j

stamens inserted on the corolla in the New

French adventurers, the Bethencourts, j
Zealand species, hypogynous in those of
conquered these gardens of the Hesperides Australia and New Caledonia the ovary is
;
in the beginning of the fifteenth century,
five-celled with five glands at its base. They
yet it stiU flourishes as if in perpetual j

have narrow grassy leaves sheathing at the

youth, bearing flowers and fruit. A tree like j

base, and white flowers forming a race-

this of slow growth, which four centuries
mose, spicate, or paniculate inflorescence.
have changed so little, may well be believed
[T. M.]
Most of them are natives of New Zealand,
to possess great antiquity.
where their peculiar habit gives a striking
DRAOENOPSIS. A
genus of Liliacece, character to the scenery. Some few are tall
separated from Braccena by Dr. Planchon, trees, the others only shrubs. [R. H.]
and consisting of plants agreeing in
the following peculiarities a six-parted
:
DRACOPIS. A genus of annual compo-
marcescent campanulate perianth, with site plants consisting of one N. American
the segments biseriate ; six stamens in- species, B. amplexicaulis, which has oblong-
serted at the base of the perianth seg- cordate stem-clasping leaves, and con-
ments a three-celled ovary with many
;
spicuous flower-heads with a yellow ray and
ovules in each cell and a pea-shaped berry
;
prominent black disk. It is an old garden
containing several seeds in each of its plant, and is allied to Eudbeckia. [T. M.]
three cells. To this genus are referred B. DRACUNCULUS. A genus of Aracece,
australis and B. indivisa, two beautiful Aus- consisting of certain South European
tralian arborescent species, with erect sim- plants, with tuberous rhizomes and pedate
ple stems, and Fucea-like heads of crowded leaves, scarcely differing from Arum, ex-
lanceolate-ensiform leaves. [T. II.] cept in the upper part of the spathe being
fiatnot convolute. One species, B. vul-
DRACOCEPHALOI. This alarming garis, the old Arum Bracunculus, is com-
name, literally Dragon's-head, has been
given to a genus of from twenty-five to
mon in gardens,where its pedately-divided
leaves and spotted stems render it very
thirty species of herbaceous labiates, dis-
ornamental. [M. T. MJ
tinguished by having the throat of the
corolla inflated, and the upper lip concave. DRAGON. Bracunculus vulgaris also ;

They grow to the height of from six inches applied to the orontiaceous genus Bracon-
to three feet, and in habit somewhat re- tium. —
, GREEN. Ariscema Bracontium.
semble Salvia. B. canariense or Cedronella DRAGONNE. (Fr.) Tulipa turcica.
triphylla is better known as Balm of Gilead,
a designation which it hardly merits, being DRAGONNIER. (Fr.) Braccena Braco.
a native of America and the Canaries, and DRAGON ROOT. Ariscema atrorubens;
having no healing properties, though the also an American name for Ariscema Bra-
foliage is fragrant. It is distinguished by contium.
its pinkish spiked flowers, and ternate
leaves. B. Moldavifa is an annual with DRAGON TREE. Braccena Braco.
reddish stems, oblong blunt leaves, and DRAGON'S-BLOOD. A dark-red astrin-
whorled purplish blue or white flowers, gent resinous secretion of the fruit of
forming a leafy spike. B. virginianum, Calamus Braco; another kind is obtained
also called PJiysostegia, bears numerous from Braccena Braco. Ecastaphyllum mone-
large light blush flowers, arranged in four taria yields a similar resinous product.
ranks, of which, it is said, 'the position
may be altered at pleasure, and as they DRAGON'S-EYE. Nephelium Longanum.
are placed, so they will remain for several DRAGON'S-HEAD. A common name for
hours.'
kopf.
Fr. Bracocephale Ger. Brachen-
;

[C. A. J.]
Bracocephalum.— FALSE. Physostegia.
,

DRACONTIUM. A genus of Orontiacece,

DRAGON'S-MOUTH. Epidendrum ma-
crochilum.
comprising certain tropical species, with a
thick fleshy rhizome, whence proceed a DRAKEA elastica is a curious ter-
number of stalked pedate leaves, a sessile restrial orchid of "West Australia with
spadix with a hooded spathe, and very woolly roots ending in fleshy tubercles ;
fetid flowers, which are hermaphrodite a single orbicular leaf three-quarters of
and have a five to eight-cleft perianth an inch across, growing quite close to the
stamens five to eight, the anthers with two ground, and a slender erect smooth scape
transverse cells ovary three-celled, each
; twelve to eighteen inches high, bearing at
cell containing a single ovule style awl-
; the apex a solitary dull-coloured flower
shaped berries distinct, with one to three
; three-quarters of an inch across. The
seeds. B. polyphyllum, a native of some shield-shaped labellum is placed on a long
'

parts of India, Japan, &c, possesses power- arm with a moveable joint in the middle,
I) rap] €fyz Crca^uru af 3Botan». 428
and is stated by Mr. Drummond to re- which are bell-shaped, and have six equal
semble an insect suspended in the air stamens inserted on the perianth seg-
moving with every toreeze.' This is the ments. B. maculata is a greenhouse bulb
only species known. [A. A. B.] with spotted leaves. [J. T. SJ

DRAPETES. A genus of Thymelacece DRIMYS. Agenus of Magnoliacece, con-

with hermaphrodite flowers, and a coloured sisting of trees natives of South America,
funnel-shaped perianth with a four-cleft New Zealand, &c. They have their .carpels
limb, and no scales in its throat stamens
; crowded, berry -like, and many-seeded, and
four, inserted on the perianth no hypo-
; the cells of the anther are separated by a
gynous scales ; ovary one-celled. The thickened connective. B. Winteri, a na-
fruit is a single-seeded nut, included in tive of Chili and the Straits of Magalhaens,
the base of the persistent perianth. D. furnishes the bark known as Winter's
muscoides, the only species, is found at the Bark, which both in appearance and pro-
Straits of Magalhaens. It is- a shrubby perties is much like canella bark, but is
plant with opposite decussate sessile of a darker colour internally. It is a stimu-
leaves. [J. H. B.] lant aromatic tonic, but is seldom used.
DRAVE. (Fr.) Braba. The bark was first brought to Europe by
Capt. Winter in 1579, he having accom-
DRAYTONIA. A genus nearly related panied Sir Francis Drake to Magalhaens'
to Saurauja (which is placed by some Straits. In Brazil the bark of B. granatensis
botanists with the dilleniads, and by is used against colic. B. piperita is a na-
others in the tea family), but differing in tive of Borneo. [M. T. MJ
the styles being united to the apex. D.
ruMcunda, so called from the reddish hue DRIMYSPERMT7M. A Malayan shrub
of the leaves, is found in the Feejee Is- with alternate leaves and umbellate flow-
lands, and is the only species. It is an or- ers surrounded by an involucre. The
namental shrub, or sometimes tree, of perianth is coloured, tubular, with a four-
forty to fifty feet high, with long alternate parted limb; stamens eight, inserted into
stalked papery oblong serrated leaves, and the throat of the perianth. The base of
axillary stalked cymes of small red flow- the ovary is surrounded by a membranous
ers, which have a calyx of five roundish tube, the ovary itself being free, with one
sepals, five obovate petals, about forty ovule in each of its two compartments,
stamens slightly united below, and an and crowned by a short style with a but-
ovary crowned by a columnar style tip- ton-like stigma. Fruit berry-like, two-
ped with a three-lobed stigma. The fruit celled, two-seeded. It is included among
is a small capsule about the size of a the Aquilariacece. [M. T. M.]
pea, enclosing numerous seeds. The genus
bears the name of Mr. J. Drayton, an Ame- DROGUE AME V
RE. A
bitter tincture,
rican naturalist and artist. [A. A. B.] of which Andrograpliis paniculata is the
basis; it possesses stomachic- and tonic
DREGEA. A genus of Asclepiadacece, properties.
containing two species, natives of Africa DROP-SEED. Muhlenbergia diffusa.
and Arabia. They are shrubs with oppo-
site membranaceous leaves, and small DROPWORT. Spircea Filipendula ; also
glabrous flowers in umbels on interpetio- Potentilla Filipendula. ,— WATER. The
lar peduncles. The calyx consists of five common name for CEnanthe.
sepals, and the rotate corolla is five-cleft,
with faintly emarginate lobes, while the
DROSERACE.3E. (Sundeivs.) A natural
order of thalamifloral dicotyledonous or ex-
staminal crown consists of five small
ogenous plants belonging to Lindley's ber-
kidney-shaped leaflets attached to the
beral alliance. Herbs often covered with
gynostegium. The two follicles are four- glandular hairs. They have alternate leaves
winged and divaricate, and contain few with fringes at their base, and a circinate
cornose seeds. In habit and structure
vernation sepals five, persistent petals
this genus is very near to Marsdenia it
; ;

five; stamens as many as the petals, or

;

differs from it chiefly in the structure of

twice or three times as many styles three
;
the staminal crown and in the tetrapter-
to five. Fruit a one-celled three to five-
ous fruit. [W. C]
valved capsule with loculicidal dehiscence.
DRIMIA. A genus of Liliacece from the The plants are found inhabiting marshes in
Cape of Good Hope, containing bulbous Europe, India, China, Cape of Good Hope,
herbs, with oblong orchis-like or linear Madagascar, North and South America, and
root leaves, and scapes bearing a raceme New Holland. They have acid and slightly
of flowers, with a six-parted reflexed peri- acrid properties. Hooker thinks that the
anth, varying in colour in different spe- order should be placed near the Saxifra-
cies, being purple, yellow, white, or red,
gacece. Some of the Antarctic species are
often tinged with green. The juice of the perigynous. The species of Brosera are
bulbs is said to be very acrid, causing blis- remarkable for their glandular hairs, which
ters when applied to the skin. [J. T. S.]
are covered with drops of fluid in sun-
shine hence the name of Rossolis, and of
:

DRIMIOPSIS. A genus of LUiocecefrom the Italian liquor R,ossoli, in the prepara-

the Cape of Good Hope, containing bulb- tion of which a species of Drosera is used.
ous herbs with radical leaves, and a scape Some include Pamassia in this order.
with a raceme of greenish yellow flowers, There are seven known genera, including
 429 W.\yz Creatfttrn of 33ntanp. [deya
Brosera, Bionoea, Brosophyllum, and Aldro- DRUMMOXDITA. A genus of heath-
vauda, and about 100 species. [J. H. B.] like rutaceous undershrubs, with yellow
flowers, natives of South-western Aus-
DROSERA. A genus of plants giving tralia. They may be known by their sta-
name to the order Broseracecc, and distin- mens, which are combined into a long
|
guished by having five sepals, petals, and hairy tube of a purple colour. Of the ten
stamens, three to five-cleft styles, and a stamens which form this tube, five are
one-celled many-seeded capsule. Their fertile, and five sterile, the latter being
most striking character, however, is con- feathery. Ovaries five, placed on a five-
nected with their leaves. These in the lobed fleshy disk; style thread-like, pro-
British species all spring from the root- truding stigma button-like. CM. T. M.j
;
in a radiating manner, and in their early
stage are rolled up in a circinate form like DRUMSTICK TREE. Cathartocarpus
the fronds of a fern. When expanded they conspicua,
are somewhat concave, and are thickly set DRUPACE.E. (Brupiferce, Amygdalece,
with red glandular hairs, those nearest the A Imondworts.) According to Lindley this is
edge being the longest. Each hair is a distinct natural order, while other bot-
tipped, especially in bright weather, with anists regard it as a suborder of Rosacea.
a minute drop of viscid fluid, hence the The order belongs to the class of dicotyle-
name Drosera (from the Greek drosos, dew), dons, and the sub class Calyciflorce Poly-
and the English name Sundew. The hairs petalce, and to Lindley's rosal alliance.
are not so decidedly irritable as in the Trees and shrubs with simple alternate
allied genus Bioncea, but when any small stipulate leaves. Flowers white or pink,
fly or other insect alights on a leaf, it is in umbels or single ; calyx five-toothed,
held entangled, at first by the viscid fluid, lined with a disk, the fifth lobe superior
and, subsequently, the hairs bend down or next the axis. Petals five, perigynous.
over until decomposition has taken
it Stamens about twenty, arising from the
place. And
this is no unusual occurrence throat of the calyx. Ovary superior, one-
on the contrary, one can scarcely ever ex- celled; ovules two, suspended. Fruit a
amine a plant without finding the wings drupe, with a hard endocarp seed usually
;

and legs of insects on one or more of the solitary; no albumen. The plants are
leaves." The viscid fluid with which the found in cold and temperate climates of the
hairs are furnished, is said to be acrid and northern hemisphere. The leaves, flowers
caustic, to curdle milk, and to remove and seeds yield hydrocyanic or prussic
warts, corns, freckles, and sunburns. It is acid. The bark is astringent, and yields
also said to cause the rot in sheep. The sani- gum. The fruit is in many cases edible.
tary virtues ascribed to it may be real or Amygdalus communis, the almond-tree, a
imaginary: but with respect to its mis- native of Asia and Barbary, is cultivated in
chievous effects on sheep, there can be no the South of Europe. There are two varie-
doubt that where Sundew grows, there ties, one producing sweet, the other bitter
flocks are not likely to fatten, for the almonds. The kernels of the former con-
herbage with which it is associated is tain a fixed oil and emulsin, while those
mostly moss, rushes, cotton-grass, and of the latter contain also amygdalin, which
other juiceless weeds. There are three by combination with emulsin produces
species of Sundew indigenqus to Britain, prussic acid. Cerasus communis yields the
which differ in the shape and size of their common cherry. C. Lauro-cerasus, the
leaves, and agree in having small incon- cherry-laurel or bay-laurel, yields a hydro-
spicuous flowers on a leafless wiry scape. cyanated oil. The kernels of species of
Some of the foreign species have leafy Cerasus impart flavour to noyeau, ratafia,
stems. The hairs of B. lunata are said cherry-brandy, and maraschino. Primus
to close upon insects which alight upon communis furnishes the common plum,
them. French, Rossolis ; German, Sonven- and P. Armeniaca, the apricot. Amygdalus
thau. [C. A. J.] persica supplies the peach, and a variety
DROSOPHYLLUM. A singular half- gives the nectarine. There are five known
shrubby plant belonging to the Broseracea?, genera, and 110 species. [J. H. BJ
distinguished by its ten stamens, and one- DRUPARIA. A Brazilian herbaceous
celled capsule opening with five valves,
plant of the gourd family, with a furrowed
which bend inwards so as almost to make stem, and branching tendrils; female flow-
the capsule five-celled. B. hisitanicum,
ers in clusters. The fruit is four-celled,
the only species, a native of the sandy |

hills of Portugal, grows about six inches

four-seeded. pi. T. MJ
high, bearing narrow leaves thickly set DRUPE (adj. DRUPACEOUS). A fleshy
with stalked glands, and having large or succulent fruit, with a bonyputamen or
sulphur-coloured flowers. [C. A. J.] lining, as a plum.—, SPURIOUS. Any
fleshy body inclosing a stone.
DROriLLIER (Fr.) Pyrus Aria.
DRUMMOHlDI A. A name formerly given DRUPEOLE. A little drupe.
to agroup of X. American herbs of the saxi- DRYADANTHE. A
genus of the rose
fragaceous order, now more commonly family, nearly allied to Sibbaldia, but dif-
regarded as a section of Mitellopsis, and fering in the parts of the flower being
known by their stamens being opposite arranged in fours. B. Bungeana, the
the pinnatifid petals, and by the bilobed only known species, is a little Alpine plant
condition of their stigmas. [T. M.] I
from two to four inches high, found in
drya] Clje Ereajattrg of ISotaug. 430
the Altai mountains ; dense
it grows in consists of tropical or sub-tropical herbs
tufts, and all its parts are covered with with slender diffuse stems often rooting
silky hairs the leaves are about a quarter
; at the joints, opposite leaves varying from
of an inch long, and made up of three leaf- subrotund to linear, often with small ca-
lets, the central one with three, the lateral ducous stipules, and white flowers in pani-
ones with two teeth. The stems are ter- culate or corymbose cymes. [J. T. S.]
minated by one or two little flowers, each
with a four-parted calyx border, four DRYMODA -picta. The name of a
petals, and four stamens, or in the females curious minute epiphytal orchid, with pseu-
a like number of ovaries. [A. A. BJ dobulbs, and apparently no leaves, found
growing in Birmah, and described and
DRYANDRA. Alarge proteaceousgenus, figured by Dr. Lindley in the Sertum Orchi-
named after Dr. Jonas Dryander, a cele- daeeum, t. 8. The flower is single, on the
brated botanist, who was librarian to Sir end of a short scape, and inverted, that is'
Joseph Banks. It is distinguished by the labellum is uppermost. 'The column
having four-parted apetalous flowers, gene- with, its two long petal-like arms is under-
rally clothed on the exterior with reddish- most, and the long foot of the column
brown wool four linear nearly sessile
; stands over it, bearing at the apex a pair
anthers, inserted on the concave extre- of pink and white lateral sepals, between
mities of the segments of the flower, burst- which hangs down the deep red, fleshy,
ing longitudinally a round occasionally
; and hairy labellum.' The other parts of
furrowed style, slightly exserted, and a the flower are yellow with brown spots.
cylindrical or clavate stigma. The fruit The four pollen masses without caudicles,
is a woody follicle. The flowers grow in attached to a large globose fleshy stig-
sessile terminal heads, with a closely im- matic gland, make this plant a link be-
bricated involucre, clothed with dense tween Epidendrece and Tandem. [A. A. B.]
reddish-brown wool, the outer bracts
elliptical, acuminate, the inner ones sub- DRYMOGLOSSUM. A genus of small
ulate with a pencil of rufous wool at the creeping polypodiaceous ferns, with simple
point. fronds, belonging to the group T(vvitidea>.
Bryandra, like its congener Banhsia, is The fronds are either of two forms, the
more remarkable for the variety and pecu- fertile ones more or less revolute or con-
liar forms of generally rigid foliage
its
tracted, or else the fertile apex of the frond
is contracted. The soriform thickish lines
than for the beauty of its flowers. The
leaves are either linear or oblong, and with at or near the margin on the lower surface.
very few exceptions coarsely serrated, The veins are reticulated, and very fre-
lobed or pinnatifid (in B. speciosa they are quently obscure; they are, however, uni-
entire), varying considerably in size, some form, and form roundish or oblong-hexa-
being from a foot to a foot and a half in gonal areoles, which enclose a few free
length, and not more than a third of an veinlets. The species are nc t very nume-
inch in breadth, as B. longifolia, B. Brownii, rous, but are widely scattered, occurring
B. tenuifolia, &c. whilst in others, as B.
;
in India, China, and Japan, extending to
prceniorsa, B. cuneata,B.floribunda, &c.,they Norfolk Island, and again occurring in
are only two inches long, and half an inch the "West Indies. The lines of sori, which
broad. The genus has only been found on are not covered, are sometimes placed
the south and south-west parts of Australia, directly on the surface of the frond, some-
the larger number of the species having times sunk in a little groove or channel. In
been discovered in the immediate vici- some species the sterile fronds are nearly
nity of King George's Sound and Swan round; in others they are subcordate, or
elliptic, or spathulate, while the fertile are
River. [R. H.J
twice their length, and of alinear or linear-
DRYAS. A genus of herbaceous plants oblong outline. The common typical spe-
with shrubby stems, giving name to the cies is B.plloselloides, awide-spread eastern
sub-order Bryaclece of the Rosacea;. The plant. [T. M.]
species are elegant little evergreen plants
of humble growth, with rather large simple DRYMONIA. A genus of South Ameri-
leaves which lie prostrate on the ground, can shrubs, belonging to the Gesneractce.
and showy white or yellow flowers like the They are twiners upon trees in moist
Potentillas and Geums, but well distin- places, throwing out rootlets from any
guished from both by having the seed- part of the stem, and they have opposite
vessels furnished with a long unjointed serrated petiolate leaves, and large flowers
feathery appendage or tail. They are on solitary axillary peduncles, the corolla
found either in high latitudes, or in Alpine being campanulate-ringent, gibbous at the
or sub-Alpine regions, in both hemispheres. base on the posterior side, and with the up-
B.octopetala, the only British species, well per lip two-lobed and the lower three-lobed.
marked by its eight white petals, is not The four included didynamous stamens
unfrequent in the mountainous parts of are inserted at the base of the corolla tube,
England, Ireland, and Scotland, the last without any trace of a fifth. Seven species
especially. French, Briade: German, Sil- have been described. [W. C]
berkraut [C. A. J.j
DRYMOPHILA. A genus of Liliacem
DRYMARIA. A genus of Illecebracece from Tasmania, consisting of herbs with
allied to Spergula, and like it rather to be erect stems leafless below, but with two-
referred to a section of Caryovhyllaceai. It ranked narrowly-lanceolate sessile acute
 431 CTjc Creas'urjj of Statan]).
leaves ab md axillary and terminal ,
always the case, as in some instances two
one-flowered peduncles, supporting white seeds have been found. Standing up in
flowers with six spreading segments. The the centre of the fruit is a little stalk or
fruic is a pendulous blue sub-globose three- columella, which is concealed in a furrow
celled berry. [J. T. S.] of the seed, where it divides into two
wings concealed beneath the edges of one
DRYMYRHIZE.E. A synonyme of Zingi- of the cotyledons, which is considerably
beracece, under which the characters of larger than the other. The seeds have
the plants are given. [J. H. B.] been observed to germinate in the ripe
fruit after the dehiscence of its valves.
DRYXARIA. A genus of polypodia- B. aromatica or D. Camphora furnishes a
ceous ferns, generally distinguishable by liquid called camphor oil, and a crystalline
the production of two separate kinds of solid known as Borneo or Sumatra Cam-
fronds the one pinnate or pinnatifld in
j

:
phor. Camphor oil, which is obtained by
the usual way, and bearing sori the other
;
]

incising the tree, has a fragrant aromatic

very short, always sterile, coarsely veined, odour, and has been employed to scent
and soon acquiring a harsh dried appear-
i

soap. The solid camphor is found in the

ance, quite stalkless, and lobed at the
cracks of the wood, and is obtained by
edge so as to resemble the leaf of an oak,
!

cutting down the tree, dividing it into

whence they are called querciform. The blocks and small pieces, from the inter-
fronds have a very compound venation, stices of which the camphor is extracted.
two or three series of irregular quadrate It is rarely seen in this country, but
areoles being formed within each other,
fetches a very high price. It differs from
and free veinlets being produced in the ordinary camphor by its six-sided crystals,
. ultimate areoles. The fructification is and its greater hardness and brittleness.
that of Polypodium. The genus, which is
It doesnot so readily become condensed on
i
very well marked, is therefore known by its the sides of the bottle wherein it is kept,
polypodioid fructification, its compoundly
I

as ordinary camphor does. This camphor

I
anastomosing venation, and its dwarfed is much sought after by the Chinese, who
! querciform sterile fronds. The segments attributemany virtues to it. It seems to
or pinna? of the larger fronds readily fall
j

have been long known, as it is mentioned

away, beingarticulated at their base. InJ5.
i

by Marco Polo in the thirteenth century,

quercifolia, which is the type of the genus,
!

and Camoens, in 1571, also mentions it as

the sterile oak-leaf fronds are four to six '
the balsam of disease.' [M. T. M.]
j
inches long, and the larger fertile ones
from one two feet or more in length,
to DRYOMENIS. A curious and somewhat
I
dark shining green, with long segments anomalous genus of ferns belonging to
bearing a row of sori on each side of their the group having naked sori, and having
costa. The few species now retained in the sori small and oblong, but arranged
j

j
the genus are all eastern, being found transversely to the veins and parallel with
'

in India, and in the islands of the Pacific, j the costa, thus indicating a technical re-
i
extending as far as Australia and the lationship with Meniscium. It has a com-
Feejee Islands. In one species, D. coro- | pound form of venation, the pinnate veins
: nans, the two forms of frond become com- !

being first united by transverse venules,

bined in one, the fronds of this species |
and then again once or twice united by
;
being sessile and querciform at the base, j
zigzag veins forming irregular areoles,
, but elongated upwards so as to bear the from which in the sterile fronds free in-
I fertile segments on the upper part. Though i

cluded veinlets branch out. The recepta-

! normally and usually round, as in Pobjpo- \
cles are seated on the transverse veins
dium, the sori in D. coronans sometimes , which join the primary veins proceed-
I
become confluent in lines between the |
ing from the costa, so that the sori are
1

primary veins, and in that state are very placed parallel to the costa. The only
[
similar to those of Selliguea, [T. M.] species, D.menisciicarpon of the Philippine
DRTOBALAXOPS. A tree, native of the Islands, is a rather coarse-growing fern
island of Sumatra, yielding a kind of cam- with broad fronds, becoming taller and
phor. It constitutes a genus of Diptera- contracted with a less copious venation
cece, characterised by the calyx having a when fertile. It is sometimes associated
cup-shaped tube, and a limb divided into with the Polypodiecn. [T. MJ
five leafy erect segments. The fruit is a
|

capsule, enclosed within the cup of the

DRTOPTERIS A name originally given
by Adanson to the common male fern now
calyx, and bursting when ripe by three
I

called Lastrea, and subsequently also ap-

valves according to Professor Oudemans,
:
plied to a group agreeing with this in
of Rotterdam, the most recent investi-
general structure. It has not, however,
gator of this plant, and who has enjoyed
been generally adopted, the name Lastrea
better opportunities for so doing than his
being preferred by some, who separate the
'

predecessors. It appears from his descrip-

free and netted veined species, and that of
tion in the Annates des Sciences Nat. (4
!

ser v loo. that thr- ralvpa <vf 'the frnit in Nephrodium by others, who, irrespective
:

of venation, combine in one group all the

SPnara in- from earn other carr^wi h
aspidioid plants with reniform fructifica-
eh^fSnvelLiIntof"the^TsoThlt
the fruit. The fruit is usually described
t0 a sectl0n ot Polypodium, [T. MJ
as containing but one seed, but this is not [ DRYOSTACHYUM. A small genus of
 ferns, remarkable for the diversity of i may be brought into the dock-yard with
the different parts of its fronds. The spe- the wood, in which case they are mostly
cies are generally referred to the Polypo- the i esult of some ancient malady, and
-

diece group of true ferns, hut on account may have remained dormant in the wood
of the sori being seated on a broad recep- altogether, or may have existed in the
tacle, consisting not of a point on one shape of minute spawn. The foxy oak,
vein, but of a crowded network of fine ;
which is grown on old stools, owes its
veinlets or little veins, they have been colour to incipient decomposition accom-
sometimes placed along with Platy cerium, panied by delicate spawn, and when ex-
in a small group called Platyceriece, in ;
posed to circumstances favourable to fun-
which the same feature occurs. The fronds !
gal development, the perfect form of the
are leathery in texture, with prominent ,
fungus by which it was injured will soon
veins, merely pinnatifid, with the parts !
make its appearance. Elm trees are often
broad at the base, but in the upper part I
strongly impregnated with spawn before
deeply divided into narrow or contracted .
they are felled, and we have lately seen
segments, which are fertile. The parts are Polyporus ulmarms bursting forth from
all articulated so as to separate spontane- the cut surface of an elm tree which
ously from the mamrib or rachis. The i fell a sacrifice to the spring gales of
sori are large and generally quadrangular, I 1860, the whole wood being evidently af-
closely set along each side of the costa, fected.
each of them covering or seated on a flue i When the fungus attacks the surface, it
network of veins. They are without !
soon runs over it, and its spawn penetrates
indusia. The venation is very compound, j
the wood, destroying all before it. The
the veins and venules in the sterile parts best remedy against Dry Rot consists in
anastomosing freely in almost equal-sided careful selection of wood, perfect ventila-
areoles, and enclosing free veinlets in the tion, and patient seasoning, added to the
ultimate spaces. There are only two spe- employment of such kinds of wood for
I
cies known, both of which are natives of particular purposes as may be most suit;
I the Philippine Islands. [T. MJ |
able to the situation they are intended to
occupy. Mineral salts may also be em-
DRTPETES. A genus of Euphorbiacea? ployed, but the remedy on which autho-
comprising a few West Indian and South rities in the present day insist the most is
American trees or shrubs, which have al- creosote, which has the property of coagu-
ternate oval or elliptical pointed leathery lating albumen, and making it enter into
leaves, and inconspicuous flowers arranged combinations unfit for vegetation. It is,
in axillary fascicles, the males and females however, found that where the proper
on different plants. The males have a conditions have been secured, it is quite as
calyx of four to six divisions, no petals, economical to do nothing, for even with
and two to six free stamens; the females bad materials Dry Rot is not universal, and
have an ovary of one or two cells seated with good, attended by proper precautions,
in a fleshy disk. The fruit is a hard ellip- there will be little or no Dry Rot except
tical dry drupe. The genus is nearly allied under accidental circumstances which are
to Hemicyclia, but the latter has numerous favourable to its progress. In damp situa-
stamens. [A A. B.]
i

[
tions with imperfect ventilation, even
DRTPIS. A should no fungus be present, decomposi-
genus of Caryopliyllacea>,
tion is sure to take place, destructive to
distinguished by having a one-seeded utri-
cular capsule, which breaks across trans-
the wood, and prejudicial to the health of
those who are constantly in its neighbour-
versely. D. spinosa, a Mediterranean
herb, has branched rigid fragile stems,
hood. In cellars and domestic buildings
with opposite subulate leaves ending in where the fungus has not already com-
spines, and small rose-caloured flowers in
mitted too much mischief, it may be
effectually checked by washing it with a
dense corymbose cymes, with only Ave sta-
strong solution of corrosive sublimate.
mens in each. [J. T. S.]
Where fungus does not exist, the remedy
DRY ROT. "We are concerned with this is scarcely applicable when decay has com-
subject only so far as it may be the effect menced, though it may be useful in the
of Fungi, or as calling those Fungi into first instance. [M. J. BJ
especial notice. As, however, Dry Rot may
be the effect of slow chemical combustion DUBOISIA. A name
applied to an Aus-
tralian shrub, placed by Miers in Atropacea,
as well as of Fungi, and the results are
but by others referred to Scrophulariaccce.
much the same in either case, it is well Its flowers are in axillary clusters, white,
that any mycologist who may attempt with a two-lipped calyx corolla funnel-
the investigation of the subject should be ;

shaped, the limb five-parted; stamens five,

aware of the fact. included within the corolla, four fertile
Dry Rot may be produced by various (two long, two short), and one rudimentary;
species, as Polyporus hybridus, Tlielephora
ovary with two many-ovuled compart-
puteana, Merulius lacrymans, &c. In oak
ir is generally due to the first, and in the
ments ; fruit berry-like. [M. T. M.]
wood of conifers to the last. Different DUBYiEA. A genus of
Composites,
kinds of timber, moreover, in tropical nearly related to Hieracium, but differing
countries have their own enemies, but in having beaked achenes. Of the three
these at present have not been sufficiently known species, one with the habit of a
investigated. The spores of the Fungi sowthistle is found in Australia another, ;

I
433 Cf)e CrcaSttrj) at ISotang, [dxjme

somewhat like a dandelion, is found in sexual the calyx limb has three unequal
;

Armenia and a third, like a hawkweed,

: ovate acute netted segments, which in-
grows in the Himalayas from Sikkim west- crease in size as the fruit ripens the
;

ward to Kuraaon, at elevations between corolla is tubular, regular, spurless, itslimb

8,000 and 12,000 feet. Its upper leaves are five-lobed; stamens three. The fruit is
hairy, oblong, entire or toothed, and em- membranous, very hairy, crowned by the
bracing the stem, while the lower are nearly calyx lobes, three-celled, with two of the
triangular, and narrowed into a winged cells empty and distended. [M. T. MJ
stalk. The yellow flower-heads have their
lance-shaped involucral scales beset with DUGUETIA. A genus of Anonacea, con-
black hairs, and the compressed striated sisting of Brazilian trees with scurfy
achenes are narrowed into a beak, and branches. The flower is not described,
crowned with a pappus of numerous rough but the receptacle bearing the fruits is
hairs. The geuus bears the name of M. Du- divided transversely into two sections,
by, a French botanist. [A. A. B.] the lower globular, woody, marked with
the scars of the fallen stamens, the upper
DUC DE TOLE. (Fr.) Tulipa suaveo- portion somewhat conical, spongy, pitted ;

the carpels inserted on this receptacle are

DUCHARTREA. A numerous, ovate, angular, terminated by
genus of Gesneracece,
the persistent styles/woody and one-seeded.
containing a single species, a native of the
D. quitarensis furnishes the light elastic
mountains of Cuba. It is an erect branch-
wood, called Lance-wood, imported from
ing shrub, wrinkled with resinous warts,
and having coriaceous tootbed leaves and
Cuba and Guiana,. for the use of coach-
greenish flowers in few-flowered corymbs.
builders principally. [M. T. MJ
The corolla campanulate, slightly con- DUK. The horsehair-like fibres of the
stricted on the underside, and the limb cut Gomuti palm, Saguerus saccharifer.
into five unequal roundish lobes, furnished
with awned teeth around the margins; DULCIS. Any kind of taste which is
the stamens are didynamous with a sterile not acrid.
fifth. The base of the style is surrounded DULSE. A name given in Scotland to
by an erect pentagonal cup. The warty several different kinds of rose-sporedAZgrce,
oval fruit is crowned by the persistent but especially to Rhodymenia palmata and
calyx. [W. C] Jridcea edulis, which are extensively eaten
DUCHASSAIXGIA. Eryihrina. on the sea-coasts, and which occasionally
make their appearance in the market. We
DUCHESXEA. The name sometimes ap- have ourselves been thankful for this
plied to an East Indian strawberry, Fra- coarse and parchment-like food amongst
garia indica, with insipid fruit and yellow the Western Isles, when it was impossible
flowers. [A A. BJ to procure any other kind of sustenance.
DUCK'S-FOOT. Podophyllum. Laurencia pinnatifida affords an inferior
Dulse, known under the name of Pepper
DUCKMEAT or DUCKWEED. The com- Dulse. These species are generally eaten
mon names of the curious floating aqua- raw. When cooked they have an unmis-
tics, which form the genus Lemna. takeable sea-twang, wiiich, in spite of all
DUCTS. Tubular vessels marked by the pains of Soyer, forbids their entrance
transverse lines or dots apparently in
:
into any acceptable food, where more
some cases modifications of spiral vessels, sapid articles are procurable. [M. J. B.]
when they are called closed, annular, reti- DUMERILIA. A genus of perennial
culated, and scalariform; sometimes ana- Mexican herbs, belonging to the lip-flower-
logous to pitted tissue, when they are ed group of Compositce. They are smooth
called dotted, and form bothrenchyma. plants from one to three feet high, with
DUCU. The resin of Clusia Ducu. sessile oval rigid leaves, which embrace
the stem by their base, and shortly-stalked
DUDAIM. A biblical plant, regarded as flower-heads disposed in terminal corymbs
the Mandrake, Mandragora officinalis. each capitule is about half an inch long,
DUFOCREA. A genus of Convolvulacece, and contains from five to fifteen white
containing five species of South American florets, enclosed by an involucre of about
twining undershrubs with alternate entire three series of lance-shaped scales. The
leaves, and numerous white flowers in achenes are slightly beaked, dilated at the
panicles on axillary or terminal peduncles. apex, and crowned by a pappus of one
The calyx consists of five sepals, the two series of numerous white pilose bristles.
outer of which are membranaceous, and In the nearly-allied Perezia, the hairs of
coloured, very large, almost hiding the the pappus are in two series but accord-
;

funnel-shaped corolla, within which are ing to Dr. A. Gray, this character is here
Ave included stamens, with short subulate of little importance, and he would unite
filaments. The two-celled ovary is sur- the genus to Perezia along with Clarionea
mounted by two styles or a single one and Homoianthus. The roots of the two
deeply-cleft, with capitate stigmas. [W. C] known species are stringy, and the stem
at the base is furnished with a tuft of
DUFRESXEA. A Persian annual of the rusty hairs. From the roots of D. Ala-
order Yalerianaceo>. The leaves are entire ; mani, a eurious chemical production
the flowers in close cymes, sometimes uni- known as Pipitzahuac is prepared; it resem-
DUMU Wfyz Ersatfurj) oi MaUnv. 434

bles flakes of gold, and is said to be power- next the centre in Exogens, and next the
fully drastic, with an odour of valerian, circumference in Endogens.
and useful as a dye. The plant is also
known as Perezia fruticosa and sometimes DURANTA. A genus of S. American
Acourtia rigida. [A. A. B.] bushes of the vervain family, easily dis-
tinguished by the racemed flowers, and by
DTJMUS (adj. DUMOSE). A low branch- the nature of the fruits, which are com-
ing shrub. posed of four nuts enclosed in the calyx
tube, which is contracted at top; they
DUNBARIA. A small genus of twining are hard and about the size of a pea,
plants of the pea family, the species of each nut with two one-seeded cells.
which are found in India, Java, and the Some are spiny, others unarmed; but
surrounding Islands. In foliage and habit all are straggling bushes with four-an-
they are somewhat like Phaseolns, but the gled grey twigs, and opposite or whorled
leaves are smaller. The large flowers are stalked leaves, in some like those of the
generally bright-yellow, and disposed in privet, in others toothed. The pretty blue
loose axillary racemes. The calyx is four- flowers are borne in great profusion in
cleft to the middle the corolla remarkable
;
racemes towards the ends of the branches,
for the large membranous standard, much each about half an inch long, and having a
longer than the calyx, which embraces tubular five-ribbed five-toothed calyx, aiid
and hides the other petals, and has two a corolla about three times the length of
callosities at its base. In some species it is the calyx, with a flat border of five unequal
an inch long. The pod is flattened and rounded lobes, nearly half an inch across.
hairy, strongly compressed between the Some of them are said to be poisonous,
seeds. The genus is nearly related to and the seeds are not eaten by birds. D.
Cylista, which, however, has a large mem- Plumieri is in cultivation, and may often
branous calyx completely hiding the co- be seen in plant-stoves. About six species
rolla. It is named in honour of Prof. are known. [A. A, BJ
Dunbar of Edinburgh. [A. A. B.]
DURELIN. (Fr.) Quercus sessiliflora.
DUNGAN. Myristica spuria.
DUODENI. Growing twelve together. DURREA. A genus of Ricciacece.

DUPERREYA. A genus of Convolvu- DURIAN. Durio zibethinus.

laceve, containing a single New Holland spe- DURIO. The tree producing the cele-
cies, a twining undershrub, with petiolate brated Durian fruit of the Indian Archipe-
narrow leaves, and solitary axillary flow- lago, B. zibethinus, is the only species of
ers at the ends of the branches, having a this genus of Stereuliacece. It forms a
somewhat funnel-shaped The cap- corolla. large forest tree, attaining sixty or eighty
sule contains a single seed. [W. C] feet in height, with somewhat the genei-al
DUPLICATE. Growing in pairs. In appearance of an elm. The leaves are en-
composition the word indicates the repe- tire, oblong, rounded at the base and taper-
tition of a character : thus duplicato-cre-
nate is when each crenel is itself crenate ;
duiilicato-dtntate, when each toothing is it-
self toothed dupUcato-pinnate, when the
;

leaflets of a pinnate leaf become themselves

pinnate; daplicato-serrate, when each ser-
rature is itself serrated ; and so on.
DUPLO. Twice as much as, or twice as
many as.
DUPONTIA. A genus of grasses belong-
ing to the tribe A vene-ce, distinguished by
the inflorescence being in contracted pa-
nicles ; spikeiets ovate, two-flowered, with
the rudiment of a third floret ; stamens |

three ; ovary smooth styles two, f eathery-

;

The species are from the extreme northern

limits of phamogamous vegetation D. Fis- :
Durio zibethin
cheri from Melville Island, and D. psilnxen-
tha from Russian North America. [D. MJ ing upwards into a long point, densely
covered beneath with minute scales, which
DUPUISIA. A genus of Anacardiacece, give them a silvery red appearance. The
consisting of trees natives of Senegal. The
flowers are yellowish-green, produced in
calyx is cup-shaped, persistent, slightly
little clusters upon the trunk or main
five-toothed; petals five, concave, longer
branches, each flower having two large
than the sepals stamens five, inserted
;

with the petals into the calyx ovary one- ;

concave bracts at its base; the calyx is
[M. T. M.] tubular and five-toothed the corolla has
;
celled, one-seeded.
five petals, which are partly joined so as
DURAMEN. The heart-wood, or that to form a short tube the stamens are
;

part of the timber of a tree which becomes numerous collected into five bundles, and
hardened by matter deposited in it. It is have twisted or uneven anthers and the;
 i d 3 €*f)c €rca£uni of 23 a tan ti. [dtso
scaly ovary issurmounted by along thread- [
posed by Dr. Mueller for an Australian com-
like style, and a simple round stigma. The posite plant/winch proved to be the same as
fruit varies in shape, being either globular !
Bimorpholepis; and afterwards applied by
or oval, and measures as much as ten inches |
him to a myoporaceous shrub from South
in length it has a thick hard rind, entirely
:
j
Australia, which he published as a new
covered with very strong sharp prickles, genus, but which he has more recently re-
and is divided into five cells, each of which duced to EremopMla.
contains from one to four seeds rather
I

larger than pigeons' eggs, and completely I

DUVALIA. A name given by Haworth
j

enveloped in a firm luscious-looking

to some species of Stapelia.
i

! cream-coloured pulp, which is the eatable |

DUVAUA. A genus of Anacardiacece ,
I portion of the fruit. !
consisting of trees or shrubs, natives of
This tree is very commonly cultivated China and the Sandwich Isles. They are
j
throughout the Malayan Peninsula and sometimes armed with axillary spines ;

Islands, where its fruit, during the period :

the leaves are entire the flowers are in
;

it is in season, forms the greatest part of

; I clusters, each with a four or five-cleft per-
the food of the natives. Considerable diver-
;
j
sistent calyx four to five petals inserted
,

sity of opinion exists among epicures as

,
I
beneath an eight-lobed disk; eight to ten
t.o the relative merits of several well-known ;
stamens, those alternate with the petals
i
tropical fruits, including the Durian, the j
longer than the others and a sessile one-
;

mangosteen, the cherimoyer, and the pine-

:

celled ovary. The drupe is pea-shaped,

"apple, any one of which is made to occupy |
having the smell of juniper. Some of the
;
the foremost place, according to individual j
species are grown as evergreen wall
tasre. The flavour of the Durian, however, shrubs, with white or greenish flowers.
is said to be perfectly unique and it is ; Dr. Lindley remarks ' that the leaves of B.
.
also quite certain that no other fruit, either hai/oHa expel their resin with such vio-
of tropical or temperate climes, combines lence, when immersed in water, as to have
in itself such a delicious flavour with such the appearance of spontaneous motion in
an abominably offensive odour an odour — consequence of the recoil.' [M. T. M.]
commonly compared either with putrid DWALE. The Deadly Nightshade, Atro-
animal matter, or with rotten onions. It
might be supposed that a fruit possessing pa Belladonna,
such an odour could never become a fa- DYCKIA. Brazilian herbs, named in
vourite but it is said that when once the
; honour of Prince Salm-Dyck, an amateur
repugnance has been overcome, the Durian and patron of science. They constitute a
is sure to find favour, and that Europeans genus of Bromeliacece, having lance-shaped
invariably become extremely fond of it. pointed leaves, and bearing flowers in pani-
Mr. A. "Wallace observes that a rich cus- '
cles, with spiny bracts. The perianth is six-
tard highly flavoured with almonds gives parted, the three outer segments calycine,
the best general idea of it, but there are the three inner ones petal-like, bell-shaped,
occasional wafts of flavour that call to rather fleshy the six filaments of the sta-
;

mind cream-cheese, onion-sauce, sherry mens are united below into a tube adhe-
wine, aud other incongruous dishes. Tben rent to the inner segments of the peri-
there is a rich glutinous smoothness in the anth the ovary is free, three-lobed, with
;

pulp which nothing else possesses, but three spreading forked stigmas. B. rari-
which adds to its delicacy. It is neither flora is a very showy plant with orange-
acid, nor sweet, nor juicy; yet it wants coloured flowers. [M. T. M.]
none of these qualities, for it is in itself
DTER'S-WEED. Reseda Luteola; also
perfect. It produces no nausea or other
Genista tinctoriafand Isatis tinctoria.
bad effect, and the more you eat of it the
less you feel inclined to stop. In fact, to DYNAMIS. power. A figurative
A
j
eat Durians is a new sensation worth a term employed by Linnaeus to express,
voyage to the East to experience.' The the degrees of development of stamens.
unripe Durians are cooked as a vegetable, Thus his Bidynamia signified stamens of
and the pulp of the ripe fruit is salted and two different lengths, or of two different
preserved in jars while the seeds are
; degrees of development.
roasted and eaten like chestnuts. [A. S.] DTSOPHYLLA. A genus belonging to
DURMAST. Quercus sessiliflora pubes- the labiate order, distinguished from its
cens.
congeners by the corolla having a short
tube, the border divided into four nearly
DURRA. Sorghum vulgare. equal pieces, the upper division entire or
slightly notched. The few species belong-
DUST BRAND. UstUago. ing to it are herbs, natives of India and
DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. Bicentra Java the leaves opposite or in whorls
;

Cucullaria. the flowers in more or less dense clusters.

DUTCHMAN'S LAUDANUM. A tincture The name is derived from Greek words
signifying fetid leaf,' and descriptive of
'

of Passiflora rubra, or, according to some,

the odour of the plants, in which property
of Murucuja ocellata.
they differ from most of the species of the
DUTCHMAN'S PIPE. An American name same order. [G. D.]
for Aristolochia Sipho. DYSOXYLON. Large Javanese trees
DUTTONIA. A name originally pro- forming a genus of Meliaceaz, with com-
DYSS] <£T)e Ercagurp of 38 a tan p. 436
pound leaves, whose leaflets are oblique at EARED. The same as Auriculate.
the base the flowers are in axillary pani-
;
EARTH-GALL. Ophiorrhiza Mungos.
cles with four or five-parted whorls the ;

tube, formed by the union of the stamens, EARTH-NUT. Aradiis hypogcea.

is eight to ten-toothed with as many an-
thers in the interior ovary three or four-
EARTH-STAR. Geaster.
;

celled surrounded at the base by a small EARTH-TONGUE. Geoglossum.

disk capsule three-celled, the seeds soli-
;

tary in each compartment. [M. T. MJ

EAU D'ANGE. A perfume distilled from
the flowers of Myrtus communis. — DE
DYSSOCHROMA. A climbing Brazilian COLOGNE. A
well-known alcoholic per-
solanaceous shrub. It has a calyx of five fume, to which Lavandula vera and Ros-
persistent segments a fleshy funnel-shaped
; maninus officinalis contribute their fra-
corolla with the limb divided into five grance. — DE CRE'OLE. A stomachic
acute revalute segments five protruding
; distilled from the Mammee apple, Mammea
stamens, the anthers opening longitudin- americana. — DE MANTES. A liqueur
ally, and surmounted by a small point an ; distilled from Croton balsamiferum. —
erect style thickened at the top; and a ME'DICINALE. A gout medicine prepared
two-celled ovary placed on a large fleshy from Gratiola officinalis. — D'OR. A
disk. [M. T. M.] liquid distilled from Convallaria majalis.
DYSSODIA. A genus of composite herbs,
— D'ORME. A liquid secreted in certain
galls of the elm.
nearly related to Tagetes, but differing in
the nature of the pappus, which is com- EBENACE^E (Ebenads). A
natural order
posed of a number of chaffy scales pin- of corollifloral dicotyledons, belonging
nately or palmately divided above, and to Lindley's gentianal alliance. Trees or
entire below, so that they appear like a shrubs, not milky, with alternate exstipu-
polyadelphous pappus. Of the eight known late leathery and entire leaves flowers ;

species, two are found in the United States hermaphrodite, or staminate and pistil-
and the others in Mexico. Some have linear late calyx three to seven-cleft, persistent
;

or lance-sliaped entire or toothed leaves ; corolla three to seven-cleft stamens usu- ;

in others they are pinnatisect. The yel- ally twice or quadruple the number of the
low flower-heads are disposed in loose corolline segments. Ovary three or several-
corymbs, or panicles at the ends of the celled, with one or two pendulous ovules
branches, and have an involucre of one in each cell. Fruit a round or oval berry
series of scales, more or less united by seeds albuminous. Chiefly Indian and
their edges, and often surrounded by an tropical. A few are found in Europe,
outer series of bracts. In a few species North America, the Cape of Good Hope,
the florets are all tubular and perfect, but and New Holland. The trees of this order
in most of them the outer ones are strap- yield hard and durable timber. The bark
shaped and contain a pistil only. Most of of some is astringent, and the fruit is
these herbs emit an unpleasant odour sometimes eatable. The heartwood of
from the presence of oily matter se- different species of Diospyros constitute
creted by the glandular dots of the leaves. the ebony of commerce, of which there are
D. chrysanihemoid.es, a dwarf annual with many varieties, e. g. D. Ebenum, Mauritius,
pinnatisect leaves, grows in great profu- ebony, D. Melanoxylon, the ebony of Coro-
sion over the western prairies of Illinois, mandel, and D.Ebenaster, the bastard ebony
and in autumn exhales so unpleasant an of Ceylon. Diospyros hirsuta yields the
odour as to sicken travellers. [A. A. B.] variegated calamander wood of Ceylon
E, EX. In compositions without thus ;
and the coasts of India, which is shipped
ex-albuminous signifies without albumen. from Bombay and Madras. The keg-fig of
Japan is the edible fruit of Diospyros
EAGLE-WOOD. The timber of Aloexy- Kaki while the persimmon is the fruit of
;

lon Agallochum ; and also of Aquilaria D. virginiana. There are fifteen known
ovata, and A. Ag allodia. genera and about 180 species. Illustrative
genera Diospyros, Maba, Cargillia, Holo-
EARAIHAU. Ascarina polystackya. cUlus.
:

[J. H. B.]
EARCOCKLE. The name of a curious EBE'NIER. (Fr.) Diospyros Ebenum.
disease in wheat, in which the grain be-
comes blackened and contracted, and mealy EBENUS. A genus of the pea family,
within from the presence of myriads of numbering about a dozen species, nearly
worms belonging to the genus Vibrio. The related to Onobrychis, but the pods are
little animals are extremely tenacious of smaller, and not toothed or crested. They
life, and though apparently reduced to are elegant little shrubs or biennial plants,
dust, when steeped in warm water for a chiefly confined to the high mountainous
short time, after being dry for many regions of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor,
months, they recover their former activity. though E. pinnata is found in Algeria, and
The disease not only impairs the value of another as far east as Beloochistan. All
the wheat, but the little worms are very their parts are commonly crowned with
annoying to the miller from filling up the silky hairs and the leaves are usually un-
;

pores" of his bolting-cloths. The affection equally-pinnate, made up of three to five

is local, and quite unknown in many parts pairs of linear or lance-shaped leaflets,
of England. In some districts it is called though in a few they are digitate or simple.
Purples. [M. J. B.] The peduncles are axillary or terminal, and
 437 Clje €rea£ttrg al 2Sotaun. EC HE

bear dense spikes or round heads of pink strong cathartic effects it is, however,
:

or violet, blossoms, in which the deeply- rarely obtained pure. It is of great value
lipped calyx is conspicuous, and densely in certain cases of dropsy and of cerebral
clothed frith silky hairs. The keel of the disease, where an active remedy is re-
corolla has the very minute triangular quired; but as its action is violent it
wings adhering to its claw near the base,
and of the ten stamens, nine are united
into a tube, and one is free. [A. A, B.]

EBOE TREE. Dipterix ebdensis.

EBONY. The timber of various species
of Diospyros, especially D. Ebenum, Ebe-
naster, and Melanoxylon. — AMERICAN.
Brya Ebenus. — GREEN". Exccecaria glan-
chdosa, and also Jacaranda ovalifolia. —
JAMAICA,or WEST INDIA. Brya Ebenus.
— MOUNTAIN. Bauhinia variegata.
EBRACTEATE Having no bracts.
EBT7RNEUS. Of the colour of ivory.
ECALCARATE. Having no calcar, or
spur.
ECASTAPHYLLPM. A small genus of
leguminous shrubs found in S. America
i
and TV". Africa, nearly related to Dalbergia,
which has long straight thin pods, while
these have flat, nearly orbicular one-seeded Ecbalium agreste.
pods % whose valves have a tendency to a
corky thickening. The leaves are some- requires to be administered with great
times simple, but more generally pinnate, caution, and in cases where there exists no
and made up of three to five pairs of oval objection to its use. The active principle
leaflets, and an odd one. Their little of elaterium is a crystalline substance
white straw-coloured or reddish-purple called elaterin. The plant is grown for medi-
pea flowers are disposed in short axillary cinal purposes at Mitcham and elsewhere.
cymes. The calyx is bell-shaped and five- It is related of Dr. Dickson, who was
toothed the stamens eight or nine, but
;
formerly lecturer on botany at St. George's
more usually ten, nine united and one free. hospital, that he suffered severely from the
E. Monetaria, a pinnate-leaved species with effects of this plant, in consequence of
white flowers found in Surinam, has red having conveyed some specimens of it in
wood, which is said to furnish a resin like his hat from the Jardin des Plantes to his
dragon's blood, and the root when cut emits
a purple juice. The name is sometimes
lodgings in Paris. [M. T. MJ
written Hecastophyllum. [A. A. B.] ECBLASTESIS. The production of buds
within flowers, in consequence of mon-
ECBALIUM. A genus of Cucurbitacece strous developement ; or on inflores-
closely allied to Momordica, from which it cences.
differs in the absence of tendrils, and of
!

rudimentary stamens in the female flowers, ECCREMOCARPUS. Handsome climb-

and by the peculiarity of the fruit, which ing plants with a somewhat shrubby stem,
when ripe separates from the stalk and
long succulent branches, much-divided
leaves, terminating in a branched tendril,
expels, with considerable force, the brown
seeds through the aperture made by the and tubular yellow or green flowers, which
removal of the stalk. E. agreste {Momor- are divided into five equal lobes. The sta-
dica Elaterium), the Squirting Cucumber, mens are four, two longer than the others,
a native of waste places in the south of
with the rudiment of a fifth. The seeds
Europe, is an annual plant with prostrate are produced in a one-celled two-valved
branching stems, and heart-shaped rough ovate capsule, and are surrounded by a
leaves. The flowerstalks are axillary the:
membranous wing, on which account they
are favourite objects for microscopes of
male flowers in clusters with bell-shaped
yellow green-veined corollas the females low power. The genus belongs to the
;
Bignoniaceas. E. longiflorus has a red
solitary. The fruit is a small elliptical calyx and a very long corolla with a yellow
greenish gourd, covered with soft trian-
gular prickles. These fruits forcibly eject
tube and green limb. E. scaber, a hand-
their seeds, together with a mucilaginous
some Chilian species with orange-coloured
flowers, much cultivated as an ornamental
juice, a phenomenon said by Dutrochet to
creeper, is sometimes called Calampelis
be due to endosmosis.
scabra. [C. A. J.]
The drug known as Elaterium is the
dried precipitate that is deposited from the ECHALOTTE." (Fr.) Allium ascaloni-
juice which flows from the fruit or rather cum.
from the pulp surrounding the seeds. So
powerful is pure elaterium, that one eighth E'CHARBOT. (Fr.) Trapa nutans.
part of a grain is sufficient to produce ECHE ANDIA. A genus of Liliacece, near-
eche] Qtfyz Crcagtirg of -BfltaiTji. 438
ly related to Phalangium, from which it spikelets two to four-flowered, the superior
differs in the club-shaped filaments of the flower stalked glumes two, membranace-
;

stamens being furnished above with short ous and keeled, the lowest with two awns
obtuse recurved teeth. The six known at the tip, shorter than the superior one,
species, which extend from Mexico south- which has only one awn at the apex; pales
wards to Brazil, are perennial herbs, with or inner glumes two, the lowest flve-nerved
roots consisting of fascicles of fleshy fibres, and cleft at the tip. Of this small genus
grassy root leaves six inches to a foot or only two species are described, namely,
more in length, and rising from the midst E. capitula, which is a native of Africa as
of these a branching flower-stem, six well as Syria, and E. pumila, a native of
inches to four feet high, with narrow, Spain. [D. M.] .

bracts at the forking points, and white

or orange-yellow asphodel-like drooping
ECHINATE. Furnished with numerous
rigid hairs, or straight pi'ickles ; as the
flowers, disposed in racemes, the indi-
fruit of Castanea vesca.
vidual flowers seldom more than half an
inch across. E.terniflora, a yellow-flowered ECHINOCACTUS. The plants composing
Mexican species, has been cultivated in this genus of Indian figs, like many others
English gardens. [A. A. B.] belonging to the same natural order,
assume most grotesque forms. The name
ECHEVERIA. A handsome genus of is derived from two Greek w ords, echinos,
r

succulent often fruticose plants belonging a hedgehog, and kaktos, a prickly plant, in
to the Crassulacece, and chiefly natives of allusion to many of the species being
Mexico. The leaves, which are generally globular and thickly beset with spines,
glaucous, and sometimes excessively so, resembling a rolled-up hedgehog. There
are not uncommonly spathulate in form, are hosts of species enumerated in botani-
sometimes disposed alternately along the cal works, more than half of them natives
stem, sometimes collected into rosulate of Mexico, and the rest distributed
tufts. The flowers are in racemes or cymes, throughout South America, extending as
often secund, and generally of a bright far south as Buenos Ayres and Mendoza.
scarlet or yellow colour, and very orna- Like the generality of the order, they
mental they have a five-parted calyx, a
;
delight in hot, dry, sandy, or stony places,
perigynous five-parted corolla, whose erect exposed to the full power of the sun.
segments close up into a pitcher-like form, They consist merely of a fleshy stem,
ten included stamens, with short hypogy- without leaves, and are either of a globular
nous scales, and five free one-celled ova- form slightly flattened at the top, or ob-
ries, which become man} -seeded follicular long, or cylindrical, and only attain a large
capsules. Many of the species are in cul- size when they are very old. Whatever
tivation, and they are esteemed as including their shape or size, the stems are always
some of the most interesting and beautiful either more or less fluted and ribbed, or
of greenhouse succulents. E. secunda and covered with tubercular swellings, the
glauca are particularly ornamental dwarf number of the ribs varying in the different
herbaceous species, well adapted for indoor species, being numerous and sharply de-
window gardens. [T. M.] fined in some, while in others they are
ECHIALES. One of Lindley's alliances,
fewer and merge into each other. Nearly
all the species are armed with stiff sharp
which includes the Boraginacea, LabiaUe,
spines, arranged in clusters, and seated
&c,
upon little woolly cushions placed at inter-
ECHINACANTHTTS. A small genus of vals along the edges of the ridges, or on
Acanthacece, containing four species, na- the tips of the tubercles. The flowers are !

tivesof India. They are herbs with denticu- generally large and showy, and are pro-
late leaves, and small flowers which grow in duced at or near the top of the plant,
secund axillary cymes running into a ter- growing from the upper side of the
minal panicle, and furnished with narrow younger fascicles of spines; but in some
bracts and no bracteoles. The calyx is species the top of the plant is densely
deeply flve-cleft, the corolla funnel-shaped, covered with light brown wool, from out
the stamens four, included, didynamous, of which the flowers proceed. The calyx
united in pairs at the base of the filaments, has a broad generally short tube, the lower
and the stigma simple. The round two-
j

or outermost sepals being of a scale-like |

celled capsule bears many seeds. [W. C] character, and the upper ones more like i

petals, into which, in fact, they gradually

ECHIXA.IS. A small genus of Composite?, j

pass, the inner petals spreading out and

found in Armenia, Siberia, and N. W. radiating. The numerous stamens are
|

India. The leaves and flower-heads are fixed to the inside of the calyx-tube, and
j

very like those of our own Corduus arven- are shorter than the petals. The style is
j

sis. The chief characters which separate columnar, and separates into from five to
these plants from Carduus are the thin and
i

ten radiating stigmas, which project very

lacerated apices of the involucral scales, slightly beyond the stamens. The fruit is
which end in short spiny points, and the generally scaly or prickly, and is crowned i
j

short lacerated tails seen at the base of the with the withered remains of the flowers.
anther lobes. [A. A. B.]
E. Yisnaga, which is perhaps the largest |

ECHINARIA. A genus of grasses be- of the genus, is a native of San Luis de j

longing to the tribe Pappophorece. The Potosi, in Mexico. Large plants of this j

inflorescence is in simple globose spikes have from forty to fifty sharp ridges, with i
 439 QLl)t ©rratftirg at 33otang. [echi

the clusters of spines sunk into their sharp spines. E. pectinatus grows about
edges at short intervals. The aggregate eight inches high, and two inches thick,
number of these spines upon a single and has about twenty ridges bearing at
plane is something enormous a compara-
; short intervals dense clusters of very
tively small plant in Kew Gardens was small yellowish and rose-coloured spines.
The fruit, like that of several other species,
is of a purplish colour, and very good
eating, resembling a gooseberry. The
Mexicans, who call the plant Cabeza del
Viego, eat the fleshy part of the stem as a
vegetable first carefully freeing it of the
spines. [A. SJ
ECHINOCHLOA. A
genus of grasses
of the tribe Panicem. The species are now
generally included under Panicum. [D. MJ
ECHIKOCYSTIS. A North American
cucurbitaceous annual with climbing
stems, palmate leaves, branching tendinis,
and small greenish flowers ; the males in
clusters, the females in juxtaposition,
either solitary or in tufts upon a short
stalk. The calyx segments and petals are
Ecliinocactus Yisnaga. six in number, the stamens three, in two
parcels, with connate wavy anthers. In
estimated to have 17,600, and a larger the female flower there are three abortive
specimen, at the same place, could not have
stamens. The two-celled fruit is some-
had less than 51,000. The Mexicans com- what globular, spiny, at first juicy, but
monly use them for toothpicks, hence the subsequently dry and fibrous. [M. T. MJ
specific name Visnaga, which means a
toothpick. The flowers are bright yellow. ECHLNOLiENA. A genus of grasses
Some years ago a plant of this species, belonging to the tribe Panicece, now in-
weighing one ton, and measuring nine cluded in Panicum. [D. MJ
feet in height by three in diameter, was
forwarded to Kew, where, however, it lived ECHINOPE DE RUSSIE. (Fr.) Echi-
nops sphcerocephalus.
only a short time. [A. SJ
ECHINOPHORA. A genus of umbellifers
ECHINOCARPUS. Asmall genus of distinguished by the prickly character of
Tiliacea>, found in India, Java, and Eastern the parts which surround the flowers and
Tropical Australia. They are most nearly re- fruit. The species are perennial herbs,
;
lated to Sloanea,~b\it differ in having petals. having generally a rigid habit, and, as the
All are large trees with alternate stalked name implies, partly covered with spines.
I
oval oblong or lance-shaped leaves. The They are chiefly found on the borders of
j
flowers are arranged in short axillary the Mediterranean, and are more of interest
i
racemes or fascicles, seldom in terminal owing to their peculiar appearance than
i panicles and each is about half an inch in
; on account of any useful or economical
diameter ,with a five-parted calyx ,five lacer- property which they possess. E. tenuifolia,
,
ated petals, numerous stamens with point- found on some parts of the Mediterranean
ed anthers, and a five-celled ovary crowned shore, is, however, reported as acting mod-
with a simple style. In some species the erately upon the kidneys. One species,
i
fruits are beset with straight prickles, and E. spinosa, still holds a place in the British
i
resemble those of the vSpanish chestnut; Flora, having been reported as found on
:
in others the outer covering of the fruit the sandy sea-shores of Lancashire and
;
consists of short crisp closely-packed rigid Kent ; but it is now extinct. [G. DJ
: hairs. In all they are five-celled with Ave
: seeds, and split when ripe into five woody ECHINOPOGOK A small genus of
i portions. This prickly covering of the curious grasses belonging to the tribe
fruit has suggested the name. [A. A. B.] Agrostidece, having the inflorescence in
crowded ovate panicles ; stamens three
I

ECHINOCERETJS. A genus of Cactacece, styles two, with plumose stigmas fruit ;

:
sometimes combined with Cereus, but in obloner-lanceolate, awned. The species are
;
the latter the tube of the flowers is very all natives of Kew Holland. [D. MJ
,
long, while in Echinocereus it is always
; short, besides which the fruit is crowned ECHINOPS. A genus of the composite
with the withered remains of the flower, family, numbering upwards of thirty spe-
and the seeds are always rough or warted, cies, many of them known as Globe
not smooth, as in true Cereus. The species Thistles. They are remarkable for having
number between twenty and thirty, and the heads one-flowered and arranged in
are natives of the hot dry regions of
all dense round clusters at the ends of the
Mexico and Texas. They seldom exceed a branches, so that each cluster of flower-
;
foot in height, the stems being simple or heads has the appearance of a single head
\ branched, and either divided into very containing many florets. They are found as
j
numerous ridees, or with only from four far eastward as Kumaon in the Himalayas,
to ten, all being formidably armed with extend westward to Spain, and appear in
ECHl] Ei)e Creagurg af botany. 440
greatest numbers in Asia Minor. Some by five small scales and three-edged nuts,
;

are annuals, but most of them are biennial with the anterior face margined and often
or perennial erect simple or branching bordered with one or more rows of hooked
herbs from two to six feet or more high, prickles and by the inner angle of each of
;

furnished with large thistle-like spiny the four carpels adhering by its whole
leaves, once, twice, or thrice pinnately- extent to a central column. They are
parted, the lower surface usually covered, hairy herbs resembling Myosotis, with
like the stems, with loose white wool. narrow leaves and small blue flowers, in
The flowers are white or pale blue, and bracteated scorpioid racemes. The species
the compound heads one to three inches are most abundant in the temperate re-
in diameter, surrounded by a common gions of the northern hemisphere. E.
involucre of narrow scales, while each Lappula, which is one of the erect-fruited
separate single-flowered head has an in- species, has been found in England at
volucre of numerous scales, the outer Southwold, but doubtless an accidental
hair-like, the inner broader and spiny- introduction. [J. T. S.]
pointed. The silky cylindrical achenes are
crowned with a pappus of numerous short ECHIUM. A genus of Boraginacece,
bristles. E. strigosiis, an annual species, distinguished by its tubular bell-shaped
native of Spain, is said to yield the sub- corolla, open at the throat (without scales
stance known as Spanish tinder. Three or plaits), and with an irregular limb,
sorts of it are prepared, one from the pu- bearing some resemblance to that of some
bescence of the flower-heads, another from of the labiates. They are bristly or hairy
that of the leaves, and a third from that plants, generally distributed, especially
of the stems. [A. A. BJ abundant in the Mediterranean region,
where most of the species are herbaceous,
ECHINOPSIS. A genus of Indian figs, and in the Canaries, where the greater
formerly combined with Echinocactus, but number are shrubby. The flowers are
now separated and placed with the Cereidce, usually large, in small curled spikes, ar-
distinguished by the flowers being pro- ranged in a compound spike or panicle.
duced from the side of the stem, instead E.vulgare, the common Viper's Bugloss, isa
of at the top, as in the Echinocactidce. very rough plant with strap-shaped leaves,
They have fleshy stems of a flattened narrow at the base, and bright blue
globular or cylindrical form, divided into flowers whose stamens exceed the corolla
numerous ridges, which either run unin- this occurs throughout Britain. E. viola-
terruptedly from the apex to the base and ceum is not found in Britain proper, but is
bear clusters of spines at intervals, or are common in Jersey its flowers are much
;

waved or notched, and have the spines larger, more purple, with shorter stamens,
placed in the depressions. In some species and the leaves clasp the stem by a broad
the spines are of great length. The flowers base. [J. T. S.]
are very large, and in many species exceed-
ingly handsome, forming a striking con- ECLAIRE, or ECLAIRE GRANDE.
trast with the ungainly appearance of the (Fr.) Chelidonium majus. — PETITE, or
plants themselves they have a very long
:
ECLAIRETTE. (Fr.) Ranunculus Fica-
tube, more or less covered with bristly or ria.
hairy scales, which increase in size towards ECLIPTA. Agenus of erect or pros-
the upper end of the tube, and at length trate annual or biennial weeds of the
merge into sepals, the sepals in their turn composite family, approaching dahlias in
passing into petals. The stamens are the structure of their flowers, but widely
arranged in two series, the inner attached different in habit, and pretty equally dis-
to the bottom of the tube, and the outer tributed over all tropical countries. The
growing to the tube throughout its whole leaves are usually opposite and lance-
length, and becoming free at the orifice, shaped, with entire or toothed margins,
forming a circle around, it. The thread- and the white stalked flower-heads, grow-
like style, scarcely longer than the sta- ing one to three together, proceed from the
mens, is surmounted by a many-rayed axils of the leaves, and are about half an
stigma. Between twenty and thirty spe- inch across. The receptacle is flat and
cies, natives of Bolivia, Chili, Mexico, furnished with bristle-like scales, between
Brazil,and Texas, are described. [A. S.] the florets. The achenes of the ray-florets
are triangular, those of the disc com-
ECHINOPTERYS. The name of a Mexi-
pressed and the pappus is either absent
can shrub, constituting a genus of Malpi- ;

altogether, or when present reduced to a

ghiaeece, with yellow flowers in terminal
minute toothed border. [A. A. B.]
clusters, aud which are jointed to the
stalks supporting them. The calyx is ECOSTATE. Not having a central or
without glands; the petals five, stalked, strongly-marked rib or costa.
of unequal length stamens ten, all fertile,
;

the filaments united into a tube at the

ECTADIUM. A genus of South African
Asclepiadacece, containing a single species,
base, the anthers hairy ovary three-lobed,
;
an undershrub with opposite coriaceous
densely hairy. The fruit consists of three leaves, and small yellow flowers in sub-
indehi scent spiny carpels. [M. T. M.]
axillary racemes. The calyx is five-parted ;
ECHINOSPERMUM. A genus of Bora- the corolla salver-shared with five oblong
ginac£w, distinguished by having a salver- unequal lobes the staminal crown of five
;

shaped corolla, which has the throat closed i lanceolate included scales the stamens in-
;
 eluded, free, their anthers densely hairy atlonging to the Tliymelacere, named by C. A.
the back and the pollen-masses adpressed
;
Meyer in honour of Mr. Edgworth, an
to an oblong truncate corpuscle. The Indian botanist. The flowers have a single
stigma is pentagonal and apiculate. The perianth, the limb of which is divided into
follicles are smooth, slender, obtuse, and four ovate blunt lobes. There are no
divaricate, with comose seeds. [W. C] perigynous scales, but one emarginate
hypogynous one; stamens eight, nearly
ECTOCARPE.E. A natural order of sessile, arranged in two distinct lines, one
dark-spored Algce, consisting of olive- above the other ovary
covered with hairs,
jointed threadlike seavreeds, whose spores
;

one-celled, containing a single suspended

are mostly external, attached to the
ovule; style threadlike, ending in an
branehlets or formed in a swelling of their
elongated awl-shaped stigma. There are
substance. It differs principally from
j
two species of the genus, E. chrysantha,
Chordariete in the less compound frond
found in Chusan by Mr. Fortune, a shrub
and external spores. The fructification is with yellow flowers, and oblong-lanceolate
often of two kinds in the same species.
of a very dull green, covered with
I

They are most abundant in temperate leaves hairs closely pressed to the surface and
regions, though several are found in warm ;

E. Gardneri, found in Nepal. [J. H. BJ

seas. [M. J. B.]
ECTOOARPT7S. A genus of dark-spored
EDMONSTONIA. A genus of plants
Algce, with a branched threadlike jointed
named after Thos. Edmonstone of Shet-
land, naturalist of the Herald. It belongs
soft flaccid frond, and remarkable for the
to the Samydacece, and has a coloured
different aspects assumed by the fruit.
persistent four-cleft perianth four sta-
The secondary form is disposed in podlike mens inserted into the bottom of the
;

bodies, which are variously articulated.

calyx, the filaments free, the anthers in-
A good many species are found on our
trorse and a free one-celled ovary with
coasts, and are more easily distinguished ;

three parietal placentas, and numerous

by their fruit than by the character of the
;

ovules. There is one known species, E.

frond. The cells of the pods produce which a shrub ten to twelve
j
pacifica, is
zoospores. It is not quite certain whether
]

feet high, native of the promontory of

the endochrome of the so-called spores is
Corrientes in Darien. [J. H. B.]
!
ever resolved jnto zoospores. Ectocarpus is
',
known from Sphacelariaby the less elegant EDRAIANTHTTS. The generic name of
branching, and the soft not rigid threads.
:

plants belonging to the order of bellworts,

These are sometimes collected in bundles and characterised by the number five pre-
by the action of the waves, but never essen- vailing in the flower; the stamens free,
,
tially combined, as in Mesoglcea. [M. J. B.] their filaments broad at the base; the
ovary with two or three cells and the
ECTONEURA Polybotrya.
seeds ovate and plain. The name is de-
;

ECTOZOMA. A genus of
Atropacece, fined from Greek words signifying ' sessile
;
represented by a shrub, native of Ecuador, or stalkless flower.' The species are natives
: of somewhat climbing habit, and with of Southern Europe, and usually in the
flowers in terminal panicles. The calyx is form of small tufted herbs with narrow
i
thick, bell-shaped, with Ave triangular alternate leaves, which are often furnished
|
erect divisions corolla fleshy, tubular,
;
with stiff hairs the individual flowers
;

somewhat dilated in the middle, its lobes are stalkless but grouped in heads. [G. D.]
!
roundish, and overlapping before ex- EFFLORESCENT. The action of begin-
j
pansion; stamens five, with very short ning to flower.
filaments attached to a thin hairy ring
surrounding: the ovary ; stigma globular. EFFOLIATION. The removal of leaves.
The fruit is unknown. [M. T. H.] EFULCRATE. Said of buds from below
ECFELLE D'EATJ. (Fr.) Hydrocotyle which the customary leaf has fallen.
EGENOLFIA. Pohjbotrya.
EDDOES. The tuberous stems of various EGER1A. A genus of ffydrocharidacece
araceous plants, as Colocasia esculenta, from South America, consisting of water
antiquorurn, &c, Caladium bicolor, violace- plants with the habit of Anacharis, having
um, and others. dicbotomous branches and verticillate
EDDYA. A genus of Boraginacece from linear leaves with finely serrated margins.
Texas and Jew Mexico, containing a The spathe of male flowers is axillary and
small much-branched very hispid prostrate sessile, the flowers themselves resem-
undershrub with crowded leaves and soli- bling those of Hydrocharis ; female flowers
tary axillary white flowers corolla salver-
;
unknown. [J. T. SJ
shaped, naked at the throat stamens ;
EGG-PLANT. Solatium esculentum (Me-
inserted at the apex of the tube of corolla longena) and ovigerum.
nuts ovate, cohering by their internal
angles, muricate. [J. T. S.] EGG-SHAPED. The same as Ovate.
EDENTATE. Not having teeth. E'GILOPE. (Fr.) Mgilops.
EDGED. When one colour is surrounded E'GILOPS. (Fr.) Quercus ^Egilops.
by a very narrow rim of another.
E'GLANTIER. (Fr.) Rosa Er/lavteria.
EDGWORTHIA. A genus of plants be- — JAUNE. Rosa lutea. — ODORANT, or j
egla] Ojc Creature of 2Satanp. 442

ROUGE. Bosa rubiginosa. — SAUVAGE. many-seeded capsule.

'
They are aquatic
Rosa canina. plants with roundish rhomboidal stalked
radical leaves, and a scape with a single
EGLANDULOSE. Not having glands.
leaf or spathe like the root-leaves, and a
EGLANTINE. Bosa Eglanieria, and '

spike of lilac or blue flowers. E. speciosa,

Bubus Eglanteria; also applied to Bosa widely spread on the continent of South
rubiginosa, the Sweet Brier. America, is a very handsome plant with a
ten or twelve-flowered spike and the
EGREVILLE. (Fr.) Lactuca perennis. \

petioles of the leaves curiously swollen,

EHRETIAGELE (Ehretiacls). A natural ! the enlargement consisting of very loose
order of dicotyledonous plants belonging spongy tissue. It is often cultivated in
to De Candolle's subclass Corolliflorce, and stoves under the name of Pontcderia
to Lindley's echial alliance of peryginous azurea, or crassipes. [J. T. S.'J
exogens. The plants are closely allied
to the borageworts, differing in their ;
EICHWALDIA. A genus of the Beau-
terminal style, perfectly concrete four- muriacece, distinguished by its many-leaved
celled ovary, and drupaceous fruit. Trees, calyx. The only known species, E. oxiana,
shrubs or herbs covered with rough hairs : found on the Oxus river, which flows into
leaves alternate, simple, without stipules; the Caspian Sea, is a scrubby little bush
inflorescence scorpioid sestivation imbri-
;
with white stems, alternate linear fleshy
cate. Calyx inferior with five divisions leaves, and few somewhat racemed flowers,
corolla gam opetalous and tubular ; stamens almost half an inch across. Inside the
five, alternate with the corolline seg- calyx of numerous round bract-like leaves
ments. Ovary on a circular disk, two to are five-clawed petals, numerous stamens,
four-celled, with a terminal style or two- and an ovary crowned with five styles.
lobed stigma. Fruit fleshy, with a single The fruit is a little capsule opening by five
seed in each cell. Chiefly tropical plants, valves, apparently one-celled at top, but
though some occur in the South of Europe, ,
distinctly five-celled below. [A. A. BJ
others in the Southern States of America. I

ELACHISTA. A small genus of para-

They have scarcely any important proper- sitic Algce allied on the one hand to Ecto-
A few are febrifugal, astringent,
|

ties. j
carpus, and on the other to Chordaria. In
and alterative. The Peruvian heliotrope,
E. scutulata the threads are so intimately
cultivated since 1740, has a delightful combined with the tissue of HimantltaUa
odour. There are fifteen known, genera lorea that it is impossible to say where the
and about 330 species in the order. Illus- one begins and the other ends. Indeed,
trative genera: Ehretia, Tournefortia, He-
did not the species produce distinct fruit,
Uotropium. [J. H. L\]
they might justly be reckoned as mere
EHRETIA. A genus of Eliretiacece, con- transformations of the cells of the mother
sisting of tropical trees or shrubs with
|

>
plant. [M. J. BJ
paniculate or corymbose flowers which are ELJEAGIA. A genus of lofty cinehona-
usually white. The calyx is deeply five- I
ceous trees, natives of the Cordilleras.
parted, the corolla salver-shaped with a The flowers are arranged in terminal
five-parted limb, the stamens five, the I

clusters: they have a cup-like calyx; a

ovary four-celled, and the fruit a berry-like \
corolla with the short tube bulging at top,
drupe with two or four stones, each con- and a spreading limb; and stamens with
taining a single seed. E. buxifolia, an I

very short filaments, and broadly ovate

Indian shrub with sessile wedge-shaped anthers. The globose capsule is ribbed,
shining scabrous leaves and axillary few- I

and bursts into two or four valves. These

flowered peduncles, is employed as an alter- trees are remarkable for the quantity of
ative, and is also regarded as an antidote green resinous or waxy matter which is
to vegetable poisons. E.serrata, an Indian secreted by the stipules, which invest the
tree, with oblong serrated smooth leaves |
unexpanded buds. This resin is collected
and fragrant flowers, yields tough light by the Indians, and is employed by them
and durable wood. [J. T. S.] to varnish boxes and many other useful or
ornamental objects. For this purpose it is
EHRHARTA. A genus of grasses be-
purified by immersion in hoc water; its
longing to the tribe Oryzece, distinguished fragility is then removed by chewing it till
by the inflorescence being in compressed it becomes ductile ; and after these pro-
spikelets, three-flowered; flowers nearly
cesses it acquires a yellow tint, and is
together the two lower neutral, one-paled,
:
ready to receive the various colours im-
thick and keeled, mucronate or with parted by adding colouring matter to it
short awns:. the terminal hermaphrodite, when melted. The resin when thus pre-
two-paled stamens six styles two, with
; ;
pared and coloured is laid on in thin
feathery stigmas. The species belonging layers by the aid of heat and pressure, and
to this curious genus are mostly natives of by means of differently coloured layers
the southern hemisphere, South Africa, placed one upon another and cut out into
and New Holland. [D. M,]
various shapes, a sort of design is produced.
EICHORNIA. A genus of Pontederacece To procure a metallic lustre on the objects
from South America. Kunth restricts covered with the varnish, the Indians first
Pontedcria to the species in which two of coat the surface with a layer of silver foil.
the cells of the ovary are abortive, while The natives speak of the tree producing
Eichomia has a three-celled three-valved this resin, E. utilis, as the Wax tree or
 443 Ci)C Eiea£ur» at botany. [EL.<E

Tarnish tree. M. Triana, to whose account Olivier de Bolieme; Gen Wilde OeU
in the Bulletin de la Soc. Bot. de France, baume. [C. A. J.]
1858, p. 500, we are indebted for these
EL.EIS. A genus of palms comprising
paiticulars, dwells with justice on the ira-
the Oil Palm of Africa, and another closely
!

portance of developing this manufacture,

allied American species. They have thick
and of cultivating this and allied plants trunks of no great height, indeed the
producing similar secretions in other loca-
The temperature of the district American species creeps along the ground,
lities.
where the Elceagia is chiefly found ranges and bears a tuft of large pinnate leaves,
with strong prickly stalks. The male and
from 54° to 74= p. Some better method female flowers are borne in distinct heads,
of preparing the resin might no doubt
[M. T. MJ
generally upon different trees, but occa-
be adopted. j

sionally upon the same each head consist-

;

ing of numerous little branches of minute

EL.EAGNACE.E natural
(Oleasters). A flowers, gathered together into a dense
order of monochlamydeous dicotyledons,
belonging to Lindley's amental alliance of
mass and enclosed while young in two
complete spathes. The males are packed
diclinous Exogens. Trees or shrubs usually
very close together, so that the branches
covered with scales or scurf, having exsti- resemble catkins the females are spread
;

pulate entire leaves, and usually imperfect

farther apart. The fruit, wliicli is yellow
flowers. Staminate flowers in catkins, ari-
or bright red, is irregular in form, gener-
sing each from a scale-like bract perianth ;

of two to four leaves, sometimes united;

stamens three, four, or eight. Pistillate
and perfect flowers with a tubular perianth
and a fleshy disk ovary free, one-celled,
;

i with one ovule fruit a crustaceous achene,

;

enclosed within the succulent perianth.

; Chieflynatives of thenorthernhemisphere.
i
Represented in Britain by Hippopliae rham-
|
noides, the sea buckthorn, a spiny shrub
;
which grows well near the sea, and forms
I a good fence; it is covered with silvery
|
scurf, which is a beautiful object under the
microscope ; its fruit is sometimes eaten.
Elceagnus parvifolia bears clusters of red
edible berries, mottled with scales. The
fruit called in Persia zinzeyd is the produce
of Elceagnus orientalis. Some of the plants
of the order are said to possess narcotic
qualities. There are four known genera
and thirty species. Examples Shepherdia, :

Hippopliae, Elceagnus. [J. H. B.]

ELiEAGXUS. The Oleaster or Wild

Olive tree. A
small tree native of the EIebis guineensis.
southern countries of Europe and several
parts of Asia, which received its name ally angular and somewhat three-sided, and
: from its resemblance to the true olive, larger at the bottom tlan the top. It con-
! from which, however, it differs in notbear- sists of an outer coating of fibrous oily
! ing useful fruit. The two plants in reality flesh, surrounding a hard nut. E. guineen-
belong to different orders, the present sis, the African Oil Palm, which yields the
;
plant giving name to the order Elceagnaeece. celebrated palm oil, is a native of tropical
E. hortensis, the species most commonly Western Africa, where it is found in great
I
grown in English gardens, attains the abundance and from whence it has been
;

height of from fifteen to twenty feet. introduced into the West Indies. It grows
The leaves are long and narrow, covered, as twenty or thirtyfeet high, the trunk being
I
well as the young shoots, with stars of covered with the remains of the stalks of
;
hairs of a hoary colour. The branches are dead leaves. The fruits are borne in
brown and smooth, more or less spiny. dense heads, measuring a foot and a half
The flowers are of two kinds, some con- or two feet Ions, and from two to three
taining stamens and pistils, which are four- feet in circumference, the individual
cleft, pale yellow within the others, with
; fruits being about an inch and a half
stamens and an abortive pistil, are five to long, by an inch in diameter. The part
eight-cleft, and of a golden yellow within ;
yielding the palm oil is the outer fleshy
all are axillary, two or three together on coating of the fruit, but the seed, which
short stalks, and fragrant. It flowers in is enclosed in a hard shell, likewise affords
May, and ripens its fruit, which is of a red- an oil, small quantities of which occa-
brown colour, something like a small date, sionally come to this country. Commer-
in August. The blossoms, which are pro- cial palm oil is about the consistence of
duced in great abundance, perfume the butter, of a bright orange-red colour, and
air for a considerable distance round. has a rather pleasant violet-like odour
For this reason it is a most desirable when perfectly fresh. It is obtained by
tree for a lawn or shrubbery. French, boiling the fruits in water and skimming
off the oil as it rises to the surfare ; and margin of the fleshy ring in which the
as its production and preparation is carried ovary, crowned with a short style and a
on solely by the negro population, who rounded stigma, is immersed. The fruits
bring it to the merchants in small quanti- are green fleshy drupes, sometimes about
ties for sale, it is anticipated that ere long the size of a hazel-nut, but often much
the Negro kings will find th-3 trade in palm smaller, with a thin fleshy outer covering,
oil more profitable than that in human surrounding a hard three to five-celled nut.
beings. In 1860 the imports of palm oil E. australe furnishes a close-grained firm
into the United Kingdom amounted to wood, which is used in N. S. Wales for
804,326 cwts., representing a money value tm-ning and cabinet work this tree attains
;

of 1,786,S95L The chief use to which this a height of thirty to forty feet, with a dia-
substance is applied is for the manufacture meter of eight to fourteen inches. The
of candles, and it is the principal article drupes of E. Kabu are eaten at the Cape.
used for that purpose in the extensive The bark and roots of E. Boxburghii, an
works of Price's Patent Candle Company ;
Indian species, are considered efficacious
besides which it is greatly employed in in all cases of swelling, and are used exter-
soap-making, and likewise for greasing the nally rubbed with water. The root is also
wheels of railway carriages. In Africa it said to be powerfully astringent and useful
is eaten as butter, and a kind of soup is in snake bites. [A. A. B.]
made by boiling the fruits. The hard black EL^EOSELINUM. The generic name of
shell of the nut takes a fine polish, and is
plants belonging to the order of umbelli-
frequently made into rings and other orna-
fers, distinguished from their allies by
mental articles by the negroes. [A. S.]
having each half of the fruit with five
EL.EOCARPUS. A genus of Tiliacece, principal and four secondary ribs, two of
natives mostly of tropical parts, princi- the latter being wing-like. E. meoides is a
pally of India and Java, a few occurring native of Sicily, and occurs also in Algiers ;

in Australia and New Zealand. They either its leaves are twice pinnate, rough on the
form trees, attaining sometimes the height stalks and nerves, the leaflets numerous
of fifty or sixty feet, or large shrubs and very narrow. [G. D.]
they have simple leaves, and racemes of ELAIO. In Greek compounds = olive
small flowers, with a calyx of five sepals,
colour, a mixture of green and brown.
and five petals either toothed or beautifully
fringed, the stamens indefinite, inserted ELAPHOGLOSSUM. A genus of poly-
upon a swollen lobed disk, and having long podiaceous ferns of the tribe Acrostichec?,
downy unequal-celled anthers usually ter- distinguished by their simple fronds, and
minating in a bristle. The ovary is from simple or parallel forked free veins, which
two to five-celled, and the fruit contains a are club-shaped at the apex. Thus defined
very hard rough-shelled nut, divided into the genus includes a large proportion of
as many one-seeded cells as the ovary, or the species formerly referred to Acrosti-
sometimes all but one cell imperfect. E. chum. In some of them the fronds are
Qanitrus, a tree, growing forty or fifty smooth and naked, but in others they are
feet high, is native of India and the Malay clothed with variously shaped and often
Islands, where the hard stones of the fruit strongly coloured scales which form pretty
are commonly used for stringing into rosa- objects for microscopical examination.
ries, or for making necklaces, bracelets, Upwards of 150 species are admitted, the
buttons, heads of pins, and similar articles. larger proportion of them occurring in the
E. Hinau, the Hinau of the New Zealand- "West Indies and South America, a con-
ers, is a tree fifty or sixty feet high, with a siderable number in India and the East,
trunk three or four feet thick, producing and others extending to the Mascaren
a very hard white timber, Avhich, however, Islands, Madagascar, the Cape, and Sierra
is not very valuable, being apt to split when Leone, and to Australia and the islands of
exposed to wet or heat. The bark affords the Pacific. The fertilefronds are distinct
an excellent and permanent dye, varying from the sterile ones, generally more or
from light brown, to puce, or deep black it; less often very much contracted, and not
is greatly used by the natives for dyeing unfrequently elevated on longer stalks,
their garments. The pulp surrounding the their under surface being entirely covered
stone of the fruit of this and other species with spore-cases. [T. M.]
is eatable; and in India the fruits of
several are either used in curries or pickled
ELAPHOMTCES. Underground Fungi,
[A. S.]
from truffles by reason of the
differing
like olives.
contents of the thick peridium being ulti-
EL^EODENERON. A genus of trees or mately resolved into a mass of dusty
shrubs belonging to the Celastracece, oc- sporidia from the absorption of the asci.
curring in greatest numbers in S. Africa, They were, in consequence, for along time
but also represented in Australia, India, associated with puffballs. We have three
and the W. Indies. The leaves are oppo- wild species in this country, two of which
site or alternate, elliptical or lanceolate are pretty generally diffused. The peridium
and smooth and the inconspicuous green is either smooth or rough with warts. Of
;

or white flowers are disposed in axillary our more common species, E. granulatus is
cymes, and have a four or five-parted calyx, far less rough externally, and has a thinner
a four or five petaled corolla, inserted under peridium, which is not variegated within
a fleshy ring and longer than the calyx, like E. variegatus. All the species appear to
a like number of stamens inserted on the be involved in an intricate mass of rootlets
 and spawn. They had once the reputa- species, called Waterworts, both of unusual
tion of being aphrodisiac, arising from a occurrence. E. hexandra is a minute plant
and they are
false norion as to their origin, barely an inch high, which grows on the
still kept by the herbalists in Covent
margins of lakes, forming a moss-like mat
Garden under the name of lycoperdon sometimes extending under the water, and
j
'

nuts. Several species have been found in in dry seasons when it is left by the re-
France which at present have not rewarded ceding water assuming a crimson hue.
the researches of British mycologists. E. The flowers, which are minute and flesh-
aramdatus gives rise occasionally to Cor- coloured, grow in the axils of the opposite
"dieeps capitatas, as does E. variegatus to C, leaves. E. Hydropiper scarcely differs
ophioglossoides. [M. J. B.] from the preceding except that the flowers
are octandrous. They might be sown with
ELAPHRIUM. The name of a genus of advantage on the shelving banks of arti-
trees or shrubs belonging to the Amyri- ficial water to conceal the unsightliness of
dacece, abounding in resinous juice, and mud. [C. A. J.]
natives of tropical America. The character-
ELCATJA, ARABIAN. Trichilia emetica.
I

istics reside in the hermaphrodite flowers,

|
which have a persistent four-parted calyx ELDER. The popular name for Sambucus.
i four petals inserted beneath an entire disc
! along with the eight stamens a sessile
;
ELECAMPANE. Inula Selenium.
]
ovary, with two ovules in each of its two ELECTRA. A genus of small Mexican
I
compartments and a short style with two
;
bushes of the composite family, nearly al-
stigmas. The fruit is a pea-shaped drupe lied to Coreopsis, but the latter has the ray
with a thick rind, and an inner shell con- florets barren, while in this genus they are
taining generally one seed surrounded with female. The young twigs are four-sided
pulp. E. elemiferum, a native of Mexico, ac- and furnished with lance-shaped smooth
cording to Br. Royle furnishes Mexican leaves and the yellow-rayed flower-heads,
;

Elemi, a greenish resin. E. tomentosum nearly an inch across, are disposed in ter-
also yields a resin. [M. T. MJ minal corymbs. Each head is surrounded
ELATERIEM. A drug prepared from by an involucre of two series of scales, the
the pulp of the fruits of Ecbalium agreste, outer very narrow, the inner broader and
membranaceous the strap-shaped ray
formerly known as Jlomordica Elaterium.
;

florets are female, the tubular ones of the

ELATERS. containing a double
Cells disc five-toothed and perfect. The acheues
spiral which occur in the capsules of Jun- compressed, nearly elliptical, crowned with
gerinanniacece and Harchantiacece in com- two bristles, or quite naked. The receptacle
pany with the spores. The young capsules is furnished with golden chaffy scales. Only
contain two sets of cells, the one narrow, two species are known. [A. A. B.].
the other broader; the endochrome of the
narrower gives rise to a single or double ELEGIA. A genus of Besiiaceai allied
to Restio,but differing in having the
spiral thread, while the broader cells by
transverse and longitudinal cell-division
male flowers with the three inner glumes
give rise to the spores. The threads in the larger than the three outer. They are
sedee-like plants from the Cape of Good
peridia of Trichia resemble elaters very
closely, but there is still a controversy as
Hope, with leafless stems, and paniculate
j
or spicate flowers. [J- T. S.]
i
to their real structure. [M. J. B.]
ELATINACEiE (Water-peppers). A natu-
ELEMI. The name of certain stimulant
gum-resins, derived from various plants.
;

ral order of thalamifloral dicotyledons,

;

belonging to — ,AMERICAN or BRAZILIAN. The gum-

Idea Icicariba. — ,EASTERN or
Lindley's rutal alliance of
resin of
;

hypogynous Exogens. Small annuals grow-

i

ing in marshes with opposite leaves, having MANILLA. The gum-resin of Canariiim
interpetiolar stipules, and minute axillary
commune. — MEXICAN. The gum-resin
,
j

flowers sepals and petals three to five of Elaphrium elemiferum.

; ;

j
stamens as many or double the number ELEOCHARIS. A genus of cyperaceous
: styles three to five stigmas capitate.
; plants, belonging to the tribe Scirpece, dis-
Fruit a three to five-celled capsule, opening tinguished by one or two of the lowest
at the partitions. Seeds numerous, exal- glumes being larger than the others, and
;
buminous attached to a central placenta. empty; bristles three to six, or wanting ;

The family is nearly allied to the chickweed nut compressed, crowned with the persis-
order, but differs in the stigmas, the mode tent dilated base of the jointed style. The
i
in which the fruit opens, and the straight, species have a wide geographical range,
1

not curved, embryo. Lindley thinks that some Of them growing within the torrid
the affinities are chiefly with the rue zone and others reaching nearly to the
In Steudel's Synopsis Plantarum
j

family. Th e plants are generally distribut- [

arctic.
•
ed over the world. Some of them possess !
C'yperacearum, 118 species are described,
acridity, hence their English name. There four of which are natives of Britain. The
j
are six known genera, and twenty-four commonest is E. palusiris, which in many
species. Examples, Elatine, Bergia, Ana- places fills up bog holes and ditches with its
tropa. [j. H. BJ long-matted entangled stems. The flowers
ELATINE. A
genus of dwarf annual
are in small brown spikes. [D. M.]
'.

aquatics with rooting pipe-like stems and ELEPHANTOPTTS. A

genus of erect
opposite leaves. There are two British annual or perennial hairy weeds belong
ELEP] enijc Crea^urj? at 2Sotani?. 446
ing to the composite family. About a are felled. In four years' time the plant
dozen species are known, natives of attains its full developement.and produces
America, one, however, being a com- its fruits, which are gathered' in November
mon weed in most tropical countries. and ripened in the sun. The plant con-
The alternate leaves are linear, or more tinues to yield fruit till the seventh year,
generally oblong, narrowed below. The when the stem is cut down, new plants
compound flower-heads, half an inch or arising from the stumps (Drury). As im-
more in diameter, are arranged in loose ported the fruits are ovate triangular
terminal corymbs, or in a spicate manner, capsules of a dirty yellow colour, contain-
each separate head having an involucre of ing several angular seeds. Three principal
narrow-pointed bracts, which enclose three varieties occur in commerce, called, accord-
to five white or purple tubular four-tooth- ing to their length, shorts, short-longs,
ed florets deeply cleft on one side so as to and long-longs! The seeds are used
appear palmate. The achenes are com- medicinally in this country, for their cor-
pressed, ribbed, and crowned with a pap- dial aromatic properties, which depend on
pus of numerous chaffy bristles. An in- the presence of a volatile oil. In India
fusion of the leaves of E. Martii is used by the fruits are chewed by the natives with
the Brazilians in pectoral affections, and their betel, and are also used in bowel
is known as Erva Grasso ; it grows from complaints. Ceylon Cardamoms are said
two to three feet high, and has narrow by Dr. Pereira to be the produce of E.
oblong root leaves, and compound flower- major. [M.T. M.]
heads disposed in loose corymbs terminat-
ing the simple stems. The leaves of E. ELETJSINE. A genus of grasses belong-
scaber, a plant very like the former in ap- ing to the tribe Chloridece, distinguished
pearance, are used in Travancore, boiled by the inflorescence being in close flnger-
and mixed with rice, for pains in the like spikelets at the apex of the rachis
stomach, swellings in the body, &c. The glumes five to seven-flowered, the valves
twigs of E. spicata are used in Jamaica for obtuse pales obtuse, upper bifid-toothed
;

making brooms. [A. A. B.] scales truncate, fimbriate styles two, con-
;

fluent at the base. The species are mostly

ELEPHANTORHIZA. A genus com- natives of the warmer parts of the globe,
posed of two Caflirarian bushes with tube- where some of them are of considerable
rous woody root-stocks which are said to importance. E. coracana is cultivated in
bear some resemblance to an elephant's Japan as a corn crop for its large farina-
foot. They belong to the Mimosa group of ceous seeds, and also on the Coromandel
the leguminous family, and are most coast, where it is called Natchnee. [D. M.]
nearly allied to Prosopis, but differ in the
nature of their pods, which are nearly ELEUTHEROS. In Greek compounds-
straight, compressed, about six inches distinct, separate.
long, and an inch broad, and contain nume- ELISENA. A genus of pancratiform ama-
rous seeds when ripe the two valves fall
; ryllidaceous bulbs, found in Peru. They
away, and leave the entire rim of the pod produce erect linear-lorate leaves, and
behind. The pods in Prosopis are spirally scapes supporting a few flowers, the short
twisted, and do not open when ripe. The tube of which is cylindrical, the limb re-
leaves, like those of many species of Acacia flexed, its segments linear, two of them as
and Mimosa, are bipinnate and alternate, well as the cup and filaments decimate
and are made up of six to ten pairs of the cup is cylindrical with a repand re-
pinnse, each of which has eighteen to thirty curved margin. One or two species are
pairs of linear smooth leaflets. The nume- known. E. longipetala is a pretty plant
rous small flowers are arranged in simple with white flowers, sometimes met with
or compound spikes. [A. A. B.] in gardens. [T. M.]
ELEPHANT'S-EAR. The common name ELIZABETHA. A genus composed of
for Begonia. two beautiful leguminous trees found in
British Guiana, nearly i*elated to Broicnea
ELEPHANT'S-FOOT. Testudinaria Ele-
but the stamens are nine in number, three
;

; common name for

phantipes also the Ele-
of them longer than the others and bear-
plumtopus.
ing anthers, the remainder sterile while in
;

ELETTARIA. A genus of Zingiberacece, Brownea they are more numerous, and all
consisting of plants having much the ap- fertile. The uneq ually pinnate leaves of E.
pearance of Amomum, from which genus princeps are made up of twenty to forty
the present is distinguished by the elon- pairs of narrow leaflets, while those of E.
gated filiform tube of the corolla, by the coccinea have fewer and larger leaflets. The
presence of the internal lateral lobes in rose or scarlet flowers are arranged in
the shape of very small tooth-like pro- dense terminal bracted spikes from two to
cesses, and by the filaments not being pro- four inches long. The tubular calyx is five-
longed beyond the anther. They are na- toothed, the upper tooth broader than the
tives of the tropical parts of India. E. others the five narrow petals are nearly
;

Cardamomum furnishes the fruits known of equal length and the nine stamens are
;

as the Small or Malabar Cardamoms of free or shortly united at the base. The
commerce. These are collected either in broadly linear pod is compressed and
their wild state or from cultivated plants. thickened on the upper edge, from three
In the forests of Travancore the Cardamom to five inches long, velvety, and contain-
springs up spontaneously when the trees ing a number of seeds. The genus was de-
U7 CIjc €rea£urp a( ^Dtang. [eltt
dicated by Schomburgk to the Princess is said to be prepared from the leaves of
Royal of Prussia. [A. A. BJ E. virginica. [A. A. B.]
ELLEANTHUS. Evelyna. ELONGATE. Lengthened or stretched
out, as it were.
ELLEBORE BLANC. (Fr.) Teratrum
album. ELS, ROOD. Cunonia capensis. —,WIT.
ELLEETONIA. A Malabar climber, Weinmannia -trifoliata.
forming a genus of Apocynacece, distin- ELSHOLTZIA. A
genus of labiate
guished from Alstonia and Blaberopus plants, distinguished by having the calyx
chiefly in having peltate seeds expanded ovate or bell-shaped (changing its form
at each end into a broad membranous wing. and becoming longer as the fruit ripens),
and having five equal teeth the tube of the
ELLIOTTIA. A genus of Cyrillaceoz con- ;

corolla about as long as the calyx, rarely

taining a North American shrub with alter-
longer, its border two-lipped, the upper
nate entire leaves and terminal racemes. slightly notched, the lower three-lobed and
Flowers with a four-parted calyx, a very spreading. The species are herbs or umder-
deeply six-parted corolla, eight stamens
shrubs of little interest, natives of Eastern
with ' glandular filaments, and a four-
India and Java, rare in Central Asia. The
celled ovary and capsule. [J. T. S.]
genus was named after Elsholtz, a Prussian
ELLIPEIA cuneifolia, the only species botanist. [G. D.]
of the genus, is a climbing shrub, native of ELYASIA. A genus of Brazilian shrubs,
Malacca, and belonging to the order Ano- belonging to the Ochnacew. They have
nacece, in which it is distinguished by the small flowers in terminal clusters, a four-
following characteristics : —
petals over- leaved calyx, four petals, eight stamens,
lapping one another in the bud; carpels and a four-celled ovary, with an ovule
oblique, distinct one from another, and arising from the base of the inner angle
each having a single ovule attached to the of each compartment. [M. T. M.]
ventral suture. [M. T. M.]
ELLIPSOIDAL. A solid with an ellipti- ELYME DES SABLES. (Fr.) Elymus
axenarius.
cal figure.
ELLIPTIC. A flat body, which is oval ELYMUS. A genus of grasses belong-
ing to the tribe Hordece, distinguished by
and acute at each end. the inflorescence being in simple spikes,
ELLISIA. A genus of Hydrophyllacece, very rarely branched spikelets two to
;

containing six species of North American three together; glumes two, both on the
branching annual herbs, with opposite or same side of the spikelet,without awns, en-
alternate oblong and pinnatisectleaves.and closing one to seven florets. In SteudeTs
white flowers on solitary peduncles, oppo- Synopsis there are forty-nine species de-
site the leaves below, and in loose racemes scribed. These have an extensive geo-
above. The calyx is five-parted, without graphical range nearly all are inhabitants
;

reflexed appendages to the sinuses the ; of the temperate zones, but some extend
corolla tubular, campanulate and caducous, even to the Arctic circle. Only two species
with ten small scales in the tube; the are natives of Britain, E. geniculatus and E.
stamens included the nectary surrounding
; arenarius the latter, Sea Lyme-grass, is
;

the ovary, and rising into five gland-like useful for binding with its long creeping
teeth and the capsule ovoid-globose with
; roots the land where it grows. They are
four seeds. This genus scarcely differs from all coarse grasses, and of little importance
Xemophila, except in wanting the appen- for agricultural purposes. [D. M.]
dages to the calycine sinuses. [W. CJ
ELYN A. A genus of cyperaceous plants
ELLOBOCARPUS. Ceratopteris. belonging to the tribe Caricince, distin-
guished by the scales being imbricated or
ELM. The common name for Ulmus. slightly lapping over each other by their
— of New South Wales. Epicarpurus edges, covering a spikelet of two flowers
orientalis. — SPANISH. Cordia Geras-
,
lower floret fertile, upper barren. Small
clirrnthHs, or Geraschanthus vulgaris; also
grass-like plants, having the habit of some
said to be applied to Hamelia ventricosa. carices. They are mostly natives of Alpine
— WYCH or WITCH. Ulmus montana. countries, and rarely met with. [D. M.]
ELODE A. A genus of Hypericaceee, differ- ELYNANTHUS. A genus of cypera-
ing from Hypericum only in having scale- ceous plants, belonging to the tribe Rhyn-
like glands alternating with the bundles of clwsporece, and distinguished by the in-
stamens. Hypericum Elodes,'srhieh isfound florescence being in close bundled spikes
in various parts of Britain, is referred to flowers polygamous, the terminal one her-
this genus and there are a few European
;
maphrodite styles three-cleft, thickened
;
and Western Asiatic species, and two found and bulbous at the base seeds triangular.
;
in the United States. Most of these are The species are mostly natives of the
perennial smooth pea-green herbs, with Southern Hemisphere, South Africa, and
opposite shortly stalked or sessile ellipti- New Holland. [D. M.]
cal or lance-shaped leaves, furnished with
transparent dots, and yellow or purplish ELYTRANTHE. A genus of Lorantha-
flowers disposed in axillary or terminal containing Indian parasitical shrubs
cece,
few-flowered cymes. A stomachic tincture with compact abbreviated spikes of few
 ELYTJ {£!)£ Creature of 25atang. 448
whitish purple or orange flowers, which is found wild and cultivated in various
are inserted in the rachis, and each fur- parts of India and the Indian Archipelago.
nished with three bracts petals cohering
;
It is a tree sometimes of large growth, but
in a tube at the base stamens six. [J. T. SJ
;
more generally of twenty to thirty feet,
with an abundance of simple alternate
ELYTRARIA. A genus of Acanthacem, linear leaves, which are smooth, and ar-
containing a few species scattered over the ranged on slender branches in a distichous
tropical regions of America, Africa, and manner, so that they appear like leaflets of
India. They are stemless herbs, with pinnate leaves ; in their axils the little
entire dentate or repand radical leaves and green flowers are found in cymes, the
small flowers. The calyx is four or five- females mixed singly with the males. The
parted. The corolla is two-lipped or latter have a six-parted calyx, no petals,
ringent; there are two fertile and two six glands, and three to five stamens united
barren stamens, all included and the cap-
; into a short column. The females, with a
sule contains many pitted seeds in each similar calyx, have a cup-shaped disc, and
cell, attached to the placenta without any an ovary crowned with a style which has
retinacula. [W. C.J three thick recurved two-lohed branches.
EMARCID. Flaccid, wilted. In Borneo, the bark and young shoots are
used to dye cotton black, for which pur-
EMARGINATE. Having a notch at the pose they are boiled with alum. The fruits
end, as if a piece had been taken out. are often made into a sweatmeat with
EMBELIA. A genus of Myrsinacece, sugar, or eaten raw as a condiment, but
nearly allied to Mccsa, from which it differs they are exceedingly acid. The wood is
hard and valuable, as it resists damp well.
|

in its free ovary, and from the other genera

i

in the family with free petals in its slender In India the bark is used in tanning, and
! racemes of flowers, which usually form a the root-bark mixed with honey is applied
terminal panicle. It is composed of about to inflammation of the mouth. The fruits
! twenty species of straggling shrubs, found also are used as a pickle, or preserved in
in India and the islands of the Indian sugar when ripe and dry they are given in
;

cholera, diarrhoea, &c, under the name

i

Archipelago, and those to the east of

Myrobalani Emblici. The seeds are em-
|

Africa. The alternate stalked leaves ale

lance-shaped, elliptical, or oval, furnished ployed in nausea and bilious affections, and
: with transparent dots. The minute green,
j

given in infusion in fevers. An infusion

of the young leaves mixed with sour milk
!

white, or pink flowers are borne in great

profusion, and arranged in simple or com-
j

I
is also used in dysentery. The natives
pound racemes towards the ends of the i
of Travancore have a notion that the plant
branches they have a five-parted calyx,
;
imparts a pleasant flavour to water, and
five free spreading petals, opposite to therefore place branches of the tree in
their wells, especially when the water is
;

which are five stamens, and an ovary

charged with an accumulation of impure
i

crowned with a short style and rounded

i

stigma. The berries are minute, round,

j

vegetable matter. [A. A. B.]

|

and either red or black when ripe. Those j EMBOLUS. A plug; a process which
of E. Ribes, one of the most common Indian projects downwards from the upper part
species, with ovate-lanceolate smooth of the cavity of the ovary in Armeria, and
leaves, are gathered and sold to traders, \
closes up the foramen of the ovule.
who use them for adulterating black pep-
per, which they somewhat resemble, and
j

EMBOTHRIUM. A small genus of Pro-

have, moreover, a slight pungency, owing teacece,having an elongated tubular calyx,
to a resinous substance contained in them. bursting longitudinally, and a sub-globose
They possess anthelmintic properties, and four-cleft limb bearing the anthers, which
are sometimes given in infusion.
' E. are sessile, on the concave points of the
Basaal, another Indian species with larger segments. The fruit is a leathery many-
elliptical and more or downy leaves, is
less "seeded follicle. They are trees or shrubs
useful in various ways. The young leaves with simple, oval or lanceolate entire
leaves, greyish on the under-side, and red
in combination with ginger are used as a
gargle in cases of sore throat the dried ;
generally smooth flowers. They are found
in the Western and Antarctic portions of
bark of the root is a reputed remedy for
the toothache and the berries mixed with
;
South America. [R. H.]
butter are used as an ointment, which is EMBRACING. Clasping with the base.
applied to the forehead as a specific for The same as Amplexicaul.
pleuritis. [A. A. B.] ,

EMBRYO (adj.EMBRYONAIA The rudi-

EMBLICA. A genus of EupJwrbiacece, mentary plant, engendered within a seed
differing only from Phyllanthus in the by the action of pollen. —
FIXED. A
more deeply divided style,' and in the leaf bud.
! nature of the fruit, which is about the size EMBRYO-BUDS. Spheroidal solid bodies,
! of a small gooseberry, with a fleshy outer of unknown origin, resembling woody
j
covering, and a hard three-celled nut, which nodules, formed in the bark of trees, and
splits when ripe into six portions, and con- capable of extending into branches under
tains six seeds: the fruit of Phyllanthus favourable circumstances.
being usually a dry membranous capsule. E.
i
officinalis, or, as it is sometimes called, EMBRYOTEGIUM, EMBRYOTEGA. A
j
PhyUanthusEmblieaAs the only epecies,and little papilla, often separating as a lid,
 449 Ct)£ ttoa^urg nf 23atan». [empl

which covers over the radicle of some chiefly of the northern parts of Europe
kinds of embryo. It is the hardened apex and America. A few are found in the
of the nucleus. South of Europe, and even at the Strait of
Magalhaens. The order is represented in
EMERICELLA. A most curious genus, Britain by Empetrum nigrum, the black
connecting, apparently like Coniocybe and crowberry, the fruit of which is eaten in
some others, the myxogastrous Fungiwith northern countries, and is used by the
Caliciei. The stem consists of a spongy
}

Greenlanders to prepare a fermented liquor.

central column, giving off threads which The leaves and fruit of some of the plants
have gonidia like those of Paulia, and ,

are somewhat acid. There are four known

resembling some species of Palmella, to |
genera, and Ave species. Examples •.—Em-
which we shall have occasion to recur here- i

petrum, Corema, Ceratiola. [J. H. B.]

after. These bodies become blue when
treated with iodine. The spores are pur- EMPETRUM. Crowberry or Crakeberry.
plish, furnished with very long spines, I
Small evergreen heath -like plants of the
seated in the same plane, and inclosed in a \
order Empetracece, distinguished by the
globose peridium. The only species has ;
following characters calyx of three leaves
:

been found on decaying leaves of Euphorbia with six imbricated scales at the base;
neriifolia at Secunderabad. A figure will !

three petals, and as many stamens berry ;

be found in Berkeley's Introduction to depressed.containing from six to ninebony

Cryptogamic Botany, p. 341. [M. J. B.] seeds. E. nigrum, the badge of the M'Leans,
EMERUS. (Fr.) Coronilla Emerus. is a small procumbent much-branched
shrub, with rough wiry branches and
EMEX. A genus of Polygonacea?, closely small narrow leaves, the edges of which
allied to Rumex, from which it is distin- I
are so much recurved as almost to form a
guished by the perianth segments being :

tube. The flowers are of a dark red colour,

united at the base, and by the flowers being I

small and situated in the axils of the upper

polygamous. E. spinosus, the only species, !
haves, and are succeeded by brownish-
is a salt marsh annual, of the Mediterra- :

black berries, about the size of juniper

'

nean region, the Cape of Good Hope, and |

berries, of a firm fleshy substance, and
the Antilles. In habit it closely resembles j
insipid in taste. A
native of moors and
Rumex pulcher, except that the leaves are the sides of boggy hills throughout the
broadest in the middle, and the perianth north of the Eastern continent, and the
has much larger spines when the fruit has islands towards America. In Great Britain
arrived at maturity. [J. T. S.] it is most abundant on the Scottish hills,

EMILIA. A
small group of composite where it affords abundant food to the moor-
plants, separated from Cacalia, and con- game, and is also found in the moorland
sisting mostly of annuals, represented by districts of the north of England. Its
E. sagittata, the Cacalia coccinea of gar- berries are eaten by the Highlanders and
I dens. They are natives of India, China, Russian peasants, and are considered
and the South African islands. The flower- wholesome. Boiled in alum-water, they
heads are subcorymbose, the florets being furnish a dingy purple dye, and Linnaaus
all tubulose, and in the common garden
states that they are used by the Laplanders
forms either orange, scarlet, or yellowish. for dyeing otter and sable skins black. E.
The lobes of the florets are linear elongate, rubrum, a native of the extreme south of
and the pentagonal achenes are ciliated at South America, has red berries, which are
the angles, and crowned with a many- said to be pleasant to eat. It is most
rowed pappus of filiform hairs. [T. M.] abundant along the sandy coast. Both
species are easy of cultivation as bog plants,
EMMEXAXTHE. A
genus of Eydro- but are slow growers. French Camarine :

phyllacece, containing a single species from German Rauchbeere. [C. A. J.]

California. It is an elegant erect herb
with alternate pinnatifld leaves, and pen- EMPHYSEMATOSE. Bladder}', resem-
dulous flowers in erect racemes, the calyx bling a bladder.
being five-parted, the corolla campauulate
and persistent, and the stamens included. EMPHYSOPUS. A name
formerly
The ovary is surrounded by a small disc, applied to a little perennial herb of the
and the capsule is oblong, and two-celled composite family, which is common on
from the meeting of the enlarged placentae pasture lands in Tasmania, and in habit
in its centre. [W. C] and form of leaves a gcrod deal resembles
the common daisy. The flower-heads, how-
EMPETRACEjE (Croviberries). A natu- ever, supported on naked stalks, one to
ral order of monochlamydeous dicotyle- three inches long, are not more than a
dons belonging to Lindley's euphorbial quarter of an inch in diameter, and the
alliance of diclinous Exogens. Shrubs leaves are clothed with a soft down. The
with heath-like evergreen exstipulate plant is now placed in Lage>*ophora :

leaves, and small axillary flowers which which see. [A. A. BJ

are usually imperfect. Perianth of four to
sixabypogynous persistent scales, the in- EMPLEUROSMA. The name of a small
nermost sometimes petaloid and united. shrub of the rue family, a native of Swan
Stamens two to three, alternate, with an in- river, and having leathery linear leaves,
ner row of scales. Ovary free in a fleshy disk, rolled under at the margins, and unisexual
two to nine-celled. Fruit fleshy, with two flowers, the males with a four-parted
to nine nucules seed solitary. Katives
; calyx, and eight stamens, whose anthers
empl] Cfje ErcaSttrg of 3Sfltanj). 450
are tipped with a gland. The plant is im- racterised by the bracts of the inflores-
perfectly known. [M. T. MJ cence, which are hood-like and bent in-
wards. Stamens five to seven, placed round
EMPLEURUM. A
genus of Rutacece the ovary filaments persistent, the an-
consisting of shrubs, natives of the Cape
;

thers kidney-shaped, deciduous. Ovary ses-

with oblong glandular serrulated leaves, sile, sometimes prolonged at the top stig-
and axillary flowers, solitary, or in twos or mas three to five. Fruit aromatic, berrv-
;

threes. They have a four-cleft calyx, like, with a thick rind. The roots of E.
thickened at the base, no corolla, and viiijiuculata and E. glaucescens are used
four stamens, opposite to, and longer than medicinally in Brazil. [M. T. MJ
the lobes of the calyx, with anthers having
a gland at the top. The ovary is solitary, ENDECA. In Greek compounds=eleven.
one-celled, terminating at top in a long
horn, the style lateral, as long as the horn-
ENDIVE. Cichorium
like extremity of the ovary ovules two. ; ENDIVE PETITE. (Fr.) Cichorium En-
The horned capsule is one-seeded. E. divia angustifolia.
serrulatum is a pretty greenhouse shrub
with pinkish flowers. [M. T. M.j
ENDOCARP. The lining
of a carpel
the inner surface of a fruit, representing
ENAItTHROCARPUS. A genus of Cru- at that time the upper surface of a carpel-
ciferce from the coasts of the Mediter- lary leaf. The stone of a cherry is its en-
ranean it is allied to Baphanus but with
; do carp.
a different pod, which breaks across into
only two parts, the lowermost of which is ENDOCARPEI. A natural order of
persistent, short, obconical with one to
lichens, in which the capsule-like fruit is
three seeds, the uppermost long and constantly immersed in the foliaceous or
crust-like frond. The walls of the fruit
knotty, with numerous seeds. Rough
annuals with lyrate-pinnatifid root leaves, moreover are pale and never carbonised as
toothed stem leaves, and elongate racemes in Verrucariei. The best known species
of yellow or purplish flowers. are Endocarpon miniatum, which is so
[J. T. S.]
common about waterfalls, presenting a
ENCALYPTA. A genus of mosses peltate leathery greenish frond tinged with
belonging to the natural order Encalyptei, red below and Pertusaria communis,\vhich
;

distinguished by the large funnel-shaped is still more common on smooth-barked

persistent veil which covers the capsule. oak and the beech, and
trees, especially the
E.vulgaris is a remarkable moss, and occurs which by a peculiar degeneration pro-
here and there on the tops of walls, though duces the white patches Avhich, according
not so general as some other wall mosses. to their more or less mealy condition, are
The capsule in this genus is either even or referred to the now exploded genera Va-
grooved the peristome is either single,
; riolaria and Lepraria [M. J. BJ
double, or altogether wanting. The genus
is almost exclusively confined to Europe
ENDOCHROA. A supposed interior
layer of the cuticle.
and North America, though there are
traces of it in Chiloe, Peru, and Kumaon. ENDOCHROME. The colouring matter
It is the only genus of the order. [M. J. BJ of plants. A term applied to the con-
tents of the cells, especially amongst
ENCEPHALARTOS. A genus of Gyca-
Algce and Fungi, though frequently appli-
deacece, having tall cylindrical trunks, with
cable to he simple structures in pha-no-
a terminal tuft of pinnate thick spiny
gams. The colour of flowers, funguses, &c,
leaves. The male flowers, like those of
depends generally upon the colour of the
Cycas, are collected into a terminal stalked
endochrome, the cell wall itself being
cone, consisting of a number of oblong
hyaline. In Algce and Finigi it frequently
wedge-shaped scales, with anthers on acts an important part, being either con-
their under-surface while the female
;
centrated into a single spore or zoospore,
flowers are collected in terminal stalked
or resolved into a definite or indefinite
cones, consisting of peltate stalked scales,
on the under-surface of which the ovule
number of either, while at times it gives
rise to spermatozoids. [M. J. BJ
is placed, as in Zamia. The interior of the
trunk, and the centre of the ripe female ENDOGENS. A large class of plants to
cones, contain a spongy farinaceous pith, which the names of Monocotyledoves and
made use of by the Caffers as food, and Amphibryce are also given. They have a
hence the trees are called by the name of cellular and vascular system— the latter ex-
Caffer-bread. [M, T. MJ hibiting spiral vessels. Their stem is en-
dogenous, that is, increases in diameter by
ENCHOLIRITTM. A name applied to a
addition of woody vessels towards its
genus of Bromeliacea?, represented by a interior, the outer part being the oldest
Brazilian herbaceous plant, with tufted
and densest (hence the name Endogens or
spiny leaves, and clustered flowers, with
inward-growers) bundles of
; woody,
a calyx of three short equal segments, a
spiral and pitted vessels are scattered
corolla of three petals, and six hypogynous
throughout the cellular tissue there is no ;
stamens, with curved filaments dilated at pith, no separable bark, no woody rings
the base. The ovary is free; the style or zones, and no true medullary rays. The
triangular with three stigmas. [M. T MJ
age of woody Endogens cannot be deter-
ENCKEA. Shrubs, or less frequently mined by counting concentric rings as in
trees, forming a genus of Piperacece, cha- Exogens. The leaves are usually con-
 iol Ojr Erfurt? of botany.
tinuous with the stem, and do not fall off and Asia Minor, and in appearance much
by articulations when at length they se- like our species of Crepis. The generic
;

parate their bases leave marks or scars name refers to the wings on the inner face
at definite intervals on the stem, as seen of the achene. [A. A. B.]
in palms. The stems of endogens are often ENDOPTILE. Said of an embryo whose
subterranean, in the form of cornis, plumule is
rolled up by the cotyledon, as in
j
rhizomes, or bulbs. The leaves have sto- endogens.
niates, and their venation is usually paral-
lel, though in a few cases it is slightly re- EXDORRTZAL. That kind of germina-
ticulated. The flowers have stamens and tion in which the original radicle forms a
I
pistil, and three-membered symmetry. The sheath round the first root which comes
ovules are contained in an ovary, and the from within the former.
embryo has one cotyledon or seed-lobe,
whence they are called monocotyledonous. EKDORHIZEiE. A name applied by
to endogenous or monocotyledon-
The class has been divided into two Richard
subclasses: 1. Petaloidece or Florida, in
ous plants, on account of the mode in which
which the flowers consist either of a co- the young root is developed. The embryo
of these plants, when it germinates or
loured perianth or of scales arranged in a
sprouts, iisually sends out from a definite
whorl; 2. Glumiferce, in which the flowers,
point a bundle of rootlets, which pierce
in place of sepals and petals, have im-
bricated bracts or scales called glumes.
through the integument, and are covered
Lindley has added a third subclass called each by a sheath called coleorhiza. This is
Dictyogence, on account of the net-veined
well seen in the sprouting of the grains of
grasses. The embryo is hence called endor-
leaves. Among the Petaloidece there are
liizal, meaning root within. [J. H. B.]
three sections 1. Epigynce, having perfect
:

flowers and a superior perianth, as orchids, ENDOS. In Greek composition = within,

,
gingers, irids, aniaryllids,&c; 2. Hypogynce, or in the inside of anything.
j
having perfect flowers and an inferior
perianth, as lilies, rushes, and palms 3. ;
ENDOSMOSE. That force which causes
Incompletes, with imperfect flowers with- a viscid fluid lying within a cavity to at-
|
out a proper whorled perianth, as screw- tract to itself a watery fluid through an or-
;
pines and arums. Among Glumiferce there ganic membrane.
are included the two orders of grasses and
!

'•

sedges. ENDOSPERM. The albumen of a seed.

j
Permanent endogenous stems are well ENDOSTOME. The aperture in the inner
I illustrated by palms. In these the hardest integument of an ovule.
!
part is on the outside, and the trunks are
usually unbranched, and are limited as re- ENDOTHECIUM. The lining of an an-
, gards their increase in diameter. They in- ther.
crease principally by forming a crown of
leaves, and if this growing point is de-
ENEMIOJ?. An
herbaceous perennial
stroyed they die. Some Endogens, as Dra-
belonging to the Banunculacece, with five
petal-like deciduous sepals, and from two to
!

ccenas, attain a great diameter of stem, and

\

divide in a forked manner. [J. H. B.]

six carpels, which when mature are ar-
j
ranged in a stellate manner, and contain
EXDOGOXIUM. The contents of the two oval seeds. E. biternatum,_ the only
|
nucule of a Chara. species, grows to about the height of six
EXDOXEMA. A Cape of Good Hope inches, and bears flowers about the size of
shrub belonging to the Penceacece. Its Anemone quinquefolia. It is a native of
|

leaves areflat and overlapping; the flowers

Kentucky. [C. A. J.]

E ICE R VIS. "When there are no ribs or

I

|
with a coloured tubular
axillary, solitary,
perianth divided into four short lobes, and veins visible.
four stamens, inserted into the top of the
perianth tube, alternately with its lobes. ENGELHARDTIA. A genus of Juglan-
The ovary has four compartments, each dacece,numbering about ten species, found
containing four ovules, the upper pair as- in India, Java and the Philippine islands.
cending, the lower pendulous. [31. T. M.] They are trees with pinnate leaves a good
deal like those of the walnut, and inconspi-
EXDOPELOEUM. The liber of bark ; the cuous flowers disposed in drooping spicate
inner layer, containing woody tissue, lying panicles, the outer and shorter branches
next the wood. of which bear sterile flowers, the inner
EXDOPHYLLOTJ8. Formed from within fertile. These are succeeded by the little
a sheathing leaf young leaves fruits, which are about the size of a pea,
; as the of
each seated on the base of a three-lobed
endogenous plants.
beautifully veined and coloured bract.
EXDOPLEPRA. The innermost skin of The beautiful catkin-like spikes of these
a seed-coat. bracted fruits are often more than a foot
lonp:, and hang very gracefully among the
EXDOPTERA. A genus of Compositce, foliage. [A. A. B.]
nearly related to Crepis, but differing in
the achenes of the ray florets having a ENGELIA. A genus of Acanthacece, con-
I
wing on their inner face. There are but taining two species, natives of Columbia.
j ' two species, E. Dioscoridis and E. aspera, They are climbing undershrubs, with one-
both annual branching weeds of S. Europe flowered axillary peduncles. The calyx is
ENGE Ef)e Crea^urg of 23otanj). 452
reduced to a mere ring. The corolla tube compartments. Fruit berry-like, of the
is bent, and the limb fissured in front and form of a pea. [M. T. M.]
parted into five roundish lobes; there are
four didynamous stamens, with a rudi-
ENNEA. In Greek compounds = nine.
mentary fifth. The ovary is one-celled, ENSATJE. A name given by Linnaeus to
with one ovule in each cell and the fruit
; a natural order of monocotyledonous or en-
is a fleshy one-celled drupe with a single dogenous plants, including Iris, Gladiolus,
seed. [W. C] Antholyza, Ixia, Sisyrinchium, Commcbjna,
Xyris, Eriocaulon, and Aphyllanthes. These
ENGELMANNIA. A genus of Euplwrbi-
plants are now distributed over five sepa-
acece, found in Texas and the neighbouring
rate orders. [J. H. B.]
states. It is nearly allied to Croton, but
differs in having fewer stamens, and in its ENSIAO. Sempervivum glutinosum.
little capsular fruit, about the size of an
orange-pip, being composed of two not
ENSIFORM, ENSATE. Quite straight,
with the point acute, like the blade of a
three cocci. E. Nuttalliana, the only spe-
broad-sword, or the leaf of an Iris.
cies, is an erect branching herb one to two
feet high,with alternate stalked ovalleaves, ENTADA. A genus of leguminous plants
silvery-white underneath. The minute containing about half-a-dozen species of
flowers are disposed in little clusters in the climbing tropical shrubs, which have twice-
forks of the branches, the males and fe- pinnated leaves, and flowers produced
males together. The genus bears the name either in spikes at the bases of the leaves,
of Dr. Engelmann, of St. Louis, an Ame- or in bunches at the ends of the branches;
rican botanist. A composite plant has also these flowers have a bell-shaped calyx, five
been dedicated to him, but that now bears white or yellow petals, and ten stamens.
the name Angelandra. [A. A. B.] The most remarkable feature of the genus is
The name is also applied to a section of the extraordinary length of its pods, which
Cuscuta, elevated into a genus by Pfeiffer, are flat and woody, divided into numerous
containing those species which have a four joints, each containing one large flat po-
or five-cleft monosepalous calyx, and a capi- lished seed. In E. scandens, a native of the
tate stigma, and in which the capsule de- tropics of both hemispheres, the pods often
hisces at the apex. [W. C] measure six or eight feet in length. The
ENGLISH MERCURY. Chenopodium seeds are about two inches across, by half an
Bonus-Henricus. inch thick, and have a hard woody and beau-
tifully polished shell, of a dark brown or
ENGRAIN. (Fr.) Triticum monococcum. purplish colour. In the tropiGs the natives
ENHALTJS. A genus of Hydrocharidacem, convert these seeds into snuff-boxes, scent-
allied to Stratiotes, from which it differs
bottles, spoons, &c, and in the Indian
chiefly in having the inner segments of the
bazaars they are used as weights. Occa-
perianth linear. It is found in the estuaries sionally they are sent to this country and
of the rivers, in Ceylon and other Indian are hawked about the streets of London
Islands. The leaves are radical, linear, under the name of West Indian Filberts,
serrated at the apex, and the spathe of the but they are not eatable. Sometimes they
female flowers is two-leaved with a bearded are conveyed by the great oceanic currents
[J. T. S.]
to the shores of the west of Scotland and
keel.
the Orkneys, and they are occasionally
ENKYANTHTJS. An elegant glabrous carried as far as the Lofiioden Isles and the
shrub, with deciduous leaves and showy Norway coast. [A. SJ
red flowers, often tipped with white. It is a
native of South China, and has been intro- ENTANGLED. Intermixed in so irregu-
duced into our gardens. It forms a genus lar a manner
as not to be readily disen-
of Ericacece of the tribe Andromedece, dis- tangled, such as the hairs, roots, and
tinguished by a campanulate flve-lobed branches of many plants.
corolla, ten stamens having the anther-cells ENTELEA. A genus of Tiliacece, pecu-
tipped with awn-like points and opening New Zealand, and represented by a
liar to
longitudinally to the base, and a free hard single species, E. arborescens, a small
five-celled capsule opening loculicidally branching tree from five to ten feet high,
in as many valves. The flowers are termi- with large alternate heart-shaped or three-
nal, pedicellate and drooping, issuing, seve- lobed leaves, and white flowers, some-
ral together, from a tuft of coloured bracts. what like those of a small dog-rose, dis-
E. quinquejlorus is probably the only posed in little umbels which terminate the
species known, for E. reticulatus appears to branches of an axillary or terminal panicle.
be only a slight variety of it. They have a four or five-leaved calyx, a
like -number of somewhat crumpled pe-
ENKYLIA. A genus of Cucurbitacece,
tals, and numerous fertile stamens. The
consisting of Indian climbing herbaceous
four to six-celled capsular fruits are about
plants, with pedate downy leaves, having
the size of a hazel nut. In New Zealand
somewhat spiny margins, and small flowers the light wood is used by the natives as
arranged in panicles. The male flowers have floats for their nets. Sparmannia, to which
a five-fold calyx and corolla, and five sta- the plant most nearly
is allied, differs in
mens completely united into one parcel having numerous sterile stamens' inter-
the female flowers have a similar calyx and
mixed with the fertile ones. [A. A. B.]
corolla, and an inferior ovary, with a single
pendulous ovule in each of the two or three EXTEROMORPHA. A . genus of green-
 453 Efje Cms'urjj of 3BDtaii|i. [epee
spored Alga?, comprising those species of their flowers, are deservedly great favour
Ulva which have a tubular frond, whether ites in the greenhouse. There is very much
simple or more or less branched. The diversity in the habits of the plants. In E.
most general species, E. intestinalis. known pulchella, E.rigida, and E. microphylla, the
by its bullate crisped fronds, occurs in fresh leaves are very small, and the flowers white.
as well as salt water, E. compressa being
the more common species on tidal rocks,
and having simple or branched narrower
fronds, dilated above. The species run
closely into each other, and are probably
too much multiplied. [M. J. B.]

ENTIRE. Having no kind of marginal

division.

EXTOPHYTE. A plant which grows i

from within others, as some rhizanths and

fun gals.
ENULA-CAMPANA. (Fr.) Inula Sele-
nium.
BOUSE. (Fr.) Quercus Ilex.

EOUVE. (Fr.) Pinus Cembra.

EPACRIDACE.E (Epacrids). A natural
order of corollifloral dicotyledons, in-
.

cluded in Lindley's erical alliance of hypo-

gynous Exogens. Shrubby plants, with Epacris grandifiora.
usually alternate simple leaves ; flowers
regular and perfect, in spikes or racemes
In E. grandiflora the leaves are much larger,
corolla gamopetalous stamens five, equal
;
heart-shaped and sharp-pointed, the flowers
in number to the lobes of the corolla;
!

nearly an inch in length, of a brilliant

anthers one-celled, opening by a longitudi- !

reddish purple at the base, and pure white

nal slit. Ovary superior, five-celled, with
!

at the apex. In E. impressa, E. ruscifolia,

five scales, distinct or combined at its
i

I
and E tomentosa the flowers are of a deep
base. Fruit either fleshy or capsular em- ;
rose-colour while in E.nivea,E. obtusifolia,
;
bryo with albumen and very small cotyle-
!

E. heteronema, and E. paludosa they are

dons. There-are two sections of the order
large aud of a pure white, the plants having
!

1. Epacrece, with a capsular many-seeded

i

fruit 2. SUipheliece, with a drupaceous one-

narrow lanceolate sharp-pointed leaves.
I
:
The New Zealand species are rather incon-
seeded fruit. The plants are natives of
spicuous in their flowers. [R. HJ
i

j
the Indian Archipelago and Australia, and
I represent the hoaths in those countries EPEAUTRE. (Fr.) Triticum Spelta.
j
but they differ from true heaths (Erica) in
;
their pentamerous symmetry, their anthers EPERUA. Th e Wallaba, E.falcata, a very
;
being one-celled without appendages, and large timber tree, is the only member of
in the attachment of the stamens and the this genus of leguminous plants. It has
|
corolla. pinnate leaves composed of two or three
They are cultivated in greenhouses for pairs of leaflets; and its red flowers are
I the beauty of their flowers. Some yield borne in drooping long-stalked bunches.
edible fruits. The berries of Leucopogcm The calyx consists of four thick concave
sepals with their bases connected, the
I

i
Bichei, called native currants, are said to
I
have supported the French naturalist upper sepal being broader than the others ;

Hi che, who was lost for three days on the the corolla is a solitary roundish fringed
south coast of New Holland. Astroloma petal, inserted into the middle of the
humifusum is called the Tasmanian cran- calyx and there are ten stamens. The
;

berry. There are 32 known genera, and 336 curiously curved flat pod bears some re-
species. Examples:— Epacris, Dracophyl- semblance to a hatchet, and generally
f ontains from three to four very flat seeds.
lurn, Styphelia,Leucopogon. [J. H. BJ
The tree is abundant in the forests of
EPACRIS. A large
genus typical of the British Guiana, where it attains a height
Epacridacece, distinguished by having a of fifty feet, with a girth of about six
coloured calyx with many bracts, a tubular feet. The timber is of a bright red-brown
corolla with a smooth limb, stamens affixed colour, marked with whitish streaks, hard
to the corolla, and a flve-valved many- and heavy, but rather coarse-grained. In
seeded capsule. They are branched shrubs consequence of the readiness with which
with the leaves lanceolate or cordate, it splits, it is commonly employed in
generally sharp-pointed, and the flowers Demerara for shingles, palings, &c, and
axillary, white red, or purple, usually in being impregnated with a resinous oil,
leafy spikes. The species are distributed it is very durable. The bark of the tree
over the extra- tropical portions of Austra- is bitter, and the Indians employ a decoc-
lia,Tasmania and New Zealand, and many tion of it as an emetic. They also use the
of them, from the abundanceand beauty of gum as an application to cuts. [A. SJ
eper] Efye ErsajSurg of 280tang. 454
EPERVIERE. (Fr.) Hieracium. — do bulbs at intervals, and a solitary flower
ORANGEE. Hieracium aurantiacum. and leaf the flower, borne on a stalk, is
;

said to be eight inches across, and of apale

EPHEBE. A curious and anomalous yellowish-green
genus proposed by Pries, which, after oscil-
colour. [A. A. BJ
lating between lichens and sea-weeds, was EPI. In Greek compounds = upon.
for a time joined with Byssoidece, but
whose real affinities were quite unin-
EPIAIRE. (Fr.) Stachys. — , GRANDE.
Stachys sylvatica.
telligible till the discovery of the fructifi-
cation, which clearly places it in close con- EPIBLAST. A
small transverse plate
junction with Lichina and its near allies. fa second cotyledon), found on the embryo
The frond consists of branched threads of some grasses.
composed when young principally of large EPIBLEMA. An epidermis consisting of
brownish cells more or less perfectly dis- thick-sided flattened cells.
posed in transverse rows, and often divided
vertically or horizontally into four. In EPIBLEMA grandiflorum is a terres-
this condition it seems to indicate an trial tuberous rooted orchid of "W. Austra-
intimate relation with the algal genus lia, with a slender erect stem eighteen
Scytonema. In older branches, however, inches high, bearing a single grassy leaf
there is a distinct cellular tissue both with a few sheathing bracts, and terminat-
external and within the layer of large ing in a raceme of from one to five pretty
cells, and towards the extremities the blue flowers, each about an inch across.
branchlets swell and contain nuclei, like According to Dr. Lindley, the genus, which
those of Dothidea, filled with a gelatinous belongs to the tribe Neottea?, differs from
mass consisting of fertile asci, each of Thelymitra, of which it has the habit, not
which contains eight sporidia, while in only in the clawed lip with long slender
other similar swellings nuclei are produced processes at the base, but also in the anther
whose gelatinous contents produce myriads bed not being cucullate. [A. A. BJ
of granules, supposed to be the male fruit
of the plant. The plant is therefore EPICAL YX. The involucellum, or ex-
ternal series of envelopes beyond the calyx,
clearly a lichen, allied to Collema and
as in Malva.
Lichina, receding from the common type
in the nature of its gonidia, which depart EPICARP. The outermost layer of the
from the usual green tint, and seem to be pericarp, corresponding with the under
propagated like such genera as Hcematococ- side of the carpellary leaf.
eus. The species, which are not nume-
rous, occur on irrigated rocks and stones.
EPICEA. (Fr.) Abies excelsa.
They are, as known at present, confined to EPICHARIS. A genus of Meliacece, com-
the temperate regions of the northern prising certain trees, natives of the Mo-
hemisphere. [M. J. B.] lucca Islands, which, added to the general
characteristics of the order to which they
EPHEDRA. A genus of Gnetacew. belong, present the following distinguish-
The plants have stamens and pistils in ing features: corolla of four spreading
separate flowers the staminate flowers in
:
or reflected petals stamens eight, their
catkins and with a membranaceous peri- ;

filaments united so as to form a tube, the

anth the pistillate flowers terminal on
;
upper margin of which is divided into
axillary stalks, within a two-leaved invo-
eight notched lobes, and encloses the an-
lucre. The fruit is a succulent cone, formed
thers; ovary sessile, four-celled, enclosed
of two carpels, with a single seed in each.
within the tube of the stamens. Fruit a
They are branching shrubs, natives of the capsule bursting by two or four divisions,
sandy sea shores of temperate climates in
each compartment containing a single seed
both hemispheres. The branches are
provided with a fleshy arillus. [M. T. M.]
slender, erect or pendulous; leaves very
small, scale-like, articulated and united EPICHILE. The upper half of the lip
into a sheath at the base. There are of an orchid, when that organ is once joint-
twenty-five known species. E. distachya ed or strangulated.
abounds in the southern parts of Russia
its fruit is eaten by the peasants and by
;
EPICLINAL. Placed upon the disk or
receptacle of a flower.
the wandering hordes of Great Tartary.
The branches and flowers of some of the EPIDENDRTJM. A vast genus of South
Ephedras have been used to stop bleedings American orchids, numbering more than
and discharges. [J. H. B.] 300 species, and exhibiting great diversity
of growth. They are mostly epiphytes on
EPHEMEBINE. (Fr.) Tradescantia.
trees, whence the generic name, though
EPHEMERUM. Tradescantia. not a few are terrestrial. The stems are
elongated and leafy in some, and reduced
EPHEMERUS. Enduring but a day. to a pseudo-bulb in others; the leaves are
EPHIPPITTM. A name applied by Blume leathery in texture and usually strap-shap-
to certain epiphytal orchids now referred ed and the flowers are either solitary or
;

to various genera, such as Bolbopliyllum, disposed in axillary or terminal spikes, ra-

Sarcopodium, and Cirrhopetalum. The cemes, or panicles. According to Dr. Lind-
most notable species is Sarcopodium gran- ley, the essential character of the genus re-
diflorum from New Guinea, which has sides in the lip being more or less united hy
creeping wiry stems with four-sided pseu- base to the edge of a column, which
 455 Zfyz Erra^ttri? of 2S0tang. [epijl

is hornless, and considerably elongated, EPIGEOUS. Growing close upon the

but not petaloid and winged; in the pollen earth.
masses being four, equal, compressed, with EPIGONE. The membranous bag or
as many pulverulent caudicles folded back flask which incloses the spore-case of a
on them and finally, in the presence of a
;
liverwort or scale-moss when young. Also
cuniculus more or less deep at the base of the nucule of a Cham.
the lip. E. nemorale, often miscalled verru-
cosum, is one of the handsomest in cultiva- EPIGYNIUM. East Indian shrubs, so
tion. It is a Mexican plant, with ovate named, in consequence of the disc which
pseudo-bulbs bearing two glossy strap- surmounts the ovary. They constitute a
shaped leaves, and panicles of handsome genus of Vacciniacece, known by their five-
rosy flowers, each about one and a half parted flowers, bell-shaped or cup-shaped
inch across, the lip streaked with lines of a corolla, ten separate stamens, and five-
darker colour it takes its name from the
; celled ovary containing many ovules, and
minute rough points on the branches of the surmounted by a five-lobed disc, as well as
panicle. Similar in size and colouring of
flower is E. Skinneri from Guatemala, but
it has elongated stems, the flowers arranged
in drooping terminal racemes, and the lip
with three yellow crests. Perhaps the most
desirable species is the Mexican E. vitelli-
7nn;i,from its brilliant deep orange-coloured
and long-enduring flowers it has oblong
:

pseudo bulbs with two short leaves, and a

flower scape six to twelve inches high, the
individual flowers about an inch in length.
Then we have E. cuspidatum, notable for its
very large yellow flowers, with a curious tri-
lobed lip, the central lobe linear, and the
two lateral crescent-shaped with beautifully
fringed borders. To the same group belong
E. ciliare and E. noctvmum, the first smaller
in all its parts, with greenish flowers, the
latter destitute of the fringe to the lip, and
emitting a very agreeable odour in the even-
ing. The singular colouring of the flowers
in E. prismatocarpum renders it attractive,
the ground colour being yellow-green with
many dark purple blotches across the sepals
^^
Epigynium leucobotrys.
and petals, and the lip pink. It has ovate
pseudo-bulbs with a leathery strap-shaped by the limb of the calyx. The fruit is suc-
leaf a foot long, and the flowers are in culent. E. acuminatum, a greenhouse
many-flowered scapes. A. A- BJ shrub, has racemes of richly-coloured red
flowers. E. leucobotrys, another species in
EPI D'EATJ. (Fr.) Potamogeton. ,DE — cultivation, has a tuberous root likeayam,
LAIT or DE LA VIERGE. Ornithogalum and the berries are white and wax-like
pyramidale. —
DE VENT. Agrostis Spica- hence the name. [M. T. M.J
venti. —, FLEURI. Stachys.
EPIGYNOUS. Upon the ovary ; a term
EPIDERMIS. The true skin of a plant applied when the outer whorls of the
below the cuticle. flower adhere to the ovary, so that their
upper portions alone are free and appear
EPIDERMOID. Of or belonging to the to be seated on it, as in umbellifers,
skin. lyrtals, campanals, &c.

EPIG.EA. The generic name of shrubs EPILEPIS. A genus of the composite

of the heathwort order, characterised by family allied to Coreopsis, but differing in j

having three leaflets on the outside of the having applied to the outer surface of each |

five-parted calyx and by the corolla being

;
wingless achene a three-toothed chaffy
salver-shaped, five-cleft, with its tube hairy scale. The only known species, E. rudis,
is an erect hispid Mexican herb with
on the inside. The name, derived from
Greek words signifying upon the earth,' is
'
opposite pinnatisect leaves, whose stems
sufficiently expressive of the mode of are terminated by a corymb of numerous
growth or trailing habit of the species. One yellow-rayed flower-heads, each about an
of them, E. repens, a native of North Ame- inch across these have an involucre of
;

rica,has been long known in cultivation it ;

two series of scales, neuter ray-florets,
isan ornamental procumbent shrub, with those of the disc tubular and perfect. The
frasrant flowers, usually white with a red- compressed achenes crowned with two
dish tinge. short awns.! [A. A.B.]
[G. D.]
EPILINELLA. A section of Cuscuta,
EPIGENOFS. Growing upon the surface containing those in which the calyx con-
of a part, as many fungals on the surface sists of five fleshy sepals, keeled on the
of leaves. back, and with membranaceous margins
united at the base. It has been raised to a Oxyacantha. — DU CHRIST. Pallurus
generic position by Pfeiffer. [W. C] aculeatus. — NOIRE. Prunus spinosa,
EPILITHES. The name of a small EPINETTE ROUGE. (Fr.) Larix
herbaceous plant, which covers the rocks americana.
in certain parts of the island of Java, and EPINE-VINETTE. (Fr.) Berberis vul-
is described by Dr. Blume as belonging to garis.
Nyctaginacea,though his description seems
rather to apply to a plant of some other E>INARD. (Fr.) Spinacia. — BLANC DU
order. The flowers are moncecious, four- MALABAR. Basella alba. D'HIVER. —
parted, the females without petals ovary Spinacia spinosa. —
DE HOLLANDE.
inferior with one ovule; stigmas four,
;

Spinacia inermis. —
DU MALABAR.
brush-like fruit berry-like. [M. T. M.J Basella rubra. —
FRAISE. Blitum virga-
;
tum. —IMMORTEL. Eumex Patientia. —
EPILOBITTM. A somewhat extensive SAUVAGE. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus.
genus of mostly perennial herbaceous
plants belonging to the order Onagracece, EPIPACTIS. A
genus of terrestrial
orchids, consisting of erect herbs with
among which they are distinguished by
fibrous roots, and a leafy stem, bearing a
their flowers having eight stamens, and by
bearing numerous cottony seeds in an loose simple raceme of purplish-brown or
elongated pod-like seed-vessel. They are whitish flowers occasionally tinged with
red. The perianth is spreading, without
found in all situations, by rivers, in woods,
or on waste ground, and some are Alpine. any spur the petals and sepals are nearly
:

In habit they are mostly erect and but similar; the lip free from the column,
little, if at all, branched
thick and concave at the base, the termi-
the leaves are
;

narrow and opposite, frequently toothed nal portion broad and petal-like, with two
at the base and the flowers, which are protuberances at the base; the column
;

either axillary or in terminal spikes, are short with a terminal anther. There are
generally of a purple hue, apparently but few species, natives of the temperate
stalked, but in reality supported on the regions of the northern hemisphere. Two
slender rudimentary capsule. There are only are British E. latifolia, not unfre-
:

several British species, most of which are quent in woods and shady places, but
unpretending weeds but E. hirsutum, a tall usually singly, attaining two feet in height
;

species growing from four to six feet high, or even more, the lower leaves ovate, the
is frequently ornamental to the banks of
upper ones small and narrow, the flowers
rivers and ponds. The flowers of this varying from green to a dingy brown, and
plant are large and of a delicate pale pink, hanging in a long loose one-sided raceme
with a conspicuous four-cleft white stigma. and E. palustris, which is more local,
The whole plant is downy, soft and although abundant in particular spots,
and is not so tall, but a more showy plant,
clammy, exhaling a peculiar acidulous
scent, which has gained for it the popular
the leaves narrower, the racemes more
name of Codlins and Cream. E. angusti- compact, with larger slightly drooping
flowers, the sepals pale greenish-purple,
folium is not often found truly wild, but
is a common ornament of cottage gardens,
the petals and lip white, more or less
when, if suffered to range at its will, it streaked with pink.
soon overpowers all other herbaceous ve- EPIPETALOUS. Inserted or growing
getation. It is sometimes planted with on a petal.
advan tage in shrubberies when luxuriant
undergrowth is desired, but should not EPIPHEGUS. A
genus of Oroban-
be admitted into a small garden, as it is chacem, containing a single species from
most difficult of eradication. In this plant North America. It is a brownish fleshy
the leaves are scattered and destitute of herb, parasitic only upon the roots of the
all pubescence, and the flowers are irregu- beech, andfurnished with a branched stem,
lar, large, rose-red, and grow in a terminal and small remote scales, from the axils of
spike. French, Epilobe, Laurier St. Antoine, which spring root fibres as well as flowers.
Osier fleuri German, Weiderich. [C.A. J.]
;
The flowers on the upper portion of the
branches are hermaphrodite and have a
EPIMEDIUM, Barrenwort. A genus of large corolla, but are generally barren,
Berber idacece, known by having the parts while those on the lower parts of the
of the flower in fours, there being four branches are small, have a short corolla,
sepals, eight petals and four stamens. and are always fructiferous. In the
They are Alpine herbs, found in Europe, hermaphrodite flowers, the corolla is
Middle Asia, and Japan. E. alpinum, the ringent, compressed and four-cleft with
only European species, is a low herb with a the lower lip flat while in the female
;

creeping rhizome, and long-stalked triter- flowers the corolla is short, obsoletely
nate leaves, with large ovate-cordate four-toothed and deciduous. The capsule
serrated leaflets, and panicles opposite the is small, roundish, imperfectly two-valved,
leaves bearing rather small dull purplish with numerous ovate seeds. [W. 0.]
flowers, with the inner petals bulging at
the base it has been stated to grow in
;
EPIPHORA pubescens is a South African
Scotland and the north of England, but epiphytal orchid about a span high, with
only where planted. [J. T. S.] short ovate pseudo-bulbs bearing two or
three oblong linear leaves a little oblique
EPIXE BLANCHE. (Fr.) Crataegus at the apex, and a erminal erect raceme of
!457 K\)Z Crra^urg at 38fltang. [equi

numerous fragrant bright yellow flowers ,

EPIPOGIUM apliyllum is a curious
streaked with red, and nearly half an inch leafless pale-coloured herb, forming a
across. It is a highly desirable plant, as it i
genus of terrestrial orchids. The root-
keeps on flowering for nine months of the stock has a number of short thick fleshy
year. The relationship of the genus is fibres like those of Corallorhiza. The
with Polvstachya amongst the Vandece, stem, about six inches high, bears some
and it differs chiefly from that genus
in small scale-like bracts, and three or four
the four pollen masses being attached to a rather large pale yellowish flowers with
distinct though short caudicle. The inside : narrow sepals and and an ovate
petals,
of the little trident-shaped lip, which is : somewhat concave with a thick pro-
lip
uppermost in the flower, is bearded with I jecting spur underneath the column is
;

long hairs. There is only one species I short, with a shortly stalked terminal
known. [A. A. B.] |
anther. The species has a very wide range
in Europe, and temperate Asia, but is
EPIPHLCEUM. The layer of hark ira- |
generally very scarce, growing here and
mediately below the epiderm. The cellu- ;
there among rotten leaves, in woods, and
lar integument of the hark. shady places. In Britain it has only been
EPIPHRAGM. A membrane drawn over found in a single locality, near Tedstone
the mouth of the spore-case in urn-mosses, Delamere in Herefordshire.
and closing it up.
EPIPTEROUS. Having a wing at the
EPIPHYLLOTTS. Inserted upon a leaf. summit.
EPIPHYLLUM. A
small genus of EPIRHIZOUS. Growing on a root.
Cactacece, commonly cultivated in conser-
vatories in this country on account of the EPISCIA. A small genus of Oesneracece,
showy pink or crimson flowers. Only containing six species, natives of America.
three species are known, all natives of They are fleshy, creeping, and rooting
Brazil, where they are generally found herbs, with opposite petiolate leaves, and
upon the trunks of trees. They grow two solitary or aggregated axillary flowers,
or three feet high, and have thin cylindri- whose small calyx is free and five-parted,
cal stems, and branches composed of and the corolla erect within the calyx,
numerous short leaf-like joints growing then obliquely salver-shaped, with the
out of one another, and resembling leaves limb five-lobed. The ovary is surrounded
joined together by their ends. The flowers at the base by a disc, which swells behind
are produced singly at the extremities of into a gland. The capsule is membrana-
these branches, and are upright and ceous, two-celled, with numerous oblong
regular in one species, but bent down wards seeds. [W. C]
and somewhat two-lipped in the others. EPISCOPEA. Tliemistoclesia.
The sepals and petals are numerous and
coloured alike, so that they are scarcely EPISPERM. The skin of a seed.
distinguishable, though the innermost have
their bases united into atube the stamens
EPISPORANGIUM. The indusium of a
fern when it overlies the spore-cases, as in
;

are numerous, arranged in two series. The

Aspidhon.
fruit is a small very smooth berry, some-
times having angular ribs. EPISPORE. A skin which covers some
E. truncatum is the species most fre- spores.
quently cultivated in this country, and
there are several garden varieties of it,
EPISTYLITJM. A genus
of the spurge-
distinguishable only by thesize and colour
wort family peculiar to Jamaica, contain-
ing only a couple of species, one of which
of their flowers. It is a native of Brazil,
is a shrub, the other a tree of about
particularly of the Organ Mountains, but
twenty feet both have srhooth alternate
is seldom found at a greater elevation than
;

laurel-like leaves, and minute yellowish-

4,5W feet. The flat joints of the branches
green or reddish flowers disposed in little
are about two inches long, broad at top,
clusters or racemes, which in E. axillare
but tapering towards the base, and the
proceed from the axils of the leaves, and
flowers, which arc produced from the
in E. caulifiorum from the bare stems.
broad ends of the joints, are bent down- The sterile and fertile flowers are in the
wards, one side of the expanded part being same cluster, the former with a four-parted,
larger than the other they are pink,
:
the latter with a five-parted calyx. The
crimson, or orancre-coloured, with white
fruits are little oblong three-sided cap-
stamens. E. Bussellianum, also Brazilian, sules, with three cells and one or two seeds
is readily distinguishable from the last by
in each. The genus is by some authors
its flowers being straight, and the petals
united with Phyllonthus, from which it
expanding in a regular manner: the chiefly differs in the four-lobed calyx of
stamens, also, are of the same pink colour the male flowers.
[A. S.] [A. A. B.]
as the flower.
EPITHELIUM. An epidermis consisting
EPIPHYTE adj. EPIPHYTAL"). Plants
(
of young thin-sided cells, filled with homo-
which grow upon the surface of others, as geneous transparent colourless sap.
many mosses and orchids.
EPURGE. (Fr.1 Euphorbia Lathy ris.
EPIPODIUM. A form of disk consisting
of glands upon the stipe of an ovary. Also EQUISETACE.E, EQUISETUM. A natu-
the stalk of the disk itself. ral order and genus of the higher crypto-
EQUl] Cfje Crea^urg at 2Sntang. 458
gams, remarkable for the external resem- articles,and large quantities of E. 7>?/< male
blance which they bear in habit to Casua- are imported into this country under the
rinaov Ephedra, and as regards the heads name of polishing or Dutch rushes. Some
of fructification to Zamia. All resemblance, of the species have been used in medicine,
however, ceases there, aikl the natural
affinities of the plants are with ferns.
The plants are often perennial, new shoots
being thrown up from the creeping rhi-
zomes. The spores germinate like those of
ferns, and produce a sort of prothallus,
which bears archegones and antherids.
The latter yield large spiral fringed sper-
matozoids like those of ferns. The shoots
are jointed, each articulation having a
toothed membranous sheath, and are often
repeatedly divided, with whorls of branches
and branchiets. The fructification is pro-
duced in the form of terminal cones, con-
sisting of a number of peltate scales, each
of which produces a circle of spore-cases,
perpendicular to the axis, and opening by
a longitudinal fissure, the walls of which
consist of very delicate spiral tissue. The
spores have a spiral coat, which ultimately
Equisetum xylochsetum.
splits up into two bodies, each with two
clavateends, and attached by their centre
so as to look like four stamens. These,
but their virtues are doubtful. The
rhizomes contain a considerable quantity
however, are nothing more than the un- of starch, and the starch cells sometimes
rolled spiral of which the spore coats
exhibit a kind of circulation. [M. J. B.]
consist.
The structure of the rhizome and of the EQUITANT. "When the two sides of a
lower part of the stem is very curious, and leaf are brought together and adhere ex-
quite different from anything in ferns. In cept at the base, where they enclose an op-
an early stage there is a central column of posite leaf whose sides are in the same
cellular tissue in the rhizome, from which state hence they look as if they rode on
:

eight plates radiate, being connected with each other.

an external cylinder of the same nature,
and leaving between them distinct cavi- ERABLE. (Fr.) Acer. — DENORVEGE
ties. At a later period new tissue grows Acer platanoides. — DURET. Acer opu-
from the walls of the plates, and ultimately Ufolium. —
JASPB. Acer pensylvanieum.
obliterates the cavities. Opposite to each — NEGUNDO. Negundo. — OBIER. Acer
of the plates is a vascular bundle, consist- opulifolium.
ing of distinct annular vessels passing
into spirals. In ferns, on the contrary, the ERAGROSTIS. A very extensive genus
vessels are mostly scalariform. In the fruit- of grasses, belonging to the tribe Festu-
bearing stems the cavities are tnore abun- cece, distinguished by having the inflor-
dant with various modifications. escence in more or less compound or decom-
Equiseta, or Horsetails, are found in most pound panicles glumes four to ten-flower-
;

parts of the world, though they are want- ed; pales imbricated in two ranks, the
ing in Australia and New Zealand. In the upper reflexed with the edges turned
temperate regions they are mostly inhabi- back stamens two or three styles two,
; ;

tants of fields and wet places, and some- with feathery stigmas seeds loose, two-
;

times of loose sands, which they tend to horned, not furrowed. In Steudel's Synop-
sis there are 243 species described these
bind together by their delicate rootlets, and ;

have stiff erect stems capable of support- range more or less over the whole surface
ing themselves. But in warmer regions, of the globe, Asia being the quarter where
and even in Lisbon, as E. debile and elonga- they mostly abound. Europe has only six
species, all of which are natives of the
tum, they require the support of bushes
which they cling. southern portion only. The appellation is
to They sometimes derived from two Greek words, signifying
attain a considerable size, as E. giganteum,
though never reaching the dimensions of when combined Love-grass. Most of the
undoubted fossil Equisetacece. An immense kinds are handsome, and some of them are
quantity of silica, amounting sometimes to hardy for being cultivated as
sufficiently
half their weight when consumed, is taken
ornamental grasses in Britain. [D.M.]
up into their substance and, according to
: ERANTHEMUM. A considerable genus
the observations of Brewster, the par- of Acanthacece, containing nearly fifty
ticles, each of which has a double axis of species, widely distributed over the tropi-
refraction, are disposed in rows parallel to cal and subtropical regions of the Old and
the axis, and occasionally forming ovals K"ewWorlds,chiefly growing, at a greater or
connected together like the jewels of a less height, on mountains. They are shrubs
necklace. In consequence of this abund- i or under-shrubs, with entire or serrated
ance of silica, like Tripoli, some of the leaves, and showy often spicate flowers,
whose corolla is salver-shaped, with along
j

species are used for polishing various '

 459 €l)t Ercas'ttrj? at MaUiw. [erem
slender tube and an unequally lobed limb and the only species of the genus, ft is
is
There are two fertile stamens. [W. CJ a small, prostrate annual herb, having all
its parts densely clothed with soft, white
ERANTHIS. A highly prized little her- starry hairs. The stalked alternate leaves
baceous plant belonging to the Ranun- have broadly-oval obtuse blades, and the
culacem and allied to Helleborus, from small green flowers come in dense clusters
which it may at once be distinguished by in the forks of the branches, males and fe-
the more delicate texture of its leaves, and ]
males together, the females sessile. The
by having its solitary flowers surrounded whole plant has a strong disagreeable
by an involucre cleft into numerous seg- odour, even in a dried state. [A. A. B.]
ments. It is most commonly known by
'

the name of "Winter Aconite, because its EREMODENDRON. A genus of Myopo-

foliage resembles that of the aconites, and racece containing a single species from
its bright green involucre and pretty yel- New Holland. It is a beautiful tree, with
low flowers are in perfection when snow- long narrow lanceolate leaves, and axillary
dreps bloom. Being a low-growing plant, flowers on the tops of the branches. The
but a few inches high, it is well adapted large coloured lobes of the five-parted calyx
for the front of borders. It is perfectly are oblong, obovate, narrow at the base,
hardy as to temperature, and will thrive and not changing in fruiting, while the !

in any soil. E. hyemalis, the species most corolla has an incurved tube, and an un-
generally cultivated, is a native of central equally five-lobed limb. The ovary is ;

and southern Europe, in moist shady places, ovoid-oblong, compressed, and two-celled. ;

and on hills. E. sibiricus, a native of Eastern This genus is scarcely separable from Ere- i

'

Siberia, a plant of precisely similar habit, mophila, except by the peculiar lobes of
has five sepals; whereas E. hyemalis has calyx. [W. C] I

six to eight. French, Eranthis d'hiver, Heir

[C. A. J.]
EREMOLEPIS. A genus of plants in-
The
j

eluded in the order Loranthacece. I

ERASMIA A genus of Piperacece, com- flowers are dioecious, and have no petals
prising a low-growing Mexican herb, with I the staminate flowers have a tripartite
lance-shaped leaves, and branching spikes calyx, with three stamens which are insert-
ed opposite to the calycine segments and
|
'

bearing scattered persistent peltate bracts ; ;

the filaments of the stamens are rather the pistillate flowers have a tripartite calyx,
thick, short anthers globular ovary ses-
; ; an inferior ovary, a short style, and a simple
sile, cylindrical stigma conical. The fruit
;
stiarma. They are parasitic shrubby plants,
is an elongated smooth berry. [M- T. M.] |
with alternate leaves destitute of a termi-
nal scale, the staminate flowers in catkins,
EREMJEA. A genus of shrubs of the the pistillate in clusters. The genus is
myrtle family, natives of Swan River, and allied to the Eubrachion of Hooker. Two j

nearly allied to Melaleuca, but distinguish- species, natives of South America, have |

ed from it by the stamens, which are either been described, E. punctulata and E. verru-
entirely detached, or more or less united cosa. [J. H. B.]
into groups. The anthers are fixed more- I

over by their base, and not by their backs ;

ERE3IOPHILA. A genus of My op or acece,
and the flowers grow singly at the end of containing four species of broom-like
the branches, where they are covered with shrubs, natives of New Holland. They
overlapping bracts. pi. T. M.] have opposite or alternate leaves, and
axillary crowded or solitary peduncles
EREITIA. The generic name of shrubs, supporting flowers which have a five-parted
natives of the Cape of Good Hope, belong- scarious calyx, and a corolla with a large
I
ing to the heathworts, having the calyx tube and bilabiate limb. [W. C]
bell-shaped or somewhat globose, and the
stamens more than four, usually six or EREMOSTACHTS. A genus of labiate
plants distinguished by the upper lip of the
eight, very rarely Ave. The name Eremia
corolla being elongated and helmet-like,
:

was assigned for the purpose of indicating narrow below, and hairy on the outside,
1

another mark Cnot however confined to

the lower lip with three spreading rounded
these plants), viz. one seed in each cell of the
lobes, the middle being broadest. The name
!

i
fruit. The species have the general aspect
is derived from two Greek words signify-
of heaths, with leaves three or four in a
ing solitary and spike.' The species are
I

'
'
whorl, spreading or bent down, and having
'

[G.D.]
hardy plants of little importance. One of
stiff hairs.
I
them, E. laciniata, has been long known in
EREMOBTRA. A term proposed to de- cultivation as a hardy perennial, a native
signate that group of ferns in which the of dry hills in the eastern part of the Cau-
fronds are produced laterally on the rhi- casian range it has large spindle-shaped
;

zome, and articulated with it. See also fleshy roots well adapted to resist the
Eesmobrya. [T. 3L] drought to which, in its native wilds, it is
sometimes subjected. [G. D.]
EREMOCARPUS. A genus of Euphorbia-
cem, remarkable for having its little hairy EREMOSYNE. A genus of Saxifragacece
fruit, about the size of an orange-seed, from New Holland, with rosettes of obovate
composed of a single carpel, not of three, entire root leaves, and pectinate-pinnate
which is the usual number in the family. stem leaves the flowers -small, white, in
;

E. setigerus, so named from the bristle-like compact dichotomous cymes with a hemi-
:

hairs on the stems, is peculiar to California, J spherical calyx-tube adhering to the ovary,
 &!)e CrsaSurg at 2Sntang. 460
and Are linear petals; ovary two-celled, leaves, and axillary or terminal racemes or
with solitary ovules. [J. T. S.] panicles. None of the species are remark-
able for their beauty, though many have
EKEMURUS. A genus of Liliacece fragrant flowers. The genus is nearly re-
closely allied to Asphodelus, but differing lated to DendroMum, but has eight instead
by having the filaments not dilated at the of four pollen masses. It takes its name
base and the seeds smooth. They are herbs from the Greek erion, wool, the flowers of
from the Caucasus, Siberia, and Asia Minor, many of the species being clad with soft
with fasciculate roots, linear radical leaves, white down. The lip is usually trilobed,
and a naked scape terminating in an elon- with a crested disc, and jointed to the much
gated raceme' of yellow or white flowers produced base of the column [A. A. B.]
with narrow spreading perianth segments,
and exserted stamens. [J. T. S.] ERIACHNE. A genus of grasses belong-
ing to the tribe Avenece. The inflorescence
EREMUS. A ripe carpel separating from of the species i&panicled, the spikelets two-
its neighbours, and standing apart. flowered, sessile or stalked, and hermaphro-
dite glumes two, membranaceous, about
ERGOT. An affection of the seeds of ;

equal to the short awns stamens three ;

different grasses in which the seed becomes
ovary smooth. There are twenty- three
black and elongated, so as to resemble in species described in Steudel's Synopsis,
form a cock's spur, whence it derives its which are nearly all natives of the southern
name. In an early stage the Ergot is par- hemisphere, South Africa, and New Hol-
tially covered with a thin crust producing
land, where some of them are valuable as
abundant conidia. These conidia appear pasture grasses. [D. M.]
sometimes to grow like yeast globules, so
as to assume the form of an Oidium .whence ERIANTHERA. A
genus of Acantha-
the fungus has received the name of Okliu m cece, containing two species, natives of
abortifaciens. It is at least supposed that India. They are low undershrubs, with
the grains of the conidia and of the Oidium few leaves, and flowers without bracts, on
are identical. If the Ergot, however, is kept one or two-flowered axillary peduncles
moist, either by excluding the outward air, the calyx equally five-parted, and the
or by sowing it in damp soil, different spe- corolla two-lipped, with the broad upper
cies of Cordiceps invariably appear, which lip bifid, and the lower trifid. [W. C]
are supposed to be the perfect state of the
fungus. Ergot isa destructive disease
ERIANTHUS. A genus of grasses be-
longing to the tribe Andropogonece, scarcely
amongst corn, but especially in rye but it ;
differing from Saccharum, under which the
derives its greatest notoriety from its pe-
species are included by Steudel. [D. M.j
culiar properties in producing contraction
of the uterus, properties of which the ERICACEAE. (Heathworts). A natural
surgeon avails himself for the expulsion of order of corollifloral dicotyledons, typical
the foetus and preventing hemorrhage. of Lindley's erical alliance among hypo-
It is moreover combined with chloroform gynous Exogens. Shrubs or undershrubs,
with a view to produce contraction with- with evergreen, rigid, entire, whorled or
out pain. Ergot is a valuable remedy in opposite, exstipulate leaves calyx inferior, ;

|
the hands of the regular practitioner, but four to five-cleft corolla four to five-cleft
;

a most formidable one in those of the stamens eight to ten or twice those num-
quack, by whom it is often given to produce bers, hypogynous anthers two-ceiled,with
;

abortion. In this case a second quality appendages, opening by pores. Ovary

comes into play, namely, that of causing surrounded by a disk or scales. Fruit
dangerous gangrene, which it does where it capsular, rarely berried seeds numerous,
;

forms a considerable portion in bread-corn, albuminous. There are two sections of the
or is taken medicinally for a continuance. order: —
1. Ericece, fruit opening loculici-
Instances are on record where the most dally, rarely septicidally; buds naked; 2.
frightful gangrene has ensued from its lihudodendrece, fruit capsular, septicidal
use, sometimes affecting a whole district. buds scaly, resembling cones.
Ergot is often extremely abundant in our The genus Leiophyllum is remarkable on
pastures, and causes sheep and cows to slip account of its having a polypetalous corolla.
their young. No doubt many cases of gan- The common heath (Calluna) is separated
grene* in our flocks and herds are attribut- from the heaths {Erica) by its capsules
able to its prevalence. [M. J. B.] having a septicidal and not a loculicidal
dehiscence. The genus Erica reaches its
ERGOT DE COQ. (Fr.) Crataegus Crus-
maximum at the Cape of Good Hope. Some
galli.
of the heathworts are astringent, others
ERIA A genus of epiphytal orchids have edible fruit, and others, such as
peculiar to India and the adjacent islands, species of Rhododendron, Kalmia, and
and numbering about seventy species. '

Ledum, are poisonous. Arbutus Unedo is the

Some are minute stemless herbs, consisting ;
strawberry tree, common near the Lakes of
of a small pseudobulb with a solitary leaf j
Killarney. Rhododendron arboreum, and
and flower others have creeping wiry
; !
other species, in India, sometimes attain
stems furnished at intervals with flattish a height of forty feet some species grow
;

pseudobulbs and short spikes or racemes at the elevation of 16,000 to 18,000 feet in
of small white or greenish flowers whilst ; the Himalayas. Rhododendron hirsutum and
not a few have erect or drooping terete ferrugineum grow on the Alps and Py-
steins, with lance-shaped often plaited i
renees at an elevation of 4,000 to 6,000
 feet,and are called the Roses of the Alps. ing any active property. In our own
Andromeda fastigiata is called Himalayan country the two more common species
heather. Gaultheria Shallon and other spe- above mentioned are used for brooms and
cies yield edible baccate fruits. Azalea pro- for bedding cattle their buds and tender
;

cumbens grows on the Scotch mountains, shoots constitute part of the food of some
and is also a native of the Arctic regions, of of our native birds and they often contri-
;

the Alps, of Northern and Southern Europe, bute largely to the formation of peat. The
Siberia, and North America, There are Scotch Heath, E. cinerea, is the badge of
about fifty known genera and nine hun- the M'Alisters, and E. Tetralix that of the
dred species. Examples Erica, Clethra,
: M'Donalds. [G. D.]
Arbutus, Azalea, Kalmia, Rhododendron,
Bejaria, Ledum. [J. H. B.]
ERICAMERIA. A small genus of the
composite family, found in Oregon and
California, related to Linosyris, but differ-
ERICA. The generic name of shrubby ing in having rayed as well as tubular
plants belonging to the heath-wort order,
and also in having smooth achenes.
florets,
from which, indeed, the scientific designa-
They are dwarf resinous shrubby plants,
tion of it, Ericaceae, is derived. They are
distinguished from their congeners by the
much branched and leafy, with the aspect
of heaths, the leaves awl-shaped and nu-
four-leaved calyx,andfour-lobed corolla, the
merous, and the small yellow flower heads
lower part of which is either globular or
in corymbs at the ends of the branches.
tubular and dilated the stamens have the
;

lobes of the anthers distinct, sometimes

The smooth achenes are crowned with a
with an awn-like appendage, and opening pappus consisting of numerous capillary
unequal bristles. [A. A. B.]
by an oblong pore the fruit is dry, four or
;

eight-celled, many-seeded, bursting loculi- ERICINELLA. A genus of heathworts,

cidally. having the calyx in four divisions, one of
The genus Erica comprehends a great them larger than the others; corolla bell-
number of species of much interest and shaped, the border deeply divided into four;
beauty, and therefore general favour- stamens four, rarely five, usually with awn-
1
ites with horticulturists, especially since like appendages style or appendage at
;

I
the best method of growing them has been top of the seed vessel, ending in a shield-
; found out, and in this much credit is due like surface. The name Ericinella is the
I to the late Mr. M'Nab of Edinburgh. There diminutive of Erica, the species having
|
is a marked tendency to repetition of the the general aspect of heaths leaves three;

j
number four in the different parts of the in a whorl, flowers small and terminal,
flower, viz. calyx, corolla, stamens, and without bracts or leaflets at their base.
j
fruit and this is true even of the grouping
; They are small shrubs, natives of Madagas-
1 of the leaves and of the flowers. The usual car, Tropical Africa, or Caff raria. [G. DJ
absence of any odour is compensated for
!

by elegance in the general aspect of the ERIGERON. A genus of unpretending

herbaceous plants of humble stature be-
i

plants, as well in their foliage as flowers,

j

which combine to render most of the longing to the ComposUce. The flowers
are radiate, the florets of the ray in several
species worthy of a place in collections.
I

rows, very narrow and of a different colour

In the corolla especially,the beauty of form,
from those of the disk, which are fertile,
!

delicacy of aspect, and variety of tint can

scarcely be surpassed. The shapes of the
with a hairy pappus the involucre is im-
;

bricated with several rows of narrow scales.

flower, a study for the modeller, present
considerable variety of modification, being
Two or three weedy species are natives of
this country, and many foreign species
long and tubular, straight or arched, in
are described by authors, all marked rather
some very small and dilated, in others
smooth and brilliant, or covered with by the absence of bright colours than by
clammy hairs. As to colour, we find the any desirable qualities. The name Erigeron
purest white, passing into very pale rose,
denotes soon becoming old,' and is most
'

appropriate, for in many of the species

purples of various hues, red, less frequently
yellow, and sometimes green. In some in-
the plant, even when in flower, has a worn-
stances the calyx rivals even the corolla
out appearance, giving the idea of a weed
which has passed its prime. French, Ver-
in appearance. Plants of this genus are
confined to the old world in Africa espe-
gerette ; German, Scharfe. [C. A. J.]
;

cially they abound, and the Cape of Good- ERINEUM. A name given to numerous
Hope the main source whence we have
is productions which appear upon the leaves
derived those now so well known as orna- of trees and shrubs, and very rarely on
ments of our horticultural collections, those of herbaceous plants, which were
where, under skilful treatment, they even formerly referred by authors to Fungi, but
far surpass in luxuriance those which are now almost universally acknowledged
occur in the wild state. In Britain six to be merely diseased states of the cuticu-
species are usually counted as indigenous, lar cells. The spongy spots on the leaves
only two of which are, however, widely of vines and lime trees afford a good ex-
diffused and cover immense tracts, viz. E. ample. The forms which these diseased
Tetralix and E. cvnerrea the remaining four
; cells assume are extremely various and ;

are more local and confined to the southern they are interesting to the physiologist,
and western parts of the United Kingdom. as showing the alteration to which the
The true Heaths are of little importance component cells of plants are subject when
in a medical point of view, none possess- free from the pressure of neighbouring
ERINJ Wfyz Ereatfurg nfSSataitg. 462

cells and subjected to new conditions. II- '

tivated as a standard in the south of

lustrations will be found in the works of France, and its fruit is even common in
Corda and Greville, and a complete account the markets of Hyeres and Toulon. At
in a work on the subject by Fee. [M. J. B.] Malta it succeeds admirably. Improved
varieties, as regards the size and quality
ERINOSMA. A genus cf Amaryllidacece of the fruit, have been there raised, and
containing the plant sometimes called Leu- introduced into England but in conse-;

cojum vernum, an early spring-flowering quence, of the tree naturally producing its
herb, with ovate bulbs, linear-lorate leaves, flowers at the commencement of winter,
and one-flowered scapes. The flowers are it is not adapted for bearing fruit in the
fragrant, and differ from those of the snow- open air in this country, the blossoms
drop in having petals like the sepals, being either cut off by frost, or so much
white.with a yellowish-green spot outside ; checked by cold that the growth of the
and from those of the snowflake in hav- embryo fruit cannot go on. There is,
ing a club-shaped style. [T. M.] however, no difficulty in fruiting it under
glass. This was done at Blithfield in
ERINUS. Low herbaceous Alpine plants Staffordshire in 1818 and an account of
;
belonging to the Scrophidariacere, distin- the means adopted is given by Lord Bagot
guished by having a five-leaved calyx, a co- in the Transactions of the Horticultural
rolla with a five-clef t equal limb, and short
Society (iii. 299) accompanied by a coloured
reflexed upper lip, and a two-celled capsule.
plate. The plant was fruited in a pot kept
They are pretty little plants, with tufted in a stove during winter, the fruit ripen-
foliage and simple racemes of purple or
ing in March or April, two months earlier
yellow flowers, and are therefore desirable than its period of ripening in its native
for the decoration of rock work or old walls,
country. We may therefore conclude, that
for which purpose no plants can be more the amount of heat to which the plant was
fitted, as they produce their numerous
subjected in the stove was greater than
blossoms during most of the summer that which prevails between the time of
months The species most frequently cul- flowering and the ripening of the fruit in
tivated, is E. alpinus (French, Erine des
Japan. It appears, however, that the fruit
Alpes), a native of the European moun-
artificially produced at Blithfield was of
tains. E. hispanicus is smaller than the
excellent quality. [R. T.]
preceding, and has downy leaves. [C. A. J.]
ERIC-CAUL ACE^l. (Pipeworts). A natu-
ERIOBOTRYA. The Loquat, or Japanese
ral order of incomplete monocotyledons
Medlar, E. japonica (Mespilus japonica of included in Lindley's glumal alliance
Linna?us), one of the Pomacece, is a native among the Endogens. Marsh plants, with
of Japan and the southern parts of China, narrow cellular spongy leaves, sheathingat
and is cultivated as an edible fruit in many the base, and a capitateinfiorescence. The
parts of India. It was first made known flowers are very minute, some having
to us by Krempfer, who saw it growing in stamens, others pistils. Glumes two to
Japan, which he visited in 1690. It was three. Ovary superior, three, rarely two-
more fully described in 1712 by Thunberg, celled? surrounded by a membranous tube
who met with it growing near Nagasaki,
ovules solitary, orthotropal style very
;
;

Yedo, and elsewhere commonly in Japan. short stamens two or three. Capsule with
In that country it is called Bywa and
;

loculicidal dehiscence seeds solitary, pen-

;
Kuskube, in China Lo-quat. It was brought dulous, with a winged or hairy covering
to Europe by the French in 1784, and The species abound in South America, and
planted in the National Garden at Paris ;
some plants of the order are found in
and three years later it was imported from North America and Australia.
Canton to Kew. There are ten knoMm genera and upwards
The tree, according to Thunberg, attains of two hundred and twenty species. Ex-
a large size in its native country. The amples Eriocaulon, Lachnocaulon, Clnclo-
:

leaves are evergreen, large, oblong, rugose caulon, Philodice. [J. H. B.]
like those of the medlar, bright green
above, somewhat downy beneath. The ERIOCAULON. The typical genus of
flowers are produced in October and No- The name is derived from
Eriocaulacece.
vember, in spikes at the ends of the two Greek words, meaning 'wool' and
branches their petals are like those of
; 'stem,' on account of the woolly character of
the hawthorn, but larger and perfectly the stalks of some of the species. Flowers
white. The fruit is oval, of the size of j
dioecious, in a compact scaly head, the
a small apple, pale orange with a faint !
staminate ones in the centre, and the
blush of red, the flesh pale yellow, with a pistillate ones in the circumference of the
sharp subacid flavour resembling that of head. The species are found in the prin-
an apple. It ripens in spring, or early in cipal parts of Asia, America, and New
summer. The tree is hardy enough to bear Holland. They are rare in North America.
the cold of our ordinary winters, but it One species, E. septangular e, occurs in Bri-
has been killed when exposed to frosts of tain, being found in the Isle of Skye and in
unusual severity, such as that which oc- Galway. One hundred species have been
curred in 1814, 1838, and 1860. We are not described. Some of those found in Brazil
aware of its having fruited in this country attain a height of six feet. [J. H. B.]
except under glass, and with the aid of
artificial heat. It has not fruited at Paris I ERIOCEPHALUS. A genus of S.African
in the open air but it is successfully cul-
;
I
Compositx, comprising nearly twenty spe-
163 Cfje €rca£ury of 23otang. EEIO

cies, which form much branched bushes, filaments bearing single anthers. They
usually with linear, somewhat fleshy leaves, have digitate leaves, and one-flowered ax-
covered with silky hairs, but sometimes illary or subterminal peduncles, which are
large and variously toothed, a good deal either solitary or fasciculate, the flowers
like those of some wormwoods, and like being rather large, white or rose-coloured.
them with an aromatic odour. The white The habit of E. indicium is represented in
flower-heads, sometimes solitary but usu- plate 13 b. [T. M.]
ally arranged in corymbs or umbels, are a
good deal like those of the milfoils in size ERIOGLOSSUM. A genus of Sapindacece,
and appearance. They are remarkable for nearly related to Sapindus, but differing
having the inner scales of the involucre iu the nature of its fruits. These in Sa-
clothed with long woolly hairs these are pindus are made up of two or three one-
:

not very perceptible when the plant is in seeded carpels, which are united their whole
flower, but after the flowers wither, and length, or slightly separate at top, so that
the anthers approach to ripeness, the heads they form one berry, while here the ellip-
are completely enveloped in the hairs, and tical berried carpels, which are two or three
look like little balls of cotton about the in number, are quite free to the base. E.
size of a pea. The hairs when fresh are edule is a* common tree in the Malayan
white, but at length become rust-coloured, peninsula and the neighbouring islands,
and are used by various birds for building extending to North Australia; it has alter-
their nests. [A. A. B.] nate unequally-pinnate ash-like velvety
leaves, about one foot long, and the small
ERIOCHLOA A genus of grasses be- greenish-white flowers are disposed in
longing to the tribe Panicece, now referred branching panicles. The four petals are
to Helopus. [D. M.] each furnished with a strap-shaped and
ERIOCHOSMA. Nothochlcena. bilobed woolly appendage on the inside
near the base, the name of the genus, which
ERIOCXEMA. A genus of Melastomacew, signifies woolly tongue,' having reference
'

nearly allied to Sonerila, but having the

to these. The woodis valuable.being strong
parts of the flower arranged in fives instead
and durable. In the only other species, E.
of in threes. The species are dwarf hairy
cauliflorum, the racemes of flowers proceed
Brazilian herbs, scarcely a foot high, with
from the old wood. [A. A. B.]
somewhat fleshy stems, bearing near their
base a few oval leaves, heart-shaped at the ERIOGONUM. A genus of Polygonacece,
base, and densely clothed with rusty hairs. forming the type of a tribe distinguished
The small white flowers are few, and ar- by the absence of stipules, and the involu-
ranged in little umbels, on the end of a crate flowers. They are natives of western
naked stalk. E. marmoratum has the leaA'es North America, rarely occurring in the
beautifully variegated. [A. A. B.] Southern States, or on the east coast. Herbs
ERIOCOCCUS. The name given by some or undershrubs, usually woolly.with radical
authors to a species of Riedia, whose cap- leaves in tufts, and alternate or tufted stem
sules are clothed with soft short wool. leaves. The peduncles often form a com-
pound umbel or head. The perianth is her-
ERIOCOMA. The Silk Grass, E. cuspida- baceous, six-cleft, with the segments ar-
ta, ispeculiar to^Sorth America, where it is ranged in two rows. [J. T. S.]
found usually in barren spots from Lake
"Winipeg, west and south to New Mexico. ERIOLJ2NA. This genus, known also
It grows one to three feet high, has wiry as Schilleraand Microlcena, belongs to the
leaves with the margins rolled inwards, Sterculiacecn, inwhich it is notable from
and very lax panicles of flowers, each spike- having perfect flowers with petals which do
let supported on along slender stalk. Like not wither and remain attached, but fall
the feather-grasses, to which this is nearly early, together with a column of numerous
allied, the spikelets are one-flowered, the stamens in many series, all the stamens
outer glumes are membranaceous, remark- perfect, and not as in many of the family
ably inflated below, and contracted sud- having sterile stamens (staminodia), alter-
denly at the apex into a short pointed beak. nating with the perfect ones. There are
The inner glumes are very silky at the base, seven known species, all East Indian trees
and end in a short awn. [A. A. B.] or shrubs, with alternate stalked heart-
shaped leaves resembling those of a lime
ERIOCTCLA. A genus of Umbelli/erce, tree in form and size, and axillary or ter-
characterised chiefly by the fruit being minal panicles of rather large mallow-like
clothed with wool-like hair. The only spe- yellow flowers. [A. A. B.]
cies is an inconspicuous herb, a native of
the Himalayas, having the leaves thrice- ERION. In Greek compounds = woolly.
pinnate the secondary divisions of the
;
ERIOPETALTJM. A small genus of As-
umbels somewhat capitate. [G. D.] clepiadacecB, the species of which are natives
ERIODENDROX. A genus of tropical of India, and form erect branching herbs
trees, referred by some botanists to the with scale-like adpressed leaves, and small
Sterculiaceo?, and by others to the Mal- flowers in lateral or terminal sessile umbels.
vaceae. It is nearly allied to Bombax, from The corolla is subcampanulate and five-
which it differs in the staminal column cleft, with long linear segments, and the
being five-cleft., each branch bearing two staminal crown gamophyllous and flfteen-
or three anthers, that of Bombax being di- lobed the five inner lobes rest on the an-
;

vided at top into an indefinite number of thers, the others are erect,and adhere to
the inner series. This genus agrees in rennial shrub, with the divisions of the
habit with Microstemma, but differs in the leaves long and narrow the flowers yellow.
;

form of the staminal crown on the other: It is a native of Siberia, along the course
hand, it resembles Boucerosia in the crown, of the Volga. [G. D.]
but has a widely different habit. [W. C]
ERISMA. A curious genus of tropical
ERIOPHORUM. A genus of cyperaceous American trees, belonging to the Vochy-
plants belonging to the tribe Scirpece, acece, and remarkable for the enlarged
distinguished by the inflorescence being calyx segments which crown the somewhat
either in single or compound spikes pear-shaped ripe fruit. The species are
glumes nearly equal, the lowest sometimes some of them upwards of 100 feet high,
empty :bristles ultimately silky nut, ; with smooth, opposite or whorled laurel-
trigonous. The British species all grow on like leaves of a leathery texture ; some are
wet logs or turfy moors, where they fre- oval, pointed and entire, others oblong,
quently form very conspicuous masses of attenuate below into a stalk, and notched
vegetation, in consequence of the long at the apex. The pretty blue or yellow
showy silky bristles of the flowers. The flowers, disposed in terminal panicles, smell
English name Cotton Grass is very ex- like primroses, in some species. They are
pressive, the flowers of some of the species like the others in the family, very unsym-
appearing like tufts of cotton. [D. M.] metrical, having a calyx of four or five
teeth a single nearly fan-shaped petal
ERIOSOLENA. A genus of Thymelacece, ;

narrowed below into a claw; one fertile

or Daphnacece. Perigone coloured, villous
externally, funnel-shaped, with a four-cleft
and four barren stamens and a one-celled
;

ovary crowned with a simple style.

limb, the alternate segments shorter, the
throat naked. Stamens eight.inserted in two
The Japura of Brazil, E. Japura, is a tree
of 80 to 120 feet, with stalked, whorled,
rows into the upper part of the tube of the
perigone, the alternate ones longer. Ovary
oblong leaves, and panicles of yellow
flowers. Mr. Spruce, its discoverer, thus
one-celled, witha single ovule style short ;
speaks of it:— This noble tree, called by
stigma capitate. Fruit drupaceous, single-
the Indians Japura, is frequent on the
seeded. Shrubs from Java and India, with
alternate oblong-lanceolate coriaceous
Upper Rio Negro, and on the Uaupes. It
is said to be abundant on the Japura,
and
leaves, which are glaucous below flowers
to have given the name to that river. As
;

pedun-
in solitary axillary heads with long
cles,and a two to four-leaved involucre. I came up the Rio Negro from the mouth
of the Uaupes to San Carlos, in March 1853,
There are three species. By De Candolle
.the large heads of the Japura, clad with
they ar% included under Daphne. [J. H. B.]
/red fruits, were observed dotted every-
ERIOSORUS. Gymnogramma. where about the forest. The kernels are
pleasant eating both raw and boiled they
ERIOSPH.ERA. A genus of Composite?,
l :

are also prepared in this way having

consisting of a few South African herbs,
:

nearly related to Helichrysum, differing

been boiled from morning till night, they
are well covered up, and put into baskets
chiefly in their less numerous, and densely
in running water, where they remain two
woolly involucral scales. Some are un- or three weeks. When at the end of this
branched, erect, and about six inches high ;
period they are opened out, they have a dis-
others much branched, with slender pros-
agreeable stercoraceous odour. They are
trate stems and all have their parts clothed
;

with a short white wool. The leaves are

now beaten in a mortar until they have the
appearance and consistence of pale butter.
oboval or spathulate, and entire, and the
yellow 'spherical flower-heads are few or
To receive this, a large cylindrical basket,
three to five palms long by onein diameter,
numerous, and disposed in dense clusters
is made of strips of the trunk of the gra-
on the ends of the stem, each being about
[A. A. B.]
vatana palm (Iriartea pruriens), and lined
the size of a pea,
with the leaves of a Heliconia. The basket
ERIOSTEMON. A genus of shrubby is placed on a stage over the fire, where it
Eutacece, whose main characteristics are, is customary to put things that require to
a corolla of five petalswhich do not soon be kept dry, and there the butter will re-
but remain on the plant for some
fall off, main good for two or three years. Japura
time in a withered condition ten hispid ; butter (as it may be called) is eaten along
stamens,— hence the name of the genus, with fish and game, being melted in the
which signifies 'woolly stamen;' fruit of gravy along with the fruits of various spe-
five carpels which separate and open by a cies of Capsicum, which is an essential in-
long cleft to liberate the usually solitary gredient in the mohlo at every Brazilian
seed. They are natives of New Holland, table, whether the guests be red or white.
and have for the most part white or People who can get over its vile smell,
pinkish flowers. [M. T. M.] which is never lost, find it exceedingly
savoury. The fruits call to mind those of
ERIOSYNAPHE. A genus of umbelli-
the Indian Dipterocarpus. [A. A. B.]
fers, the name of derived from
which is
two Greek words, signifying 'wool,' and ERISMA. The rachis or axis of grasses.
'junction,' or commissure, and points out
a prominent character— the presence of a ERITHALIS. A
name applied to a genus
downy or wool-like covering near the line of "West Indian shrubs, in consequence of
which indicates the junction of the two [
their shining deep green leaves. They are
halves of the fruit. E. longifolia is a pe- included among the Cinchonacece, and have
 46-5 Ci)£ &m£urg nf 330tan», [eevu
axillary panicles of white flowers, with '

nearly allied to Medinilla, but differing in

five or ten parted whorls, a wheel-shaped the structure of the anthers. These, in
corolla, an inferior ovary with from five Medinilla, open at top by a little pore, but,
to ten compartments, one ovule hanging here they open by two slits along the inner
from the summit of each of the cavities. face, from base to apex. The only species,
The fruit is a berry crowned by the limb of |
E. radicans, is a smooth slender epiphytal
the calyx. [M. T. M.j !
plant, growing on the stems of trees in the '

Solomon islands. The stems, about the

ERITRICHITTM. A genus of Boragina- |

thickness of a crow-quill, are furnished

cece, consisting of small woolly Alpine
,

with opposite stalked elliptical fleshy

plants forming dense cushions racemes ;
:

leaves, the little stalked flowers being pro-

short, bracteated, bearing a few small
duced singly in their axils. [A A. B.]
bright blue flowers, with a salver-shaped
I

corolla closed at the throat by five small j

ERPETION. Viola.
obtuse scales. [J. T. SO
j
ERTJCA. A
genus of Cruciferce, closely
EftNESTTA. A genus of Melastomacece, •
allied to Brassica, Sijiajris, and Biplotaxis, !

represented by E. iene.Ua; which grows in !

but differing by having the beak of the
fruit compressed, strapshaped, and acute.
j

the mountain woods of New Granada, and !

is a slender suffruticose hairy herb, with i The seeds are in two rows, as in Biplotaxis. <

Erect annuals, with lyrate-pinnatifld leaves,

'

opposite stalked oval leaves, and white i

flowers disposed in loose terminal panicles. ;

and rather large white or yellow flowers, i

The form of the stamens is that which i

The species occur in the Mediterranean [

chiefly distinguishes the genus from its i

region ; the most common, E. sativa, which \

allies; the anthers are awl-shaped, and

'.

has large white flowers veined with purple,

their connective has two erect bristle-like I and very acrid leaves, is used in Southern
appendages, about the length of the an- I
Europe as a salad. '
[J. T. S.]
thers, and is produced below into a short
spur. The genus bears the name of Ernest ! ERFCARIA. A genus of Cruciferce,
Meyer, a Hanoverian botanist. [A. A. B.]
i known by its pod breaking into two parts,
|
the lower with two cells, the upper one-
ERNODEA. A
genus of low-growing : celled and ensiform. Thespeciesareannuals
cinchonaceous plants, with lance-shaped ! from South-east Europe aud Western Asia
I
leaves sheathing many-parted stipules a
; ;
the leaves pinnatifid and smooth, and the
\
salver-shaped corolla, with four to six . racemes of purplish or white flowers, ter-
! linear segments rolled back ; and an in- j
minal or opposite the leaves. [J. T. SO
[
ferior two-celled ovary, surmounted by a ERS. (Fr.) Ervum Ervilia.
fleshy disc. The fruit is a berry, crowned
by the limb of the calyx, and contains two I ERVA DE RATA. A Brazilian name for
one-seeded stones. E. montana, a Sicilian Psychotria noxia, and Palicourea Marc-
plant, has dark red flowers. [M. T. MO
j

\
rjravii. — MOIRA. A Brazilian name for
Solanum nigrum.
ERODIUM. Stork's Bill. A genus of
Geraniaceoe, known by having five of the I
ERVALENTA. The same as Revalenta,
ten stamens without anthers, and the tails : a meal prepared from the seeds of Ervum
of the carpels bearded on the inside they ; Lens.
coil up spirally when they split away from
I

the central column. The species are gene- j

ERVUM. A genus of leguminous plants,
1

rally distributed a great many of themin-

containing about twenty species of weak-
;

habit the Mediterranean region; aud three

stemmed annuals, with pinnate leaves ge-
nerally terminating in tendrils. It is very
occur in Britain, of which the most com-
I

closely related to Vicia, both in general

mon is E. cicutarium, which has the leaflets !

appearance and botanical characters, the

of the pinnate leaves deeply pinnatifid, and
principal difference consisting in the calyx
the flowers pink or white. E. moscluttum
of Ervum having narrow sharp segments
is much more rare, and has the leaflets of
of nearly equal length, and almost as long
I

the pinnate leaves only deeply toothed,

as the papilionaceous corolla, while in Vicia
and the flowers are smaller. [J. T. S.]
i

I they are broader, and the two upper ones

j
EROPHILA. A section of the genus are shorter than the others. The pods con-
I
Braba, distinguished by having the petals tain from two to four seeds.
|
bifld, and the seeds numerous in each cell E. Lens, the common Lentil, grows
; of the pod. The common British Braba about a foot and a half high, and has a
i
verna, or Whitlow Grass, belongs to this weak branching stem, leaves composed of
!
section it is one of the earliest flowering
; from eight to twelve oblong leaflets, and
j
plant; we have, and is often scarcely an pale blue flowers borne in twos or threes.
inch high. [J. T. S.] The pods are nearly as broad as long,
smooth, and contain one or two seeds.
EROSO-DENTATE. Toothed in a very
The Lentil was probably one of the first
irregular manner, as if bitten.
plants brought under cultivation by man-
EROSTRATE. Not having a beak. kind for the purpose of affording food. It
is several times mentioned in the Bible
EROSE, ERODED. Having the margin for instance, in Genesis xxv. we read that
irregularly toothed, as if bitten by an Esau sold his birthright to his brother
animal.
Jacob for a mess of red pottage, made of
ERPETIXA. A genus of Melastomacece, lentils. At the present day Lentils are still I
!
EBVU] 1&\)Z €rea£tirj) of 2Sotan». 466
extensively cultivated throughout most medy for almost every variety of indiges-
parts of the Bast, including Egypt, Nubia, tion and bilious disorder, to relieve pains
Syria, India, &c. ; and likewise in most of in the stomach, and to be so far aperient,
the countries of Central and Southern Eu- as in most cases to obviate the necessity of
rope, but not to any extent in England. habitually taking aperient medicine and;

There are several different kinds, the most there is, in truth, no doubt that they act
common being the French and Egyptian. as a mild deobstruent on the entire of the
The former is of an ash-grey colour, large digestive organs, producing an increased
and very flat, resembling a lens in shape : in flow of gastric juice, bile, and other secre-
fact, the lens derives its name from the tions. But it should be distinctly under-
resemblance it bears to the lentil seed ; stood, that these beneficial effects can only
while the latter is much smaller and round- be secured by selecting lentils of the best
er, with a dark skin, and of an orange-red quality, and completely depriving them of
the various extraneous substances and de-
cayed and injured seeds which they always
contain, as well as of their outer skin.
The proper mode of cooking Lentils as a
remedy for indigestion, &c, is boiling
them for twenty minutes, or till they are
quite soft (but never more than half an
hour), in soup or beef-tea, to which a small
quantity of salt has been previously added.
In this mode of cooking them, the peculiar
vegetable principles on which the remedial
powers depend, a great part of which are
extracted by the liquid during the boiling,
are eaten with the soup, beef -tea, or other
convenient vehicle ; and it is probable
that Lentil-powder owes part of its repu-
tation to its being taken entire, the direc-
tion given being to mix it with milk.
Peas possess in some degree the same
qualities, and haricot beans in almost an
equal degree, but this is for the most part
destroyed by the length of time required
Ervum Lens. in boiling them. As an article of diet Len-
tils are extensively used in various parts
colour inside. On the Continent, and also of the world, and are a favourite food in
in India and other eastern countries, Len- the East, where the Hindoo adds them to
tilsare largely employed as an article of his rice, making doubtless a salubrious
human food, but in this country their use mixture. Like other leguminous seeds,
is not so general, although considerable they contain much caseine, and constitute
quantities are annually imported. Thus, one of the most nutritious of vegetable
in 1859, the imports into the United King- products, 100 parts by analysis yielding
dom amounted to 131,892 bushels, valued Water, 14'0; caseine, 26'0 starch, 35"0; su-
;

gar, 2-0; gum, 7 0; fat, 2 0; woody fibre,

- -
at 26,3797., or 4s. per bushel, nearly the
whole of which came from Egypt. Their 12'5; mineral matter, 1/5. [B. C]
principal use with us is for the preparation The Lentil is easily cultivated in Eng-
of the so-called invalids' food, which under land, and is worthy of attention, as being
the names Ervalenta and Revalenta have capable of yielding a large supply of a
attained no little celebrity. These articles highly nutritious and wholesome food.
are nothing more than lentil meal, sweet- Half a pint of seed drilled in rows a foot
ened with sugar or flavoured with salt but
; apart, would not badly occupy a portion of
under cover of their high-sounding names the cottager's potato garden, and the seeds
they are palmed off upon a credulous public ground into meal would make a pottage
at a price far above their real commercial which would be of great value in rearing
value. As an article of food lentils rank a family.
firstamong the pulses, containing three "We have two native species, viz. E. Mr-
per cent more flesh-forming or nutritive sutum, the Hairy Tare, and TZ.tetraspermum,
matter than the common pea, but like the Smooth Tare. These are readily dis-
many other eatable leguminous seeds, they tinguished by the hairy two-seeded pod of
are very indigestible when not freed from the former, and the smooth four-seeded
the outer skin. [A. S.] pod of the latter. These plants are of fre-
The generality of readers will wish to quent occurrence about bushes, among
know if there is any real foundation in the which their slender stems climb for sup-
widely extended belief that Lentil powder, port. They are also common as agrarian
and combinatious of it with other vege- weeds, especially in corn-fields, the hairy
table ingredients, have the medicinal pow- form being the most general, as being
ers attributed to them. To this question fond of all kinds of soil. Where it estab-
the answer is in the affirmative, allow- lishes itself amidst the wheat, it is a great
ing, however, for some degree of exagge- pest, as it sometimes climbs about it to
ration. Lentil powder, and the prepared such an extent, as to bear it to the earth,
foods alluded to, are reported to be a re- to the great danger of the crop. The smooth
457 &f)e &rca<3ttrg at £rjtauj). [eryt

form is less common, but it is not unfre- (at first corymbs) of very rarely
yellovr, or
quent in
clays. [J. BJ . white, flowers. E. cheiranthoides, with nar-
row-based leaves and small yellow flow-
ERYCIBE. A genus of climbing shrubs, ers, is not uncommon in England and
;
containing seven species, natives of tro- E. orientate, with the stem leaves amplexi-
pical Asia. They have entire leaves, and caul, and the flowers small and white, has
flowers in terminal panicles the calyx
;
occurred in some of the eastern counties,
consisting of five sepals, the corolla deeply but scarcely even naturalised. E. Perof-
five-cleft, with large bifid lobes, having a
skianum and E.arkansauum, are handsome
triangular sericeous part on the middle of cultivated species, the former with rich
the back, the five stamens inserted on orange-coloured flowers. [J. T. SJ
the tube of the corolla, and the ovary cy- ,

lindrical-ovoid, glabrous, and one-celled, |

ERYSIPHE. A large assemblage of asci-
surmounted by a large fleshy ten-ribbed j
gerous Fungi, now broken up into a num-
stigma. The fruit is a one-seeded berry. ber of distinct genera. The mycelium is
An order, Erycibece, has been established white, or in parts slightly tinged with
for the reception of this anomalous genus. brown, creeping over the green parts of
Isearly approaching Convolvulacece, it dif- plants.or more rarely, bursting through the
fers from this order in having a sessile stomates, and sending out here and there
radiating stigma like a poppy. The sessile suckers which exhaust the juices of the
stigma exists in Ebenacew, but in most matrix. The creeping threads send forth
other respects Erycibe has no relation with here and there perpendicular branches,
that group. [W. C] which are articulated, and break up at the
tips into large conidia, which either ger-
ERYNGIUM. A "well-marked genus of minate immediately or produce a multi-
umbelliferous plants, distinguished by
spiny leaves, and hemispherical or oblong
tude of threads from the granular contents.
Some of these joints occasionally become
heads of sessile flowers, the base of which
is surrounded by a whorl of conspicu-
cellular and produce in their centre a mul-
titude of minute conidia or spennatia. At
ous bracts, most frequently rigid and
different points in the creeping threads
spiny. E. maritimum, Sea Eryngo, or Sea
little swellings are formed, which ulti-
Holly, is a common plant on most of the
sandy shores of Great Britain, where it is mately become perithecia, and are fring-
conspicuous by the glaucous hue of its
ed with curious appendages, which are
short rigid leaves and stems, and its thistle-
sometimes straight and pointed with a
bulb-like base, sometimes waved, some-
like heads of blue flowers. It has exten-
times hooked or incurved, sometimes re-
sively creeping cylindrical fleshy roots,
peatedly forked either with straight or di-
the gathering of which, for the purpose of
varicate branches, and sometimes end in
converting them into a sweetmeat, was
a thick spongy body. The perithecia con-
formerly an occupation of some conse-
tain occasionally only a single ascus, as
quence to the sea-side population. Candied
in Splicer other a, while in other genera, the
Eryngo-root is still to be obtained in some
asci vary in number, but are generally few,
places, but its medical powers, which were
and never so numerous as in Spheeria. Pe-
at one time highly extolled, are now held
rithecia sometimes occur which are not
in no repute. The venation of this plant,
distinguishable from the true, but which,
as well as of other species, being remark-
instead of containing asci, yield a multi-
ably strong and durable, the leaves and
j

tude of minute spores joined together with

i

flowers arefrequently employed as fit sub-

jects for skeleton bouquets. E. campcstre,
mucous matter. Five kinds of fructifica-
tion, therefore, have been found in these
I

was formerly to be found in a few places

'

plants.
in England, but has recently become ex-
tinct. Of the foreign species of Eryngium,
In an early stage, the species, which are
which are numerous, the most worthy of then described as Oidia, constitute the
notice are E. amethyst inum, so called from
white mildew so destructive to various
plants, as vines, hops, peaches, &c. In this
the brilliant blue tint, not of its flowers
state they are easily checked by the ap-
only, but of the bracts and upper part of
plication of sublimed sulphur, which seems
the stem it is a native of Dalmatia and
;
to combine with the nascent oxygen to
Croatia, but is frequently cultivated in
English gardens. E. alpinum, a smaller
form sulphurous acid. [M. J. B.]
plant of a still more brilliant colour, is a ERYTHR.3EA. Herbaceous plants, grow-
native of the Swiss Alps. French, Panir ing in many parts of the world, with simple
caut German Krausdistel.
; [C. A. J.]
or branched stems, and pink or pale yellow
flowers in cymose panicles they differ
ERYXGO. Eryngium maritimum and from those of the allied Gentiana, by their
;

campestre.
calyx being divided to the base, by their
ERYSIMUM. A genus of Cruciferw, dis- anthers, which become spirally twisted as
tinguished from the other long-podded they wither, and by the greater length of
genera, which have the radicle of the seed the style. E. Centaurium is a common
bent round and lying on the back of one of English plant, in dry, sandy, or chalky
the cotyledons, by having the pods four- soils especially and found also throughout
;

angled and elongated. The species are Europe and Central Asia. It is an annual,
usually biennials, found in Europe and tem- with erect square generally branched
perate Asia, with narrow leaves often at- stems, broad egg-shaped leaves at the base,
tenuated at the base, and terminal racemes and flowers of a pale pink colour in
ERYT Ef)£ Erta^urjj at 23otang» 468
a much branched cyme. This plant varies tivated in India and the Malayan penin"
very much in the size of the flowers, the sula and islands, for supporting the weak
size of the leaves, and the degree of branch- stems of the pepper plant, for which pur-
ing, so that it may be found as a simple pose it is kept dwarf. It affords a very
stem half an inch high, with only a single soft porous wood, greatly used in India for
flower, or one or two feet in height, with making toys, light boxes, and similar
very numerous blossoms : hence some articles, which are usually overlaid with a
of the more marked varieties have been thick coating of varnish or lacquer. In
considered to form distinct species. The Ceylon the young tender leaves are eaten
plant partakes of the bitter qualities of the in curries. E. umbrosa, which attains a
order, and might be used in place of gentian. height of fifty or sixty feet, is a native of
Besides the English species, others from tropical South America, and is commonly
the south of Europe, the Azores, &c, with cultivated there, as well as in some of the
yellow or pink flowers, are occasionally West India Islands, for the purpose of
grown in gardens. [M. T. M.] protecting the cocoa plantations from the
effects of high winds, and at the same time
ERYTHRINA. A genus of handsome j
to induce a proper degree of moisture in
leguminous trees or shrubs, popularly j
their neighbourhood. [A. S.]
known as Coral trees. They are pretty
j ERYTHRINE. A colouring matter found
generally distributed through the tropics
in lichens.
of both hemispheres. Some attain great
dimensions, while others are dwarf bushes ERYTHROCHITON. A small Brazilian
with woody rootstocks; a few have the rutaceous tree with long alternate simple J

stems and leaf-stalks beset with prickles. fragrant leaves, and flowers placed on I

The leaves are trifoliate, with long stalks, short jointed stalks arising from the leaf I

the leaflets oval lanceolate elliptical or axils, in groups of two or more the calyx; I

triangular. Many of the species are culti- is red, large, tubular; the corolla white, I

vated in hothouses for the sake of their salver-shaped. [M.T. M.] I

beautiful large generally blood-red pea-

flowers, which are arranged in terminal ERYTHROCOCCA. A genus of Euphor-
racemes. In some species the tubular
j

biacece,composed of a single W. African

species, E. aculeata, a smooth low shrub
|

calyx is two-lipped or equally five-toothed,

the petals all narrow, and nearly of equal
j

with stalked oval leaves, having short

length, while the keel is composed of two straight prickles in their axils (prickly
plants are rare in the family), and little
i

distinct petals. Some botanists consider

that these alone should form the genus fascicles ofminute green flowers, the males
Erythrina. The name Chirocalyx is given
j
'

and females on different plants, both hav-

by some authors to a few species in which ing a three-parted calyx. The ripe fruits,
the calyx is sheath-like, split above, and about the size of a peppercorn, are of an
flve-toothed at the apex in a third group,
;
intense scarlet colour. [A. A. BJ
called Di(cl/nsstii-)i(iia, the keel is of one
petal, bifid at the point, and is equal in
ERYTHROLiENA. A genus of Compo-
site found in Mexico, represented by a
length to the wings, which are about twice single species, E. conspicua, which was in-
as long as the calyx, while the erect stan-
troduced to English gardens about 1838,
dard is broad, generally oval, and narrowed
and is commonly known as the Scarlet
below into a claw while in a fourth group,
;
Mexican Thistle. It is a tall plant eight
called Micropteryx, the keel is also of one
to ten feet high, with rigid leaves, some-
petal beaked at the point, but the wings
what like those of a common wayside
are small, generally scale-like, and included
thistle those at the base of the stem
:
in the calyx. The pods in most species are
pinnatifid, with cut and spiny-pointed
long, narrow, round, and constricted be-
segments, and about two feet long; the
tween the seeds, which are often bright red stem-leaves smaller, lanceolate, with spiny
with a black spot, and about the size of a pea. teeth, and all more or less downy under-
These hard red seeds are frequently strung neath. The flower-heads, clustered at the
into necklaces. The Amasisa of Peru, E.
ends of the branches, are about three
Amasisa, is the only species whose pods inches long, and very handsome, because
split when ripe. This plant is described by
of their scarlet involucral scales. The
its discoverer, Mr. Spruce, as one of the
florets are all tubular, yellow, and per-
most beautiful trees of the country, attain- fect; and the smooth achenesare crowned
ing a height of 100 feet, and clad in spring with a feathery pappus. [A. A. B.]
and autumn with large flame-coloured or
vermilion flowers. [A. A. B.] ERYTHRONIUM. A genus of Liliacece,
E. Caffra, the Kafflrboom of the Dutch, consisting of nearly stemless herbs, with
or Kaffir's tree, is a native of South Africa, a long narrow solid scaled bulb, and two
where it forms a tree fifty or sixty feet in very smooth elliptical leaves usually spot-
height. Its trunks are commonly hollow- ted with purple. The scape is one-flowered
ed out and made into water-troughs and the flower large, nodding, lily-like, with
canoes. The wood is soft, but is said to be the perianth of six separate portions, bell-
durable when tarred and it is so light
;
shaped or recurved, the three inner seg-
that it is used as a substitute for cork for ments furnished with a callous tooth on
floating fishing nets. E. indica, a small each side.
tree, native of the East Indies, growing The common Dog's-tooth violet, E. Bens
about thirty feet high, is commonly cul- cants, has purple flowers ; it is a native of
469 Cljr Crsatfurg of 38otanj?. [eeyt

Southern Europe aud temperate Asia, and markable for being covered with red dots
'

is an exceedingly ornamental garden the leaves are unequally pinnate the five-
;

plant, as well as an early flowerer. The parted flowers are arranged on a much-
most common American species, E. ame- branched panicle the five hair-like fila-
;

ricanum, has narrow perianth segments of ments are united together at their bases ;

a pale yellow colour. [J. T. S.] the ovary is stalked, and contains a single
ovule ; and the fruit is a kidney-shaped
ERTTHRO. In Greek compounds = any drupe. [M. T. MJ
pure red.
ERYTHROSTOMUM. Any aggregate
ERYTHROPHYLL. The red colouring fruit like that of a strawberry or Ranun-
matter of plants. culus.
ERYTHROPHYSA. A genus of Sapin- ERYTHROXYLACE^E. (Erythroxyls.) A
dacea>, nearly related to Cardiospermum, but
natural order of thalamifloral dicotyledons
differing in its five-lobed bell-shaped and
belonging to Lindley's sapindal alliance
petal-like calyx. The only known species,
of hypogynous Exogens. Shrubs or trees
E. undulata, is a smooth stunted South
African bush, with rigid stems, furnished with alternate smooth stipulate leaves,
near the apex with unequally pinnate
and small whitish or greenish flowers on
axillary peduncles, covered at the base
leaves, composed of four to six pairs of
with imbricated scaly bracts. Sepals five,
!

small elliptical leaflets, and an odd one ; |

united at the base, persistent petals five,

the flowers, which all seem to be yellow or ;

j
equal, with plaited scales at their broad
scarlet, are disposed in little clusters at the
bases; stamens ten, monadelphous; an-
I

ends of the twigs. The fruits are three- j

thers innate, with longitudinal dehiscence.
celled bladdery capsules, of a fine red co-
iour, and suggest the generic name, which
j
Ovary three-celled, with three styles and
J
eight capitate stigmas; ovule anatropal.
signifies 'red bag.' The plant is sometimes |
Fruit drupaceous, one-seeded. They are
called Erythrophila undulata. [A. A. B.]
chieflyWest Indian and South American
ERYTHROPOGON. Two neat little erect plants: Some have stimulating qualities ;

S. African bushes form this genus of Com- others have a tonic bark. The bark of E.
posite, which differs from its nearest ally, suberosum supplies a reddish-brown dye.
Metalasia, in having stalked flower-heads There is only one genus, Erythroxylon, and
and sessile achenes. In E. umbellata the above seventy species. [J. H. B.]
minute heath-like leaves are of a silvery
white colour, rounded, linear, curiously ERYTHROXYLON. This genus contains
spirally twisted, and disposed in numerous numerous species, the majority natives of
crowded bundles. In E. imbricata they are tropical South America and the West Indian
fewer and nearly lance-shaped. In both Islands, but some occurring in Madagascar
the top-shaped flower-heads, with white or and the Mauritius. They are mostly bushy
purple florets, are few and disposed in shrubs, or occasionally they form small
little umbels on the ends of the twigs. trees.
The smooth beakless achenes are crowned E. Coca is the most interesting of the
with a pappus of one series of rough hairs, species, on account of its being extensively
of an intense purple colour. [A. A. B.] cultivated, and its leaves largely employed
as a masticatory, under the name of Cocft,
ERYTHRORCHIS. A remarkable genus by the inhabitants of countries on the
of leafless terrestrial orchids found in the Pacific side of South America. It is a
Birman empire and adjacent islands. They shrub of six or eight feet high, somewhat
are perhaps the most gigantic plants in the resembling a blackthorn bush. The Coca
family. The stems of E. scandens are from leaves are of a thin texture, but opaque,
fifty to a hundred feet long, scrambling oval, tapering towards both extremities,
over trees in dense wet jungles. They are their upper surface dark green, the lower
of a pale dull red, furnished with brown paler and strongly marked with veins, of
scales which supply the place of the leaves ; which two, in addition to the'midrib, run
and the flowers are disposed in panicles or parallel with the margin. Small white
racemes, the sepals and petals whitish- flowers are produced in little clusters upon
yellow, and the lip tinged with pale blue. the branches, in places where the leaves
It differs from Vanilla in the lip being free have fallen away, and stand upon little
instead of connate with the column and ; stalks about as long as themselves.
from Cyrtosia in the capsular not berried The use of Coca in Peru is a custom of
fruit, with winged seeds. [A. A. B.] very great antiquity, and is said to have
originated with the Incas. At the present
ERYTHROSPERMOL A genus of bix-
day it is common throughout the greater
ads, composed of a few Mauritian and one part of Peru, Quito, and New Grenada and ;
Ceylon tree, and differing from the others
also on the banks of the Rio Negro, where
in the family in having a definite number
it is known as Spadic. Coca forms an
of stamens. They have smooth oval lance-
article of commerce among the Indians,
shaped or oblong leaves, either alternate, and wherever they go they carry with them
opposite or whorled and the white myrtle-
;
a bag of the carefully dried leaves, and also
like flowers are arranged in racemes or
a little bottle-gourd filled with finely
panicles. [A. A. B.]
powdered lime, and having a wooden or
ERYTHROSTIGMA. A Japanese tree, metal needle attached to its stopper. Pour
belonging to the Anacardiacea?, and re- times a day, whatever the nature of his
esca] STtje Crea£ttrp af SSotattji. 470
occupation, whether employed in the Australia and New Zealand. On the moun-
mines, the fields, as a muleteer, or do- tains of South America they grow at an
mestic servant, the Indian resigns him- elevation varying from 6,600 to 14,760 feet,
self to the pleasures of Coca chewing, and form a marked region of vegetation.
mixing the leaves with lime or the ashes There are seven known genera and about
of Cecropia. "When used in moderation sixty species. Examples : Escallonia, Itea,
Coca exerts a pleasurable influence upon and Carpodetus. [J. H. B.]
the imagination, and induces a forgetful-
ness of all care; it is also a powerful ESCALLONIA. A genus of Escallonia-
stimulant of thenervous system, and when named in honour of a Spanish travel-
cece,

under its influence Indians are able to per- ler, the companion and friend of the bo-
form long and rapid journeys, and carry tanist Mutis. It consists of trees or shrubs,
heavy loads, without requiring any other natives of South America, Chili, &c. They
sustenance. But when taken in excess it have simple leaves, covered with resinous
produces intoxication, of a character re- dots; flowers variously arranged, white,
sembling that of opium rather than alco- pink, or red, with five-parted whorls and ;

hol, but not so violent, although the con- petals and stamens attached to the margin
sequences of its prolonged use are quite of a cup-like disc which surmounts the
as injurious, and very few of those who ovary. The fruit is a capsule. Several
become slaves to the habit attain an old species are in cultivation as greenhouse or
half-hardy shrubs. E. rubra has tubular
red flowers, and is very handsome when
trained against a wall. E. macrantha is
even more beautiful. [M. T. M.]

ESCARIOLE, or SCAROLE. (Fr.) Ci-

chorium Endivia latifolia.

ESCENS. A termination equivalent to

the English ish; thus, rubescems = reddis7i.
ESCHERIA. A synonym of Salisia, a
genus of gesnerads, of which Gloxinia
maculata is the type.
ESCHSCHOLTZIA. A Calif ornian genus
of herbaceous plants belonging to the Pa-
paveracew, distinguished by its singular
calyx, which, unlike that of the true pop-
pies, is lifted off in one piece by the ex-
panding petals instead of separating into
two sepals. The petals are four in number,
and the seed-vessel resembles the silique
of the cruciferous order, being two-valved
and bearing the seeds on the edges of the
valves. There are several species or va-
rieties, all from California, E. californica,
Erythroxylon Coca.
the best known, is a large bushy herb
Spruce says that an Indian, with a chew of with straggling branches, which, aswellas
Spadic in his cheek, will go two to three the finely divided leaves, are very glaucous.
days without food, and without feeling any The flowers are large, bright yellow, saf-
desire to sleep.
fron-coloured in the centre, and expand
[A. S.]
only in the sunshine. It is a perennial,
ESCALLONIACEiE. (Carpodetece, Escal- but in British gardens is mostly treated as
loniads.)A natural order of calycifloral di- an annual, as it flowers the first year and
cotyledons ""belonging to Lindley's grossal sows itself freely. E. crocea, with saffron-
alliance of epigynous Exogens. Evergreen coloured flowers, and E. compacta, of a less
shrubs, often odoriferous, with alternate strangling habit, are probably mere va-
exstipulate leaves, and axillary conspicuous rieties. [C. A. J.]
flowers. Calyx superior, five-toothed co- ;

rolla of five petals, alternate with the divi-

ESCHWEILERA. A genus of Brazilian
trees, belonging to the Lecytliidacece, and
sions of the calyx, aestivation' imbricated ;
only differing from Lecytlris in the limb of
stamens five, attached to the calyx, and al-
the calyx being bent backwards so as to
ternating with the petals. Ovary inferior,
two to five-celled, with a large central pla- touch the tube. [M. T. M.]
centa and numerous ovules style simple,
; ESCOBEDIA. A genus of Scrophularia-
surrounded at the base by an epigynous cece, consisting of two South American or
disk ; stigma two to five-lobed. Fruit a Mexican species, erect stiff nearly simple
capsule or berry crowned by the persistent herbs, very rough to the touch, with oppo-
calyx and style: seeds minute with oily site entire or toothed leaves, and large
albumen. The order is allied to the goose- white flowers, nearly sessile in the upper
berry family, and some think that it has axils. The calyx is long, tubular, and her-
an affinity to saxifrages. The species are baceous the corolla-tube very long, with
;

natives chiefly of South America ; but a broad spreading limb the capsule is
;

some are found in the southern parts of two-valved, included in the persistent
 471 &!)£ Crratfurg of 3&atm$. [eubo
calyx. Neither of the species has been as resinous substance present in most of
is
yet introduced into our gardens, although them, but is produced in greatest quantity
both are said to he handsome. They may, by E. grandiflora it is of a beautiful yel-
;

however, possibly be parasitical on the low colour, and is valued by the printers
roots of other plants, in which case their of Santa Fe de Bogota, who use it in the
cultivation would be very difficult. composition of their ink, and give to it the
name of treminthina (terebinthine),though
ESCORZONERA A Chilian name for it has neither the odour nor the consistence
Achyrophorus apargioides and A. Scorzo- of the turpentine of commerce. The ge-
nus was named by Mutis in compliment to
ESENBECKIA. A genus of arboreous M. Espeleta, who rendered him much ser-
Butacece remarkable for their bark, which vice in his botanical labours about Santa
1 1
contains tonic properties. In one of the Fe. [A. A. B.]
Brazilian species cinchonin has even been ESPRIT D'lVA. An aromatic liqueur of
detected. The flowers have five-parted which Ptarmica moschata is the basis.
whorls, the five stamens ultimately bent
downwards, and, like the petals, inserted at ESQUINANCIE. (Fr.) Asperula cynan-
the base of a cup-shaped disc, in which the chica.
ovary is placed the latter is warty on the
;

surface, and five-lobed. [M. T. M.]

ESTERHAZYA. A genus of Scrophula-
riacece, closely allied to Gerardia, and dif-
ESPAD.EA. The generic name of a fering chiefly in the stamens projecting far
Cuban plant said to belong to the Verbe- beyond the corolla, with the anthers thickly
and to have alternate
nacece, leaves, and an clothed with long woolly hairs. There are
ovary united half its length with the tube two or three species, natives of Southern
of the calyx. These are characters, how- Brazil, erect branching shrubs or under- |

ever, quite at variance with those of the shrubs, with opposite or scattered entire
family. E. amcena is described by M. Ri- leaves, and large, very showy flowers of a
chard as a much branched bush, with rusty rich red or pink colour, forming short ter-
down on its twigs, which are furnished minal leafy racemes. Notwithstanding
with oboval and obtuse smooth leathery their beauty, they have not been introduced
leaves, narrowed towards the base the
;
into our gardens, and perhaps, like the
solitary flowers in the axils of the leaves Gcrardias, their cultivation may be very
are stalked, and have a bell-shaped calyx, a difficult.
funnel-shaped arched corolla, with an ob- ESTIVATION. The manner in which the
lique border of Ave erect unequal lobes, parts are arranged in a flower-bud.
and four stamens, two long and two short.
The fruits are globose drupes, with two ESTRAGON. (Fr.) Artemisia Dracun-
culus.
cells, and one seed in each. [A. A. B.]

ESPAGNOLE. (Fr.) A kind of olive. E"SULE. (Fr.) Euphorbia Esula.—

RONDE. Euphorbia Peplus. — GRANDE.
ESPARCETTE. (Fr.) Onobrychis saliva. Euphorbia Lathyris. — PETITE. Euphorbia
exigua.
ESPATHATE. Not having a spathe.
ET^ERIO, ETAIRIUM. Such a kind of
ESPELETIA. A genus of remarkable aggregate fruit as that of the Ranunculus
Compositce, found near the snow limit at
or strawberry.
elevations of 13,000 to 14,000 feet and up-
wards in the Andes of N. Grenada, and ETERNELLE. (Fr.) Eelichrysum orien-
Equador. A few of them do not exceed tale.
a foot in height, and have grassy rigid
root-leaves, quite white from a covering
ETERNUE. (Fr.) A kind of Agrostis.
of silky hairs. The greater number, how- ETHULIA. A genus of the Compositce,
ever, are taller, and furnished with long distinguished by the four or five-angled
strai>shaped root-leaves wholly covered achenes being surmounted byaminuteand
j
with dense white or rusty-coloured wool, entire crown-like ring. It is made up of
1

which forms for them an admirable pro- about se^en species, all of them branching
tection from the cold, their thick texture weeds of no beauty, found in various tro-
and warm woolly covering no doubt sug- pical and subtropical countries of the east-
gesting the name 'Lion's ear' which is ern hemisphere, extending as far west as
sometimes given to them by the Spa- Syria in Asia, and Senegambia in Africa.
niards. The stems terminate either in a The little purple or white flower-heads are
single flower-head, or more commonly in numerous, about the size of a small pea.
a corymb of yellow flower-heads, some an disposed in a corymb at the end of the
inch or more across, and surrounded with twigs. [A. A. B.]
an involucre, which, like all parts of the ETIOLATED. Deprived of colour by be-
plant, is clothed with wooL
ing kept in the dark ; blanched.
These plants bear much resemblance to
C'-'lciti.um, which is found in the same re- EUBOTRTS. A genus of deciduous eri-
gions, and the Spanish appellation Frale-' caceous shrubs, better known under their
'

jon '
is common to both. They differ abun- former name of Lyonia. The main charac-
dantly, however, in having strap-shaped ters of the genus are a five-parted calyx :

ray florets, and achenes destitute of pap- with two small bracts at the base, a more
i

pus. About seven species are known. A

or less cylindrical corolla with a reflexed
I
EUKR ^e Ercn^urr? ai 230tang, 472
limb, ten stamens with short flattened fila- these the first-mentioned is considered
ments, a truncate stipma, and a five-celled the most valuable, although the Stringy-
five-valved capsule. The species are hand- bark attains the largest size. Trees of the
some North American shrubs, many of latter species have been felled, measuring
them cultivated in this country. The leaves upwards of 300 feet high, by 100 feet in
of E. arborea have an acid flavour, whence girth at a yard from the ground. The
the name of Sorrel-tree. Hunters in the blue-gum timber is greatly used by colo-
mountains are said to use these leaves as nial ship-builders, also by mill-wrights,
a means of alleviating thirst. [M. T. M.] carpenters, and implement-makers, and
by engineers in the construction of works
EUBRACHION. A small kind of leaf- requiring beams of great span; it is ex-
less mistletoe, growing on myrtles on the
ceedingly strong and very durable. A plank
river Uraguay, in South America, and con-
stituting a genus of Loranthaceo?.. It has
the male and female flowers mixed in
small catkin-like spikes on the terminal
branches.
EUCALYPTUS. The gigantic Gum-trees,
Stringy -barks, and other timbers of the
Australian and Tasmanian forests, consti-
tute this genus of Myrtacece, of which be-
tween 100 and 150 species are described,
though, owing to the widely different ap-
pearances assumed by individual trees at
different periods of growth, it is extremely
difficult to arrive at a correct estimate of
their number. Australia is the head-
quarters of the genus, numerous species
being distributed throughout all parts of
that continent several are also found in Eucalyptus macrocarpa.
;

Tasmania, where they form extensive of the swamp-gum, forwarded to the Inter-
forests and a few extend as far north as
;
national Exhibition of 1863, measured 230
Timor and the Molucca Islands. The ma- j

feet in length. For some particulars as to

jority of them are trees, some growing to
the strength of the timber of these Gum
an immense height and having propor-
!

trees, see Gardener's Chronicle, 1862, 571.

tionately thick trunks. Their leaves are of I Among other interesting products of
a thick leathery texture, always quite en- I
this genus, we may briefly mention that
tire,very variable in shape. In youngplants
many species yield a red resinous juice,
they are always opposite, but they gene- |

which hardens into a substance resem-

rally become alternate as the plant gets
bling kino, and possessing powerful astrin-
older, and their stalks then acquire a pecu- gent qualities. E. Gunni, the Tasmanian
liar twist, so that the leaves present their
Cider-tree, yields a cool refreshing liquid,
edges to the branches. The flowers grow froin wounds made in its bark during the
from the angles between the leaves and spring. A saccharine substance, resem-
stem, and are either solitary or in clusters bling officinal manna, exudes from E. man-
the calyx is hard and woody, and separates nifera, and other species E. piperita
;
into two pieces, the upper of which re-
i

! yields an essential oil; and the large flakes

sembles a lid or cover, and falls away in a of bark obtained from several of the spe-
single piece when the flower opens, carry- i

cies are used by the aborigines for making

ing along with it the corolla, which is in-
i

huts, canoes, &c. [A. S.]

timately combined with it, while the lower
is persistent, and bears the very numerous BUCEPHALUS. Diplopappus.
stamens, which form a fringe round its EUCERiEA. A genus of Samydacm,
summit. The fruit is closely enveloped in nearly related to Casearia, from which it
the woody calyx. may be recognised by its minute greenish-
The Australian colonists distinguish white flowers being disposed in axillary
many of the trees of this genus by cha- panicles longer than the leaves, not in
racters derived from the bark some hav-
;
short axillary fascicles or cymes. E.nitida,
ing smooth, others rough or cracked bark ;
a Brazilian bush, is the only species.. Its
some are solid (Iron-bark), while others spreading branches are furnished with al-
are fibrous (Stringy -bark) and, finally, in
;
ternate stalked entire leaves, between oval
some species the bark scales off in flakes, and lance-shaped in form. [A. A. B.]
either from the' whole tree or from the
upper part only. They are also called Gum- EUCHARIDIUM. A pretty little annual
trees, in consequence of the quantity of introduced from N. America in 1846, be-
gum that exudes from their trunks. The longing to the Onagracece, and closely allied
timber is exceedingly valuable, and is in to Clarkia. It is distinguished by the long
common use in our Australian and Tasma- and slender tube of the calyx terminating
nian colonies. In the latter, the three in four deciduous sepals, by its four three-
following species yield the best quality of cleft petals, and by its four-celled, four-
timber, namely E. globulus, the Blue Gum
: ;
valved capsules containingnumerous seeds.
E. gigantea, the Stringy-bark and E.
; It grows to the height of about a foot, with
amyg'dalina, the Peppermint-tree. But of somewhat downy stems and foliage ; the
 473 0)e Quxas'urj) af Matxiw, [euco
leaves are stalked, ovate, and undivided, Mixed with lemon juice,' they are applied
bearing- in their axils solitary purplish to wounds caused by any venomous ani-
flowers. [C. A. J.J mal. The fruits are sold for five or even
ten sons, French money, each. This plant
ETJCHARTS. A beautiful genus of holds the first rank among the medicinal
broad-leaved evergreen pancratiform Ama-
plants of the island in the opinion of the
ri/Uidacea, having ovate bulbs, broadly natives.
elliptic or ovate long-stalked leaves, and [A. A. B.]
tall scapes bearing several large white nod-
ETJCLEA. A genus of simple-leaved
ding fragrant flowers. The blossoms have a African bushes, of the family Ebevacece,
long slender tube, six broad ovate spread- numbering about twenty
ing perianth segments, and a large bell-
species. One is
found in Abyssinia, another on the west
shaped white coronet or cup bearing the coast south of the line, and the remainder
six stamens on its margin, each having a
in the southern districts. Their nearest
lateral tooth at its base. The species are
relationship is with Eoyena, from which
few in number, and are all natives of they are readily distinguished by their
South America. E. grandiflora is one of flowers being disposed in racemes, not one
the most beautiful of stove bulbs. [T. M.]
or three together in the axils of the leaves,
EUCHETTMA. A genus of rose-spored and by the males and females growing on
Algc? belonging to the natural order Geli- different plants. The leaves are alternate
diacece, consisting of cartilagi no-gelatinous or opposite, entire, oval lance-shaped or ob-
tuberculated or spinous species, remark- long, sometimes crisped or wavy and the ;

able for thick-walled capsules, containing little white flowers, disposed in racemes
a central placenta, which at length be- shorter than the leaves, are a good deal
comes hollow in the middle and bears neck- like those of some whortleberries, having a
laces of spores. E. speciosicm is the Jelly- bell-shaped corolla with five to seven
plant of Australia, and is one of the best teeth. The fruit is globular, fleshy, and
species for making jelly, size, cement, &c. juicy, sometimes as large as a cherry.
A very fine species, possessing doubtless Those of many of the species, known
similar properties, occurs in the United by the colonists as Guarry, are eaten,
States. [M. J. BJ and are sweet and slightly astringent.
ETTCHILES. A genus of mitch branched The wood of E. Pseudo-Ebenus, a species
Australian under-shrubs of the leguminous
with narrow lance-shaped leaves, is said
to be extremely hard and black. [A. A. B.]
family, and nearly allied to Pultencea, but
differing in having a disproportionately EUCLIDIUM. A genus of Cmciferce,
large upper lip to the calyx, instead of two found in South-eastern Europe and West-
nearly equal lips, and a stalked instead of a ern Asia. It is known from the other
sessile pod. They have slender twiggy genera in which the radicle of the seed is
stems, separately or densely clothed with bent round and lies along the edges of the
leaves, which are sometimes juniper-like, cotyledons, by havinga smooth subglobular
and sometimes small, round, or inversely indehiscent pouch, with a complete parti-
heart-shaped; while the little yellow pea- tion, and a single seed in each cell. E. sy-
flowers are solitary in the axils of the riacum, the only European species, is a
leaves, and either few, distant, and stalk- small annual with rigid branches, runci-
ed, or numerous at the ends of the twigs, nate root-leaves, and lateral spikes of small
and nearly sessile. About ten species are white flowers. [J. T. SJ
known. [A. A. B.]
EUCHRESTA. A genus of Leguminosce,
ETJGNTDA. An annual belonging to the
order Loasacea?, and often cultivated under
nearly allied. to the W. Indian cabbage the name of Microsperma. E. bartonioides,
trees (Andira), but differing in having the
base of the tubular five-toothed calyx the only species, a native of Mexico,whence
it was introduced in 1849, grows to the
slightly projecting above, and in the
standard or upper petal being very narrow, height of about a foot, with bristly stems,
not broad and rounded. E. Rorsfleldii, the ovate, lobed, and denticulated leaves,
only known species, grows in mountain and axillary, very large yellow flowers,
districts in Java and Formosa, and is an
consisting of five spreading petals, at the
elegant smooth shrub with unequally pin- base of which is a distinct tuft of long
I

nate leaves the slender branches termi- golden stamens, exceeding the petals in
length. The style is slender the stigma
;

nated by erect racemes of numerous white, ;

waxy, vetch-like flowers, succeeded by five-furrowed, but not divided the capsule
;

one-celled, containing numerous minute

staiked elliptical one-seeded pods. Ac-
seeds. [C. A. J.]
cording to Dr. Horsfleld, the whole plant
is intensely bitter, and much sought after EI7CODONIA. A Mexican gesnerad allied
}
by the natives because of its medicinal to Achimenes, forming a dwarf herb, with
properties. They employ the seeds against ovate obtuse pubescent crenated leaves,
any poison that may have been taken into and lilac flowers, of which the calyx is
the stomach, exhibiting one of them tri- deeply five-parted, and the corolla large,
turated with water to counteract the ef- ventricose, campanulate with an oblique
fects. According to Leschenauit, the spreading limb there are four included
;

powdered fruits mixed with food are re- stamens, a membranaceous entire glandu-
garded as having the power of preventing lar ring, and a bilobed stigma. The plant,
diseases and giving tone to the stomach. which is cultivated for the sake of its
EUCO] Wfyt ErtK^ury at 28otang. 474
sometimes called Scheeria lanata
flowers, is with an abundance of white cistus-like
and Mandirola lanata. [T. M.] flowers, one to two inches across. These
are solitary and stalked in the axils of the
ETJCOMIS. Agenus of Liliacece, con- narrow obtuse leaves, which are gummy
sisting of South African bulbs, with broad above, and white underneath. E. pinnati-
root-leaves, and a simple raceme of rather folia, one of the Chilian species, is remark-
large usually greenish flowers, surmounted able in the family, as well as in the genus,
by a tuft of empty leaf-like bracts, called for having pinnate leaves, which are made
a coma. The perianth is six-parted and up of two pairs of smooth serrated leaflets,
spreading, the stamens inserted in its seg- and an odd one the single white flowers
;

ments, with the filaments dilated at the themselves are a good deal like those of a
base. The capsule is three-winged, the few wild dog-rose, and solitary near the ends
seeds with a hard black seed-coat. Several of the branches. The name Carpodontos is
handsome half-hardy species are in culti- sometimes given to the Tasmanian species,
vation. E. bifolia has only two leaves lying which differ from the Chilian ones in hav-
flat on the ground, and a short raceme of ing five-celled fruits. [A. A. B.]
pale green flowers. [J. T. S.]
ETJCYCLA. A genus of Polygonacew,
ETTCOSIA carnea is a terrestrial orchid allied to Eriogonum, having the plicate
of Java, with a stem about a span high, coloured perianth salver-shaped, the three
bearing four to six ovate leaves, and ter- outer divisions diverging and orbicular, and
minating in a downy spike of about three the three inner linear oblong, forming a
small flesh-coloured flowers, each support- cylinder. The flowers are yellow or pur-
ed by a long narrow bract. The plant has ple. The species are natives of the Rocky
the habit of some Goodyeras, but the in- Mountains. [J. T. S.]
ternal structure of the flower is quite dif-
ferent. The remarkable thing is, that the ETJDESMIA. A handsome Swan River
anther is attached to a filament which myrtaceous shrub. The branches are four-
grows out quite distinctly from the base of cornered, with lance-shaped thick leaves ;

the column, whereas in most orchids the the flowers red, disposed in umbels, with
anther has no filament, but rests in a niche four-parted stamens, united into four bun-
at the apex of the column. The plant is dles capsule four-celled.
; E. tetraaona is
beautifully represented by Blume in his in cultivation. [M. T. M.]
splendid folio work on the orchids of the
Indian Archipelago. ETJDI ANTHE. A section of Lychnis, com-
[A. A. B.]
prising those species which have the calyx
ETJCRINUM. A subgenus of Fritillaria, tube contracted at the top. The pretty
proposed by Nuttall to include a few spe- lilac-flowered L'. Cwli-rosa, which is often
cies which approach to Lilium, but differ cultivated as an ornamental annual, under
from both genera, in having an undivided the name of Viscaria, belongs to this sec-
stigma, and the cup formed by the perianth tion. [J. T. S.]
segments broadly funnel-shaped. The ha-
bit is that of Fritillaria. The
F. tulipifolia
EUDOXIA. Peruvian herbs belonging to
Gentianacece, with large handsome drooping
from the Caucasus, and the American F. flowers, in a terminal panicle. They have
pudica, belong to this section. [J. T. S.]
a bell-shaped membranous calyx a bell- ;

EUCROSIA. A genus of stove bulbs of shaped five-cleft corolla, having the seg-
the order Amaryllidacew. E. bicolor, the ments convolute before expansion ; and
only species, a native of S. America, has the filaments of the stamens are channelled
round bulbs, wide petiolated leaves, and a on the inner surface. Ovary two-celled,
tapering scape, supporting an umbel of two-valved stigma sessile, with two di-
;

four or more vermilion-coloured flowers, lated revolute segments. [M. T. M.]

which have an oblique perianth tube, com- ETJFRAGIA. A genus separated from
pressed recurved limb segments, and a
Bartsia mainly on account of the structure
declined cup, abbreviated and rostrate
of its seeds, which are 'slightly angular,
above, and shovel-formed and prolonged
very minute, crenate-ribbed, the hilum
below. It comes near Elisena. [T. MJ
basal.' E. viscosa, an erect unbranched
EUCRTPHI A. A genus of the St. John's- annual with viscid foliage and yellow
wort family, differing from all the other flowers, not uncommon in marshy ground
genera except Cratoxylon, in having winged \
in the west of England and some parts of
seeds, and from the latter genus in its four Ireland and Scotland, is the same as
to five-leaved calyx being thrown off in the Bartsia viscosa. [C. A. J.]
form of a cap as the flower expands. The EUPRAISE. (Fr.) Euphrasia officinalis.
four to five petals are roundish the sta-
;

mens numerous and disposed in many EUGENIA. A genus of Myrtacea?, com-

series and the ovary five to twelve-celled,
;
prising several trees or shrubs, for the most
surmounted with as many styles as there part natives of tropical America and the
are cells.The fruits are little woody cap- West Indies. The flowers are placed in the
sules. The four known species are oppo- axils of the leaves, white, with a four-part-
site-leaved trees or shrubs, two found in ed calyx, four petals, and numerous sta-
Tasmania, and two in Chili. E. Billardieri is mens. The berry is crowned by the calyx,
one of the most beautiful trees of Tas- one or two-celled, and contains one or two
mania, sometimes growing to sixty or a seeds.
hundred feet high, and covered in February The most important species is E. Pimento,
 475 CIjc CrcaSurn af 2S0tang. [eupa

which furnishes This consists of

Allspice. entire or trilobed limb, bearded or crested
the fruits gathered before they are quite in the middle the column with a terminal
;

ripe, and dried in the sun. The Allspice tree helmet-shaped anther-case, enclosing the
is cultivated in the West Indies and Ja- two pollen masses with their very short
maica, where the trees are planted in rows caudicle, attached to a rather large diverg-
called pimento walks the produce is some-
; ing gland. A few of the species have been
times very large. The Allspice or Pimento in cultivation. Cyrtopera, Galeandra, and
hemes of commerce are of the size of a Zygopetalum, have all been referred to this |

small pea, of a dark colour, and surmounted genus by Dr. Blume. [A. A. B.]
hy the remains of the calyx. The odour
and flavour are supposed to resemble a EUMORPHIA. The name of a pretty
combination of those of cinnamon, cloves, little South African bush of the composite
and nutmeg, hence the name allspice they ;
family, nearly related to, and having
are due to a volatile oil, which is obtained flower-heads like those of the chamomile.
by Allspice is largely used for
distillation. It differs, however, in the achenes, which
flavouring purposes, being cheap. The oil are four or five-angled, and destitute of
is occasionally employed as a carminative. pappus. The leaves also are very different,
Many of the species yield agreeably being minute, heath-like, and closely j

tasting fruits, such as E. cauliflora, which packed on the twigs, which are terminated
'

furnishes the Jabuticaba fruits of Brazil, by three white-rayed flower-heads. The !

described as being of the size of a green- plant was first gathered by Mr. Drege, a :

collector in South Africa, and is named

i

gage, and very refreshing it is cultivated

; |

in some parts of Brazil. The Rose Apples after him E. Bregeana. [A. A. B.] j

of the East are the produce of E. malac- '

censis and E. Jambos. E. Ugni, a native of

EFONYMIJS. The Spindle-tree, a com-
Chili, has lately been introduced into En-
mon hedge shrub or small tree, better
glish gardens, where it is at least as hardy
known among mechanics by the names
Dogwood, Pegwood, Skewerwood, and
as its near ally, the myrtle. Its fruit is
may
1

Prickwood. It be discriminated in
highly esteemed in Chili. Those grown in j

: this country are glossy black when ripe,

summer by its ovate lanceolate shining :

and have an agreeable flavour and per- leaves, and by its small pale green flowers,
each composed of four petals, issuing
fume. Numerous other species are grown
cross-wise from a whitish disk. These are
'

either for their handsome foliage or for

their flowers. E. Lama is one of the most
borne two to five together on a stalk in
the axils of the leaves, and are succeeded
beautiful of these. [M. T. MJ j

by top-shaped seed-vessels of three blunt i

ETTKYLISTA Spruceana, the only spe- lobes, and as many cells, each containing
cies of the genus, is described as a tree a solitary seed. Towards autumn these [

attaining the height of fifty to seventy become more conspicuous among the \

feet,with bark which scales off like that of leaves (now turning yellow) by their as-
the plane tree its flowers show it to be
;
suming a pink hue and when the tree has
: i

one of the Cinclwnacece. The flower buds entirely lost its foliage, they are highly i

are at first enclosed within membranous ornamental. Each of the lobes of the
bracts, which ultimately fall off the limb ;
capsule, which has by this time acquired a \

of the calyx is scarcely developed the ;

bright rose-coloured hue, opens at the pro-
jecting angle, and discloses the seed wrap-
j

tube of the corolla is short, its limb !

divided into six to eight lobes, and its ped in an orange-coloured arillus. The j

throat lined with dense hairs stigmas ;

foliage, flowers, and fruit of the Spindle-
two. Fruit a capsule, dividing into two tree are poisonous, but the last are some-
pieces, the seeds winged. [M. T.M.] times used as a dye. The wood, which is
of a light yellow hue, being strong, com-
EELOBCS. A Calif ornian annual, with pact, and easily worked, is applied to many
narrow leaves, and rather large white useful purposes. 'Skewers, pegs for shoes,
flowers often tinged with red, constituting spindles, toothpicks,' readily suggest the
a genus of Onagracece, distinguished from derivation of its various names. The
1

CEnothera chiefly by its long slender charcoal made from the young shoots is
linear capsules incompletely divided into also much approved by artists for its
four cells. smoothness, and the ease with which it
EULOPHlA. A numerous genus of may be erased. Among foreign species
cultivated in British gardens, E. lat ifalius
epiphytal or terrestrial orchids, natives of
isthe handsomest, from its broad shining
tropical Asia, Africa, and America, but oc-
leaves and its large red pendulous seed-
curring in greatest numbers at the Cape.
vessels, with orange-coloured seeds, which,
They have either pseudobulbs with one or
two leaves,or tuberous rhizomes of the size when the capsules open, are highly orna-
mental. E. japonicus is an evergreen
of potatos or larger, with the leaves and
species with rounded ovate-toothed leaves.
flower-scapes arising laterally from near
French, Fusain German, Spindelbaum.
the base. The leaves are grassy, or lance- ;

shaped and plaited and the flower-scapes

;
EP/PATOIRE D'AVICEJSTNE. (Fr.) Eu-
either simple or branched, bearing few or
many flowers, which seldom exceed an inch patorium cannabinum. — DE MESUE.
Achillea Ageratum.
in diameter, the prevailing colour being
yellow. The sepals and petals are nearly ETTPATORIUM. An extensive genus of
\
equal the lip pouched or spurred, with an
; C'ornpositce, consisting for the most part of
 etjpe] Cfje Crca3itrg of 33 o tang. 476
herbaceous plants. The species agree in sule, used for worms. Teak is yielded by
having all the florets tubular, perfect, and Oldfieldia africana caoutchouc by Siphon i'a
;

furnished with a long branched style, and elastica, lutea, brevifolia, brasiliensis,. and
in colour either purple, pink, or white, Spruceana and the poisonous manchineel
;

never yellow. They are mostly natives of by Hippom ane Mancinella. Janipha Manilwt
America but one species, E. cannabi.num,
;
or Manihot utilissima furnishes cassava and
Hemp Agrimony, a tall plant with un- tapioca, which consist of the starchy matter
branched stems, downy leaves, and ter- from its root. Aleurites triloba yields eboe
minal crowded corymbs of dull pale pur- oil ; Anisophyllum laurinum bears an acid
plish flowers, inhabits watery places and fruit called monkey-apple in Sierra Leone.
damp hedges in Britain. E. perfoliatum has Colliguaja odorifera has peculiar jumpingor
some reputation in America as a tonic moving seeds, owing to their becoming the
stimulant, and is administered in the form habitation of the larva of an insect. Box-
of a decoction of the leaves it is em-
; wood is the produce of Buxus sempervirens.
ployed also as a remedy in intermittent Hura crepitans,the sandbox tree, has a fruit
fevers. French Ewpatoire German Ab-
; consisting of numerous carpels which,
kraut. [C. A. J.] when dry, separate with a loud report.
The leaves of E. glutinosum have heen Species of Euphorbia abound in Africa, and
considered to be the Matico of the Peru- some of them attain a height of thirty or
vians, a substance that is used as a styptic forty feet, with a diameter of two feet at
and for other medicinal purposes. It is the base of tfhe stem. There are 230 known
possible that more than one plant bears genera, and about 2,600 species. Examples
the name Matico, but the leaves brought Euphorbia, Hura, Mercurialis, Acalypha,
to this country under that name are those Siphonia, Jatropha, Ricinus, Andrachne,
of Artanthe elongala. [M. T. M.] Xylophylla, Phyllanthus. [J. H. B.]

EUPETALTJM. A genus of begoniads, EUPHORBIA. The Spurge genus, which

represented by undershrubs found in Peru.
The staminate flowers have four, and the gives its name to the order Euphorbiacea?,
pistillate from Ave to eight sepals. There
comprises a very large number of species
distributed throughout almost the whole
are four species. The name is derived from ;

world, and varying exceedingly in general

two Greek words, eit well or good, and pe-
or outward appearance, but corresponding
talon a petal, in allusion to the character of
closely in the structure of the flowers.
the sepals. The species were formerly in-
-

All have to a greater or less extent a milky

cluded under Begonia. [J. H. B.]
juice. In the temperate regions of the
EUPHORBIACEJE. (Pseudanthece, Trcivi- northern hemisphere the species are for
acece, Spurgeworts.) A
natural order of the most part herbaceous ;in warmer
monochlamydeous dicotyledons, typical of countries, especially those of the southern
Lindley's euphorbial alliance of diclinous J
hemisphere, they have a shrubby or even
Exogens. They are trees, shrubs, or herbs, j
tree-like habit. Many of the South African
with opposite or alternate often stipulate ; kinds, as well as those of other countries,
leaves, and involucrate incomplete some- !
possess succulent spiny leafless stems
times achlamydeous flowers. Perianth like Cacti. Variable as is the appearance
when present inferior, lobed, with glandu- of these plants as regards their stems and
lar scaly or petaloid appendages stamens ; leaves, their flowers are all arranged on
definite or indefinite, separate or united the same plan. The flowers are monoecious,
in one or more bundles. Ovary one two collected into heads, surrounded by bracts
three or more celled ovules one or two.
; constituting an involucre; these flower-
Fruit usually of three carpels, which sepa- heads are placed in umbels variouslybranch-
rate in an elastic manner, sometimes fleshy ed raggregated into clusters round the top
and not opening ; seeds with albumen, of the stem. The involucre is more or
and. often an aril; embryo with a superior less cup-shaped, four or five-toothed, the
radicle. The plants abound in equinoctial lobes or teeth alternating with a number
America they are also found in North
; of glands of various form. Within the
America, Africa, India, and Europe. They involucre are a number of stamens sur-
are generally acrid and poisonous, and rounding a stalked ovary, hence giving the
contain much milky juice. Some yield appearance of a single flower but this is
;

starch, others oils and caoutchouc. Euphor- not really so, as each stamen represents a
bia Latliyris,the caper spurge, has purgative single male flower, because it is jointed in
seeds, and a resinous matter having similar the middle, and has at its base a separate
qualities is procured from other species, scale. There are really several monan-
such as E. offlcinarum, antiquormnariA cana- drous male flowers surrounding a central
riensis. Cattimandoo, a kind of caoutchouc, stalked female, which latter consists of
is got from another species in India. Castor a three-celled ovary, with a three-cleft
oil procured from Ricinus communis
is style. The fruit consists of three single-
seeds; eroton oil from those of Croton Tig- seeded carpels.
Hum. The seeds of Jatropha Curcas, or A comparatively small number of kinds
physic-nut, are purgatives. Stillingia sebifera are cultivated in this country, either for
is the tallow tree of China— the fatty matter their beauty or as objects of curiosity :
being procured from the fruit. Dyes are of the former E. punicea, E. splendens,
supplied by Crozoplmra tinctorui, the turn- E. fvlgens, E. pruvifolia, and E. Bojeri may
sole, and Rottlera tinctorial the latter plant be mentioned. These are all remarkable
also yields kauiila, a powder from its cap- for the brillianS scarlet colour of the bracts
 477 Cfje Crca£urp of 3Sotan», ETJPH

of the involucre, and as they flower in I them, as they produce incessant sneezing.
winter time and remain long in bloom, Euphorbium is an intensely acrid sub-
they are deservedly great favourites. I
stance, which severely affects the eyes,
Those cultivated for their singular and nose, and lungs of those who come in
grotesque appearance are such as have suc- i contact with the drug in its powdered
culent prickly cactus-like stems, and are state, if the greatest precautions be not
for the most part without leaves. Among taken. It is said also to induce delirium.
the hest known are E. grandldens, a tall- From its violent action, it is now rarely if
growing kind, sending out whorls of ever used in medicine, but it was employed
branches like those of a candelabrum E. ; as a n emetic, purgative, etc., and externally
officinarum, E. antiquorum, and E. canari- as a rubefacient.
ensis, all somewhat similar; E. Mystrix, The natives of India are said to use the
which has long spines and lance-shaped juice of E. antiquorum as an external ap-
leaves at the top part of the stem, the plication in rheumatism and neuralgia,
lower portion being destitute of them and
; and when diluted as apurgative. E. Nivulia
E. melo/ormis, a dwarf species, in shape is used for similar purposes. The juice of
like a melon or an Echinocactiis, but with- E. heptagona and other African species is
out spines. Several of them are so like cac- employed by the natives to poison their
tuses that they are frequently mistaken for arrows, while the same purpose is effected
them, especially as the flowers are com- in Brazil by the juice of E. cotinifolia that
;

paratively rarely seen a slight puncture

; of E. ligularia is used in India for the
with a pin or the point of a knife will, removal of warts the root, moreover, of
;

however, immediately decide the matter, the Indian species first named is em-
as, should the plant be a Euphorbia, a ployed both internally and externally in
milky fluid will ooze out. cases of snake-bite. So also many of the
In some districts the succulent Spurges leafy species in which the stem is not
are found in great abundance, as they fleshy, are considered valuable as purga-
are able to thrive where little else can tives in many parts of the world. Others
grow. Thus in the Canary Islands and are esteemed for the cure of syphilis while
;

Teneriffe E. canariensis grows in great some are employed to poison fish. E.

abundance in arid rocky districts. Pro- hibernais said to have been used in Ireland
fessor Smythe speaks of this plant as at- for this purpose. The roots of some species
taining a height of ten or more feet, while are emetic, such as those of E. Gerardiana,
the branches spread on all sides over as well as those of E. Pithyusa in the south
twenty feet. The stems are erect, stiff, of Europe, and of E. Ipecacuanha in Ameri-
leafless, prismoidal and ill-favoured, 'the ca, but they are not to be relied on, as they
product of light and raw heat, salt land, are apt to produce dangerous purging. Nor '

and no shade or genial moisture.' In some are astringent and aromatic, properties I

parts of South Africa, too, the tall columnar wanting, for E. thymifolia, an Indian plant,
species constitute the characteristic fea- has these qualities, as also E. hypericifolia,
—
ture of the landscape E. grandidens for a native of tropical America.
one, being said to attain a height of The poisonous principle pervading these
thirty feet and upwards. plants is more or less dissipated by heat,
The milky juice, which forms one of the and hence we hear of a few of them form-
constant characteristics of these plants, ing articles of diet thus E. edulis is men-
;

contains active medicinal properties. tioned as a potherb, so also E. balsamifera:

Hence in all countries where they grow, the juice too of the latter is said when
some of them have been, or are, employed concentrated (by heat?) to furnish an
medicinally. The most important of them i edible jelly, which is eaten by the natives
for this purpose are some of the succulent !
of the Canary Islands and Berthollet even
;

ones, which furnish the drug known as mentions the natives of Teneriffe as being
Euphorbium. The exact kind which sup- ;
in the habit of removing the bark from
plies this resinous substance is not pre- E. canariensis, and then sucking the inner
J

cisely known. E. canariensis, E. officina- (

portion of the stem, in order to quench
rum', E. antiquorum, and E. tetragona have \
their thirst. This is indeed not so impro-
all been mentioned. In commerce Eu- [
bable as at first appears, as it is the limpid
phorbium exists in the form of small watery ascending sap which is taken, while
irregular yellowish lumps, pierced with the acrid milky descending sap is removed
one or more holes, in which are often found with the rind of the tree, which it perco-
the remains of the prickles of the stem lates. The juice of E. Cattimandoo, a
from which the resin exuded. The drug native of the Madras presidency, fur-
is procured from Barbary, where the nishes caoutchouc of a quality which is
natives are said to make incisions into the such as to enable it to be put to a variety
branches, in consequence of which the of uses some of it was favourably reported
;

milky juice exudes. This is so acrid, that it on in the Jury Reports of the Great Exhi-
|
excoriates the hand when applied to it. bition of 1851. Dr. "Wight, in his Icones
! The juice is allowed to dry and harden on Plantarum Indice orientalis, gives the fol-
the stem, and after a time the lumps fall lowing information on the authority of Mr.
;

i off and are collected with caution, the Elliot :

—
The milk is obtained by cutting
'

I
collectors being obliged, says Mr. Jackson offthe branches, when it flows freely. It
i
in his account of Morocco, to tie a cloth is and boiled on the spot, at which
collected
over their mouth and nostrils, to prevent time it is very elastic, but after being
the small dusty particles from annoying . formed into cakes or cylinders, it becomes
ettph] Cfje ®vtH$uxv ai SSntang. 478
resinous or brittle, in which state it is semblance to Ambrosia, but differ in hav-
sold in the bazaars, and employed as a ing male and female flowers in the same
cement for fixing knives into handles, and capitulum. [A. A. B.]
other similar purposes, which are effected
by heating it. It is also employed medi- EUPLOCA. A North American genus of
cinally as an outward application in cases Ehretmcea;-, probably not distinct from
of rheumatism. The gum has not the valu- Messerschmidtia, and consisting of herbs
able property, like gutta percha, of being furnished with rough leaves, and funnel-
ductile at all times. It can be moulded to shaped flowers. [j. t. S,]
any shape when first boiled, but as far as ETJPOMATIA. A genus of laurel-like
we know not afterwards, though some shrubs, natives of the eastern extratro-
plan may be found for rendering it sub- pical parts of New Holland. It forms at
sequently pliable.' Dr. Wight further present a kind of botanical puzzle, being
remarks that when exposed to the heat of evidently allied to Anonacece, and yet dif-
a Are or lamp it rapidly softens, and be-
;

fering very materially from the other

comes as adhesive to the hand as shoe-
:

genera of that family. E. laurifolia was

maker's wax, but when soaked for some
i

'
discovered by the late Robert Brown, and
time in warm water, it slowly softens, though it is cultivated in conservatories, it
becomes pliable and plastic, and in that has not produced its flowers. The stamens
state takes any required form. Another are perigynous, and the inner ones sterile,
of the Indian species, E. Tirucalli, is fre- petal-like; the tube of the calyx is co-
quently used in Coromandel, for making herent with the ovaries, while the limb
hedges, as animals for the most part will separates by a transverse slit, like a lid,
not touch it, though goats will eat it in from the tube. In these flowers the ac-
spite of the acrid juice, which latter is used cess of the pollen to the stigmas appears
medicinally by the natives. It goes by the to be completely cut off by the number
name of Milk Hedge. E.phosphorea derives and disposition of the internal barren
the name from the fact of its sap emitting petal-like stamens; but the communica-
a phosphorescent light on a warm night tion is restored, says the learned botanist
in the Brazilian forests. There are several who first described the plant, by certain
British species, which partake more or less minute insects eating the petal-like fila-
of the acrid properties so general in this ments, while the antheriferous stamens,
group. [M. T. M.] which are either expanded or reflected,
EUPHORBIALES. One of Lindley's al- and appear to be even slightly irritable,
liances, including Euphorbiacece, and a few remain untouched. Recently a second
small related groups. species has been discovered, and named
by Dr. Mueller E. Bennettii, in compliment
EUPHORBIUM. A gum resin obtained to Dr. Bennett, the well-known Australian
from certain succulent species of Euphor- naturalist. This species has produced
bia. flowers in this country, and is figured in
EUPHRASIA. The Eye-bright is a small the Botanical Magazine (t. 4848), under the
annual belonging to the Scrophulariacece, name of E. laurina, its distinctness from
distinguished" by a tubular four-cleft calyx, that species not having been at first de-
a two-lipped corolla, the upper lip two- tected. [M. T. M.]
lobed, the lower three-lobed, and an oblong
compressed capsule, containing numerous
EUPTERIS. A sectional name applied
by Agardh to the normal forms of Pteris,
pendulous ribbed seeds. Eye-bright is a
as distinguished from the groups repre-
common plant in heaths and dry mea- sented by P. aquilina and Litobrochia ves-
dows, growing to the height jof six to
pertilionis. It is applied by Newman as a
twelve inches, with small sessile leaves
generic name to the common Bracken,
arranged in opposite pairs, and several
Pteris aquilina.
flowers near the ends of the branches,
white spotted with yellow and purple. EUROTIA. A genus of Chenopodiaceo?,
From the frequent mention of Euphrasy found in Russia and Siberia, and consisting
by the poets, it would appear to have been of annuals with numerous branches, nar-
formerly held in high repute for its medi- j
row entire leaves, and male flowers four
cal virtues, a view which is confirmed by or five together at the apices of small
the statements of the old herbalists, who branches. The female flowers are solitary
recommended its use both outwardly and J
in the axils of the leaves, with the fruiting
inwardly, in powder and in decoction, for |
perianth limb growing out in the shape of
complaints of the eyes. It is still a rustic two horns. [J. T. S.J
remedy as an eye-water, but is said by
some to be injurious rather than bene-
EURYA. A genus of Ternstromiace&,
composed of a number of evergreen
ficial. French, Eufraise ; German, Augen- shrubs or small trees found in India,
trost. [C. A. J.]
China, and the adjacent islands, one spe-
EUPHROSYNE. A genus of Composite, cies extending to theFeejee Islands. Their
composed of two annual Mexican weeds, very minute and unisexual flowers, toge-
which grow from one to two feet high, |
ther with their small berried fruits, serve
and have alternate twice or thrice pinnati- j
to distinguish them. The leaves are not
sected leaves, and terminal panicles of unlike those of the teaplant, and the small
little white flower-heads, each about the white flowers are arranged in bundles in
size of a pea. The flowers have much re- [
their axils. [A. A. BJ
 479 djc £~rca£ttro ai 3Sotanp. [eusc

ELRYALE. Before the discovery of the scarcely precedes the leaves, supports a
Victoria re-gia, the Indian aquatic herb many-flowered umbel of flowers, of which
bearing the above name took rank, per- the tube is cylindrical, the limb regular,
haps, as the noblest aquatic plant in cul- with equal segments, and the cup fre-
tivation, at least as to its leaves, which quently imperfect. E. ambohtensis is a
are much like those of the Victoria, but stove bulb. E. australasica, or Cuuning-
smaller, of a circular form, with very pro- liami, a smaller species from Australia, is
minent and spiny veins on the rich purple called the Brisbane Lily. [T. M.]
under-surface the upper surface being
:

covered with rounded eminences, and of EURYCOMA. A genus of shrubs from

Sumatra, referred by Planchon to the Si-
a dark green colour ; and the size varying
from one to four feet in diameter. The marubacew. The leaves are compound, and
flowers are stalked, and have a calyx which
clustered at the extremity of the branches
the flowers are panicled, of a purple colour,
is adherent below to the ovary, but above it
is divided into four segments the whole ;
and on some plants unisexual, on others
outer surface of this calyx is covered with perfect. E. longifolia is stated to be a
strong spines the petals are from twenty
;
valuable febrifuge. [M. T. M.J
to thirty, smaller than the calyx, and of a EURYLOBIUM. A
genus of Stilbacea?,
purple colour; the stamens numerous, de- a family of corollifloral dicotyledons, con-
tached, all fertile. Fruit a round many- j
sisting of shrubs furnished with rough li-
seeded berry, crowned by the persistent i

near leaves and flowers of which the calyx

;

calyx. By these characters Ruryale is I

is five-toothed, the corolla tubular, five-

distinguished from Victoria: both belong cleft, its two upper lobes larger and con-
to the Xymphceacea. E. ferox is a native
j

nate, the tube hairy within, and the sta-

of the eastern part of Bengal and other j
mens four. E. serrulatum, the only species
quarters of India, where also it is frequent- which is known, is a native of South Africa.
ly cultivated. Its seeds are floury, and [J. H. B.]
after being baked in sand are eaten by
\ thenatives. The Hindoo physicians, more- EURYNEMA. A small annual Arabian
plant belonging to the Zygophyllacem. The
|

over, say that they possess medicinal vir- ;

tues. The plant is also grown in China

'
flowers are on long stalks, which are bent
•
for the sake of its seeds. [M. T. M.] in the middle stamens five, their fila-
;

EURYBIA. A genus ments dilated at the base, shorter than

of trees or shrubs
|

the anthers ovary on a short stalk, with

;
of the compositefamily,conflnedtoAustra-
several ovules in each of its five com-
!

lia,Tasmania, and New Zealand, and num-

|

partments. Fruit capsular. [M. T. M.]

bering upwards of sixty species. In many
respects it is allied to Aster of the northern ETJRYOPS. A genus of Composite;, near-
j
1

hemisphere, but the flower-heads do not ly allied to Senecio, but differing in the
i
contain nearly so many florets. The genus nature of the involucre, which is com-
! Olearia is their closest relationship, but posed of one series of scales having their
;
there the pappus is double, while here it is margins more or less united, so that the
single. They are very variable in appear- involucre has the appearance of a toothed
, ance, some being large trees, others cup while in Senecio the scales are free.
;

heath-like shrubs and the daisy-like flower-

; The hairs of the short woolly pappus are
; heads are either solitary or numerous and curiously bent in a zig-zag manner, and
i panicled at the ends of the branches. their outer row is often deflexed. Of about
I The silver-leaved Musk tree, E, argo- I
thirty known species, one is found in
pJiylla, isa Tasmanian plant, attaining a Arabia, another in Abyssinia, and the re-
height of twenty to twenty-five feet, with mainder in S. Africa. They are handsome
| a girth of three feet. It is often seen in often resinous under-shrubs, very variable
I
greenhouses as a shrub, where it is cul- j
in appearance, some having the leaves
i tivated for the musky odour of its leaves. smooth undivided pine-like, while in others
|
The wood of the tree is hard and takes a j
they are wedge-shaped and toothed, and in
I
good polish. The larger-leaved species, <!
a goodly number are pinnately-lobed and
j
which are chiefly confined to New Zealand cut. The yellow-rayed flower-heads are
|
and Tasmania, are much like this in ap- small disposed in corymbs, or large and
! pearance. The smaller-leaved ones are solitary. E. speciosissimus is called Resin-
I
more common on the continent. Amongst bush by the colonists, because of a gummy
|
these latteris E. Dampieri, found in great exudation often seen on the stem and
j
abundance by Dampier on one of the is- leaves. The handsome flower-heads are
lands on the north-west coast, which now nearly four inches across. [A. A. B.]
bears his name, and called by him Rose-
I

I
mary, from its resemblance to that plant.
'
EUSCAPHIS staphyleoidcs represents
The name Daisy-tree is given to E. lirata a genus of Staphyleacece, found in Japan,
the Corea, and the Loo Choo islands. It
in Tasmania. The name of the genus is
that of the mother of the stars in Greek resembles the common Staphylea pinnata,
mythology. but it is easily recognised by its fruits,
[A. A. B.]
which are composed of three distinct
ET7RYCLES. A genus of amaryllids, of bladdery carpels; while in Staphylea the
the pancratiform group, found in the carpels are united so as to form one blad-
Eastern Archipelago and in New Holland. dery capsule. The plant grows to a bush
The bulbs are ovate the leaves are broad
; of about twelve feet high, and is furnished
and petiolated; and the scape, which with opposite pinnate smooth leaves, which
eust] Elje &rea£ur£) of f&ataiw, 480
are a good deal like those of the elder EUTAXIA. A genus of pretty legumi-
and so also are the little white or yellowish nous bushes found in Australia, but chiefly
flowers, which are numerous and disposed confined to the western portions. There
in terminal panicles. According to Sie- are about a dozen species. They have
holt, the plant is a favourite in Japanese much the appearance of Pultencea or Dill-
gardens from its neat habit and its pretty wynia, so well known as greenhouse
bladdery fruits, which are of a red colour plants, and differ from the former in the
when ripe, and remain on the bush till standard being about as broad as it is long,
winter approaches. It is prized also for not broader ; from the latter in the wings
its medical properties. The inner bark of being shorter than the keel, not equal to
the root is bitter and astringent, and is it in length ; and from both in having op-
given in infusion in cases of dysentery posite leaves. They are for the most part
and chronic diarrhoea. The leaves are not much-branched low-growing bushes, with
so efficacious, and have when fresh a dis- small often heath-like leaves, and axillary
agreeable fishy smell. The name of the golden-yellow pea-flowers, two or three to-
genus has reference to the pretty fruits, gether. E. myrtifolia is a well-known
which open along the inner surface into greenhouse plant, whose slender stems
the form of a little boat. [A. A. BJ are often seen thickly covered in the
spring and summer months with the
EUSTACHYS. A genus of grasses be- pretty yellow blossoms. [A. A. B.]
longing to the tribe Chloridece; now in-
cluded in Chloris. [D. M.] EUTERPE. A genus of palms of ex-
EUSTEGIA. A
genus of South African tremely graceful habit, having slender
few species of almost cylindrical stems, sometimes neai'ly
Asclepiadacece, containing a
a hundred feet in height, surmounted by a
decumbent branching perennial herbs,'with
tuft of pinnate leaves, the leaflets of which
opposite hastate leaves, and sub-umbellate
are narrow, very regular and close together,
flowers, the calyx of which is five-parted,
and the corolla rotate and five-cleft, with a and generally hang downwards. The bases
of the leaf-stalks are dilated, and form
triple stamina! crown the divisions of the
:

cylindrical sheaths round a considerable

two inner whorls of the latter alternating
with the lobes of the outer whorl and with portion of the upper part of th e stem, gi ving
the anthers. [W. C] it a woollen appearance. Ten species are
known, all natives of the forests of tropical
EUSTIGMA oblongifolium. A
small tree South America, where they grow together
of South China, forming a genus cf Hama- in large masses ; some inhabiting moist
melidecB, distinguished chiefly by its long swampy places on the banks of rivers, and
broad flatstigmas. The flowers are in others extending a considerable height up
small loose heads, without any petals ex- the sides of mountains. Their fiower-spikes,
cept five small gland-like scales, and have which grow out horizontally from the
five stamens, with obtuse two-valved an- stem below the swelling of the leaf -stalks,
thers, and a half-inferior ovary. are simply branched, and the flowers are
seated in little furrows upon the branches,
EUSTOMA. A gentianaceous annual with bracts at their base: the males
plant, native of North America, the flowers and females being in pairs on the lower
of which are white, with a deeply five- parts of the branches, while the males are
cleft calyx, a funnel-shaped corolla, with most numerous on the upper parts. The
a contracted tube into the middle of fruits are of a dark purple colour, with a
which the stamens are inserted, and a thin fibrous fleshy rind, enclosing a single
large two-lobed stigma. [M. T. MJ seed.
edulis, the Assai Palm of Para, grows
ETTSTREPHUS. A genus of Liliacece, ,tinE.swampy places, particularly upon the
consisting of twining woody-stemmed
banks of rivers within the tidal limits,
plants, from the warmer parts of Austra-
lia, with elliptical or lanceolate leaves, and
where it attains a height of thirty or forty
feet, and has a stem about as thick as a
aggregate, pedicellate flowers, from the
axils of the leaves and the end of the stem.
man's arm, slightly bulged out at the base,
curved or leaning over. Its
The flowers are purplish, with a six-parted and generallyresembles a sloe in size and
fruit, which
spreading perianth, the inner divisions
colour,has a thin coating of clotted fibrous
fringed. [J.T. S.]
flesh, from which .the inhabitants of Para
ETJTASSA. A genus of coniferous manufacture a beverage called Assai. This
plants, sometimes considered as a section is prepared by throwing the ripe fruits into
of Araucaria, and including those species a vessel containing warm water, and allow-
which have been called needle-leaved, ing them to soak for about an hour, and
such as A. excelsa, Cunninghami, and then, the water being partly poured off,
Cookii. [See Araucaria.] The species in- kneading them thoroughly with the hands,
cluded under Eutassa are found in Austra- fresh cold water being occasionally added,
lia, as at Norfolk Island, Moreton Bay, until all the pulp is detached, when the
New Holland, and New Caledonia. As a liquid is separated by straining, and isthen
sub-genus of Araucaria, sometimes called fit for use. It is of a thick creamy consist-
Eutacta,it is thus defined: scales of the ence, and of a fine plum colour; and when
cone broadly winged; a distinct basilar svveetened with sugar, and thickened with
appendage to The seed anthers six to cassava farina, it is very nutritious, and
;

ten-celled cotyledons four.

; [J. H. B.] forms the greater part of the daily food of
481 EIjc JEriajgurj) al toahmtf. EVEL
a large number of the inhabitants of Pani, All the species are elegant and hardy.
•with whom Assai is a great favourite. French, Entoque. [C. A. J.]
E. montana, a West Indian species, is
cultivated in the hothouses of this country.
ETJTRIANA. A genus of grasses be-
longing to the tribe Cldoridece. The in-
It attains a height of about twenty feet,
florescence is for the most part in short
and has the base of its stern much swollen
racemose spikes spikelets one-sided, al-
or bulged out. The central portion of the
;

ternately sessile, two to three-flowered

upper part of the stem, including the leaf-
glumes two, keeled, the exterior larger
bud, of this and the other species is eaten
pales two, of thickish texture, the inferior
either when cooked as a vegetable or pick-
one three-cleft, the superior two-keeled.
led : but the tree must be destroyed in
order to obtain it. [A. S.]
The score of known species are nearly all
natives of South America. [D. M.]
EUTHALES. A goodeniaceous genus, EUTROPIS. An imperfectly described
native of the south-west coast of Austra- genus of Asclepiadacecc, containing a sin-
lia. It bears a tubular unequally five-cleft gle species, abundant in the Punjab, and
inferior calyx, a corolla cleft on one side forming a low twining fleshy lance-leaved
at the apex with a bilabiate limb, free undershrub. Its position is between Calo-
anthers, an undivided style, with theindu- tropis and Paratropis, having the angular
sium of the stigma bilabiate, and a four- and saccate sinuose corolla, membrane-
valved capsule. They are stemless herbs lipped anthers and corona of the former
with long-stalked nearly entire leaves, and the coronal leaflets cleft, and the
and yellow flowers. [R. H.] pollen masses oval and ventricose, as in
the latter. [W. C]
EETHEMIS. A genus placed by some
authors in Sauvagesiacece, and by others in EUXENIA. A genus of opposite-leaved
Ochnacece differing from any in the former
; Chilian shrubs belonging to the compo-
in its berried fruit, and from any in the site family, and distinguished amongst its
latter in the fruit being composed of five allies by each yellow flower-head being
united carpels, instead of numerous free entirely composed of unisexual florets,
carpels seated on a rounded and thickened all of which are tubular and five-toothed.
receptacle. It is composed of a few beauti- The leaves, somewhat rough to the touch,
ful little shrubs of the Malayan Archipelago, are broadly oval or lance-shaped; and the
having smooth rounded stems furnished globose yellow flower-heads usually grow
with alternate, elliptical or lance-shaped two or three together, and are stalked at
leaves beautifully and minutely serrulate the ends of the twigs, and about (half an
at the margins, and the glossy blades ex- inch across ; the achenes are four-sided,
quisitely marked with a great abundance without pappus. There are but two species.
of parallel nerves running at right angles E. grata, with broadly oval leaves, is called
to the midrib, the spaces between them by the Chilians Palo Negro the other, E.
;

forming a beautiful network of veinlets. Mat i qui, with lance-shaped leaves, is called
The flowers are white or tinged with pur- Matiqui. In both the leaves have a plea-
ple, and disposed in axillary or terminal sant aromatic scent. [A. A. B.]
compound racemes. [A. A. B.]
EVANESCENTI-VENOSE. When lateral
EUTHYSTACHYS. A genus of Stilbacece, veins disappear within the margin.
entirely confined toS. Africa, and differing EVAX. A genus of Composites, found
from its nearest ally, Campylostachys, in its in the Mediterranean region and in Cali-
straight, not curved, flower-spikes, whence fornia, and composed of a few minute
the name of the genus, and in the little tufted annual herbs, having all their parts
funnel-shaped corollas, which have a five- clothed with white wool like many of the
lobed instead of a four-lobed border. The cudweeds. In some species, as in E. erio-
only known species, E. abbreviata, is a sphcera, the whole plant does not exceed a
smooth shrub, with heath-like four-ranked quarter of an inch in diameter, and looks
leaves thickly set on the stems, which ter- like a little ball of wool, whence the spe-
minate in a bracted spike of flowers. From cific name. None of them exceed four
the other genera this differs in having a inches in height, and if branched the
calyx two of whose narrow segments are branches are not more than two inches
free, and three are united by their margins long, and terminate in a sessile flower-
nearly to the summit. [A. A. B.] head surrounded by a rosette of oblong
woolly leaves. The genus is chiefly dis-
ETTTOCA. Annual herbs belonging to tinguished among its allies by the elonga-
the Hydrophyllacece, of an erect habit, with ted cone-shaped receptacle on which the
rough leaves, and clusters of showy flowers. florets are seated, and by the achenes
They are natives of North America, especi- being destitute of pappus. [A. A. B.]
ally California, and are often grown in
European gardens. The species mostly EVELYNA. A numerous genus of South
cultivated are E. Menziesii or multiflora, American epiphytal orchids, found grow-
about eighteen inches high, with downy ing on stems and trunks of trees, and
narrow leaves, either entire or lobed, and readily known by their habit. They have
blue flowers. E. viscida is much branched, erect wiry stems, one to three feet high,
with heart-shaped deeply-cut toothed furnished with lance-shaped strongly rib-
clammy leaves, and elongated racemes of bed leaves, and terminating in a few-
blue flowers with a rose-coloured tube. flowered spike, the flowers enveloped by
even] €f)£ Ereagur^ at Matmxy, 482
long coloured bracts. The anther is two- what four-cornered, the limb very short
celled, with eight pollen masses attached and divided into several lobes, which are
in lours to a very short caudicle with a arranged in two rows, those of the outer
triangular gland. E. Caravata, from the row detached one from the other, those
West Indies and French Guiana, is in cul- of the inner confluent, and provided with
tivation. It has hispid stems a foot high, two teeth. The species are natives of
hearing long lance-shaped rough leaves, i
Costa Rica, and greatly resemble those of
and bright yellow flowers with a beauti- j
Carludovica. [M. T. M.]
fully fringed lip, almost hidden from view.
by long pink bracts. The genus bears the
EVOLUTIO. The act of developement.
name of John Evelyn, an eminent patriot |
EVOLVULTTS. A considerable genus of
of the seventeenth century. Elleanthns is j
Convolvulacece, containing nearly sixty de-
a synonym. [A. A. B.] i
scribed species, natives chiefly of tropical
America, but with one or two species from
EVENING FLOWER. Hespcrantha.
!
the warmer regions of the Old World.
EVENNESS. An absence of elevations or They are annual herbs, or have a perennial
depressions of the surface of any part or sometimes woody stock, and bear entire
organ. usually small nearly sessile leaves, and
small flowers on axillary peduncles, or in
EVERGREEN. Continuing to bear green
terminal spikes or racemes, with the
leaves all the year round. |

corolla campanulate or funnel-shaped, and

EVERNIA. A small genus of lichens angular or lobed. [W. C]
belonging to the usneoid tribe of Parme-
UacecE, differing from Eamalina in their
EVONYMDS. Euonymus.
having a distinct under-surface to the flat EVOSMIA. Tropical American shrubs
erect branched fronds. They are some- or small trees, belonging to the Cincho-
times prettily coloured, E. flavicans and nacea>, and having red flowers on slender
vulpina being of a beautiful yellow. E. axillary stalks, the corolla wheel-shaped,
prunastri is common in almost every the stamens short. The fruit is a four-
thicket, and was formerly ground down celled berry, crowned by the limb of the
with starch to make hair powder. It was calyx, and having an agreeable odour. Sir
used, at the instigation of Lord Dundonald, R. Schomburgh says that cases of poison-
as a substitute for gum in cotton-printing. ing among the Indians have arisen from
The yellow species contain two distinct their using the wood of one of these plants,
colouring principles, and of these E. vul- E. corymbosa, as a spit whereon to cook
pina is said to be poisonous to wolves. meat. [M. T.M.]
E. flavicans occurs in the south of England,
but prefers warmer regions. [M. J. B.]
EWALDIA. A genus of begoniads,
consisting of villous shrubby plants found
EVIA. A genus of Indian trees belong- in Brazil. Their staminate flowers have
ing to the Anacardiacece, and, judging four, and the pistillate five sepals; anthers
from description, so closely allied to Spon- oblong, with united filaments; style per-
dias as hardly to be distinguished from it. sistent, its branches surrounded by a con-
In Euia the filaments are awl-shaped, in tinuous papillose band, which makes two
Spondias thread-like. The fruits of Evia spiral turns ; placentas undivided, their
are edible. [M T. MJ transverse sections being ovate. There
are two known species, E.ferruginea and
EVITTATE. Not striped; destitute of E. lobata; both of them formerly included
vittae.
under Begonia. The genus is named in
EVODTA. A genus of small rutaceous honour of Dr. Ewald. of the Berlin
trees or shrubs, natives of tropical New Academy. [J. H. B.J
Holland and the Indian Archipelago. The EX. See E. But exo signifies outwards
flowers are disposed in a panicled manner,
or external, as in exogens and exintine,
and the flower-stalks are jointed in the
auasi exointine.
middle. The parts of the flower are four-
fold the calyx persistent the petals and
; : EXACUM. Erect branched annual herbs,
stamens inserted at the base of a cup- with opposite sessile leaves and showy,
shaped sinuous disc, which encircles the blue, yellow, or white flowers, belonging
lower part of the four ovaries the styles
; to the Gentianacece. The calyx is bell-
are four, becoming after a time fused into shaped and four-cleft ; the corolla salver-
one. The fruit consists of four carpels shaped, four-cleft, with an inflated tube
which separate. E. triphylla is a stove- the capsule globose, two-celled, many-seed-
shrub with white flowers. [M. T. M.] ed, and splitting the seeds minute. The
;

plant described by Sir J. Smith under the

EVODIANTHUS. A genus of Panda- name of Exacum filiforme is the Gentiana
nacew, consisting of climbing somewhat
filiformis of Linnaeus and the Cicendiaflli-
palm-like plants, with cleft leaves, and
formis of modern botanists. French, Gen-
monoecious flowers arranged on stalked
tianelle German, Kugelrbhre. [C. A. J.J
spadices, which are protected by three ;

bracts. The perianth of the male flower, EXADENTTS. Tropical American annuals
in which the distinguishing characters of of the gentian family, with linear leaves
the genus reside, is tubular, funnel-shaped and four-parted flowers, the corolla wheel-
and curved, the lower portion fleshy and tri- shaped, four-cleft, persistent, and each of
angular, the upper part bell-shaped, some- its four segments provided on the outside
I
483 £!)C &xca,£uvy of JSntang.
near the base with a sessile or stalked other parts being regularly disposed round
gland capsule two-seeded.
; [M. T. M.] it,as in the stem of a fir tree.
EXEMBRYONATE. A name given to
EXALBUMINOSE. Having no albumen. cryptogams in consequence of their spores
EXANTHEMATA. Skin diseases, not containing an embryo like the seeds of
blotches of leaves, &c. phamogams. Though, however, the spores
contain no embryo in the higher crypto-
EXAREOLATE. Not spaced out. gams, the archegonia contain a cell which
goes through the same process of cell-
EXARISTATE. Destitute of an arista, division as the embryonic cell in phasno-
awn, or beard. gams, sometimes producing a distinct
plant, sometimes only fruit. [M. J. B.]
EXASPERATE. Covered with hard
I

short stiff points. EXINDUSIATE. Not having an indu-

sium.
EXCENTRIC. Out of the centre.
EXINTINE. The middle coat of a pol-
EXCIPULE. That part of the thallus of I

len grain, or if three or four coatings are

a lichen which forms a rim and base to the present, then that which is next the in-
shield. Also a similar part in certain fun- tine.
j

gals.
EXOCARPUS. A genus of Thymelacece
EXCCECARIA. A small genus of spurge- j
or Daphnacece, though some refer it to a
worts consisting of about eighteen spe- separate order, Anthobolece. The flowers
cies, five or six of which belong to India, '

are sometimes perfect, at other times in-

while the remainder are natives of the complete. The perianth is four to five-
West Indies and Brazil. Most of them i
parted stamens four to five, inserted on
;

are woody shrubs, but a few form small the base of the perianth, the filaments
trees. Their leaves are usually alternate,
J

: short ovary free, one-celled the style

; ;

and either entire or with their margins very short, and the stigma capitate. Fruit,
toothed. The flowers are produced in cat- |
a single-seeded nut, supported on an en-
kins, some species having the males and i
larged berried peduncle. Trees and shrubs
females on distinct trees, and others bear- i of New Holland found also sparingly at
;

ing them in different parts of the same ! the Moluccas. They have scattered, often
catkin. The individual flowers have minute, leaves, which have no stipules
neither calyx nor corolla, but their place is I
flowers small in axillary spikes, with
occupied by a variable number of little caducous bracts, the flower-stalk enlarging
bracts. The fruit is three-celled. I
after fertilisation. There are four known
E. AgaUochitmwsLS atone time supposed j
species. [J. H. B.]
to yield the fragrant resinous Indian wood
called Agallochum, Aloes or Eagle wood, EXOCHORDA. A beautiful Chinese
which is now, however, known to be the bush of the rose family, cultivated in Eng-
produce of Aquilaria Agallochum, a plant land and quite hardy. It is remarkable
belonging to a totally different natural for the structure of its fruits, which con-
sist of five small compressed bony carpels
order. It is a native of India, where it is
commonly found growing in salt marshes, adhering round a central axis in a star-like
and is sometimes employed for strengthen- manner. From the axis or growing point
ing the banks of rivers in places within stand five erect placentary cords, which
the influence of the sea water. It forms a enter the carpels on their inner face near
small crooked tree or large branching the top, suspending from the apex two
shrub, with egg-shaped leaves, having thin seeds. These cords remain after the
round blunt teeth along their edges. The carpels have fallen, and have suggested
different sexes of the flowers are borne the name of the genus. The only species,
on distinct trees, the male catkins being E. grandifiord, is a smooth bush with al-
very long, and either solitary or in pairs, ternate nearly lance-shaped entire leaves,
while the females are much shorter, and the stems terminated byracemes of hand-
sometimes three together. "When the tree some white flowers, which appear in May,
is wounded, a white milky juice flowsf rom
and are nearly as large as those of the
it, which is of a very acrid nature, produc-
mock-orange they have a bell-shaped
;

calyx with a five-parted border, five

ing inflammation and ulceration if allow-
ed to come in contact with the skin. If it
rounded petals, and fifteen to twenty sta-
gets into the eyes it causes blindness.
mens. The plant bears also the name of
Spiraea grandiflora. [A. A. B.]
The wood is used for charcoal and firewood,
but the smoke from it is said to cause in-
J
EXOC4ENS. A name given to one of the
tolerable pain in the eyes. [A. S.] great classes of the vegetable kingdom,
Gu-?s<mia of Sprengel from Brazil, and corresponding with the Dicotyledons.
Gymnanthes of Swartz from the W. Indies, The name Exogen is derived from the
both monoecious, are included by modern Greek words signifying outwards and to
'
' '

authors in the present genus. |

grow,' meaning growing outwardly, and
has reference to the mode in which the
EXCRETIOX. Any superfluous matter
woody circles are produced, viz. from the
thrown off by the living plant externally.
centre outwardly towards the circum-
EXCURRENT. Running out. When ference. The age of an exogenous tree,
a stem remains always central, all the particularly in temperate climates, may be
exog] €f)£ CreaSurg at Sootanji, 484
determined by counting the number of i organic membrane to attract watery fluid
zones or circles in the woody stem, each through it.
circle marking one year's growth, and the
last-formed circle being external. All the
I EXOSTEMMA. A genus of tropical
trees or shrubs of the Cinchona family.
native trees of Britain are exogenous. The
I

characters of the class are given under

They have whitish or pink flowers of a
funnel-like form, the segments of the limb
the head Dicotyledons. [J. H. B.]
j
linear and rolled back the Ave stamens
;

EXOGENOUS. Growing by addition to I

project to a considerable distance from
the outer parts of the stem. the corolla, hence the name of the genus.
The ovary is two-celled, with a long style,
EXOGONIUM. A genus of Convolvulacece and almost undivided stigma capsule ;

very closely allied to Convolvulus and two-seeded some of the kinds are in culti-
:

Ipomcea, from both which it is distin- !

vation. The barks of the "West Indian
guished by its stamens projecting from !
species possess febrifugal qualities, as in
the tube of the corolla; and from the for- the closely allied Cinchona. [M. T. M.]
mer by its button-like stigma. E. Purga,
a Mexican climbing plant, with salver- I
EXOSTOME. The aperture in the outer
shaped purplish flowers, furnishes the integument of an ovule.
true Jalap tubers of commerce. These are
roundish, of variable size, the largest EXOSTOSIS. A name given to a dis-
eased condition in plants, in which hard
masses of wood are produced, projecting
like warts or tumours from the main
stem or roots. Most cases seem to arise
from tissues developed round adventi-
tious buds which do not properly break
through the bark. These are sometimes
completely concealed, as the knaurs in
beech, which are often quite free. Some-
times there is a continued multiplication
of fresh buds, and in proportion as these
are more or less developed, we have the
besom-like bodies on birch, or the rough
tumours on elms. Cypress knees, which
sometimes grow to a great size, and when
hollowed are used for beehives in the
i United States, grow by a similar disease
'

on the roots of Taxodium. Fine specimens

may be seen at Sion. The tumour at the
junction of a graft with its stock seems to
arise from some different cause, which is
not at present ascertained. [M. J. B.]
EXSERTED. Projecting beyond the
orifice of an organ.
Exogonium Purga.
EXSUCCOUS. Juiceless.
being about as large as an orange, and of EXTINE. The outer coat of a pollen
a dark colour. They owe their well-known grain.
purgative properties to their resinous in-
gredients, and hence worm-eaten tubers EXTRA. On the outside of, or beyond ;

are more valued than sound ones, as the as Extra- axillaris, beyond the axil; Extra-
foliarius, beyond a leaf; Extra-medianus,
insects eat the farinaceous and woody por-
tions of the tuber and leave the resin. Vari- beyond the middle.
ous species of Ipomcea are also said to fur- EXTRORSE. Turned outwards from
nish a spurious kind of jalap. [M. T. M.] the axis of growth of the series of organs
to which it belongs.
EXORHIZ.E. A name given to exoge-
nous or iicotyledonous plants, from the EYE. A term in gardening for a leaf-
mode in which the young root sprouts bud also for the centre or the central
:

when the seed isplaced in the ground. markings of a flower.

The term is derived from the Greek exo EYEBRIGHT. Euphrasia.
outwardly, and rhiza a root, meaning root
pushing outwardly, in allusion to it push- EYSENHARDTIA. A genus of Legumi-
ing out directly in a tapering manner, and nosce nearly related to Amorpha and Da-
not coming out in the form of numerous Ua, but differing from the former— which
rootlets through sheaths as in the Enclo- has only one petal, and that the standard —
rhiza, or monocotyledons. [J. H. B.] in iN corolla of five petals, and from the
latter, in its little sabre-shaped pod being
EXORHIZAL. That kind of germina- much longer than the calyx.
tion in which the point of the radicle itself
E. amorphoides is a much-branched shrub
becomes the first root.
or small tree, five to twenty feet high,
EXOSMOSE. That force which causes a found in Texas and Mexico its slender ;

viscid fluid lying on the outside of an ash-coloured branches are furnished with
485 £1)C €i'ca£ur» of 23 a tang, [fady
an abundance of pinnate leaves, and the pilionaceous (pea-like) flowers, or by their
little white pea-flowers are very numerous, fruit being a legume in other words, a pod
:

and disposed in dense racemes at the ends like that of the pea or bean. [J. H. BJ
of the twigs, succeeded by thin sabre-
shaped pods. The only other species, E. FABAGELLE. (Fr.) Zygophyllum.
spinosa, also a Mexican bush, has the ends
FABIAjSTA. A genus of South American
of its flower spikes hardened into spiny shrubs, belonging to the Solanacece. They
points after the flowers have fallen. The
have alternate scattered or overlapping
genus bears the name of C. W. Eysenhardt, leaves, and extra-axillary flower-stalks,
once professor in the university of Ko- bearing a single flower, with a tubular five-
nigsberg. [A. A. B.]
cleft calyx, andj funnel-like corolla, whose
FAAM, or FAHAM. Angrcecum fragrans. tube gradually dilated upwards, and
is
whose limb is divided into five short lobes.
FABA. The typical genus of the order The five stamens are included, and of un-
Fabacece or Leguminosce. It consists of an- equal length the anthers open by slits
;

nual plants rising from two to four feet the capsule is two-celled, included within
high, having smooth quadrangular hollow the persistent calyx, and divided by two
stems alternate pinnated leaves, formed
; valves. F. imbricata is a neat half-hardy
of from two to four pairs of entire oval leaf- shrub, of fastigiate habit, with white
lets :and numerous large white or violet flowers, and has much of the general ap-
highly fragrant blossoms, marked with dark pearance of a heath. [M. T. M.]
violet-coloured veins and blotches on the
petals. The seeds are produced within a FABRICIA. A genus of Myrtacem, con-
long green pod, or legume, and are round- sisting ofNew Holland shrubs, with broad
ish kidney-shaped, and more or less de- oblong glaucous dotted leaves, and solitary
pressed or flattened. axillary white or yellow flowers, with a
The common Bean, F. vulgaris, is a hardy bell-shaped adherent calyx-tube, and a five-
annual, generally believed to be a native cleft deciduous limb the five petals
;

of the shores of the Caspian Sea, as well as roundish, attached to the throat of the
of Egypt and other parts of the East. It is calyx numerous stamens, inserted with
;

a vegetable of very great antiquity, and isj the petals, and shorter than they and a ;

noticed in sacred history upwards of aj partly-adherent many-celled ovary, each

thousand years before the Christian era compartment containing several ovules
(2 Samuel xvii. 28). The earlier Greeks The fruit is a capsule opening at the top
and Athenians are stated to have cultivated through the backs of the valves. Two or
beans, and offered them as a sacrifice to three species are in cultivation. [M. T. M.]
their gods— a practice which, according to
Pliny, was in later times followed by the
FABRICOTTLIER, or FALABRIQUIER.
(Fr.) Celtis australis.
Romans. One of the noblest families of
ancient Rome— the Fabii— derived its name FACELIS. A little annual composite
from its ancestors having been celebrated plant found in Chili, and also on the op-
for the great success which attended their posite side of the continent. It resembles
culture of beans. Yet, strange to say, the a cudweed in appearance, and differs
most superstitious notions were enter- from its allies in having the tubular ray-
tained respecting their composition, and floretsfemale and in many series, and
fitness for being used as food for man, so those of the disk fewer in number, more
that some of the ancient philosophers en- slender, and perfect. The weak stems
joined their followers to abstain from seldom exceed eight inches high, and are
eating them. They appear to have been furnished with numerous narrow some-
known in this country from time im- what wedge-shaped leaves and the little ;

memorial when, or how, they were in-

; narrow flower-heads, containing pink-tip-
troduced we have no information it is, ;
ped florets, are clustered at the ends of the
however, generally supposed to have been stem. The achenes are silky, and crowned
by the Romans. with a pappus of one series of feathery
Among the industrious classes, beans hairs. [A. A. B.]
when full grown are a favourite vegetable,
and considered to be very nutritious to FACIES. The general appearance of a
persons with strong constitutions, but to plant.
those of a delicate habit they are not to be
recommended unless in a very young state,
FADYENIA. A curious West Indian
aspidioid fern, remarkable for having its
when, if properly dressed, they form an small sterile recumbent fronds broader
excellent dish. There are several varieties
than the fertile, and attenuated and proli-
in cultivation, which chiefly differ from
ferous at the point, the fertile being erect
one another in being tall or dwarf, early and blunt, almost covered by the two rows
or late or in the colour of the beans being
;
of sori. The only species is F. prolifera, a
brownish red, or green. [W. B. B.] dwarf plant but a few inches in stature,
FABACEiE. The bean or leguminous both forms of fronds being simple. The
family, a natural order of calycifloral fronds have netted veins, and are remark-
dicotyledons, better known by the name able for the large size of the sori, and the
Leg u.mvaosce, under which head their pecu- very much elongated sinus of the indu-
liar characteristics are described. The sium, which is reniform.
plants are distinguished either by their pa- The name Fadyenia has also been pro-
fafe] Qll)e €vzx<>ury at 2Sataug, 486
posed by Endlicher, for the Garry a Fady- sian Loganiaceai consisting of thick-leaved
[T. MJ trees or shrubs, sometimes found growing
I J

enii of Hooker. !

on loose mould that may have gathered

FAFEER. One names
I

of the Arabian of !

on the stems or forks of other trees. Their

Papyrus. chief distinguishing features consist In !

FAGARASTRUM. A genus of Amyri- the border of the tubular corolla being i

dacece, consisting of certain shrubs, natives five, rarely six to seven-lobed, the Jobes
of the Cape of Good Hope and of tropical twisted in the bud and in the fruit being
;

Africa, having hermaphrodite flowers with a two-celled berry. From most genera in
a short three to four-parted calyx, three to the family they are readily recognised by
four petals, and twice as many stamens, the the remarkably thick and leathery texture
alternate ones shorter than the rest, the of their smooth and entire, usually ellipti-
filaments thickened above the base, and cal or lance-shaped leaves. The flowers
the anthers large. Both petals and stamen s are white or cream-coloured, and often
are inserted into a kind of stalk, support- fragrant; in some very large, and thick
ing the three to four-celled ovary, in each in texture, with a trumpet-like tube, two
compartment of which are two ovules sus- to five inches long (in F. auriculata, one of
pended from the top. The fruit is as yet the largest-flowered species, with a border
unknown. [M, T. MJ six inches across) in others, where the
;

flowers are very numerous and disposed

FAGE. (Fr.) Fagus sylvatica.
in terminal corymbs, the corollas are much
FAGELIA. A genus of Leguminosce, smaller. The flowers are succeeded by
composed of a few twining herbs found in berries, which in the larger-flowered spe-
South Africa and Abyssinia. They are cies are of the size of a duck's egg, and
more or less clothed with yellowish clammy contain numerous seeds. Altogether they
hairs, and have ternate leaves somewhat have much the appearance of Gardenia,
like those of Phaseolus multiflorus, but and are chiefly distinguished by their
smaller, with nearly triangular leaflets. ovaries being superior. Upwards of thirty
Their pretty yellow pea blossoms are species are known. The name Cyrtophyl-
borne on long axillary racemes. The chief lum is sometimes given to some of the
distinguishing characters of the genus smaller-flowered species. [A. A. B.J
are, the deeply divided calyx, the obtuse
keeled petal longer than the wings, and
FAGUS. A
genus of Corylacece, dis-
tinguished by having triangular nuts en-
the two-seeded turgid pods, about half an closed within a spiny capsule or husk. The
inch long. [A. A. B.J
most important of the few species is F.
FAGHUREH of Avicenna. Xantlwxy- sylvatica, the Common Beech, a well-known
lon hastile. European tree, and a native also of Arme-
nia, Palestine, and Asia Minor. It forms a
FAGOPYRTJM. The common Buck- large and very handsome tree, especially
wheat and a few other species, of Asiatic when growing on chalky hills and though
;

origin, are included in this genus of Polij- its timber is not of the best quality, it is
gonacece. They are herbaceous plants, with found extremely useful for aA'ariety of pur-
erect branching stems, and heart-shaped'or poses, and is also one of the best kinds of
halbert-shaped leaves. The perianth is cut wood for fuel. The nuts or mast are, like
into five equal divisions, and does not acorns, much sought after by swine and in ;

increase in size along with the fruit, like some parts, where the tree abounds, the
that of some allied plants and the eight
; animals are driven into the beech-woods
stamens alternate with eight round glands. in autumn. A useful oil is also expressed
The fruit is three-sided, and not enveloped from the nuts. For a full account of the
in the perianth, like that of Polygonum uses of the Beech, the reader is referred to
the seed is mealy. Loudon's Arboretum Britannicum.
The common Buckwheat, or Brank as it There are some very ornamental varieties
is sometimes called, F. esculentum, is an of the common Beech to be met with in
annual plant with a branched stem, grow- cultivation as, for example, the Purple
:

ing two or three feet high. It is a native Beech, with purple leaves Copper Beech,
;

of central Asia, but has been so long ex- with copper-coloured leaves and Fern-
;

tensively cultivated, that it has become leaved Beech, with the leaves variously cut
naturalised in various parts of Europe. into narrow segments resembling the
In this country it is only grown to a small fronds of a fern. [T. M.J
extent, and principally for the purpose of
affording food for pheasants. On the con- FAIR MAID OF FRANCE. Ranuncu-
tinent, however, and also in some parts of lus aconitifolius fl. plena.
the United States, Buckwheat is largely FAIRY RINGS. Green circles or parts
employed for human food and the thin ;
of circles in pastures produced by various
cakes made of it are said to be very deli-
species of agarics and other Fungi. They
cious. As a food, its nutritious properties
appear to be generated in the following
are greatly inferior to wheat, but it ranks manner:-— A patch of spawn, according to
much higher than rice. In France it is the fashion of many Fungi, spreads centri-
called Sarrasin and Ble noir. The plant is
fugally in every direction, and produces
still sometimes called Polygonum Fagopy-
a crop at its extreme edge. The soil in
rum. [A. S.J
the inner part of the disc is exhausted,
FAGR.23A. A genus of Asiatic or Polyne- and the spawn there dies or becomes
 effete. The crop of fungi meanwhile '

FALSE BARK. That layer on the out-

perishes and supplies a rich manure to the ! side of the stem of an Endogen, which
grass, which is in consequence of a vivid consists of cellular tissue into which
green the parts within the ring, in conse-
: i fibrous tissue passes obliquely.
quence of former exhaustion, looking dry
and parched, and those beyond less luxu-
i

FALSE-NERVED. When veins have no

|
vascular tissue, but are formed of simple
riant from comparative want of manure, j
elongated cellular tissue ; as in mosses,
Thus, year after year, the ring increases in j

seaweeds, &c.
diameter till it attains dimensions of many i

yards across. If any accident happens to I

FAN-SHAPED. Plaited like a fan ; as
the spawn in the first instance, a part only ! the leaf of Borassus flabelliformis.
of the circle may be developed. Rings of
fungi often occur in woods, but as they
I

' FAN-VEINED. When the veins or ribs

are disposed like those of a fan.
grow amongst decayed leaves, the circles '

t
are seldom observed by any except pro- I FARIAM. In rows : thus bifariam, in
j
fessed mycologists. Marasmiiis oreades, i
two rows ; trifariam, in three rows, &c.
Agaricus ganibosus, and A. arvensis are
amongst the most prominent inhabitants
j
;
FARINACEOUS. Having the texture
of Fairy Rings. [M. J. B.]
albumen of wheat.
of flour, as the
|

' FARINOSE. Covered with a white mealy

FALCATE, FALCIFORM. Plane and substance as the leaves of Primula fari-
;
curved in any degree, with parallel edges, nosa.
like the blade of a reaper's sickle ; as the
pod of Medicago falcata. FAROUCHE. (Fr.) Trifoliumincarnatum.
FALCONERIA. The name of a few
FARRO. Polish wheat, Triticum poloni-
I

cum.
Indian trees of the spurgewort family,
very nearly related to Sapium, and chiefly
j

j
FARSETIA. A genus of Gruciferae, al-
differing in having the male and female lied to Alyssum, differing by the oblong
flowers on different instead of on the |
pouch containing numerous seeds which !

same tree. The species are trees of con- have the funic! e free from the body of
siderable dimensions, sometimes attaining the seed. They are natives of the Medi- ;

a height of sixty feet, the stems abound- terranean region and temperate Asia. ;

ing in a milky juice, the branches fur- Berteroa is scarcely different, the chief
nished with stalked smooth leaves, and distinction being that the partition of the \

the inconspicuous green flowers arranged pouch is destitute of the nerve which
in axillary tufted, erect or drooping spikes. I
occurs in Farsetia and Aubrietia has as
;

The fruits are about the size of a pea. The little claim to be separated on account of
genus bears the name of Dr. H. Falconer, its seeds not being margined. Small plants,
an English botanist and zoologist, distin- often shrubby at the base, with white,
guished for his discoveries in fossil yellow, or purple flowers. [J. T. S.]
zoology. It is referred to the Stiloginacece
by Lindley, but that family is now pretty
FASCIA (adj. FASCIATE). A cross band
of colour.
generally acknowledged to be a mere group
of Euphvrbiaceoe. [A. A. B.] FASCIATED. When
a stem becomes
FALKIA A genus of Convolvulacece,
much flattened instead of retaining its
usual cylindrical figure, as in the cocks-
containing two species, one of which is I

comb, &c.
scattered pretty generally over the world,
and the other confined to Mexico. They FASCIARIUS. Narrow; very long, with |

are small creeping pubescent herbs, with- the two opposite margins parallel, as the '

out milky juice, and have reniform petio- leaves of the seawrack.
late entire leaves, and ebracteate one-
flowered axillary peduncles. The calyx is FASCICLE, FASCICLED, FASCICU-
LATED. When several similar- things
|

five-parted, and the corolla campanulate

!

and five-cleft. [W. C] proceed from a common point, as the !

leaves of the larch, or the tubers of a j

PALLING STARS. The popular name dahlia.

in many districts of the common JSfostoc, FASCICULATO-RAMOSE. When branch-
which often surprises by its sudden ap- es or roots are drawn closely together so !

pearance on gravel walks, after a shower, as to be almost parallel.

where it was unnoticed just before. Dry-
den alludes to this substance when singing FASTIGIATE. Tapering to a narrow i

of fairies in the following lines, more fan- point, pyramidal ; as the branches of the
ciful than truly poetical :— Lombardy poplar.
And lest our leap from the sky prove too
FAT PORK. Clusiaflava.
far, FAU. (Fr.) Fagus sylvatica.
"We slide on the back of a new falling
star,
FAUR.EA. A genus of Proteacece, con-
taining a single species, F. saligna, distin-
And drop from above
guished by having a club-shaped tubular
In a jelly of love. [M. J. B.]
silky calyx with a four-cleft limb; four
FALL POISON. Amianthium rnuscce- ! stamens, with short filaments, attached to
j
tox-icum. i the segments of the calyx and an ovary
; .
,
FAUS] ®l)C $nr£a£ur|) at Botanu. 4S8
covered with silky hairs, and crowned with FAYARD. (Fr.) Fagus sylvatica.
a filiform style and oblong stigma. The FEA-BERRY. The Gooseberry, Ribes
fruit is a hearded nut, tipped with the per- Grossularia.
manent style. It is a small tree of South
Africa, with alternate lanceolate acute FEATHERFOIL. An American name
subfalcate shining leaves, and bearing for Hottonia.
its flowers in solitary terminal densely FEATHER-YEINED. Having veins
crowded spikes. [R. H.]
which proceed from a midrib at an acute
angle.
FAUSSE-AIRELLE. (Fr.) Gaylussacia.
OAMPANULE. Michauxia campanu- FEATHERY. Consisting of long hairs
loides. — -GESSE. Vicia lathyroides. — which are themselves hairy, as the pappus
-IRIS. Morcea iridioides. —
-JOUBARBE. of Leontodon Taraxacum.
Gregoria Vitaliana. —
-LYCHNIDE. Nyc-
PAQUERETTE. FEDIA. A genus of small succulent
terinia Lychnidea. annuals belonging to the Valerianacea?,
Bellium bellidioides. RENOXCULE. distinguished from Valeriana by having
Anemone ranunculoides. VIPERINE. the fruit crowned with unequal teeth in-
Onosma echioides. stead of a feathery pappus. There are
FAUX. The orifice of a calyx or corolla, several British species all of similar habit,
FAUX-ACACIA. (Fr.) Robinia. — -AR-
growing from six to eight inches high.with
Armeria Pseudo-Armeria. —
slender repeatedly-forked stems, oblone
MERIA.
-BAGUENAUDIER. Coronilla Emerus. —
spathulateleaves, and very minute whitish
flowers, some few of which are solitary in
-COTONNIER. Gomphocarpus fruticosus.
DRAGONNIER. Yucca Braconis. — the upper forks of the stem, the rest
crowded into terminal leafy heads. F.
-EBENIER. Cytisus Laburnum. FRA- olitoria, Corn Salad, or Lamb's Lettuce, is
SIER. Potentiila Fragariastrum. HE- the most frequent, and is a common weed
LIOTROPE. Toumefortia. — -INDIGO. in cornfields and other cultivated ground.
Amorpha fruticosa. JALAP. Hirabilis
Under the names of Mache, Bour.vAtc,
Jalapa. — -LISERON. Polygonum Convol- Doucette,K\\6. Blanch ette, this species is still
vulus. —--MUSCARI. Muscari monstrositm. commonly cultivated on the continent; as
— -NARCISSE. Narcissus Pseudo-Narcis- well as another species with large leaves
sus. NEFLIER. Pyrus Chamcemes- called Mache d' Italic or Regeuce. The genus
pilus. NERPRUN. Hippophae rham- Fedia is included by some botanists under
noides. — -PARTHENIUM. Anthemis Valerianella. [C. A. J.]
partlienioides. — -PERSIL. sEthusa Cy-
napium. — -PIMEXT. Solanum Pseudo- FEEA. A small genus of hymenophylloid
capsicum. P1STACHIER. Staphylea ferns, separated from Trichomanes by their
pinvata. PLATANE. Acer Pseudo- dimorphous fronds, and from Hymeno-
Platanus. SAFRAN. Carthamus tinc- stachys, which has dimorphous fronds, by
their free veins. They are dwarf tropical
torius. SAPIN. Abies excelsa. — SlSXE. subpellucid plants, with the sterile fronds
Colutea arboresceus. TETTCRIUM. Ver- pinnatifld or pinnate, and the fertile ones
bena teucrioides. — -THUIA. Cupressus reduced to a mere spike with marginal
thum'des. TREMBLE. Pnpulus tremu- cyolis containing the spore-cases. [T. MJ
loides. TURBITH. Thapsia villosa.
FAVA DE IGNACIO. Anisosperma
FEELER-WORT. Catasetum.
S.
Passijiora. FELICIA. A genus of Composites, sepa-
rated from Aster chiefly by its short uni-
FAVEOLATE. Honeycombed. The same serial withering pappus, the hairs of which
as Pavose. are filiform, flexuose, and serrulate. They
FAVILL^F. A
term applied by algolo- are herbs orsuffruticose plants of the Cape
gists to those capsules in Algce in which of Good Hope, with branching stems, nar-
the nucleus, consisting of many spores, is row alternate leaves, and flower-heads
formed within a single mother-cell, as in with usually white or blue rays. One of
Ceramium. When several contiguous cells the species, F. Unella, is sometimes cul-
are fertile, the group is called afavillidium. tivated among annuals under the name of
Sometimes a coccidium, when enclosing a Aster tenellus. [T. M.]
multitude of nuclei, or favilla?, is called a
favillidium. [M. J. B.]
FELLEUS. Bitter as gall.

FAVIOLLE A BOUQUETS. (Fr.) Pha-

FELWORT. Sivertia; also an old name
for Gentiana lutea.
seolus multiflorus.
FAVOSE. Excavated in the manner of
FELOUGNE. (Fr.) Chelidonium majus.
a section of houeycomb, as the receptacle FENDLERA. The shrub so named in
of many composites. honour of a well-known botanical collector,
belongs to the order Philadelphacece. The
FAYOSO-AREOLATE. Divided into
tube of the calyx is marked with eight
spaces resembling the cavities of honey- ridges, the limb four-parted petals four,
;
comb. deltoid, stalked, irregularly notched sta- :

FAVOSO-DEHISCEXT.'Appearinghoney- mens eight, the filament prolonged be-

comlied after dehiscence, as the anther of yond each side of the anther, into a linear
Viscum. lobe, and the anthers provided with a
 -AS 9 €\yz KxzkSuxx) at 330tarcg. [fern
: small spiny point ; styles more
or less con- or present in the outer florets in the form i

solidated, permanent on the four-celled of two to five scales. [A. A. B.]

:
capsular fruit. [M. T. MJ
FERDINANDEZIA. A genus compris-
FENESTRA (adj. FENESTRATE). An ing ten species of epiphytal orchids from
i

opening through a membrane, like a win- tropical America. They differ more in
dow in a wall. habit than character from Oncidium; and
FENNEL. Fceniculum vulgare. — AZO- have slender stems thickly covered with
,

REAN. Fceniculum dulce. — GIANT. ,

overlapping triangular leaves, the edges,
Ferula. — HOG'S, or SOW. Peucedanum
instead of the flattened portion, pointing
,

officinale. — SWEET. The Finocchio,Fos-

upwards; the flowers are small, yellow,
,

niculum dulce.
and disposed in axillary racemes or panicles
from the axils of the upper leaves the ;

FEXNEL-FLOWER. Nigella. two pollen-masses are pear-shaped, with-

out a caudicle, and attached to a small
FENOPIL. (Fr.) Fcenicuhim. — BA- ,
ovate gland. The species have much in
TARD. Anethum graveolens. — DE MER. common. Lockhartia is another name for
Crithmum maritimum. — DE PORC. Peu-
the genus. [A. A. B.]
cedanum officinale.

FENUGREEK. Trigonella Fcenum grce-

FERDINANDPSA, or FERDINANDIA.
cum. These names both refer to the same genus
of Cinchonacece; which consists of Brazilian
FENP-GREC. (Fr.) Trigonella Fcenum trees,with leathery leaves and the flowers ;

grmcum. in panicles, with a funnel-shaped corolla,

: FENZLIA. A genus of tropical New whose limb is divided into four ovate
Holland shrubs, belonging to the Melasto- notched revolute segments, and four sta-
macece. They are covered by bran-like mens slightly protruding from the corolla.
j

scales, and have thick entire leaves, and The fruit is a two-celled capsule bursting
rose-coloured flowers on short axillary by two valves, which separate also from
the calyx, which is cleft lengthwise; the
i

I stalks. The calyx has two bracts at the

base, a globose tube, and a limb of five seeds are winged. DM. T. M.]
j

acute, spreading segments; petals five;

! stamens numerous, shorter than the petals, FER-A-CHEVAL. (Fr.) Uippocrepis uni-
siliquosa.
: with globular anthers, whose two cells are
separated by a thickened connective, and FERN, BEECH. Polvpodmm Phegopteris.
— BLADDER. Cystopteris. — BRISTLE.
|

which open by long clefts. The fruit is a , ,

berry, crowned by the calyx-limb, one-cell- Trichomanes. — BUCKLER. Lastrea. ,

ed, one-seeded by abortion. [M. T. M.] — CINNAMON. Osmunda cinnamomea.

,

— CLIMBING. Lygodium. — FEMALE.

j

I The name Fenzlia dianthiflora is applied , ,

in gardens to a beautiful dwarf Calif ornian Athyriwn Filix-foemina also Lastrea The- ;

lypteris, and Pteris aquilina. — FILM. Hy-

i

annual belonging to the Polemoniacew, ,

which in cultivation forms a closely rami- menophyllum. — FLOWERING. Osmun- ,

fied spreading tuft, bearing a profusion of da, and also Anemia. — HARD. Blechnum ,

its delicate rosy-tinted flowers with a Spicant. — HARE'S-FOOT. Davallia ca-

,

yellow throat, surrounded by five dark- nadensis. — HOLLY.

Polystichum Lon-
,

coloured dots. These flowers have a tubu- chitis. — , LADY. Athyrium Filix-fwmina.
lose-campanulate deeply five-cleft calyx, -,LIP. Cheilanthes. —, MAIDEN-HAIR.
and a funnel-shaped corolla, with broad Adiantum Capillus Veneris. MALE. — ,

spreading obovate dentate limb segments. Lastrea Filix-mas. — MARSH.

, Lastrea
This plant is more correctly called Gilia Thelypteris. — , MOPNTAIN. Lastrea
dianthoides. [T. MJ OAK. Polypodium Dryopte-
montana. — ,

FER, FERPS.
ris. — OSTRICH. Struthiopteris. —,
A Latin termination PARSLEY. Allosorus crispus also some- ;
signifying the carrying of something, as times applied to Athyrium Filix-fosmina
florifer, the carrier of flowers. crispum. — , POD. Ceratopteris tlialic-

FERRPGINOPS. Light brown, with a

troides. — , RATTLESNAKE. Botrychium
mixture of
virginicum. — ROYAL. Osmunda rega-
,
little red.
lis. — ROYAL
, of Calabar. Litobrochia
FERDINANDA. A genus of yellow- Currori. — , SCALE. Ceterach. —.SENSI-
flowered Mexican bushes of the Composite TIVE. Onoclea sensibilis. — , SHIELD.
family, nearly allied to Heliopsis, from Aspidium. —
STONE. Allosorus crispus.
,

which they are easily recognised by having —,SV?$.PolypodiumPhegopteris.—,S,WETiiT.

numerous small flower-heads arranged in Lastrea fragrans and montana. SWORD. — ,

corymbs at the ends of the branches, in- Xiphopteris. — , TARA. Pteris esculenta.
stead of single and large flower-heads. — WALKING. Camptosorus rhizophyllus.
,

The alternate or opposite leaves are rough ;

— WALL. Polvpodmm vulgare. —
,

and the flower-heads have an involucre of WATER. Osmunda. —.WOOD. A name,

one to three series of narrow scales, the applied to the American Lastreas.
outer row of florets being strap-shaped FERN-BPSH, SWEET.
and female, the inner tubular and perfect.
An American
name for Comptonia asplenifolia.
I The achenes are four-sided, each embraced
i
by a chaffy scale, and seated on a conical FERN-ROOT, TASMANIAN. The cau-
, receptacle; the pappus is entirely absent, dex of Pteris esculenta.
fern] Cf)e Creagurg at 3&atmxy. 490
FERNS. The highest of the sub-groups Sicily, where the pithin the interior of the
of Acrogens, technically called FlLlCES : stem is used for tinder. F. persica, a dwarf
which see. species, was formerly supposed to be the
source of asafoetida, but the greater por-
FBRONIA. The Wood-apple or Elephant- tion of this drug is the produce of Narthex
apple tree of India, F. elephantum, is the
Asafoetida. F. orientalis and F.tingitana are
only species belonging to this genus of said to yield African Ammoniacum.a gum-
Aurantiacece. It is common t hroughout In- '•

resin like asafcetida, but less powerful.

dia, Ceylon, and Burmab, and forms a large
Sagapenum, a similar drug, is supposed
tree, yielding a hard, heavy wood, of great
j

likewise to be the produce of some species

strength but not durable. When wounded,
I

of this genus, but great uncertainty pre-

there flows from it a transpai-ent gum,
I

vails on the subject. [M. T. M.]

which is mixed with other gums and sent j

to this country under the name of East j

FESTUCA. A very extensive genus of
Indian Gum Arabic. The tree has pinnate, grasses, typical of the tribe Festucece. The
leaves composed of shining stalkless I
species haveeitherapanicledorracemed in-
leaflets, and the flowers are arranged in florescence, with flattened spikelets, which
racemes, containing a mixture of male, are two to many-flowered glumes two, un-
;

female, and perfect blossoms these have

; equal, thinner than the pales, which latter
a flat five-toothed calyx, five (occasionally are ribbed,rounded on the back, acute, with
four or six) white spreading petals, ten the setae terminal or nearly so; stamens
stamens, and a five-celled ovary. The three, rarely one to two styles two, short
;

fruit, which is about the size of an apple, stigmas feathery. The genus embraces
has a very hard, rough, woody rind, and about 200 species, which have a wide geo-
contains a pulpy flesh with numerous graphical range over nearly the whole sur-
seeds imbedded in it. This pulp is eat- face of the globe, and are divided into four
able, and, like that of the Bengal quince, sections, namely, Nardurus, Schlerochloa,
which is the fruit of a closely allied tree, it Yulpia, and true Festucece. There are nine
exerts a beneficial action in cases of dys- of the species natives of Britain, and among
entery and diarrhoea a jelly resembling
; them some of our most valuable meadow
black currant jelly is also prepared from and pasture grasses. F. pratensis, the
it. The leaves have an odour like that of Meadow Fescue, and F. duriuscula, the
anise, and the native Indian doctors em- Hard Fescue, are both excellent kinds, and
ploy them as a stomachic and carmina- highly prized for agricultural purposes.
tive. [A. S.] F. ovina, the Sheep's Fescue, is important
for subalpine pastures, whene it grows
FERRARIA. A genus of Cape Iridaceo?, freely, and is much relished by sheep. It
with tuberous rhizomes, simple or panicu-
is also useful for forming lawns, where
lately branched stems, two-ranked ensi-
the grass is required to be kept short and
form thick nervose glaucous leaves, and
neatly dressed- Many of the foreign spe-
very fleeting flowers, which consist of a
cies are also useful for the same purposes,
six-parted perianth, with oblong undulated v
especially F, heterophylla, Halleri, and
spreading or reflexed segments, the ex-
terior ones being broader than the others
valesiaca. Although the Fescue grasses
;
are rather remarkable among the family,
three stamens, with the filaments connate
for the large quantity of saccharine matter
into a tube and a three-celled many-
;
in their composition, one species, F. qua-
seeded ovary, surmounted by a filiform
dridentata, is said to be poisonous in Quito,
style, and three dilated petaloid multifid
stigmas. The flowers ai'e highly curious,
where it is called Pigonil. See Lindleifs
Vegetable Kingdom, p. 113, [D. MJ
but dingy, and very fugacious. [T. M.]

FERTILE. Having the power of pro- FETID. Having a disagreeable smell of

ducing perfect seeds or fertilised
any kind.
; or ;

producing a large quantity of seeds. FETUQUE. (Fr.) Festuca. — DES BRE-

FERULA. A genus of Umbelliferce. BIS. Festuca ovina. — TRACANTE. Fes-
tuca rubra.
characterised by the presence of com-
pound umbels, variable involucres, a five- FEUILL^EA. A
genns of tropical Ame-
toothed calyx, ovate pointed petals, and rican Cucurbitacecv, belonging to the small
compressed fruits: each half of which is section of that order which is distinguished
surrounded by a membranous border, by the anthers not being sinuous. The
and has three thread-like ridges, the two species are perennial herbaceous plants,
lateral ones losing themselves in the wing- with rather woody stems, climbing up
like margin. There are three or more trees to a great height and supporting
channels for oil in the furrows between themselves by means of tendrils, which are
the ridges, and four on the surface that said to proceed from the axils of the leaves,
touches the other half of the fruit. instead of from the sides as in the common
The species are natives of the Mediter- gourd. They have large, roundish, smooth
ranean and Persian regions, with tall- leaves, frequently lobed, and the male and
growing pithy stems and deeply-divided female flowers are borne on distinct plants,
leaves, the segments of which are fre- both having a five-lobed calyx, and a
quently linear. F. communis attains some- wheel-shaped corolla with five divisions.
times in English gardens a height of The fruit is globular and has a woody shell,
fifteen feet, and is known under the name marked with a scar which forms a zone
of Giant Fennel. It is a common plant in round it, and shows the division between
 491 E5e STrsa^urg nf 2Sntaitg. [fica

the enlarged calyx and the shell of the and nine petals instead of five ; in
other all
fruit it contains a number of large fiat
; respects it is a true crowfoot indeed, ;

seeds embedded in solid flesh, and does our native species, F. ranunculoides, is
not split open when ripe. notunfrequently described under the name
F. cordifolia is the Sequa or Cacoon An- i
of Ranunculus Ficaria. Though called
tidote of Jamaica, where it is a common :
Small Celandine and Lesser Celandine,
plant in shady woods, climbing to a great it is totally distinct from the true celan-
height up the trunks of trees. The fruits dine (Chelldonium). Being one of the i

are four or five inches in diameter, and :

earliest of British flowering plants, and its i

contain from twelve to fifteen large flat- ]

petals being of a beautiful golden-yellow, f

seeds, which possess purgative and emetic I

and its leaves a glossy green, it is a gene- '

properties and have an intensely bitter ral favourite. Its roots consist of a num- j

taste. In Jamaica the negroes- employ ber of small fleshy tubers, which store up
them as a remedy in a variety of diseases, nourishment like bulbs during the whole
j

and consider them to be an antidote of the summer and autumn. Gerarde's

against the effects of poison they also ; description of its duration is worth quot-
obtain a large quantity of semi-solid fatty i
ing for its accuracy and quaintness ' It :

oil, which is liberated by pressing and boil- !

commeth forth about the calends of March,
ing them in water. 1

and floureth a little after; it beginneth

The seeds of an allied species called to fade away in Aprill, it is quite gone in
Abilla in Peru, contain so much oil thatthe May, afterwards it is hard to be found,
Peruvians use them for making candles. yea, scarcely the root.' This might be
These are made by cutting cubical pieces taken for an allegorical epitome of the <.

of the seed and stringing them upon a life of man. The young leaves of Ficaria, \

thin piece of stick, the point of which is according to Linnaeus, are sometimes used
lighted. The candles thus rudely con- as greens in Sweden. A
variety with
structed, burn well, with a tolerably clear double flowers is occasionally cultivated.
light, and, not being readily extinguished French, Petite Chelidoine German, Feigen-
;

by wind, are commonly used in the open- ranunkel. [C. A. J.]

air processions of the Roman Catholic The trivial name of Pilewort has been
Church. Another curious use is made of bestowed upon this plant from the struc-
these Abillaseeds the shell is lined with a
: ture of its tubercles, which grow in bun-
soft felt-like substance, which when dry dles of small tubers, so like the shape of
forms an excellent tinder, and the Indian, those excrescences which occur in the
by rapidly twirling a pointed stickupon it, more distressing cases of piles (haemor-
soon obtains a light thus the same seed
; rhoids), that our forefathers, who chose
furnishes him with his candle, and with their medicines, not from a knowledge of
tinder for lighting it. [A. S.] the properties and qualities of the plants,
but from a kind of fancy as to Nature's ex-
FEVE, or F. DE MARAIS. (Fr.) Faba ternal impress indicating innate virtues,
vulgaris. adopted it as a remedy for this malady.
FEVER-BUSH". An American name Culpepper is most enthusiastic in describ-
for ing its virtues: 'Here is another secret
Benzoin.
for my countrymen and women— a couple
FEVERFEW. Pyrethrum Parthenium. of them together. Pilewort made into an
—, BASTARD. Parthenium Hyster cypher us. oil, ointment, or plaster, readily cures
both the piles, or haemorrhoids, and the
FEVEROLLE. (Fr.) Faba vulgaris. king's-evil. The very herb borne about
FEVERWORT. Triosteum. one's body next the skin helps in such ;

diseases, though it never touched the

FEVIER. (Fr.) Gleditschia. — D'AME- place grieved. Let poor people make much
j

RIQUE. Gleditschia triacanthos. for their uses. With this I cured my own j

daughter of the king's-evil.' Confident as

FIBRE, ELEMENTARY. That thread are these assertions, yet the use of the
I

which is turned round the interior of the plant is all but discontinued in the present
I

tubes that are called spiral vessels, or of day,' medical practitioners very properly
any similar kind of tissue. looking for sounder principles than those
derived from the doctrine of similitudes.
FIBRILL.E (adj. FIBRILLOSE). The In Green's Universal Herbal we find the
!

roots of lichens any kind of small thread- !

;
following observations :—' The particular
shaped root also applied occasionally j

;
form of the roots probably recommended
among fungals to the stipe. this plant as a cure for the piles and this ;

FIBROUS. Containing a great propor- fancied quality was the origin of the Eng-
lish name. The roots are sometimes wash-
j

tion of woody fibre; as the rind of a I

cocoa-nut. ed bare by the rains and this induced the

; i

ignorant and superstitious to imagine that

FIBRO-VASCELAR. Consisting of it rained wheat, to which the uncovered
woody tissue and spiral or other vessels. I

tubercles bear a little resemblance.' That

FICAIRE. (Fr.) Ficaria ranunculoides. this plant, from these and other reasons,
was long considered as a 'herb of grace,'
FICARIA. This genus is distinguished there can be no doubt however, it is at
;

from Ranunculus by its having three de- present looked upon principally as a weed
ciduous instead of five persistent sepals, I which can best be got rid of, when trouble-
 some, by opening drains and thinning: out lobed, and rough. The fruit is generally
trees or thickets. [J. B.] shortly turbinate, but some varieties are of
an elongated pyriform shape the skin soft,
FICINIA. A genus of cyperaceous plants with
;

shallow longitudinal furrows the

belonging to the tribe Scirpece. The in- ;
'

colour yellowish-white, greenish-brown,

florescence either in solitary spikes or in
is
purplish-brown, violet, or dark purple. j

conglomerated heads of spikes. Scales im- It consists of a hollow fleshy receptacle

bricated, some of the lower empty styles ;
with an orifice in the top, which is sur-
three-cleft, rarely two-cleft ovary with a
;
rounded and nearly closed by a number of
fleshy disc; achenes sharply pointed or
imbricated scales— as many as 200, accord-
j
muticous. There are upwards of forty ing to Duhamel. The flowers, unlike those
species, nearly all of which are natives of
of most fruit-trees, make no outward ap-
South Africa. [D. M.]
pearance, but are concealed within the
FICOIDALES. One of Lindley's alliances fig on its internal surface they are male
;

of perigynal Exogens, represented by Me- and female, the former situated near the
sembryanthemum. orifice, the latter in that part of the con-
cavity next the stalk. On cutting open a
|
FICOIDE. (Pr.) Mesembryanthemum. fig, when it has attained little more than
FICOIDE.E, or Fig-Marigold family. A one-third its size, the flowers will be seen
natural order of calycifloral dicotyledons, in full development, and, pi-ovided the
the type of Lindley's ficoidal alliance. The stamens are perfect, fertilisation takes
order is better known as Mesembryacece or place at that stage of growth. But it often
Mesembryanthemacece. [J. H. B.] happens that the stamens are imperfect,
and no seeds are formed nevertheless the
;

FICUS. A
genus of Moracece, including fruit swells and ripens.
the cultivated Fig. The flowers are usually Under favourable circumstances, a fruit
incomplete, collected on axillary recep- or two is formed along the shoots at the
tacles, which are either stalked or sessile, base of almost every leaf. Of these the
pear-shaped or globular, with three bracts quantity that sometimes attains maturity
at the base. There is a four to six-leaved is enormous; but frequently, from vicissi-
perigone in the staminate flowers one to
; tudes of cold in some climates and heat in
six stamens; and in the pistillate a one- others, much of the fruit drops prema-
celled ovary. The fruit consists of gjobose turely. It may not do so at the time when
or angular achenes, with a dry thin rarely dryness prevails, but at some future period
pulpy pericarp. They are erect or creep- when moisture is sufficiently abundant in :

ing trees or shrubs, found in Southern fact, the injury caused by drought to this
Europe and Africa, and in large numbers fruit becomes most apparent after moisture
in the warm parts of India, and in the is- has started the tree into vigorous growth,
lands of the Indian Sea and of the South- and hence the true but remote cause of
ern Ocean. They have alternate rarely op- failure in the crop is apt to be overlooked.
posite entire or lobed leaves. There are And if this be sometimes the case now, it
nearly 160 known species. Of the cultivat- was much more likely to be generally so in
ed Fig there are a vast number of varieties. former times, when there was among cul-
The part eaten is the hollow receptacle tivators but little intelligence as regards
which contains the flowers. The achenes, tracing effects to their causes. Accord-
or, as they are commonly called, seeds, are ingly, to prevent the fruit of the Fig tree
ultimately immersed in the pulpy mass of from dropping prematurely, and to hasten
the receptacle. Turkey figs are imported its ripening, the process of caprification
from Smyrna in small boxes called drums. was resorted to. This consisted in placing
From the old genus Ficus, Miquel has the fruit of a wild sort, called the Caprifig,
separated the genus Urostigma, Pharma- amongst the cultivated ones. An insect
cosycea, Pogonotrophe, Sycomorus, Covillia, of the gnat family infests the former,
and Syncecia. See Plate 6, figs, a, f; and which it leaves to attack the latter, en-
Plate 10, fig. b. [J. H. B.] tering to the interior of the fruit by the ori-
The Fig of our gardens is the F. Carica fice. It is a very ancient practice, for it is
of botanists. The name Ficus applied to mentioned by the earliest Greek writers
this very anciently known fruit, is most on natural history, and is even minutely
probably derived from Feg, its Hebrew described by Theophrastus. It appears to
name; that of Carica is from Caria in Asia have originated in Greece. Pliny remarks
Minor, where fine varieties of it have long that it was only used in the islands of
existed. According to various authors, it the Archipelago ; that, in his time, it was
is a native of Western Asia, Northern entirely unknown to the Italians and ;

Africa, and the south of Europe, including that there was no tradition of its ever
Greece and Italy. It is certainly indige- having been introduced to Syria or Pales-
nous to Asia Minor but it may have been
; tine. Its utilitywas doubted by some
thence introduced and naturalised in the authors, and among others by the celebrat-
islands of the Mediterranean, and the coun- ed Duhamel. He thought it' questionable
tries near its shores, both in Europe and whether by caprification the maturity of
Africa. the fruit was hastened, except in the same
The Fig is a deciduous tree, fifteen to way as apples and pears are when attacked
twenty or even thirty feet high in favour- by the grub. Professor Gasparrini, in an
able cfimates. The alternate leaves are cor- essay written for the Roval Academy of
date, more or less deeply three to five- Sciences of Naples, details a number of
 experiments which he had made, and which was that Carthage, the rival of i

repeated in different years. Their results Rome, was utterly destroyed.

led to the conclusion that caprification is Only six varieties of Figs were known in
useless for the setting and ripening of the Italy in the time of Cato. Others were in-
I

! fruit, and instead of making the figs re- troduced from Negropont and Scio, ac-
j

|
main on the tree, it either causes or facili- cording to Pliny, who gives a catalogue of
tates their fall, especially when the insect thirty sorts. The fig may have been in-
I
1

'

has penetrated into the inside, and pro- troduced into Britain, along with the vine,
|

duced decay by its own death. According by the Romans, or subsequently by the
;

to Gasparrini, the practice of caprification monks. But if it had, it seems to have

i

:
ought to be abolished, as it entails expense, disappeared till brought from Italy by
I

and deteriorates the flavour of the figs. Cardinal Pole, either when he returned
[

The French naturalist, Oliver, says it is from that country in 1525, or after his
i

. being abandoned in some islands of the second residence abroad in 1548. In either
|

Archipelago where it was formerly prac- case the identical trees which he brought,
I

tised, but in which excellent figs are still and which were planted in the garden of the
produced. We have thought it necessary Archiepiscopal Palace at Lambeth, have
j

;
to briefly notice the operation, as so much certainly existed for more than 300 years.
has been written with regard to its pre- This proves that the fig lives to a great
sumed advantageous effects ;but from age, even under less favourable circum-
what has been stated, it will be seen that, stances than it enjoys in its native country.
according to the investigations of modern Another tree, brought from Aleppo by
science, it is proved to be not only unne- Dr. Pocock, was planted in the garden of
cessary, but positively injurious. one of the colleges at Oxford in 1648.
Figs have been used in the east as an Having been injured by fire in 1809, the
article of food from time immemorial. old trunk decayed and was removed, but
They were amongst the fruits brought fresh shoots sprang up, some of which in
back from Canaan by the Israelites sent 1819 were twenty-one feet high. In this
by Moses to report on the productions of country a chalk subsoil, and a climate like
that land. "We read of a present having that near the south coast, appear to suit
been made to David of 200 cakes of figs. the fig best. There the trees grow and
They were probably used chiefly in the bear as standards. They are liable, how-
dried state. The drying is easily effected ever, to be killed to the ground in winters
in a warm climate by exposure to the sun's of excessive severity but they spring up ;

rays, in the same way as those grapes are afresh from the roots. There was an
dried, which are called from that circum- orchard, not exceeding three-quarters of
stance raisins of the sun. Like the grape, an acre, at Tarring, near Worthing, in |

the substance of the fig abounds in what Sussex, containing 100 standard fig-trees.
is termed grape sugar. Tn drying, some of About 100 dozen of ripe figs were usually
this exudes and forms that soft white gathered daily from these trees during
powder which we see on the imported August, September, and October. By
dried figs. They are thus preserved in selecting similarly favourable spots, it
their own sugar, and rendered fit for stor- may be fairly concluded that this country
ing up as an article of food. could supply itself with abundance of
Figs were considered of such necessity fresh figs. As for dry ones, they are ob-
by the Athenians that their exportation tained in large quantities from Turkey,
from Attica was prohibited. Those who the Mediterranean, and other countries;
,
informed against persons violating this but the supply for centuries back has
law were called Sycophantai,' from two chiefly been from Turkey. The import has
'

Greek words signifying the discoverers of been as much as 1,000 tons a year; and
figs. These informers appear to have been now that the duty is taken off, the quantity
especially disliked, for their name gave imported will doubtless be much greater.
rise to the term sycophant, used for de- The wood of the Fig is soft and spongy ;

signing liars and impostors generally, as and as it can in consequence be easily

I
well as flatterers. charged with oil and emery, it is used in
The Figs of Athens were celebrated for some countries by locksmiths and armour-
their exquisite flavour ; and Xerxes was ers for polishing. [R. T.]
induced by them to undertake the con-
quest of Attica. The African figs were
FIDDLE-SHAPED. Obovate, with one
or two deep recesses or indentations on
:
also much admired at Rome, although
each side, as the leaves of the fiddle-dock,
Pliny says, it is not long since they began
'
!

Rurnex pulcher.
I
to grow figs in Africa.' Cato, in order to
stimulate the Roman senators to declare FIDDLEWOOD. Citharexylon.
war against Carthage, showed them a fig
brought from thence. It was fresh and in FIDTJS, FISSTIS. Divided half-way into
|

good condition, and all agreed that it two or more parts.

jnust have been quite recently pulled from FIELDIA. A genus of Australian Ges-
|
the tree. ' Yes,' said Cato, ' it is not yet neracece, having only a single species, F.
three days since this fig was gathered at an straits. It has a five-parted calyx with
Carthage see by it how near to the walls
; bifid spathaceous bracts a tubular swollen
;

,
of the city we have a mortal enemy.' This corolla, with a five-parted slightly two-
I
argument determined the senate to com- lipped limb five stamens, four of which
;

J
mence the third Punic war, the result of are fertile ; and a style scarcely as long as
 , 1 ;

fig] QLlyz CreaSurg of M a tang. 494

the stamens, terminating in a bilamellar habit having a trunk varying from two
stigma. The fruit is an ovate many-seeded or three to sixty or eighty feet in height,
berry. The plant has opposite, remote, and formed of the consolidated bases of
shortly-stalked broadly lanceolate leaves, the fronds, surrounding a soft central
and axillary, solitary pendulous flowers of mass of tissue; those of herbaceous habit
a pale green colour. It is a climber, with a either having a caudex formed on apian
rooting stem, attaching itself to the trunk similar to the arborescent kinds, but on a
of tree ferns, &c. The name is sometimes smaller scale, the young fronds forming
applied to certain Vandas. [R. H.] the growing point, or having a more or
less fleshy rhizome whose growing point
FIG. Ficus. — , ADAM'S. Musa para- is in advance of the development of the
disinca. — BARBARY. Opuntia vulgaris.
,
fronds, which are produced from its sides
— , COMMON. Ficus Carica. — DEVIL'S ,
instead of its apex. Arborescent Ferns are
or INFERNAL. Argemone mexicana. —, represented in Plates 2, fig. e, 9, and 12
HOTTENTOT'S. Mesembryanthemum edule. and a simple-fronded Fern in Plate 12.
— INDIAN. Opuntia, especially O. vulga-
,
Ali true Ferns, under which name are in-
ris; also a general name for the Cactacece.
cluded nearly all the ferns that are known,
— KEG, of Japan. Diospyros Kaki. —
,
may be recognised by the circinate
PHARAOH'S. Sycomorus antiquorum. — growth of their young leaves, and by their
SACRED. Ficus religiosa. hypophyllous fructification. The fronds
FIG-MARIGOLD. Mesembryanthemum. are very various in regard to size and
form, some being simple, others many
FIGUE BANANE. (Fr.) Musa sapien-
tum. — CAQUE. Diospyros Kaki. — times cut or divided while some measure
;

but an inch, and others many feet.in length.

MODIQUE. Clusiaflava. In the majority of instances there is no
FIGUIER. Ficus. — COMMUN. Ficus material difference of aspect between
Carica. — D'ADAM. Musa paradisiaca. those fronds which are fertile and those
— DTNDE. Opuntia vulgaris. which are sterile but in others, including
;

whole groups, the Acrostichece for example,

FIG-WORT. Scrophularia. The term there is a manifest contraction of the
Figworts has also been applied to the fertile fronds, which are sometimes re-
scrophulariaceous order.
duced to mere ribs and spikes clustering
FILAMENT. The stalk of the anther. with masses of the spore-cases.
Any kind of thread-shaped body. The spore-cases, which are collected into
heaps called sori, consist of little one-
FILAGO. A
genus of small herbaceous celled vesicles, girt either longitudinally,
Compositw, distinguished by their chaffy vertically, or obliquely by a jointed ring,
receptacle, the absence of a pappus, and by
which nearly, or in some cases completely,
the female florets being mixed among the surrounds them. This ring is elastic, and
scales of the imbricated involucre. They
by its contraction disrupts the spore-case
are mostly annuals of low stature, having and scatters the contained spores— mere
the stems and leaves hoary with cottony dust-like atoms, invisible except in a mass
down, and inconspicuous flowers of the to the naked eye. The sorus, or heap of
texture popularly known as everlasting.
spore-cases, is in some groups naked,
The commonest British species are F. but in others covered while young by a
minima, a hoary little plant three to four membrane called the indusium.
inches high, with erect stems, very narrow
leaves, and brownish-yellow flowers and F. The spores of Ferns are produced by
cell-division within the spore-cases, and
;

gen.ianica, a plant of similar habit, six to

eight inches high, with an erect stem ter- are consequently unattached, and various-
minating in a globular head of small coni- ly shaped and sculptured. They consist of
cal flowers, from the base of which usually
two coats containing a grumous mass.
spring two or three horizontal branches On germination the outer coat bursts, and
terminating in like manner. This curious the inner is elongated and protruded, and
mode of growth occasioned the term Herba by cell-division becomes converted into a
impia to be applied by the old botanists to thin marchantiform frond or prothallus.
this plant, as if the offspring were unduly On the under-surface of the prothallus, two
elevating themselves above the parent. kinds of bodies are borne, one of which,
None of the foreign species are worthy of the antherid, produces spiral ciliated sper-
matozoids, while the other, which forms
especial notice. French, Cotonniefe Ger-
the archegone or female cell, is sunk in
;
j

mari,Filzkraut. [C. A.J.]

the tissue. The cell at the base of the
FILBERT. Corylus Avellana. —-.WEST archegones, after impregnation, gives
INDIAN. Entada scandens. rise to a new plant, which is gradually de-
veloped, and is of different duration in
FILFIL BFRREE. An Indian name for different species, producing successive
the fruits of Vitex trifolia.
crops of fronds and spore-cases.
FILICES. One of the principal groups Many schemes have been proposed for
of cryptogams, some of the leading pecu- the classification of Ferns, but that seems
liarities of which will be found explained to be preferable, which is based on the
in the article Acrogens. They are com- modifications of the vascular system taken
monly called Ferns, and consist of arbo- in conjunction with the fructification. All
rescent or herbaceous perennial, very rare- Ferns are referrible to one of the groups
ly annual plants; those of arborescent l
Ophioglossacece, Marattiacece, or Polypodia-
VEGETATION OF JAVA: TREE-FERN'S IN THE FOREGROUND
AFORESTOFAMENTAQR/E IE" THE DISTANCE.
( AFTER. BLUME)
 495 Clje &"tra3ttr» flf 23ntan». [fili

ceoe. of -which the two first, sometimes spore-cases (two or four to ten or twelve)
called pseudo-Ferns, are very limited, while situated at the back of the frond, sessile
the latter, containing the true Ferns, in- or nearly so, and bursting vertically;
cludes the greater portion of all the known fronds rigid and opaque, and usually di-
species. chotomously-branched. Trichomanineae,
The three groups just named are distin- with the ring resembling that of the Glei-
guished from each other by the nature and cheninece, but the spore-cases lenticular,
structure of their spore-cases. The pre- clustered on an often exserted recep-
sence of the annulus or ring around the tacle, which is a prolongation of the vein
spore-case, in some form, either completely beyond the ordinary margin of the frond,
surrounding it, or in a more or less rudi- so that the sori become extrorse margi-
mentary condition, is the distinctive pecu- nal or projected outwards, as well as open-
liarity of the Polypodiacece while the Ma-
; ing outwardly fronds pellucid-membra-
;

rattiacece and the Ophioglossacece are sepa- naceous. Schizmnece, with the ring hori-
rated from it by the absence of any such zontal or transverse, situated quite at the
ring, rudimentaiw or otherwise, and are apex of the oval spore-case, which is, in
distinguished from each other by the ob- consequence, said to be radiate-striate at
vious characters that the Marattiacece have the apex the spore-case also sometimes
;

their sori dorsiferous, that is, on the back resupinate, or turned upside down, so that
or under surface of their fronds, as is com- the true apex is below habit sometimes ;

monly the case among true Ferns, while scandent. Ceratopteridinece, one or two
the Ophioglossacece have their sori margi- aquatic species, the spore-cases sometimes
nal, the spore-bearing or fertile fronds furnished with a very rudimentary ring,
being contracted. The Ophioglossacece are reduced, as in Osmundinece, to a few
few in number, and present little differ- parallel stria?, sometimes furnished with
ence of structure the Marattiacece, how-
; a very broad and more lengthened ring ;

ever, form three small tribes, of which spores bluntly triangular, marked with
the Marattinece have their sori ranged in three series of concentric lines. Osmun-
two lines facing each other, forming dis- dinece, with the spore-cases two-valved,
tinct oblong masses ;the Kaulfussinece bursting vertically at the apex, the ring
have distinct circular sori, the spore-cases very rudimentary, reduced to a few parallel
I of each sorus being concrete into a sin- vertical stria? on one side near the apex
gle annular series, and furnished with of the spore-case. In all but the last of
openings towards the centre and the ; these groups, the spore-cases are not val-
Danceinem have their sori connate over vate, and consequently, when they open
thewholeunder surface, which then shows for the liberation of the spores, they burst
long parallel lines of small round cavities. partially or irregularly, and do not split at
The Polypodiacece offer so much variety the top in two equal divisions, as occurs
of structure that it becomes necessary to in the Osmundinece.
subdivide them, and for this purpose the These primary and secondary groups
peculiarities in the form of the spore- will be more readily comparable in the
eases, or in their number and position, or following summary :
—
in the structure and development of the
annulus or ring, are most relied on. This Spore-cases ringless.
gives t'ae following groups: —
Polypodi- 1. Ophioglossace^s— Fructifications mar-
nem, the most extensive of all, with spore- ginal on rachiform fronds.
! cases almost equally convex, having a 2. aIarattiace^—-Fructifications dorsal
vertical and nearly complete ring, and on flat leafy fronds.
bursting transversely at a part on the an- § Marattinece— Sori oblong, distinct, lon-
terior side, called the stoma, where the gitudinally biserial.
stria? of the ring become dilated into § Kaulfussinece—Sori circular, distinct;
elongate parallel cells. Cyatheinece, with spore-cases annularly concrete.
spore-cases sessile or nearly so, seated on § Danosinem— Sori connate throughout.
an elevated receptacle, oblique-laterally
compressed, the nearly complete ring be- Spore-cases having a jointed ring.
ing, in consequence, more or less ob- 3. Poltpodiace^: — Spore-cases not val-
liquely vertical, that is, vertical below, vate rarely somewhat two-valved
: ver-
curving laterally towards the top, burst- tically.
ing transversely; they approach very near § Polypodinece — Ring vertical, nearly
the Polypodinece, through some species complete spore-cases usually stalked,
;

of Alsophila, in which the characteristic gibbous receptacles superficial or im-

;

obliquity of the ring is little apparent. mersed.

Matoninece, a single species only, with § Cyatheineoe —
Ring obliquely vertical,
spore-cases sessile, bursting horizontally, nearly complete, narrow; spore-cases
not vertically, the ring broad, sub-oblique, crowded, sessile or subsessile, oblique-
and nearly complete, the sori dorsal and laterally compressed; receptacles ele-
I oligocarpous, covered by umbonato-hemi- vated.
;
spherical indusia, which are peltate or § Matoninece— Ring sub-oblique, nearly
| affixed by a central stalk. Gleicheninece, complete, broad spore-cases few, ses-
;

with the ring complete transverse, either sile, gibbous sori oligocarpous.
;

truly or obliquely horizontal, the spore- § Gleicheninece— Ring zonal, horizontally

cases globose-pyriform, forming oligocar- or obliquely transverse, complete
pous sori, i.e. sori consisting of but few spore-cases sessile or subsessile, ver-
FILl] Ef)e Creatfurg ai ?8ataug. 496
ttcally compressed ; sori dorsal ; fronds FINGERED. The same as Digitate.
rigid. FINGERHUTHIA. A genus of grasses
§ Trichomaninew—Rmg and spore-cases belonging to the tribe Phalaridew. Glumes
as in Gleichenincm sori extrorse-mar-
;
two, equal, with bristly points, keeled and
ginal ; fronds pellucid. membranaceous lower flowers fertile, as
;

§ Schizceinem— Ring apical, complete, long as the glumes pales rigid, the lower ;
horizontally transverse spore-cases
;
rather the longest, keeled, with a short
sessile or subsessile, oval, crowned by bristle at the point, five to seven nerved,
the convergent striae of the ring, the upper shorter and slightly compressed;
sometimes resupinate. stamens three, with bearded anthers styles ;

§ Ceratopteridinece— Ring rudimentary or two upper flowers imperfect. Only two

;
more or less incomplete, very broad, species are described, both of which are
flat, obliquely-vertical spore-cases
;
natives of South Africa. [D. M.]
sessile, globose.
§ Osmundinece —
Spore-cases vertically FIN HOUSSY. (Fr.) Trifolium repens.
two-valved; ring rudimentary, trans-
verse. FINLAYSONIA. A genus of
The Polypodinece are further divided into dacece, containing a single species, native
lesser groups characterised by the form, of India. It is a twining glabrous plant,
position, and vestiture of the sori. There yielding a milky juice, and having oppo-
is little difference of opinion amongst site obovate leaves, and numerous small
pteridologists as to the three principal flowers arranged in interpetiolar corymbs.
divisions, but a good deal of diversity as to The calyx is small, five-cleft; and the
the value of the minor ones. [T. M.] corolla rotate. The staminal crown, which
rises from the throat consists of five deli-
PILICOLOGY. That part of Botany cate white slightly converging threads,
which treats of Ferns. each bent back at the apex so as to form
a small hook the stamens are distinct,
;
FILICALES. That alliance of Acrogens
with short filaments, and large anthers
to which the Ferns belong.
adheringto the stigma; and the divaricate
FILIFORM, FILIFORMIS. Slender, like follicles contain numerous large flat obo-
a thread. vate seeds with a few silky fibres. [W. C]
FILIPENDULE. (Fr.) Spircea Filipen- FINOCCHIO. Fceniculum dulce. —
dul'a. ASSES'. Fcenicuhim piperitum.
FIMBRIA. A fringe. An elastic toothed FIORIN. Agrostis stolonifera, and Agro-
membrane, situated beneath the operculum stis alba.
in urn-mosses.
FIORIN DES ANGLAIS. (Fr.) Agrostis
FIMBRIATE. Having the margin border- stolonifera.
ed by long slender processes, forming a FIR. A
general name for the trees re-
fringe. ferred to the coniferous genera Pinns,
FIMBRIATO-LACINIATE. Having the Abies, Larix, &C. —
BALM OF GILEAD. ,

edge cut up into divisions which are Abies balsamea. —

, HEMLOCK SPRUCE.

fimbriated. Abies canadensis. , PARASOL. Scia- —

FIMBRILLIFEROUS.
dopitys verticillata. VLVM.'f-Pnimno- — ,

Bearing many pityseleaans. — , SCOTCH. Finns sylvestris.

little fringes, as the receptacle of
composites.
some — SILVER. Abies
, pectinata also a ge- ;

neral name for the species sometimes re-

FIMBRISTYLIS. A genus of cypera- ferred to Picea. , SPRUCE. Abies ex- —
ceous plants, belonging to the tribe celsa also a general name for the species
;

Scirpece, having the inflorescence in spikes, of true Abies.

solitary, in pairs, or in crowded heads,
many-flowered; scales imbricated allround, FIRE WEED. An American name for
Erechtites hieracifolia.
the lower larger, one or two of them
barren style compressed and fringed, its
; FIR-RAPES. Lindley's name for the
base enlarged, adhering to the ovary. This Monotropaceos.
genus embraces nearly 200 species, which
have a wide geographical range, though FIRS, JOINT. A name proposed by
most of them are natives of rather warm Lindley for the order Gnetacece.
countries. [D. M.] FISCHERIA. A genus of Asclepiadacece,
containing about ten species from the
FIMETARIOUS. Growing on or amidst
West Indies and Central America. They
dung.
are twining hairy shrubs, with opposite
FINCKEA. A genus of the heathworts, cordate leaves, and many flower§ in ra-
having the corolla cylindrical and tubular, cemes on long interpetiolar peduncles,
with a four-toothed border. The name was which thicken upwards and are scarred by
given by Klotzsch in honour of a botanist the deciduous pedicels. The calyx is five-
named Finck. The species are Cape shrubs, parted the corolla is rotate and five-cleft,
;

the leaves three or four together and the divisions having a curled indentation
hairy corolla hairy and about as long as
; at their apices the staminal crown is
;

the calyx. [G. D.] simple or double the pentagonal stigma;

f. Sjg* /'^uh^LX^
 497 Cfje €tcziuxy of botany. FITC

covers the pollen-masses ; and the follicles at their apex, distinct from the proper
are ovoid and fleshy. [W. C.J fruit. These are occasionally close to the
male organs. [M. J. BJ
FISH-POISOX. Lepidium Piscidium.
— , JAMAICA. Piscidia Erythrina. FISSIDENTE.E. A natural order of
mosses which are remarkable for their
FISSE2STIA. A
genus of Loasacece, peristome being like that of Dicranum or
found in Arabia and the interior of South almost rudimentary, accompanied by a
Africa, remarkable as being the only re- totally different habit due to the flat
presentative of the family in the eastern broad-keeled sheathing leaves. Fissidens
hemisphere. It differs from other genera has already been noticed. Brepanophyllum,
in having a three-celled fruit, with one from which the order is sometimes called
seed in each cell. The only species, jP. spa- DrepanophyUece, is a magnificent moss
thulata, is a branching bush with straw- abounding in Cayenne, with a tawny tint,
the habit of a Jungermannia, and a nearly
naked peristome. The tips of the male
plants bear, in close connection with the
antheridia, tufts of jointed fusiform pur-
plish gemmas. Conomitrium is an aquatic
genus, and has irregular unequally split
often truncate teeth without any central
line, and a mitrasforrn veil. The species
grow in running water, and one only has at
present been found in Europe. [M. J. B.]
FISSIPAROUS. Propagating by a sub-
division of the interior of a cell into two
or more other cells, by the production of a
membranous partition or septum, from the
lining of the mother cell.
FISSUS. Divided halfway usually into
;

a determinate number of segments. We

say bifidus, split in two trifidus, in three,
;

and so on or multifldus, when the seg-

;

ments are very numerous.

Fissenia spathulata. FISTULAR, FISTULOUS. This is said
of a cylindrical or terete body which is
coloured stems, alternate stalked lobed hollow, but closed at each end, as the leaves
leaves not unlike those of the gooseberry and stems of the onion.
but larger, and pale green flowers four to
six together at the ends of the twigs the ;
FISTULINA. A genus of pore-bearing
flowers have ten petals, five large and Fungi, sometimes wrongly associated with
rounded, and Ave small and narrow, very Hydnum. It is distinguished from the
numerous stamens, and three styles. The fleshy Polypori by the free tubes which are
little ten-ribbed fruits or nuts crowned at first closed and look like little stellate
with the five long narrow calyx lobes, look pink or cream-coloured pimples. F. hepa-
like miniature shuttlecocks. [A. A. B.] tica, our only species, grows on the trunks
of old oaks, and acquires sometimes a very
FISSICALYX. A tree from Venezuela, large size. When divided it looks like beet-
with pinnate leaves and terminal panicles root, and drips with red juice. It is not un-
of yellow flowers, forming a genus of wholesome, but in our opinion not a plea-
Legwniinosm of the tribe Dalbergiece, distin- sant article of food, however disguised
guished from all others by the irregularly with lemon juice, cayenne pepper, or other
split calyx by the anthers opening in ter-
;
condiments. [21. J. BJ
minal pores and by the fruit being sur-
;

rounded by a broad membranous wing pro- FITCH. The Vetch or Tare.

ceeding from the centre instead of the
edges of the valves, thus giving the fruit
FITCHIA. A genus of arborescent cicho-
raceous Compositm founded on a single
the appearance of that of GuoMcum.
species, F. nutans, from Elizabeth Island
FISSIDENS. A pretty genus of mosses, in the South Pacific. It is a noble plant
containing both acrocarpous and cladocar- nearly related to Rea, and has thick woody
pous species, and at once distinguished by stems, opposite broad ovate-cordate leaves,
their peculiar habit arising from the flat and large terminal drooping heads of
broad-keeled two-ranked leaves with a flowers, hanging by longish stalks. The
sheathing base. The peristome is single, involucre is broadly campanulate, com-
and the sixteen teeth of which it is com- posed of about three series of orbicular
posed deeply cleft. The species grow on scales, which enclose numerous ligulate
banks, on stiff soil, or near watercourses, male flowers the females are unknown.
;

and vary from a line to two inches in length. The filaments and style are very much ex
They occur in both hemispheres and in serted. The achenes are compressed,
various climates, the species of very distant clothed with silky hairs, and terminated
countries being frequently identical. The by a pair of elongated hairy seta?. It is
shoots sometimes bear reproductive bodies named in compliment to Mr. W. Fitch, a
 W$z CrcasJttrg of 3Sotang. 498
clever botanical artist, by whom the draw- all are armed with thorns. TBey are found
ings of the plants figured in this work in tropical Asia, Africa, and America.
have been executed. [T. M.] The young shoots and leaves of F. cata-
phracta are used medicinally by the native
FITTWEED. Eryngium fcetidum. Indian doctors, who prescribe them in
diarrhoea, and also as an infusion to remove
FITZROYA. A genus of coniferous or hoarseness they are astringent and sto-
cone-bearing plants belonging to the sub- ;

machic. F. Ramontchi is a small tree, na-

order Cupressinece. It was named by Dr. tive of Madagascar and India, producing a
Hooker in honour of Captain Fitzroy, Who dark violet or black fruit about the size
first discovered the tree. The fruit is in
and shape of a plum, and having a sharp
small starlike cones which consist of nine but sweet taste. F.sepiaria, a bushy shrub,
scales, three in each whorl the lower three
:
is used in some parts of India for making
and upper three are barren, while the in- hedges, its spiny nature rendering it pe-
termediate three are fertile, and bear each culiarly suitable for that purpose. The
three winged seeds. The leaves are in fruits are sold in the markets, and, like
threes, sometimes twos or fours, ovate-ob-
those of F. Ramontchi and sapida, have a
long, flat, without stalks. There is one
pleasant subacid flavour when perfectly
species, F. patagonica, an evergreen tree
ripe, but the unripe fruit is extremely as-
growing to the height of 100 feet, with tringent. The Indian doctors use a lini-
slender spreading branches which curve at ment made of the bark in cases of gout,
the extremities. The tree, which is found and an infusion of it as a cure for snake-
on the mountains of Patagonia, bears the bites. [A. S.]
ordinary winters of Britain. [J. H. B.]
FLAG. Iris. -, CAT-TAIL. An Ame-
FIVE-FINGERS. Potentilla reptans and rican namefor Typha. — CORN. Gladio-
,

canadensis. — SWEET. Acorus Calamus. —

lus. ,

FLABELLATUS, FLABELLIFORMIS. YELLOW. Iris Pseud-acorus.

Fan-shaped. FLAGELLARIA. A genus of Commely-
FLACCID. "Wilted, or relaxed in con- naceo?, but referred to Juncaceai by some
sequence of the loss of moisture. authors. Natives of India and Australia,
with lanceolate leaves, sheathing the stem
FLACOURTIACE.E. (.Bixaceo?, Bixads.) at the base, and terminating in a spiral
A natural order of thalaminoral dicotyle- tendril ; flowers paniculate, bracteolate,
dons belonging to Lindley's violal alliance the perianth six-cleft coloured persistent,
of hypogynous Exogens. They are shrubs with the three inner segments largest
or small trees with alternate leaves having stamens six, with simple glabrous fila-
no stipules, often marked with round ments; fruit a pea-like drupe containing
transparent dots. Sepals and petals four to a single seed. [J. T. S.]
seven, the latter sometimes wanting sta-
mens same number
;

as petals or a multiple
FLAGELLIFORM. Long, taper, and
thereof; ovules attached to parietal pla-
supple, like the thong of a whip, as the
centas. Fruit one-celled, either fleshy and
runners of many plants.
indehiscent, or a four to five valved cap- FLAGELLUM. A twig, or small branch;
sule containing pulp, in which numerous also a runner like that of the strawberry.
albuminous seeds are enveloped. The plants —
are natives of the East and West Indies, FLAM BE. (Fr.) Iris germanica.
and of Africa. Two or three species are PETITE. Iris pumila.
found at the Cape of Good Hope, and one FLAMBOYANTE. (Fr.) Tulip a turcica.
or two in New Zealand. Some of the plants
are bitter and astringent others yield
;
FLAME-COLOURED, FLAMMEUS. Very
edible fruits. Arnotto is the orange-red lively scarlet ; fiery red.
pulp of the fruit of Bixa Orellana; it is FLAME TREE. Bracliychiton acerifolium.
used as a dye, for staining cheese, and in
the manufacture of chocolate. Some Fla- FLAMME. (Fr.) Iris germanica.
courtias yield subacid fruit. There are FLAVEDO. Yellowness ; a disease in
thirty-five known genera, including Fla- plants in which the green parts assume
courtia, Prockia, Bixa, Azara, Eri/throsper- that colour.
inum and about 100 species.
; [J. H. B.]
FLAVESCENS, FLAVIDUS, FLAVUS.
FLACOURTIA. The typical genus of A pure pale yellow.
Flacourtiacea, characterised by having a FLAVO-VIRENS. Green, much stained
succulent fruit and several stigmas. It with yellow.
has distinct male and female apetalous
flowers, usually borne on different plants ;
FLAVERIA. An herbaceous biennial
the males have a great number of sta- composite, distinguished by having the
mens crowded together upon the dilated re- common involucre imbricated with un-
ceptacle, but not surrounded by glands like equal scales, and the partial of two to five
those of Roumea the females have an ovary
;
leaves containing as many florets, a
crowned with from four to nine narrow naked receptacle, and no pappus. F. Con-
radiating stigmas. The species are mostly trayerba is a native of Peru, and derives
shrubs, but some few, however, attain a its name from its being used to dye yellow.
height of twenty or thirty feet, and nearly It grows to the height of eighteen inches,
with lanceolate serrated sharp-pointed FLESH of vegetable bodies. The soft
leaves, and terminal heads of yellow parts.
flowers. [C. A. J J
FLEUR DE COUCOU. (Fr.) Lychnis
FLAX. The common name for Linum Flos-cuculi also Primula veris, and Nar-
— DE CRAPAUD.
;
;

also the fibre obtained from the stems of cissus Pseudo-Narcissus.

Linum usitatissimum. — FALSE. An Stapelia variegata. —DES DAMES. Helio-
peruvianum. — DE JUPITER.
,

American name for Camelina. —, NEW tropium

ZEALAND. Phormium tenax. — TOAD. Luchnis Flos Jovis. — DE LA PASSIOX.
Linaria.
,
Passifiora. — DE LA TRINITE Viola -

FLAX- BUSH. Phormium tenax.

tricolor. — DELIS. Phalangium Liliago
also Iris germanica and other European
FLAX-SEED. Eadiola. species. The Fleur de lis representing the
Iris is the emblem of France, and was
FLAX-STAR. Lysimachia Linum- stella- called by old English authors Flower de
tum. Luce. — DE MIEL. Melianthus major.
FLAXWORTS. A name for the order — D'OR ET DARGENT. Lonicera confusa.
LinacecB. PAON. Poinciana pulcherrima. —
— DE
FLEABANE. Conyza; also Pulicaria DE PAQUES. Bellis perennis. — DE
PARADIS. Poinciana pulcherrima. —
vulgaris and dysenterica also Erigemn DE QUATRE HE U RES. Mirabilis dicho-
;

toma. — DES VEUVES. Scabiosa atro-

viscosum, graveolens, and acre. —.AFRI-
CAN. Tarchonanthius. —, MARSH. Pluchea. purpurea. — DU DIABLE. Iris susiana.
FLEA-SEED. The seed of Plantago — D'UNE HEURE. Hibiscus vesicarius —
Psyllium. and others, DU GRAND-SEIGNEUR.
Amberboamoschata. — DU SOLEIL. He-
FLEAU DES PRES. (Fr.) Phleum lianthus annuus. — EN CASQUE. Aconi-
pratense. tum Napellus.
FLEAWORT. Pulicaria vulgaris; also FLEURYA. A genus of Urticacece com-
Plantago Psyllium. posed of a number of annual or perennial
weeds, found in the tropics of both hemi-
FLECHIERE. (Fr.) Sagittaria sagittce- spheres. They are much like common
folia. nettles in appearance, and some of the
FLEMINGIA. A genus of erect,
pro- species are furnished with stings, but
strate, or sometimes twining plants of the they may be readily distinguished from
pea family, and nearly allied to Ehynchosia, them by their alternate (not opposite)
but differing in having a turgid and two- leaves, as well as by the narrow bifid
seeded, instead of a flattened and many- stipules which accompany them. From
seeded pod. Most of the twenty known other allied genera they differ in their
species are found in India, a few extend- little, oblong or rounded and compressed
ing to the northern and eastern portions achenes having concave depressions on
of Australia, and one, F. betulifolia, occur- both surfaces. [A. A. B.]
ring in TV. Africa. The stems are furnished FLEXUOSE. Zig-zag; having a wavy
with simple or trifoliate stalked leaves, |
direction, gently bending alternately in-
often having glandular dots; in some spe- wards and outwards.
cies the stipules are large and chaffy. The I

small vetch-like flowers are purple, white FLINDERSIA. A genus of Cedrelacew,

with pink lines, or yellow, and disposed in having a calyx of Ave short teeth five ;

axillary compound racemes or panicles.

One of the most elegant of them, F. stro-
bilifera, is remarkable for its drooping
catkin-like racemes, furnished with large,
pale yellow kidney-shaped bracts, each of
which encloses a fascicle of white flowers
marked with pink lines. The leaves are
simple, ovate and acute, and vary much in
size. The plant has been in cultivation.
A beautiful purple-flowered species, F.
vestita, is cultivated in many parts of N. W.
India for the sake of its edible tuberous
roots, which are nearly elliptical, and about
an inch long. The plant is prostrate, with
weak stems, and hairy clover-like leaves,
formed of rounded hairy leaflets. The pur-
ple blossoms are larger than in any other
of the genus, and are remarkable for being
placed two or three together on the apex Flindersia australis.
of a slender axillary flower stalk, those of
the other species being disposed in ra- white, ovate, plane petals, slightly hairy
cemes. The genus bears the name of Dr. on the exterior; ten stamens of which only
J. Fleming, an Indian botanist. [A. A. B.]
five are fertile, the alternate ones being
sterile and a simple erect obtusely five-
;

FLEOLE. (Fr.) Phleum pratense. angled style, with a peltate five-lobed

FLIX] Elje Erea^urp of asotanj). 500

stigma. The capsule is woody, oblong, FLOS ADONIS. Adonis autumnalis. —

obtuse, five-valved, the exterior thickly- AERIS. Aerides Arachnites. — CARDI-
covered with sharp-pointed tubercles. They NALIS. Quamoclit vulgaris. — CUCULI.
are lofty trees, having alternate pinnate Cardamine pratensis also Lychnis Flos-
leaves found in New South Wales and
;
cuculi. — ;

GLOBOSUS. Gomphrena glo-

the Moluccas. The natives of these islands bosa. — JOVIS.
Lychnis Flos Jovis. —
use the rough tuberculated fruit as rasps MARTINI. Alstrbmeria Flos Martini. —
in preparing roots &c. for food. [R. H.] PASSIONIS. Passiflora cwrulea and others.
FLIX-WEED. Sisymbrium Sophia. — SOLIS. Helianthus annuus also Heli-
— SUSANNiE. Pla-
;

anthemum vulgare.
FLOCCI. Woolly threads, found mixed tanthera Susannce. — TRINITATIS.
with sporules in fungals also any wool-
;
Viola tricolor.
like hairs.
FLOCCOSE. Covered with close woolly moreFLOSCOPA. A genus of Commelynacem
-usually known under the name of
hairs, which fall away in little tufts.
Dithyrocarpus, and distinguished by having
FLORAL. Of or belonging to the nearly regular flowers, with six stamens,
flower. — ENVELOPES. The calyx and all fertile, with parallel anther-cells ; and
corolla, one or both. a two-celled ovary and capsule, with one
ovule and seed in each cell. There are but
FLOR DE AROMA. Acacia Farnesiana.
— DE ISABEL. Barkeria spectabilis. — very few species, natives of the tropical
regions both of the new and the old world.
DE JESUS. Lcelia acuminata. — DE The most common species, F. paniculata, is
MAYO. Lalia majalis. abundant in Asia, and is also found in
FLORESTINA. A genus of Mexican South Africa and Brazil. It is a herb of
composite herbaceous plants, with the ha- two or three feet in height, with acuminate
which they were formerly
bit of Stevia, to leaves, and a dense hirsute terminal panicle
referred. They are covered with small of small blue flowers.
appressed white hairs, and have entire or
pedately divided leaves, and flowers borne
FLOSCTJLI (adj. FLOSCULOSE). The
in loose corymbs surrounded by an invo-
same as Florets.
lucre of eight short bracts. The corollas FLOTOVTA. A genus of spiny S. Ame-
have all a short tube, and a whitish or rican bushes belonging to the Compositce,
purple limb divided into five segments. and nearly related to Barnadesia, from
The achenes are somewhat four-cornered, which it differs in its regularly five-parted,
surmounted by a pappus of eight or twelve not two-lipped corollas. The numerous
membranous scales. [M. T. M.J florets of the flower-heads, and the insertion
of the stamens on the middle of the corolla
FLORETS. When many small flowers tube, are the characters which separate
are collected in clusters or heads, each the genus from its other allies. Upwards
flower is called a floret. The florets of the of twenty species are known, the greater
disk are those which occupy the centre of portion found in Brazil, a few in the Peru-
the head of a composite; while florets of vian Andes, and one or two in Chili. For
the ray occupy the circumference. the most part they are bushes of four to
six feet, with alternate leaves, accompanied
FLORIDE^E. A name given to the rose- by two straight slender spines. The pink
spored Algce, in consequence of many of
flower-heads in some are solitary at the
them exhibiting the rosy tints of flowers. ends of the branches, but more commonly
They are now more generally known as
Rhodosperms. [M. J. B.J
numerous and small ; the silky achenes are
crowned with a pappus of one series of
FLORIFER, Flower-bearing. beautiful feathery awns. F. argentea, a
pretty Andean species, is by some referred
FLORIPAROUS. Producing flowers
to Dasyphyllum. [A. A. B.J
also a monstrosity consisting in the pro-
duction of other flowers instead of fruit. FLOURENSIA. A genus of resiniferous
FLORIPONDIO. Datura sanguinea. composite shrubs found in New Mexico
and Chili, and nearly allied to Helianthus,
FLORKEA. A North American annual differing chiefly in the tongue-likebranches
herb, referred to the limnantheous division of the style, which are obtuse and not
of Tropceolacece. It is a marsh plant, with tipped with an awl-shaped appendage.
slender decumbent stems, and alternate The leaves are usually covered with a
pinnately-parted leaves, bearing solitary gummy exudation. The yellow rayed flow-
small white flowers in their axils. It is er-heads are usually large and solitary or
distinguished from Limnanthes chiefly by two to three together at the ends of the
its having trimerous instead of pentame- twigs. The" most handsome species is F.
rous flowers. [T. M.J thurifera, which grows to a bush of four
to six feet in Chili, and has its twigs
FLORUS. In composition = flowered as well as its broadly lance-shaped leaves
thus uniflorus is one-flowered biflorus,
;
covered with a resinous substance, which
two-flowered ; triflorus, three-flowered
is collected and burnt as incense in the
multiflorus, many-flowered, &c.
churches; its fine yellow flower-heads are
FLOS. A flower. — COMPOSITUS. An single at the ends of the twigs, and more
old name for the capitulum. than two inches across. The Chilians call
501 &f)e €rsa£urn of Mating. FGETI

the plant Maravilla, or Maravilla del Campo. what from those of other narco-
different
Four species are known. [A. A. B.] tics, being characterised by extreme stimu-
lation of the muscles. The nervous system
FLOUYE. (Fr.) Anthoxanthv.m. — is at times excited to such a degree as to
DES BRESSANTS. Anthoxanthum odora- produce the most ludicrous actions. It is
tum. a curious fact that the urine of persons
FLOWER. That assemblage of organs who have partaken of the fungus acquires
in a plant, of which the stamens, or pistils,
the same narcotic properties or, in other;

or both, form part.

words, that the narcotic principle, like some
other substances, passes through the urine
FLOWER DE LUCE. An old English without change. (See E. A. Parkes on the
name for the common species of Tris ger- — Composition of Urine, I860.) In excess it is
manica,florentina, &c. doubtless a dangerous poison, and we
FLOWER OF CRETE. Mesembryanthe- have known temporary intoxication arise
from its accidental use. [M. J. B.]
mum Tripolium.
FLOWER OF JO VE. Lychnis Flos Jovis. FLY-POISON. Amianthium musccetoxi-
cum.
FLOWER-FENCE. Poinciana. — BAR-
,

BADOS. Poinciana puleherrima. — BAS-, FLY-TRAP. Apocynum androscemifolium.

TARD. Adenanthera. — , VENUS'S. Bioncca muscipula.
FLOWER-GENTLE. Arnaranthus. FLY-WORT. A
name applied to those
species of Catasetum formerly called My-
'
FLUELLIN. Linaria Elatine and spuria anthus.
also Veronica officinalis.
FCBMINEUS. Female, that is, bearing
FLUGGEA. Agenus of Euphorbiacece pistils only.
nearly related to Phyllanthus, from which
it may be recognised by the sterile flow-
FCENICULUM. A genus of umbellife-
ers having three stamens surrounding a rous plants, with finely dissected leaves,
rudimentary ovary, there being no rudi- no involucres, and yellow flowers. It is dis-
tinguished from Anethum, to which it is
mentary ovary in. those of Phyllanthus.
very closely allied, by the fruits being
The genus consists of several much bran-
ched smooth and entire-leaved bushes somewhat compressed from side to side,
found in most tropical countries of the and not from back to front. F. vidgare, the
eastern hemisphere. The leaves are obovate
common Fennel, is a native of temperate
or ovate. The flowers, sterile and fertile
Europe and Western Asia in this country
;

it is usually found in dry chalky soil, at no

on different plants, are minute, green, and
great distance from the sea. The Sweet
disposed in fascicles or cymes in the axils
Fennel, F. dulce, is by some considered as
of the leaves. The fruits are dry capsules
only a variety of the preceding but it ;
or berries about the size of a pea or
differs in being a smaller plant, in the
smaller. The bark of F. virosus, according
to Roxburgh, is strongly astringent, and
stem being compressed at the base, not
round, in the smaller number of rays to
possesses the property of intoxicating fish
when thrown in the water, thus rendering the umbel, in the greater size of the fruit,
in flowering earlier, &c. It is grown in
them easily caught. The white berries of this country as a potherb and for garnish-
F. leucopyrus in India, and F. abyssinica
ing its fruit supplies an aromatic oil,
in Eastern tropical Africa, are eaten by ;

the natives. A
Chinese species, F. suffrit- which is carminative like dill. [M. T. M.]
ticosa, has long been known as Geblera F03NUM GR^ECUM. Trigonella Fcenum
suffruticosa. [A. A. BJ grcecum, so called because formerly made
FLUITANS. Floating upon the surface into hay in Greece. It was also cultivated
of water. by the Romans, and is still occasionally
employed in the agriculture of the south
FLUVIAL, FLUVIATILE. Of or belong- of Europe. The plant and seeds are
ing to the water. strongly scented, with the new hay-like
FLCTEAU. (Fr.) Alisma Plantago. odour of coumarin.
FLU VIALES. A natural order of mono- FCETIDIA. A genus of shrubby plants
cotyledonous aquatics established by Ven- doubtfully placed in Myrtacea?, the leaves
tinat. The plants are now included in being alternate and without dots, and the
Natadace^e which see.
: [J. H. B.] flowers destitute of petals. The three
known species are natives of the Mauritius
FLY-AGARIC. The common name of and Madagascar, attaining a height of
Agaricus muscariv^s, a splendid scarlet thirty or forty feet, the ash-coloured
species studded with white or yellow branches furnished at their extremities
wart3, which is common in birch woods, with smooth entire, ovate or lance-shaped
and is used to make a decoction for de- leaves. The flowers are axillary and so-
stroying flies. Its narcotic properties litary, and have a three or four-sided calyx
are so strong that in some countries it is tube, with a border of four triangular
employed, mixed with the juice of cran- lobes, and very numerous stamens. The
berries, to produce intoxication, the dry fruits are woody, four-sided, four-celled,
plant being more efficacious for this pur- somewhat top-shaped nuts. F. mauritiana,
pose than the fre3h. The effects are some- known as ' Le Bois puant in the Mauritius
'
fog] €fyz Ercagurj? of 23 o tang. 502
furnishes good furniture wood. According that the stems have a triquetrous outline.
to Roxburgh, the bark is very tough, red There is, however, no nerve as in the Dre-
within, bitter and astringent. It is used panophyllei, and they are frequently split
by woodmen for bundling up the wood, down the middle, each division looking like
instead of cord. The common appellation a separate leaf. F. antipyretica is common
of Stinkwood has no doubt suggested the about millwheels, on stones, roots, &c, in
name of the genus. [A. A. BJ running streams and does not fructify
;

unless the plant is exposed or the ends of

FOG-FRUIT. An American name for the branches come up to the surface. The
Lippia nodiflora. dried plant is used by the Laplanders to
stuff the space between the chimneys and
FOLIACEOTTS. Having the texture or
form of a leaf, as the branches of Xylo- the wall, to prevent fire, as it does not
phylla. easily ignite. Fontinalis has a mitrteform
calyptra, but in the neighbouring genus
FOLIA MALABATHRI. The aromatic Dichelyma the calyptra is dimidiate, while
Cinnamomum nitidum.
dried leaves of the capsules are more exserted. [M. J. B.]
FOLIAR. Inserted upon, or proceeding FONTINALIS, FONT ANUS. Growing in
from the leaf; thus a cirrhus foliaris is a or near a spring of water.
tendril growing from a leaf.
FOOL'S-STONES. Orchis musculo, and
FOLIATION. The act of leafing. Morio.
FOLIATE. Clothed with leaves. FORAMEN. An aperture. The foramen
of an ovule is an aperture through the in-
FOLLICUL ARES. A suborder of plants teguments, allowing the passage of the
belonging to the Proteacece, and referred
by Decandollc to the monochlamydeous pollen tubes to the nucleus.
dicotyledons. They are distinguished by FORAMINULE. The ostiolum of certain
their coriaceous or woody follicles, which fungals.
contain one or many seeds. The general
characters of the order are given under FORBIDDEN FRUIT. Citrus Paradisi.
Proteace^:. The follicular division con- — (of London). A variety of the shaddock,
tains such genera as Grcvillea, Hakea,Lam- C. decumana. —
(of Italy). The Pomme
bertia, Rhopala, Knightia, Telopia, Lomatia, dAdam, a variety of G. Limetta. (of —
Banksia, and Dryandra. Paris). The sweet-skinned orange, a va-
[J. H. B.]
riety of C. Aurantium.
FOLIIPAROUS. Producing leaves only,
as leaf-buds. FORCIPATE. Forked, like a pair of
pincers.
FOLIOLE (adj. FOLIOLATE). A leaflet FORGET-ME-NOT. Myosotis palustris.
the secondary divisions of a compound
leaf. — ,ANTARCTIC. Myosotidium nobile.
FOLIOSE. Covered closely with leaves. FORFICARIA graminifolia is a ter-
restrial tuberous-rooted orchid of South
FOLLE-AVOINE. (Fr.) Avenafatua. Africa, with narrow, rigid, grassy leaves
FOLLETTE. (Fr.) Atriplex hortensis. shorter than the stem, which is one to two
feet high, and terminating in a loose ra-
FOLLICLE. A kind of fruit, consisting ceme of eight to ten flowers, each sup-
of a single carpel, dehiscing by the ventral ported by a short membranaceous bract.
suture only, as in Delphinium, Asclepias, The upper sepal is boat-shaped, the two
Apocymim, &c. lateral ones larger, keeled and acute, the
FONTANESIA. A Syrian shrub of the petals bristle-like and hairy, and the lip
olive family, named in honour of M. Des- very short, fleshy and pubescent. There
fontaines, an eminent French botanist. It is only one species. [A. A. BJ
has lance-shaped leaves, ciliated at the FORNICATE. Arched.
margins and white clustered flowers with
;

a persistent four-cleft calyx, and four petals FORNIX. Little arched scales in the
united into pairs at the base by the adhe- orifice of some flowers.
sion of the two stamens. The ovary is two FORRESTIA. A genus of Commelynacece
to three-celled, with two suspended ovules, found in New Guinea. Herbs with ellipti-
the style short, the stigma cleft into two cal lanceolate glabrous leaves having hairy
threadlike divisions. The capsule is thin, sheaths, and red flowers in dense heads,
notched, indehiscent, surmounted by the with six stamens, the filaments of which
stigmas, and having a membranous mar- are glabrous. [J. T. S.J
gin. [M. T. M.]
FORSKOLEA. A genus of Urticacece,
FONTINALEI, FONTINALIS. small A found in various parts of Africa, the Medi-
section and genus of pleurocarpous mosses, terranean region, Arabia, and North-West
distinguished by their aquatic habit, the India. It belongs to a small tribe charac-
nearly sessile capsule immersed in the peri- terised by the male flowers having but one
chaetial leaves, and the cancellated inner stamen and is distinguished from its near
;

peristome. The principal genus, FonlmaMs, allies by its minute flowers being enclosed
contains a few species confined to tem- in a two or many-leaved involucre. The
perate regions of the northern hemisphere. five known species are branching herbs,
The leaves are curiously compressed, so with tough somewhat woody stems clothed
 503 QR)Z ErouSurg nf 23ataug. [foye

with rigid stinging hairs, furnished with Isatis indeed, the genus is founded on the
:

lance-shaped or ovate leaves, the little I. Garcini, an eastern plant. [J. T. SJ

flowers densely packed in their axils, males
and females in the same involucre. F. an- FOTHERGILLA. A genus of the witch-
gustifolia is said to be used in the Canary
hazels,named in honour of Dr. Fothergill,
islands to promote perspiration. The a London physician and patron of Botany
genus hears the name of M. P. Forskal, a of the last century. The corolla is want-
botanist of the last century who wrote a ing the stamens usually twenty-four in
;

flora of Egypt and Arabia Felix. [A. A. B.]

number, their filaments long and clubbed.
The species are dwarf deciduous shrubs,
FORSTERA, A genus of Stylidiacem natives of North America, having white
with a calyx of from three to six lobes and sweet-scented flowers. [G. D.]
corolla white, campanulate, with a four to
nine-lobed spreading limb stamens and
; FOUGERE COMMUNE or GRANDE.
style united into a central erect column (Fr.) Pteris aquilina. — FEMELLE.
surmounting the ovary, having at its base Athyrium FiUx-fcemina also Pteris aqui-
regalis. —
,

two large erect subulate or lunate glands. lina. — FLEURIE. Osmunda

— MUSQUEE.
i

The anthers, on the top of the column, are MALE. Lastrea Filix-mas.
sessile, bursting transversely, the two Scandix odorata.
halves hooded, the upper turned back;
stigma two-lobed, feathery, and spreading FOUNTAIN TREE. A popular name for
in the female flowers; fruit a membranous Cedrus Beodara.
capsule. The stems are simple or branched, FOURCROTA. An amaryllidaceous
two to three inches in height the leaves
;
genus closely related to Agave, and like it
more or less closely imbricated, alternate; having long-lived massive stems, great
the flowers monoecious or dioecious. Very fleshy leaves, and a very tall pyramidal
remarkable Alpine plants, natives of Tas- terminal inflorescence produced after the
mania, New Zealand, and Fuegia. [R. H.] lapse of many years. Herbert speaks of
FORSYTHIA. A genus of shrubs be- F. longaiva as the most magnificent plant
longing to the Oleacece, having a four-part- in the order, beyond all comparison its :

ed calyx, a shallow bell-shaped four-cleft stem fortv feet high; its leaves less rigid
corolla, a two-lobed stigma, and capsular and erect than in Yucca; its inflorescence
fruit. F. viridissima is very ornamental thirty feet high, the lower branches of the
in March, with its numerous tufts of terminal pyramid twelve to fifteen feet
rather large pendulous bright greenish- long; and its white flowers innumerable.
yellow flowers, which grow two or three These flowers consist of a six-parted pe-
together from all parts of the rod-like rianth, with regular nearly patent seg-
branches. After these have faded, the ments, subulate conniving filaments with
slightly aromatic shining oblong lanceo- versatile anthers, a straight hollow trian-
late leaves make their appearance; they gular style enlarged below, and a triangu-
remain till late in autumn, turning yellow lar fringed stigma. The species are rather
or purple before they fall off. The shrub widelv dispersed, occurring in South Ame-
then has somewhat the habit of a willow, rica, Mexico, West Indies, New Holland,
but the stems are four-angled and studded I
and Madagascar. F. gigantea was formerly
with a number of large prominent buds. called Agave fcetida, and is a smaller plant
than the foregoing. [T. M.]
It is perfectly hardy. [C. A. J.]

FORTUNE A. A genus of Juglandacece FOUR O'CLOCK FLOWER. Mirabilis

found in North China and Japan, and re- dichotoma.
presented by a single species, F. chinensis,
a smooth pinnate-leaved bush with the
FOUROUCHE. (Fr.) Trifolium incar-
aspect of a Sumach, its leaves being com- natum.
posed of five to seven pairs of lance-shaped FOUTEAU. (Fr.) Fagus sylvatica.
unequal-sided sharply serrated leaflets
with an odd one. The branches are ter- FOVEA (adj. FOVEATE, dim. FOYEO-
minated by a cluster of slender drooping LATE). A small excavation or pit hence :

pitted.
catkins of green male flowers somewhat
like those of a willow, and a solitary cone- I
FOVEOLE. The perithecium of certain
like and erect female catkin, made up of fungals.
a number of hard-pointed bracts closely
overlapping each other, and each bearing FOVEOLARIA. A genus of the Styrax
family, peculiar to Peru, and represented
in its axil a little one-seeded, two-winged
I

nut. According to Mr. Fortune, who first

by a single species, F. ferruginea, so named
because of the copious rusty down which
gathered the plant, and whose name it
clothes the branches, flower racemes, and
bears, the Chinese use the fruits to dye
I

the black colour of their clothes. Its

I under surface of the leaves. It is a tall
bush, with alternate elliptical entire
cone-like female catkins suffice to distin-
leaves and the little white flowers, which
;
guish it from other genera. [A. A. B.] '

are somewhat like those of the Styrax, but

FORTUYNIA A genus of Cruciferm smaller, are borne in axillary racemes, and
allied to Eaphanus, but with the two lower have a five-toothed calyx, five oblong
cells of the pod empty, the two upper one- petals, and ten stamens adhering by their
seeded and indehiscent. The pod is flat- stalks intoatubesoastobemonadelphous;
tened, broadly winged, resembling that of this latter character being* the chief dis-
tinguishing feature. The fruits are little plant, but rarely met with. The fruit is
ovoid berries. [A. A. BJ small, very abundant, roundish the flesh
;

has a greenish tinge, solid, and juicy ;and

FOVILLA. The imaginary fluid or ema- having somewhat of the pineapple flavour,
nation which it was formerly thought that something good might result from cross-
the pollen discharged when performing ing it with other sorts.
the act of fertilisation. The fluid actually The Hautbois is a native of England and
contained in the pollen-grain. the continent of Europe. It has not been
FOXBANE. Aconitum found in a wild state so plentifully as the
Vulparia.
Wood or Alpine kinds. The cultivated
FOX-CHOP. Mesembryanthemum vul- varieties of this species sometimes bear
pinvmi. most abundant crops occasionally, how-
;

FOXGLOVE. Digitalis. — DOWNY

,
ever, the plants only produce sterile flowers,
yet perhaps in another season the same
FALSE. An American name for Gerardia
flava. — , LADIES'. Verbascum Tliapsus.
plants again bear profusely, sterility being
induced by circumstances which occasion
FOX-GRAPE. Vitis vulpina, Labrusca, a too rapid development of the parts of
&c. fructification, and their consequent im-
perfection. This led to the supposition that
FOX-TAIL. Lycopodium clafatum. the Strawberry was a dioecious plant but ;

FRACID. Of a pasty texture between ; it is not so, for the rudiments of stamens
fleshy and pulpy. and pistils, more or less perfect, can
always be detected. The Hautbois have
FRAGARIA. A genus of Rosacea, dis-
plicated, rugose leaves, and the fruit has a
tinguished by its ten-cleft calyx, its Ave
petals, and seeds inserted on a fleshy
its
musky flavour, which many persons greatly
prefer.
receptacle. This fleshy receptacle is the
fruit known as the Strawberry. The name
The Virginian or Scarlet Strawberry
Fragaria is derived from fragrans — has many varieties, of various forms,
the
fruit, as is well known, being peculiarly per-
round, conical, and oblong, some of them
fumed. The common name of Strawberry sugary and mild, but most of the scarlets
has been given, according to Sir Joseph have a brisk acidity. The Old Scarlet still
Banks and others, on account of straw ranks amongst the earliest ripening sorts.
having been laid to prevent the fruit from Although it was almost the only scarlet
getting soiled in wet weather. known for nearly 200 years after its intro-
duction, and a shy bearer, no attempts to
There are several species, of which the
principal are, F. vesca, to which belong
change it by crossing appear to have been
the wood and Alpine varieties F. viridis, made till within the last fifty years. By
;
accident some good varieties of it were
the green ; the Hautbois F.
F. elatior, ;

virginiana, the
obtained now, by artificial crossing, they
Virginian or scarlet; F. ;

are exceedingly numerous. They cross

gravdiflora, the pine ; and F. chilensis,
readily amongst themselves, and likewise
the Chilian strawberry.
Previous to 1629, the date assigned to with the pines.
the introduction of the Scarlet Strawberry The Pine Strawberries have generally
large flowers and fruit, with foliage of a
from Virginia, the Wood Strawberry must
have been the sort generally gathered for darker green and thicker substance than
that of the scarlets, and the leaves are
sale in this country. 'Strabery ripe,' to-
gether with 'Gode Peascode,' and 'Cherrys not so sharply serrated. According to
in the ryse,' were mentioned as some of
some authorities, the species is a native of
Surinam, but the true Old Pine was doubt-
the London cries by Lidgate in a poem
less obtained from Carolina. This sort is
which he wrote, probably 400 years ago, or
nearly, for he died in 1483. Peas must
very much superior to many formerly cul-
tivated under the denomination of Pine
have been then cultivated for sale straw- ;
Strawberries, and which, although most
berries may have been partially so, or they
abundant bearers, have been abandoned
may have been chiefly gathered for the for new sorts that are both prolific and
purpose where found growing in their
wild state. But Hollinshed mentions the
good in quality. Still, as regards richness
of flavour, the true Old Pine or Carolina
fact that Gloucester asked the Bishop of
maintains its high character. Instead of
Ely for strawberries when contemplating
the death of Hastings and the circum-
being hollow and spongy, it is solid and
stance has been dramatised by Shakes-
;

juicy— so much so, that a basket of it may

peare :—
be detected among other sorts by its
greater weight.
'My lord of Ely, when I was last in The Chili Strawberry is, as its name im-
Holborn, plies,a native of Chili ; but Prof. Decaisne,
I saw good strawberries in your garden in his splendid work, the Jardin Fruitier
there.' du Musee, states that it is not confined
The palace and garden of the Bishop were to that part of South America, but has
situated in that part of London now called also been found on the western coast of
Ely Place and the giwnds sloping to the
; North America, in California, and Oregon.
then open stream or rivulet of Holborn The whole plant is covered with silky
must have been well adapted for the growth hairs, those on the scapes and peduncles
of strawberries. spreading horizontally. It is of vigorous
The green strawberry is a European growth where the climate is suitable for it
 505 HLfye &xcx$uvy af 230tany. [fran
but was found rather tender for our
it |
having very" showy salver-shaped purple
severe winters, and it does not succeed in flowers. The root of F. uniflora, and, to a
the climate of Paris, but in the south-west less extent, the leaves, are used in Brazil
of France it thrives admirably. It was in- in syphilitic complaints hence the plant
:

troduced to Marseilles from Chili, in 1712, is called by the Portuguese Vegetable Mer-
by Frezier, a French officer of marine ar- cury. It is bitter, purgative, emetic, and
tillery. Five plants were all that survived is poisonous in large doses. [M. T. M.j
the voyage; but in 1857 about 450 acres
were occupied with this sort alone in the FRANCISIA. A genus of Chamcelaucia-
neighbourhood of Brest, where the mild- cew, having a calyx with five short teeth,
ness of the winters and moisture of the the tube of which is cylindrico-pentagonal
air are favourable to its growth. It was and partially united with the ovary; a
cultivated in this country by Philip Miller corolla of five suborbiculate converging
in 1727 afterwards it appears to havebeen
;
petals inserted in the throat of the calyx ;

lost, till reintroduced by the Horticultural twenty stamens, those opposite the petals
Society. Though not itself adapted for our trifid, themiddlelobesbeingantheriferous,
climate, very beneficial results have fol- and those alternate with the petals simple
lowed its reintroduction, for, by crossing, and a filiform style with a hooked stigma.
a very large variety called Wilmot's Superb It is a slightly branched shrub, with
was raised and though this had too much
;
crowded linear triquetrous leaves full of
of the tenderness of its parent, yet, by pellucid dots, and terminal clustered flow-
repeated crossing, others less tender and ers. Native of New South Wales. [R. HJ
of better quality have been obtained, and
among them that so extensively grown and FRANCO ACEiE. (.Francoads.) A natural
so well known by the name of the British
order of calycifloral dicotyledons belonging
to Lindley's erical alliance of hypogynous
Queen, one of our most valuable sorts.
Formerly strawberries were chiefly Exogens. Stemless herbs, with lobed or
carried to the London market by women
pinnate exstipulate leaves, and scape-like
stalks bearing racemes of flowers the
! in head-load baskets. These women came ;

calyx four-cleft ; petals four, persistent for

mostly from "Wales and Shropshire, and
returned after the fruit-gathering season a long time stamens about sixteen, at-
;

was over. They often made two journeys tached to the lower part of the calyx, the
j

alternate ones abortive. Ovary free, four-

from Isleworth or Twickenham to London,
celled ovules numerous no style stigma
thus walking between thirty and forty ; ; ;

miles daily, with heavy loads on their heads four-lobed. Fruit a four-valved capsule ;

for half that distance. Such labour is now

seeds numerous, with a minute embryo and
fleshy albumen. They are natives of Chili.
almost entirely done away with, and spring
vans are employed for the conveyance of Their qualities are astringent and slightly
sedative. There are two genera, Francoa
strawberries to the markets. [ft. T.]
and Tetilla; and five species. [J. H. B.]
FRAGILARIA. A genus of Diatomacece FRANCOA. A genus of perennial Chi-
in which the frustules adhere intimately
lian herbs, typical of the Francoacew, hav-
to each other, so as to form long ribbon-
j

like threads which are narrower at one end

ing lyrately pinnatifld leaves which are
than the other, probably from the rupture nearly all radical, and flowers in simple
of the thread in the centre. F. hiemalis is
or branched racemes, the pedicels bearing
single flowers, and having a persistent
very common in little pools and runlets in
early spring, and is always a pleasing mi- bract at the base. The calyx is four-parted,
croscopic object. the petals four, the stamens eight fertile al-
[M. J. B.]
ternating with eight sterile, and the ovary
FRAGON. (Ft.) Buscus. free, four-celled, with numerous ovules.
FRAISIER. (Ft.) Fragaria. — A CHAS- There are four or five species. Their juice
SIS. Fragaria minor. BRESLINGE.— is saidto be sedative, and the roots of some
Fragaria collina. —
BUTSSON. Fragaria, are used for dying black. [J. H. B.]

efflagellis. —
D'ANGLETERRE. Fraga- FRANGIPANE. Plumieria rubra.
ria minor. —
DE LTNDE. Fragaria in- FRANGIPANIER. (Fr.) Plumieria.
dica, sometimes called Duchesnea fraga-
rioides. —
DES BOIS. Fragaria sylves- FRANKENIACE^J. (Frankeniads.) A
tris. — DE TOTJS LES MOIS. Fragaria natural order of thalamifloral dicotyledons
semperflorens. —
FRESSANT. Fragaria belonging to Lindley's violal alliance of hy-
hortensis. —
STERILE. Potentilla Fra- pogynous Exogens. Herbs or undershrubs
gariastrum. —
DE VERSAILLES. Fra- with branching stems, and opposite exsti-
garia monophylla. pulate leaves with a sheathing base. Flow-
ers sessile, imbedded in the leaves sepals
FRAMBOISIER. (Fr.) Bubus Idceus. ;

— DU CANADA. Bubus odoratus.

four to five, united in a furrowed tube, per-
sistent petals alternate with sepals, often
;

FRANCISCEA. A genus of Brazilian with scaly appendages stamens four to

;

shrub3, included among the Scrophula- five or twice these numbers, the anthers
and
riacta?, closely allied to Brunfelsia, roundish, versatile, opening lengthwise.
from which it differs in the tube of the Ovary superior, with a slender cleft style,
corolla being curved and dilated at its and numerous anatropal ovules attached
summit. There are several species in cul- to parietal placentas. Fruit a one-celled
tivation as stove plants, most of them capsule, enclosed by the calyx ; seeds very
FRAN Ef)e Crea^urg ai Uotang. 506
small. Chiefly natives ofNorth Africa and I FRAXINUS. The Ash, a familiar tree be-
the south of Europe a few have been
; longing to the Oleacece, well distinguished
found in South Africa, South America, by its fruit, which is dry and indehiscent,
|

the temperate parts of Asia, and Australia. |

two-celled, two-seeded, compressed, and
They have scarcely any properties of im- ending in a leaf-like expansion (samara).
portance. The leaves of Beatsonia portu- F. excelsior is indigenous throughout the
laccBfolia are used in St. Helena as a substi- greater part of Europe, the north of Africa,
tute for tea. There are six genera, includ- and some parts of Asia. Not remark-
ing Frankenia, Beatsonia, and Hypericop- able for robustness, grandeur, or longevity,
sis, and upwards of thirty species. [J. H. B.] it rests its claim to distinction among
European trees on qualities scarcely less
FRANKENIA. A genus of small heath- striking. In height, gracefulness of form,
like herbs or sub-shrubs giving name to and elegance of foliage, it has no supe-
the order Frankeniacem, distinguished by riors, scarcely any competitor. ' Its bran-
having the petals furnished with claws ches at keep close to the trunk, and
first
which are equal in length to the tube of the form acute angles with it; but as they
calyx, six stamens, a three-cleft stigma, begin to lengthen,- they generally take an
and a three-celled many-seeded capsule. easy sweep, and the looseness of the leaves
Frankenia is represented in Great Britain corresponding with the lightness of the
by F. hevis, a procumbent plant, with nu- spray, the whole forms an elegant depend-
merous narrow oblong leaves which grow ing foliage.' (Gilpin.) The 'sweep' de-
in tufts, and flowers rising from the forks scri bed by Gilpin is especially remarkable
of the stems or from the axils of the upper in old trees, the lower pendent branches of
leaves. It grows in muddy marshes by the which are curved upwards at the extre-
seaside in many parts of Europe and the mities in a way which quite typifies the
Canary Islands in England chiefly on the
;
tree. In early spring the spray assumes a
eastern coast. Other species come from characteristic appearance, occasioned by
the shores of the Mediterranean, the Cape the numerous clusters of flowers which
of Good Hope, North America, and New appear at the extremities of the branches,
Holland. French, Franquenne. [C. A. J.] at least a month before the leaves. These
flowers are minute and remarkably simple
FRANKINCENSE. The odoriferous resin in their structure, being destitute both of
called Olibanum obtained from Boswellia.
calyx and corolla but, being exceedingly
— , EUROPEAN. A resinous exudation of
;

numerous, and of a dark purple colour,

the spruce fir. The name is also applied to
they are very conspicuous. They grow in
Pinus Tceda.
dense clusters on the extremiti.es of those
FRANKLANDIA. Aproteaceous genus branches which were produced in the for-
containing only one species, F.fucifolia, mer year, and eventually become diffuse,
a small upright shrub, very remarkable andare finally succeeded by bunches of pen-
in its appearance, having scattered fili- dent seeds not inappropriately called keys.
form dichotomous leaves, covered with The foliage of the ash is very late in making
orange-coloured glands and warts. The its appearance, and it takes its departure
flowers have a salver-shaped calyx with a among the first, though the precise time at
straight slender cylindrical tube and four- which it sheds its leaves varies much in
cleft deciduous limb four stamens in-
; different individuals. The leaves are com-
cluded within the tube of the calyx and a ; posed of about five pairs of acute notched
filiform ovary, with spindle-shaped style, leaflets with a terminal odd one, which
and inversely conical stigma. The fruit is last is occasionally abortive. A
variety
a small nut with a single seed. It is a named heterophylla has most of the leaves
native of South-west Australia. [R. H.] simple. Another variety is well known as
the Weeping Ash, all the existing speci-
FRASERA. A North American genus mens of which were originally deri ved from
of the gentian family, consisting of bien-
a tree discovered about the middle of the
nial herbs with axillary stalked flowers,
last century growing near Wimpole in
having a wheel-shaped four-cleft corolla,
Cambridgeshire.
whose segments have in the middle a glan- As a timber tree the Ash is exceedingly
dular depression, protected by a fringed
A^aluable, on account of its quick growth,
scale. F. carolinensis, or F. Walteri as it
and the toughness and elasticity of the
is also called, is a curious little plant found j

wood, in which latter quality it surpasses

in the morasses of North America. It fur-
every European tree. In its younger stages
nishes a fine gentian-like bitter, and when
(when it is called Ground-Ash), it is used
fresh is said to be emetic and cathartic.
I

for walking-sticks, hoops, and hop-poles.

The roots have been imported under the The matured timber is converted into
name of American Calumba. [M. T. MJ |

ploughs, axle-trees, harrows, oars, carts,

|

FRAXINE.F. The ash tribe, a suborder : ladders, handles for tools and a variety of
of Oleacece. It includes those genera : other implements and as fuel it is un-
;

which have a winged fruit or samara, with rivalled. Several American species of ash
one or more seeds. Among these are com- resemble the European ash in general ap-
prised the common ash (Fraxinus), and the |
pearance and qualities. The Ash is the
manna ash (Ornus). [J. H. B.J badge of the clan Menzies. French, Frene ;

German, Esche. [C. A. J.]

FRAXINELLA. Dictamnus albus. The Common Ash has perhaps a greater
FRAXINELLE. (Fr.) Dictamnus albus. number of superstitions connected with it
 507 CIjc CreaSurt) at 2Sntang,
than almost any other tree, for it would so baneful and deleterious a nature, that
seem that in England it unites the honours whenever it creeps over a beast, be it horse,
usually attributed to the rowan tree, or cow, or sheep, the suffering animal is
mountain ash of Scotland, with those pe- with cruel anguish, and threaten-
afflicted
culiar to itself. Or perhaps the supposed ed with the loss of the use of the limb.
powers of keeping witches at a respectful Against this accident, to which they were
distance of the mountain ash continually liable, our provident fore-
fathers always kept a shrew ash at hand,
* Rowan tree and Red Thread which, when once medicated, would main-
Keep the witches at their speed tain its virtue for ever. The manner of
have heen attributed to it from the simi- preparing the shrew ash was by means of
larity of the leaves of the one to those of the shrewmouse as already described, in
the other, thus giving rise to the name of which doubtless some strange invocations
ash for very dissimilar trees. were used but as we do not know them in
;

|
One of the most remarkable, and perhaps these degenerate days, we may suppose
.
the most ancient, usages to which the Ash the charm is lost. Not so, however, that
was appropriated, was that of passing chil- attributed to the even-leaf from the Ash,
dren who were ruptured through a cleft in that is, where the leaf terminates with two
!
the bole of a young tree. Evelyn says 'I : opposite pinrias instead of the usual single
have heard it affirmed with great confi- terminal leaflet. In Wiltshire and Glou-
dence, and upon experience, that the rup- cestershire it is not at all uncommon for
ture to which many children are obnoxious the lucky finder of the often much coveted
even-leaf to invoke it as follows :—
'

is healed by passing the infant through a

t

wide cleft made in the bole or stem of a

growing ash tree; it is then carried a 'Even-ash, I do thee pluck,
second time round the ash, and caused to Hoping thus to meet good luck
repass the same aperture as before. The If no luck I get from thee,
rupture of the child being bound up, it is Better far be on the tree."
:

supposed to heal as the cleft of the tree This simple charm keeps away witches
closes and coalesces.' In this case, where and we can only say that in our younger
both parents were living, the father pre- days we have travelled with an even-leaved
sented the child, and the mother received ash on many an eerie night, and we never
it. In the Museum of Natural History in saw a witch.
"Worcester is a portion of a young ash Evelyn says that 'the chymists exceed-
which was probably submitted to this ingly recommend the seed of ash to be
1

operation not many years since, and which an admirable remedy for stone.' But
s
did not heal as it grew, but retained an whether by power of magic or nature, I
,
oval aperture in the stem. That this determine not '—doubtless from the power
: superstition lingered until very recently of its roots to rive rocks, and the facility
i
we know, as the Rev. T. Bree describes a with which this tree will grow in stony
case as having occurred in Warwickshire. places. Be this as it may, it is, though a
A superstition prevailed among the old very old remedy, now discarded; and, in-
leeches that a shrewmouse, on creeping deed, of the many virtues the Ash was once
over the limbs of man or the lower animals, supposed to possess (and we have not
was the cause of cramp and paralysis. To named them all), it now boasts none but
cure this, a hole was made with an auger the utilitarian one of being a most useful
in the bole of an ash tree, and a poor live timber tree. However, in this relation we
shrew was fastened in with the plug of must not forget to mention that the root
|
wood that had been abstracted. It is even of the ash yields a most curious veined or
now a not quite exploded belief that a camleted wood in which superstition, ere
shrewmouse running over the foot, will now, has traced extraordinary figures.
cause lameness, the antidote for which Thus Evelyn quotes one Jacobus Gafferel-
was the application of a twig of 'shrew lus for the assertion, in his book of Un-
ash.' Thus Gilbert White says: 'We have heard-of Curiosities, that of a tree found in
'

]
several persons now living in the village, Holland, which being cleft, had, in several
who, in their childhood, were supposed to slivers, the figures of a chalice, a priest's
be healed by this superstitious ceremony, alb, his stole, and several other pontifical
derived down, perhaps, from cur Saxon vestments.' [J. B.]
ancestors, who practised it before their FREE. Not adhering to anything else
conversion to Christianity.' The same not adnate to any other body.
author describes the preparation of the
' shrew
ash as follows :— At the south cor-
' FREMONTIA. A remarkable and beau-
ner of the plestor, or area, near the church, tiful Galifornian bush, belonging to the
there stood, about twenty years ago, a Sterculiacece. Along with the hand-plant of
very old, grotesque, hollow pollard-ash, Mexico (Cheirostemon), it differs from the
which for ages had been looked upon with others in that group in the flowers having
no small veneration as a shrew ash. Now no petals ;and from the latter it is readily
a shrew ash is an ash whose twigs or recognised by the bell-shaped calyx, which
branches, when gently applied to the limbs remains attached, and does not fall away
of cattle, will immediately relieve the pains when the flower withers.
which a beast suffers from the running F. californicavf as first discovered by Col.
of a shrewmouse over the part affected Fremont (whose name it bears), in one of
for it is supposed that a shrewmouse is of his Calif ornian expeditions in the northern
fren] QLtyz Creagurg at Itatauj). 508
part of the Sierra Nevada. It forms a de- chaffy, the interior of rough hairs. F.
ciduous bush four to ten feet high, having leptophylla and scaposa, the only species,
much the aspect of an ordinary fig-tree. are dwarf undershrubs, the former with
The rounded five to seven-lobed leaves, opposite linear smooth, the latter with al-
however, are smaller than those of the fig, ternate downy leaves, and both with small
and clothed with rusty hairs underneath. terminal flower-heads. [A. A. B.]
FRESHWATER SOLDIER. Stratiotes

FREYCINETIA. A genus of Panda-

nacece consisting of climbing or scrambling
trees, natives of the Indian Archipelago,
Norfolk Island, New. Zealand, &c. They
have the habit of Pandanus, from which
they are distinguished by having their
male flowers upon an unbranched spadix,
by their female flowers having abortive
stamens, and by the ovaries having nume-
rous ovules placed on three parietal pla-
centae. The fruit consists of numerous
fleshy drupe-like carpels, completely or
partially fused together, so that there are
many or only one cell containing the nu-
merous seeds. Examples of this genus are
shown in Plate 10, fig. c, and Plate 14,
fig. c [M. T. M.]
FREYERA. A genus of umbellifers,
having the fruit flattened laterally, each
half with five sharp wing-like ridges and ;

Fremontia californica. comprehending a single herbaceous plant,

a native of Ulyria, the stem of which is
The handsome yellow flowers are pro- slightly branched, with compound leaves
duced singly on the ends of short spur-like twice divided, the divisions one orthree-
branches, and consist of a broadly bell- lobed flowers white fruit black. [G. D.]
; ;
shaped calyx of five spreading divisions,
clothed sparsely with cinnamon-coloured FREZIERA. A South American genus
down outside five stamens having their
; of Ternstrdmiacece, chiefly found in the
stalks united below into a cup and an ovoid
; temperate regions of the Andes. They
ovary surrounded by the staminal cup, and are evergreen bushes or trees of consider-
terminating in a simple style. The fruits able magnitude, often with the aspect of
are oval capsules, which, when ripe, split laurels, but their leaves are usually covered
into five woody portions, each of which beneath with close-pressed silky down.
contains a few black seeds. [A. A. B.] The little white flowers are usually two or
three together, sometimes solitary in the
FRENCH BERRIES. The fruits of
axils of the leaves they have a five-
;
Bhamnus inferiorius, saxatilis, amygdali-
leaved calyx, five rounded petals, nume-
nus, &c.
rous stamens, and a [three to five-celled
FRENELA. A genus of Conifers of the ovary, which becomes a small dry berry
tribe Cupressinew. The flowers are incom- with numerous seeds. Cleyera, to which
plete, the staminate and pistillate ones on this genus is most nearly allied, has few
the same plant the former in cylindrical
: seeds in each cell. The wood of F. chryso-
catkins, with numerous stamens, imbri- phylla is preferred to many others in the
cated in six rows the latter in globular
; Peruvian Andes for making charcoal its ;

or conical cones of six scales. The seeds lance-shaped leaves are clothed beneath
are numerous, winged on both sides. Re- with golden down. F. theoides, a common
sinous trees or shrubs of New Holland, "West Indian species, has smooth leaves like
with cylindrical or three-angled branches, those of the tea, said to be astringent and
and ternate, scale-like, persistent, and de- to have a similar taste. [A. A. B.]
current leaves. They are two years in
ripening their seeds. The name was given
FRIAR'S-COWL. Arisarum vulgare.
by Mirbel after M. Frenel. There are FRIESIA. The name formerly given to
twenty known species. [J. H. B.] the Tasmanian species of Aristotelia.
FRENE. (Fr.) Fraxirms excelsior. — FRIJOLES. A Spanish name for various
A FLEURS. Ornus europcea. A — LA kinds of pulse.
MANNE. Fraxirms rotundifolia. FRINGED. The same as Fimbriate.
FRESENIA. A South African genus of FRINGE-MYRTLES. A name given by
Compositce characterised by its yellow Lindley to the Chamcelauciacece.
flower-heads containing about fifteen
florets, all of which are tubular and per-
FRINGE-TREE. Chionanthus.
fect and by its achenes crowned with a
; FRITILLARIA. A genus of liliaceous
double pappus, the exterior short and plants of ornamental character, found in
the south of Europe and in Asia. They to palm leaves, and so destroyed its mean-
are perennials, furnished with bulbs, and ing.
have erect annual stems with alternate or
somewhat whorled often glaucous leaves, FRONDOSE. Covered with leaves ; bear-
ing a great number of leaves.
nodding bell-shaped flowers, sometimes
solitary and terminating the stem, some- FRONDIPAROUS. A
monstrosity, con-
times disposed in the form of a raceme in sisting in the production of leaves instead
the axils of the upper leaves, or sometimes of fruit.
collected into a whorl beneath a terminal
leafy tuft, this last being the arrangement FROPIERA. A
small tree from the
in the Crown Imperial, F. imperialis, one Mauritius with alternate evergreen entire
of the most stately of the species. The leaves and small flowers in axillary clusters
perianth is six-parted, and each of its or short racemes, forming a very distinct
segments has a honey-pore near its base genus, whose immediate affinities have not
within this are six stamens, and a three-
;
been ascertained. The dotted leaves and
celled ovary crowned by a three-parted most points of structure are those of
style. In several of the species, especially Myrtacece, but the ovary is entirely su-
in the native one, F. Meleagris, the colours perior, and the stamens definite.
of the flower are chequered, whence it is FROSTED. A term applied to surfaces
said the name is derived, from fritlilus, in which a dewy appearance is opaque, as
assumed to mean a chess-board. [T. M.] if the drops were congealed.

FRITZSCHTA. A
genus of Melasto- FROST-WEED. Helianthemum cana-
macece, composed of a few dwarf peren- dense.
nial Brazilian herbs, having much the FRUCTIFICATION. The parts of the
aspect of the common thyme. Their mi- flower ; or more properly the fruit and its
nute leaves are smooth and marked with parts.
glandular dots, which is unusual in this
family, and the slender twigs are termi- FRUCTIPAROUS. A monstrosity, con-
nated by solitary small purple flowers, sisting in the production of several fruits,
which have a tubular calyx, four elliptical instead of the one which is metamor-
petals, eight straight stamens, with ovoid phosed.
anthers united to their fllamentsbyashort
FRUIT. That part of a plant which con-
connective which has on its inner face sists of the ripened carpels, and the parts
two tubercles or short spurs. The te- adhering to them. —
SPURIOUS. Any ,
tramerous structure distinguishes them kind of inflorescence which grows up with
from some, and the nature of the stamens the fruit, and forms one body with it, as a
from others, of their allies. [A. A. B.] pine cone.
FROLICHIA. A genus of Amaran- FRULLANIA. A large genus of Junger-
thaxece nearly allied to Gomphrena, from
manniaceai, distinguished by its numerous
which it differs in having a tubular peri-
anth five-cleft at the apex, and stamens archegones and complicated leaves. The
species occur in all parts of the world, but
with the filaments united into along tube.
They are natives of tropical America, one are far more common in tropical or sub-
tropical countries than in Europe. F. ta-
species reaching as far north as Illinois;
marisci is almost universally distributed,
and consist of hairy or woolly herbs, with
opposite sessile leaves and spiked flowers,
and is found abundantly in rather moun-
tainous heathy districts, where it is con-
each with three scarious bracts. [J. T. S.]
spicuous for its purple hue. The leaves in
FROG-BIT. Hydrocharis morsus ranee,-
this genus are remarkable for the inflated
— ,AMERICAN. LimnoMum. lobes on their under side. [M. J. B.]

FROG-CHEESE. A name applied occa- FRUSTULES. The joints into which the
sionally to the larger puff-balls when brittleworts separate.
young. [M. J. B.] FRUSTULOSE. Consisting of small
fragments.
FROLE. (Fr.) Arbutus Unedo.
FRUTA DE BURRO, of Carthagena. A
FROMAGEON. (Fr.) Malva rotundi- poisonous plant supposed to be a species
folia. of Capparis. —
of Humboldt. The fruit
,

FROMAGER. (Fr.) Bombax. — EPI- of Xylopia grandiflora. DE PA RAO. —

NE US. Bombax Ceiba. The fruit of Schmidelia edulis.
FROMENTAL. (Fr.) Avena elatior. FRUTEX (adj. FRUTICOSE, FRUTES-
CENT). A shrub a woody plant which
FROMENT. (Fr.) Triticum. — CULTIVE. ;

does not form a trunk, but divides into

Triticum vulgare. — DES HAIES. Triti-
branches nearly down to the ground.
cum caninum. — LOCULAR. Triticum
monococcum. FRUTICULUS. A small shrub.
'
FROND, FRONS. A combination of leaf FUCACE^E. A
natural order of dark-
and stem, as in many algals and liver- spored Algo3, consisting of olive-coloured
worts also improperly applied to a leaf
; inarticulate seaweeds whose spores are
which bears reproductive bodies, as that contained in spherical cavities in the
of dorsiferous ferns. Linnaeus applied it frond. Most of them are large species of
fuch] Efjs EreaSurj) of 23otaug. 510
a tough leathery substance, and assume a belong to the central and southern regions
dark colour when dried. Many of them of America, in shady moist places, in
have distinct leafy and even two-ranked forests, or on the lofty mountains of
appendages, while others are destitute of Mexico, Peru, and Chili. The number of
any distinction whatever between stem distinct species at present know-n is more
and receptacle. In Himanthalia the frond than fifty, which have been introduced
is a small cup-shaped body, the receptacle from time to time since the beginning of
being repeatedly forked and many feet the present century ; but the varieties
long. In many cases the receptacles form most prized by florists date only from the
littlepod-like solitary or fasciculate bodies year 1837, when F. fulgens was introduced.
projecting from the stem, while in others The introduction of this species, and soon
they are merely slight swellings. Another afterwards of F. corymbiflora, cordifolia,
cause of variety of aspect arises from the and serratifolia, gave to horticulturists the
different nature of the air-bladders by opportunity of hybridising these long-
which they are sustained in the water. flowered species with the globose kinds,
These are sometimes entirely wanting, and the result has been the annual appear-
sometimes simple, and sometimes com- ance of varieties which, from a garden
pound or arranged in necklace-like rows. point of view, have surpassed their pre-
In all alike, whatever the habit may be, decessors, to be themselves eclipsed in
the spores are contained in cavities re- their turn. [C. A. J.]
sembling the cells of Dothidea.
Fucacece exist in all parts of the world FUCHSIA, AUSTRALIAN or NATIVE.
calculated forjthe growth of seaweeds, and, A colonial name for Correct.
though much more abundant as regards FUCUS. A name formerly applied in-
species in warm than in temperate regions, discriminately to almost all the more solid
have numerous representatives in the lat- Algce, though now confined to a single
ter. All are probably occasionally attached, genus of Fucacece. Attempts have been
but they may exist for centuries as floating made to subdivide even this from slight
masses, as in the instance of the Gulf differences in the spores or in the disposi-
weed. Durvillcea utilis, which is remark- tion of the male organs. Fucus, as now
able for its having the habit of a Laminaria, generally restricted, comprises those social
though belonging truly to this order, and seaweeds which have a flat or compressed
distinguished by the large cells like those forked frond, the air-vessels when present
of a honeycomb contained in its frond, formed by the occasional swelling of the
is used in Chili and elsewhere for thicken- branches, or in their substance, and also
ing soup. The greater part of these plants have receptacles filled with mucus, tra-
contain a great quantity of carbonate of versed by a network of jointed filaments.
soda, which was once procured from them Fucus, in fact, contains such species as
in considerable quantities in the form of serratus and nodosus, which are as common
kelp,and they in common with some other on our coasts as grass in the fields. The
melanosperms are a fertile source of iodine, antherids are produced either on the same
one of the most important medicines in or on different plants, and their spermato-
the Pharmacopoeia. [M. J. B.] zoids have been proved to have active func-
tions from their effects on the spores,
FUCHSIA. A genus of Onagracece cha- which, without their access, are not capable
racterised by having a funnel-shaped of reproducing the species, though they
coloured deciduous four-parted calyx, commence an imperfect germination.
sometimes with a very long tube ; four Many of the species are more or less ex-
petals set in the mouth of the calyx-tube, posed at low water. F. canaliculatus, how-
and alternating with its segments eight ; ever, which is referred by some to a distinct
exserted stamens ; and a long style with a genus, Pelvetia, is remarkable for its am-
capitate stigma. The flowers are suc- phibious habit, growing as it does fre-
ceeded by oblong bluntly four-cornered quently on large boulders, where it is dried
berries. up by the sun into a hard brown mass.
A plausible story has been often printed This, however, recovers its usual appear-
which attributes the introduction of the ance entirely with the first return of the
Fuchsia into England to a sailor, whose tide, and is so little incommoded by the
wife or mother was induced to sell it to change, that it even brings fruit to per-
Mr. Lee, a nurseryman, who in the course fection in such situations. As, however,
of the following summer made a protit of there is a point beyond which endurance is
300 guineas by the transaction. This is impossible, it is not known on.the coasts
said to have happened about the close of of the United States, where the hot burn-
the last century. It was, however, a hun- ing sun would completely destroy vitality
dred years before this time that a monk before the return of the tide. The pecu-
named Father Plumier discovered the first liar leathery texture of the frond seems
specimen of the family, which he dedicated to enable it to bear considerable change
to the memory of Melchior Adam Fuchs. without inconvenience.
This first species was named Fuchsia tri- These plants afford a considerable pro-
phyllaflore coccineo, and a description of it portion of the seaweed thrown up upon
is to be found in the works of Plumier, our shores and collected for manure, as it
published in 1703. With the exception of F. was formerly for making kelp. Cattle also
excorticata and F. procumbens, which are occasionally browse upon them, or they are
natives of New Zealand, all the species boiled and given with coarse meal as food.
The gelatinous receptacles are sometimes the two outer one-celled. Fruit around and
used as applications to scrofulous swell- indehiscent achene, or a one-celled and
ings. Any benefit which results must two-valved pod seeds crested with a mi-
;

depend on the small quantity of iodine nute embryo. Natives chiefly of the tem
which they contain. perate regions of the northern hemi-
Most of the species are confined to the sphere a few occur at the Cape of Good
;

Northern seas. F. vesiculosus, though so Hope. They possess slight bitterness and
common under a variety of forms both in acridity. Dielytra spectabilis has very
the North Atlantic and Pacific, does not showy flowers. There are about 160sDecies,
exist in the Mediterranean except in float- distributed in eighteen genera, of which
ing masses carried in through the Straits Hypecoum, Fumaria, Corydalis, Diehitra,
of Gibraltar. F. nodosus occasionally and Platycapnos are examples. [J. H. B.]
exists in similar floating masses, and then
assumes curious forms which have been
FUMARIA. The Fumitory, a genus of
herbaceous plants giving name to the order
registered as distinct species distinguished
Fumariacece, among which they are dis-
by their mode of branching and other cha-
tinguished by having one of the petals
racters. F. vesiculosus is the badge of the
swollen or spurred at the base, and a one-
M'Neills. [M.J. B.]
seeded capsule which does not open. The
FUGACIOUS, FUGAX Falling off, or species vary but little in habit, being
perishing very rapidly. small slender herbs with weak climbing
or straggling stems, decompound leaves,
FTJGOSIA. A genus of Malvaceae, con-
and clusters or spikes of small tubular irre-
sisting of shrubs, natives of tropical Ame-
gular flowers of a pinkish hue tipped with
rica, Africa, and Australia. Their flowers
purple, or rarely white. Several kinds of
are surrounded by an outer calyx or invo-
lucel of six or more leaves, within which
Fumitory are common weeds in cornfields
and other cultivated ground, varying in
is a five-clef t calyx dotted over with black
luxuriance according to the richness of
spots, and five oblique petals. The cap-
the soil. F. officinalis is said to be a com-
sule is three to four-celled, opening through
the backs of the carpels. [M. T. M.]
mon weed throughout the world, and has
been long esteemed for its medicinal
FUIRENA. A
genus of cyperaceous virtues, the juice having been recom-
plants belonging to the tribe Scirpece, hav- mended as a purifier of the blood, and an
ing the inflorescence in solitary spikes, in infusion of the leaves as a cosmetic. Though
spikes of three, or in crowded heads of now not valued in England, it occurs in
spikes, many-flowered scales imbricated,
; lists of French medicinal plants as a depu-
the outer frequently empty stamens three
; rative. French, Fumeterre; German, Erd-
styles three-cleft; achenes triangular, with rauch. [C. A. J.]
the bases of the styles adhering. There The Fumitory is essentially an agrarian
are about forty species, mostly natives of plant, tracking both garden and field cul-
the warmer parts of the globe, chiefly in ture over a great part of Asia as well as
the southern hemisphere. [D. M.] Europe. It is probably from this cause
that the species are so variable, or perhaps
FULCIENS. Supporting or propping up we should say, that so many varieties
anything said of one organ which is
;
occur ; and being sown with different
placed beneath another.
kinds of seeds, such as clover, flax, and
FULCRA (adj. FULCRATE). Additional other crops, which maybe obtained from
organs, such as pitchers, stipules, tendrils, different parts of the world, we need not
spines, prickles, hairs, &c. wonder if a variable mode of growth
should be the consequence of thewarying
FULCRACEOUS. Of or belonging to
conditions which plants so circumstanced
the fulcra.
must encounter. The typical species is
FULIGINOUS, FULTGINOSE. Dirty F. officinalis, which was formerly in repute
brown, verging upon black. for a variety of diseases. Its generic
FULVOUS. name, indeed, is said to be derived from
Dull yellow, with a mixture
the Latin fumus, smoke, which, Pliny tells
of grey and brown.
us, was given because the juice of the
FULWA. A solid buttery oil obtained plant brought on such a flow of tears
from Bassia butyracea. that the sight became dim as in smoke,
and hence reputed use in affections of
its
FUMARIACE2E. (Fumeworts.) A natural the eye. now no longer employed
It is
order of thalamifloral dicotyledons, be-
medicinally, although a volume might be
longing to Lindley's berberal alliance of written of what has been said of its virtues
hypogynous Exogens. Herbs with brittle and the many diseases in which it was held
stems, watery juice, alternate cut exstipu-
as a remedy by a host of physicians from
late leaves, and irregular un symmetrical
Dioscorides to Cullen. [J. B.]
flowers. Sepals two, deciduous petals four,
;

cruciate, irregular, one or two of them FUMETERRE. (Fr.) Fumaria. -~

often saccate or spurred, and the two inner BULBEUSE. Corydalis bulbosa.
frequently cohering at the apex so as to FUMOUS, FUMOSE. Grey, changing to
include the anthers and stigma stamens ;
brown ; smoke-coloured.
either four and free, or six anddiadelphous,
each bundle being opposite the outer FUMEWORTS. The plants of the order
petals, the central anther two-celled, and Fuinariacece.
 Efjc Creatfttrg of ISatang. 512
FUMITORY. Fumaria. — , BULBOUS. we find that the spores of the Peronospora
Corydalis bullosa, also Adoxa Moschatel- fall off and germinate at once, while the
lina. analogous bodies in the Chroolepus burst
and send out a multitude of minute repro-
FUNALIS. Formed of coarse fibres re-
ductive bodies moving about for a time
sembling cords. by means of long lash-shaped cilia?. A
FUNARIEI, FUNARIA. A small natural second form of fruit which occurs in
order and genus of acrocarpous mosses Peronospora shows a greater difference
with a pear-shaped capsule, and the calyptra between the two as genera, but not as
much inflated and vesicular below, and regards important sectional character. A
subulate above. The peristome is either similar parallel might be made in other
doable, single, or altogether wanting, the cases.
vesicular calyptra being the point of Popularly speaking, Fungi may be recog-
greatest importance. Funaria hygrome- nised either as the creatures of corruption
trica grows in all parts of the world, and —springing, that is, from various bodies,
is extremely common in this country, es- whether animal or vegetable, in a more or.
pecially on charred or burnt soil, and is less advanced stage of decomposition — or
conspicuous from its large calyptra and as parasites on living bodies, producing
cernuous heads. [M. J. B.] an injurious change. The ephemeral toad-
stools of the hotbed, the mushrooms of
FUNDAMENTAL. Constituting the es- our rich pastures, the sap-balls on decay-
sential part of anything in a plant, the
,
ing trees, the moulds which infest our food
axis and its appendages. and even the tissues of living animals,
FUNDI or FUNDUNGI. The Hungry the mildew bunt and smut of our corn-
Rice, Paspalum exile. crops, with many other more or less fami-
liar objects, are so many Fungi, all agreeing
FUNDUS PLANTS. The collar, or place in the main particulars which we have in-
of junction of root and stem. dicated, and so differing from the green
FUNGALES, FUNGALS. A name in- scum of our brooks, and the weeds of the
tended to include under one head Fungi sea, though distinguished from each other
and Licliens, the latter of which are so by essential differences of structure. In
closely allied that it is often difficult to tell some, no indications of sexual differences
to which division some given species may have been found, while in others bodies
belong. [M. J. B.] occur, which in all probability have an
especial sexual function, though at present
FUNGI. A large class of cryptogams we are without actual proof of the fact.
distinguished from Algce more by habit Fungi are divided into two great sections,
than by any general character. They agree characterised by the mode in which the
with them in their cellular structure, reproductive bodies are formed. In the
which is void of anything like vascular tis- one, they are simply the terminal joint or
sue except in a very few cases, while they joints of the component threads or cells,
differ in their scarcely ever being aquatic, altered in form from those which precede
in deriving nutriment from the substance them, and at length falling off and repro-
on which they grow, and in the far lower ducing the plant, in which case they are
degree of development of the organs of called spores. In the other they are formed
impregnation —the impregnating cells, from the contents of certain sacs or asci,
where they really possess a sexual function, and are usually definite in number, and
being extremely simple, void of cilia?, and multiples of four, where they are not
therefore possessed of nothing more than reduced below that number in this case
;

molecular motion, the only exception being they are called sporidia. Both spores and
that of Leptomitus and its allies, which sporidia may be multicellular, and in ger-
seem to be almost intermediate. The mination give rise to as many threads of
myxogastrous Furagii, whose spores produce spawn as there are cells. In many species
a body resembling certain infusoria, are of the latter division, a second form of
wholly exceptional, and the indications of fruit occurs, which is naked as in the first
animal life which they exhibit point in and in every division two or more kinds of
another direction. fruit are frequently produced by the same
Minute and abstruse as are these differ- species, a fact which takes from the ma-
ences, it is almost impossible to distinguish thematical precision of the two great di-
certain Fungi and Algce without them. visions, though it does not interfere with
Tate, for instance, a Peronospora and a their natural affinities.
Chroolepus. Both exhibit erect branched Fungi may be divided into six principal
threads, from the upper part of which cells classes, the first four of which bear naked
are produced containing a thick grumous spores, the two latter sporidia: —
matter. At first sight no one would think 1. Hymenomycetes, in which the fructi-
they could belong to very different sections fying surface is at length exposed, if not so
of the vegetable kingdom. When, how- in its first origin. Mushrooms and sap-
ever, we look more closely, we find first, balls are well-known examples.
that the one is a true parasite, the other 2. Gasteromycetes, in which the fruc-
growing indifferently on bark or stone, tifying surface is always enclosed at
and deriving its nourishment from the first,and is never completely exposed,
surrounding air and then when we turn
; except in old age or decay, in consequence
from the habit to intimate structure, of its sinuous intricate character, even
 513 €f)e CmSurg of Matmxy. [ftjsa

when the peri di urn bursts. Puff-balls are a lineones.when present, sessile. The flowers
familiar example. grow in racemes and are blue or white,
3. Coxiojitcetes, in -which the spawn with a tubular six-parted perianth, and the
or vegetative part is reduced to a mini- style and stamens bent down. The seeds
I mum, and the abundant spores at length have a black membranous coat, produced
:

form a dusty or more rarely a gelatinous into a wing at the apex. A few species are
! mass. The rust and bunt of corn afford known, and they are mostly introduced to
ready instances. our gardens. [J. T. S.]
4. Htphojitcetes, in which the vege-
i
tative part consists mostly of threads FUNNEL-SHAPED. A
calyx or corolla,
which are not woven into a solid mass or other organ, in which the tube is obconi-
except in a few cases which border on cal, gradually enlarging upwards into the
I
Hymenomycetes. The naked-seeded moulds limb, so that the whole resembles a funnel,
; belong to this division. as in the Convolvulus.
5. Ascomycetes, in which the sacs or
asci which contain the sporidia are either FURBIURNE. An Arab name for Exi-
packed into an exposed hymenium, or line phorbia officinavum.
the interior of the fruit-bearing cysts. FURCATE. Having long terminal lobes,
Morels afford an example of the first, and like the prongs of a fork, as Ophioglossum
! the insect Sphcerice of the second. 'pendulum.
6. Physomycetes, in which the compo-
I

nent threads are more or less free as in FURCELLARIA. A genus of rose-

Byphomycetes, The common bread mould spored Algce belonging to the natural
is an excellent example.
order of Cryptonemiacea?, with a forked
Each of these divisions is again divided. cylindrical fastigiate frond, having the
In a few instances the bodies which at capsules lodged in the pod-like branches.
first sight seem to be the spores or ulti-
F.fastigiata, the only known species, which
is widely distributed in the Northern At-
mate fruit, are in reality a sort of prothal-
lantic, is one of the commonest sea-weeds
lus. Sometimes a third evolution takes
place before the ultimate spore is formed. on our coast. It is so like Poh/ides rotundus
The truly parasitic fungi of the third di- that it is very difficult to distinguish them
vision give us examples. except when in fruit the sponge-like
;

The uses of Fungi are various. To enu- masses in which the capsules of Polyides
merate them here would be merely to go are immersed, afford, however, a marked
I

over ground which must be again travel- distinction. [M. J. B.j

|

led under individual orders and species. Tt FURFURACEOUS. Scurfy covered

;
is sufficient to say that they afford excel-
with soft scales, which are easily dis-
lent and abundant food, valuable medi- placed.
cines, besides less important assistance in
domestic economy. Their office in the FURROWED. Marked by longitudinal
organised world is to check exuberant channels, as the stem of the parsnep.
growth, to facilitate decomposition, to FURZE. The gorse or whin, Vlex euro-
regulate the balance of the component pceus.
elements of the atmosphere, to promote
fertility, and to nourish myriads of the FUSAIN. (Fr.) Euonymus europceus.
smaller members of the animal kingdom.
They occur in every part of the world FUSANUS. A genus of sandalworts,
where the cold is not too intense to de- having flowers of mixed character, some
stroy their spawn, or where there is suffi- being perfect, having stamens and pistils ;

cient moisture, though they abound the others with stamens or with pistils only.
most in moist temperate regions where the The border of the calyx is deeply divided
summer is warm. There are but few cer- into four pieces, which spread horizon-
tain traces of them in antediluvian strata, tally like the spokes of a wheel, but ulti-
and those only in the more recent. Most mately fall off; the stamens are four in
of them, however, are too soft and fugitive number. The species are small trees or
to make it likely that they should have shrubs, natives of the Cape of Good Hope,
been preserved. [M. J. B.] and of the southern parts of New Holland.
Dr. Lindley states that the fruit of the
'

FUNGIFORM, FUN'GILLIFORM. Cy- Quandanp: nut (F. acuminatus) is as sweet

lindrical, having a rounded convex over- and useful to the New-Hollanders as al-
hanging extremity. monds are to us.' [G. D.]
FUNGLN'OUS. Of or belonging to a fun- FUSARIUM. A genus of moulds closely
gus. resembling Fusisporiuvi, but consisting of
FUNICULUS, FUXICLE. The cord or Fungi which burst forth from beneath the
thread which sometimes connects the cuticle of the plants on which they grow,
ovule or seed to the placenta. in little gelatinous spots. F. Tteterosporium
has affected rye in the south of England
FUXILIFORM. Formed of cord-like
during hot seasons, and F. Mori, a species
fibres. first described by Leveille, is the pest of
FUNKIA. A genus of Liliacece found in the white mulberry crops cultivated for
China and Japan, having fasciculate roots, silkworms, forming on the leaves brown
the leaves usually all radical, stalked, ovate gelatinous specks which exhaust their nu-
or cordate, acuminate and plaited, the cau- tritive qualities. The other species are of
 fuse] {JDIje CrsaSurj) 0f i&fltaitj). 514

little importance from an economical point white, black, or blue berry about the size
of view. [M. J. B.] of a pea, with two seeds. [A. A. B.]

FUSETTE. The Spanish name for Rhus GAGE A. An extensive genus of Liliacece
Cotinus. formerly included in Omlthugalum from ,

FTTSISPORIUM. A genus of moulds which it is easily distinguished by the

seeds having a yellowish (not black) seed-
with septate spindle-shaped spores spring-
coat, and the stamens adhering more dis-
ing from free mucedinous threads, and at
tinctly to the segments of the perianth.
length forming a gelatinous mass. It is
distinguished from Fusarium hy its not The species are natives of Europe, tempe-
rate Asia, and northern Africa, and re-
bursting forth from beneath the cuticle as
in that genus. Several of the species are
semble each other closely in having linear
root-leaves, and a scape with a terminal
destructive to vegetables, such as tur-
bracteated umbel or corymb of greenish-
nips, beet-root, gourds, &c. F. Solani is
yellow flowers rather large for the size of
extremely injurious to potatos, and in
the plants. The perianth is persistent, of
company with Peronospora infestans has-
six patent nearly equal divisions; the
tens the decomposition which is due to
stamens six the style terminated by a
that parasite, or converts the tubers into ;

a hard dry innutritious mass. The flocci

three-lobed stigma the capsule three-
;

celled and three-valved. G. lutea is a

are, however, too much developed to make
[M. J, BJ British species, though rather rare it is
this a typical Fasisporium.
;

distinguished from allied European species

FUSCOUS. Brown, with a greyish or by having no accessory bulb included in
blackish tinge. the common envelope. [J. T. S.]

FUSIFORM. Thick, tapering to each GAGLEE. Arum maculatum.

end; as the root of the long radish. Some-
times conical roots are called fusiform. GAIAC. A name applied in French
Guiana to the wood of Bipteryx odorata.
FUSTET. (Fr.) Rhus Cotinus.
FUSTIC. A dye-stuff, consisting of the GAILLARDIA. A genus of handsome an-
wood of Madura tinctoria. —, YOUNG. nual or perennial North American herbs of
The wood of Rhus Cotinus. the composite family, chiefly found in the
Southern States,someextendingto Oregon,
G.ERDTIA. A genus of Begoniacece and G. aristata reaching across the Rocky
having the staminate and pistillate flowers Mountains to the Winipeg Valley. The
on the same plant, arranged in dichoto- chief features of the genus are the slender
mous cymes. The staminate flowers hive bristles instead of chaffy scales of the re-
a white four-leaved perianth, and twenty ceptacle, the long and filiform styles, the
to thirty stamens; and the pistillate ones, neuter ray florets, and the villous achenes
which also have a white four-leaved peri- crowned with a pappus of six to ten mem-
anth, have a three-winged ovary with three i
branaceous one-nerved scales, which are
central hind placentas. They are Brazilian !
prolonged into an awn. The leaves are
shrubby plants with smooth shining joint- |
sometimes pinnatifld, but more generally
ed stems and branches, semicordate leaves, entire or obscurely toothed, lance-shaped
and large shining deciduous stipules. The and rough, the cauline ones sessile. The
four known species are included by most , flower-heads, about two inches across, are
authors under Begonia. [J. H. BJ single and supported on naked stalks,
the strap-shaped ray florets three to five-
G^ERTNERA. A genus
|

of opposite-leav- toothed, sometimes brick-red or purple

ed bushes or small trees of the Logania below, sometimes altogether yellow. The
family, differing from most of the genera, slender hairs of the stems and leaves are
in the fruits being two-celled berries with ! seen to be curiously jointed when looked at
one or rarely two instead of numerous through a lens. Six species are known, all
seeds in each cell. The erect and not ;
of them pretty border plants. [A. A. B.]
lateral attachment of the seeds serves
to distinguish them from their nearest |
GAILLET. (Fr.) Galium.
allies. The greater number of the thirty GAIMARDIA. A genus of Besvauxiacece,
known species are found in Mauritius and J

differing from the rest of the order by hav-

Madagascar, the remainder in W.Africa ing two instead of only one stamen. It
and the Malayan peninsula and islands. contains a small tufted herb from the
The smooth entire leaves are lance-shaped, Maclovian Islands, with erect stems branch-
ovate or elliptical, and the flowers are ed at the apex and densely leafy the ;

white, green, or rose-coloured: in some branches with scattered leaves the leaves
;

species not unlike those of the com- imbricated, bayonet-shaped, with sheath-
mon privet and arranged in a similar ing bases the flower-spike solitary termi-
;

manner, in others disposed in compact ter- nal, with one-flowered spikelets. [J. T. S.]
minal heads, and in a goodly number in
corymbs. The calyx is usually very minute, GAINIER COMMUN. (Fr.) Cercis Sili-
I
but in G. calycina, a Mauritian species, it quastrum.
isenlarged, bell-shaped, and coloured. The GAIROUTTE. (Fr.) Lathyrus Cicera.
corolla tube has a flat border of five nar-
row lobes, and bears on its inner face five GAITRES BERRIES. The fruits of Cor-
stamens. The ovary becomes, when ripe, a nus sanguinea.
 515 CI)f {£rea£urg of 23ntanw. [galb
GALA, GALACTO. In Greek compounds i the appearance of Aster, and only differ in
= milk or white as milk. the ray florets being neuter while from Li-
;

nosyris they differ in the ray florets being

GALACTITES. A genus of Composite?. J

white or purple, never yellow. The stems

peculiar to the Mediterranean region and j
are simple below, branching above, and fur-
the Canary Islands. The three known nished with narrow entire leaves, and nu-
species have much the aspect of, and are j

merous flower-Leads arranged in terminal

i nearly allied to, Cnicus, differing chiefly in corymbs. The ray florets are white or blue,
the outer florets of the flower-head being
1

those of the disk yellow and the achehes

sterile and larger than the others, as in
; I

are hairy or villous and crowned with a

Centaurea. The stems seldom exceed two
'
!

pappus consisting of numerous rigid and

1

feet high the leaves are pinnatifld with

; j

filiform rough bristles. [A. A. B.J

spiny-pointed segments, spotted with white
|
above, and covered with cottony down be- GALAX. The name of a genus of win-
i
low, the bases of the upper ones decur- tergreens distinguished by having the fila-
rent, and forming a wing to the stems, ments united to form a tube, with ten
i The flower-heads, which contain numerous teeth at the end, the five teeth opposite to
; white or pink florets, are either clustered the petals havingno anthers, and the other
and sessile on the ends of the branches, or five bearing perfect anthers. The name is
grow simply on long stalks. G. tomentosa derived from the Greek word signifying
j

;
is remarkable among the thistles for hav- '
milk,' and probably refers to the colour of
ing a milky juice like that so common in the numerous small flowers. The only
j

the cichory group. [A. A. B.] species is G. aphylla, a tufted herbaceous j

plant, with scaly creeping root-stocks, and

}
GALACTODEXDROX. A generic name a native of open woods in the southern
given by some authors to the celebrated parts of the United States, extending
Cow-tree or Palo de Vaca' of South Ame-
'
nortnwards to Virginia. [G. D.j
rica, now more generally referred to Brosi-
;
aim which
: see. [A. S.] GALAXIA. A genus of Cape Iridacece,
I GALAM BUTTER. A reddish-white solid forming dwarf plants with bulb-tuberous
oil obtained from Bassia butyracea. rhizomes, short stems bearing a terminal
cluster of narrow leaves and handsome
!

I GALAXE. (Ft.) Chelone. flowers, consisting of a funnel-shaped

GALAXGAL or GALAXGALE. The perianth, with a slender terete tube, and
! aro-
l
matic Alpinia Gaianga; also A. racemosa, six-parted equal limb of oblong wedge-
Allughas, and pyramidalis in Sweden it
shaped spreading segments, the outer of
;
I

is called Galgant. Also a common name for

which have a nectariferous cavity at the
base. They have three stamens, with the
j

Kampferia.
filaments connate into a short tube, and
I
GALAXT DE JOUR. (Fr.) Cestrum diur- the arrow-shaped anthers affixed by their
num. — DE SOIR. Cestrum vespertinum. base; a filiform triquetrous club-shaped
- DE XUIT. Cestrum nocturnum. style with three fringed convolute stig-
GALARDIEXXE. (Fr.) Gaillardia. mas and a three-celled ovary containing
;

many ovules. There are some five or six

J
GALAXTHUS. A genus of Amarylli- species; of which G. ovata grows three or
|
dacece characterised by having a six-leaved four inches high, and has ovate-oblong
bell-shaped perianth, the exterior seg- and large bright
plicate ciliated leaves,
ments concave and spreading, the interior yellow flowers. [T. M.]
shorter, erect, and emarginate; six stamens
inserted on an epigynous disk, with very GALBA. A durable Indian wood pro-
short filaments and erect convergent duced by Calophyllum Calaba.
, anthers; a straight filiform style with GALBAXUM. A Persian umbelliferous
simple acute stigma; and a three-celled plant, the fruit only of which is known,
ovary with numerous ovules. G. nivalis is has been described under this name, from
.
the common Snowdrop, a dwarf bulbous the supposition that it was the source of
plant found in some parts of England, and the drug galbanum a supposition, how-
;

having a pair of narrow linear glaucous ever, that is at present unsupported by

:
leaves, and drooping white flowers dotted evidence. The fruits of G. officinale are
with green on the inner segments, and elliptical and flattened from back to front
generally solitary at the top of the short each half-fruit has seven elevated bluntly
;
scape. G.plicata, the Crimean Snowdrop, is keeled ridges ; the intervening channels
similar, but larger and handsomer, with the are broad, and have no vittaa or reservoirs
leaves broad linear and plicate. Our Eng- for oil, but on the commissure or surface
lish Snowdrop is welcomed as one of the by which the two halves of the fruit are in
earliest floral harbingers of spring, the contact, there are two vittag. [M. T. M.J
'
first pale blossom of the unripened year,' The name Galbanum is also applied to
and a double-flowered variety is much cul- a balsamic gum-resin, of which that ob-
I tivated. [T. M.] tained from Persia is ascertained to be pro-
duced by Opoidia galbanifera its proper-
I
GALATELLA. A genus of perennial ties are similar but inferior to those of
;

|
herbs of the composite family, numbering asaf eetida. It is supposed to be also yielded
: about twenty species, found in the tempe- by other umbellifers.
rate parts of Asia, one species only occur-
ring in the United States. They have much GALBULUS. A strobilus, whose scales
 GALE €f)e €tta$xiYV of 33 a tang. 516
are fleshy, and combined into a uniform entire fleshy leaves and sessile flowers,
mass as the fruit of the juniper.
; generally cymose or paniculate. Calyx
deeply four or five-cleft, coloured within
GALE, SWEET. Myrica Gale. corolla absent ; stamens eight or ten
;

GALEA. The helmet or arched part of a ovary two to five-celled capsule woody or
;

flower, always placed at the back, that is, corky, varying in shape according to the
next to the axis. number of cells in the ovary. [J. T. S.]
GALEANDRA. This was formerly recog- GALEOBDOLON. The name of a section
nised as a distinct genus of orchids, but is of Lamium distinguished by having the
now referred to Eulophia by Dr. Blume. corolla tube obliquely annulate within,
The Mexican G. Batieri, frequently cul- contracted below, and dilated and subven-
tivated by orchid growers, is epiphytal, tricose above the annulus, where it is also
with cylindrical steins bearing several somewhat recurved and lengthened out
lance-shaped nerved leaves, and beautiful and by the helmet being elongated and
drooping racemes of yellow flowers, the narrowed at the base. The principal species,
lip having parallel purple lines near the Lamium Galeobdolon, our native Arch-
apex, which has wavy margins. G. Devo- angel, is sometimes separated under the
niayia is another handsome species, with name of G. luteum. [T. MJ
large chocolate-coloured flowers, having
a funnel-shaped white lip marked with GALEOGLOSSA. The name of certain
pink lines. [A. A. B.] Perns, otherwise referred to Niphobolus.

A GALEOPSIS. A genus of labiates, called

GALE ARIA. genus of handsome Hemp-nettles, distinguished by their equal-
laurel-leaved bushes found in the Malay
ly five-toothed calyx, by the two lower sta-
Peninsula and Archipelago, referred by
mens being longer than the other pair, by
some authors to the Stilaginacea?, and by the two-lipped corolla, of which the upper
others to the Euphorbiacece from the
;
lip is arched, the lower three-lobed, and by
former of which it differs in the flowers the diverging anther-cells, which open lon-
having petals, and from any genus in the gitudinally. The commonest species is G.
latter by its solitary and terminal, often Tctrahit, an annual weed frequently met
drooping flower-spikes, which are some- with in cultivated ground. It grows to the
times more than a foot long. The leaves height of a foot or more, and is well marked
are accompanied by minute stipules and ;
by its hispid stem, which is singularly
the minute green flowers are dioecious, swollen beneath the joints, by the very
the males with a five-parted calyx, five
long rigid calyx teeth, and by the purple,
concave petals, and ten free stamens the ;
sometimes white, flowers. G. Ladanum
females with similar calyx and corolla, and has the stems less hairy than the last, and
an ovary crowned with three or five minute the stem is not swollen beneath the joints
stigmas. The fruits are rounded, fleshy, it grows principally on a limestone or chalk
about the size of a pea when only one cell is soil. G. versicolor approaches in habit to
perfected, larger and two or three-lobed G. Tetrahit, from which it may be distin-
when two or three are perfected each cell
:
guished by its more showy yellow flowers
containing one seed. The names Bennettia having a blotch of purple on the lower lip
and Cremostachys have been given to some this is found in several parts of England,
;

of these plants. [A. A. BJ

but is most abundant in Scotland, espe-
GALEGA. A genus of smooth erect cially in cultivated fields among the High-
perennial herbs of the leguminous family, lands. G. ochroleuca, with large pale yel-
having pinnate leaves, arrow-headed sti- low flowers without spots, grows in sandy
pules, and long axillary racemes of pretty cornfields, but is rare. Prench, Galeope ;

lilac or white pea-flowers. The few known German, Taube Nessel. [C. A. J.]
species are found in the Mediterranean
region, and extend eastward to Persia.
GALEOTTIA. This name has been given
to an obscure Mexican orchid supposed to
They are nearly related to Ghicyrrhiza, but ,

be closely allied to Batemannia, but to

the pods are narrow and smooth, and con- differ in having a large ovate gland and
tain numerous seeds, while those of the
short caudicle, Batemannia having no
liquorice are broad, usually rough exter- i

caudicle. It has besides been applied to a

nally, and one to four-seeded. The roots
genus of AcanthacecB, which has also been
I

have a sweetish taste. The stems are fur- called Glockeria, and is related to Slenoste-
|
nished with unequally pinnate leaves made phamis, from which it differs in its bila-
I
up of eight to ten pairs of ovate lance- biate corolla. This latter is a Mexican
|
shaped or linear leaflets. G. officinalis, the shrub, with nutant crimson flowers in
Goat's Rue, was at one time in repute as a
terminal panicles. [T. M.]
I
cordial in fevers and convulsions, but it
has long fallen into disuse. The generic GALEWORTS. Lindley's name for the
name, derived from the Greek signifying Myricacece.
milk, refers to its supposed property of
increasing the milk of animals which feed
GALIACEiE. (Stellates, Madder-worts.) A
natural order of calycifloral dicotyledons
upon the plants. [A. A.B.]
belonging to Lindley's cinchonal alliance
GALEX1A. A genus of Tetragoniacece of epigynous Exogens. The order has been
consisting of herbs or shrubs from the sometimes called Stellatw from the star-
Cape of Good Hope, usually much branched; like arrangement of the leaves and by
;

hairy or papillose, with alternate or opposite many it is reckoned as a suborder of Bu-

517 dje ^veas'urp of 33ntanj). [gali

biacece, which is thus made to include both time, through inadvertence or cupidity,
Cinchonacece and Galiaceae. Herbs with substituted for the genuine bark. This
whorled exstipulate leaves, and angular false bark occasioned several dangerous
stems. Calyx superior, the limb obsolete, accidents, which led some of the continen-
four to five or six-lobed; corolla gamope- tal governments to prohibit the use of An-
talous, rotate or tubular, regular, divided gostura or Cusparia bark. The spurious
like the calyx stamens equal in number
;
bark proved to have been really derived
to the corolline lobes and alternate with from the deadly nux-vomica tree. Tbisnux-
them. Ovary two-celled, with solitary vomicabark, it appears, was also sold in
erect ovules styles two
; stigma undi-
; Calcutta for the harmless bark of Soymida
vided. Fruit two-celled, with two seeds; febrifuga and a preparation of the former,
;

embryo in the axis of horny albumen. to be used instead of quinine by the Indian
Natives of the northern parts of the north- army, was made under the impression that
ern hemisphere, and of high mountains in it was a valuable andharmless remedy. Dr.
South America and Australia. The order O'Shaughnessy fortunately discovered the
contains some plants used for dyeing and error in time to prevent the dreadful con-
some having tonic qualities. The horny al- sequences which might have ensued from
bumen of goose-grass or cleavers (Galium the employment of this preparation. The
Aparine) has been used as a substitute for reader is referred to Pereira's Materia Me-
coffee. The root of madder (Rubia tincto- dica (ii. part ii. p. 1915) for full details as to
rum) is employed as a dye, and supplies the the means, chemical and otherwise, of dis-
Turkey-red that of Rubia cordifolia fur-
; tinguishing the true from the false Ango-
nishes the dye called munjeet in India. The stura barks, the most readily recognisable
leaves of woodruff (Asperula odorata) are features of the true bark being, that it oc-
fragrant when dried. There are ten known curs in pieces which are not so much
genera and about 380 species. Examples : twisted or bent as the nux-vomica bark,
Galium, Rubia, Asperula. [J. H. BJ that it has a disagreeable odour which is
not noticed in the false bark, and from
GALIMETA WOOD. The timber of Bu-
being lighter is more readily broken or cut
melia salicifolia.
It is stated that the natives employ the true
GALIXGALE. Cyperus, especially C. lon- Angostura bark to stupefy fishes, in the
gus. same way that cinchona bark is said to be
used by the Peruvians. [M. T. M.J
GALININGTJE. (Fr.) A kind of olive.
GALINSOGA. A genus of annual South GALIUM. The typical genus of Galiacea,
American weeds of the composite family, consisting of numerous herbaceous plants,
furnished with opposite ovate three-nerved distinguished by having a minute almost
nettle-like leaves, and small axillary or obsolete calyx, a four-lobed wheel-shaped
terminal stalked flower-heads having an almost tubeless corolla, and a fructifica-
involucre of three to five ovate scales, en- tion consisting of two seed-vessels, each
closing four or five white or purple ray containing a single dry seed. Upwards of
florets with pistil only, and numerous 160 species are described, of which fourteen
yellow tubular perfect disk florets; the are British. They all agree in having
angled achenes are crowned with a pappus square stems and whorled leaves; and the
of lacerated chaffy scales, and seated on a roots of most afford a purple dye. Some
conical chaffy receptacle. G. parviflora, a are perennials, others annual. The predo-
species with smooth leaves, white ray flo- minating colour of the flowers is white ;

rets, and a habit like that of the annual and the number of leaves in a whorl varies
mercury, is naturalised in many countries, from four to ten. Of the British species,
and has lately become a pest in the market G. verum, Bedstraw, and G. cruciatum,
gardens around London. [A. A. B.] Cross-wort, are perennial, and bear yellow
flowers. G. Aparine, Goose-grass, derives
GALIOTE. (Fr.) Geum urbanum. ,

its English name from the avidity with

GALIPEA. A genus of rutaceous shrubs which the young stems and leaves are
or small trees, natives of tropical America, eaten by geese it is called Cleavers on ac-
;

the flowers of which have a salver-shaped count of the tenacity with which the fruit
corolla with spreading acute lobes four ; adheres to any rough and soft substance.
to seven stamens, somewhat adherent to It is a long straggling annual plant, abun-
the petals, sometimes all fertile, but dant in hedges and among bushes, through
usually only two of them antheriferous a ; which it climbs, supporting itself by the
cup-shaped disk five styles, becoming ul-
; hooked prickles with which it is copiously
timately fused intolone, with afourto five- invested. The globular seeds covered with
grooved stigma; and five or fewer carpels. hooked prickles, found on the dress of per-
The bark of one or more of the species, sons who walk through bushy places in
such as G. officinalis and G. Cusp aria, is |
autumn, are derived from this plant. G.
used in medicine as an aromatic or stimu- I
saxatile is the pretty little species, only a
lant tonic. Dr. Hancock, who had large i
few inches high, which is so frequently
experience of its use in tropical South seen in heathy places, associated with wild
America, even preferred it to cinchona in |
thyme, birds-foot trefoil, and tormentil
the treatment of fever. In this country it |
its flowers are of a brilliant white, and are
is but little used, being deemed inferior to succeeded by reddish fruit which is con-
other remedies, and possibly from the fact" spicuous by its abundance. French, Gaillet;
that a false Angostura bark was at one [
German, Labkraut. [C. A. J.]
 gall] Efje CrauSurg of 33otanj?. 518
GALL OF THE EARTH. Mulocdium sepalous means monosepalous, and gamo-
floridanum, or, according to Dr. Asa Gray, petalous, monopetalous.
Nabulus Fraseri.
GAMOLEPIS. A small genus of South
GALLESIA. A genus of Phytolaccacew, African Composites, having smooth entire
a large Brazilian tree, with alternate
three-lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and ter-
stalked ovate or oval entire pellucid-dotted, minal solitary or corymbose, long-stalked
smooth leaves, small tubercular stipules, flower-heads containing numerous florets.
and a many-flowered terminal panicle of They are nearly related to Leucantlu mum.
sessile flowers, each with three bracteoles, but differ in the scales of the involucre
and having a four-parted calyx and nume- being in one series, and more or less united
rous stamens in two rows. The fruit is a by their margins so as to form a cup. The
samaroid achene, with a large scimetar- ray florets are strap-shaped, and contain
shaped wing at the apex. [J. T. S.] only a pistil, the disk florets being tubular
and perfect while the achenes are smooth
GALLINHA CHOCA. Erythroxylon su- ;

wingless and destitute of pappus. [A. A. B.j

berosum.
GALLS. Excrescences of various kinds GAMOPLEXIS orobanclwides is the
and forms produced in plants by the pre- name of a tuberous-rooted North-west In-
sence of the larvae of different insects. dian orchid which is destitute of leaves,
The forms which they assume are multi- and has the aspect of an Orobanche. It is
tudinous, and the changes produced in the notable for its parasitism, which is rare
tissues various. They occur on all parts of amongst endogenous plants. Dr. Falconer
the- plant, and sometimes in great quan- states that the tuberous rhizome emits no
tities, but they appear in general to do root-fibres by which to fix itself on other
little harm if they do not attack the parts plants, but is itself matted over by their
of fructification. It is probable that the slender rootlets, giving rise to the ap-
change of growth depends in the first place pearance of the plant being the subject of
upon some acrid fluid discharged together a parasitical growth rather than a parasite
with the egg. The process of caprification, itself. The stem is one to two feet high,
in which figs are stimulated to generate pale straw colour, terminating in a long
juicy Instead of dry tissues, is strictly ana- raceme of flowers. The lip is combined
j
logous, though there is no external altera- with the sepals and petals to form a tubu-
j
tionofform. The rootlike .galls in grasses lar perianth,whence the name of the ge-
I
are produced by larvae between the sheath nus and the pollen is not waxy or powdery,
;

and the stem, and not penetrating the sub- but granular as in Gastrodia, which differs
stance. [M. J. B.] in the lip being free, instead of connate
with the tube of the perianth. [A. A. B.]
GALPHIMIA. An anagram of Malpi- GANDASULI. (Fr.) Hedychium. —A
ghia, applied to agenus of Mexican malpi-
ghiaceous shrubs, some of which are culti- BOUQUETS. Hedychium coronarium.
vated as evergreens in our stoves. They GANGLIA, The mycelium of certain
have a five-parted calyx whose segments fungals.
are mostly destitute of glands five stalked
petals generally ribbed on their outer sur-
;
GANGRENE. A disease ending in putrid
decay.
face ten stamens slightly adherent at the
;

base and a three-lobed, three-celled ovary

; GANITRE. (Fr.) Elceocarpus.
with a solitary pendulous ovule in each
compartment. The fruit consists of three GANNE. (Fr.) Molinia ccerulea.
two-valved carpels. [M. T. M.] GANT DE NOTRE DAME. (Fr.) Cam-
GALUNCHA. An Indian febrifuge pre- panula Trachelium also Aquilegia vulga-
;

pared from the stems of Tinospora verru- and Digitalis purpurea.

ris,

cosa and cordifolia. GANTELEE. (Fr.) Campanula Trache-

lium; also Digitalis purpurea.
GAMASS. The Squamash or Biscuit-
root, Camassia esculenta. GANTIERE. (Fr.) Digitalis purpurea.
GAMBIR. A powerful astringent ob- GANYMEDES. A
name proposed for a
tained from Uncaria Gambir, and employed few species of Narcissus, e. g. N. triaudrus,
as a substitute for catechu. pulchellus, nutans, &c. They are called
Rush Daffodils from the rush-like leaves.
GAMBOGE, AMERICAN. The juice of The perianth has a slender drooping tube
Vismia guianensis. —-, CEYLON. A gum- and reflexed limb, the cup or coronet is
resin obtained from Garcinia Cambogia,
equal to or shorter than the limb, thesepa-
also called Cambogia Gutta. and Hebraden-
line stamens are prolonged, and the style
dron gambogioid.es. , MYSORE. — The is straight and slender. [T. M.J
gum-resin of Garcinia pictoria, otherwise
Hebradendron pictorium. SIAM. A — , GARANCE. (Fr.) Rubia tinctorum.
gum-resin supposed by some to be the pro-
duce of Garcinia cochin chineusis, and by GARB. Salix babylonica.
others that of G. Cambogia. GARB ANZOS. The Spanish name of the
GAMO. In Greek compounds = united Gram, Cicer arietinum.
by the edges thus pa.mophyllus signifies
; GARCINIA. A
genus of Clusiacece, con-
leaves united by their edges, while gamo- sisting of several opposite-leaved trees
 519 &l)c Crcatfurw nf 38atanjj. [gard
whose stems yield, in greater or less quan- afflicted with fever along with the sweet
tity,a yellow resinous juice which in G. orange. The Chinese use the bark as a
Cambogia is known as Ceylon Gamboge. basis for a black dye, and it is also used in
The chief features of the genus are uni- : dysentery. In 1855 it first produced its
sexual or rarely perfect flowers, having a blossom and fruit in this country in the
calyx of four rounded leaves, and four gardens of the Duke of Northumberland
petals of similar form in the males nu-
;
at Syon, from whence it was figured by Sir
merous stamens which are free or united W. J. Hooker in the Botanical Magazine (t.
into one or four parcels and in the females
;
4847). It has been cultivated in thesouth-
a few Darren stamens surrounding a glo-
bose ovary which is from two to ten-celled
with one ovuiein each cell, and is crowned
by a shield-like entire or lobed stigma.
The greater portion of the species are
found in India and the Malay Archipelago.
All have glossy laurel-like leathery leaves.
j
The flowers are either white tinged with
pink, oryellow, and arranged in clusters in
the axils of the leaves or in panicles at the
ends of the twigs. The species from
which the Gamboge or Camboge of com-
j
merce is obtained in largest quantity are
! commonly known under the name Cam-
!

bogia which see. G pictoria, which is

:

found in the Coorg district of Malabar,

[
yields a gamboge said by Dr. Christison
and others to have properties similar to
those of the Ceylon and Siam gamboge, Gareinia JMangostana.
being 'excellent as a pigment, efficient as ern and eastern parts of India, but does
a purgative, and equal to the gamboge in
not there attain the same perfection as it
common use.' It does not, however, appear does in the Malay Archipelago. A few
to be imported in any quantity, by far the
small-flowered species, with the stamens
greater portion brought to this country in four parcels, and the two-celled ovary
being sent from Siam to Singapore and crowned with a shield-like stigma, are by
shipped from that port. This plant is a some authors kept as a separate genus
tall tree with elliptical leaves, smallyellow
!

under the name Discostigma. [A- A. BJ

axillary solitary flowers, and berries about
the size of a cherry, with four one-seeded GARDENER'S GARTERS. DigrapMs
cells. arundinacea rariegata.
TheMangostan or Mangosteen (G.Man- GARDENIA. A genus of Cinchonacece,
gostana), so well known for its luscious
and a favourite with cultivators on account
fruit, is found in the Malay islands, where
of the fragrance and beauty of its flowers.
it grows to a tree of middling stature with It consists of trees or shrubs, frequently
a conical head, the branches furnished spiny, and indigenous in tropical Asia and
with glossy leathery elliptical-oblong poin- Africa, as well as at the Cape of Good Hope.
ted leaves, and the flowers single and near-
The calyx tube is ovate, the limb variously
ly sessile at the ends of the twigs, of a
divided corolla white or yellowish, more
;
dull red colour, and as large as dog-roses.
or less funnel-shaped, with its limb divided
Dr. Abel, writing of the fruits of Batavia, into from five to nine somewhat twisted
says First in beauty and flavour was the
'
:
segments, and its tube considerably longer
celebrated Mangostan. This, so often eu- than the calyx anthers five to nine, sessile
;

logised by travellers, certainly deserves on the throat of the corolla, from which
much of the praise bestowed upon it. It is they project to a short distance ovary;
of a spherical form, of the size of a small
partially five-celled, with numerous ovules
orange, when ripe reddish-brown, and
;

fruit berry-like, crowned by the limb of the

when old of a chestnut-brown colour. Its calyx. G. gummifera and G. lucida, East
succulent rind is nearly the fourth of Indian species, yield a fragrant resin some-
an inch in thickness. It contains a very thing like Elemi, which might be turned to
powerful astringent juice, and in wet wea- some account. The fruit of G. campanu-
ther exudes a yellow gum which is a variety lata is stated by Roxburgh to be used by
of gamboge. On removing the rind, its the natives as a cathartic, and also to
esculent substance appears in the form of a wash out stains in silk. Several kinds of
juicy pulp having the whiteness and solu- this beautiful genus are in cultivation.
bility of snow, and of a refreshing, delicate, G. florida and G. radi-
The Cape Jasmine,
delicious flavour. We
were all anxious to cans, both found with double flowers of
carry away with us some precise expression exquisite fragrance, and G. Stanley ana,.with
of its qualities; but after satisfying our- long trumpet-shaped blossoms, are among
selves that it partook of the compound taste the most beautiful species. [M. T. MJ
of thepine-apple and peach,we were obliged
to confess it had many other equally good GARDENIOLA. The name of a Brazilian
but utterly inexpressible qualities.' Any shrub of the Cinchona family, having nu-
amount of the fruit may be eaten without merous flattened branches, with polyga-
injury, and it is said to be given to those mous flowers the males in groups of three
:
or five, sessile on the ends of the branches ;
GAROUPE. (Fr.) Cneorum tricoccum.
and the females in similar groups, but stalk- GAROPSSE. (Fr.) Lathyrus Cicero.
ed. The corolla is salver-shaped, with a
short and slightly inflated tube, hairy GARNETBERRY. Bibes rubrum.
throat, and four-lobed limb. The fruit is GARRYACEiE. (Garry ads.) A natural
berry-like, black, and two-celled. [M. T. M.] order of monochlamydeous dicotyledons
GARDE-ROBE. (Fr.) Artemisia Abro- belonging to,Lindley's garryal alliance of
tanum. diclinous Exogens. Shrubs with opposite
exstipulate leaves and catkin-hearing im-
GARDNERIA. A genus of Loganiacece perfect flowers surrounded by united bracts.
composed of two scandent opposite-leaved The stammate flowers have a four-leaved
bushes found in India and Japan. They perianth, alternating with four stamens.
differ from most in the family in having The pistillate flowers have an adherent two-
little berried two-celled fruits, with one or toothed perianth. Ovary one-celled styles ;
two instead of many seeds in each cell two; ovules two, pendulous with long
and the lateral attachment of these in a cords. Fruit a two-seeded berry embryo
;
shield-like manner, not erect from the minute in the base of fleshy albumen.
base, serves to distinguish the plants from The wood is not arranged in circles, and
their nearest allies. The narrow or broadly there is an absence of dotted vessels.
lance-shaped leaves are smooth and entire, They are natives chiefly of the temperate
and the small yellow blossoms are disposed parts of America. The few species are dis-
in loose panicles which arise from the axils tributed between the genera Garry a and
of the leaves, and in size and form are not Fadyenia, the latter of which, however, is
unlike those of the privet. The ripe fruits not generally adopted. [J. H. B.]
are scarlet berries, about the size of a large
red currant, with two seeds. [A. A. B.] GARRY A. The only admitted genus of
Garryacece, composed of opposite-leaved
GARDOQUTA. The name of a genus of evergreen bushes, found in California, Mex-
labiates, having the teeth of the calyx
ico, Cuba, and Jamaica. G. elliptica, is one of
short, straight, and nearly of the same
the most desirable evergreens we have in
size ; the corolla with a long almost
our gardens, especially as it produces its
straight tube, its upper lip notched, the pale greenish-yellow blossoms in the spring
lower in three lobes, the middle one of months when little else is in bloom. It
which is broadest style bifid at the end,
;
was sent from California by the lamented
the divisions small and equal in length. Douglas in 1818. This bush, with much
The name was given in honour of Gardoqui, the aspect of an evergreen oak, may be
a Spanish financier who promoted the pub- seen sometimes eight to ten feet high, its
lication of a Flora of Peru. The species branches clad with dark green elliptical
are low shrubs or undershrubs chiefly na- leaves. The flowers are male and female
tives of Peru and Chili, rare in North on different plants, arranged in elegant
America, and having showy usually pink drooping necklace-like catkins which pro-
flowers. [G. D.]
ceed from near the apex of the shoots, and
GARGET. An American name for Phy- are often from four to seven inches long.
tolacca decandra. In the male plant(which alone is in cultiva-
tion) they are clothed with silky hairs, and
GARIDELLA. A genus of Ranuncu- a plant covered with these tassels of pale
lacea?. consisting of a few herbs from the
yellow flowers waving in the wind, has a
Mediterranean region and temperate Asia, 'singularly graceful appearance. Each link
resembling Nigella, but more slender in of the necklace (if we may so speak) is
habit, the ovary containing two or three, composed of a cup-shaped bract enclosing
not five or more carpels, and the styles three flowers, each having a calyx of four
very short. They are erect annuals with divisions and four stamens. Inthefemale
dissected leaves, and small solitary whitish the disposition of the flowers is the same.
flowers at the extremity of long peduncles. The fruit is a two-seeded berry somewhat
G. Nigellastrum, which is found in the like that of the hawthorn in size and shape.
south of France, Spain, and Crete, is the The calyx of some species is destitute of
most frequent. [J. T. S.J
the two teeth which are seen in G. elliptica,
GARLAND FLOWER. A common name and the tips of the calyx-leaves in the male
for Hedychium; also applied to Daphne flowers remain united to each other; these
Cneorum, Pleurandra Cneorum, and Erica are separated by some authors, who give to
persoluta. them the name of Fadyenia, but such dif-
ferences are not distinctive. The flowers of
GARLIC, or GARLICK. Allium sativum. some species are in compound instead of
— HEDGE. Sisymbrium Alliaria. —
,
simple racemes, but none can be compared
HONEY. Nectaroscordum. to G. elliptica for beauty. [A. A. B.]
GARLIC SHRUB. Bignonia alliacea; GARJJGA. An Indian name applied to
also Petiveria alliacea.
a genus of Amyridacea:, consisting of trees
GARLICKWORT. Sisymbrium Alliaria. whose flowers have a five-cleft bell-shaped
calyx; five petals inserted between the
GARO DE MALACA. (Fr.) *Aquilaria notched and glandular lobes of a fleshy
ovata.
disk and a pulpy fruit with five or fewer
;

GAROU. (Fr.) Daphne Mezereum. bony one-seeded stones. G. pinnata, an

 Indian species, and G. mndagascariensis one side into a large gland half covering
are occasionally met with as stove shrubs, the ovary and the apex of the style cup-
;

with fine pinnated foliage and panicles of shaped, and slightly bilobed. [W. C]
yellow flowers. [M. T. M.]
GASTRIDIUM. A genus of grasses of
GARVANCE. (Fr.) Cicer arietinum. the tribe Agrostidece, consisting of a single
species, G.lendigerum, or, as it is sometimes
GASTERIA. The name of certain species called, G. australe, one of our rarer British
of Aloe, which are regarded by some as species, and very common in the Mediter-
being distinct from that genus. They are
!

ranean region. It is an elegant erect-

mostly dwarf stemless plants with the growing annual plant, six or eight inches
thick succulent spotted or warted tongue- high, with the panicle contracted into a
shaped leaves often rigidly two-ranked, loose tapering spike two to three inches
and the long arching spikes of green-tip- long, of a pale green, and shining with a
ped red flowers freely produced. The cur- satiny lustre. It has been separated from
vature and bellying of the flower-tubes has
Agrostis on account of the polished en-
suggested the name the distinguishing
;
larged base of the outer glumes. [T. M.]
character of the group is indeed furnished
by the curved tube of the perianth swollen GASTROCHILTJS. A genus of Zingibe-
at the base, by the stamens being adgluti- racece,whose flowers have a tubular calyx,
nated to the perianth at the base, and by and a corolla with a long tube, the outer
the capsule being subcostate. They are segments of the limb equal, the inner ones
mostly ornamental plants, and, like the unequal, the two lateral wide, united at
other aloes, natives of the Cape of Good the base with the filament to form a kind
Hope. [T. MJ of tube, the middle segment or lip large
and distended, whence the name. G.pul-
GASTEROMYCETE3. One of the six cherrima, a native of Rangoon, and one or
great divisions of Fungi, containing those
two other Indian species, are occasionally
genera with naked spores in which the met with in cultivation, and are very orna-
fruit-bearing surface is either permanently
mental. [31. T. M.]
concealed in a surrounding peridium, or
in which, when the peridium bursts, the GASTRODIA. This is the genus which
hymenium is complicated like the crumb gives its name to a small tribe (Gastrodieo?)
of a loaf, so that a small portion only is of the orchid family characterised by the
exposed. InATontagnites, however, the hy- granular instead of waxy or powdery pol-
menium consists of true gills. The genera len-masses. There are two known species,
are divisible into six natural groups as fol- G. Cunninghamii from New Zealand, and
lows: Podaxinei: mostly clavate; hyme- G. sesamoides from Tasmania and Australia,
nium sinuous, enclosed at first in a volva- both leafless parasites with the aspect of
like peridium, and exposed partially by its Orobanche, and like that found growing on
,
rupture, withering or entirely drying up the roots of other plants. The whole plant
so as to form a dusty mass. Hypogmi is of a uniform pale brown colour, the
subterraneous peridium seldom distinct.
; stems one to three feet high, furnished
Phalloidei: hymonium at first enclosed in 1 with a few obtuse bracts, and terminating
a gelatinous volva, at length diffluent. ! in a long raceme of flowers, the sepals and
Nidttfariaeei peridium mostly cup-shaped,
: I
petals united so as to form a tubular peri-
enclosing several sporangia. Trichogastres anth, but the lip free and not connate with
subglobose, not having a distinct volva the perianth as in Gamoplexis. The root
hymenium at first cellular, at length leav- of the New Zealand species is eaten by the
ing a dusty mass of threads and spores. natives, who call it Peri ; it is about
Mn.r.ga.stres : hymenium and mycelium at eighteen inches long, as thick as the finger,
first gelatinous. [M. J. BJ and full of starch. [A. A. R]

GASTONIA. The name of a genus of GASTROLOBIUM. An extensive genus

ivyworts, distinguished by having the co- of the pea family, peculiar to the south-
rolla with five or six petals; the stamens western portions of Australia. It is known
ten to twelve, attached to the petals, and by the two-lipped and five-toothed calyx
apparently in pairs opposite to them the ;
without bracts; the pea-flower corolla with
and the
I

fruit a dry berry with eighteen cells, each I

petals nearly equal in length ;

of which contains one seed. The name stalked two-seeded ventricose or inflated
I
was given by Commerson in honour of pods, seldom larger than a pea. Pultencea
Gaston de Bourbon, son of Henry IV. The differs in having sessile pods, as well as
only species, G. palmata, is a native of ,
heath-like foliage. Most of the Gastro-
Mauritius. [G. D.] lobes are bushes of two to four feet high,
with twiggy stems furnished with opposite
GASTRANTHFS. A genu3 of Ges- often whorled leaves varying much in form,
neracecB containing two species from and pretty yellow blossoms, sometimes in
|
South America. They are undershrubs twos in the axils of the leaves, but more
with opposite oblong crenate leaves, and usually in short racemes arising from near
i
few umbellate flowers. The divisions of the apex of the twigs. A number of the
the calyx are lanceolate the corolla ; species of this and of allied genera are
oblique and shortly spurred, with the known in "Western Australia as Poison-
limb cut into five unequal small roundish plants; and farmers lose annually a large
lobes the four didynamous stamens in-
: number of cattle through their eating the
cluded the disk very 3mall, but swelled on
; foliage. Mr. James Drummond, in Hooker's
gast] €f)£ Crea^urp at 3Satang. 522
Journal of Botany (ii. p. 352), says: 'The have a calyx without glands no petals, or
;

finest and strongest animals are the first only rudimentary ones and two ovaries
;

victims a difficulty of breathing is percep-

: with imperfect styles. The flowers are
tible for a few minutes, when they stagger, yellow. [M. T. M.]
drop down, and it is all over with them.
After the death of the animal, the stomach GAUDINIA. A genus of grasses of the
assumes a brown colour, and is tenderer tribe Aveneie, now generally regarded as
than it ought to be but it appears to me
; forming a section of Avena. [D. M.]
the poison enters into the circulation and
altogether stops the action of the lungs and GAULTHERIA. A large genus of stiff
heart. The raw flesh poisons cats, and the branching ericaceous shrubs or small trees
blood, which is darker than usual, dogs ;
with evergreen leaves, principally inhabit-
but the roasted or boiled flesh is eaten by ing the American continent, extending
the natives and some of the settlers with- from Magalhaens' Strait in the south as far
out their appearing to suffer any incon- north as Canada and Vancouver's Island.
venience.' The poisonous effects were at- A few are found in Asia, principally in the
tributed by Mr. Drummond, at the time Himalayas and the mountainous parts of
he wrote this, to a species of Lobelia, but Java and five or six occur in Tasmania
;

he afterwards found out that they were and New Zealand. The leaves are leathery,
due to the plants of this and allied genera. smooth and shining, and in many species
Dr. Harvey says the worst of the Poison- theyoung branches are covered with bristly
plants is G. bilobum. This plant has oblong hairs. The flowers are small, ovate, with a
nearly smooth slightly two-lobed leaves, contracted mouth, and enclose ten stamens;
placed four in a whorl round the stem, and i
they are white, scarlet, or rose-coloured,
terminal umbels of pretty yellow flowers, I
and produced singly or in racemes at the
the keel and wing petals marked with ends or from the sides of the branches. The
purple. G. spinosum has similar properties. five-lobed calyx frequently increases in
Altogether there are about a dozen spe- size after the flowering period, and some-
The times becomes fleshy. The anthers open
I

cies in cultivation in greenhouses. i

generic name has reference to the bellied by pores at the top, and terminate by two
form of the pods. The fruit is small and nearly glo-
I

[A. A. B.] j
bristles.
bular, and when ripe splits open through
GASTRONEMA. A small genus of South !
the middle of each of the five cells. '

African Amaryllidacew, closely allied to G. procumhens, a little creeping plant, of

Cyrtanthus, and not unfrequently united
j

the Northern United States and Canada,

therewith. The perianth tube is slender grows about five or six inches high. The
below, curved and widely campanulate erect stiff branches bear tufts of shining,
above, the limb short and reflexed of the ;
evergreen oval leaves at their summits;
six stamens, which have decurrent conniv- and the drooping white flowers, produced
ing filaments and short anthers, the three singly from the bases of the leaves, are
upperare longerand incurved, the petaline succeeded by fleshy bright red berries,
ones inserted at the top, and the sepaline formed by the enlargement of the calyx
ones near the tube the style is decimate.
;
which encloses the true fruit. All parts of
G.clavatum, the original species, is a pretty this plant, which is commonly called Win-
little bulb, with slender deciduous leaves tergreen in the United States, possess a
and one or two white flowers striped with rather pleasant peculiar aromatic odour
MJ
;

red. [T. and flavour, due to the presence of a vola-

I

GATEN, GATTEN, GATTER, or GATTE- tile oil, which, when separated by distilla-
RIDGE TREE. Comus sanguinea also ;
tion, is known as Wintergreen oil. It is
Euonymus europceus, and Viburnum Opu of a pale green colour, having the same
lus. composition as birch-bark oil, and is em-
ployed medicinally as a cordial stimulant.
GATILIER. (Fr.) Vitex Agnus castus. j
The leaves also possess a considerable de-
'
gree of astringency, and their tincture is
GATTIE. An Indian gum obtained from useful in diarrhoea. The berries are known
the Babool, Acacia arabica. |
by various names, such as Partridge-berry,
Chequer-berry, Deer-berry, Tea-berry, Box-
GAUB. An Indian name for the astrin- berry, &c, and afford winter food to par-
gent medicinal fruit of Biospyros Embryo- tridges, deer, and other animals. The
pteris.
plant is likewise called Mountain Tea, its
GAUDE or VAUDE. (Fr.) Reseda Lu- j
leaves being used as a substitute for tea
teola. or for flavouring genuine tea.
The Shallon or Salal of the north-west
GAUDICHAUDIA. A genus of Mexican coast of America, G. Shallon, is a small
climbing shrubs, belonging to the Malpi- shrubby plant, growing about a foot and a
ghiaceae,and remarkable for producing con- half high, flourishing in shady nine forests
stantly two kinds of flowers, the most nu- where few other plants will live. Its dark
merous and perfect of which have a five- purple fleshy berries, which are produced
cleft glandular calyx five stalked toothed
; in great abundance, have a very agreeable
petals; five stamens, two of which are flavour and make excellent tarts they are
;

usually sterile three ovaries united at

; much eaten by the natives, who prepare a
their inner edge and a fruit winged at the
; kind of bread by mashing them together
sides and back. The more imperfect flowers and drying them in the sun. [A. S.]
 GAULTHERIE DU CANADA. (Fr.) Gaul vonia, which has long been in cultivation
theria procumbens. as a greenhouse plant, and is a beautiful
object when its large dark-centred orange-
GATJRA. A genus of onagrads, in which coloured flower-heads, nearly three inches
the tube of the calyx is long and three or across, are expanded. The plant is said to
four-angled below the corolla of four,
;
be one of the greatest ornaments of the
rarely three petals, turned to the upper waysides in its native country, opening its
side the stamens eight, rarely six, those blossoms only in sunshine.
;
Upwards of
opposite the petals shortest; the fruit a forty species are enumerated. [A. A. B.]
hard woody nut, with three or four pro-
minent angles, and usually four-celled. GAZLES. Ribes rubrum.
'
The name, "from the Greek signifying su-
pern, is not generally applicable to the GAZON D'ESPAGNE, or D'OLYMPE.
!

l
species. The plants are natives of North (Fr.) Armeria maritima. — TCE.C. Saxi-
America, and have alternate leaves vary- fraga hypnoides.
ing in outline, and the flowers in spikes, GEAN. The wild Cherry, Cerasus Avium.
white or rose-coloured, rarely yellow,
; turning to reddish when fading. [G. DJ GEASTER. A genus of puffballs distin-
guished by the outer coat or peridium
|
GAYA. Tropical American herbs, be- being perfectly distinct from the inner,
, longing to the mallow family, having soli- which contains the spores, and splitting
'
tary yellow flowers, whose structure is ultimately into several divisions, so as to
! that of the closely allied Sida, from which, have the appearance of a star, whence the
however, the present genus is distinguish- name of Earth-star. Sometimes the outer
ed by the capsule, which consists of several peridium consists of two separable coats,
S
one-seeded carpels, opening along the back of which the inner becomes at length in-
by two valves, and thus allowing of the verted, so that it is lifted up and supported
protrusion of an inner strap-shaped valve- by the tips of its lobes upon those of the
j

like appendage. [M. T. M.] j

outer coat, which gave rise to the Man

GATAC OFFICINAL.
j

(Fr.) Guaiacum Fungus of the older herbalists. The inner i

officinale. peridium is either sessile or stipitate, and

sometimes without any trace of an aper-
j

GAYAL. An
!

Indian name fcr Agave vi- ture for the dispersion of the spores, while I

vipara. in several species there is a distinct orifice

GAYBINE. PharUUs. which is variously fringed, folded, &c. In
G. coliformis there are numerous orifices,
GAYLUSSACIA. A genus of tropical and many confluent stems. In a young state
American shrubs, belonging to the Vacci- the hymenium, as in Lycoperdon, looks
niacece, and named in honour of the cele- like the crumb of bread, and in that con-
brated French chemist M. Gay-Lussac. dition it has the same structure as the
The leaves are terminated by a hard spine ; gills of an agaric, though afterwards it
the corolla is tubular, distended at the dries up, leaving behind a mass of threads
base; and the stamens are inserted into and spores. In general each peridium
the calyx, the anthers being without horns. springs from its own mass of spawn, but
The ovary is inferior, and the fruit suc- in a fine species which occurs in Cuba,
culent, crowned by the limb of the calyx, Ceylon, and Japan, there is a common ex-
with ten one-seeded stones. G. Pseudo- panded mycelium. Some of the species, as
Vaccinium is a greenhouse shrub with G. hygrometricus, are extremely sensitive
pretty red flowers. [M. T. MJ of moisture, and are driven about by the
GAZANIA A genus
of low-growing
wind as shapeless masses, till the first
herbs of the composite family, peculiar to shower expands them like the fruit of the
Southern Africa. The greater proportion Mesembryanthemum. Others, on the con-
are stemless, with a rosette of pinnatifid trary, expand when dry, and contract when
leaves having linear segments, generally moist.
white with elose-pressed silky down be- The Earth-stars are amongst our rarer,
neath. In the caulescent species, the or at least more local fungi, and are found
leaves are mostly narrow oblong or lance- on leaves in shady places, or on exposed
shaped, glossy green above, white beneath. banks and sands. They are more common
in the south-eastern and southern parts
The flower-heads are large and handsome,
with yellow strap-shaped ray florets, and of England than in other parts of Great
Britain. Species occur in all warmer lati-
tubular disk florets usually of a darker
colour. The principal characters of the tudes, but do not ascend very high north-
genus are an involucre of many scales,
:
wards, or if they occur at all it is only in
whose margins are united nearly to the small quantities. [M. J. B.]
summit, so as to form a sort of cup; neuter
ray florets; perfect disk florets; and wing-
GEBLERA. The name given by Fischer
less achenes clothed with silky hairs, which
and Meyer to a Chinese herb of the spurge-
nearly hide the double pappus of thin and wort family, now referred to Fluggea:
delicate hairs. The double pappus serves
which see. [A. A. B.]
to distinguish this from Gorttria, a South GEIGERA. The name of a shrub of the
African genus of xery similar appearance. rue family, native of tropical Australia,
One of the most handsome and best known with five-parted flowers, having the sta-
of the pinnatifld-leaved species is G. Par mens inserted beneath a fleshy five-lobed
I
GEIS] Cf)c ®reas'urg at aSotanj?. 524
disk, in the centre of which the five ovaries flowers are very showy, and various in
are placed. The fruit consists of from one colour. [T. MJ
to three carpels which are adherent at their
base. [M. T. M.J
GELA. Entada Pursmtha.
GEL ASINE. A genus of Iridacece closely
GEISSOIS. A genus of Cunoniacece, allied to Trichonema, with which it is
native of New Caledonia, distinguished united by many botanists. G. azurea, a
by having a calyx of four leathery ovate dwarb bulbous plant from the Rio Grande
sepals with shaggy hairs on the inside, no in South America, is the type. [T. M.]
corolla, eight to ten stamens with rich
crimson filaments an inch long, and a style GELIDIACE.E. A natural order of
bearing two stigmas. The seed-vessel is rose-spored Algce belonging to the group
two-celled and two-valved, containing which bears necklaces of spores (Desmio-
many compressed winged seeds. It con- spermece), and amongst these distinguished
sists of a small tree, bearing closely packed by the placenta being axial or suspended
flowers in long racemes on the old wood, by filaments in the cavity of the external
and opposite leaves with five slightly ser- or half-immersed capsules. It contains
rated leaflets. A plant of this genus has many very beautiful Algce, especially in
been lately introduced which is possibly- warmer latitudes, amongst which the
distinct from the original species, G. race- Hypnece are conspicuous, on almost every
mosa, described by Labillardiere. [R. H.] tropical coast, for the hooked tips of the
fronds. Gelidium corneum, one of our com-
GEISSOLOMA. The name applied to a monest and most variable seaweeds, with
Sauth African shrub, referred to the Pe- its rigid compressed more or less repeat-
nceacece, and distinguished from Pencea edly pinnate frond, occurs almost every-
by the imbricated arrangement of the where in some form or other. [M. J. B.]
lobes of the perianth by the presence of
;

eight stamens, the anthers of which have GELINE^E. Cells in algals secreting
not a fleshy connective; and by the pen- vegetable jelly.
dulous ovules thus affording a singular
:

illustration of the great difference exist- GELL, or GILL. Glechoma Tiederacea.

ing between some plants in certain cases,
where nevertheless it is not considered GELSEMIUM. A genus of Loganiacece,
consisting of an evergreen lactescent
advisable to place them indifferent groups,
climbing shrub, found in the vicinity of
because, in spite of their numerous points
rivers in the southern states of America.
of diversity, they are yet more closely
It has opposite lance-shaped shining
allied one to the other than to anything leaves with small axillary glands, and
else. G. marginata, a greenhouse shrub,
few-flowered axillary fascicles of sweet-
has red flowers surrounded by a number
scented yellow flowers, which have a
of scale-like bracts. [M. T. MJ small five-lobed calyx, and a large funnel-
GEISSOMERIA. A
genus of Acantha- shaped corolla, with a five-cleft almost
cece, containing nine species from Brazil. equal limb. The fruit is composed of two
They are undershrubs, with a tetragonous separable jointed follicles containing nu-
stem, oval or oblong leaves, and long red, merous flat seeds. G. nitidum is called the
Carolina Jasmine. [T. MJ
often velvety flowers, in many-flowered
spikes. These have a five-parted calyx, a GEMINATE. United or collected in
tubular corolla dilated upwards, four sta-
mens inserted near the base of the corolla
tube, the filaments hairy at the base, and GEMINI. Two together.
the one-celled anthers acute at both ends. GEMINIPLOROUS. When two flowers
The fruit is oval, and four-seeded. [W. 0.] grow together.
GEISSORHIZA. A genus of South Afri- GEMMA. A leaf -bud; leaf -buds are
can Iridacece, one species of which has sometimes also called foliiferce gemmce, and
been found in Abyssinia. The plants have flower-buds (alabastri), floriferce gemmce.
bulo-tuberous rhizomes, narrow setaceous The term Gemma? is also applied to certain
or sword-shaped leaves, and a simple or small reproductive bodies found in some
branched stem bearing the large showy liverworts, which are regarded as analo-
flowers in one-sided spikes. The perianth is gous to leaf-buds.
funnel-shaped, with a short tube, and an
GEMMATIO. The act of budding the
ample six-parted nearly equal limb, the manner in ;

which young leaves are folded

segments of which bear a nectariferous up in the
pore at the base the three stamens are in-
;
bud prior to its unfolding.
cluded the style is filiform and declinate,
; GEMMULE. The plumule; also the ovule.
with three linear wedge-shaped condupli-
GEN. Persian manna, an exudation
cate stigmas and the ovary is three-celled,
;
caused by insects on the stems of Tamarix,
with numerous ovules arranged in two
rows in the oentral angles of the cells. The ing to others some
according to authorities but accord- ;

it is produced by Alhagi Mau-

rhizomes are covered by thecrustaceous or rorum.
scarious remains of the bases of the leaves,
which lie over each other like the tiles of GENDARTJSSA. A genus of Acantliacece,
a roof, and hence the name of Tile-root has containing a single species, growing every-
been given to the plants. The ixia-like where in India. It is a shrub with narrow
 525 €!)£ Crcajaurg at 28otaug. [geni

leaves, and spicate flowers on axillary pe- and are natives of the south and south-
dicels furnished with small bracts and west parts of Australia. [R. H.]
bracteoles. The calyx is regularly five-
i

parted the corolla tube is short, and its

:
GEXEVRETTE. A wine made from
limb two-lipped, with the upper lip arching ;
juniper berries.
i
there are two stamens, with two-celled „ GENEVRIER. Juniperus communis. —
•
anthers and a slender rigid four-seeded
;
A L'EXCENS. Juniperus thurifera. —
l capsule. The leaves and stalk of G. vul- CADE. Juniperus Oxycedrus. — FE-
!
garis have, when rubbed, a strong and not MELLE. Jimiperus tamariscifolia. —
unpleasant smell, and are, after being
roasted, prescribed India in cases of
in
MALE. Juniperus cupressifolia.
] chronic rheumatism attended with swell- GENICULATE. Bent abruptly like a
ing of the joints. [W. 0.] knee; as the stems ofmany grasses.
GENESTROLLE. Genista tlnctoria. GENICULTJM. The node of a stem.
GENET. Genista. — BLANC. Cytisus GEXTPA. A genus of tropical American
|
albus.— D"ESPAGXE. Genista juncea. trees of the cinchona family, nearly allied
— EPIXELX. Ulex europceus. to Gardenia, but differing in the tube of
the corolla, which is much shorter than in
GEXETTE. (Fr.) Narcissus Pseudo- that genus, so that the five to six ovate
Narcissus. segments of the limb are longer than the
GEXETYLLIS. A small genus of Cha- tube. The fruit is succulent, with a rather
i
mceiav.ciacece, distinguished by having thick rind, crowned by the calyx, and
sessile flowers with two small bracts, a tapering at each end. Some of the species
! calyx of five short obtuse entire lobes, furnish edible fruits. Thus G. americana
!
five ovate slightly acute petals, twenty produces the Genipap fruit, as large as an
t
short stamens, the alternate ones sterile, orange, and with an agreeable flavour. In
I a filiform bearded style, and a one-celled Surinam the same fruit is called the Mar-
seed-vessel with four or five seeds. The malade Box. The fruit of G. brasiliensis
i

flower-heads in one section of the genus furnishes a violet dye. A

few of the
|
are enclosed in large coloured ovate or species are in cultivation as evergreen
!
oblong involucres about an inch in length, stove plants. [M. T. M.]
generally of a reddish hue, or white striped
1

GEXIPAP. The fruit of Genipa ameri-

i with red, and on this account they are cana.
exceedingly handsome plants, particularly
GENIPI BLANC.
;

G. tulipifera, G. macrostegia, G. speciosa, Artemisia Mutellina.

— NOIR. Artemisia spicata.
GENIP TREE. Genipa; also an old
"West Indianname for Melicocca bijuga.
GENISTA. An extensive genus of legu-
minous plants, including' the Planta Ge-
nista or Plante genet of the French, from
which a celebrated race of English kings,
the Plantagenets, took their name, in con-
sequence of their wearing a sprig of the
plant as a distinctive badge. The genus
contains more than a hundred species,
chiefly abounding in the countries border-
ing on the Mediterranean, in Western Asia,
and in the Canary islands, three being in-
digenous to Britain. They are all small
branching shrubs, sometimes armed with
spines, seldom growing higher than five
or six feet, and often not more than a foot,
bearing simple or trifoliolate leaA-es, and
abundant yellow flowers, which are pro-
duced either singly or in racemes or
Genetyllis tulipifera.
clusters from the angles of the leaves or
at the ends of the branches. They have
and G. HooTceriana. The leaves are either a five-toothed calyx a papilionaceous co-
;

lanceolate, spathulate, or linear and three- rolla, of which the keel becomes curved
angled, full of glandular dots, the upper backwards after flowering ten stamens
;

ones generally membranaceous. The name united into an entire sheath, bearing long
of Hedaroraa was given by Dr. Lindley to and short anthers alternately and a flat-
;

certain of the involucrate species from tened or sometimes roundish pod con-
South-West Australia. The species are stricted between the seeds.
remarkable for the exquisite sweetness The Petty Whin, G. anglica, is a small
of their foliage, which with the half-ripe prickly straggling English shrub, with nu
fruit retain their fragrance for such a merous decumbent stems, bearing small
length of time that they possibly might lance-shaped leaves and yellow flowers,
be considered worth collecting for the per- and armed with sharp spines, whence the
fumer. They are mostly heath-like shrubs, plant is frequently called Needle Green-
GENl] W$z &rea£ttrg oi Statanj). 526

weed. G. tinctoria, a native of Central and a four to five or occasionally ten-parted

Southern Europe, common in England, is corolla; four to Ave stamens; and a one-
a low bushy tufted shrub, producing nu- celled ovary with two stigmas either sepa-
merous woody unarmed stems, which send rate and rolled back, or contiguous and
forth stiff erect angular green branches, funnel-shaped. The fruit is a two-valved,
clothed with leaves varying from narrow one-celled, many-seeded capsule. While
lance-shaped to broadly-elliptical, and bear- blue is the most frequent colour, yet white,
ing short racemes of yellow flowers at the yellow, and even red flowers are met with.
ends of the branches. This was formerly The red-flowered species are almost con-
of some importance as a dye plant, but it fined to the Andes; while blue-flowered
has long been superseded by dyes of species ascend the Himalayas to the height
foreign origin. It is commonly known of 16,000 feet. The great majority are
under the name of Woadwaxen or Dyer's found in hilly or mountainous districts, in
Greenweed, but the colour derived from it the northern hemisphere both in the old
was a bright yellow, and it was only by and new world, extending also to the tro-
afterwards dipping the yellow yarn or pics. Most of the genera which inhabit
cloth into a blue solution of woad (Isatis) the elevated regions of the temperate or
that the green tint was obtained. This tropical zones are likewise found in the
was the process by which was obtained arctic or antarctic regions in great abun-
the once celebrated Kendal green, so called dance, but this does not appear to be the
from the town of Kendal in Westmoreland, case with Gentiana.
in the vicinity of which the plant was The abundance and beauty of the Gen-
abundant, and where also the process was tians on the European Alps never fail to
first introduced by Flemish emigrants in arrest the attention and demand the ad-
the reign of Edward III. The plant thrives miration of the traveller, who knows not
upon very poor soil, and is regarded by whether most to admire the noble appear-
agriculturists of the present day as an ance presented by some of the taller more
indication of the poverty of the land where i
stately-looking species, such as G. lutea, or
it abounds. [A. S.] j
the intensely brilliant blue colour of some
of the more lowly-growing species, such
GENISTELLA. Genista
anglica, and
as G. verna or acaulis, and which may
others also Aspalathus spinosa.
;
be found growing in profusion on little
GENTIAN. Gentiana. The gentian root I swards environed on all sides by ice-clad
of the druggists is furnished by G. lutea. rocks and mighty glaciers. Afew species
— , BASTARD. Hypericum Sarothra, or are native in the British islands : the most
Sarothra gentianoides. — , HORSE. Trios- frequently met with being G. Amarella,an
teum. — , SPURRED. Halenia. |
erect branching annual, sometimes attain-
ing to the height of ten or twelve inches,
GENTIANACE.E. {Gentianworts.) A na- I
the flowers panicled, of a pale purple colour,
tural order of corollifloral dicotyledons the calyx with five segments, and the co-
belonging to Lindley's gentianal alliance
!

, rolla with a fringe of hairs at the throat.

of perigynous 'Exogens. Herbs, rarely G. campestris much resembles this, but
shrubs, with opposite entire exstipulate, has the parts of the flower in fours, not in
usually ribbed leaves, and showy flowers. fives, and has two of the lobes of its calyx
Calyx divided, persistent corolla persis-
;
|

larger than the other two, which they over-

tent, imbricate or induplicate, and often
!

lap. G. Pneumonanthe, a rare English per-

twisted in aestivation; stamens alternate
!

ennial species, has a stem nearly a foot

segments ovary of two
!

with the corolline ;

in height, the upper leaves linear, and the
carpels, placed to the right and left of the
corolla an inch and a half long, bright blue
axis, one-celled with two parietal often
without hairs in its throat, but with five
introflexed placentas; style one; stigmas
greenish lines on the exterior. G. verna
two. Fruit a capsule or berry; seeds nu-
is a low-growing perennial, growing in
merous, with fleshy albumen and a minute j

dense tufts with very short flower-stalks,

embryo. They are found in almost all !

terminated by a single bright blue flower.

parts of the world, some at high elevations,
It is a rare plant in this country, butabun-
and others in hot tropical plains. Bitter- j

dant in mountainous meadows in Central

ness prevails generally in the order. Some I

and Southern Europe. G. nivalis is only

of the plants have emetic and narcotic
found in Britain on some of the Scotch
qualities. The root of the yellow gentian
mountains: it is a slender branching an-
of the Alps (Gentiana lutea) is used medici- nual, each branch being terminated by a
nally as a tonic. In the Himalaya, chirata
blue flower about half an inch in length.
.(Agathotes Chirayta) is employed as a bitter
Several of the species are in cultivation,
tonic. Exacum bicolor and Ophelia, elegans such as G. lutea, G. purpurea, G. acaulis
are similarly used. There are about 70 '

the Gentianella of gardens, and G. crinita,

known genera, and upwards of 500 species. a North American kind, with the four lobes
Examples: Gentiana, Swertia, Chironia,
!

of the corolla fringed at the margin.

Erythrcea, Chlora, Lisianthus, Menyanthes,
It is not only for their beauty that these
ViUarsia, Limnanthemum. [J. H. B.]
|

plants are prized, but for their medicinal

I

GENTIANA. A large genus of herba- . properties. All the species are, to agreater
ceous plants, giving their name to the or less extent, pervaded by a pure bitter
order Gentianaceai. The Gentians are per- I principle, which confers valuable tonic vir-
ennial plants, with opposite ribbed leaves tues on them, not always unaccompanied
a calyx of four or five valvate segments ;
i by some slight degree of narcotic or acrid
 02 i $l\)z CrniStiry of 2Sotatxw. [geon
effect. The roots
of G. lutea are princi- ' or deeply instead of obscurely toothed.
pally used in this country ; they are col- There are five species enumerated.
lected in Switzerland and the Tyrol. The G. superba is a tree of eighteen to twentv-
roots of G. purpurea, G. punctata, and G. flve feet,with the habit of a tamarind, and is
pannonica are used for like purposes in- ; found in Brazil and Venezuela. Its pinnate
deed, almost any species might be employed leaves are four to six inches long and the
;

that could be obtained in sufficient quan- yellow fetid pea-flowers are in simple ra-
tity. G. cruciata has been invested with cemes the length of the leaves. The fruits,
imaginary virtues, because its leaves grow about the size and form of a walnut, have a
in the form of a cross it has been recom-
; greenish-yellow downy rind, a fleshy pulp,
mended in hydrophobia. The Swiss make and a hard nut or stone enclosing a single
a liqueur from some of the species. Some seed. Humboldt, in his Plantes Equinoxi-
of the Himalayan and North American ales, says this is a truly magnificent tree,
kinds are used, like the European ones, as from the disposition of its branches clothed
tonics. [M. T. M.] with beautiful green leaves, as well as
GENTIAN'E. (Fr.) Gentiana lutea.
from the great abundance of its yellow
flowers. According to the same authority,
GENTIAXELLA. A common name for the wood is hard, susceptible of a fine
Gentiana acaulis ; also Cryphiacantausbar- polish, and useful for building purposes,
badensis. while the fruits are not agreeable, but are
eaten by children and much sought after
GEXTIAXELLE. (Fr.) Exacum. by various animals. Mr. Gardner says the
GEXTIAXWORTS. Lindley's name for fruits are called Mari in various parts of
the order Gentianacece. Brazil. He found them to be the principal
food of the inhabitants of the Ilha de St.
GEOCARYOI. The name of a genus of Pedro, who boil them, eating the fleshy
UmbelUferce closely allied to Bunium, but portion first, and then the kernel. Ahnen-
distinguished from it by the styles being dora, or Almond, is a name given to the
more erect, and by the structure of the tree on the Amazon. [A. A. B.]
fruits, which have five ridges, with as many
wide oil-channels in the interspaces. In GEOGLOSSUM. A genus of ascomyce-
Bunium, on the contrary, there are two or tous Fungi which in outward aspect has
three such channels in each interspace. the appearance of Clavaria, and in conse-
G. capillifolium is a native of the south of quence has been wrongly associated with
Europe, Barbary, &c, and has a bulb-like the clavate Fungi. The whole plant is
stock, whence the name of the genus, which club-shaped, with the hymeniuiu covering
signifies earth-nut. [M. T. M.] the entire surface of the club except at
the base, the distinction between head
GEOCOCCUS. A diminutive cruciferous and stem being generally only slightly
annual stemless herb of Western Australia, marked. There are two distinct groups,
throwing out from the neck a series of those which are black or brown, and those
'
pinnatifid leaves, from whose axils emerge which are green, purple, &c. In the former
the minute flowers. After flowering, the the sporidia are septate and much elon-
peduncles become deflexed, and bury the gated, in the latter minute and simple.
small seed-vessels about an inch beneath The species occur in closely-shaven lawns,
the surface of the ground. [T. M.] in grassy pastures, and amongst Sphagnum
or rottenwood, &c. Occasionally the stem is
GEODOROJ. The generic name of a either viscid and scaly, or densely velvety.
few terrestrial East Indian orchids of the No species appears to be esculent. Earth-
tribe Yandew. They have tuberous roots, tongues occur in most temperate parts of
radical lance-shaped or elliptical leaves the world, but they are more frequent in
six to eighteen inches long, and lateral Europe than elsewhere. pVI. J. B.]
flower-scapes terminating in a nodding
spike of flowers, which in some are of a pale GEOXOMA. A genus of palms closely
green colour, the lip white and veined with '
resembling Clia.mmdorea in general appear-
yellow or purple lines, and in others are ance, and like these confined to the tropics
blush with a yellow spot on the lip. The of the western hemisphere, where they
sepals and petals are free and connivent;
j
form part of the underwood of dense
forests. There are about forty known spe-
j

the lip hooded, sessile, and not jointed :

with the very short column there are two cies, a few of which are stemless, but the
;

bilobed pollen-masses with a short caudicle generality have slender reed-like polished
and a transverse gland. G. dilatatum and i
stems, marked with rings or scars of fallen
G. citrinum are in cultivation. [A. A. B.J leaves, and bearing at their summit a tuft
of large leaves, which are usually quite
GEOFFROTA. A
genus of pinnate- entire when young, but afterwards split
leaved South American Leguminosoe of the so as to become irregularly pinnate. The
tribe Balbergiece, and differing from most male and female flowers are borne on the
in that group in having drupaceous fruits same plant, but are sometimes, though not
instead of thin dry pods. From Andira, to always, on distinct spikes each spike is en-
;

which it is most nearly allied, it differs closed in a double spathe, and is either un-
in the flowers being in simple racemes in-
j

I
branched or variously branched, the small
stead of panicles, and usually yellow with i yellow or purple flowers being seated in
,
a fetid smell, instead of purple and smell- little hollows, the males in clusters of two
:
ing sweetly the calyx, also, is distinctly
;
'
or three, and the females solitary. The
GEOP (£!)£ CreaSttrp of SSotang, 528
fruits are very small, and contain a single -
nium, Pelargonium, and Monsonia, are ex-
horny seed. None of the species possess amples. [J. H. B.]
any particular features of interest ; the GERANIUM.
only useful purposes to which they are ap-
The Cranesbills, whose
plied being that of supplying leaves for
name derived from the long central beak
is
of the fruit, form a large genus of the Ge-
thatching huts, and flexible stems for raniacece, distinguished" by having regular
walking-sticks. [A. S.]
flowers, ten stamens with the filaments
GEOPHILA. A
genus of Cinchonaceoe, united at the base, and five carpels each
called earth-loving from the creeping ha-
'
'
tipped by a long glabrous awn (the per-
bit of the plants. The species are natives of sistent style), which becomes recurved
tropical America and the East Indies, and when it separates from the central axis,
somewhat resemble violets in their mode not spirally twisted as in Erodium. They
of growth. They are nearly allied to Psy- are herbs, very rarely undershrubs, grow-
chotria, from which they are distinguished ing in all temperate climates, having stems
by their flowers being in heads surrounded with enlarged joints and palmately lobed
by a few bracts, and by the calyx being cleft or divided leaves, the lower ones
more deeply divided into five linear spread-
j

stalked, the upper sessile. The one or two-

ing segments. [M. T. M.] flowered peduncles have small bracts at
the base of the pedicels, and the flowers
GEORCHIS. A small genus of orchids are often large and brightly coloured. Most
found growing among moss, &c, in the of the species are astringent, particularly
damp woods of India and Java. The spe- the North American G.maculatum or Alum-
cies have all the habit of Goodyera, and, root, the rhizome of which is used in its
according to Dr. Lindley, differ from that native country instead of kino. The Tas-
genus in the very sharp-pointed anthers manian G. parviflorum is there called the
and stigma, the latter of which splits into Native Carrot, and its tubers used as food.
two long bristle-like arms. The slender There are about a dozen British species.
stems throw out roots at intervals, and The genus Pelargonium, to which belong
bear a number of ovate or heart-shaped the popular Geraniums of our gardens, is
leaves one to three inches in length, while distinguished from the Cranesbills, by its
the small white or pink flowers are disposed irregular flowers, and adherent calycine
in terminal spikes. [A. A. B.] spur. [J. T. SO
GEORGINA. A name given by Willde- GERANIUM, INDIAN. A term used by
now to the genus Dahlia, but not generally perfumers for Andropogon Nardus. —
adopted.
NETTLE. A popular name for C'oleus fru-
ticosus.
GEOTHERMOMETER. A thermometer GERANION. (Ft.) Geranium, including
constructed especially for determining the Pelargonium and Erodium.
temperature of the earth.
GERARDIA. A genus of Scrophulariacece,
GERANIACE^E. (Cranesbills.) A natural consisting of annual or perennial herbs,
order of thalamifloral dicotyledons, cha- rarely shrubby at the base, and most if
racteristic of Lindley's geranial alliance not the species probably more or less
all
of hypogynous Exogens. Herbs or shrubs parasitical on the roots of other plants.
with swollen joints, and opposite or alter- The leaves are opposite, or the upper ones
nate leaves, which are usually palmately alternate, all entire or very rarely cut.
veined and lobed, often stipulate. Sepals The flowers, sessile or pedicellate in the
five imbricate, one of them sometimes upper axils, or forming short terminal ra-
spurred petals five, with claws, contorted
;
cemes, are usually purple or pink, and
in bud stamens usually ten, united by
;
downy outside. The calyx is campanulate
their filaments, some occasionally sterile; and five-toothed the corolla obliquely tu-
;

ovary of five bi-ovular carpels placed round bular or campanulate, with five broad more
an elongated axis, to which the styles ad- or less spreading lobes the stamens four,
;

here. Fruit formed of five one-seeded car- didynamous, not longer than the corolla,
pels, which from the base
finally separate with two-celled anthers. The capsule opens
of the central axis or beak, and curve up- loculicidally in two valves, and contains
wai'ds by means of the attached styles seed ; numerous small seeds. There are about
exalbuminous embryo curved and doubled
: two dozen species known, natives of
up, with plaited cotyledons. The plants North or South America, and most of them
are distributed over various parts of the very handsome. All attempts to cultivate
world. The species of Pelargonium abound them have, however, failed. The dried spe-
at the Cape of Good Hope those of Gera-; cimens usually turn quite black.
nium and Erodium are chiefly nntives of Eu- GERBE-D'OR. (Fr.) Solidago canaden-
rope, North America, and Northern Asia.
sis.
They have astringent and aromatic quali-
ties, many of them are fragrant, and some GERBERA. A genus of that group of
have a musky odour. They are sometimes the Compositce called Mutisiaceo?., in which
tuberous, and the tubers are eaten. There all the florets are two-lipped. The genus
are numerous hybrids among the plants is almost entirely African, and is repre-
of this order, and it is not easy to deter- sented in greatest numbers at the Cape.
mine the exact number of species, but Upwards of a dozen species are known, all
about 540 are recorded. Erodium, Gera- stemless perennial herbs, with their leaves
 529 Ojc Evezguvy af 2Sotang, [gesn

usually clothed beneath with white cot- i

succulent, one-celled, with parietal placen-
tony down some, as G. asplenifolia, have
; tas to the right and left of the axis. Na-
pinnatifld leaves, calling to mind the tives of various parts of the world, chiefly
fronds of Aspleniuvi Trichomanes, but the the warmer regions of America. The suc-
larger proportion have the leaves oval or culent fruits are occasionally edible, and
oblong and entire. The flower-stalk which some of the species yield a dye. The leaves
rises from the crown bears on its apex a of some of them produce buds when laid
single large flower-head one to two inches on the soil. There are upwards of 80 genera,
across, the ray florets in which are yellow, and nearly 300 species. Gesnera, Gloxinia,
purple, or blood colour, disposed in a single Achimenes, Strepiocarpus, and Cyrtandra
or double row, and containing a pistil only, furnish examples. [J. H. B.]
;
while the disk florets are usually yellow and
i perfect. The achenes are cylindrical or GESNERA. The typical genus of Gesne- i

flattened, smooth, beaked, and crowned racece, consisting of numerous tropical

!
with a pappus of two or more series of j
South American species, some of which I

! rough hairs. The name Lasiopus is by are amongst the most beautiful of the |

some authors given to those species which I

herbaceous plants cultivated in our stoves, i

;
have a double row of ray florets. [A. A. B.] It has, like some other genera of the order, j

been much broken up by modern botanists.

GERMANDER.
I

I
Tencrium Cliamcedrys; Some of the species are referred to a divi-
common name
;

also a genus Teu-

for the sion called Brachylomatece, in which there
|

crium. — , "WATER. Teucrium Scordium. are squamose catkin-like stolones, as in

|

— WOOD.
, Teucrium Scorodonia.
Achimenes; others to the Eugesnerece,
j

GERMANDREE. (Fr.) Teucrium. — which to have tuberous rhizomes and

the Bhytidophyllece, which are
;
j

AQUATIQUE. Teucrium Scordium. — others

\

'

shrubby or subshrubby in habit. In the

FEMELLE. Teucrium Botrys. —MARI- modern I

TIME. Teucrium Marum. — OFFICI- restricted form, Gesnera itself |

NALE. Teucrium Chamcedrys. — SATJ- consists of plants with depressed tubers, j

VAGE. Teucrium Scorodonia. a racemose corymbose or panicled inflores- |

cence, and somewhat two-lipped corollas, I

GERMAN TINDER. The Soft Amadou, much longer than the calyx, and with a ,

Polyporus fomentarius. short galea or upper lip, differing in the

j

GERMEN. The ovary. latter particular from Dirccea, another of |

the Eugesnerece, in which the tipper lip is

GERMINATION. The first act of growth very much elongated and fornicate. The
j

by an embryo plant, connected with the flowers have also from two to five con- |

absorption of oxygen and the extrication spicuous glands. Of the five groups into
of carbonic acid. Germination ceases which the restricted genus is divided, the
when the latter begins to be decomposed. following species are examples G. dis- :

color, macrostachya, tuberosa, Scepirum, and

GERNOTTE. <Fr.) Bunium Bulbocasta-
punctata. The most familiar of the sepa-
num.
rated genera in the several tribes are the
GEROFLE, or G^ROFLIER. (Fr.) following, the first three of which belong
Caryophyllus aromaticus. to the Brachylomatece, the next two to the
Eugesnerece, and the remainder to the Bhy-
GERONTOGEOU3. Of or belonging to tidophyllece :—
the Old World.
Ncegelia with a campanulate-cylindrical
:

GEROPOGON. A genus of the compo- corolla tube, inflated beneath, and short
site family nearly related to Tragopogon, subbilabiate limb, a five-crenate perigy-
and consisting of an annual glabrous herb !
nous glandular ring, and a stomatomor-
of the south of Europe, having simple !

phous stigma ex. G. zebrina. :

stems, subamplexicaul entire elongated Kbhleria with an oblique corolla having

:

leaves, and capitules of purplish flowers a cylindrical or tumid deflexed tube, and
solitary at the thickened apex of the stem. ringent limb, five subequal glands, and a
It differs from Tragopogon in having hair- bifidstigma: ex. G. Seemanni.
like scales on the receptacle, and in the Cryptoloma with a straight corolla tube,
:

nature of the pappus. [T. M.] and very short limb, five subequal glands,
GERVAO. A and a bifid stigma ex. G. honclensis. :
Brazilian name for Stachy- Eechsteineria with a subbilabiate tubu-
:
tarpha jamaicensis.
lar corolla, two large dorsal glands and
GESNERACE^E. (Cyrtandracece, Didy- three smaller ventral ones, and a stomato-
mocarpece, Gesnervjorts.) A natural order morphous stigma ex. G. allagophylla. :

of corollifloral dicotyledons belonging to Dirccea with a gaping tubular corolla,

:

Lindley's bignonial alliance of perigynous the upper lip elongate-fornicate, the lower
Exogens. Herbs or shrubs often growing truncate, two connate dorsal glands, and a
from scaly tubers, with wrinkled usually stomatomorphous stigma ex. G. bulbosa. :

opposite leaves and showy flowers calyx ; Houttea with a long corolla tube, and
:

half-adherent five-parted corolla more or

;
short spreading limb, and five glands, of
less irregular, five-lobed stamens two, or
; which the dorsal are larger and connate :

four and didynamous with the rudiment ex. G. pardina.

of a fifth, the anthers often combined. Moussonia with a shorter subinflated
:

Ovary one-celled, surrounded at the base corolla tube, and scarcely spreading limb,
by glands or a ring. Fruit capsular or and five subequal glands ex. G. elongata. :
gesn] QLfyt fltoatfurj) of 2SatattB. 530
Eerincquia with a very long slightly
: where it is known by of Choco- the name
curved corolla tube, and straight limb, late or Blood root, and is used as a mild
and a five-lobed toothed ring ex. G. liba- : tonic. Several species are cultivated in
nensis. [T. M.] this country among the handsomest is G.
:

coccineum, with scarlet flowers. [M. T. M.]

GESNERIE BIZARRE. (Fr.) Tydcea
picta. GEVIN. (Fr.) Quadria.
GESNERWORTS. A name proposed by GHEKOOL, or GHET-KOL. An Indian
Lindley for the Gesneracece. name for the acrid tubers of Typhouium
Lathyrus. — CHICHE.
trilobatum.
GESSE. (Fr.) „
Lathyrus Gicera. — DE PRES. Lathyrus GHETCHOO. An Indian name for Apo-
pratensis. — GRANDE. Lathyrus lati- nogeton monostachyun, the tubers of which
folius. — SAUVAGE. Lathyrus sylvestris. are used like potatos.
— VELTJE. Lathyrus hirsutus.
GIBBER. A pouch-like enlargement of
GESSETTE. (Fr.) Lathyrus Cicera. the base of a calyx, corolla, &c.
GETHYLLIS. A small genus of Cape GIBBEROSE, GIBBOUS, or GIBBOSE.
Amaryllidacea, allied to Sternbergia and More convex or tumid in one place than
Oporanthus, and consisting of dwarf bul- another.
bous plants, with linear leaves, and short
one-flowered flower-scapes. The perianth
GIESEKIA. A genus of Phytolaccacea?,
containing tropical or subtropical annual
tube is long cylindrical, the limb of six
segments regular and spreading the sta- herbs from Asia and Africa, with prostrate
;

mens inserted in the mouth of the tube, dichotomous stems, linear-oblong or spa-
thulate entire fleshy leaves, rough with
and sometimes by superfluity doubled or
trebled or multiplied numerously, with
subcutaneous glands, and small greenish
flowers, often becoming purple, in small
erect anthers and the style connate with
umbellate or contracted cymes opposite
;

the perianth tube, free and exsertedat top,

with a capitately trigonous stigma. The the leaves. The fruit consists of three to
capsule is berry-like and succulent, and is
five rough utricles. The name is sometimes
said to be esculent. G. undulata has the
written Gisekia. [J. T. S.]

leaves remarkably waved at the edge, and GIESLERIA. A

gesneraceous plant of
ciliated with strong bristles. [T. M.] herbaceous habit, now included in Tydma.
GEUM. A genus of perennial Rosacece, GIG ARTINA. A genus of the large natu-
deriving its generic name from the Greek ral order of rose-spored Algce, called Cryp-
word geuo, which signifies to have an agree- tonemiacece. The capsules, which are glo-
able taste, on account of the slightly aro- bose and external, contain several round-
matic flavour of the roots of some of the ish masses of spores the frond' is flat or ;

species. The main characters of the genus cylindrical and mostly branched, composed
reside in the calyx, whose limb is five-cleft, of innumerable longitudinal and horizon-
with five little bracts on the exterior, and tal threads in a firm pellucid jelly and the ;

in the carpels which are dry with hardened tetraspores are collected in little heaps or
hooked styles forming collectively a kind sori. The genus is very nearly allied to
of burr. Two species are natives of Bri- Iridcea and Chondrus. Many of the species
tain, G. urbanum and rivale. The former, are covered with projecting tubercular or
known as Avens or Herb Bennett, has an spine-shaped processes, so as to make the
erect slightly branched stem the lower; frond rough like a rasp. G. mamillosa is
leaves deeply divided in a pinnate manner, often found amongst carageen. G. speciosa,
with a large terminal lobe, the side lobes the Jelly-plant of the Australian colonists,
in pairs, some of them much smaller than is now referred to Eucheuma. [M. J. B.]
the rest the flowers yellow, with small
;

spreading petals. The root of this plant, GIGOT. (Fr.) Iris fcetidissima.
called by the old herbalists Clove-root, GILIA. A pretty American
genus of
radix caryophyllata, has an aromatic clove- Polemoniacece. The calyx is bell-shaped
like odour, and, as it possesses astringent five-cleft the corolla funnel-shaped or ap-
;

properties, it has been used in diarrhoea, proaching to bell-shaped the stamens five ;

dysentery, intermittent fevers, &c. It was in number, inserted at the throat of the
formerly put into ale to give it a clove- corolla and each cell of the capsule con-
;

like flavour and prevent it turning sour, tains several angular seeds. The species
and has been recommended to be chewed have been distributed into several sub-
when the breath is foul. The Water-avens, genera, of which the most familiar are
G. rivale, has the leaves more hairy, the Ipomnpsis, represented by G.coronopifolia ;

flowers much larger, drooping, and of a Leptosiphon, by G. androsacea Dianthoides, ;

dull purple colour, and the head of fruits by G. dianthoides, or, as it is also called,
separated from the calyx by a short stalk. Fenzlia dianthiflora Leptodaetylon, by G. ca-
;

This plant is frequently found in a pro- lifornica and Eugilia, of which G. tricolor,
;

lified state, that is, with a branch or a achilheefolia, and capitata are well-known
second flower in the centre of the original illustrations. Most of them are pretty
one. Other species of this genus are garden flowers, the different groups being
widely diffused over the temperate regions for the most part regarded as distinct
of the northern hemisphere. G. canadense families by cultivators. G. coronopifolia,
is found in Canada and the United States, elegans, and aggregata, known in gardens
 531 djr Crca^ttrp of 33otang. [gira

as species of Ipomopsis, are biennials the ;

— ROGUE'S. Hesperis matronalis. — SEA.
, ,

Zepiodactylons are perennials and the ; Armeria vulgaris. STOCK. Matthiola — ,

rest are mostly annuals. [C. A. J.] incana, annua, &c. —

WALL. Cheiran-
,

GILIBERTIA. A genus of ivyworts,

tlius Cheiri. — , WATER. Hottonia palus-
characterised by having the corolla with
tris. — , Wl NTER, Hesperis matronalis.
five to ten petals ; stamens five to ten, GILLS. The lamellas or plates growing
attached to the petals and alternate with perpendicularly from the cap or pileus of
them ; style short, ending in five to ten an agaric.
stigmas, which are at first erect, and then
GILVUS. Dull yellow, with a mixture
spreading. The genus was named in honour
of grey and red.
of J. E. Gilibert, a French botanist. The
only species a small shrub of Peru,
is GINGELLY OIL. The oil of Sesamum
having alternate oblong acute leaves, orientale.
slightly toothed and flowers in terminal
compound umbels.
;

[G. D.]
GINGEMBRE. (Fr.) Zingiber.
GINGER-GRASS OIL. An essential oil
GILL, or GELL. Nepeta Glechoma. obtained from Andropogon Nardus.
GILLENIA. A genus of perennial her- GINGER. Zingiber officinale. The ginger
baceous plants belonging to the Rosacea of the shops is the dried rhizomes of this
|
and allied to Spircea, from which, however, plant black or East Indian ginger is the
;

I
it is well distinguished by its funnel- unscraped rhizome prepared by scalding ;
shaped calyx, very short stamens, and Ave white or Jamaica is the scraped rhizome
carpels combined into a five-celled cap- dried in the sun. AMADA. Curcuma— ,

sule, with two seeds in each cell.

leaves are ternate, with stalked serrated
The Amada. —
EGYPTIAN. Colocasia escu-
,

lenta. —.INDIAN. Asarum canadense.

leaflets the flowers whitish or red, axillary
: — , MANGO. Curcuma Amada. — , RED.
and terminal, on long flower-stalks. The The same as East Indian ginger. — , WILD.
roots are medicinal, possessing in a mild Asarum canadense. — WOOD. , An pld
degree the properties of ipecacuanha. Two name for Anemone ranunculoides.
species only are described by botanists,
both natives of North America G. tri- :
GINGERBREAD-TREE. The Doom
foliata,distinguished by its very narrow Palm, Hyphcene thebaica; also P'armarium
pointed stipules and G. stipulacea, the
;
macrophyllum.
stipules of which are large, ovate and GINGERWORTS. A popular name for
deeply cut. [C. A. J.] the Zingiber acece.
GILLIESIACEJ3. {Gilliesiads.) A natu- GINGILIE OIL. The oil of Sesamum
ral order of hypogynous monocotyledons orientale.
belonging to Lindley's lilial alliance of
Endogens. Bulbous plants, with grass- GINGO, or GINKGO. The aboriginal
Japanese name of Salisburia adiantifolia.
j

;
like leaves, and umbellate flowers enclosed
in a spathe. Perianth of two portions, the GINSEN. (Fr.) Panax.
I

outer petaloid and herbaceous, six-leaved,

I

j
the inner minute often five-toothed sta- ;
GINSENG. The root
of one or more
mens six, three sometimes sterile. Capsule species of Panax. It is also called Gin-
!
three-celled, three-valved, many-seeded, schen. Pereira gives P. quinquefolium as
: opening in a loculicidal manner covering ;
American Ginseng, and P. Schinseng as
of seed black and brittle embryo curved ;
Asiatic Ginseng.
albumen fleshy. Natives of Chili. The ge- GIPSYWORT. Lycopus europmus.
nera are Gllliesia and Miersia, comprising
about half a dozen species. [J. H. B.] GIRANDOLE. (Fr.) Coburgia.
GTLLTESIA. A
genus of Chilian bulbous GIRARDINIA. A
genus belonging to a
small group of the nettle family, charac-
herbs, belonging to Gilliesiacece. They
have linear flaccid root-leaves, and sub- terised by its stinging properties. From
decumbent scapes, the flowers cernuous, Urtica itself it differs in having alternate
greenish, inconspicuous, in an umbel with instead of opposite leaves, and from other
allies in the calyx of the fertile flowers
two leaf-like bracts at the base. The exte-
rior involucre is five-leaved, with the two
being two-parted, one of the segments
lateral interior ones much smaller than
j

being much the larger and three-toothed,

the others ; the interior involucre many-
|
the other small, linear, or sometimes abor-
j

tive. The species, three of which are East

leaved, surrounding a slipper-like perianth
lobe the stamens are united into a cup,
j
African and three East Indian, are tall
;

the three posterior ones sterile. [J. T. S.] annual or perennial herbs.having all their
parts clothed with long and sharp white
GILLIFLOWER. A name corrupted stinging hairs. The stalked leaves, which
from the French Giroflee: also written Gil- '

are accompanied by large stipules, are

Ioflower and Gillyflower, and further cor- :

sometimes nearly a foot in length, variously

rupted into July-flower that of the old wri-
; lobed and coarsely toothed, some like those
ters was Bianthus CaryapUyllus, of the mo- of the hemp, others like those of the maple
—
]
j

derns, Mntthiola. CLOVE. Bianthus

, in form. The small green flowers, like
Caryophylhis. —
MARSH. Lychnis Flos
, those of a nettle, are unisexual the males ;

cuculi. '— QUEEN'S. Hesperis matronalis.

, j
in racemes and the females in compact
gira] ®I)e CreaSuri? of 33afang. 532
cymes, densely clothed with stinging hairs. naeus. The lamina of the petals is entire
G. heterophylla, one of the commonest and without appendages. [T. M.]
Himalayan species, has three to seven lobed
leaves, Ave inches to a foot long. Dr. GITHOPSIS. A genus of Campanulacem,
Hooker, in his Himalayan Journals, al- nearly allied to Specularia, but differing in
luding to this plant, says 'The quantity
:
the narrow-campanulate, not rotate, co-
rolla, in the filaments without hairs, and
of gigantic nettles growing on the border
in the capsule opening in terminal pores.
of maize fields was quite wonderful their
;
It comprises two Californian annuals, with
long white stings look most formidable,
small blue flowers, scarcely showing be-
but, though they sting powerfully, the pain
only lasts half an hour or so.' According tween the long segments of the calyx.
to the same authority, a sort of cloth, and GLABER,
also a sort of cordage, are made from fibre
GLABRATE, GLABROUS.
Smooth having no
; hairs.
furnished by the stems of this plant in
Sikkim. In Southern India, the stems of GLACIALE. (Fr.) Mesembryanthemum
G. Leschenaultiana, which is closely allied crystallinum.
to the preceding, yield a good silken fibre
which is made into thread. The process GLADDON, GLADEN, or GLADER. Iris
of separation, in some places, is performed fcetidissima.
by boiling the stems; in others, by steep-
ing them in water for twelve days or so, GLADTATE. Sword-shaped; the same
when the outer or fibrous portion is readily as Ensiform.
removed, and afterwards spun into a beau-
tiful soft thread. The fibre exists in large
GLADIOLE, WATER. Butomus umoel-
latus.
proportions, and the tow bears great re-
semblance to sheep's wool. [A. A. BJ GLADIOLUS. An extensive and very
GIRAUMONT. (Fr.) CucurMta Pepo. beautiful genus of Iridacea?, found spa-
The seeds ofsome cucurbitaceous plant, ringly in the warmer parts of Europe and
bearing the name of Giraumont seeds, are in the Mediterranean region, and much
used to destroy tape-worm. more abundantly in South Africa. They
form fleshy corms, from which grow the
GIREOUDIA. A genus of Begoniaceay, erect stems, terminating in a spike of
named after M. Gireoud, a Berlin horticul- flowers of greater or less length, the leaves
turist. Flowers monuecious thestaminate
:
being distichous and equitant, and either
ones with two obovate petals, numerous narrow and grass-like or rush-like, or
stamens of nearly equal length, and oblong broader and sword-shaped. The flowers
anthers opening laterally; the pistillate consist of an irregular perianth, with a
ones with two petals, a trigonal inferior terete tube, and six-parted bilabiate limb
three-celled ovary which is unequally three stamens inserted in the tube; and
winged, and crescentic stigmas surrounded an obtusely three-cornered three-celled
at the margin by a papillose band. The ovary, containingnumerous ovules in seve-
capsule is triquetrous and top-shaped, open- ral rows in the central angle of the cells.
ing by curved chinks at the origin of the The ovary is crowned by a filiform style,
wings. They are fleshy undershrubs, erect with three petaloid stigmas. There is great
or creeping, found in Central America and variety amongst the species, not only in
in Mexico, and have usually entire lobed aspect, but also in size, and in the form
leaves with long petioles and large sti- of the flowers. Certain of them, chiefly
pules. The flowers are in axillary dichoto- 67. natalensis, floribundus, and cardinalis,
mous cymes. There are about thirty spe- have, by cross-breeding and continued
cies, all of which were formerly included seeding, yielded a race of half-hardy so-
in Begonia. [J. H. B.] called bulbs, which rank amongst the most
GIROFLFlE. (Fr.) Clteiranthus. — DES ornamental of our popular garden flowers,
JARDINS. Matthiola incana. — DE and of which new varieties are raised an-
MAHON. Malcohnia maritima. — DE nually in large quantities. These are all
MURAILLE. Clteiranthus Cheiri. — stately plants, growing from three to six
JAUNATRE. Cheiranthus ochroleucus. — feet in height, and producing long spikes
JAUNE. Cheiranthus Cheiri. — QUA- of large blossoms of the most varied and
RANTAINE. Matthiola annua. — VIO- striking colours. The European species
LETTE. Clieiranth as Cheiri. are hardy garden flowers in favourable
situations. [T. M.]
GIROFLIER, or G. AROMATIQUE. (Fr.)
Caryophyllus aromaticus. GLADWYN. Iris fcetidissima.

GIROLLES. (Fr.) Slum Sisarum. GLAIVANE. (Fr.) Xiphidium.

GIROSELLE. (Fr.) Bodecatheon. GLAND DE TERRE. (Fr.) Lathyrus

tuberosus.
GITH. The Corn Cockle, Agrostemma
Githago.
GLANDACEUS. Yellowish-brown, the
colour of an acorn.
GITHAGINEUS. Greenish-red. GLANDS, GLANDULES. Wart-like
GITHAGO. The name of one of the swellings found on the surface of plants,
groups included in Lychnis, and repre- or at one end of their hairs. They are ex-
sented by the Agrostemma Githago of Lin- tremely various in form.
533 QL\)z €rca£urg of Botanin [gled

GLANDULOSE, GLANDULIFEROUS. entire leaves, which are pale underneath

Bearing glands. and salt to the taste. The flesh-coloured
flowers are solitary, nearly sessile, and ax-
GLANDULOSO-SERRATE. Having ser- illary. The glaucous hue of the leaves
ratures tipped by glands. sufficiently accounts for the systematic
GLANDULAR. Covered with hairs hear- name but whence it derived one of its
;

ing glands upon their tips as the fruit of

; English names, Sea Milkwort, is not so
roses, the pods of Aclenocarpus, &c. plain. Another name, which is appropri-
ate enough, is Black Saltwort. French,
GLANS. An inferior fruit, one-celled by Glauce German, Milchkraut. [C. A. J,]
;
abortion, uot dehiscing, containing one or
two seeds, and seated in a cupule as in the GLAYEUL. (Fr.) Gladiolus communis.
acorn.
;

— PUAXT. Iris foetidissima.

GLAPHYRIA. A genus of myrtaceous GLEBA, GLEBCLA. The peridium or
shrubs, natives of the Malayan islands, &c. the fleshy part of certain f ungals.
The limb of the calyx is flve-lobed petals
five fruit succulent, with five many-seeded
:
;
GLEBUL^F, (adj. GLEBULOSE). Little
compartments. G. nitida is called by the roundish elevations of the thallus of li-
Malays the Tree of Long Life, probably be- chens also the spores of certain fungals.
;

cause it is enabled to grow at greater ele- GLECHOMA. The Linna;an generic

vations than other forest trees. The leaves name of Nepeta Glechoma and other allied
are used as a substitute for tea. [M. T. M.] species of Nepeta. G. hedvracea, Ground
Ivy, is a well-known trailing herbaceous
GLAREOSE. Growing in gravelly places. plant, with kidney-shaped crenate leaves
GLASSWORT. Salicornia. — PRICKLY. , and violet-purple flowers formerly much
;

Salsola Kali. — , "WHITE. Suceda mari- esteemed for its supposed medicinal vir-
tima. tues. Its leaves are slightly bitter and
aromatic, on which account it was used to
GLAUCE8CEXT. Dull green, passing
give a flavour to ale hence its old names
;
into greyish-blue.
Ale-hoof and Tun-hoof. The juice was
GLAUCIUM. A genus of herbaceous recommended to be dropped into the ears
plants belonging to the Papaveraceee, well to cure singing in that organ mixed with
;

marked by their very long pod-like two- wine, and dropped into the eyes, it was
valvedand two-celled capsule. The Yellow supposed to cure inflammation taken as;

Horn Poppy, G. luteum, is a common plant snuff, it was a specific for a head-ache and ;

on the sandy sea-shore of Europe and some an extract or decoction, mixed with honey
parts of North America, where it may be or sugar-candy, was a favourite remedy in
detected even in winter by its large, rough, complaints of the chest. Village herbalists
deeply-cut leaves of adecided glaucous hue. still hold it in repute, and use it, when
In summer it attains the height of about dried, as a substitute for tea. Gerarde enu-
two feet, and is made conspicuous not only merates among its other virtues, that,
by the white hue of its foliage, but by its '
boiled in mutton-broth, it helpeth weake
large flowers of four delicate pale-yellow and aking backs;' a prescription which
petals, which last only for a day, and are many modern physicians would no doubt
succeeded by very long curved pods, which endorse,if administered with the same
are rough with tubercles. G. phceniceum, accompaniment. French, Terrete German, ;

a smaller species, with scarlet flowers, and Gundelreben. [C.A.J.]

a black spot at the base of each petal, is
said to have been found in England, but is
GLECHON. A genus of plants of the
labiate order, distinguished by the tube
not considered a native. Several other
of the corolla being as long as the calyx;
species, with yellow or scarlet flowers, are
cultivated, and are considered ornamental
the two lower stamens only present and fer-
plants they are either annual or biennial,
tile; and the style bifid at the apex, the up-
;

and abound in a copper-coloured acrid per lobe very short, the lower long and com-
pressed. The species are Brazilian shrubs
juice, which is said to be poisonous and
of humble growth, having the leaves
to occasion madness. German, Gehiirnte
usually small, the flowers in groups vary-
scholkraut. [C. A. J.]
ing from two to six, and red, blue, or yel-
GLAUCOUS. Covered with a fine bloom, lowish in colour. [G. D.]
like the plum or the cabbage-leaf.
GLEDITSCHIA. A small genus of thorny
GLAUX. A pretty little herbaceous per- leguminous trees, inhabiting various parts
ennial, belonging to the Primula cea. The of North America and China. They have
flower is destitute of a corolla, but the bell- once or twice pinnated leaves, and small
shaped calyx is coloured and flve-lobed; dense spikes of inconspicuous greenish
the capsule is globose, five-valved, and flowers, some of which are perfect, while
contains about five seeds. G. maritima, others are of one sex only. The pod is flat,
the only species, grows abundantly on most and contains either one or several flat
parts of the sea-coast, just above high- seeds, surrounded by a sweet pulpy sub-
watermark, and in saltmarshes. Theroots, stance, and separated from each other by
which creep extensively, are composed of transverse divisions. The three-thorned
long zigzag fibres, and send up numerous Acacia, or Honey-locust tree, G. triacanthos,
matted stems,four to five inches high, and is a native of the United States, and is
densely clothed with oblong fleshy smooth commonly cultivated, both there and in
GLBl] Wfyz Ktmiuxg at 3S0tau». 534
this country, as an ornamental tree. It annual prostrate branched herbs, rarely
grows from fifty to eighty feet high, send- undershrubs, growing in tropical and sub-
ing forth large spreading branches, and tropical regions, a single species occurring
while young both stem and branches are in the south of Europe. Leaves alternate
formidably armed with stout, usually tri- or falsely verticillate flowers inconspicu-
;

ple, thorns, tapering to very sharp points ous, with a five-cleft calyx; the corolla
but as the tree increases in size these absent, or with numerous very narrow
thorns are principally confined to the strap-shaped petals, and three to twenty
smaller branches. In the autumn the trees stamens. [j. t. S.]
bear numerous long thin and fiat pendu-
lous pods, which are usually curved and GLOBBA. A
genus of tropical Asiatic
often twisted, and have been compared herbaceous plants belonging to the Zingi-
to large apple-parings, pendent from the
' beracew, and having a terminal loosely-
branches.' They are sometimes as much clustered inflorescence, the flowers of
as a foot and a half long, and contain which have a three-cleft tubular calyx; a
numerous seeds, enveloped in a sweet pulpy corolla with a slender tube and a six-parted
substance, from which a kind of sugar limb, the three outer divisions equal, and
is said to have been extracted. The wood two of the inner ones narrow or very
is coarse-grained, very hard, and splits small, while the remaining one, or lip, is
easily, but is not much employed except large, undivided, and partly united with
for fences and similar purposes. G. mono- the filament in a tubular manner. The
sperma, the Water-locust of the Southern ovary is one-celled. They are handsome
United States, is a very large tree, closely plants, with singular-looking yellow or
resembling the last in general appearance, pinkish flowers some of them grown in
;

but its flat pods are small and nearly oval, this country as stove plants. The fruit of
and contain only one seed. [A. S.] G. uviformis is said to be edible. [M. T. MJ

GLEICHENIACE2E. A group or sub- GLOBE-FLOWER. Trollius ; also Gom-

order of Ferns, remarkably distinct in as- phrena globosa.
pect from other ferns. They belong to the GLOBOSE. Forming nearly a true sphere.
long series which is distinguished by the
spore-cases having a jointed ring, and GLOBULAIRE. (Fr.) Gldbulariavulgaris.
bursting irregularly instead of being val-
vate but the spore-cases are sessile, and
;
GLOBULARIACE.E. A
natural order
the ring is more or less strictly horizontal, of corollifloral dicotyledons, belonging to
and consequently the fissure made by their Lindley's echial alliance of perigynous
bursting takes a vertical instead of the Exogens. Lindley unites Selaginacece with
more usual horizontal direction. The ad- this order, but De Candolle separates them.
ditional features of rigid opaque fronds A small group of herbaceous or shrubby
and oligocarpous dorsal sori complete the plants with alternate exstipulate smooth
distinctive marks of the group, of which leaves, and capitate flowers surrounded by
Gleichenia is the principal genus. [T. M.] an involucre. Calyx five-divided with yuin-
cuncial estivation corolla tubular, lipped,
;

GLEICHENIA. A genus of polypodia- five-lobed stamens four, inserted into the

;

ceous Perns, typical of the tribe Gleiche- upper part of the tube of the corolla, the
nineai. They are furnished with creeping anther becoming one-celled, and opening
rhizomes, rigid usually often repeatedly by a single longitudinal slit. Ovary free,
dichotomously forked fronds, with the one-celled; ovule one, pendulous anatro-
ultimate branches pinnatifld, and either pal. Fruit an achene, enclosed by the
bearing small rounded or ovate segments, calyx seed with fleshy albumen embryo
; ;

or larger linear ones resembling the teeth with a superior radicle. Natives of Europe,
of a comb. The sori are naked, sometimes and of the parts of Asia and Africa nearest
placed in a hollow space, oligocarpous, |
Europe. There are but few species, dis-
that is, consisting of but few spore-cases, ! tributed in the genera Carracloria and
the number varying from two to four in Globularia. [J. H. B.]
one group, and from eight to twelve in
another. The latter series, which agrees
GLOBULARIA. A genus containing
|

a few species of herbs, shrubs, or under-

with that having the linear segments,
shrubs, natives of the countries bordering
forms the group Mertensia, which some
pteridologists regard as a distinct genus,
on the Mediterranean Sea. They have
j

alternate entire spathulate leaves, and flow-

There are many species scattered widely
ers collected upon a common receptacle,
in the tropics both of the Old and New
World, and extending to Chili and the and surrounded by a many-leaved involu-
cre. The calyx is unequally five-cleft the
!

;
Australasian region. [T. M.] I

corolla tubular, with the limb two-lipped,

GLI. An intoxicating liquor prepared \
the upper lip bipartite and smaller than
by the Hottentots from Lichtensteinia the lower, which is trifld; and there are
pyrethrift'lia. four stamens, inserted at the top of the
corolla tube. The ovary is composed of a
GLIDEWORT. Galeopsis Tetrahit.
single carpel, and contains a single pen-
GLINUS. A genus usually referred to He- dulous anatropal ovule. This genus differs
but considered by A. Richard,
sembriiacece, from the Selaginacece, in having the ovary
Endlicher, and others, as belonging to the formed of a single carpel, as well as in its
Caryophyllacece, tribe Molluginece. They are habit, in both of which respects it agrees
 535 €3je Evttiguvy at SSotang. [glos

with Dipsacaceo;, but the plants of this and characters of the small-flowered Ha-
order have an inferior ovary. ["W. C] benarias, except that the terminal glands
of the caudicles of the pollen-masses are
GLOBULEA. Succulent plants, natives received into distinct cells of the stigma.
of the Cape, with flat or sickle-shaped The root is an ovoid tuber the stem, in-
leaves, arranged in a rosette. The flowers
;

cluding the slender erect spike of small

are small, arranged in dense clusters, and green flowers, eight to twelve inches high
have five petals bent inwards, each of them the leaves three to four, oblong or lance-
;

tipped with a little globule of waxy matter,

shaped, and one to three inches in length
whence the name of the genus, which the lip is deeply three-lobed, the lobes long
;

differs little from Crassula, save in the

and thread-like, somewhat resembling the
direction of the petals. Several kinds are
antenna? of an insect. [A. A. B.]
in cultivation. [M.'T. M.]
GLOBULINE, Elementary cells ; starch GLOSSOCOMIA. A
genus of bellworts
grains. distinguished by having the calyx five-
lobed, reflexed; the corolla bell-shaped,
GLOBULUS. A kind of perithecium oc- flve-lobed the stigmas three, ovate and
; ;

curring among fungals; the antheridium the fruit three-celled. G ovata is a hardy
of Cliara; also, a round deciduous shield, downy perennial, a native of Northern
found in such lichens as Isidium, formed India, with ovate heart-shaped leaves and
of the thallus, and leaving a hole where it showy bell-like flowers. [G. D.]
falls off.

GLOCHIDION. A
genus of the spurse-
GLOSSODIA. A
small genus of Austra-
lian orchids, belonging to the tribe Are-
wort family, comprising upwards of fifty
thusece, and most nearly related to Cala-
species of shrubs or small trees, for the
denia, of which, according to Dr. Hooker,
most part found in India, a few extending
they may be considered a mere section,
eastward to Japan others occurring in
;
with no glands on the disk of the lip, and
tropical Australia and the adjacent islands,
a solitary bifid long appendage at the base
and three being natives of West Africa.
of that organ, somewhat resembling a ser-
From Phyllanthus, to which they are closely pent's tongue, whence the generic name.
allied, they differ in the flowers being de-
stitute of a glandular disk, and generally in
They have tuberous roots a solitary lance-
;

the more numerous cells of the ovary.

shaped or oblong leaf, about three inches
long; and a slender, erect, nearly naked
Their alternate leaves are often arranged
stem, six inches to a foot high, bearing at
in a distichous manner the blades of
;
its apex from one to three extremely pretty
some of them have a metallic lustre, while blue flowers, sometimes beautifully speck-
others are clothed with soft short down.
led with white, and about an inch in
;

Their inconspicuous yellow or green flowers

diameter. The flowers are nearly regular,
i

are male and female on the same plant, dis-

,

the lip undivided, the column winged, and

posed in axillary clusters, the males usually
the anthers terminal, with four powdery
occupying the circumference and the fe-
compressed pollen-masses. [A. A. B.]
males the centre, both having a five or
six-parted calyx. The fruits are globular GLOSSOLOGY. That part of Botany
|
or depressed capsules, sometimes covered which teaches the meaning of technical
with a thin and fleshy red coat, but more terms.
often quite dry when ripe they split into
;

three to ten portions. The bark of G. nitida

GLOSSOXEMA. A genus of Asclepia-
dacece,containing three species natives of
is said by Roxburgh to be astringent.
Arabia and North-Eastern Africa. They
Bradle la and Gynoon are now referred to
are hoary perennial branching herbs, with
this genus. [A.A.B.]
opposite linear leaves, and small flowers
GLOCHIS (adj. GLOCHIDATE). Hooked on short interpetiolar peduncles. The
back at the point, like a fish-hook. calyx is five-parted; the corolla campanu-
Iate and five-cleft, with a tubercle on the in-
GLOIOCARP. The quadruple spore or
tetrachocarp of some algals.
ner surface of each lobe towards the apex ;

and the staminal crown is made up of five

GLOMERATE. Collected into close heads lobes alternating with those of the corolla,
or parcels. and having adilated emarginate apex, with
GLOMERULI. The same as Soredia. a contorted filament rising from the in-
dentation. The stigma is slightly two-
GLOMERULUS. A cluster of capitules lobed ; the follicles smooth, or covered
enclosed in a common involucre, as in with spines and the seeds comose. [W. O]
;

Echinops.
GLOSSOPETALUM. A
small Mexican
GLORIOSA. The name of a group of bush referred to the Celastracece, from the
remarkably handsome hothouse herba- other genera in which, it is easily recog-
ceous-stemmed climbers, more correctly nised by having ten stamens instead of
called Methonica which see.
: [T. MJ five, and a simple instead of a compound
pistil. G. spinescens is much branched,
GLORY-TREE. Clerodendron. two to four feet high, having stiff rounded
GLOSSAPSI3 tentaculata is atuberous- twigs, which end in spiny points, and are
rooted orchid, peculiar to the island of furnished with littie alternate entire
Hong-kong and the adjacent mainland. Ac- leaves, those en the flowering twigs being
cording to Mr. Bentham, it has the habit reduced to scale-like processes. The small
 GLOS ©f)e ®vtz$\iY$ of 230taitji. 536
white flowers are axillary and stalked, and comprising the grasses, sedges, and a few |

are succeeded by a little ovoid seed-vessel minor groups.

containing one seed, which is furnished
with a minute aril. [A. A. B.]
GLTJMA, GLUME. The exterior series
.
of the scales which constitute the flower
GLOSSOSTEMON. A genus of Byttne- of a grass.
riacece nearly related to Abroma, and like GLUMELLA. That part of the flower of
it having pretty purple blossoms, but dif- a grass now called the Palea or Pale. Also,
fering in the greater number of stamens in the language of Richard, one of the
and the form of the barren filaments. The hypogynous scales in such a plant.
stamens are thirty-five in number, disposed
in five parcels, each parcel consisting of GLUMELLULA. The hypogynous scale
six anther-bearing stamens and a central in the flower of a grass.
barren one, which is much broader, longer, GLUTA. AJavanese tree with the ap-
and tongue-like, whence the name of the pearance of the mango, and flowers in
genus. G. Bruguieri, the only species, is panicles resembling those of Clematis Flam-
found in various parts of Persia. It is a mula. The calyx is tubular and deciduous
low-growing plant, with a perennial root- petals four Ave or six, spreading, longer
stock, from which arise a few unbranched than the calyx, attached, as also are the
stems furnished with large soft leaves stamens, to a stalk supporting the ovary ;
somewhat like those of a hollyhock. The style lateral; fruit succulent, one-seeded.
stems and leaves, which are of a pale straw The genus belongs to the order Anacar-
colour, are covered with starry hairs. diacem. [M. T. M.]
Each stem terminates in a corymb of ele-
gant dark purple flowers. [A. A. B.] GLUTINIUM. The flesh of certain fun-
gals.
GLOSSOSTIGMA. A genus of Scrophida- GLUTINOSE. Covered with a sticky
riacece,consisting of minute tufted moss- exudation.
like creeping herbs,much resembling small
specimens of our Limosella, but the valves GLITTTIER. (Fr.) Sapium. — DES
of the capsule bear the dissepiments in OISELEURS. Sapium aucuparium.
their centre, instead of being parallel to GLYCE. A genus of Crucifercv, generally
the dissepiment. There are two species, called Koniga, and now reunited to Alys-
one a native of India, the other of New sum by many authors. It has the pouch
!
Zealand and Australia. The flowers in nearly ovate, with flattish valves, the cells
both are very minute. one or few-seeded, the funiculus of the
seed adhering to the back of the septum,
GLOUTERON. (Fr.) Lappa communis ; and the seeds wing-margined. The calyx is
also Xanthium Strumarium. spreading, the petals entire, white or yel-
GLOXINIA. A
genus of gesnerworts, low, the hypogynous glands eight, and the
distinguished by its corolla approaching filaments without basal appendages. G.
to bell-shaped, with the border oblique, the maritima, the Sweet Alyssum of gardens,
upper lip shortest and two-lobed, the lower is found in some places in Britain, but
three-lobed with the middle lobe largest only imperfectly naturalised where es-
and also by the summit of the style being caped from gardens. [J. T. S.]

rounded and hollowed. The name was GLYCERIA. A genus of grasses be-
given in honour of Gloxin, a botanical longing to the tribe Festucea?, distinguished
author of the last century. The species principally from Poa by having the florets
are natives of tropical America, and have in more linear subcylindrical spikelets.
opposite stalked leaves of rather thick tex- The outer glumes and pales are membrano-
ture, and axillary flowers, usually single herbaceous, with sharply promin ent nerves,
or a few together, large, nodding, and of and a scarious margin. Steudel describes
various colours (white violet red or green- thirty-seven species, which are chiefly na-
ish yellow), sometimes variegated with tives of the colder and more temperate
spots. The species are among the greatest parts of the world. The best known spe-
ornaments of our hothouses, their richly- cies is G. flaitans, or Manna-grass, which
coloured leaves, and their ample, graceful, grows in most watery places in Britain.
and delicately-tinted flowers, having gained The long floating stems spread over pools
for them a prominent place among intro- of water and ditches, where cattle may
duced plants. Here, as in many other in- frequently be seen wading to considerable
stances, the process of hybridising has depths to eat them. The seeds of some of
been resorted to with the best results the species are greedily fed on by ducks
the older kinds with drooping flowers, have and other aquatic birds. [D. M.]
of late been giving place to forms with
the corolla almost regular and nearly erect GLYCINE. Asmall genus of Legumv-
—the latter peculiarity having this recom- nosos, all, excepting one, being slender
mendation, that the border and throat of decumbent or twining herbs, with alternate
the corolla, to which parts much of the stalked leaves made up of three to seven
beauty of the flower is owing, are presented leaflets varying much in form, and bearing
to the eye. Gloxinias may be propagated axillary racemes or fascicles of small yellow
by their leaves. [G. D.] or violet pea-flowers. The genus belongs
to the tribe Phaseolece, and is most nearly
GLUMALES. An alliance of Endogens, allied to Teramnus, from which it is dis-
 tinguisbed by its pods being destitute of five or six inches long, about the thickness
. the hardened hooked style seen in the of a man's thumb, and is packed in the
j
latter, and by the ten stamens, which are leaves of the sweet bay. What is called
'
united into a tube, being all, instead of the refined liquorice is common liquorice dis-
alternate ones only, anther-bearing. The solved in water, and again evaporated. It
species are pretty equally distributed is said that both kinds are adulterated to
through tropical Asia, Africa, and Aus- a considerable extent, and that copper is
tralia, where a few inhabit ertratropical often to be detected in them— probably
regions. The Sooja of the Japanese, G. from the extract having been made in an
Soja, the only erect species of the genus, a unclean copper vessel. Liquorice extract
dwarf annual hairy plant, a good deal like is demulcent in colds and coughs, but it is
the common dwarf kidney or French bean most extensively employed by the large
(Phaseolus vulgaris), has small Tiolet or porter brewers. The genus belongs to the
yellow flowers, borne in short axillary ra- LeguminoscE, and is characterised by the
cemes, and succeeded by oblong two to presence of a tubular five-cleft two-lipped
five-seeded hairy pods. The seeds, like calyx an ovate straight standard a keel
; ,

kidney beans in form but smaller, are of two straight pointed petals stamens in ;

called Miso by the Japanese, and are made two parcels style thread-like pod ovate,
; ;

into a sauce which they call Sooja or Soy. compressed, one to four-seeded. [M. T. M.]
The manner of making it is said to be by GLYPELEA. A genus of Tiliacece, of
boiling the beans with equal quantities of
barley or wheat, and leaving it for three
which G. greiuioides, the only species, is a
months to ferment, after which salt and West African bush, furnished with smooth,
alternate, papery, three-ribbed, toothed
water is added, and the liquid strained. The
leaves, varying from lance-shaped to ob-
sauce is said to be used by them in many of
long, and bearing yellow flowers in axillary
their dishes, and they use the beans in
umbels. They have a calyx of five narrow
soups. The Chinese cook the beans also in
sepals five petals numerous stamens and
, ; ;
various ways, and the plant is cultivated for
the sake of them in various parts of India
an ovary tipped with a simple style. The
fruits are many-furrowed, spindle-shaped,
and its Archipelago. Mr. Bentham groups three to five-celled, many-seeded, the seeds
the species in three sections, which some
one above another, and separated by a thin
regard as genera Soja, with flowers fasci-
:
cellular partition. [A. A. B.]
cled on the racemes, and falcate pods with
depressions but not transverse lines be- GLYPHO-SPERMUM. A name applied to
tween the seeds Johuia, with flowers simi-
;
a genus of Gentianacew, on account of the
larly arranged, and straight pods with seeds, which are pitted. They are Peru-
transverse lines between the seeds and ; vian shrubs, with small purple polygamous
Leptocyanus, with solitary flowers on the flowers, having a five-cleft tubular corolla,
racemes, and straight pods. The Glycine a one-celled ovary, no style, and a button-
or Wistaria of gardens is now referred to shaped two-lobed stigma. [M. T. JM.]
Millettia. [A. A. B.]
GLYPHOT^ENIUM. A name proposed
GLYCOSMIS. A name indicative of the by J. Smith for Goniopteris crispata.
sweetly-smelling flowers in the genus to
which it refers, which consists of tropical GLYPTOSTROBUS, or Embossed Cy-
Asiatic trees or shrubs, belonging to the press, is a genus of coniferous plants, allied
Aurantiaceae, and closely allied to Limonia, to Taxodium. The name is derived from
but differing in the absence of spines, in the Greek words 'glyptos,' carved or en-
the eight stamens being alternately long graved, and ' strobos.'a cone, from the em-
and short, in the short thick conical style, bossing on the scales. The flowers are
&c. G. pentaphylla is a common under- monoecious. The cones grow at the end of
shrub in the uncultivated districts of Coro- lateral branches, and are ovate or oblong,
mandel. G. citrifolia is remarkable for the consisting of several unequal leathery
delicious flavour of its fruits. [M. T. M.] scales, which rise from the same point at
the base each scale covers two seeds,
;

GLYCYRRHIZA. The best known plant which are erect, ovate, and compressed.
of this genus is that which reputedly They are trees or shrubs, found in China,
furnishes Spanish Liquorice, G. glabra— with straight or pendulous branches, and
though possibly other species may be em- scattered, linear awl-shaped, three-angled
ployed for the same purpose. G. glabra is an leaves. G. heterophyllus, a small tree eight
herbaceous perennial, with pinnate leaves to ten feet high, is the Chinese Water Pine,
and bluish flowers, and is cultivated in this planted along the margins of rice-fields
country for the sake of its root, which near Canton, and found also in other parts
contains a peculiar sugar-like substance, of China. [J. H. B.]
giving to the extract its flavour and slight
demulcent property. To make the extract GMELINA. A
genus of Verbenacece, con-
the root is sliced and boiled in water after
; sisting of a. number of East Indian trees
a time the liquor is strained and allowed to or shrubs, characterised by their cup-
evaporate till it becomes of a proper con- shaped minutely four to five-toothed calyx
sistence. Large quantities of this extract tubular corollas, with the tube narrow
are imported from Spain, whence the term below, somewhat bell-shaped above, and
Spanish Liquorice much is also imported
; spreading and two-lipped at the border and ;

from Italy, where it is prepared from the drupe-like two to four-celled fruits with one
root of G. echinata. It is imported in rolls .
seed in each cell. The leaves are simple,
GNAP] Kfyz Creagury of 23ata«g. 538
entire, and generally oval and pointed and ; catkins or heads, surrounded by opposite
the handsome yellow blossoms are disposed scales which unite more or less completely.
in raceme-like panicles, the tranches of The staminate flowers have a one-leaved
which are clothed with short yellow down. perianth, and one-celled anthers, opening
G. arborea, a large timber tree of the moun- by pores the pistillate ones either have no
;

tainous parts of India, affords a good wood covering, or are enclosed by two scales.
useful for many purposes. According to Ovules usually considered naked, one of
Roxburgh, that of such trees as will square their coats being protruded through the
into logs from eighteen to twenty-four hole so as to form a long style-likeprocess
inches, bears much resemblance to teak, seed with a succulent covering embryo ;

with the same colour, a closer grain, as with a long twisted suspensor. Natives of
light if not lighter, and easily worked. temperate as well as warm regions in Eu-
He found the wood to resist the effects of rope, Asia, and South America. The seeds
the s\m and water better than teak, and of some of them are eaten. There are two
remarks that the decks of pinnaces are genera, Ephedra and Gnetum, and about
made of this wood at Chittagong, &c, be- thirty species. [J. H. B.]
cause it resists the weather better than
any other, and does not shrink or warp. Of GNETUM. A genus of plants typical of
G. Eheedii, a Ceylon tree, producing large
the order Gnetaeece. The flowers are pro-
and numerous tawny-yellow flowers in the duced in cylindrical jointed catkins, the
staminate ones having a membranaceous
summer months, the bark and roots, as well perianth, a single stamen, and an anther
as those of G. asiatica, are used medici-
opening by a pore and the pistillate ones
;
nally by the Cingalese. [A. A. B.]
being without any proper covering. The
GNAPHALIUM. The Everlasting a ge- :
ovule is solitary and orthotropal and the;

nus of plants belonging to the Composite, seed has an outer succulent coat. Trees
distinguished from Antennaria by having or creeping shrubs found in tropical Asia
the heads all alike and the receptacle naked, and Guiana. They have jointed knotty-
and from Filago by having the receptacle branches, opposite, exstipulate, entire,
flat and not conical. The involucre or smooth leaves, and axillary or terminal
common of the
calyx, in all the species, is stalked catkins. There are some half-
peculiar character termed scarious or ever- dozen species. The outer covering of the
lasting hence the English name. Many of
:
seeds of G. urens is lined with stinging
them, with white, yellow, or pink flowers, hairs. The seeds of G. Gnemon and other
are natives of the Cape of Good Hope. The species are roasted and eaten. [J. H. B.J
foliage is usually thickly invested with GNIDIA. A genus of Thymelacece, bear-
white woolly down, and the flower-heads ing complete tetramerous flowers, whose
are remarkablefor the permanence of their calyx is coloured, funnel-shaped, with a
form and colour. G. luteo-album is the regular four-divided limb; scales four to
only British species which has any preten- eight, inserted into the upper part of the
sions to beauty it has only been found
;
calycine tube and projecting beyond it;
wild in one or two places in England, but anthers eight, in two rows, attached to the
is more frequent in Jersey. G. uiiginosum, tube of the calyx ovary sessile style
; ;

a minute tufted plant, with narrow cottony lateral, equalling the tube of the calyx
leaves, and numerous heads of small yel- stigma capitate and papillose. The fruit
lowish-brown flowers, is very common on is a nut, enclosed by the persistent calyx.
damp heaths and in places where water has Shrubs or undershrubs found in the south-
stood during winter. French, Gnaphale ern and eastern tropical parts of Africa.
German, Ruhrpflanze. [C. A. J.] They are heath-like plants, with slender
branches, scattered or opposite leaves, ter-
GNAPHALODES. Three little Australian minal usually capitate flowers, which are
weeds, belonging to the composite family, of a white, yellow, reddish, or lilac colour,
and in appearance much like our own cud- and are mostly pubescent externally.
weeds {Filago), being clothed with cottony There are fifty known species. The bark
wool they are, moreover, nearly allied to
;
of G. daphnoides supplies ropes in Mada-
them, but differ in all the florets being gascar. [J. H. B.]
perfect, instead of the outer ones being
female and the inner perfect. The flower- GNOMONICAL. Bent at right angles.
heads have an involucre of numerous GOATBUSH. Castela Nicolsoni.
scales and the achenes, seated on a cone-
;

shaped naked receptacle, are smooth, and GOATROOT. Ononis Natrix.

crowned with a pappus of five narrow and GOATWEED. Capraria biflora.
rigid ciliate scales. [A. A. B.]
GOAT'S-BANE. Aconitum Tragoctonum.
GNAVELLE. (Fr.) Scleranthus.
GOAT'S-BEARD. Tragopogon; also Spi-
GNAWED. The same as Erose. rcea Aruncus.
GNETACE.E. (Joint Firs.) A natural order GOAT'S-FOOT. Oxalis caprina.
of monochlamydeous dicotyledons, belong-
ing to Lindley's class of Gymnogens. Small GOATS-HORN. Astragalus Mgiceras.
trees or creeping shrubs, not resinous, with
jointed stems and branches, and opposite
GOAT'S-THORN Astragalus Tragacan-
tJia, and A. Potenum.
reticulated, sometimes scaly leaves. Flow-
ers monoecious or dioecious, arranged in GOBBO. Abelmoschus esculentus.
539 €l)t Crcas'urg ai 25atang. [gomp
GOBE-MOUCHE. Silene muscipula
(Fr.) i GOKOKF. A collective Japanese name ;

also Dracimculus crinitus, Apocynum an- for bread-stuffs and pulse.

droscemifolium, &c. GOLD-CUPS. Ranunculus bulbosus,acris, |

GOBET. (Fr.) Cerasus vulgaris. !&c

GQBLET-SHAPED. The same as Cra- I
GOLD-DP ST. A popular name for Alys-
teriforiu. sum saxatile.
GOBO. The Japanese name of Arctium GOLDE. Calendula officinalis.
Lappa. GOLDEN-CHAIN. Cytisus Laburnum.
GOCKROO. Euellia longi/olia, an Indian
GOLDEN-CLUB. Orontium.
drug.
GODET. (Fr.) Xarcissus Pseudo-NaT-
GOLDEN-CROWN. Chry sostemma.
GOLDEN-FLOWER. Chrysanthemum.
GODETIA. A genus of ornamental an- GOLDEN-HAIR. Chrysocoma Comaurea.
nuals, belonging to the Onagracece, and
closely allied to Evening Primroses {(Eno-
GOLDEN-PERT. Gratiola aurea.
thera), from which they may be known by- GOLDEN-ROD. The common name for
bearing flowers of a purple or pink hue, Solidago ; also Leontice Chrysogonum. —
never yellow. The true Evening Primroses, R.AYLESS. An American name for Bige-
as their name implies, do not open their lovia. — TEEE. Losea Yenarnora.
flowers in the sunshine, but the Godetias are
subject to no such rule. The majority of
GOLD-FLOWER. Helichrysum Stcechas.
the species are natives of America, and are GOLDFUSSIA. A considerable genus of
much grown in English gardens for the Acanthacece, containing twenty-four spe-
sake of their showy flowers. Some of them cies, natives of India. They are shrubs with
are remarkable for the brilliant colour of serrate penninerved leaves, having all the
their anthers, and others for the deep pur- nerves directed upwards, but not reaching
ple spots on their petals. They are all very the apex. The flowers have two deciduous
similar in habit, upright more or less bran- ,
bracts, and are arranged in a head or spike,
ching herbs, with the broad four-petaled ;
which after the fall of the bracts becomes
flowers in the upper leaf-axils. [C. A. J.] I
very loose there is an unequally five-
;

parted calyx, a funnel-shaped corolla with

GODOYA. A genus of tropical American an equally five-cleft limb, four didynamous
trees, of doubtful position, but referred by
included stamens with nodding anthers,
Lindley to Ochnacece. The leaves are shin- and a subulate irritable stigma. [W. C.j
ing, thick, marked with very numerous
transverse stria? or veins. The flowers are GOLDILOCKS, or GOLDYLOCKS. Heli-
yellow, disposed in clusters, the calyx con- j
chrysv.m Stcechas also Ranunculus auri-
;
sisting of several series of overlapping comus, Hymenophyllum tunbridgense, and a
;

coloured leaves ; fhe five petals convolute 1

common name for Chrysocoma.

and the stamens numerous, the outermost
of them sterile, free or united into five GOLDINS. Clirysanthemum segetum.
distinct bundles alternating with the pe- GOLD -KNOBS, or GOLD-KNOPPES.
tals, the inner ones free and fertile. The Ranunculus acris, bulbosus, &c.
capsule woody, three to five-celled, burst-
ing by five valves. G. gemmiflora is a stove . GOLD OF PLEASURE. Camelina sativa.
plant of elegant appearance. [M. T. MO GOLD-SHRUB. Palicourea speciosa.
GOD*S FLOWER. Helichrysum Stcechas. GOLD-THREAD. Coptis trifolia.
GOD-TB.EE. Eriodendron anfrcctuesum. GOL-KAKB.A. Momordica mixta.

GGEPPERTIA. A genus of Brazilian GOMART. (Fr.) Bursera.

and West Indian trees, of the laurel GOMBAUT, or GOMBO. Abelmoschus es-
family, having a six-parted wheel-shaped culentus. Gombo is also used for the fibre-
perianth, nine fertile stamens in three yielding Hibiscus cannabinus.
rows, the innermost row provided with
glands, the anthers opening by two or four
!
GOMMA DA BATATA. A purgative
drug obtained from Ipomcea operculata.
valves. Fruit placed within the hardened
,

tube of the perianth. [M. T. M.] I GOMPHIA. A genus of tropical ochna-

'

ceous trees or shrubs, most abundant in

GOGANE. (FrJ Fritillaria Meleagris. j
Brazil. They bear panicles of handsome
yellow flowers, having the following struc-
GOLDBACHIA. A genus of Cruciferw, ture :sepals five, coloured, deciduous
consisting of annuals found in the Levant I

petals five, generally stalked stamens ;

and in the Caspian Desert. They have al- ten, the anthers opening by pores; ovary
ternate oblong leaves, and racemes of five to six-lobed, placed on a thickened
flowers, small, white or lilac, opposite the
receptacle; style very short; fruit succu-
leaves. The pod is short, breaking trans-
lent, placed on the enlarged receptacle.
versely, when mature, into two one-seeded Some of them are grown in this country
joints. [J. T. S.]
% I
as evergreen stove shrubs they are for ;

GOGO. Entada Purscetha. I

the most part West Indian. [M. T. M.]
GOMP] Cf)£ €rea£urj) of 23ateng. 540
GOMPHOCARPUS. A rather consider- fused, but not uncommon, and is remark- |

able genus of Asclepiadacece, containing able for its very large frustules, which
form a magnificent microscopic object.
\

fifty species of shrubs or herbs, natives of

Southern and North-Eastern Africa and The species were formerly confounded
Arabia, and with one species common
|

with Vorticella, a genus of undoubted ;

throughout the warmer regions of the animals, and well known to every student I

world. They have opposite rarely whorled of fresh water Algce by the curious motions
leaves, and generally showy flowers on of the stem. [M. J. B.) \

many-flowered interpetiolar peduncles

the calyx five-parted, the corolla rotate GOMPHOSIA. A
genus of cinchona-
or reflexed and five-parted the staminal
;
ceous shrubs, natives of Peru and New
crown inserted on the top of the gynoste- Granada, having flowers whose calyx is
gium, and consisting of five conduplicate provided with minute glands like those on
leaflets, the pollen-masses attenuated up- the stipules. The corolla is salver-shaped, j

wards and the smooth or echinate ven-

;
with a long tube, and a four to five-lobed
tricose follicles containing many comose limb the stamens of unequal length, but
;

seeds. The leaves of G. fruticosus, the all projecting beyond the corolla, the lobes
Arghel of Syria, are employed for adulte- of the anthers bent back, and connected
rating senna: this plant is sometimes re- by a very broad connective. The capsule
ferred to Solenostemma. [W. C] is few-seeded, and bursts from above
downwards into two valves. The seeds are
GOMPHOGYNE. The name of a Hima- winged. [M. T. MJ
layan climbing plant, belonging to the
Cfiicurbitacece. Its flowers are unisexual GOMPHOSTEMMA. The generic name
the males with five sepals, five fringed pe- of plants belonging to the labiate order,
tals, and live stamens which are united having the corolla with its tube dilated
at the base; and the females with a one- upwards, and its border with two nearly
celled ovary containing three ovules. The equal lips; and the style with a bifid
fruit is capsular. [M. T. M.] stigma, the two halves equal and awl-
shaped. The species are herbs, natives of
GOMPHOLOBIUM. A genus of elegant India, with simple, usually erect, rarely
leguminous undershrubs belonging to the procumbent stems, the leaves large and
tribe Podalyrierc, in which the ten stamens shaggy with hairs. [G. D.]
are free. It comprises about thirty species,
all of them found in South and West Aus- GOMPHRENA. A genus of Amaran-
tralia. They are readily distinguished by thacece, inwhich the flowers are sometimes
their spherical or oblong many-seeded pods, incomplete as regards stamens and pistils.
and by their compound alternate leaves, There is a perianth of five leaves, very
made up of a varying number of leaflets, rarely five-cleft, five stamens united into
which are often heath-like. Many of them a tube, the filaments dilated, with a trifid
are cultivated in greenhouses, where they apex, the intermediate segment bearing a
produce their blossoms in the spring and one-celled anther. The ovary is one-celled
summer months. One of the most beauti- with a single ovule the fruit one-seeded
;

ful is G. venustum, a plant with slender included within the perianth. They are
flexuose branches furnished with smooth undershrubs or herbs with opposite often
pinnate leaves of four to eight pairs of semi-amplexicaul leaves, and flowers in
narrow linear leaflets, the stem terminating lax spikes or panicles, or in globular
in a corymb of beautiful rose-purple pea- heads. They abound in tropical America,
flowers. The largest-flowered species is and are rarein Asia and Australasia. There
G. barbigerum, so named because of the are ninety known species. [J. H. B.]

keel-petal being fringed it is a smooth

; GOMUT1, or GOMUTO. An Eastern
bush whose angular stems are furnish- palm, Saguerus saccharifer, which yields a
ed with trifoliolate sessile leaves, of nar- bristly fibre, called Gomuto or Gomuti
row flax-like leaflets, the pale yellow pea- fibre.
flowers being solitary in the axils. Amongst
a goodly proportion with heath-like leaves, GONAKIE. An African name for Acacia
G. uncinatum is noteworthy as being in Adansonii, which yields good building
South Australia very hurtful to sheep that timber.
may eat of it; the leaves are sessile and GONATANTHUS. The name of an Indian
composed of three narrow leaflets hooked herbaceous plant, of the Arum family, with
at the point the flowers yellow, axillary,
;
a tuberous rootstock, peltate leaves, and a
and solitary. [A. A. BJ very long leathery spathe, rolled round at
the base and prolonged into a long point at
GOMPHONEMA. A genus of Diato- the other extremity. The spadix is short,
macece, distinguished by its forked perma- bearing stamens above, ovaries in the
nent stems and wedge-shaped frustules, middle, and rudimentary flowers at the
which are often contracted near the apex, lower part anthers numerous, six-celled,
;
and sometimes also towards the base when the cells adhering in a whorl to the peltate
seen laterally. G. Berkeleii, which is syno-
thick connective, and opening by pores.
nymous with the old Meridion vernale,
Ovaries numerous, detached. [M. T. M.]
occurs in every brook in spring, forming
brown cushion-like gelatinous masses ad- GONGONHA. Ilex Gongnnha, the
hering to stones, leaves of aquatic plants, of which, like thereof Mate, I. par aguay en-
&c. G. gemination is less generally dif- sis,are used for making tea.
 oil Zl)t Crcagtmi at 2Sotan|n GONI

GOXGORA. A singular genus of orchids these plants and Fungi. They assume dif-
found growing on tree-stems in tropical ferent types in different divisions. In
America. They have oblong, grooved, most lichens they are of a pure green, and
two-leaved pseudobulbs, the leaves broadly are developed from the tips of the consti-
lance-shaped, plaited and a foot or more in tuent threads singly or in tufts in Colleiiia
;

length and, growing from the base of the

;
they are less highly coloured, and form
pseudobulb, drooping flower-racemes which moniliform threads resembling those of
are sometimes two feet long. The lateral Sostoc; in Paulia they are large and gela-
sepals are free and spreading, the upper tinous, increasing by cell-division as in
one remote and connate with the back of some Palmellce while in Ephebe they are
;

the lengthened, arched, hammer-headed quadripartite, and resemble Hcematococcas

column the petals small and adnate to the
; in their developement. [M. J. B.]
j- middle of the column while the curious
;
GONIOMA. A genus of dogbanes, hav-
clawed lip is continuous with the base of ing the tube of the corolla angular at the
the column, and contracted in the middle,
upper part, the interior being hairy, and
the lower portion being furnished on each the border five-cleft and two seed-vessels
;
side with a bristle-like horn, and the ter-
rough on the outside, the seeds having a
minal part vertical and pointed, with the long wing. G. Kamassi is a native of the
opposite faces folded together. The anther
Cape, in the form of a shrub, with branches
is two-celled, with two linear pollen-masses
swollen at the points where leaves arise
I

:
i on the end of a narrow caudicle fixed at the latter are in pairs below, in threes
the base to a small gland. Upwards of a
j
above flowers small and yellow. [G. D.]
i dozen species are known. G. atropurpurea, ;

j
from Trinidad, has long pendent racemes GONIOPHLEBIUM. A genus of poly-
j
of curiously formed purple flowers, re- podiaceous ferns, having the naked glo-
j
minding one of some insect. In G. via- bose sori of Polypodium, and forming one
! ciduta, from Demerara, they are yellow of the genera of the polypodineous group
marked with blood-red spots. The struc- with netted veins. The peculiar charac-
I
ture of the flowers of these curious plants teristic of Goiriophlebium amongst these,
j
is very singular, and well repays examina- is that the veins are forked or pinnate
i tion. Those of G. galeata, better known in from a central costa, the lower anterior
gardens under the name of Acropera Lod- branches being usually free and fertile at
j
digesii, and especially those of a closely the apex, and the rest angularly or arcu-
related plant called Acropera luteola, have ately anastomosing, and producing from
•
been subjected to a close examination by their angles free excurrent veinlets, which
I
Mr. Darwin, the result of which is that he
believes some orchids to be unisexual,
although both male and female organs are
present in each flower. See Darwin, On
Orchid Fertilisation, p. 21. [A. A. B.]

GOXGRONEMA. A genus of Asclepia-

dacece, nearly allied to Gymnema, contain-
ing a few species of twining shrubs, natives
of India. They have opposite coriaceous
and glabrous leaves, and small flowers in
large lax compound corymbs, except in one
species in which they are arranged in a
simple umbel. The calyx is five-parted,
and the rotate corolla five-cleft, with the
throat and tube naked there is no stami-
;

nal corona, but the gynostegium has small

fleshy glands at its base. The follicles are
smooth. [W. C.]
GOXGYLODES. Having an irregular
roundish figure.
GOXGYLOSPERME-E. A
division of
rose-spored Algce, containing those genera
in which the spores are collected without GoniophlebU'm glaueophyllu
order in a mucous or membranaceous
mother cell. The nucleus is sometimes are often fertile, the marginal veinlets
compound. The filamentous Ceramiacece, being free. There are often several series
and the solid Rhodymeniacece and Cryptone- of anastomosing veinlets, but sometimes
miacece, belong to this division. [M. J. B.] only one. The free (and in mature spe-
GO^GTLUS. The cimens usually fertile) veinlet produced
spores of certain fun-
Also a round, hard, deciduous body within the basal areole distinguishes this
gals.
connected with the reproduction of certain group specially from its allies. There are
a considerable number of species, found
seaweeds.
abundantly in South America and the
GOXIDIA. A
name applied to the green West Indies, and in India and the Eastern
spherical cells in the thallus of lichens and Pacific islands, more rarely in tropical
which are the distinctive mark between Africa, the Mascaren islands, and Mada-
 )Nl] &f)e (toagttrp of 28 a tang. 542
gascar. A few aresimple-fronded species, GONOSTEMON. A section of Stapelia,
with a creeping ivy-like habit, and con- characterised by having the outer of the
tracted fertile fronds but they have
; two whorls of the staminal crown composed
mostly stoutish slow-creeping rhizomes, of five ligulate leaflets, and the interior of
and large pinnate or pinnatifld fronds, as many simple hooked spines. [W. C ]
often of pendulous habit, and sometimes GONYANTHES. A genus of Burman-
several feet in length, as in G. subauricu- niacece, consisting of two or three species
latum, a very handsome Javanese species, from tropical Asia, differing from Burman-
in which, as in a few other allied kinds, nia chiefly in the capsule, which opens by
the sori are sunk in little hollows which transverse fissures opposite the cells. They
form excrescence-like knobs on the upper are all slender leafless herbs, a few inches
surface. [T. M.J
in height, with small terminal flowers,
either solitary or few together in a little
GONIOPTERIS. A genus of polypodia-
cyme.
ceous ferns, having round naked sori, and
connivently anastomosing veins, in which GONYSTYLUS Miquelianus is the name
latter peculiarity they differ from Poly- given by Miquel to the tree that produces
podium. They have a short erect or decum- the fragrant wood called Kaju Garu by the
bent caudex, and herbaceous or subcoria- Malays. It is very much like eaglewood,
ceous pinnatifld, pinnate, or pinnato- or Aquilaria Agallochum.
pinnatifid fronds, the latter having some
resemblance in aspect to our common male GONZALEA. A genus of South Ameri-
fern. The species are not numerous, but can shrubs belonging to the Cinchonacece.
widely dispersed, being found in the West The tube of the calyx is somewhat globu-
Indies and South America, in tropical lar, its limb four-parted corolla funnel-
;

Africa and Madagascar, and in India, the shaped or salver-shaped, hairy externally,
Pacific islands, Australia, and New Zea- stamens four, included within the corolla;
land. [T. M.] stigmas four seeds minute. [M. T. M.J
;

GONIOSTEMMA. Agenus of Ascle-

GOODENIACEjE. (Goodenovicc, Scavo-
lacece, Goodeniads.) A natural order of
piadacece, containing a single species, a
calycifloral dicotyledons, belonging to
native of India. It is a twining shrub,
Lindley's campanal alliance of epigynous
with opposite elliptical-oblong and gla- Exogens. Herbs, rarely shrubs, not milky,
brous leaves, and small flowers in lax many-
with scattered exstipulate leaves and dis-
flowered panicles like axillary cymes ; they
tinct flowers. Calyx usually superior, three
have rotate flve-cleft corollas, and the sta- to five-divided corolla more or less supe-
;
minal crown is gamophyllous, tubular, five- rior, usually irregular, with a split tube
angled and flve-lobed, and adherent to the
and a flve-parted lipped limb aestivation ;
base of the gynostegium. This genus is conduplicate stamens five separate ovary
; ;
separated from Secamone and Toxocarpus,
one to two-celled placentas free central ;
;
its nearest allies, by the structure of the
stigma surrounded by an indusium. Fruit
staminal crown, and by habit. [W. C.J
capsular or drupaceous seeds albuminous.
;

GONOCALYX. A very beautiful vacci- Natives chiefly of Australia and theislands

niaceous plant discovered by Schlimat an of the Southern Ocean. Some of the plants
elevation of 7,000 feet in New Grenada, in are used as esculent vegetables, and their
the provinces of Pamplona and Ocaiia. It pith is employed for economical purposes.
forms a shrub of erect bushy habit, thickly Saernla Taccada furnishes the rice-paper
clothed with small nearly orbicular leaves, of the Malay Archipelago the leaves of ;

and bearing fine bright red tubular flowers. the plant are eaten as a pot-herb, and its
The young leaves and shoots are of a fruit is succulent. There are about two
purplish-rose colour. The only species has dozen genera, and nearly two hundred
been called G. pulcher. [T. M.] species. Examples Sccevola, Goodenia,
:

Velleja, Lesche?iaultia. [J, H. B.J

GONOGONO. Myristica spuria.
GOODENIA. A genus of Goodeniacem,
GONOLOBUS. A large genus of Ascle- distinguished by having a superior calyx
piadacece, natives of North America, con- with a flve-parted limb, the corolla gene-
sisting of twining herbaceous or shrubby rally two-lipped, with the tube cleft at the
plants, with opposite heart-shaped leaves, back; five stamens, with distinct anthers
and greenish or dingy purple flowers in cohering before expansion and a simple ;

racemes or corymbs on interpetiolar pe- style, the stigma with a cup-shaped indu-
duncles. With a flve-parted calyx, they sium. The capsule is two rarely four-
have a rotate or reflexed and spreading celled. Herbaceous plants, or a few of
corolla, the limb of which is flve-parted, them small shrubs, with alternate entire
the staminal crown forming a small fleshy or toothed leaves, sometimes covered with
wavy-lobed ring in the throat. The fol- white silky down, and axillary or terminal
licles.which are tunrid, more or less ribbed, flowers usually yellow, rarely blue or pur-
and armed with soft warty processes, con- plish. Natives of Australia, Tasmania, and
tain many comose seeds. Upwards of New Zealand one species, G. repem, being
;

sixty species have been described. [W. C.] also found in South America. [R. H.J
GONOPHORUM. A short stalk which GOODIA. A genus of the pea family,
bears the stamens and carpels in such consisting of three species, two of which
plants as anonads, &c. are common to Tasmania and South-East-
543 EI)S Er^aSuqi at SSotang. [goss

era Australia, the other confined to "West- GORDONIA. Agenus of Ternstrdmia-

ern Australia. All are handsome erect cece, natives of North America and of the
much-branched hushes, with alternate tri- Alps of tropical and sub-tropical Asia, con-
foliolate leaves like those of the birdsfoot- sisting of shrubs with alternate coriaceous
tref oil— whence the name lotifolia applied entire leaves, and solitary one-flowered
to one of the species. The branches bear peduncles. The calyx is persistent, of five
towards their apex racemes of golden nearly equal concave sepals the corolla of
;

yellow flowers, like those of a laburnum, five petals alternate with the sepals, imbri-
but smaller. The chief features of the ge- cate in aestivation the stamens numerous,
:

nus are the trifoliolate leaves two-lipped ; hypogynous. The fruit is a four to five- ,

calyx, the lips not deeply divided stamens ; celled capsule, with two to four pendulous
all united into a sheath and thin and flat
; seeds in each cell. There are seven known
veined pods. Its nearest ally is Bossicea, species. [J. H. B.]
from which the compound leaves distin-
guish it. G. lotifolia and G. pubescens are GORSE. The Common Furze, Ulex euro-
both in cultivation in greenhouses. The pwus.
genus commemorates the name of Peter GORTERIA. A small genus of dwarf
Good, a collector for Kew Gardens, who
annual herbs of the composite family pe-
died in Australia. [A. A. B.] culiar to South Africa, their stems and
GOOD KING HARRY. Chenopodium (or linear or oblong-lanceolate leaves more or
Bliturn) Bonus Henricus. less hispid, and the latter clothed under-
neath with a close-pressed white down
GOODYERA. A genus of terrestrial and the twigs terminated by solitary yellow
orchids with small flowers like those of flower-heads nearly an inch across, and
Spirdntkes, but the spike is not spiral, and somewhat like those of the common mari-
the lip does not embrace the column, has gold. These have an involucre of many
no callosities at the base, and is contracted series of narrow scales with (eventually)
at the top into a recurved point. It con- hardened tips when the flowers wither,
;

sists of very few species, all from the these involucres contract at the top, so
northern hemisphere, and mostly from that the seeds cannot escape the latter,
:

high latitudes or mountain ranges. G. therefore, when they germinate, push their
repens, generally found in moist woods, is stems upwards and their roots downwards
widely spread over Northern Europe, Asia, through the spiny nut-like involucres,
and America, but in Britain only occurs in which" remain attached at the collar of the
the highlands of Scotland. It has a creep- root, and have the appearance of a spiny
ing rootstock and an erect flowering stem tuber of the size of a hazel-nut. The ray
of six inches to a foot, with a few ovate florets are strap-shaped neuter, those of
leaves near the base. The flowers are of a the disk tubular and perfect the achenes
;

greenish white, in a slender one-sided ter- are villous at the summit only, and sur-
minal spike. mounted with a short crown-like pappus
composed of a single series of scales, these
GOOGUL. Balsamodendron Mukul. characters of the fruit, distinguishing the
GOOLS. Various Marigolds, as Calendula genus from Gazania, to which it is nearly
officinalis, Caltha palustris, and Chrysan- allied. [A. A. B.]
themum segetum. GORY-DEW. Palmetto, cruenta.
GOOMALA. Batatas edulis. GOSSYPIANTHTTS. A genus of Ama-
GOOMPANY. The wood of Odina Wodier, ranthacece,containing perennial North
used in India for railway sleepers. American herbs with woolly procumbent
stems, elongate spathulate root-leaves,
GOOXCH. A Hindoo name for the seeds those of the stem much smaller, opposite,
of Alrrus precatorius. nearly sessile, ovate, and entire, more or
GOOXSOORA. An Indian fibre-yielding less densely covered with silky wool. The
ffibigCUS. flowers are axillary, densely aggregated,
covered with wool, and have a five-leaved
GOORA NUTS. The seeds of Cola acu- perianth, five stamens with free filaments,
minata. and one-celled anthers without interme-
GOORGOORA. Beptonia buxifolia. diate teeth. [J. T. S.]

GOOSE and GOSLINGS. Orchis Maria. GOSSYPITJM. This small genus of Mal-
vaceo?, is one of the most important of the
GOOSEBERRY. Ribes Uva crispa, often whole vegetable kingdom, for to it we are
called B. G-rossularia. — BARBADOS. indebted for the valuable and well-known
,

PeresMa aculeata. — COROMANDEL. article Cotton, which

, occupies such a pro-
Averrhoa Carambola. — , TAHITI. Cicca minent place in the manufacturing in-
disticha. dustry of this and other countries, and
GOOSEFOOT. A common name for
which gives employment to so large a pro-
Chenopodium also Aspalathus Clienopoda.
portion of our mercantile marine. The
;
number of species of Gossypium is ex-
GOOSETONGUE. Achillea Ptarmica. tremely uncertain. Between twenty and
GOOSESHARE. Galium Aparine. thirty have been described and named by
botanists, but the characters on which
GOOWA. The Betel nut, Areca Catechu. they are founded are so slight and variable
GOSS] QiAyt Crcatfurg at SSotanj?. 544
that probably they may be reduced to five and is only grown on the low islands and
or six, three of which yield the Cotton of sea-coast of Georgia and South Carolina;
commerce. The genus is indigenous to it is the most valuable kind, having a fine,
both the Asiatic and American continents, soft, silky staple from an inch and a half
but it has been so extensively spread by to an inch and three-quarters long, and is
means of cultivation that it is now found easily separated from the seed. Second,
throughout all parts of the world, within Upland, Georgian, Bowed, or short-staple
the limits of 36° north and south of the cotton, which forms the bulk of American
equator. All the species and varieties cotton, and is the produce of the upland
form herbaceous or shrubby perennial or inland districts of the Southern States
plants, varying in height according to the the staple is only an inch or an inch and a
climate and soil in which they grow, some quarter long, and it adheres firmly to the
not exceeding two or three feet, while seed, which is also covered with short
others reach a height of fifteen or twenty down. Egyptian cotton, and the kind
feet. Annual cotton plants are frequently called Bourbon, are likewise referable to
spoken of, but, although generally treated this species.
as such, none of them are really annuals G. herbaceum is the indigenous Indian
properly so called. Their leaves grow upon species, and yields the bulk of the cotton
stalks placed alternately upon the branches, of that country ; it is also grown in the
and are generally heart-shaped, and most south of Europe and other countries bor-
commonly either three or five-lobed, with dering on the Mediterranean, Persia, &c.
the lobes sharp or rounded they generally
; Its seeds are woolly and yield a very short-
have one or more glands upon the under stapled cotton. G. perwianum yields the
side of the principal veins near the stalk. cottons imported from Pernambuco, Bahia,
The flowers are usually large and showy, and other parts of Brazil, from Peru, &c.
and grow singly upon stalks in the axils of It is sometimes called kidney cotton, on
the leaves. They have a cup-shaped shortly account of its seeds adhering firmly to-
five-toothed calyx, surrounded by a larger gether in the form of a kidney.
outer calyx or involucel of three broad The use of cotton dates from prehis-
deeply cut segments, joined together and toric ages, both in the Old World and
heart-shaped at the base; a corolla of five the New. It is frequently mentioned in
petals many stamens united into a central
; the Institutes of Mann, a work written
column; and a three or five-celled ovary. eight centuries before the Christian era.
The fruit is a three or five-celled capsule, Upon the discovery of America it was
which bursts open through the middle found in common use among the inhabi-
of each cell when ripe, exposing the nu- tants,and cotton cloth has since been
merous seeds covered with the beautiful found in the tombs of the Incas of Peru.
cellular filaments known under the name From India the plant spread into Persia
of cotton. The seeds themselves contain and Arabia. Pliny, early in the Christian
a considerable quantity of bland oil, which era, mentions that it grew in' Upper Egypt,
has been brought greatly into use during on the side of Arabia,' where robes for
the last few years and the cake formed
; the Egyptian priests were made of the
by pressing the decorticated seeds has cotton. It was brought to Spain by the
proved a valuable food for cattle. Mahometan conquerors of that country,,
G. barbadense is the species cultivated and from thence it spread through other
parts of Southern Europe, but it has never
formed an article of much importance in
the agriculture of those countries. India
suppUed by far the largest part of the
cotton fabrics used in Europe until the
rise of the English manufactures in the
latter half of last century. The introduc-
tion of this important manufacture into
England took place about the close of the
sixteenth century, when, in consequence
of religious persecution, a number of
Flemings fled to this country, and esta-
blished it at Bolton and Manchester. But
previously to the brilliant inventions of
Hargreaves, Arkwright, Crompton, and
others, it was merely a domestic manu-
facture, and the cotton was only used for
the weft of the cloth. At first our supply
of raw cotton was obtained from Southern
Europe and the Levant, and later from the
West Indies and South America, and in
smaller quantities from India andBourbon.
Gossypium barbadense. Towards the end of last century, however,
the great and increasing demand caused
in the United States, where two well- the Americans to turn their attention to
marked varieties are recognised. First, its production in the Southern States; I

the Sea Island or long-staple cotton, which and such has been their success that, till
was introduced from the Bahamas in 1785, their fratricidal war broke out, they sup-
j
 5io £I)C CrcaSuri? of 23otaug. [goye
plied four-fifths of the enormous quantity monly used for flavouring different cool-
annually consumed in this country. Some ing beverages. [A. S.]
idea of the rapid increase of the English
cotton manufactures may be gained from
GOUDOTIA. A genus referred to Junca-
the fact that in the year 1751, previous to founded on a curious little plant from
cece,

the introduction of spinning by machinery, the Andes, which has stems growing in
our imports of raw cotton amounted to dense tufts, with short distichous closely
only 2,976,610 lbs., while in 1800 they had imbricated leaves, and stalked scarious
flowers, dioecious by abortion. [J. T. S.J
risen to 56,010,732 lbs. and in 1860, the
;

enormous quantity of 1,390,939,725 lbs. was

^ GOUET. (Fr.) Arum maculatum. —
imported, of which the United States sup-
plied no less than 1,115,890,608 lbs.— a re-
A CAPUCHON. Arisarum vulgare. —
markable fact when Ave consider that the CHEVELU, or GOBE-MOUCHE. Bra-
cotton plant is not indigenous to those
cunculus crinitus. — EN CAPCCHON.
States, and that its cultivation for expor-
Ariscema ringens. — SERPENTAIRE.
tation only commenced between seventy
Dracunculus vulgaris.
and eighty years ago. GOUL Adansonia digitata.
The harvest in America commences in
August and lasts till December. After
GOURD. The common name for Cucur-
being picked and dried, the cotton is sepa- common
bita : the varieties of the Gourd,
C. Pepo, and of a few other species, are very
rated from the seeds by means of machines
called gins, and is then tightly compressed numerous. —
, BITTER. Citrallus Colo-
into bales averaging about 430 lbs. in cynthis. , —
BOTTLE, CLUB, or TRUM-
weight. Two kinds of gins are used in PET. Different forms of Lagenaria vul-
America, the saw-gin and the roller-gin— garis. —
.COLOCYNTH, Citrullus Colocyn-
the first, consisting of numerous circular this. — , ETHIOPIAN SOCR. Adansonia
saws revolving between iron grids, being digitata. — GOOSEBERRY. Momordica
,

used for the short-staple variety and the eclnnata. — ORANGE. Cucurbita auran-
,

latter, which merely a pair of

;
tia. — , SNAKE. Trichosanthes. — SPAN- ,

the long-staple.
is rollers, for
ISH. Cucurbita maxima. — , SOUR. Adan-
I

The value of English cotton manufac- sonia Gregorii. —

SQUASH. Cucurbita .

tures in I860 was estimated at 121,364,458?., Melopepo. —, WHITE, of India. Benin-

'
being the product of 33,000,000 spindles, casa cerifera.
giving employment, directly and indirect- GOURDE. (Fr.) Lagenaria vulgaris.
ly,to one million men, women, and chil-
dren, and requiring a capital of not less GOURLIEA. A
genus of Leguminosce
than related to Sophora, but the pods, instead of
150,000,000?. sterling. [A. S.]
being long and constricted between the
GO-TO-BED-AT-NOON. Tragopogon pra- seeds, are elliptical with a somewhat fleshy
; tense. rind, of the size and form of a plum-stone
GOUANIA. A genus of Rhamnacece, con- when mature, and usually perfecting but
one seed. There are but two species known,
I

sisting of large rambling climbing shrubs

natives of Chili and Buenos Ayres. They
!

inhabiting the forests of tropical America

are bushes or small trees, with pale smooth
and Asia, but principally theformer. They
have alternate leaves with veins running bark, and short spine-like lateral branches,
straight from the midrib to the margin
from which arise racemes or fascicles of
;
small yellow pea-flowers. At the time of
and some of their smaller branches" are
generally transformed into tendrils, which flowering, the hoary leaves, which consist
of about four pairs of oblong leaflets and
serve to support them. The flowers are an odd one, are not fully developed. Cha-
usually produced in clusters along leafless
branches, forming long slender spikes the nar or Chanal is the name given to the
lower part or tube of their calyx adhering
;
bushes in Chili and Buenos Ayres and, ac- ;

to the ovary, while the upper part is divided cording to Tweedie, the pulp of the fruit
is used in flavouring sweet wines in the
|

into five spreading segments alternating

j

latter place, and at Entre Rios. The name

with five petals, each of which is partly
of Mr. Robert Gourlie, who gathered plants
:

'
rolled round a stamen, or has a stamen lying
at Mendoza and died there, is perpetuated
in a hollow formed by it. The fruit usually
in the genus. [A. A. B.]
has three wings or sharp angles, but in
some species it is nearly globular and with- GOUTTE DE LIN. (Fr.) Cuscuta euro-
out wings. peea. — DE SANG. Adonis autumnalis.
There are upwards of twenty species of
\

this genus, the most interesting being O.

GOUTWEED, or GOUTWORT. JEgopo-
domingensu, a common creeper in the
dium Podagraria.
"West Indies and Brazil. In Jamaica it is GOUTY-STEMMED TREE. An Austra-
called Chaw-stick, on account of its thin lian name for Belabechea.
flexible stems being chewed as an agree-
able stomachic tooth-brushes are also
;
GOUYAVIER, or GOYAVIER. (Fr.)
Psidium.
made by cutting pieces of chaw-stick to a
. convenient length and fraying out the GOVENIA. A genus
terrestrial of
!
ends; and a tooth powder is prepared by orchids peculiar to the moist woods of
: pulverising the dried stems. It is said tropical America. The leaves are radical,
to possess febrifugal properties and on ; broadly lance-shaped or oblong, plaited,
account of its pleasant bitter taste is cern- and from one to two feet in length. The
 GOWA CI)e €rca£urg of 38otani)« 546
erect flower-scape also is radical, and ter- numerous, with the filaments united at
minates in a spike or raceme of medium- the base. [J. T. S.]
sized flowers, each supported by a narrow
bract; they are usually white or cream-
GRAINS OF PARADISE. The seeds of
coloured, but in some yellow, with or with-
Amomum Grana Parudisi; also called
Guinea Grains.
out blood-red spots. The sepals and petals
are free and of nearly equal length the ; GRAINES D'AMBRETTE. (Fr.) Abelmos-
lip much shorter, without spur, entire, chus moschatus. — D' AVIGNON. Bliam-
and jointed to the base of the column and ; nus infectorius, — DE
saxatilis, <fec.
the anther contains four solid pollen- CANARY. Phalaris canariensis. — DES
masses fixed to a short caudicle with a MOLUQUES. Croton Tiglium. — MUS-
small triangular gland. There are sixteen QUEES. Abelmoschus moschatus. — D'OI-
species known, seven of which have been SEAU. Phalaris canariensis. — DE PERRO-
cultivated, but none are remarkable for QUET. Carthamus tinctorius. — DE
their beauty. The genus is named after TILLY. Croton Tiglium.
J. R. Gowen, Esq. [A. A. B.] > I GRAM. The Chick Pea, Cicer arietimim.
GOWAN. In Scotland, the Daisy, Bellis — BLACK. Phaseolus Mungo melanosper-
,

perennis but appertaining rather to Cal- mus. — GREEN. Phaseolus Mungo chloro-
,
;

th a, Calendula, and Chrysanthemum, from spermus, and P. radiatus. — , HORSE. Doli-

' gowlan,'
a corruption of 'golden:' see chos uniflorus. —, TURKISH. Phaseolus
Gools, and Goldins. aconiti/olius. — , RED. Dolichos Catjang.
—, WHITE. Soja hispida.
,GOZELL. The Gooseberry, Eibes uva-
crispa. GRAMEN FLEURI. (Fr.) Stellaria Ho-
lostea. — TREMBLANT. Briza
GRABOWSKIA. This ill-sounding name
is applied, in honour of a Silesian botanist, GRAMIGNA. The underground stems
to a curious Brazilian shrub which has been of Triticum repens, used in Italy as food
referred to Solanacece, but seems more for horses.
closely allied to Ehretiaccce. G. boerhaavice- GRAMINACE^. (Graminece, Grasses.)
folia is much-branched, with axillary A natural order of glumiferous mono-
spines, and solitary flowers opposite the cotyledons belonging to Lindley's glumal
leaves or grouped in panicles at the end alliance of Endogens. Herbaceous plants
of the branches. Its flowers have five with round usually hollow jointed stems ;
stamens projecting from the tubular co- narrow alternate leaves, having a split
rolla, their filaments hairy in the middle ; sheath and often a ligule at its summit
and a four-celled ovary. The fruit is suc- and flowers arranged in spikes or panicles,
culent, enclosed within the calyx, having perfect or imperfect. The flowers are com-
two woody stones, each divided into posed of a series of leaves or bracts— the
two compartments containing a single outer, called glumes, alternate, often un-
seed. [M. T. M.] equal, usually two, sometimes one, rarely
GRACILARIA. A
genus of rose-spored none the rest, called pales or glumelles,
;

Algce belonging to the natural order Splue- usually two, alternate, the lower or outer
rococcoidea?, amongst which it is distin- one being simple, the upper or inner having
guished by its cylindrical compressed or two dorsal or lateral ribs, and supposed
flat frond with oblong cruciate tetraspores to be formed of two pales united some- ;

dispersed among the superficial cells of times one or both are wanting. The glumes
the branches and branchlets. It is the same enclose one or more flowers, and among
with Plocaria, and therefore furnishes the the flowers there are often abortive florets.
Corsican and Ceylon moss. [M. J. B.] Stamens hypogynous, one to six, usually
three; anthers versatile. Ovary superior,
GRACILIS. Slender applied to parts
;
one-celled, with two (rarely one or none)
which are long and narrow.
j

scales called lodicules ovule one styles

; ;

GRiELLSIA. A genus of Cruciferm two or three, rarely united stigmas often ;

found in Persia, and represented by G. feathery. Fruit a caryopsis embyro lenti- ;

i
saxifragaifoliu, a perennial herb, with a !
cular, lying on one side at the base of
habit like that of Saxifraga granulcita. farinaceous albumen. Grasses are widely
distributed over the world, forming about
j

The leaf-stalks remain attached to the

'

short root-stock after the smooth round- ! one twenty-second of all known plants,
ed notched blades wither the flower-
;
according to Schouw. They are social
I stalk bears a number of white racemed forming herbage in temperate cli-
plants,
flowers not unlike those of the cuckoo- i mates, and becoming arborescent in tropi-
cal countries. The order is a very impor-
j

•
flower while the fruits are small oblong
;
!

much-compressed silicies, ripening but tant one, as supplying food for man and
a single seed. [A. A. B.] animals. The various cultivated grains
and the pasture grasses belong to it. It is
I
GRAHAMIA. A genus of PoHulacacecp, said that darnel grass (Lolium temulentum)
consisting of a small Chilian shrubby has poisonous qualities, and some think
plant, with alternate fleshy oblong terete that it is the tares of Scripture. Several
|
leaves, and solitary flowers at the extre- species of Andropogon yield fragrant oils,
mity of the branches, the calyx having such as kum-kus, roussa oil, and citro-
nelle. The bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea)
I

eight or niue imbricated bracts, the white

petals five in number, and the stamens is one of the most useful grasses in warm
 54 Wfyz EreaSury of 230tang. [gran
countries the sugar-cane {Saccharum offlci-
; expanded flowers, which are of a bright
narurn) is another valuable grass from a yellow colour, spotted and blotched with
commercial point of view. Among the deep purple the lip is trilobed and compa-
;

cereal grasses cultivated for food may be ratively small. Prom Manilla we have G.
enumerated :
— wheat,
barley, oats, rye, multiflorum, a plant with pseudobulbs
rice, Indian corn, millets, Guinea corn, and instead of lengthened stems, producing
swamp rice. The grains of Coix Lachryma from its apex three or four long strap-
are used as beads under the name of Job's shaped leaves, and from its base a raceme
'
tears. The tussac grass of the Falkland nearly two feet long of yellow flowers
Islands is the Daciylis ccespitosa. Some beautifully painted over with blood-red
i grasses are useful in binding the loose stains of grotesque form. G. Ellisii, an-
sand of the sea-shore. There are about 300 other pseudobulbous species, was intro-
L genera of grasses and 4,000 species. Ex- duced from Madagascar, and has the sepals
i
amples : Oryza, Zea, Phleurn, Panicum, and petals yellow and beautifully barred
Anthoxanthum, Poa, Dactylis, Festuca, Bro- transversely with dark lines, while the
mus, Pambusa, Lolium, Triticum, Hordeum, petals and lip are of a pale pink colour.
Saccharum. [J. H. B.] This plant considered by Reichenbachto
is
forma distinct genus, to which he gives the
GRAMMADENIA. A small genus of name G-rammangis. The genus is nearly
Myrsinacece, found in the West Indies
related to Cymbidium—the principal dif-
and the adjoining mainland, related to ference being, according to Dr. Lindley,
Myrsine, but having the flowers in racemes
that in the'latter the gland of the pollen-
instead of fascicles and to Cybianthus, but
;
masses is triangular, while in this it is cres-
having a five to six-parted instead of four-
cent-shaped, with one pollen-mass at each
parted calyx and corolla. Their stems are
extremity of the crescent. There is also
abundantly furnished with sessile, lance-
a shallow sac at the base of the column and
shaped, entire leaves, marked with curious
lip, not noted in Cymbidium. [A. A. B.J
linear glands, thus suggesting the name of
the genus. The very minute flowers are GRAMMATOTHECA. A genus of slender
succeeded by a globose ovary, which be- branching herbs, natives of the Cape of
comes when ripe a round berry the size of Good Hope, and belonging to the Lobeliacece.
a small pea, with few seeds. [A. A. B.] They are distinguished mainly by their
GRAMMANTHES. Succulent herba- corolla, which is tubular below, with a
ceous plants, natives of the Cape of Good five-parted limb in two divisions, the
Hope, forming a genus of Crassulncece, lower lip consisting of three pendent seg-
nearly allied to Crassula, but distinguished ments, larger than the two constituting
from it by the corolla, which is tubular, the upper lip the style is concealed with-
;

with a limb divided into five or six oval in the corolla, and bears a two-lobed
lobes, and by the absence of scales at the stigma whose lobes are widely separate
base of the ovary. They are pretty little one from the other. The genus is closely
plants as seen during sunshine. [M. T. M.] related to Clintonia. [M. T. MJ
GRAMMATOCARPUS. A genus of GRAMMITIS.' A genus of polypodia-
Loasacece found, in Chili and Peru, and ceous ferns, producing oblique naked ob-
nearly allied to Loasa, differing chiefly in long or elliptic sori, and having free
its slender twisted capsular fruits, which simple or forked veins. The group is
are one to two inches long, and not much often restricted to certain small simple-
thicker than their stalks. The Chilian fronded plants, of which G. BiUardieri
species, G. volubilis, is a slender twining may be taken as the type but to these are
;
]

annual herb, with opposite twice pinna- sometimes added a few larger compound-
tifld leaves, and stalked yellow cup-shaped fronded species, more closely resembling
flowers, solitary in the axils of the leaves, Gymnogramma in habit, but having simple
and nearly an inch across they have a calyx
; oblong instead of forked sori. [T. M.J
border of five linear segments ten petals,
;

five large and somewhat spurred at the base,

GRAMMICUS. When the spots upon a
surface assume the form and appearance
and five smaller three-awned at the apex;
of letters.
and numerous stamens, the fertile ones in
five bundles. [A. A. B.] GRAMON DE MONTAGNE. (Fr.) Smilax
aspera.
GRAMMATOPHYLLPM. The few species
which make up this genus of orchids are GRANA MOLUCCANA. The seeds of
amongst the most choice in cultivation. Croton Tiglium and Pavana. — PARADISI.
G. speciosum has been called the Queen of The seeds of Amomum Granum Paradisi.
^Orchidaceous plants. This superb species, — SAGU. The granulated Sago of com-
— TETRASTICHA.
I

j
a native of Java and the adjacent islands, merce. The spores
'
has stout stems from six to ten feet long, of certain fungals. - TIGLIA or TILLA.
bearing a number of strap-shaped leaves The seeds of Croton Tiglium.
one to two feet in length, arranged in a
I

t wo-ranked manner. The flower-scape arises

GRANADILLA. Passiflora quadrangu-
laris, maliformis, laurifolia, incarnata,
from the base of the stem, and is some-
j

times six feet in length, the flowers nume- &c, which bear edible fruits.
edulis,
rous but distant on the panicle, each borne GRAND BAUME. (Fr.) Pyrethrum Tana-
on a stalk (ovary) about six inches long, cetum. —
GENTIANE. Gentiana lutea.
this being also the diameter of the fully — MILLET. Sorghum vulgare. — MO-
gran] Cfje ©reaaurj) at SSotauj). 548

NARQUE. Narcissus concolor. —ORCHIS tubular and perfect, placed upon a pitted
MILITAIRE. Orchis fusca. — PIN. Pi- receptacle, with membranous scales be-
?i its — PLANTAIN. Plantago
Pinaster. tween the pits the branches of the style
;

major. — RAIPORT. Cochlearia Armora- are elongated and cylindrical. The fruits
Cia. —
SCEAU DE SALOMON. Conval- are somewhat cylindrical, ribbed, crowned
laria multiflora. — TREFLE ROUGE. by a pappus, of which the outer row con-
sists of a few narrow scales, the inner of
Trifolium pratense. — VALERIAN E. Va- hairy bristles. [M. T. M.]
leriana Phu.
GRANULA. Large spores contained in
GRANDE CAPUCINE. <Fr.) Tropceo- the centre of many algals, as Gloionema.
lum majus. — CIGUE. Conium macula- Among fungals it sometimes expresses a
turn. —
CONSOTJDE. Symphytum offici- spore-case.
nale. —
DOUVE. Ranunculus Lingua. GRANULAR, GRANULATE. Divided
— ECLAIRE. Chelidonium majus. — into little knobs or knots, as the roots of
^PIAIRE. Stachys sylvatica. — ESULE. Saxifraga granulata.
Euphorbia Lathy ris. — FOUGERE. Pteris GRANULES. Any small particles;
aqullina. — GESSE. Lathyrus latifolius. grains the hollow shells which consti-
— LUNAIRE. Lunaria biennis. —MAUVE. ;

tute pollen.
Malva si/lvestris. — ORTIE. Urtica dioica.
— OSEILLE. Rumex Acetosa. — PA- GRAPE. The well-known fruit of the
TIENCE DES EAUX. Rumex Hydrolapa- vine, Vitis vinifera. — ,BEAR'S. Vacci-
thum. — PERVENCHE. Vinca major. — nium Arctostaphylos and Arctostaphylos
RENOUEE. Polygonum orientale. — Vvaursi. —.CHICKEN. Vitis cordifolia.
SAUGE. Salvia officinalis. — VRILLE"E -.CORINTH. The fruits of the Black
Corinth variety of Vitis vinifera, which
BATARDE. Polygonum dumetorum. when dried form the currants or corinths
GRANGEA. A few small prostrate of the shops. FOX. —
Vitis vulpina
,

erect weeds of the chamomile group of the

or
and Vitis Labrusca. —
FROST. Vitis cordi- ,

composite family, most nearly related to

folia. — , SEA. Ephedra distachya
also ;

Cotula, differing chiefly in the broadly

Sargassum bacciferum. , SEASIDE. —
three-toothed ray florets, and in the pre-
Coccoloba, especially C. uvifera. , WILD, —
of Peru. Chondrodendrnm convolvulaceum.
sence of a small cup-shaped fringed pap-
pus. The species are widely diffused over
— , WINTER. Vitis cordifolia.

the tropics of both hemispheres ; and have GRAPE FLOWER. Muscari racemosum.
pinnatifld leaves, and solitary terminal
yellow flower-heads, much like those of a
GRAPHIDEI. A natural order of lichens,
distinguished by the disk of the fruit being
chamomile divested of its white ray florets linear and either simple or branched.
all the florets are tubular, the outer bearing
pistil only, the inner perfect.
There is generally a distinct receptacle,
G. maderas-
though this is sometimes wanting. It is
patana, a very common weed all over In-
exactly analogous to Hysterium amongst
dia, occurs in Brazil, growing abundantly
Fungi. Many fine species occur in tropical
in sandy plains, and is used, according to
countries, but temperate regions produce
Mr. Gardner, all over the country instead of
a great many, and we have many striking
chamomile, for which it is said to bean ex-
representatives in the genus Opegrapha,
\

cellent substitute. It is known by the

which adorn the trunks of trees in our
name of Marcella.
j

[A. A. B.J
forests. In Sclerophyton the fruit is col-
GRANGERIA. A genus of Chrysobala- lected in linear elevations of the crust,
nacece. G. borbonica, the only species, is a so that it is parallel with Trypethelium
common bush or small tree of the Mauri- amongst Verrucaricei. Though Opegrapha
tius, where it is known as Arbre de Buis is socommon in the northern hemisphere,
(box tree,. has glossy green coriaceous
It I
itdoes not occur at all in New Zealand. In
leaves, in form like those of the common Arthronia, which is one of the lowest
box but somewhat larger and the small
; genera of lichens, the receptacle vanishes
white flowers are disposed in short ra-
j

i altogether. [M. J. B.]

cemes, and have a five-parted calyx, five
rounded petals, fifteen stamens, and a style I
GRAPPLE PLANT. The colonial (.Cape)
arising from the base of a woolly ovary name of Uncaria procumbens.
which, when ripe, becomes a three-sided
j

pyriform drupe, with a single seed. The

j

GRAPTOPHYLLUM. A genus of Acan-

genus is nearly related to the American anative
thacca? containing a single species,
Hirtellas, but differs in the 6tamens being
of India, but having escaped from gardens
regularly disposed, and not all arising from
it has been diffused over the tropical
regions of both the Old and New worlds.
one side of the flower. [A. A, B.]
It is a shrub with oblong or ovate varie-
GRANITICUS. Growing in granitic gated leaves, and flowers in terminal ra- j

soil. cemes they have an equally five-parted

;
j

calyx, a ringent corolla with the upper

GRANTIA. A
genus of Persian herba- lip arched and the lower trifld, and two
:

ceous succulent-leaved composite plants.

!

stamens with sagittate anthers. The cap-

The involucre consists of two rows of sule is rostrate. [W. C]
i

somewhat leafy bracts; the outer florets !

are strap-shaped and neuter, the inner ones GRASS. A general name for all grarni- !
 549 K\)t Erea^urj? nf botany. [gras

naceous plants. —
ARROW. Triglochin. also Potentilla anserina also an American
, ;

— .ARTIFICIAL. A name given by agri- name for Polygonum aviculare. — GREAT ,

culturists to various fodder plants, as GOOSE. Asperugo procumbens. — GR.EEN. ,

clover, lucerne, sainfoin, &c. — AWNED , Clitoris. — GRIP. Galium Aparine. —,

,

HAIR. Muhlenbergiacapillaris. — , BAL- GUINEA. Panicum jumentorum, also

LOCK. Orchis. — BARLEY. Hordeum. , known as P. maximum. — HAIR. Aira ,

— BARNYARD. Panicum Crus galli. —

;

, also Trichochloa also an American name ;

BASTARD KNOT. Corrigiola littoralis. for Agrostis scabra. — HARD. Sclero- ,

— BASTARD MILLET. Paspalum. — chloa also JEgilops also Dactylis glomerata.

, ;

BEAR. Yucca filamentosa. — BEARD. — HARE'STAIL. Lagurus. — HAS-

;

Andropogon. — BENT. Agrostis also ap- SOCK. Aira ccespitosa. — HEATH. Trio-
, , ,

, ,

dia decumbens. — HEDGEHOG. Echino-

;

plied to any wiry-stemmed grass grow- ,

ing on a bent or common. — BERMUDA. chloa; also applied in America to Cenchrus. ,

Cynodon. — BLACK. Alopecurus agrestis. —, HERD. Agrostis dispar. — HERD'S, of

, ,

— BLACK OAT. Stipa avenacea. — New England. Phleum pratense. —

,

BLUE. Poa compressa. — BLUE-EYED. HEE-D'S, of Pennsylvania. Agrostis vul- ,

An American name for Sisyrinchium. — garis. — HOLY. Hierochloa borealis. — ,

BOTTLE. Setaria glauca. — BOTTLE- HORN. Ceratochloa. —, HORN OF ,

BRUSH. An American name for Elymns PLENTY. Cornucopice cucullatum. —, -

hystrix. —, BRISTLE-TAILED. Cliceturus. INDIAN. An American name for Sorghum

— BRISTLY FOXTAIL. Setaria. — nutans. —, INDIAN DOOB. Cynodon
BROME. Bromus. — BURDOCK. Lap-
,

Dactylon. —, KANGAROO. Anthistiria

pago racemosa. — BURR. Cenchrus. , austral is. ,
—
KNOT. Triticum repens;
— , CAPON'STAIL. Festuca Myurus. —,
•

also Illecebrum and Polygonum aviculare.

CANARY. Phalaris canariensis, the grain — KNOT, of Shakspeare. Agrostis sto-
,

of which is the canary seed of the shops. lonifera. —, LEMON. Andropogon Schce-
— , CARNATION. Carex glauca, and others. nanthus. —, LOB, or LOP. Bromus mol-
— , CAT'STAIL. Phleum. CHINA. The — , lis. —, LONG. Macrochloa. — LOVE. ,

fibre of the Rheea, Bohmeria nivea. — Eragrostis. — LYME. Elymus. —, ,

CLAYER. An old name for Clover, Tri- MAIDENHAIR. Briza media. —, MANNA.
folium pratense. — COCKSCOMB.
, Cyno- Glyceria fluitans. —, MARL. Trifulium
surus echinatus. — COCK'SFOOT.
, Dacty- pratense, or, according to some authorities,
lic glomerata. — , COMB-FRINGE. Bacty- T. medium. —.MARRAM. Elymus arena-
locte nium. —
.COR.D. SpaHina striata. —, rius also
; Ammophila arenaria. —
COTTON. Eriophorum. , COUCH. Tri- — MARSH. An American name for Spartina.
ticum (Agropyrum) repens. — COW. Tri- , —, MARSH HEDGEHOG. Carex flava. —,
folium pratense also Polygonum aviculare.
; MAT. Nardus stricta; also Ammophila
— , CRAB. Digitaria sanguinalis also an ; arnuaria. —, MEADOW. Poa. — ,MELIC.
American name for Eleusine also Sali- ; Melica. —.MILLET. Milium; also Sorg-
cornia herbacea. — , CRESTED HAIR. hum vulgare, Panicum miliaceum, Setaria
Eceleria cristata. CUCKOO. Luzula — , italica,&e. —.MONKEY. commercial A
campestris. — DARNEL. Lolium also , ; name for the whalebone-like fibre of At-
especially Lolium temulentum. — DEER. talea funifera. — , MOOR. Sesleria ccerulea.
—
,

Rhexia. , DEW. Bactylis glomerata. — , MOUNTAIN, of Jamaica. Andropogon

— DITCH. An American name for Ruppia.
, bicornis. — MOUSE-EAR SCORPION.
,

— DOG. Triticum caninum. — DOG'S- Myosotis palustris. MOUSETAIL. —

TAIL. Cynosurus. — DOG'STOOTH. Tri-
, , ,

, Festuca Myurus also Alopecurus agrestis.

ticum caninum. — ,DOOB. Cynodon Dacty- —
;

— , MYRTLE. Acorus Calamus.

lon. —, DROP-SEED. An American name NAKED-BEARD. Gymnopogon. — , NIT.
for Sporobolus and Muhlenbergia. — EEL. , Gastridium. — , NUT. Cyperus Hydra. —
An American name for Zostera and Vallis- OAT. Arrhenatherum avenaceum; also
neria. —, ELEPHANT'S. Typha elephnn- various species of Avena; also Bromus
tina. — FALSE RED-TOP. Poa serutina.
, mollis. —OF
PARNASSUS. Parnassia.—,
— FEATHER. Stipa pennata. — FES-
, , ONE-GLUMED. Monachne. — ORANGE. ,

CUE. Festuca. —, FINGER. Digitaria. ITi/pericum Sarothra. — ORCHARD.

,

—, FIOR.IN. Agrostis vulgaris; now more Dactylis glomerata. — , PAMPAS. Gyne-

commonly applied to A. alba and stoloni- rium argenteum. — , PANIC. Panicum ;

fera. —, FIYE-LEAVED. Potentilla rep- also Ehrhartapanicea. , PARA. com- — A

tons. — FLEA. Carex pulicaris. —,
, mercial name of the Piassiba fibre of At-
FLOTE, or FLOAT. Glyceric/, fluitans. — talea funifera. , PENNY. Rhinanthus —
FODDER. Chilochloa. — FOUR-LEAYED.
, Crista galli. —, PEPPER. Pilularia globu-
Paris quadrifolia. — , FOXTAIL. Alope- lifera; also an American name for Lepi-
eurus. —, FRENCH. Onobrvchis sativa. dium. —, PIGEON'S. Verbena officinalis.
— FRENCH, SPARROW. Ornithoc/alum — POVERTY. Aristida
, dichotoma. —,
i pyrenaicum. — , FROG. Salicornia herba- PRICKLY. Echinochloa. — , PUDDING.
cea. —, GALLOW. Cannabis sativa. — Mentha Pulegium. QUAKE, or QUAK- — ,

GAMA. Tripsarum dact.yloides, an esteem- ING. Briza. —QUICK, or QUITCH. Tri-

:

ed fodder grass in North America and ticum repens. —, RATTLESNAKE. Gly-

;
Mexico. , —
GHOHONA. A reputedly ceria canadensis. , RAY. Lolium per- —
'
poisonous Indian grass, supposed to be enne. —
, RED-TOP. Uralepis cuprea. —
Paspalum scrobiculatum. —, GINGER. REED. Arundo; also Calamagrostis, and
Andropogon Nardus. — GOAT'SBEARD. — REED
]

, Phalaris. , BENT. Calama-

JEgvpogon. — GOOSE. Galium Aparine —
I

,
; j
grostis. , RIB. Plantago lanceolata. —,
GRAS] EI)£ Crcagurg ai 33atang. 550

RTE. Hordeum pratense also Lolium per- ;

GRA&S-TREE. Xanthorrhcea ; also
enne. —, RIBBON. Digraphis arundi- Iiichea dracophylla, and Kingia australis.
nacea variegata. — RICE CUT. An Ame- ,
GRASS-WRACK. Zostera marina.
rican name for Leersia oryzoides. — ,ROPE.
Iiestio. — ROT. Pinguicula vulgaris. —,
, GRATIA DEI. Gratiola officinalis.
ROUGH. Dactylis glomerata. — RUSH. ,
GRATIOLA. A genus of Scrophulariacece,
An American name for Vilfa. — RUSH ,
consisting of perennial herbaceous plants,
SALT. Spartina juncea. —, RYE. Hor- found wild in central Europe, North Ame-
deum pratense and murinum also ;
rica, and extra-tropical Australia. The
Secede and Lolium. , SAND. Uralepis — flowers have a calyx of five equal divisions,
purpurea. , SCORPION. —
Myosotis. —,
a tubular corolla whose limb is two-lipped,
SCOTCH, of Jamaica. Panicum molle. — the upper lip notched or cleft into two
SCURVY. Cochlearia officinalis. SEA. — ,
divisions, the lower three-cleft; four sta-
Ruppia maritime,. SEA HARD. Ophiu- — ,
mens, two of which are sterile and longer
rus. -, SEA LYME. Elymus. — SEA ,
than the fertile and a capsular fruit. G.'
MAT. Ammophila arenaria. — SEA ,
;

officinalis, the Hedge Hyssop of the herba-

SPUR. Glyceria distans. , SENECA. — lists, was in formertimes called GratiaDei,
Hierochloa borealis. SESAME. Tripsa- — ,
on account of its active medicinal proper-
cum. —SHAVE. Equisetum hyemale.
, — ties. It is abitter purgative and emetic, and
SHELLY. Triticum repens. — , SHERE. is even poisonous in large doses. It is not
Carex. — , SHORE. Littorella lacustris.
used in medical practice in this country,
— SHRUBBY Thamnochortus. ,SILK. — but is said to have formed the basis of a
I

Eriocoma cuspidata. SLENDER. Lepto- — ,

famous nostrum for gout called Eau medi-
!

chloa. —
SMALL. Hierochloa.
, SOFT. — ,
cinale. Haller says that the abundance of
IIolcus. — , SOUR. Panicum leucophceum.
this plant in some of the Swiss meadows
— SPARROW.
, Asparagus officinalis. — renders it dangerous to allow cattle to feed
SPEAR. Poa. —SPIKE. Uniola. — in them. G. peruviana has similar proper-
SPIKED. Triglochin. — SPIKED QUAK-
I

,
[M T M.]
ING. Brizopyrum. — SPRING. Antho-
ties.
,

xanihum. — SPURT. Scirpus maritimus.,

GRATIOLE. (Fr.) Gratiola officinalis.
— SQUIRREL-TAIL. Hordeum jubatum.
,
GRATTERON. (Fr.) Galium Aparine.
— STANDER. Orchis mascula. — STAR.
, ,

Callitriche also an American name for

;
GRAVELIN. (Fr.) Quercus pedunculata.
Hypoxys and Aletris. — STRIPED. Di- ,
GRAVEL-ROOT. Eupatorium purpu-
grujmis arundiuacea variegata. — , SWEET. reum.
Glyceria. — .SWINE'S. Polygonum avicu-
lare. — , SWORD.
Gladiolus also Are- ; GRAVEOLENS. Strong-scented having ;

naria segetalis, and Meiilotus segetalis. —, a smell which is unpleasant because of its
THIN. Agrostis elata and perennans. — intensity.
THREE-LEAVED. Trifolium. TIMO- — ,
GRAVESIA. A genus of Madagascar
THY. Phleum pratense. TRIPLE- — ,
Melastomacece, of which G. bertolonioides is
AWNED. Aristida. —, TOAD. Juncus
a nearly stemless hairy herb, with opposite
bufoniits. —.TURTLE.
Zostera marina.
ovate five to seven ribbed crenelled leaves,
—, TUSSAC, or TUSSOCK. Dactylis ccrspi- and flower-stalks arising from the axis
tosa. —, TWIG. Rhabdochloa. TWO- — ,
bearing an umbel of flowers which have a
PENNY. Lysimachia Numnudaria. —, top-shaped five-toothed hairy calyx, five
VANILLA. Hierochloa borealis. — VEL- ,
ovate petals, and ten stamens of equal
VET. Holcus lanatus. — VERNAL. ,
length, with the connective, produced be-
Anthoxanthum odoratum. — VIPER'S. ,
low into an obtuse spur-like appendage.
Scorzonera. —, WATER SCORPION. Myo-
This latter character serves to distinguish
sotis palustris. — WATER STAR. Lep- ,
the genus among its near allies. [A. A. B.]
tanlhus gramineus. WHEAT. Triticum. — ,

— WHITE. Leersia virginica.

, WHIT- — , GRAWATHA. Curra-tow, the fibre of
LOW. Draba, especially Draba verna also ; Bromelia {or Ananassa) Sagenaria, which is I

Saxifraga tridactylites. —, WILD OAT. twisted into ropes.

Danthonia. —
WIND. Apera Spicaventi. ,
GRAY A. A genus of Chenopodiacece,
— WIRE. Eleusine indica, and Poa com-
,
comprising a North American erect branch-
pressa. — WIRE BENT. Nardus stricta.
,
ed spiny shrub with solitary or fascicled
— WOOD. Sorghum- {Andropogon) nutans;
,
oblong-lanceolate entire fleshy leaves and
also Luzula sylvatica. — WOOD REED. ,
dioecious flowers. The male flowers have
Cinna. — WOOLLY. Lasiagrostis. —
,
a regular five-parted perigone and five
WOOLLY-BEARD. Erianthus. — WORM. ,
stamens the females a monosepalous peri-
Sedum album. — YARD.
;
Spigelia also ,
gone, compressed and winged, notched at
An American name for Eleusine. —
;

the apex, and bulging above the middle

YELLOW-EYED. Xyris. within, and a subulate style with two fili-
GRASS-CLOTH PLANT. Biihmeria nivea. form stigmas. [J. T. S.]

GRASSETTE. (Fr.) Pinguicula vulgaris. GREEDS. Potamogeton.

GRASS-GREEN. Clear, lively green, GREENBRIER. An American name for
without any mixture. Smilax.
GRASS OIL. An oil obtained from An- GREENGAGE. A delicious variety of
dropogon Iwarancusa. plum.
 551 Wfyz Creagttrg at 3S0temp. [grew
GREEXHEART TREE. Nectandra Bo- est genus of the order. It contains every
di(Bi. variety of form, from lofty trees a hun-
dred feet in height, with a girth of eight
GREEN-MAN. Aceras anthropopliora. feet, as in G. robusta, the Silk Oak of the
GREENS. The familiar domestic name colonists, to humble procumbent shrubs,
for open-hearted Cabbages, Kale, and other as in G. lancifolia. The foliage is equally
leafy esculents also applied to Lemna.
;
varied in G. juniperina, ericifolia, &c, it
:

is needle-shaped in G. glabella and junci-

;
GREENWEED, or GREENWOOD, Ge-
folia, is filiform
it in G. obliqua, poly-
;
nista tinctoria and pilosa. stachya, and Leucadendron, it is linear,
GREENWITHE. Vanilla claviculata. twelve to eighteen inches in length in G. ;

asplenifolia and mimosoides, it is linear and

GREGGIA. A
genus of Cruciferce from serrated in G. laurifolia it is ovate and
;
New Mexico, discovered by Dr. Gregg, who entire; in G. angulala and agrifolia it is
died in California through over-exertion in rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped and
j
scientific pursuits. This plant, called G. serrated in G. ilicifolia, acanthifoliq, and
;
'

camporum from its growing on the Campos C'unninahamii, it is deeply cut, with sharp
or plains, has the habit of a wallflower, and prickly teeth ; in G. cinerea and buxi/vlta,
all its parts clothed with hoary pubescence.
The stems are furnished with alternate
spathulate sinuate leaves, and the pink or
white flowers, somewhat ike those of the
J

Bronipton stock but smaller, are disposed

in loose terminal racemes. The narrowed
pods isiliques) are about an inch long and
flattened laterally, so that the valves are
boat-shaped. The genus differs from others
of the Lepidium group, by its long pods,
and from its nearest allies in having in-
cumbent cotyledons. [A. A. B.]

GREGRE TREE. Erythrophleum guine-

ense.
GREGORIA. A genus
of primworts,
having a five-cleft bell-shaped calyx a sal- ;

ver-shaped corolla, its tube dilated at the

upper end, with a border of five spreading
lobes and five ovules, two only of which
,

reach maturity. The only species is a small

herb formerly known as Aretia Vitaliana, a
native of the Pyrenees. [G. D.]
GRlSMIL. (Fr.) Lithospermum officinale.

GREMILLET. (Fr.) Myosotis. Grevillea acanthifolia.

GRENADIER. (Fr.) Tunica Granatum. box-leaved in G. anethifolia and triternata,
;

GRENADILLE. (Fr.) Passiflora. triternate in G. Gaudichaudii, Aqnifolium,;

GREXADIN. (Fr.) Bianthus Caryophyllus. Sturtii, &c, pinnatifid in G. Banksii, Ca- ;

leyi, robusta, &c, pinnate or bipinnatifid.

GRENIERA. A genus of Caryophyllacece The inflorescence is in spikes generally of
which it has been proposed to separate a deep rich red, occasionally yellow as in G.
from Alsine on account of the seeds being sulphured, Banksii, and Chrysodendron. In
much compressed, with a transparent wing the latter species the flower-spikes exceed
round the back, and a thin layer of albumen one foot in length, and are extremely beau-
above the peripherical embryo. G. Dou- tiful. In G. Bryandri, asplenifolia, Caleyi,
glasii and tenella are slender herbs from and robusta, the flowers are also in long
California and Arkansas, with the habit of spikes, of a deep red colour. The seed-vessels
j
Alsine verna and tenuifolia. [J. T. S.] in the following species are of a hard
woody substance, nearly spherical, from an
GRENOUILLETTE. (Fr.) Ranunculus inch to two inches in diameter, viz. G. re-
acris, and others. fracta, mimosoides, and Leucadendron, and
especially G. gibbosa; these are all either
!
GREVILLEA. A genus of Proteacea?, tropical or subtropical plants. The genus
distinguished by having apetalous flowers
is spread over every portion of Australia,
!
;

a calyx which is either four-cleft or has

and two species, G. australis and G. Stuartii,
four linear sepals broadish at the end four ;
are found in Tasmania.
,

[R. H.J
;
ovate sessile anthers, one of which is at-
j
tached to the concave apex of each sepal ; GREWIA. An extensive genus of Tilia-
'

and an elongated curved style, with the ceaz, consisting of shrubs or small trees,
|
stigma either lateral or oblique, plane or with simple usually serrated leaves, natives
! concave. The seed-vessel, called a follicle, of the tropical and subtropical regions of
, is woody or leathery, containing one or two the Asiatic and African continents, and
I occasionally winged oval seeds. This is also of the islands of the Malayan Archi-
i the most extensive and also the handsom- pelago, the Fijis, &c, but not found on the
gbia] ULty gTrotfurg of 3Sotang, 552

American continent. The flowers have GRIFFITHIA. An Indian shrub of the

which are coloured (not green
five sepals, Cinchona family, with glandular leaves
on the inside and often hairy outside and ;
and spiny stems flowers white, in termi-
;

five petals, each with a gland or hollow at nal clusters, with a funnel-shaped corolla,
the hase inside, and inserted at thebottom whose throat is hairy, and whose limb is
of the stalk-like receptacle of the three to divided into five oblong acute segments;
four-celled ovary, while the numerous sta- ovary two-celled, surmounted by a fleshy
mens arc inserted round its summit. The disk stigma undivided striated. The fruit
;

fruit consists of from one to four stones, is succulent and reddish. [M. T. M.]
each containing one or two seeds. Up- GRIGG. Calluna vulgaris.
wards of eighty species of this genus are
described. GRIGNON. (Fr.) The wood of Bucida
G. asiatica and sapida have both small Buceras.
red fruits, which, on account of their plea- GRIGRI. A name in Trinidad for the
sant acid taste, are commonly used in wood of Astrocaryum aculeatum.
Indiafor flavouring sherbets. The wood of
the Dhamnoo, G. elastica, a species common GRIMMIA. A genus acrocarpous
of
in the Himalayas, is very strong and elas- mosses, distinguished, as now reduced, by
tic,and is consequently much prized by the the columella not adhering to the lid, the
natives for making their bows, besides short even tip of the veil which is entire
which it is used for carriage-shafts and and not lacerated at the base, and the
other purposes where elasticity is requi- generally exserted capsule. The peri-
site. At the Cape of Good Hope, the elas- stome, when present, consists of sixteen
tic wood of G. occidentalis, called Kruys- large lanceolate convex teeth, which are
besje, is used for similar purposes. Most split once or twice. G. pulvinata, remark-
of the species have a fibrous inner bark, able for its curved peduncle, from whence
which is commonly employed by the na- it obtained formerly the name of the
tives for making flshing-nets, ropes, twine, Swan's-neck Bryum, forms cushion-like
&c. [A. S.] tufts, hoary with the long white hair-
points of the leaves, and thickly studded
GRIAS. A prenus of Barringtoniaeece pe-
with fruit. The other British species are
West Indies and the adjoining
culiar to the
either Alpine or subalpine. [M. J. B.]
mainland. The Anchovy Pear of Jamaica,
G. cauliflora, has long been cultivated in GRIMMIBI. A
natural order of mosses,
plant stoves for the sake of its magnificent with an equal often sessile capsule, a sin-
foliage. It is a slender tall unbranched gle peristome, a initrasform calyptra, and
tree, furnished at top with a large crown leaves of a dark green, always terminated
of drooping glossy-green alternate lance- by a white hair, and formed of punctiform
shaped or spathulate entire leaves, which cells. Schistidivm, in which the columella
are sometimes upwards of three feet long. is adnate with the lid, and the capsules
The flowers (.not well known) are said to be are immersed ; Griw.rn.ia, with its free
large, white, arranged in clusters which lid ; and Racomitrium, with its straggling
arise from the old wood, and consisting of habit, confirmed by the awl-shaped granu-
a superior four-toothed calyx, four rounded lated beak of the veil, are the British
petals, numerous stamens in five rows genera. Driptodon differs from Racomi-
with their stalks united at the base, and trium merely in its forked stems and fasti-
an ovary tipped with a cruciform sessile giate innovations, and is generally united
stigma. The fruits are said to be russet- with that genus. They are found in various
brown drupes, and to be pickled and eaten climates, Schistidium arpocarpum, which
like the mango, having a similar taste. G. is one of our more common mosses, ap-
Fendleri, found in Panama, with equally pearing also both in Asia and South Ame-
handsome leaves, has its flowers in short rica. [M. J. BJ
racemes arising from the trunk, yellow,
and one to two inches across. [A. A. B.] GRINDELIA. A genus of Composites
numbering upwards of a dozen species.
GRIFFINIA. A small genus of South The prairies of the Saskatchawan are
American Amaryllidacco?, consisting of their northern limit, Patagonia the south-
dwarfish bulbous plants, with broad oblong ern, and they are found in greatest plenty
petiolated nervose leaves, and a many- in Texas and Mexico. Their chief distin-
flowered umbel of handsome purplish guishing feature is the pappus, which
flowers. The perianth has a short cylin- consists of from two to eight rigid narrow
drical declinate tube, and unequal reflexed awns, which fall early. They are biennial
limb of six segments, the lower of which or perennial suffruticose plants, with
are divaricate, and the lowest stretched for- branching stems, spathulate radical leaves,
ward there are six stamens with thread-
;
and sessile or clasping cauline ones, and
shaped filaments, one of them ascending, yellow flower-heads, solitary at the ends
j

the rest declinate and a three-celled ovary,

;
of the twigs, and from one to two inches
containing two collateral ovules in each across. Most of the species have all their
cell, and tipped by a three-furrowed style, parts more or less covered with a glutinous
and an undivided or obsoletely three-lobed varnish when young. [A. A. B.]
stigma. G. hyacinthina, the best known
species, grows in woods on the hills behind GRIOT, GRIOTTB, or GRIOTTIER. (Fr.)
Rio Janeiro, and is a very ornamental Names applied to varieties of Cerasus
species. [T. M.] vulgaris.
 553 SEije (Ercasurp at Matmxv, [grub
GRISAILLE, or GRISARD. (Fr.) Popu- vation. The genus is named in compliment
lus canescens. to Lord Grey of Groby. [A. A. B.]

GRISEBACHIA. A genus of heath- GROMWELL, or GROM ELL. Litliosper-

worts, distinguished by the following mum ojjicinale. — FALSE. Onosmodium.
,

marks —calyx: bell-shaped, and slightly GRONOVIA. A genus usually placed in

four-angled corolla scarcely longer than
;
Loasacece, from most of the genera in which
the calyx; filaments covered with stiff it differs in the flowers having five instead
hairs the style ending in a small very
;
of numerous stamens, and the ovary one
blunt stigma; seed-vessel compressed, instead of many ovules. The only known
two-celled, two-seeded. The genus was species, G. scandens, found in Mexico and
named in honour of Grisebach, a German New Grenada, is a scaudent herb very like
botanist. The species are heathlike shrubs,
the common bryony of our hedges. Its
natives of the Cape. [G. D.]
small yellow flowers have a funnel-shaped
GRISELINIA lucida is an evergreen calyx with a five-toothed border, and near
shrub forming a genus of Cornacece nearly its base an accessory calyx of five small
allied to Aucuba, which it also resembles bracts ; the five small petalsare inserted on
in habit. The leaves are of a bright shin- the calyx tube, and the fruit is a little in-
ing green, alternate and quite entire the ;
dehiscent capsule, with one seed. [A. A. BJ
flowers small, dioecious, in tei-minal pani- GROS BLE. (Fr.) Tritictim turgidum.
cles, the males with five stamens, the — GOBET. Cerasus vulgaris. <

females with an inferior ovary of one or

two cells, but with three stigmas. The GROSEILLIER. —A
(Fr.) Ribes. MA-
fruit is a berry with a single pendulous QUEEEAUX. The cultivated varieties of
seed. It is in cultivation in our botanical liibes Uva crispa. — EPINEUX SAUVAGE.
gardens. The wild Gooseberry, Ribes Uva crispa.
GRISET (Fr.) Hippophae rhamnoides. GROSIER. The Scotch name of the
Gooseberry.
GRISEUS. Pure grey, a little verging to
blue. GROSSAILLE. (Fr.) Triticum.

GRISLEA. A
genus of LythrncecB con- GROSSE GRIOTTE. (Fr.)Cerasus vul-
sisting of a few handsome opposite-leaved garis.— JONQUILLE. Narcissus odorus.
bushes or small trees. G. tomentosa. a very GROSSIFICATION. The swelling of the
common East Indian species, has sessile ovary after fertilisation.
lance-shaped entire leaves clothed with
white down underneath, and pretty scarlet GROSSULARIACE^E. (Grossulariece, Ri-
fuchsia-like blossoms arranged in axillary besiacece, Currantworts.) A
natural order
cymes, and consisting of a tubular colour- of calycifloral dicotyledons characterising
ed calyx with a four to six-toothed border, Lindley's grossal alliance of epigyi.ous
Exogens. Shrubs often spiny, with alter-
j

I
and a like number of green glands in the
clefts, four to six small narrow petals, nate palmately-lobed leaves, without true
stipules. Calyx superior, limb four to five-
:

eight to twenty stamens protruded beyond

the calyx tube, and an ovary tipped with a lobed ; petals small, five; stamens five;
. simple style. According to Roxburgh, the ovary one-celled with two parietal placen-
I calyx tube, which closely invests the ripe tas; styles more or less united. Fruit a
I capsules, does not lose its colour when berry, crowned with the remains of the
I withered, and thus the shrub has a gaudy flower seeds numerous, albuminous. Na-
;

appearance even when in fruit. The flow- |

tives of the temperate parts of Europe,
J

i ers, mixed with those of Morinda, are used !

Asia, and America. Wholesome plants,
as a dye known as Dhaee India. Onem i
often supplying edible fruits, such as the
African and one American species are gooseberry, red currant, and black currant.
known. [A. A. B.] Some of the plan ts are showy garden shrubs.
There appear to be only two known genera,
GRIT-BERRY. Comarostapliylis. Ribes and Polyosma, and about a hundred
species. [J H B.]
GROATS, or GRITS. The grain of the
oat deprived of its husks. GROSSUS. Coarse larger than usual :;

thus grosse crenatus = coarsely crenated ;

GROBYA. A genus of epiphytal orchids grosse serratus = coarsely serrated.
of Brazil, having OA'ate pseudobulbs, with a
few grassy ribbed leaves at their apex, and
GROUNDHEELE. Veronica officinalis.
a drooping flower-scape proceeding from GROUNDSEL. Senecio, especially S. vul-
the base of the pseudobulb, and ending in garis ; also Hyoscyamus Senecionis. —
a short raceme of yellow or greenish flow- TREE. Baccharis halimifolia.
ers tinged and spotted with" purple. The
lower connate crescent-shaped sepals are
GROWING POINT. The soft centre of
a bud, over which the nascent leaves are
larger than the upper, the petals broader,
forming a sort of helmet overhanging the formed and all modifications of it.
;

lip, which is small and flve-lobed at the GRUBBIACE^E. A natural order of mo-
apex, and the two bilobed pollen-masses nochlamydeous dicotyledons, containing
have each a distinct caudicle attached to only the genus Grubbia, and referred by
an oval gland. G. Amherstice and G. galeata Lindley and others to the Bruniacecem the
are the two known species, both in culti- umbellal alliance of epigynous Exogens.
grub] ®%z Creajfttrg at Satang. 554
Some regard as an order which should
it hy jagging or notching the stem and allow-
be placed between Santalacece and Brunia- ing the exuding juice to harden or by ;

ceos, from the former of which it differs in boring holes in logs of the wood and then
habit and inflorescence, in the lobes of the placing them on a fire, so that the resin is
stamens scarcely adhering at the base, in melted and runs, through the hole into a
the form of the anthers, and in the bilo- calabash put to receive it or in small quan-
;

cular ovary and from the latter, in the

; tities by boiling the chips in salt and
want of lobes either to the calyx or corolla, water, when the resin floats on the top
the valvate aestivation, and the long em- and may be removed. Guaiacum is greenish-
bryo. [J. H. B.] brown, with a balsamic fragrance, and is
remarkable for the changes of colour which
GRT7BBIA. A genus of bruniads, dis- it undergoes when brought into contact
tinguished hy having hermaphrodite with various substances. Gluten gives it
flowers in the axils of single bracts, and
a blue tint, and hence guaiacum has been
grouped in small heads with a two-leaved proposed as a test of the goodness of
involucre style very short, truncate at
;

the end, which is slightly three-lobed. The

species are Cape shrubs, with four-angled
branches, and having the leaves in pairs,
shortly stalked, narrow, acute, with their
margins rolled back. [G. D.]

GRUGRTJ. A Trinidad name f or Astroca-

ryum vulgare, and also Acrocomia sclero-
carpa.
GRTTMIXAMEIRA. One of the edible-
fruited Eugenias of Brazil.
GRUMOUS. Divided into little clustered
grains as the fascula in the stem of the
;

sago palm.
GRUVELIA. A genus of Boraginacece
from Chili, with the fruit as in Cynoglossnm,
but the corolla tubular, five-toothed at the
apex, and scarcely exceeding the calyx. It
has the habit of an Arenaria, and slender
leaves, the lower and middle ones opposite, Guaiacum officinale.
the upper alternate. [J. T. S.]

GUABINOBA. The berries of certain

wheaten bread, which contains gluten.
Brazilian species of Psidium.
Gum arabic, milk, various roots, &c, as
those of the carrot, potato, colchicum, and
GUACO. Aristolochia Guaco. Besides this, horseradish, possess a similar property.
which is the true Guaco, Mikania Guaco Nitric acid and chlorine change guaiacum
and Aristolochia anguicida have had the successively to green, blue, and brown.
reputation of yielding this South Ame- These changes in colour are said to be due
rican alexipharmic. —
MEXICAN. A , to the absorption of oxygen by guaiacic
poison obtained from a species of Convol- acid, the active principle of guaiacum.
vulus. The resin, as well as the bark and wood,
are used medicinally as stimulants in
GUAIACUM. A genus of Zygopliyllacece, chronic rheumatism, skin diseases, and
consisting of West Indian and South Ame-
other complaints. G. sanctum is used for
rican trees, noted for the resin which
like purposes in the West Indies, where
they secrete, and the extreme hardness of
also the leaves are used as a substitute
their wood. They have pinnate leaves and
for soap, having strong detersive pro-
blue flowers, which have a calyx of five
perties. [M. T. MJ
unequal segments, five stalked petals, ten
stamens, and a stalked five-celled five- GDAIABARA. Coccoloba uvifera.
angled capsule, sometimes by abortion
two to three-celled.
GUAIAVA. Psidium.
G. officinale is an ornamental tree with GUALLAGA. A West Indian name for
pretty blue flowers. Its trunk yields the Zamia media.
greenish-brown hard heavy wood, called
by turners lignum vita, which is used for
GUANDEE. Cajanus indicus.
blocks and pulleys, rulers, skittle-balls, GUAO. A West Indian name for Como-
and other purposes where hardness is re- cladia dentata.
quired and weight is not an objection the
logs are imported from Jamaica. As is
;
GUARANA. A substance prepared in
also the case with the laburnum, there is
South America from the seeds of Paullinia
great difference in the colour of the old or
sorbilis,which are pounded into a paste
called guarana bread, and hardened in the
heart wood and that of the young or sap
sun. It is used as a remedy for various
wood, which is of a light yellow colour.
diseases, as well as to form a most refresh-
The fibres of this wood are cross-grained.
The resin, commonly called gum guaiacum, ing beverage.
exudes from the stem, and is also obtained GUARANENE. A white crystalline
 QLfyz Crcagttry at Matmw. [gull

bitter substance, obtained from guarana, '

ployed as a
substitute for gelatine or
nearly identical with theine and caffeine. I albumen, in clarifying cane juice in the
I manufacture of sugar. A like infusion is
GFAREA. The vernacular name, in Cuba, given internally as a remedy for cutaneous
of a meliaceous tree, the flowers of which
|

I diseases. The timber is light, splits readily,

are in axillary clusters, with the stamens !
and is employed for the staves of sugar
united into a cylindrical or somewhat .'

hogsheads. The plant is known by the

prismatic tube, the free margin of which is |
name of Bastard Cedar to English colonists
entire or slightly waved, the anthers being in Jamaica. A strong fibre is obtained
enclosed within it. The ovary is four- from the young shoots of the same species
celled, placed on a stalk-like disk, and the in India. Cord made from it was found by
capsule is four-valved, with four or eight Dr. Roxburgh to break at 100 lbs. when dry,
seeds. The trees of this genus are more or and at HO lbs. when wet. [A. A. B.J
less purgative and emetic in their effects.
G. irichilioides and other species have a
I
GUEDE. (Fr.) Isatis tinctoria..
musk-like perfume. Some of them present GUEPES VEGETANTES. name ap- A
a peculiarity in the growth of their leaves plied to a species of wasp in the West
which are pinnate after a while the lower
;
Indies, when affected by Gordiceps spheco-
leaflets fall, and young ones grow at the cephala. The parasite has a long, cylindri-
end of the same leaf-stalk, which elon- cal curved stem with a club-shaped head,
gates, the lower older portion becoming and at length weighs down and kills the
woody, with an outer bark and a semblance '

wasp. The accounts of earlier observers,

of pith within— assuming in fact the cha- Avho affirmed that they had seen the wasps
[M. T. MJ
j

racters of a branch. flying about with their heavy burden, were

long disbelieved, but they have been con-
GUATTERIA. A genus of Anonacece, I

firmed by more recent authorities. The

named in honour of an Italian botanist,
fungus does not seem to fructify till after
and consisting of trees or shrubs with la- |

the death of the insect. We

have at least
teral or terminal inflorescence. The flowers |

seen no perfect individuals. [M. J. B.]

have six petals in two rows, flat oblong or I

linear, and all of the same form and the

, |
GUERNESIENNE. (Fr.) Nerine sarni-
carpels are distinct, each containing a single ;
ensis.
erect seed. G. virgatais said to yield some
of the light wood used by coachbuilders j
GUETTARDA. A genus of shrubs or
small trees, natives of tropical America
under the name of Lancewood see also
:
and Asia, and belonging to the Cinchona-
Duguetia. G. longifolia is an ornamental
tree, commonly planted by roadsides in ,
ceai. The corolla is salver-shaped, with a
cylindrical tube, and a limb divided into
Bengal. G. suberosa, which has cork-like !

four to nine oblong segments anthers

bark, is a native of Ceylon and various
;

four to nine, sessile, concealed within the

parts of India. [M. T. M.]
corolla ovary with from four to nine com-
;

GUAVA. Psidium pyriferum, pomiferum, partments, each containing a single erect

&c. ovule. The fruit is succulent, with a bony
four to nine-celled stone. [M T. M.]
GU AZA. The narcotic tops of the Indian
hemp, Cannabis sativa indica. GUEULE DE LION, or DE LOUP. (Fr.)
Antirrhinum majus.
GUAZCMA. A genus of shrubs or small
trees of the Byttneria family, nearly allied GUI. (Fr.) Viecum album.
to Theobroma, but differing in their woody
tubercular fruits of the size of a hazel-nut,
GUIGNE ROUGE, or GUIGNIER. (Fr.)
Cerasus avium.
the entire instead of two-lobed appendage
at the ends of the petals, and in their whole GUILANDIJSTA. A small genus of legu-
appearance. They are found in the East minous plants found in nearly every tropi-
Indies and the islands of Eastern Africa, cal country, particularly upon the sea-
but are most frequent in tropical America. shore, its extensive distribution being
The leaves are like those of the elm, and caused by the transportation of its seeds
their small white pink or yellow flowers are (which have an exceedingly hard impervi-
borne in axillary cymes. G. tomentosa is ous shell) from one country to another by
common in India and America. The French means of oceanic currents. There are three
colonists in the West Indies call it Orme or four species, which form prickly trail-
d'Amerique, from its resemblance to the ing shrubs ten or twelve feet or more in
elm. According to M'Padyen, it grows in height, having twice pinnated leaves, the
Jamaica to a height of twenty to twenty- stalks covered with short down and bear-
five feet, and is allowed to grow in pasture ing recurved prickles on the under side.
'

lands, not only for the sake of its shade, The flowers are of a rusty yellow colour,
but because the cattle feed and thrive on and are borne in racemes they have a five-
;

the foliage and fruit. The latter, coarsely parted calyx with a short t ube, and a corolla
bruised, are given to horses as a substitute of five nearly equal-sized petals, the sta-
j
for corn, their nutritive properties being mens being ten in number, distinct, and
'
attributed to the mucilage which abounds hairy at the base. The pods, which are
i in them, and also in the inner bark. This about two or three inches long, flattened,
I
mucilage is given out abundantly on in- but bulged out in the centre, and covered
i fusion or decoction in water, and, accord- with prickles, contain one, two, or three
i ing to the same authority, has been em- large bony seeds. G. Bouduc has solitary
Ginx] Qifyz ExetuZuvn ai 23ntang. 556

prickles on the leaves, and the seeds are of a ring of thick jointed hairs outside the
yellow. G. Bonducella differs by its prickles corolla tubes near the base. G. oleifera, a
being in pairs, and its seeds lead-coloured. plant with the habit of Bidens cernua, has
The seeds of both are very hard, and beau- lance-shaped stem-clasping leaves, and
tifully polished, and are called Nicker nuts solitary stalked yellow-rayed flower-heads
or Bonduc nuts, the latter word being de- about an inch and a half across at the ends
rived from the Arabic, Bondog, signifying of the twigs; the ray florets female; the disk
a necklace, the seeds being commonly florets perfect the achenes smooth and
;

strung into necklaces, bracelets, rosaries, destitute of pappus. The plant is culti-
&c. the kernels have a very bitter taste, vated in Abyssinia and in India for the sake
and are employed by Indian doctors as a of a bland oil like that of Sesamum, which
tonic and febrifuge. The roots also are is expressed from the seeds, and is com-
said to possess similar properties indeed,
: monly used in India as a lamp-oil and as a
the Singhalese employ every part of these condiment. The plant is sown jn the My-
plants medicinally. The oil obtained from sore districts in the autumn months, per-
the seeds is supposed to be useful in con- fecting its seeds in about twelve weeks
vulsions and palsy. [A. S.] after it is sown. The yield is said to be
about two bushels an acre. The oil is
GUILDINGIA. A group of melastomads 1 sweet-tasted, and is known in India as
now referred to Mouriria. Ram-til oil. [A. A.B.]
GTJILIELMA. A genus of palms confined
to the tropical regions of South America,
GUJ-PIPPTJL. Scindapsus officinalis.

and containing three species, which have GULF WEED (called also by voyagers
tall slender trunks marked with circular
Sea-lentils, Sea-grasses, and Sargazo) is the
scars and armed with exceedingly sharp celebrated Sargassum bacciferum, which
black spines. The large pinnate leaves have occupies a more or less interrupted space
spiny leaflets and footstalks. The flower between the 20th and 45th parallels of north
spikes are simply branched, and bear male latitude, extending over more than a quar-
and female flowers mixed together. The ter of a million of square miles. It was first
fruit is large and egg-shaped, containing a
discovered by Columbus, unless indeed the
single seed. Phoenicians fell in with it during their
G. speciosa, the Peach Palm, a native of
early voyages, as seems possible from a
Venezuela and Guiana, is cultivated on passage in Aristotle. The seaweed floats
the banks of the Amazon and Rio Negro. on the surface, being propagated from age
It grows sixty or eighty feet high, and has
to age by buds, and never in that situation
its stems armed with rings of long sharp
yielding fruit, which when produced con-
needle-like spines. The fruits, which are sists of little bundles of receptacles in the
borne in large drooping bunches, are about axils of the leaves. The area occupied by
the size of apricots, and of a bright scarlet the seaweed is determined by the course
colour at the top passing into bright orange of the currents in the Atlantic, and occa-
below ; their fleshy outer portion (sarco- sionally a few stragglers are carried north-
carp) contains a large quantity of starchy ward by the Gulf Stream, and are thrown
matter, which forms a considerable portion even upon our own coasts. The origin
of the food of the natives. They are either of this mass of seaweed has not been de-
boiled or roasted, and when eaten with salt termined. Its increase in deep water is,
resemble a potato in flavour; or they are however, the less surprising if we remem-
sometimes eaten with molasses. A bever- ber that the root of seaweeds merely per-
age is also prepared by fermenting them in forms the office of a holdfast, and has not
water; and the meal obtained from them the function of a true root. [M. J. B.]
is made into cakes. The wood of old trees
is black, and so exceedingly hard that it GUM, ACAROID. A resinous product
turns the edge of an ordinary axe. [A. S.] of Xanthorrhcea hastilis or arborea. —
Bromus AMMONIACUM. The gum-resin of Bo-
GTJILNO. (Fr.) catharticus.
rema ammoniacum. — ANIME orANIMI.
GUIMAUVE. (Fr.) Althcea officinalis. A resinous product of Hymencea Courbaril;
— EN ARBRE. Hibiscus syriacus. also Indian Copal, the produce of Valeria
GUINCHE. (Fr.) Molinia ccerulea.
indica. —
ARABIC. The gummy
product
of various Acacias, as vera, arabica, Verek,
GUINDOLLE, or GUINDOUX. (Fr.) Seyal, Senegal, tortilis, &c. , —
ARTIFI-
Cerasus vulgaris. CIAL. Dextrine, obtained from potato
FLOWER. starch. , —
AUSTRALIAN. kind of A
GTTINEA-HEN Fritillaria
gum arabic. , —
BABOOL. The gum of
meleagris. Acacia arabica. —
.BAR.BARY. The gum
GUINEA-HEN "WEED. Petiveria allia- of Acacia gummifera. —, BASSORA. A
cea. gum whose origin is unknown it is sup- ;

posed to be the produce of a Cactus or a

GUIRILA. The Persian insect-powder, Mi'.<> mhryanthemum. —, BLACK-BOY, or
prepared from Pyrelhrum carneum, and P. BOTANY-BAY. A fragrant resinous pro-
roseum. duct of Xanthorrhcea arborea or hastilis.
GUIZOTIA. A
small genus of annual — , BRITISH. A preparation of roasted
opposite-leaved composite herbs found in starch. —
BUTEA. Bengal Kino, the
,

APyssinia and India, and nearly related to gum-resin of Butea frondosa and superba.
—
:

Heltopsis, differing chiefly in the presence I

CAPE. The gum of Acacia Karroo or
,
 557 €l)t WttxZnry nf Watmi£. [gust

capensis. —
CARANA. The gum-resin
,
GUM-ARABIC TREE. Acacia Verek. —,
of Idea Carana. — CASHEW. The gum , RED. Acacia Adansonii.
of Anacardium occidentale. — CEDAR. A ,
GUM-WOOD. The timber -bf Eucalyptus.
gum-resin resembling olibanum, obtained
in the Cape Colony from Widdringtoniaju- GUMBO MUSQUE. The seeds of Abel-
niperoides. —
, CHERRY-TREE. The gum moschus moschatus.
produced from the stems of Cerasus avium GUNDALI. An Indian name for Pcede-
and vulgaris, Primus dnmestica, and other riafoetida.
drupaceous trees. —COPAL. A gum-resin-
GUNGUN, or GUNJUN. A balsamic pro-
j

ous product of Traclvjlobium Martianum,

and Gcertnerianum. DOCTOR'S. The — , duct of Dipterocarpus Icevis.
gum-resin of Rhus Metopium. — DRAGON.
The gum-resin of Pterocarpus Draco also ;
GUN JA. Abrus precatorius.
the name sometimes given to gum traara- GUNJAH. The dried Indian Hemp
canth in the shops. — EAST INDIAN. plant, Cannabis sativa indica.
The gum of Acacia arabica, probably. —
,

ELASTIC. Caoutchouc, the product of GUNNALA. An Indian name for Cassia

Siphonia elastica. ELEMI. The gum-— fistula.

resin of Amvris Plumieri and hexandra. GUNNERA. A genus of ivyworts, hav-

—, GRASS-TREE. The resinous product ing the following characters perigone or
:

of Xanthorrhcea australis. — GUTTA, outer part of the flower usually adherent

American. The gum-resin of Vismea to the ovary, its border in four pieces, two
guianensis. —
GUAIACUM. The gum- of which are tooth-like, the other two re-
resin of Guaiacum officinale. —, HOG. A sembling petals but sometimes wanting ;

gum-resinous juice variously ascribed to stamens two, alternate with the two small
Moronobea coccinea, Rhus Metopium, Clusia lobes of the perigone; stigmas two, plu-
flava, and Hedwigia balsamifera. JUNI- — mose. The name was given by Linnseus
PER. The resin of CaUitris quadrivalvis. in honour of Ernest Gunner, a bishop of
— KINO. The gum of Pterocarpus erina- Norway, who published a flora of that
ceus, and according to some of Pterocarpus country. The plants are herbaceous, na-
Marsupium also a similar product of Eu-
: tives of South America and the Sandwich
calyptus resinifera. KUTEERA. The — Isles. One of them, G. scabra, is known in
gum of Cochlospermum Gossypium, or ac- gardens by its coarse rough rhubarb-like
cording to others of Sterculia urens, or of lobed leaves, and its singular elongated
Acacia leucophlcea. —LAC. The gummy conical inflorescence. [G. D.]
product of Erythrina monosperma, and in
Ceylon of Aleurites laccifera a similar
GUNNIA australis is the only epi-
;
phytal orchid of Tasmania, where it is
product is yielded by Ficus indica, beng-
halensis, &c. —
LADANUM. The gum- found growing on the stems of trees and
shrubs. It is a little plant, hardly a span
resinous product of Cistus creticus also
of C. ladaniferus and Ledmi. LE- — ;
high, with wiry roots, a few lance-shaped
leaves three to four inches long, and
DON. Cistus Ledon. MOROCCO. The — ,

gum of Acacia gummifera. MYRRH. — flower-racemes of about the same length.

The flowers, which smell like honeysuckle,
The gum-resin of Balsamodendron Myrrha.
— OPOCALPASUM. The gum of Acacia are small and green except the clawed lip,
which is marked with lilac lines on a white
gummifera. —
ORENBERG. A gummy
exudation of the larch, Abies Larix. — and yellow ground. As a genus it is hardly
different from Sarcochilus, with which,
SANDARACH. The resin of CaUitris qua-
is united by some authors.
drivalvis. —
SASSA. A kind of false indeed, it

traoracanth obtained from Inga Sassa. — Named in honour of Mr. R. C. Gunn of

Tasmania, who is well known in connection
SENEGAL. The gum of Acacia Senegal, ;

with the botany of that island. [A. A. B.]

Seyal, Terek, Adansonii, &c. SOUDAN. — ,

A kind of gum arabic. The —SUCCORY. GUNNY. A

coarse kind of cloth made
gummy juice of Clwndrilla juncea. — from jute, the fibre of Corchorus capsu-
SWEET. Liquidambar si.vracifl.ua. —
,

lars, and sunn, the fibre of Crotalaria

THUR. A kind of gum arabic. — TRA- juncea.
GACANTH. The gummy exudation of As- GURLTIA. A genus of Begoniacece. con-
tragalus gummifer, strobiliferus or Bick-
soni, verus, creticus, and o.ristatus. — sisting of erect branching shrubs, natives
of Brazil. The flowers are cymose, the
TRAGACANTH of Sierra Leone. The gum
staminate and pistillate ones in the same
of Sterculia Tragacantha. — , TURKEY. plant ; the former have four white peri-
The true white gum arabic. — WATTLE. ,
anth leaves, and numerous stamens the
The gum of Acacia rnollissima. — YEL- ,
;

latter five unequal perianth leaves, and a

LOW. A resinous product of Xanthorrhcea three-winged ovary, with a bifld stigma
ha-itilis or arborea.
surrounded by a papillose band which is
twice spirally twisted. There are four
GUM-TREE. Eucalyptus; also author - X
rho?a. — of Jamaica. Hippomcme biglan- species. [J. H. B.]

dulosa — , BLACK. Nyssa villosa. — GUSTAVIA. A genus of Barringto-

BLUE. Eucalyptus globulus. —, RED. niacece peculiar to tropical America, and
Eucalyptus re.--hii.fera. SOUR. Nyssa — , consisting of trees or shrubs with large
vMoso, fm&biflora. —.WHITE. Eucalyptus
>.
handsome alternate ovate or spathulate
resinifera. —.YELLOW, Nyssa villosa. glossy leaves, and showy white flowers
guth] CTje Creatfurg at Matziw. 558
sometimes five or six inches across, tinged often united disk fleshy
; ovary one or
;

with pink, not unlike those of some Mag- many-celled; stigma usually sessile and
nolias, and disposed in racemes or umbels radiate. Fruit dry or succulent, one or
at the ends of the twigs. They consist of many-celled; seeds exalbuminous, often im-
a top-shaped calyx with an entire or lobed mersed in pulp. Natives of humid and hot
border, four to eight rounded or oval petals, places in tropical regions, chiefly in South
very numerous stamens whose filaments America. Several are found in India, a
are united below into a ring and a four to
; few in Madagascar and the continent of
six-celled ovary tipped with a short conical Africa. The plants are generally acrid, and
style and sulcate stigma. The fruits are yield a yellow gum-resin. Gamboge is pro-
somewhat fleshy and apple-like. The wood duced by Cambogia Gutta, Garcinia cochin-
of G. urceolata, used for making hoops, is chinensis, G. elUptica, and G. tinctoria. The
called Bois puant in Cayenne, because it famous mangosteen fruit is procured from
becomes very fcetid after exposure to the Garcinia Mangostana. The American
air. The small fruits of G. speciosa, accord- mammee apple is the produce of Mammea
ing to Humboldt, when eaten, have the americana. Keena oil is obtained from
singular property of causing the body to species of Calophyllum. The Clusias are
assume a yellow colour, which, however, handsome trees. Pentadesma butyracea is
leaves in the course of a day or two
it the butter and tallow tree of Sierra Leone ;

without any application. The bruised its fruit yields fatty matter. There are
leaves of G. brasiliana are said by Martius 32 known genera and upwards of 150 spe-
to have an unpleasant smell, and are cies. Examples : Clusia, Garcinia, Cam-
used in cases of indurated liver. The roots bogia, Calophyllum. [J. H. B.]
are acrid, aromatic, and bitter ; and the
emetic fruit intoxicates flsh. [A. A. B.] GTJYONIA. A genus of Melastomacece,
bearing pentamerous flowers, having the
GUTHNICKIA. The name of a few spe- teeth of the calyx acute, the petals ovate-
cies separated from Achimenes. It forms lanceolate, the stamens ten, equal, with
one of the genera with a perigynous and ovoid blunt anthers, and the ovary five-
nearly entire thickened ring, and a stoma- celled. They are tender smooth herbs
tomorphous stigma. Among these it is with prostrate and ascending steins, small
known by the long gaping corolla, the tube rhomboid-ovate leaves, and small solitary
of which is straight and subcylindrical, rose-coloured flowers. G. tenella inhabits
and by the stamens being adnate with the moist ground on the banks of the Sene-
lower part of the corolla tube. They are gambia rivers. [J. B". B.]
hairy leafy Mexican herbs, with solitary GUZMANNIA. A genus of tropical
axillary scarlet flowers. [T. M.] American herbs, belonging to the Brome-
GUTTA PERCHA. The gum-resin of liacew, and having an inferior calyx of
Isonandra Gutta. — TRAP. The inspis- three equal segments cohering at the base
sated sap of Artocarpus. and spirally twisted, three petals rolled
together into a tube, the anthers also co-
GUTTATUS. Spotted: that is, when hering so as to form a tube. The seeds are
colour is disposed in small spots. numerous, provided with hairs, and en-
GI7TIERREZIA. A
small genus of com- closed in a three-celled three-valved capsule.
posite plants, of the same group as Solklago, G. tricolor is a pretty species with flowers on
and differing from its near allies in the ! a spike, concealed by the bracts, the lower-
achenes of the disk and ray florets being most of which are green, while the upper
fertile and furnished with a pappus of are scarlet. [M. T. MJ
several linear or oblong chaffy scales. GYMNADENTA. A genus of terres-
They are peculiar to America, and extend I
trial orchids, founded on the Orchis conop-
from the prairies of the Red River to sea, which has the pollen-masses not en-
Mexico, a few occurring in Chili and the closed in any process of the stigma. Seve-
extreme south of the continent. For the ral other species of European and North
most part they are branching herbs one to American orchids have been associated
three feet high, with slender twiggy steins with it by some botanists, whilst others
furnished with linear entire gummy leaves, i
retain them in Orchis or in Hqbenaria.
and small yellow flower-heads very nume-
rous, arranged in corymbs at the ends of GYMNANDRA. A genus of Selaginaceai,
the twigs. G. gymnospermoides, the only containing six speciesof herbaceousplants,
species with any pretensions to beauty, has natives of Siberia, Arctic America, and
flowers very much larger than the others, the mountains of India. The flowers
and not unlike those of Pulicaria dysen- .
grow in long spikes at the apex of an erect
terica. [A. A. B.] !
scape. The calyx is spathe-like, with a
fissure in front, and two or three-lobed be-
CH'TTIFER^E. (Chisiacea, Guttifers.) A ! hind the tubular corolla is two-lipped
; ;

natural order of thalamifloral dicotyledons, , there are two stamens the free bilocular
;

belonging to Lindley's guttiferal alliance ovary bears a long exserted style and a
of bypogynous Exogens. Trees or shrubs stigma with two capitate lobes and the ;

with a resinous juice, opposite leathery fruit is surrounded by the withered bracts
entire leaves, and often incomplete flow- and ^alyx.and consists of two achenes each
ers : sepals and petals two four five six containing a cylindrical pendulous seed.
or eight, the former often unequal, the The structure of the fruit of this genus se-
latter equilateral; stamens numerous, parates it from Scrophulariacece, to which it
 5-59 Ci)£ Eica^urg af SSatang. [gyivin

is otherwise nearly related. On the whole, GYMNOGENS, or GYMNOSPERMS. Na-

it seems to belong to Selaginacece, though ked-seeded plants, forming a division of
differing remarkably from the other genera dicotyledons or Exogens considered by
of the order. [W. CJ Lindley as a distinct class. It includes
the ConifevtB or pines and firs, Taxncem
GYMNANTHERA. A genus of Asclepia- or yews, Ghietacece or joint-firs, and Gy-
dacece, containing a single species from cadaccce or cycads These orders are usual-
New Holland, a twining glabrous shrub ly called naked-seeded because there is no
with milky juice, opposite leaves, and proper ovary, the seeds being fertilised by
whitish-green flowers on lateral peduncles, the pollen coming into direct contact with
having a salver-shaped corolla, and a stami- the foramen of the ovule without the in-
na] crown of five awned scales inserted at tervention of a stigma. Some authors
the summit of the tube and alternating have of late doubted the correctness of
with the corolla lobes. The capsule is this statement, and have considered the
cylindrical divaricate, and containing so-called seeds as a bicarpellary ovary
many comose seeds. [W. C] containing one seed. Gymnospermous
plants are represented largely in the fossil
GYMNOBALANFS. Tropical American
flora of the secondary strata. [J. H. B.]
trees, constituting a genus of Lauracece,
and known by the following characters :— GYMNOGRAMMA. A genus of poly-
The perianth in both male and female podiaceous ferns, having free forked veins
flowers is divided into six nearly equal and linear sori which are more or less fre-
segments, and is deciduous the male flow-
I

j
; quently forked— that is to say, the spore-
ers have nine stamens in three rows, the
i

|
cases, being distributed along a portion of
j
inner row bearing sessile glands, a long S
the veins, are continued both above and
|
style, and an abortive ovary the females
:
below the points where the veins fork.
]

nine sterile stamens, a one-celled ovary, The sori in some species are very much
and a short style. The fruit is succulent, j

elongated, and form contiguous narrow

on a thickened flower-stalk. [M. T. MJ
I

lines over a great portion of the fertile

&YMNOCARPIUM. Polypodium. fronds. In other species the under surface,
and sometimes also the upper, is farinosely
GYUNOCIDirM. The swelling occa- ceraceous, and usually either of a white
sionally found at the base of the spore- or yellow colour, these being the Gold
case of urn-mosses. and Silver Ferns so frequently seen in
A
6YMH0CLADTJS. large American tree, cultivation on account of the beauty of
G. canadensis, called the Kentucky Cof- their coloured fronds. This genus con-
fee-tree, is the sole representative of this |
tains two of the very few known annual
genus of leguminous plants. It is common [
ferns, G. chcerophylla and G. leptophylla, the
throughout the Northern United States, i

flrst a "West Indian plant, the second scat-

and in Canada, where it is called Chicot ! tered over nearly the whole of the tempe-
and frequently cultivated, either as an
is |
rate regions of the globe from Jersey to
ornamental tree, or for its timber, which is |
New Zealand, and found also in the Neil-
strong and of a compact fine grain, and gherries and Cuba. The other species are
used for building purposes, common cabi- widely dispersed, but chiefly found in tro-
net-making, &c. It attains a height of pical countries. [T. MJ
fifty or sixty feet, the trunk being fre-
quently destitute of branches for the first
GYMNOGYNE cotuloides, which theis
only known species of the genus, is a slen-
thirty feet, but seldom more than twelve
der composite annual weed, peculiar to
or fifteen inches in diameter. Its leaves
are twice pinnate, and sometimes as much
West Australia. Its unbranched stems,
furnished with grassy leaves, are termi-
as three feet in length, consisting of a
nated by a single flower-head the size of a
main stalk with several pairs of secondary pea, and somewhat like those of Cotula.
stalks bearing numerous oral dull-green
leaflets,except the lowest pair, which have
The outer florets are female and destitute
|

of corolla (whence the name); and the inner

a single leaflet. The flowers are whitish
male, with a tubular four-toothed corolla,
and borne in racemes from the angles of
and free anthers. The genus is related to
i
the leaves, the separate sexes being on Euphrosyne, differing in the many series
different trees their calyx is tubular and
, ;
of female florets, the four-toothed males,
five-cleft, and the corolla of five equal-
I
\

and the imbricated achenes. [A. A. B.]

sized petals inserted into the top of the
1

calyx tube, along with the ten short dis- GYMNOGYNOUS. Having a naked ovary.
. tinct stamens. The fruit is a hard flat- GYMNOMESIUM. A genus differing but
<
tened pod, from six to ten inches long,
from Arum, except in the presence of
little
containing several flattish seeds imbedded
j
;

rudimentary flowers above the stamens,

in a mass of pulp. The common American
I

[
\

and not elsewhere. The ovaries contain

I \ name of this tree was given to it in conse- several ovules. G. pictum is frequently
''

quence of the early settlers in Kentucky

!

having made use of its seeds as a substitute i

met with in gardens under its former
j |

for coffee, at a time when they could not

name of Arum. It is a native of Corsica, |

procure the genuine article. The rough

Sardinia, &c. [M. T. MJ
bark of the tree is excessively bitter, and GYMNOPETALUM. The name of a genus
of Cucurbitaceie, allied to Bryonia, and
j

contains saponine, a substance which, like i

soap, forms a lather in water. fA. S.] i having a calyx with a contracted throat. •
gymn] K\yt EreaSttrji of 2Safcmg. 560
a five-parted corolla, anthers cohering into its summit a number of clustered slender
a cone, aucl an ovate beaked few-seeded spikes or spadices, each having at its base
fruit. [M. T. M.] a short keeled spathe stamens four
;

ovary one-celled; fruit succulent, blue,

GYMNOPOGON. A
genus of grasses one-seeded. G. anceps, the only species, is
belonging to the tribe Chloridece, having in cultivation. The genus is nearly allied
the inflorescence in panicles, with simple to Acorus, and is included with it among
alternate branclilets ; spikelets two-flower-
Orontiacece. [M. T. M.]
ed; glumes two, keeled, nearly equal, or
the lower shortest. There are about half GYMNOSTACHYTJM. A genus of Acan-
a dozen species, all natives of Brazil ex- thacecewith the habit of JEranthemum and
cepting G. race?)iosus,\v\iich is North Ameri- Cryptophragmium. It comprises dwarf
can. [D. M.] herbs, with spreading often variegated
leaves, and erect spike-like racemes of
GYMNOPSIS. Agenus of composite tubular flowers. The calyx is five-parted
plants, comprising about a dozen species, nearly equal ; the corolla two-lipped, with
spread over America from Texas to Brazil.
the upper lip bidentate the stamens two,
They are herbaceous or somewhat shrubby, ;

with the anther-cells parallel; the stigmas

with opposite three-nerved toothed nettle- bifid and the capsule columnar and four-
;
like rough leaves, and axillary or terminal
cornered. G. ceylanicum, a Ceylon species,
stalked yellow-rayed heads of numerous
is a pretty stove-herb, with the leaves va-
florets, those of the ray neutral, of the
riegated with white along the course of
disk perfect. The achenes are seated on a
the veins and G. Verschaffeltii, from Para,
convex receptacle, each enveloped in a ;

is a still prettier plant with the numerous

chaffy scale and surmounted by a minutely
reticulated veins coloured red, as occurs in
toothed pappus-crown. The presence and
Hcemadictyon venosum. They are chiefly
nature of the pappus, together with the
interesting on account of their prettily
opposite triple-nerved leaves, are the chief
features. [A. A. B.]
marked foliage. [T. MJ
GYMNOPTERIS. A genus of polypo- GYMNOSTEPHIUM. A genus of com-
posite plants peculiar to South Africa.
diaceous ferns belonging to the tribe Pleu-
rogrammece, in which the linear-oblong
The three known species are herbaceous
or somewhat shrubby plants, with alter-
sori are placed close to and parallel with the
nate linear entire leaves, and small soli-
costa. In this group it is distinguished
tary stalked flower-heads terminating the
by its compoundly anastomosing veins,
twigs, the ray florets strap-shaped and
and by the fructification occupying dis-
blue, the disk tubular and yellow. The
tinct contracted fronds. The species have
achenes of the ray being without pappus,
sometimesbeen referred to the Acrost ichece, and those of the disk being sterile, suffice
from which, however, the definite linear to distinguish these plants from daisies
sori, confined to the receptacular veins,
They are all and their other allies. [A. A. B.]
seem to separate them.
Eastern tropical plants. [T. M.] GYMNOSTOMUM. A genus of acro-
carpous mosses, formerly containing al-
GYMNOS. In Greek compounds = naked,
most every moss destitute of a peristome,
or uncovered.
but now restricted to those species which
GYMNOSCHCEXUS. A genus of cypera- differ only in this character from Weissia.
ceous plants belonging to the tribe Iihyn- The species mostly, though not exclusively,
chosporece. The inflorescence is in disti- inhabit temperate regions. [M. J. B.]
chous two-flowered spikelets. Only one GYMNOSTYLIS. Under
species is described, namely, G. aduxtns,
the name of G.
anthemifolia is sometimes cultivated in
a native of Van Diemen's Land. [D. M.]
botanic gardens a stemless South Ame-
GYMNOSIPHON. A small slender leaf- rican herb with chamomile-like leaves, and
less herb, from the Indian Archipelago, clusters of small woolly flower-heads sit-
forming a genus of Burmanniacece, scarce- ting in their midst. The plant is usually
ly differing from the tropical American placed in Saliva. [A. A. B.]
genus Bictyostegia. GYMNOTETRASPERMOTJS. Having
GYMNOSPERMA. A genus of Compo- such a four-lobed ovary as is found in la-
sitce, receiving its name from its chief dis- biates, which was formerly thought to con-
tinguishing feature, namely, the naked sist of four naked seeds.
achenes (.without pappus). The two species, GYMNOTHECA. A small genus of ma-
found in Texas and Mexico, are smooth rattiaceous ferns,
separated from Marattia
glutinous shrubby plants, with twiggy
on account of the absence of an involucre
stems furnished with linear entire leaves, beneath the
sorus. They are the same in
and terminating in corymbs of numerous habit and in general
aspect, having large
small yellow flower-heads, each containing
globose scaly rhizomes, and ample bipin-
from eight to fourteen florets, those of the natefronds, with articulated
pinnules. The
ray strap-shaped and pistillate, and those
typical species is G. ciaitcefolia. [T. 31.]
of the disk tubular and perfect. [A. A. B.]
The name has also been given to a
GYMXOSTACHYS. An East Australian Chinese herbaceous plant with thehabit of
perennial, with a thick rootstock, and S'luriirv.s, and referred to the Saururucece.
grassy leaves, from among which rises a The flowers are small, placed on spikes, in
two-edged stalk or scape, bearing towards the axils of small somewhat fleshy bracts
 561 Cfje Crsa£urn at SSntang. [gyno
stamens six, inserted on the top of the GYNOCARDIA. A genus of Pangiacece,
ovary (!) ? which is inferior, one-celled, with from others in the very numerous
differing
four "parietal placentae ; ovules numerous ;
stamens (about a hundred), and in the ste-
styles four. (Decaisne.) [M. T. M.] whose anthers are fixed by the
rile flowers,
base. G. odorata, the only known species,
GYMXOTHRIX A genus of grasses he- isa handsome East Indian tree, abundant
longing to the tribe Panicece, joined by in hot valleys in theSikkim Himalaya and
Steudel with Pennisetum. [D. MJ Khasya, comparable to the common syca-
more for size, having glossy entire alter-
GYXAIOX. A genus of Cordiacece, con- nate leaves, and yellow sweet-scented flow-
taining a single species from the Himala- ers an inch and a half across, growing in
yas. It is a woody plant with alternate or clusters generally from the old wood, the
sub-opposite elliptical entire leaves, and different sexes on separate plants. They
flowers in cymes at the ends of the branch- have four or five calyx leaves, a like num-
es. The calyx is unequally four to six- |

ber of petals and scales opposite them,

lobed the corolla funnel-shaped, with the
;
!
numerous stamens in the sterile flowers,
limb divided into four to six obovate oblong and a few abortive ones in the fertile,
the five stamens have hairy fila-
I

lobes ;
surrounding an ovary which is tipped
ments and the four-celled ovary is globose
;
I

with five short styles. The fruits are

and glabrous, perforated at the apex, with- globular ash-coloured berries the size of a
out style or stigma. This remarkable plant
I

shaddock, and enclose numerous seeds,

has the habit of Varronia rotundifolia, but
j

imbedded in pulp. According to Rox-

differs from it in the structure of the
I
:

burgh, the seeds contain an oil; and are

flower, which seems to be the monstrous
!

beaten up with clarified butter, and used

flower of a Cordia wanting the style and by the natives as a remedy for cutaneous
stigma it differs from Cordia in the struc-
;
diseases. [A. A. B.]
: ture of the calyx and corolla. [W. C]
I GYNAXDROUS. Having the stamens GYNOCEPHALIUM. A Japanese climb-
and style and ovary all blended into one ing shrub, belonging to the Artocarpacece.
:
common body, as in orchids, Aristolochia, The leaves are heart-shaped and undivided;
&c. the female flowers are globular, the male
I
in panicled heads. The penus is closely
;
GYXERIT7M. A genus of grasses belong- allied to Conocephalus, but is distinguished
I ing to the tribe Arundinece, and dis- from it by the four-parted perianth of the
i
tinguisbed chiefly by the species having male flower, the cleft style, and the crum-
j
showy flower-panicles, the spikelets of pled seed-leaves. [M. f MJ .

which are two-flowered, the male and fe-

male flowers on distinct plants. Steudel GYXOECIUM. The pistil and all that be-
describes six species, which are natives of longs to it.

Brazil and Chili, save one, G. zelandicum. GYXOPHORE. The stalk of the ovary,
i That which is best known and cultivated within the origin of the calyx.
in Britain is G. argenteum, the Pampas
!

I
grass, so called from its being a native of GYXOPLEURA. A
genus of Chilian
the vast plains of South America called herbs, with entire or lobed leaves, and
1

Pampas. This splendid grass has proved yellow flowers in terminal clusters or
sufficiently hardy to withstand the rigours tufts. They belong to the Malesherbiacea?,
of our winters in Britain without protec- and are known by their bell-shaped calyx,
tion; and blossoming as it does in October, five petals inserted outside an annular
when most other flowers are past, its value membranous slightly toothed corona,
is much enhanced. Few plants produce a
which is attached to the throat of the
finer effect than good tufts of this grass, calyx and five stamens, inserted at the
;

either when cultivated singly on lawns, or base of a short stalk that supports the
in the front of shrubberies, where evergreen one-celled ovary. [M. T. MJ
plants afford a dark background, as a con- GYXOSTEMIUM. The column of or-
trast to its large silvery-white feather-like chids that is to say, the part formed by
;

panicles.Under favourable circumstances, the union of stamens, style, and stigma.

the culms rise from ten to twelve feet high
or upwards, forty, fifty, or occasionally GYNOSTEMMA. A genus of Cucurbita-
more, springing from one plant. This eece, natives of Java, having entire or
Pampas grass was first introduced to Eu- lobed leaves, iinisexual flowers in panicles,
rope in 1843, through seeds sent from a two-ranked calyx, no corolla, five mo-
Buenos Ayres by Mr. Tweedie to the nadelphous stamens, and a half-inferior
Glasnevin Botanic Garden, and it is now ovary. The fruit is succulent, with three
cultivated in most gardens of note through- or four one-seeded stones. [M. T. MJ
out Great Britain, as well as on the conti-
nent of Europe, and in Australia. [D. M.]
GYXOXIS. A genus of composite plants
confined to America, and there found from
GYXIXUS, or GYXIZUS. The depressed Guatemala southward to Peru. They are
stigmatic surface of orchids. nearly related to Senecio, and chiefly differ
in the style-branches beingprolonged into
GYXOBASE. The growing point insert- conical hispid points, instead of being
ed between the base of carpels in a conical obtuse. Some are trailing bushes with
manner, so as to throw them into an alternate lance-shaped or ovate leaves
oblique position. and the yellow flower-heads few and large,
or numerous small and arranged in co- limb and there are ten short hairy scales
;

rymbs. Another and larger group, which is placed in pairs opposite the lobes of the
restricted to the Andean regions of Equa- perianth. [M. T. M.]
dor and New Grenada, are erect opposite-
leaved hushes or small trees, with white or GYROCARPUS. A genus of apetalous
yellow rayed or ray less flower-heads, resem- Exogens, consisting of trees having poly-
bling those of our own groundsels. This gamous flowers, natives of the East Indies
latter group M. Weddell keeps alone in the and tropical parts of America. The leaves
genus, and places the former with true are alternate, undivided or lobed, and the
groundsels. To the latter belongs G.fra- flowers are collected in dense panicles.
grans, the only species known in cultiva- The calyx in the hermaphrodite flowers is
tion, a scandent bush with somewhat superior, and four to eight-lcbed the sta-;

fleshy ovate leaves, and pale yellow fra- mens four, with glands interposed, and the
grant flowers, the heads about an inch anthers remarkable for opening by valves
across and disposed in loose corymbs at the which turn upwards. The ovary, which is
ends of the twigs. About twenty species completely adherent to the tube of the
are enumerated. [A. A. B.] calyx, is one-celled with one pendulous
ovule, the style slender, and the stigma
GYNURA. A genus of the composite obtuse. The fruit is nut-like, two-winged
family, containing upwards of twenty at the apex, from two of the lobes of the
species, all found in the tropics of the calyx enlarging while the others fall off.
eastern hemisphere, occurring in greatest The male flowers have the same lobed
nuibbers in India and its Archipelago. calyx and stamens as the hermaphrodite.
From Senecio, to which it is closely allied, This genus is very near Illigera, from
it differs in the style-branches having long which it differs in its fruit being winged
protruding points. Many of the species at the apex, not on the sides, and in com-
are coarse perennial weeds, with distantly mon with it is nearly allied to Lauracece
toothed or pinnatifld leaves, the angular and Combretacew, with the latter of which
stems terminating in corymbs of rich families it has been combined. It is some-
yellow flower-heads, whose florets are all times considered as the type of a distinct
tubular. Other species are scrambling family, and separated under the name of
undershrubs. The rootstocks in some are Gyrocarpece. [B. C]
thick and fleshy, and not unfrequently the
leaves are of a fine purple colour under-
GYROMA, or GYRUS. The ring or ar-
ticulated circle which surrounds the spore-
neath, which is the case with the G. bicolor,
cases of ferns also a button-like shield,
;
a species from the Moluccas, cultivated in
such as is found among lichens in the genus
hothouses for the sake of its leaves, and
Gyrophora.
having rich orange-coloured flower-heads
disposed in loose corymbs. [A. A. BJ GYROPHORA. A genus of lichens be-
longing to the order Pyxinei, distinguished
GYPSOCALLIS. Erica. by its curiously convoluted fruit, a num-
GYPSOPHILA. A genus of annual or ber of disks being produced in a pro-
perennial evergreen herbaceous plants be- liferous manner within the original fruit.
longing to the Carijoplujllacece, in the alsi- The species grow on rocks and large
neous division of which they are distin- boulders, and are remarkable as supplying
guished by having the calyx campanulate, the Tripe de Roche of the Arctic voyagers,
angular, somewhat flve-lobed, the margins so called from the bullate dilated frond. The
membranous five petals without claws
; ;
bitter principle is so strong in these plants,
ten stamens two styles and a one-celled
; ; that, though they have considerable nutri-
capsule. The species, which are numerous, tive qualities, they do not agree as an
have leaves like those of the pink, and article of food with many constitutions.
small white or pink flowers, which are Uiiibilicaria, which is distinguished by the
usually disposed in diffuse panicles. They more simple disks, supplies also a part of
inhabit various parts of Europe and Asia, the Tripe, which is collected without much
growing mostly in rocky or stony places, discrimination of species. [M. J. B.]
especially in a limestone soil. Some of GYROSE. Bent backwards and forwards
them are occasionally cultivated as border as the anthers of cucurbits.
plants, or on rockeries. [C. A. J.]
GYROSELLE. (Fr.) Dodecatheon.
GYRANDRA. A Mexican perennial with
the habit of a Chironia, and forming a GYROSTEMON. A genus of Gyrostemo-
genus of Gentianacca?. The flowers have a nece, consisting of small branched shrubs
five-parted wheel-shaped purple corolla, from South-western Australia with alter-
into the throat of which are inserted the nate linear semi-cylindrical mucronate
stamens, whose showy yellow twisted an- leaves, and solitary axillary stalked dioe-
thers give a distinguishing character and cious flowers, with a six or seven-lobed
name to the genus. [M. T. M.] calyx the males have numerous stamens,
;

in several rows, the females many carpels

GYRATE. The same as Circinate ; curl- placed round a thick central axis. The
ed inwards like a crozier. fruit is obovate, of many membranaceous
cocci, in a single row. This latter character
GYR1NOPSIS. An aquilariaceous shrub distinguishes it from Cudonocarpxis, which
of the Philippine Islands. The perianth is has the cocci arranged in more than one
coloured and funnel-shaped, with a five-cleft I
row. [J. T. S.]
 563 Ef)e Creagttri? of 2Sfftang. [habz
HAAGEA. A genus of Begoniacece, called oval leaves, and white or red flowers in
I after Haage, an Erfurt horticulturist. The terminal panicles or in few-flowered axil-
;
flowers are rose-coloured, monoecious, with lary cymes. The calyx is deeply five-parted,
!
two perianth leaves the staminate ones
: and the corolla ringent, with the upper lip
'

with numerous stamens and the pistillate

;
falcate and entire, and the lower three-
i
ones with an inferior three-celled equally parted there are two exserted diverging
,

three-winged ovary, a three-parted smooth stamens and the ovary is surrounded by a

,

persistent style, and broadly expanded stig- broad disk at the base, has four ovules near
|
mas, surrounded by a papillose band twisted the middle, and is surmounted by an acute
once spirally. The only species, H. dipe- stigma. [W. C]
tala, a shrub with semicordate petiolate
I

leaves, and pendulous floral cymes, native

HABRANTHUS. A genus of hippeastri-
form Amaryllidaceoe, distinguished in that
of the East Indies, was formerly called
group, which has a narrow-mouthed pe-
Begonia dipetala. [J. H. B.]
rianth "tube, by the perianth being decli-
HABEL-ASSIS. (Fr.) Cyperus esculen- nate, but not convolute into a tube-like
ius. form as in the allied Phycella, and by the
faucial membrane being annular. They
HABENARIA. A well-known extensive consist of handsome South American bulbs,
genus of terrestrial tuberous-rooted or-
found principally in Chili, Monte Video,
chids, more or less generally distributed,
and Buenos Ayres. The plants have narrow
though most numerous in India andAfrica. two-ranked flaccid leaves, and a precocious
It is represented in Britain by H. bifolia
scape which either is single-flowered or
and H. chlorantha, known respectively as bears an umbel of few or many flowers
the small and large Butterfly Orchis. They
of a crimson, scarlet, rose, purple, whitish,
are both very similar in aspect, having a
yellow, or red and yellow colour. The
stem a foot or more in length, with two perianth is subcainpanulate with a short
oblong obtuse leaves at the base, above tube, the limb more or less spreading, the
that a few narrow green bracts, and then
stamens unequal inserted at the mouth
an erect terminal spike of very fragrant of the tube, the faucial membrane annular,
long-spurred white flowers. The differ-
and the stigma three-lobed. [T. MJ
ence between the two is, that in H. chlo-
rantha the flowers are larger, the throat HABROTHAMNUS. A genus of beauti-
or the nectary or spur much wider, and the ful Mexican shrubs, belonging to the
two pollen-masses more distant from each Solanacece. The flowers have a bell-shaped
other. For a most interesting account of five-toothed calyx a club-shaped tubular
,

the mode of fertilisation in these two corolla, with the limb contracted and five-
plants, see Mr. Darwin's book, On the Ferti- toothed five stamens concealed within
;

lisation of Orchids. Some of the Indian the corolla and a button-shaped stigma.
;

species are notable for the length of spur, The fruit is succulent, surrounded by the
as in the appropriately named H. longecal- calyx, two-celled, each cell containing a
carata, where, with flowers an inch across, few seeds. The panicles of red or purple
the spur is four inches in length. The flowers are borne in abundance, and
habit of most of the species is similar to justify the name applied to them— which
that of our native Orchis, to which they are signifies graceful branch. [M. T. MJ
closely related, differing chiefly in the two
HABROZIA. A genus of Scleranthacece,
glands of the pollen-masses being inserted differing from the rest of the order in hav-
into separate pouches instead of into ing the utricle adhering to the seed, and
a common one. The flowers vary much the calyx tube not constricted at the
in colour, some being green, others rose, throat. It is a small annual oriental herb,
a goodly number golden yellow, but the with slender stems, setaceous leaves, and
greater part white, and usually very fra- many-flowered terminal cymes. [J. T. S.J
grant. [A. A. B.]
HABZELIA. A small genus of Anonacea>,
HABIXE. (Fr.) Bolichos melanoph-
having a very wide geographical distribu-
thalmus. tion, two species being found in Malaya,
HABIT. The general appearance of a two on the western coast of tropical Africa,
plant its manner of growth, without re- and the remainder in Guiana and Cuba. It
;

ference to details of structure. belongs to the Xylopiew, and is distin-

guished from its allies by the torus being
HABITAT. The situation in which a flat, instead of drawn up into a cone
plant grows in a wild state. or hollowed out. The flowers are three-
sided, having three sepals joined together
HABLITZIA. A perennial Caucasian at the bottom, and six petals arranged in
twining herb, of the order Amaronthacece, two
series, the inner ones being rather
with a turnip-shaped root and furrowed smaller than the outer. The fruit consists
stem, large alternate lonsr-stalked glabrous
of numerous long nearly cylindrical pods,
cordate-acuminate entire leaves, and separate from each other, and containing a
flowers in small cymes collected into dense
axillary panicles the perigone preen and
number of oblong seeds. The plants are
;
either tall shrubs or trees about twenty or
five-cleft, the stamens five. [J. T. SJ
thirty feet high, and have long simple
HABRACANTHFS. A genus of Acan- leaves of a leathery texture, from the
thacece,containing three species from base of which the flowers are produced
Mexico, herbs or shrubs with oblong or either singly or in clusters. H. cethiopica,
 hack] Wfyz Creatfurg of 3&at<tix$< 564
a tall with pointed egg-shaped
shrub, stigma and the ovary three-celled, becom.
;

leaves, covered with whitish down under- ing a globose or oblong berry. [T. M.J
neath, but smooth and green above, is a
native of Western Africa, where its fruit,
HiEMARIA discolor, or, as it has been
called, Goodyera discolor, is a small herba-
which consists of a number of smooth pod-
ceous orchid of South China, having creep-
like carpels about the thickness of a quill,
ing succulent stems throwing out roots at
and two inches long, is dried and used in-
intervals, bearing towards the apex a few
stead of pepper, whence it is often called
ovate leaves, and ending in an erect flower-
Negro-pepper, Guinea pepper, or Ethiopian
spike a few inches in length furnished
pepper, and by old authors Piper cethiopi-
cum. The fruits of H. undulata are used
with a number of crimson bracts. The
leaves are nearly three inches long, green
in the same way, as also are those of H.
above, and crimson underneath and the
aromatica indeed; it is probable that the
:
;

flowers are white and three-quarters of an

fruits of all the species possess similar
inch across. The plant has altogether the
aromatic and pungent properties. [A. SJ
appearance of a Goodyera, and differs
HACKBERRY. Celtis crassifolia; also chiefly from that genus in the sepals being
C. occidentalis. like the petals and not herbaceous. It is
cultivated in gardens for the sake of its
HACKMATACK. The American Larch,
beautiful leaves.
Abies pendula. [A. A. B.]

HACQUETIA. A
genus of umbellifers,
S.MM ATITICTTS. Dull red, with a slight
mixture of brown.
distinguished by having the limb of the
calyx leaf-like and persistent, forming a H^MATOCOCCUS. A genus of chloro-
crown to the fruit, which is contracted at sperms, in which, however, some of the
the sides, each half having five narrow ribs. species have red, and some green spores,
The genus was named in honour of Hac- and probably for this reason the word
quet, who published an account of the Glceocapsa has been substituted for it. The
Alpine plants of Carniola. H. Epipactis, plants consist of a shapeless gelatinous
the only species, is a small herbaceous mass made up of vesicles containing a
perennial plant resembling an Astrantia, variable number of spores which propa-
having digitate three-lobed leaves, and a gate the plant by cell-division, new cells
single umbel of yellow flowers. [G. D.] being formed from the divided spores
within the mother cell. The species are
HADSCHY. The narcotic Hashish, Can-
numerous, and are important as illustrat-
nabis sativa.
ing under a simple form the great prin-
H^EMADICTYOK A genus of dogbanes, ciple of increase by cell-division. The
distinguished by the border of the corolla individual plants closely resemble the
having five equal broad bent lobes, its gonidia of Ephebe. Some of the species are,
tube having on its inside five small scales it is believed, merely an early stage of
alternate with the lobes; the style ending certain lichens. [M. J. B.]
in a head-like summit and by five small
;

glands being situate at the base of the seed-

H^EMATORCHIS. Cyrtosia.
vessel, alternate with the divisions of the HiEMATOSTAPHIS. A small glabrous
calyx. The name is from the Greek, and tree from tropical Africa, with pinnate
indicates the crimson tint of the leaf-veins. leaves and long axillary panicles of small
The species are climbing shrubs, natives white flowers, forming a genus of Ana-
of tropical America. [G. D.] cardiacea, allied to Odina, Schinus, &c, but
differing from all in its trimerous irre-
H.EMANTHUS. A
genus of Amarylli- gular flowers, and in habit. The drupes of
dacece, consisting for the most part of
a deep crimson, collected in bunches re-
Soutli African bulbs, some few species be-
sembling grapes, are eatable, and although
ing found in tropical Africa. It belongs to
acid are not unpleasant.
the amaryllidiform group, that with a solid
scape, and the stamens not connected by a H^MATOXYLON. The tree yielding
cup. The special characteristics are a re- the well-known Logwood of commerce is
gular perianth with straight tube, and a the sole representative of this genus of
valveless fruit with a pulpaceous middle Leguminosce Cossalpiniw. It is a native
coat. The species are rather numerous. of the Bay of Campeachy in Yucatan—
They have tunicated bulbs with the scales whence named H. eampechiannm—Rind
it is
often two-ranked, and few leaves, of ten only also of other parts of Central America,
two, which are thickish and plane, erect or and has been introduced into, and is now
lying flat or the ground. The scape is naturalised in, many of the West Indian
short, often with a pair of bracts at the islands. The tree is one of medium size,
base, sometimes coloured and terminating seldom exceeding forty feet in height,
in an umbel of many crowded flowers, with a trunk about a foot and a half in
usually with a many-leaved spathe, the diameter, and having its smaller branches
leaflets of which are erect, often coloured, covered with white bark, often spiny.
and longer than the flowers. The flowers The leaves are pinnate, consisting of from
are red or white, sometimes very showy. three to four pairs of small smooth ob-
The perianth is six-cleft with erect or versely egg-shaped leaflets and the yellow
:

spreading segments, and a short tube the ; flowers are produced in racemes from the
stamens six, exserted; the style filiform, bases of the leaves. The pod is flat, tapered
with a simple or obsoletely three-lobed to both ends, and contains two seeds, but
565 K\)t EveaSurj? af 33atang. [hake
instead of splitting open along the edges, tral America; the remainder being from
as many other pods do when ripe, its thin the West Indian Islands. [A. S.]
sides burst irregularly and allow the escape
H.3SMODORACE.E. [Velloziece, Blood-
of the seeds.
Logwood, the produce of this tree, was
roots.) A natural order of epigynous mono-
cotyledons belongingto Lindley'snarcissal
one of the valuable commodities intro- alliance of Endogens. Perennial plants
duced into Europe by the Spaniards, during with fibrous roots, and sword-shaped equi-
the early part of the century following the tant leaves, and bearing woolly hairs or
discovery of America by Columbus. Its scurf on their stems and flowers. Perianth
use in England dates from the time of tubular, six-divided stamens three, placed
Queen Elizabeth, but the dyers of that ;

opposite the segments of the perianth, or

period were so little acquainted with the
six anthers introrse. Ovary three-celled,
;
chemical principles involved in the art of
sometimes one-celled style and stigma
;
dyeing, that they failed to render its
simple. Fruit usually capsular, opening
colours sufficiently permanent, and the
prejudice against it consequently became
by valves, covered by the withered peri-
anth; embryo in cartilaginous albumen.
so strong, that, in the twenty-third year of
Natives of America, the Cape, and New
Elizabeth's reign, an act of parliament was
Holland. The roots of some of the plants
yield a red colour— hence the name of the
order. Bitterness exists in some of them.
There are about a dozen genera, and fifty
species. Examples: Hcemodorum, Aletris,
Vellozia, Barbacenia. [J. H. BJ
HCEMODORUM. A genus of Hamodo-
racece, consisting of perennial glabrous
Australian herbs having fasciculate tubers,
simple leafy stems, with half-sheathing
plane or somewhat terete averse leaves, and
corymbs or branched spikes of flowers, the
perianth of which has a tube connate with
the base of the ovary, and a limb of six
narrow persistent segments, three sta-
mens, and a three-celled ovary with fili-
form style and simple stigma. [T. M.]

HAGBERRY. Cerasus Padus; also Cel-

tis crassifolia.

HAIMARADA. Vandellia
HATR, AFRICAN. The fibre of the leaves
of the Palmetto, Chamcerops humilis.
HAIRBELL. Campanula rotundifolia.
Haematoxylon campechianum. HAIR-BRANCH TREE. Trichocladus
crinitus.
passed prohibiting its use, and ordering it
to be burned wherever found within the HAIR-POINTED. Terminating in a very
realm ; was subsequently
and although it fine weak point.
surreptitiously introduced under the name
HAIR-SHAPED. The same as Filiform,
of Black-wood, this law was not repealed but more slender, so as to resemble a hair;
until the time of Charles II., nearly a cen-
it isoften applied to the fine ramifications
tury afterwards. At the present day it is
of the inflorescence of grasses.
largely employed by calico-printers and
cloth-dyers, and also by hat-makers, who HAIRS. Small delicate transparent co-
use it, in combination with indigo and nical expansions of the epidermis, con-
certain mordants, for imparting the fine sisting of one or more cells.
black to silk hats. It likewise forms an
ingredient in some of the commoner de-
HAIRY. Covered with short weak thin
hairs.
scriptions of writing-ink. Its properties
depend upon the presence of a colouring HAIR-TRIGGER FLOWER. Stylidium
principle termed hcematoxylin or hcematin graminifolium.
by Chevreul. HAT-TSAI. A transparent gluten much
Logwood occurs in commerce in logs used in China the chief ingredient is sup-
;
about three feet long, and consists of the
posed to be Plocaria tenax, a small sea-
heart-wood of the tree, from which the sap-
weed.
wood, which is light-coloured and value-
less, has been removed. It is of a deep dull HAKEA. A large proteaceous genus
brownish-red colour, and very hard and containing above one hundred species. It
heavy and, for the convenience of dyers,
; is distinguished by having a calyx irre-
it is cut into chips by means of powerful gularly four-cleft or with four linear or
machinery. Our imports in 1860 amounted spatnulate sepals, each lobe or sepal bear-
to 26,938 tons, the greater and most valued ing on its concave apex an ovate sessile
portion of which was the produce of Cen- anther; a filiform style, and terminal or
haxb] Cf)e CreaSurg at botany. 566
oblique stigma; and a one-celled seed- slightly 'that they easily
separate. —
vessel (follicle), which is generally woody, NETTED. When of several layers of any-
ovate or oblong and swollen, rarely glo- thing, the outer one only is netted as in
bose, smooth or tuberculated, and often the roots of Gladiolus communis. STEM-— ;

with two spurs. The foliage is extremely CLASPING. Clasping the base in a small
variable in H.acicularis,propinqua, pugio-
: degree. —
TEB.ETE. A
long narrow body,
niformis, lonyicuspis, Cunniughamii, lorea, flat on one side, convex on the other.
&c, it is simple, filiform, occasionally far- HALVED. When the inequality of the
rowed, and the points mostly very sharp, two sides of an organ is so great that one
the leaves in the last-named species being half of the figure is either wholly or nearly
from eighteen inches to two feet in length wanting, as the leaf of many Begonias.
in H. lasiocarpha, trifurcata, &c, it is very
narrow and flat in H. linear is, florida, ilici-
; HALIANTHE. (Fr.) Arenariapeploides.
folia, prostrata, &c, it is linear-lanceolate
or ovate, with more or less spiny margins
HALIDRYS. A generic name given to
;
the old Fucus siliquosus, which is a fre-
in H. cucullata, conchifolia, and Victoria;, it
quent inhabitant of our coasts, and dis-
is broadly heart-shaped, with toothed mar-
tinguished at once from all other native
gins in H.arborescens, Leucadendron, pan-
;
Algce by the pod-like jointed air-bladders.
danicarpa, dactyloides, &c, it is linear-
spathulate and of a very leathery texture.
The only other representative of the ge-
nus, H. osmundacea, is found on the north-
The fruit of //. pandanicarpa is very large, west coast of America. [M. J. B.]
and. covered with conical tubercles. The
leaves in H. mimosoides, saligna, olei/olia, HALIMEDA. A genus of calcareous
&c, are either lanceolate or ovate. The green-spored Alga, with the habit of the
genus consists generally of tall shrubs, or Indian fig, belonging to the natural order
occasionally of small trees, as H. lorea, Siphbnece. The frond is composed, like
Preissii, arborescens, &c. Some of the Caulerpa, of a branched thread which tra-
species have been found in every portion A'erses every part of the plant, but never
of Australia and Tasmania that has yet has any articulations. The endochrome is
been visited. [R. H.] at length resolved into minute zoospores.
The species are all inhabitants of warm
HALBERD-WEED. Neurolcena. seas. H. Opuntia is widely diffused, and is
H ALBERT-HE ADED. Abruptly enlarged found in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,
at the base into two diverging lobes, like and also in the Mediterranean and Red
the head of a halbert. seas. The plants grow in sand or amongst
fragments of shells, being attached by a
HALEDSCH. Balanites cegyptiaca.
mass of fine thread-like roots, which grasp
HALENIA. A genus of Siberian herba- the particles of sand &c, and form a little
ceous plants of the gentian family. Their ball. [M. J. B.]
flowers have a four-parted calyx a four-
;

cleft corolla whose segments are prolonged

HALIMTJS. A
group of Chenopodiacece,
but now sunk under the
allied to Atriplex,
at the base into a spur four stamens and
; ;
genus Obione; it is, however, retained as a
a one-celled ovary with a two-lobed stigma. section of the latter, distinguished by
E. heterantha is remarkable from its lower having the perigone surrounding the fruit
flowers having no spurs, while the upper closed, and joined by the whole length of
ones are provided with them. [M. T. M.] their sides. Obione pedunculata, an annual,
HALESIACEJE. One of the names of found, though rarely, in salt marshes in
the order Styracacea. the south-east of England, belongs to this
section it has alternate obovate or oblong
;

HALESIA. A genus of Styracacece, dif- slightly fleshy leaves, with a mealy cover-
fering from the others in its two to four- ing, and axillary glomerules of small
winged fruits, which are one to two inches flowers arranged in interrupted spikes.
long, with a bony one to four-celled kernel. The fruit is remarkable from the peduncu-
The Snowdrop or Silver-bell trees, as the lated obcordate fruiting bracts. [J. T. S.]
species are commonly called, are natives
of the United States. They are deciduous HALLERIA. A genus of Scrophulariacece,
shrubs or small trees with alternate stalked consisting of erect glabrous shrubs, with
ovate-oblong toothed leaves, an inch or two opposite ovate evergreen leaves, and showy
long when the plant is in flower, but much scarlet flowers, solitary or clustered in the
larger when mature. The flowers bear |
upper axils. The shape of the corolla is
much resemblance to snowdrops, and are nearly that of a Pentstemon, but the calyx
is broad and cup-shaped there is no rudi-
supported on slender drooping stalks, two i
;

or three together, arising from the buds [

mentary fifth stamen, and the fruit is a
of the preceding year. A fine tree about i
berry. There are three species known, all
thirty feet high ofH. tetraptera may be seen natives of the Cape Colony in South Africa.
in the Arboretum in Kew Gardens, flower-
ing in May and June. The genus bears the
HALL I A. A genus of Leguminosce
peculiar to South Africa, consisting of a
name of Dr. Stephen Hales. [A. A. B.]
few erect or decumbent perennial herbs,
HALF. Sometimes used in the sense of with slender angled or winged stems,
one-sided as half-cordate, which signifies simpleheart-snaped or lance-shaped leaves,
—
;

cordate on one side only. MONOPET- and in their axils solitary or twin stalked
ALOUS. Having the petals united, but so flowers, nearly the size of those of a vetch,
 567 ®t)e Ereatfurg al SSotanj?. [hame
and violet-coloured. most, common mare's-tail of our ponds. There
The genus is
nearly related to Alhagi but they are are ten genera and about eighty species.
;

spiny erect bushes, with more than one Examples Hippuris, Myriophyllum, Halo- :

i seed to the pod, while here the habit is ragis, Trapa. [J. H. B.]
very different, and the minute compressed HALORAGIS. A genus of Haloragacew,
pods have but one seed. Linnaeus named differing from the greater number of
the genus after Berger Martin Hall, one of plants of this order, in not being aquatic.
his pupils. [A. A. B.]
They occur in tropical Asia, and more
HALOCXEMTTM. A genus of Chenopo- abundantly in Australia and Xew Zealand.
diacece, allied to Salicornia, but having the Their lower leaves are opposite, the upper
perigone of three scale-like leaves, not often alternate and the flowers are axil- ;

monophyllous. They are small leafless lary, solitary or aggregated, combined into
jointed-stemmed plants, with the flowers spikes, racemes, or even panicles. H.
collected into terminal spikes, much as in citriodora, the Piri-jiri of the Xew Zea-
Salicornia, They occur chiefly in Southern landers, has scented leaves. [J. T. SJ

Russia, Siberia, &c. [J. T. S.] HAMADRYAS. A genus of Ranuncu-

HALODEXDROX SATIXE. (Fr.) Hali- lacece from the Antarctic regions. More or
modendron argenteum. less silky herbs, with palmately-parted or
undivided leaves, and scapes with one to
HALODULE. A genus of Naiadacew three flowers, the calyx and corolla ex-
allied to Zannichellia, of which it has the ternally hairy, the former with five or six
habit, but with dioecious flowers the ;
sepals, the latter with ten or twelve long
leaves resemble those of Zostera in minia- linear subulate petals. The flo%vers are
ture. The plant grows in estuaries in and the female ones
dioecious by abortion,
Madagascar. [J. T. S.] have an ovate globose head of pistils ter-
minated by hooked styles. [J. T. S.]
H ALOGETOX. A genus of Chenopodiaceae
allied to Salsola, but having the seed ver- HAMAMELIDACE.E. (Witch Hazels.)
tical instead of horizontal. They are herbs A natural order of calycifloral dicotyledons,
or small shrubs found in Southern Russia, belonging to Lindley's umbellal alliance of
Siberia, Persia, &c, with alternate or epigynous Exogens. Trees or shrubs with
opposite fleshy semi-cylindrical leaves, alternate feather-veined leaves having de-
and axillary glomerules of flowers, of ciduous stipules. Calyx four to five-divi-
which the perigone is furnished with trans- ded petals four, five, or wanting stamens
; ;

verse wings when in fruit. The seeds of eight, the anthers introrse ;ovary two-
H. tamariscifolium, a Spanish species, are celled, inferior; ovules solitary or several
called Spanish Wormseed from their an- styles two. Fruit two-valved; seeds pen-
thelmintic properties. [J. T. S.] dulous, albuminous. In some of the plants
there are circular disk-like markings in the
HALOPHILA. A genus of small her-
•>
woody tubes. Xatives of Xorth America,
baceous plants growing in salt marshes in Asia, and Africa. There are thirteen
Madagascar and elsewhere, usually referred
|

known genera, including Hamamelis, Eho-

to the Podostemacece, but excluded by doleia, and Bucklandia. [J. H. BJ
Tulasne in his elaborate treatise ou that
order. They are plants of little general HAMAMELIS. A
genus of the witch-
interest, having unisexual flowers, with a hazel order, distinguished by its calyx
two-leaved perianth, and three stamens ;
being four-parted the corolla of four
;

and in the female ones, a stalked one- petals the stamens four, alternate with
;

celled ovary. [M. T. M.] the petals, and having four scale-like bodies
—rudimentary stamens -opposite the pe-
HALORAGACE.E. (Haloragece, Hippuri- tals. The name was adopted from a Greek
dece, Cercodiance,Hydrocaryes, Hippurids.) term used to indicate resemblance to an
A natural order of calycifloral dicotyle-
l

apple tree, a comparison which is scarcely

The species are shrubs of
I

dons, belonging to Lindley's myrtal alliance ! applicable.

of epigynous Exogens. Herbs or under- I
Xorth America and China, with alternate
shrubs, often aquatic, with alternate oppo- leaves, and usually yellow flowers. H, vir-
site or whorled leaves, and small frequent- ginica has been long known in cultivation.
ly incomplete flowers. Calyx adherent, It has obovate toothed leaves, and is widely
with a minute limb petals inserted into
; diffused in Xorth America, attaining a
the upper part of the calyx, or absent; height of ten or twelve feet, its yellow
stamens attached to the calyx ovary with ; flowers appearing in the fall of the year,
one or more cells ovules pendulous ana-
; and its fruit ripening in spring. Its seeds
tropal. Fruit dry, not opening seeds ; contain a quantity of oil, and are edible ;

solitary, pendulous. The plants may be while the leaves and bark are astringent.
regarded as an imperfect form of Onar It is employed as a remedy in various
graces. They are found in damp places, ways by the aborigines. [G.D.J
ditches, and slow streams in all parts of
the world. Some yield edible seeds. The
HAMATO-SERRATUS. "When serra-
kernels of Tmpa nutans and T. bicornis,
tures have a somewhat hooked form.
called water chestnuts, and of T. bispinom, HAMELIA. Tropical American shrubs,
singhara nuts, are used as articles of diet. forming a genus of Cinchonacece, named in
The fruit of these plants has a peculiar honour of M. du Hamel, a noted French
horned aspect. Hippuris vulgaris is the vegetable physiologist. The flowers are
Hame] %fyz €vzz$uxu at 23atang. 568
orange-coloured and tubular stamens five,
; one seed and the fruit is oval, covered
;

concealed within the corolla: ovary tive- with long spines, and bursting open like
celled, surmounted by an epigynous disk that of Momordica, propelling the flat
style simple stigma undivided; fruit suc-
; circular seeds (resembling those of Feuil-
culent, five-celled, with numerous seeds in lea) to some distance. The Mexican squir-
each compartment. H. -patens and other rels are fond of eating the seeds, but, being
species are in cultivation as stove plants, unable to open a fruit so well protected by
and have handsome flowers. [M. T. M.] spines, they wait in the morning for the
HAMELINIA. A genus founded by time when the first rays of the sun fall
Richard on imperfect female specimens of upon the ripe ones and cause them to burst.
Astelia Banksii or Solandri, and conse-
The Mexicans term the plant Chayotilla,
quently not adopted by other botanists
from the close resemblance of its fruit to
that of the cayotl or chayota (Sechium
who have had better opportunities of ex- edule). [B. S.J
amining these species. [J. T. S.]

HAMI (adj. HAMATE, HAMOSE). Heimia HANCHINOL. The Mexican name for
salicifolia.
Hooks, hairs, or small spines which are
hooked at the point. HANCORNIA. A small genus of Apocy-
nacece, found in Brazil, and forming small
HAMILTONTA. Indian shrubs with trees or shrubs, abounding in all parts with
fragrant flowers, constituting a genus of
a viscid milky juice, which is one of the
Cinchonacece. The flowers have a funnel-
sources of caoutchouc. They have entire
shaped corolla with a long tube and a limb
opposite leaves, marked with pellucid
divided into five oblong lobes; stamens
veins; and sweet-smelling flowers resem-
five, concealed within the tube of the
bling those of the jasmine. The calyx is
corolla; ovary inferior, five-celled; style
five-parted, without glands; the corolla
simple; stigma with five acute segments
has a long narrow tube, hairy inside, and
capsule one-celled, with five one-seeded
the Ave segments spread out when the
stones. R. suaveolens and H. scabra are flower opens, but are previously rolled
cultivated in stoves, for the sake of their
round each other; the five stamens are
white fragrant flowers. [M. T. MJ
inserted into the middle of the tube and ;

HAMMERSEDGE. Carex hirta. the ovary is divided into two cells, and has
a long thread-like smooth style, and a
HAMPEA. A genus of the Bombax forked stigma. The fruit is a large globu-
family peculiar in the nature of its fruits, lar or pear-shaped fleshy berry, exuding a
which are rusty-coloured capsules of the milky juice when wounded, and contain-
size of a cherry, bursting into two or three
ing numerous hard seeds lying in pulp.
portions, each portion containing a single
E, speciosa is a small tree somewhat re-
seed with a fleshy aril at its base. There
sembling the weeping-birch in habit, with
are but two species, one a Mexican bush,
drooping branches, and small oblong
the other a tree of New Grenada. Both leaves, sharp at the base, and rounded but
have alternate long-stalked leaves, like
with a short point at the apex. It is called
those of the common poplar but larger; Mangaba or Mangava, and bears a most deli-
and bear on the same tree sterile and fer- cious fruit, which is a great favourite with
tile white flowers, about half an inch the Brazilians, but is only fit to eat when
across, solitai-y or two to three together in perfectly ripe, or after being kept for a
the axils of the leaves. They have a bell- short time. It is about the size of a plum,
shaped calyx with an entire border, five of a yellow colour marked with red spots or
narrow petals slightly united at the base, streaks. The milky juice of the tree, when
and numerous stamens of unequal length ;
exposed to the air, hardens into a kind of
or, in the fertile flowers, a few barren sta-
caoutchouc. [A. SJ
mens united into a ring inserted on the
base of the petals, and surrounding the HAND-PLANT. Clieirostemon plata-
ovary. [A. A. B.] iwides.
HAMULOSE. Covered with little hooks. HANNEBANNE. (Fr.) Hyoscyamus
HAMULUS. A kind of hooked bristle niger.
found in the flower of Uncinia. Schleiden
regards it as a third glume, free from the HANNOA. The name of a Senegambian
tree, forming a genus of Simarubacece.
two which form the flask.
The flowers are unisexual, the males with
HANBURIA mexicana is the sole re- the sepals combined into a somewhat
presentative of a genus of Cucurbitacece two-lipped calyx, and the rudimentary
peculiar to the mountains near Cordoba, ovaries concealed within a large disk. The
Mexico, and named after Daniel Hanbury, female flowers are not known. [M. T. MJ
a distinguished London pharmacologist.
It is a climber, having a pentagonal stem, HAPLANTHUS. A genus of Acan-
furnished with simple tendrils, cordate thaceoE,containing three species, natives
leaves, axillary or terminal white and of India. They are erect branching herbs,
monoecious flowers, the males being ar- with ovate petiolate leaves, and flowers in
ranged in racemes, whilst the females are few-flowered terminal racemes furnished
solitary in the axils of the leaves. The with small bracts. The calyx is five-
calyx and corolla are bell-shaped the; parted, the corolla funnel-shaped, with an
ovary is four-celled, each cell containing unequally five-cleft limb; the two stamens
 569 €\)c Crca^urt? at 33fltann. [hard
are included , and the capsule is linear and HAPLOPTERIS. A genus of polypodia-
flattened, with several seeds. ceous ferns of the group Pteridece-, having
[W. C]
simple coriaceous fasciculate fronds, on
HAPLODESMIUM. A
genus of Mela- which the sori are linear continuous and
stomacece, consisting of a shrubby branch- marginal, with a broad firm marginal in-
ing small-leaved plant, with elliptical flexed indusium opening along the inner
leaves and tetranierous flowers. The edge. The veins are simple from a central
calyx is carapanulate, its teeth nearly costa. H. scolopendnna, the only species,
equalling the tube; the petals oblong- a native of Bourbon, has quite the aspect
ovate, blunt: the stamens eight equal; of a broad-fronded species of Vittaria or
and the ovary free, four-celled. The fruit Tceniopsis. [T. M.]
is a four-valved capsule crowned by the
persistent teeth of the calyx. H. Linde- HAPLOSCIADIUM. An Abyssinian um-
nianum, a native of the Andes about Trux- bellifer with radical twice-pinnated leaves,
like those of a Meum, and simple umbels on
illo, grows at an elevation of from 4,000
to 12,000 feet. [J. H. B.] simple or scarcely branched scapes. It is
supposed to constitute a distinct genus,
HAPLOL.ENE.E. A tribe of frondose but the fruit is not sufficiently known to
Jungermanniacece, characterised by a one- characterise it with certainty.
leaved involucre without any true perianth HAPLOSTEMMA. A name proposed by
(the sheathing tube being merely the veil), Endlicher to receive a plant which Decaisne
a spherical capsule, and dichotomous rib- has referred to Vincetoxicum, from which it
|
bed fronds. Sometimes the rib is con- does not differ materially. [W. C]
I
fluent with the margin. This tribe contains
J
some of the finest of the frondose liver- HAPLOSTYLUS. Rhynchospora.
worts, vying with the smaller Hymeno-
|

phylla in beauty and delicacy of frond (see

HAPLOTAXIS. The same as Aplotaxis.
Symphyogyna). Pellia epiphylla is a well- HARDENBERGIA. A genus of Legumi-
known British representative. [M. J. B.] nosce found in Southern and Western Aus-
tralia, and consisting of a few slender
HAPLOPAPPUS. An American genus woody climbers, very similar in appearance,
of Composite, distinguished from its allies and all desirable as greenhouse plants from
in the Solidaginece by the oblong or top- the profusion of their flowers. They are
shaped more or less silky achenes being most nearly related to Kennedy a, from
crowned with a pappus of rigid (not capil- which they are readily distinguished by
lary) bristles. Some are North American, their flowers being small and numerous,
but the greater number are Chilian, and arranged in stalked racemes, instead of few
some of them inhabit the high .Andean and nearly as large as those of a pea. 3.
regions. They are mostly perennials, with monophylla, a common greenhouse climber,
alternate lance-shaped or oblong leaves, has alternate smooth leaves, bearing a
and twigs terminated by yellow-rayed single lance-shaped or oblong leaflet two
flower-heads, though in some the heads are to three inches long, and prominently
without rays. A
few are nearly stemless, nerved. The racemes vary in length, but
with leaves like those of the daisy but are generally longer than the leaves, and
sharply toothed, while others have pinna- bear numerous usually blue flowers. The
tifid downy leaves. A shrubby Chilian spe- long carrot-shaped somewhat woody root of
cies, H. Baylahuen, with glutinous stems, this plant is called by the colonists Sarsapa-
and spathulate unequally-toothed leaves rilla, and, according to Mr. Adamson, is used
embracing the stem by their narrowed by the goldminers in infusion as a substi-
base, is used by the Chilians, according to tute for that root. Other species have three
M. Gay, in the treatment of various diseases leaflets instead of one. The genus bears
in their domestic animals, and is called by the name of Prances Countess Hardenberg,
them Baylahuen. [A. A. B.] sister of Baron Hugel the eminent German
.HAPLOPHLEBIA. Alsophila. traveller. [A. A. B.J

HAPLOPETALUM. A genus of Legno- HARDHACK. Spircea tomentosa.

tidecE,which tribe Mr. Bentham refers to HARDHAY. Hypericum quadrangulare.
the order Rhizophoracece. The genus is
thus characterised :— Calyx four-parted; HARDHEADS. Centaurea nigra.
petals four entire stamens four or five
;
HARDOCK, or HARLOCK. Probably
times as numerous as the petals, inserted the Burdock, Arctium Lappa.
on the margin of a very short disk lower ;

part of the ovary, which alone contains HARDWICKIA. A small genus of East
the ovules, adherent to the calyx, the Indian trees, belonging to the Ccesalpinia
upper part detached. The species is a Fee- group of Leguminosce, and nearly related to
jean plant. [M. T. M.] the copaiva-balsam trees of South America.
The abruptly pinnate leaves in H. binata
HAPLOPHYLLUM. A genus of peren- are composed of one, and in 3. pinnata
nial plants or undershrubs, natives of of three pairs of opposite unequal-sided
Southern Europe &c, and distinguished somewhat oval leaflets; and the minute
from Rv.ta by their simple leaves, and five dull yellow flowers are arranged in a spiked
to six-parted flowers, the filaments hairy manner in axillary or terminal panicles.
on their inner surface, and the style thick- Each flower consists of four or five sepals ;

ened towards the top. [M. T. M.] eight to ten stamens, the alternate ones
hare] $FI)e Ereagurg at 330taug. 570
shorter and an ovary crowned with a short
; two narrow and entire segments nearly as j

style, and a shield-like stigma. The lance- long as the corolla. H. brasihana, a bush !

shaped pods are two to three inches long, of four to eight feet high, clothed with a I

compressed and one-seeded. Both species reddish velvety down, hears handsome j

are trees of considerable size, and H. bi- scarlet pea-flowers disposed in a panicled I

nata is said to yield a good timber suit- or racemed manner towards the ends of
able for many purposes. [A. A. B.] the twigs. The Mexican species are
|

smooth, and have purple flowers. In all,

HAREBELL. Hyacinthus nonscriptus. five of the ten stamens, which are united
!

The name is also sometimes applied to the

into a sheath, are shorter than the others,
Hairbell, Campanula rotundifolia.
and have small rounded anthers. The pods
HAREBURR. Arctium Lappa. are coriaceous, somewhat flattened, and
many-seeded, and, as in Cassia, the seeds
HARE'SBANE. Aconitum Lagoctonum. are separated from each other by trans-
HARE'SBEARD. Verbascum Thapsus. verse partitions. [A. A. B.]

HARE'SEAR. Bupleurum also Erysi-; HARPANEMA. A

genus of Asclepiada-
mum austriacum and orientate. — , BAS- cece,containing a single species, a native
TARD. Phyllis Nobla. of Madagascar. It is a climbing shrub with
opposite glabrous coriaceous leaves, and
HARE'SFOOT. Ochroma Lagopus ; also
small flowers in compound axillary cymes.
Trifolium arvense.
The calyx is five-parted the corolla is
;

HARE'S-LETTUCE, or HARE'S-PA- rotate and five-cleft the staminal corona

:

LACE. Sonchus oleraceus. consists of five linear bifid hooked pro-

cesses alternating with the lobes of the
HARE'STAIL. Lagurus ovatus. corolla; the anthers have a fleshy apex
HARETHISTLE. Sonchus oleraceus. bent down upon the stigma; and the
pollen-masses are attached by fours to the
HARICOT. (Fr.) Phaseolus. The ripe stigmatic corpuscles. [W. C]
seeds of P. vulgaris and other species of
kidney-bean are cooked under the general HARRISONIA. The name of a shrub with
name of Haricots. —
A P1EDS. Phaseolus prickly branches, found in the island of
nanus. —
A RAMER, BLANC, or COM- Timor, and referred to the Simarubacece,
MUN. Phaseolus vulgaris. —
BE HOL- among which it is known by the stamens
LANDE. Phaseolus compressus. BE LA — being attached to hairy two-lobed scales
JAMAIQUE. Phaseolus lathyroides. — by the four-lobed ovary and by the four
;

BESPAGNE. Phaseolus multijlorus. — ;

styles, separate at the base, but united

DE PRAGUE. Phaseolus spharicus. — above. The same name has been applied
BE SOISSONS. Phaseolus compressus. to an asclepiad with scarlet flowers, now
— DE TONQUIN. Phaseolus tunkhtensis. included under Baxtera. [M. T. M.]
— EN ARBRE. Wistaria frutescens.
— ENTOUFFE. Phaseohos nanus. —EN HARSTRONG or HORESTRONG. Peu-
ZIGZAG. Phaseolus Mungo. - FLAGEO- cedanum officinale.
LET NAIN. Phaseolus tumidus. LI- — HARTIGHSEA. A small genus of Melia-
MACON. Phaseolus Caracalla. NAIN. — ceai confined to the islands of the Indian
Phaseolus nanus. —
PRINCESSE. Pha- Archipelago, New Zealand, the east coast
seolus tumidus. —ROUGE
D'ORLEANS. of New Holland, and Norfolk Island. They
Phaseolus vulgaris. are trees of moderate height, with large
HARIF, or HEIRIFF. Galium Aparine. pinnate leaves, and long panicles of small-
ish flowers, which have a small four or flve-
HARINA. A genus of East Indian palms, lobed calyx, five narrow petals joined to-
previously described under the name of gether by their bases, the tube of the sta-
WaUichia, by which they are most generally mens cylindrical and fleshy, with eight or
known. Harina, however, forms a section ten rounded notches at the apex, and the
of the genus, characterised by having the three-celled ovary included within a tubu-
male and female flowers upon the same lar disk occupying the centre of the flower.
plant, the males being in dense masses, H. spectabilis, a native of NewZealand, forms
and having an undivided calyx, and six a tree forty or fifty feet high. Its drooping
stamens. [A.S.] panicles of pale-coloured flowers measure
from eight to twelve inches in length,
HARLANDIA. The glabrous climbing !

and grow from the main trunk or older

plant described under this name, and
native at Hong Kong, is stated by Mr.
]

branches. The New-Zealanders call the

I

tree Kohe or Wahahe. Its leaves have a

Bentham to belong to the cucurbitaceous bitter taste, and are employed as a substi-
genus Karivia. [M. T. MJ
tute for hops, and a spirituous infusion of
HARLOCK. Probably Burdock, Arctium them as a stomachic medicine. [A. S.]
Lappa.
HARTOGIA. A genus of Celastracece
HARPALTCE. A small genus of hand- peculiar to South Africa, and represented
some erectpinnate-leaved bushes of by a single species, H. capensis, a small
Mexico and Brazil, belonging to the Galega much-branched tree, with opposite lance-
group of the Leguviinosce, and differing shaped serrated leaves, and small white
from its allies in the calyx being cleft numerous flowers in axillary cymes or
nearly to the base and consisting of but panicles. The fruits are dry elliptical two-
571 Ei)C STrcatfurp nf iSotang,
celled two-seeded drupes, as large as a plant, and lives by sucking it. A sucker,
good-sized pea. The seeds beinar destitute as in dodder, ivy, &c.
of albumen, and not surrounded by an aril,
are the distinguishing characters. John
HAUTBOIS. A kind of Strawberry,
Fragaria elatior.
Hartog, whose name is commemorated in
this genus, was an early Dutch traveller in HAUTBOIS. (Fr.) Sambucus nigra.
South Africa and Ceylon. [A. A. B.]
HAVER. The Wild Oat, Avena fatua.
HART'SBALLS. ElapJwmyces.
HAW. The fruit of the hawthorn, Cra-
HARTSHORN. Plantago Coronopus. taegus Oxyacantha. — , BLACK. Viburnum
prunifolium.
HART'STONGUE. Scolopendrium ; also
Olfersia cervina. HAWKBIT. Apargia ; also Eieracium.
HARTWEGIA purpurea. An epiphytal HAWKNUT. Bunium flexuosum.
orchid of Mexico and Guatemala, with a
short stem bearing a single lance-shaped
HAWK'SBEARD. Crepis.
leaf covered with brownish spots, and an HAWKWEED. Hieracium.
erect wiry flower-scape a foot in length,
with a few small bright pink flowers at the HAWORTHIA. One of the subdivisions
apex. It is closely related to Epidendrum of the genus Aloe, consisting of small
;

and is named after Mr. Theodor Hartweg, curious-looking and extremely interesting
once collector in South America for the succulent herbs of South Africa, distin-
Royal Horticultural Society. [A. A. B.] guished by having erect flowers, the peri-
anth with a straight tube and two-lipped
HARTWORT. Tordylium. limb, the stamens adherent to the base of
HARVEST-BELLS. Gentiana Pneumon- the perianth, and the capsule ribbed. Some
anthe. of the species are remarkable for the trans-
lucent substance of their leaves, or for
HARYEYA capensis is an erect simple their elegant reticulated markings. [T. M.]
herb, a parasite on the roots of heaths at
the Cape of Good Hope; and constitutes a HAWTHORN. Crataegus Oxyacantha.
genus of Scrophulariacece of the tribe Ge- — , INDIAN. Ehaphiolepis.
rardiece. It is nearly allied to Avlaya, and, H AYLOCKIA. One of the hippeastrif orm
like that genus, has four didynamous sta- Amaryllidacece referred to a separate genus.
mens, all bearing anthers, with one fertile It is a small bulb, with hiemal very narrow
ovate awned cell, and the other cell long linear leaves, and autumnal one T flowered
and subulate but empty it differs chiefly
; concealed scapes bearing a solitary white
in its large inflated herbaceous calyx. flower stained with purple. This has a cy-
HASHISH. The Arabian name lindrical tube enlarged at the mouth, and a
of the
narcotic Cannabis sativa. regular limb, funnel-shaped below and par-
tially spreading above the filaments of al- ;

HASKWORT. Campanula lati/olia. ternate lengths, conniving, the sepaline

HASSAGAY TREE. Curtisia faginea. inserted at the base of the limb, the peta-
line higher and the style erect, with a
;

HASSELQTJISTIA. A genus of urnbelli- three-cleft stigma. It is allied to Zephy-

fers distinguished by the petals of the ranthus, and is found in Uruguay. [T. M.]
central flowers being inversely ovate and
slightly notched at the end, those in the HAYMAIDS. Glechoma.
circumference of the umbel spreading and '
HAZEL. Corylus Avellana. — , WITCH.
two-cleft; by half of each fruit produced Hamamelis.
by the central flowers being abortive, the
other partly folded round it; and by the HAZELWORT. Asarum europceum.
fruits at the outer part of the umbel being
flat with a thick winged border, slightly HE AD- ACHE TREE. Premna integrifolia.
wrinkled. The genus was named by Lin-
nagus in honour of Hasselquist, a well-
HEART, FLOATING. An American
known Eastern traveller. The species are name for Limnanthemum.
annual herbs, natives of Syria, and have HEART'S-EASE. Viola tricolor.
the stems hairy. [G. D.]
HEART-SEED. Cardiospermum.
HASSKARLIA. The name of a genus
of Indian and Javanese Pandanacece. The HEART-SHAPED. The same as Cordate.
fruits consist of three to five or rarely
more ovaries united together, each one- HEART-WOOD. The central part of
the timber of Exogens, hardened or altered
seeded, the seeds being like those of the
alliedgenus Freycinetia. [M. T. MJ
by age.

HASTATE. Shaped
HEATH. Erica. — , BERRIED. Em-
like the head of a petrum. — , IRISH. Menziesia (or Dabce.-
halbert. cia) polifolia. — , MOOR. Gypsocallis. —
HATHER. The common Heath or ST. DABEOC'S. Menziesia polifolia. — , SEA.
Heather. Frankenia.
HAUSTORIUM. A small root which HEATHER. Cdllunavulgaris. -, HIMA-
attaches itself to the surface of some other LAYAN. Andromeda fastigiata.
 heat] &§t Crca£urg of 3Sotanj>. 572
HEATHWORTS. Lindley's name lor herbs or dwarf shrubs, with small leaves
the Ericacem. and whorls of flowers borne towards the
tops of the branches. The genus is prin-
HEAUMIER. (Fr.) Cerasus vulgaris. cipally distinguished from its allies by
having only the two lower stamens fertile,
HEBECLADT7S. A genus of Solanacece,
the two upper ones being either short and
closely allied to Atropa. The name is given
sterile, or altogether wanting and by the
in allusion to the downy branches of the
;

corolla being short and never of a scarlet

species. The corolla is funnel-shaped, colour. H. pulegioides, the Penny-royal of
with a large tube, longer than the calyx, America, is an annual, with numerous
the limb spreading, wavy, five-cleft, fre-
branches, small opposite egg-shaped leaves,
quently with small teeth intermediate be- and small pale-blue flowers. It is found in
tween the lobes. The species are natives the United States from Carolina to Canada,
of tropical America, and one of them, H.
and is extensively used for medical pur-
biflorus, with yellow flowers, is cultivated
poses, particularly in domestic practice,
in our greenhouses. [M. T. M.]
large quantities of it being brought to the
HEBECLINIUM. ASouth American markets for sale. An infusion or tea of it
genus of Composite, closely allied to Eupa- is a popular remedy for colds and pains in
torium, differing chiefly in the elevated the legs. The whole plant has a strong
and villous instead of flat and naked pungent but pleasant scent, and a mint-
receptacles on which the florets are seated. like taste. [A. S.]
-The species are herbaceous or somewhat
shrubby plants with opposite leaves, and HEDERACE^E. Another name for the
order Araliacem.
the twigs are terminated by corymbs of
numerous white, purple, or rose-coloured HEDERA. Agenus of Araliaeece, con-
flower-heads containing tubular florets sisting of evergreen climbing shrubs, with
with protruding styles. One of the most simple exstipulate leaves, and an umbellate
handsome is the Mexican H. ianiliinum, a inflorescence. The margin of the calyx is
good-sized bush, having the stems and elevated and five-toothed, the petals five,
branches clothed with rusty down, and the not cohering at the apex, the stamens five,
numerous flower-heads disposed in co- the style single with five obscure stigmas,
rymbs, and of a fine mauve colour. [A.A.B.] and the berries five-celled. The common
Ivy, H. Helix, one of our wild plants, is the
HEBENSTREITIA. A
genus of Sela- badge of the Gordons. This well-known
giuacece, containing sixteen species, na-
evergreen climber, which mantles and ca-
tives of the Cape of Good Hope. They are
nopies the picturesque ruin, adorns in
undershrubs with alternate or scattered winter the bare trunks of deciduous timber
leaves,and membranaceous bracts sur- trees, clothes the hedge-row banks of our
rounding the flowers. The calyx is mono- rural lanes, is admitted to various uses in
sepalous, and the corolla tubular at the the decoration of our gardens, and is made
base, with a somewhat one-lipped limb
by poets the emblem of friendship. Its
there are four exserted stamens and the ;
steins cling by means of little rootlets to
deflexed style passes through a Assure of the walls or tree-trunks with which they
the corolla. [W. C] come in contact, throwing out right and
HECASTOPHYLLUM. The same as left their shining five-angled leaves, but
Ecastap h y Hum. after they have reached the summit of the
object to which they cling, they branch
HECUBJEA. A genus of Composite out into woody bushy heads with simple
peculiar to Mexico, and there represented leaves, bearing at the end of every twig a
by a single species, H. scorzonerce/olia, a little umbel of yellowish flowers succeeded
smooth unbranched herb about a foot by dark-coloured berries. The plant is
high, furnished with a few alternate entire liable to much variation, and many interest-
lance-shaped leaves, and terminal solitary ing varieties are in cultivation. Many tro-
long-stalked yellow-rayed flower-heads an pical species once referred here now form
inch or more across. The ray florets are the genera Oreopanax, Dendropanax, Agal-
strap-shaped and female, the strap deeply ina, Sciadophullum, &c. An ivy-clad ruin
divided into three or five parts; and the is shown in Plate 20. [T. M.]
disk florets are tubular, five-toothed, and
perfect. The relationship of the genus is HEDGEBELLS. Calystegia sepium.
with the North American Helenium, from
which it differs in the achenes being de- HEDGEBERRY Cerasus avium.
stitute of pappus. The analogy of the two
genera is curiously expressed in the names HEDGEHOG. Medicago intertexta.
they bear Hecuba was the daughter of Di-
:
HEDGEMAIDS. Glechoma hederacea.
mas, king of Thrace, and Helcnus {Hele-
nium) was one of her sons. [A. A. B.] HEDWIGIA. A "West Indian tree,
abounding in resin. It forms a genus of
HEDAROMA. A name sometimes given Amyridacew, among which it may be dis-
to some iuvolucrate species of Genetyllis. tinguished by its four-parted flowers, and
by its fruit, which is fleshy externally,
HEDEOMA. A genus of labiates al- furrowed, with four one-seeded stones in
most confined to the American continent, the interior. [M. T. M.]
but found in various countries from Brazil
to Canada. They are annual or perennial HEDYCHIUM. The handsome and fra-
573 Oje €rea£urg at 28otany, [heim

grant flowers of some of the species of stalked clusters or spikes, purple, white, or
this genus of Zingiberacece render them cream-coloured. A
large number of species
great'favourites in the hothouse. They are known, many of which arc handsome
are plants with tuberous roots, herbaceous plants, and some are valuable for their
stems, clasping leaves, and a terminal spi- nutritive properties as fodder. H. Alhagi,
cate inflorescence. The corolla consists of sometimes described under the name of
six segments in two rows, five nearly equal Alhagi Maurorum, is a thorny shrub, com-
in size, the sixth or lip large notched or mon in the East, and produces a sub-
more deeply divided the filaments thread-
; stance called manna from its supposed re-
like and the fruit capsular. The species
; semblance to the manna of the Israelites.
' '

are natives of tropical Asia. [M. T. M.] H. gyrans is remarkable for the property
possessed by its leaves of setting up a spon-
HEDYOSMTJM. A genus of fragrant
taneous motion, independent, as far as ob-
resin-bearing shrubs belonging to the Clilo-
servation reaches, of all external impres-
ranthacecE. They have unisexual flowers,
sions. Without being touched and without
the males in close spikes without bracts,
being excited by heat, light, wind, or rain,
the females solitary or in groups of four, sometimes a single leaflet, sometimes a
sessile, provided with bracts ovary tri-
;
whole leaf, oscillates or gyrates, continuing
angular. The species are natives of Brazil
to move for an indefinite time, and ceasing
and other districts of tropical America. without known cause. H. coronarium is
Some of them are used medicinally as anti- the plant commonly known in English
spasmodics &c. [M. T. MJ gardens under the inappropriate name of
HEDTOTIS. A genus of Cinchonacece, French Honeysuckle, it being a native of
comprising a number of herbaceous or Italy, and having no affinity with the
somewhat shrubby plants, dispersed honeysuckle (Lonicera). Its latter name it
throughout the tropics. The floral whorls owes no doubt to its similarity to red
are arranged in fours; the corolla is clover, often called honeysuckle by country
funnel-shaped or wheel-shaped the ovary
; children from the use which they make
has two compartments, and is surmounted of its sweet flower-tubes. It is a native
by an epigynous disk and cleft stigma the
; of Spain and Italy, where it is gathered in
fruit is a capsule. H. umbellata supplies a great quantities as food for cattle. French
valuable red dye in Coromandel and other and German, Sulla. [C. A. J.]
parts of India where it is cultivated. The
Chay-root, as it is called, is the dye em-
HEGBERRY. Cerasus avium.
ployed for producing the durable red colour HEGEMONE. A genus of Ranunculacece,
for which the chintzes of India are noted allied to Trollius,found in the Altai near
(Simmonds). Wild chay-roots are pre- the limit of perpetual snow. The species
ferred to cultivated ones, and licenses to on which the genus is founded, IT. lilacina,
dig the former are granted in Ceylon. The has an erect stem, leafy at the base, the
colouring matter resides in the rind and leaves palmately five-parted, those of the
outer portions of the root. The leaves of stem similar. The flower is solitary and
this plant are also used by the natives as terminal, pale lilac, with fifteen or twenty
expectorants. persistent petaloid sepals and about ten
Some of the species, especially those small irregular petals, having an oblong
formerly included under the genus Hous- limb and short tubular base ; carpels nu-
tonia, are cultivated in gardens, their low merous sessile. [J. T. S.]
stature, elegant appearance, and pretty
flowers rendering them desirable plants HEIMIA. A genus of Lythraceas in
for rock-work &c. The colour of the which remarkable for its yellow flow-
it is
flowers varies from white to scarlet blue ers, blue or purple being the prevailing
and purple. [M. T. M.] colour in the family. The two known
HEDYPXOIS. A name given by Pliny
and H. grandi/lora,
species, H. salicifolia
to a kind of wild endive, said to have
are both smooth erect bushy shrubs, the
former common to Texas, Mexico, and
medicinal virtues, being astringent and
Buenos Ayres, the latter confined to
useful in dysentery. By modern botanists
Buenos Ayres. The willow-like leaves are
the name is applied to a genus of unin-
opposite below and alternate above, and
teresting annual herbaceous plants with
the yellow flowers, placed singly in the
diffuse stems, toothed leaves, and yellow
axils of the leaves, have great superficial
flowers, belonging to the dehor acece. resemblance to
those of Lysimachia vul-
The generic characters are :— Receptacle garis, but in structure are widely different.
naked involucre furnished with small According to Mr. Tweedie,
;
both species are
bracts florets of the disk furnished with
;

a double pappus, the outer bristly, the

common in pasture lands about Buenos
Ayres, and, as the cattle do not browse
inner chaffy pappus of the ray a membra- upon them, there is always
;
an abundance
nous finely-toothed margin. [C. A. JJ
of their gay yellow blossoms, which are
HEDYSARUM. A family of herba- called abro sol, it is open sun.' The twigs
'

ceous or somewhat, shrubby leguminous are strewed on floors to drive away fleas, of
plants, distinguished by the peculiar struc- which there are abundance. The willow-
ture of the seed-pod, which is composed of leaved species is said to excite violent
numerous even one-seeded joints convex perspiration. The Mexicans consider it a
cm both sides. The leaves are pinnate, with potent remedy for venereal diseases, and
an odd leaflet and the flowers axillary, in call it Hanchinol {Lindley). The genus is
;
HEIN &\)t EmtSurg at afiotang. 574
named in of Dr. Heim, a distin-
honour pseudobulb. The sepals and petals are
guished physician of Berlin. [A. A. B.] olive-coloured, marked with crimson spots,
and the lip white with crimson and yellow
HEINSIA. A shrub of the Cinchona streaks. About the middle the lip con-
family, native of Sierra Leone. It has
tracts, and has two fleshy lobes standing
spiny branches, and white flowers in clus- erect on each side of the column, without
ters of three or four at the ends of the
however touching it the space between
;
branches. The calyx has a five-parted
these lobes, forming the base of the lip,
limb with leafy segments; the corolla is is a deep hairy pit. [A. A. B.]
salver-shaped, its tube longer than the
calyx, very hairy within anthers sessile,
; HELDE. Tanacetum vulgare.
concealed by the hairs of the corolla;
ovary two-celled fruit dry, hard, with two
;
HELENIUM. A genus of herbaceous
perennials belonging to the corymbiferous
indehiscent compartments; seeds nume-
tribe of compound flowers. The characters
rous. H. jasminiflora is an evergreen stove
are :— Receptacle of the disk naked, of the
shrub. [M. T. M.]
ray chaffy pappus flve-awned involucre
; ;

HEINTZIA. A genus of Gesneracece, con- one-leaved, many-parted florets of the ray

;

taining a single species from central Ame- three-cleft. The species are all natives of
rica, an undershrub, with erect stem, op- America, and bear yellow flowers. French,
posite fleshy leaves, and axillary umbellate HeUnie. [C. A. J.]
inflorescence. The flowers have a free
five-parted calyx a funnel-shaped corolla,
;
HELIAMPHORA. A genus of plants
tomentose on the outside, the limb cut into described by Bentham, belonging to the
Ave roundish segments four didynamous
;
Sarraceniacece. Perennial herbaceous plants
stamens and a one-celled ovary surround-
;
found in muddy places in Guiana with
ed by a disk, and having two bilobed radical leaves, the petiole of which is tubu-
parietal placenta?, with numerous anatro- lar and in the form of a pitcher with an
pal ovules the simple style has a funnel-
;

shaped stigma. The fruit is fleshy and

one-celled. [W. C]
HETSTERIA. A genus of small trees
found in some of the West Indian islands,
and also in Guiana and Brazil. They be-
long to the Olacacece, which has very few
other representatives 5n the western hemi-
sphere. The flowers are produced either
singly or in little clusters at the bases of
the leaves. The calyx is small and five-cleft,
but increases greatly in size, spreading out
after flowering, and ultimately surround-
ing the ripe fruit there are five petals, and
;

ten fertile stamens. The fruit is olive-

shaped, enclosed in the enlarged fleshy
calyx, and contains a single seed. H. coc-
cinea forms a tree fifteen or twenty feet
high, with shining oblong leaves, and
small white flowers borne singly on short
stalks. It is a native of the West Indian
islands, particularly of Martinique, where Heliamphora nutans.
the French call it Bois perdrix, which is
a corruption of Pois perdrix, signifying oblique mouth and an
; erect scape with
partridge pea, the fleshy red fruits form- nodding white or pale rose-coloured flow-
ing a favourite food of pigeons and other ers. The perianth consists of four to five
birds. The corrupt French name Bois hypogynous imbricated parts the sta- ;

perdrix, however, has led to the supposi- mens are indefinite and hypogynous and ;

tion that the prettily marked wood called the ovary is three-celled, with numerous
'Partridge wood' by cabinet-makers was ovules on an axile placenta. The pitchers
derived from it but such is not the case,
;
are lined with hairs of a peculiar nature.
the source of that wood remaining un- The only species is H. nutans. [J. H. B.]
known. [A. S.]
HELIANTHEMUM. A genus of low
HELCIA sanguinolenta is a pretty cul- mostly prostrate shrubby or subshrubby
tivated terrestrial orchid from the Peru- plants, closely related to Cistus, from which
vian Andes, having the habit of Trichopilia, they differ in having imperfectly three-
and differing from that genus, according to celled, instead of five or ten-celled cap-
Dr. Lindley, in that the column, instead of sules. They are most plentiful in the
being rolled up in the lip, stands erect and warmer and temperate parts of Europe,
clear of it, the anther two instead of one- and in North Africa, but occur also in
celled, and the anther bed 'with a deep Egypt, in Arabia, in the Canaries and ad-
fringed border instead of two lacerated jacent isles, in North America, and even
processes. The plant has elongated ovate |
in Brazil. They are showy plants, with
pseudobulbs, a single undulate leaf, and ,
simple subevergreen leaves, and flve-
a one-flowered peduncle shorter than the i petaled fugacious flowers, mostly in ter-
 OiO £f)e Crcagurg of 3Sotang. [HELI

minal racemes, and having a calyx of from Most of the species are natives of the Cape
three to four sepals, a capitate stigma, a of Good Hope. As the name 'gold of
triquetrous ovary, and a three-valved cap- the sun' indicates, the flower-heads are
sule. Unlike their allies, the Cistuses, they beautifully radiated, and while some spe-
do not appear to have any active proper- cies are of a brilliant yellow, others are
ties, hut it is stated of the common species, white, pink, or crimson. In all, the radiat-
H. vulgare, that the stamens, if touched ing involucre is very conspicuous, and re-
during sunshine, spread slowly, and lie tains much of its elegantform and brilliant
down upon the petals. Many double- colour when dried. H. macrantlium, an
flowered varieties of the cultivated species Australian species, when first introduced,
have been originated in gardens. [T. M.J bore only white flower-heads slightly tinged
with red outside, but varieties have now
HELIAXTHTTS. A genus of Composite
been raised which have exchanged the pri-
or Asteracece, consisting of coarse tall-
mitive white hue for numerous shades of
growing herbs, with large rough leaves
red, orange, or rose-colour. Thus the plant,
and yellow flowers. The greater portion
originally worthy of note for the large size
are natives of North America.
of its heads, has acquired anew interest in
The only species grown for culinary pur- horticulture. H. orientals, a native of Crete
poses is H. tuberosus, the Jerusalem
Artichoke, which, although stated to be a
and Africa, is the Immortelle of the French.
native of Brazil, is a hardy perennial at-
The flower-heads of this species are yellow,
but are often dyed green, orange, or black,
taining the height of six or eight feet,
and are much employed in the making of
and, with its large rough alternate heart-
shaped somewhat pointed leaves, has con-
wreaths intended to be votive offerings to
the dead. In drying the flowers of these
siderable resemblance in habit and ap-
plants, they should be suspended head
pearance to the common sunflower. The
name of Jerusalem Artichoke is considered downwards. German, Strohblume. [C. A. J.]
to be a corruption of the Italian Girasole HELICIA. A genus of Proteacece having
Articocco, or Sunflower Artichoke, under a cylindrical club-shaped calyx with four
which name it is said to have been ori- slightly spathulate sepals, each of which
ginally distributed from the Farnese gar- hears a nearly sessile anther a little below
den at Rome soon after its introduction its apex. The seed-vessel is a single-seeded
to Europe in 1617. follicle which does not open by valves. The
The roots are creeping, and towards the leaves are ovate or oblong, five to ten inch-
close of autumn produce, like the potato, es in length, simple, scattered, sometimes
a number of round irregular reddish or opposite, herbaceous or leathery in tex-
yellow tubers, clustered together and of ture, entire or toothed. The flowers grow
considerable size. They are used either in axillary or terminal racemes. The spe-
boiled and mashed with butter, or baked cies form lofty trees or large shrubs of
in pies, and when nicely cooked are not tropical Asia; one of them, H. australa-
only well flavoured, but considered to be siea, has been found in Victoria. [R. H.]
both wholesome and nutritious— more so
even than the potato, as they may be HELICOGYRATE. Having a ring or
eaten by invalids when debarred from the gyrus carried obliquely round it ; as in the
use of other vegetables. On the continent spore-cases of Trichomanes.
they are in considerable demand for soups,
and before the potato became plentiful, HELICOID. Twisted like the shell of a
snail.
they were a good deal in use in this country
Parkinson, writing in 1629, says they were HELICONIA. A
fine genus of herbaceous
then so common in London 'that even plants, belonging to the Musacece, and
the vulgar began to despise them they : inhabiting tropical America. They are
were baked in pies with marrow, dates, distinguished from their congeners by
ginger, sack, &c, and, being so plentiful their fruit, which is capsular, separating
and cheap, rather bred a loathing than into three one-seeded compartments. The
a liking for them.' Hence it appears shoots of H. psittacorum are eaten in the
that, as the culture of the potato extended, West Indies, as also are the fruits of H.
it gradually displaced the Jerusalem Arti- Bihai. [M. T. M.]
choke, and at the present time the latter H. Marice Alexandrovnce, named after the
is only grown to a very limited extent in Empress of Russia, a remarkable New
first-class gardens. Since the failure of Grenada species, with the habit of Musa,
the potato crops, the Jerusalem Artichoke produces a useful fibre Its trunk attains
has been strongly recommended as a sub- twelve to fifteen feet in height, and is
stitute for that vegetable ; but notwith- formed of the sheaths of the leaf-stalks.
standing all that has been said and written The peduncles project beyond the leaves,
in its favour, it is still far from common, and curving downwards bear a narrow
and by no means esteemed so much as it flattened spike two and a half feet long,
deserves to be. [W. B. B.] the red flowers of which are almost con-
cealed by the spathe and white bracts.
HELICHRYSUM. A genus of herba-
HELICTERES. A genus of Stercidiacece,
J

l
ceous or shrubby plants belonging to the
corymbiferous tribe of Composita, and of containing upwards of thirty species,
,
which the characters are: —
'Receptacle mostly natives of the tropics of the West-
i
naked pappus hairy or feathery; involucre
: ern hemisphere. They are shrubs, usually
imbricated, radiate, scanose ray coloured.
; covered with rusty stellate down, the i

I
HELl] Qlyt {feagttrg at SSotang. 576
leaves simple, heart-shaped with the hasal fungi, which are not in consequence to he
lobes unequal the flowers in little clusters
; considered as the cause. [M. J. B.]
in the angles of the leaves, flve-petaled, HELIOSPERMA, or HELICOSPERMA.
with the stamens unitedinto a long column A proposed genus of Caryoyhyllacece, which
surrounding the stalk of the ovary, but may, however, be rather taken to represent
separating at the summit into from five to
a section of Silene. The flowers are solitary
fifteen filaments, partly sterile. The fruit
or cymose, long-stalked, with a clavate
consists of five carpels, which are generally
campanulate calyx. The capsule is one-
twisted together in a screw-like manner.
celled, containing lenticular compressed
E. Jsora is a native of Southern India,
seeds, having a series of prominent points
where its singular twisted screw-like fruit, round the back. S. alpestris and quadrijida,
about two inches in length, is called
' twisted
natives of central and southern Europe,
stick,' twisted horn,' or twisty,'
'
'
belong to the section thus defined, which
and, on account of its shape and name, is
is by no means a natural one. [J. T. S.]
supposed to be a sovereign remedy against
colic or twistings of the bowels. [A. S.] HELIOTROPE. Eeliotropium, especially
HELIOCARPUS. A
genus of Tiliacece,
in a popular sense, E. peruvianum. —
found in Mexico, Central America, and WINTER. Nardosmia fragrans.
New Grenada, readily recognised among HELIOTROPE. (Fr.1 Eeliotropium. —
its allies by the fruits, which are thin D'HIVER. Nardosmia fragrans.
nearly circular bodies a quarter of an inch
in diameter, beautifully ciliated round
HELIOTROPIACE2E. A
group of co-
considered by most
rollifloral dicotyledons,
the margin with a row of radiating bristles.
botanical writers as a suborder of Ehretia-
The resemblance of the fruits to little
suns is expressed in the generic name. cece. The plants have a circinate inflo-
rescence, regular symmetrical flowers,
The species, all very similar in appearance,
five stamens, and four united achenes
are shrubs, or some of them forest trees of
considerable size, furnished with alternate
forming the fruit. They are found in
long-stalked heart-shaped usually three-
Europe and South America. SeeEHRETiA-
lobed leaves. The minute densely clus- ckm. [J. H. B.]

tered yellow or green flowers are disposed HELIOTROPIUM. The Heliotrope or

in panicles or cymes terminating the bran- Turnsole, is a large genus of Ehretiacece,
ches. They consist of four sepals, four differing from the greater number of gen-
petals, twelve to twenty stamens, and a era in having exalbuminous seeds from ;

surmounting a two-celled ovary,

bifid style Schleidenia, by having a salver-shaped, not
which when ripe becomes a two-seeded funnel-shaped corolla and from Tiaridium,
;

fruit. [A. A. BJ by the fruit not being two-lobed. They

are herbs or undershrubs found chiefly in
HELIOPHILA. A large genus of Cruci-
tropical and subtropical regions, but a few
ferce,with twice-folded cotyledons. All
species reach Europe, and one, E. euro-
the species are from the Cape of Good
pceum, is distributed over the greater part
Hope, and are annual herbs or under-
of southern and central Europe. They are
shrubs, with branched stems, and racemes
furnished with strigose hairs, entire oval
of yellow white rose-coloured or more
frequently blue flowers. They have a oblong or lanceolate leaves, and terminal
or lateral one-sided usually circinate ra-
more or less elongated pod with two flat
or (in the elongated pods) slightly com-
cemes of small white or lilac flowers. The
fruit is separable into four nuts, or drupes,
pressed valves. The calyx is equal at the
having a thin fleshy covering. Some of
base, which distinguishes it from the allied
the species are sweet-scented, as the E.
genus Chamira. [J. T. S.J
peruvianum, which is much cultivated on-
HELIOPSIS. A
perennial herbaceous that account on account of their agreeable
;

plant belonging to the corymbiferous scent, its flowers get the popular name of
tribe of Composilcr. The involucre is im- Cherry-pie. [J. T. S.]
bricated, the florets of the ray long and
narrow, the receptacle chaffy, and the fruit
HELIPTERUM. A considerable genus
of Compositce, separated from Eelichrysum,
four-cornered without a pappus. E. Icevis,
to which a large proportion of what are
the only species, is an American plant at-
taining a height of five or six feet, with
commonly known as everlasting flowers
belong, by having the hairs of the pappus
rather broad serrated leaves, and large
feathery (plumose) instead of rough (pi-
yellow flowers. [C. A. J.]
lose). They are annuals or perennials
HELIOSIS. A term applied to the spots found in South Africa, Australia, and
produced upon leaves by the concentration Tasmania, commonly furnished with lance-
of the rays of the sun through inequalities shaped or linear leaves, thickly clothed
of the glass of conservatories, or through with short white wool, and usually having
drops of water resting upon them. In the each twig terminated by a, single flower-
latter case the destruction is seldom so head, though in a few species the heads
complete as in the former, and the chloro- are numerous and corymbose. The thin
phyll is merely altered, especially in the dry papery scales of the involucre, pink,
circumference, and not destroyed. Such yellow, or white in colour, give beauty to
spots sometimes, on the contrary, arise these flower-heads. The inner series of
from the congelation or low temperature scales are often spread out into a flat
of the drops. They afford a nidus for minute border so as to have the appearance of
 i 577 EI)C Crraguru at 3Sotang. [hell

ray florets but the florets are all tubular

: cine as a powerful cathartic, but its vio-
, and minute, yellow or purple, usually per- lent narcotic and acrid properties preclude
:
feet, a few of the outer ones sometimes its general use. The Black Hellebore used
female. by the Greeks has been determined by Dr.
i
H. humile, well known as Aphelexis liu- Sibthorp to be H. officinalis, a handsome
miUs in greenhouses, is one of the most
j
handsome South African species. Its
i
much-branched whip-like stems, clothed
with compressed leaves, are terminated by
alarge handsome deep rose-coloured flower-
head, expanding only in sunshine. An-
other remarkable African species, H. exi-
mium, has sessile elliptical leaves clothed
like the stems with close cottony wool, and
having the consistence of the ears of some
animal and its flower-heads, disposed in
:

corymbs at the ends of the branches, are of

a vivid purple, not unlike those of the globe
amaranth. H. incanum is a beautiful little
Australian species a foot high growing in
tufts, the flower-heads having the outer
scales purple, and the inner ones white;
this plant is known as Native Amaranth
in Tasmania
The name 'Everlasting flower' is promis-
cuously applied to the plants of this genus
and their allies. Bouquets of them are Helleborus niger (flower).
sometimes seen, and when well selected plant with a branching stem, bearing nu-
and tastefully arranged, they look extreme- merous serrated bracts, and three to five
ly beautiful, preserving their colour for whitish flowers. It is a native of Greece,
a long period, especially if kept from dust Asia Minor, &c. According to Pliny, Black
by a glass shade. [A. A. B.]

HELLEBORE. Helleborus. — , AME-

RICAN WHITE. Veratrum viride. —
BLACK. Helleborus niger. — , BLACK, of
the ancients. Helleborus officinalis. —
FALSE. An American name for Veratrum.
— STINKING. Helleborus fcetidus. —,
,

SWAMP. Veratrum viride. — , WHITE.

Veratrum album. — , WINTER. Eranthus
hyemalis.
HELLEBORE A FLEURS ROSE. (Fr.)
Helleborus niger.
HELLEBORINE. Epipactis.
HELLEBORINE. (Fr.) Serapias Lingua.
HELLEBORUS. A Latinised form of an
old Greek name applied to some plants of Helleborus niger (leaf).
this genus, and significant of their injuri-
ous or poisonous effects when eaten. The Hellebore was used as a purgative in
genus is included among the Ranunculacece, mania by Melampus, a soothsayer and phy-
and consists of perennial low-growing sician, 1,400 years before Christ : hence the
plants with palmate or pedate leathery name Melampodium has been applied to
leaves, five persistent sepals, eight to ten the Hellebores.
tubular petals two-lobed at the top, and Two species are found wild in many parts
several carpels each with many seeds. of England, especially on a limestone soil,
The species, for the most part, are found though itis a matter of doubt whether they
in Southern Europe and Central Asia. may not have been introduced at some
Among the best known is the Christmas former time. H. fcetidus, the Bear'sfoot,
Rose, H. niger, a common plant in gardens, has numerous flowers in a large loosely
where it blooms in winter and early spring. spreading panicle, with numerous bracts
Its leaves are pedate, dark, shining, and frequentfy exhibiting every intermediate
smooth, and the flower-stalk rises directly form between the ordinary divided leaf of
from the root, bearing one or two flowers the plant and the ovate undivided light
and as many bracts the sepals are large,
; green bract. The flowers are globular, from
white or pinkish, and petal-like, the true the sepals converging at their extremities ;

petals being greenish and tubular. The their sepals are green edged with pink.
plant probably derives its name of Black It is a handsome plant, and finds a place in
Hellebore from its dark-coloured rootstock shrubberies from its ornamental character.
and the numerous fibres proceeding from it. H. viridis, the Green Hellebore, is a smaller
These roots are occasionally used in medi- plant with fewer flowers the sepals are
;
spreading and of a yellowish-green colour. to Cladosporium, which differs principally
There is reason to believe that the last- in its threads being less carbonised and its
named species, and probably also the fruit less complicated. [M. J. B.J
others, do not flower every year or even HELMINTHOSTACHYS. A
genus of
send up many leaves, but that in certain Ophioglossacece consisting of a single spe-
cies, H. zeylanica, a pseudofern, with stout
horizontal rhizomes and somewhat co-
riaceous fronds, which are divided into a
trifoliately digitato-pedate sterile branch,
and a simple spicate fertilebranch, on which
the glomerate verticillate pedicellate tufts
of spore-cases are distichously arranged,
each whorl being terminated by a crest-like
appendage. The veins are forked from a
central costa, with the branches free. Be-
sides Ceylon it is found in India and the
islands of the Archipelago. [T. M.]

HELONIAS. A genus of Melanthacece

found in North America. They have broad-
ly lanceolate root-leaves, from a tuberous
rootstock and a bracteated scape, bear-
;

ing a dense raceme of nearly sessile flowers,

which are perfect, with a perianth of six
oblong persistent leaves, six long slender
Helleborus foetidus (flowering branch). filaments, three revolute styles, and a three-
seasons, and under favourable circum- lobed pod. H. bullata is found in the
stances, the growth of the plant is more United States, and produces, in early
luxuriant than in others. The writer of spring, a short raceme of purplish flowers
this notice has seen the Green Hellebore turning green when fading. This genus
in abundance one season, and found little has been till lately one of the most hetero-
or none of it in the following one, tliough geneous but by separating Chamcelirion,
;

to all appearance the locality had not been Schcenocaidon, and Amianthium, it has as-
disturbed. On the other hand, when the sumed a more natural aspect. [J. T. S.]
plants have been purposely uprooted, as HELOSCIADIUM. A genus of low um-
was the case in a copse near Oxford to belliferous aquatics, inhabiting various
which cattle had access, though the extir- i
parts of the world, and represented in Bri-
pation seemed complete, yet in two years tain by two species, of which II. nodiflo-
an abundance of the plant sprang up— a fact rum is the most common. This plant is
first made known by the illness, if not the frequently found growing with water-
death, of some of the cattle. [M. T. M.J cresses, for which it is sometimes gather-
ed it may, however, be distinguished,
HELLWEED. Cuscu'a. ;

not only by its umbellate flowers, but by

HELMET. The same as Galea. its serrated lanceolate leaves. No serious
HELMET-FLOWER. Scutellaria also
consequences need be apprehended from
;

Aconitum and Coryanthes. eating the leaves, as its properties are an-
tiscorbutic, and by no means violent in
HELMINTHIA. A common wayside their effects. [C. A. J.]
composite weed of the cichoraceous group,
well marked by its double involucre, the
HELOSIS. A genus of parasitical plants
inhabiting the tropical and suhtropical
inner one of which is composed of eight
regions of the American continent, and be-
to ten close scales, the outer of several large
loose leafy bracts. It has hispid almost
longing to the Balanophoracece. They have
prickly sterns, and leaves of the same cha- a cylindrical branched rootstock from
racter, the lower ones lanceolate, the upper
which proceed numerous flower-stalks,
bearing ovoid or globose heads of uni-
heart-shaped embracing the stem. The
flowers are in small terminal heads, of a
sexual flowers the males with a three-
:

dull yellow hue and uninteresting. The

parted perianth and united stamens; the
fruit, which is beaked and singularly corru-
females with two styles. Some of the
species are used as styptics. Dr. Hooker
gated, bears some resemblance to a little '

worm,' which is the meaning of the syste-

remarks that the flowers are rarely, if ever,
self-fertilised, but that this process is ef-
matic name. The English name, Ox-tongue,
fected by the agency of insects. [M. T. M.]
has reference to the shape and roughness
of the leaves. [C. A. J.] HELOTHRIX. A small Tasmanian genus
of cyperaceous plants, belonging to the
HELMINTHOSPORIUM. A large genus tribe Stirpes, and distinguished chiefly by
of the dark-threaded moulds (Dematiei),
the inflorescence being in distichous spike-
characterised by their more or less elon-
lets. The two lower scales are barren, the
gated septate spores, which are dark like two upper produce perfect flowers; peri-
the mother threads. Many of the species gones with four bristles; stamens three;
are common on decayed wood and it is
;
styles bifid. [D. M.J
conjectured that some are mere conditions
of higher fungi. The genus is very close HELVELLEI, or ELVELLACEI. An
 579 €l)t £rea£urg of 3Sataitg. [hemi
orderof aseomyeetous Fungi, distinguished HEMEROCAEEIDE.E. The Hemerocal-
by the hynienium being more or less ex- lis family, a subdivision of the natural
posed, though sometimes covered at first order Liliacece, which belongs to the hy-
by a veil, or the inflexed border of the re- pogynous monocotyledons or Endopen's.
ceptacle. Many of the species are large, They are showy plants, bearins: umbellate
and afford good articles of food, while, on or racemose flowers, white, yellow, red,
the contrary, many are small and mere bo- or blue. Phormium tenax yields New
tanical curiosities. It includes the escu- Zealaud flax. Sanseviera cylindrica yields
lent Heh-ellce, the morels, &c, besides a mul- fibres for cordage in Africa. Examples
titude of species varying greatly in colour, occur in Hemerocallu-, Funkia, Agapanthus,
! texture, and form. In a large portion of and Tritonia see Liliace^:.
: [J. H. B.]
! these the receptacle is depressed, to form a HEMEROCALLTS. The Day Lily, a genus
;
cup or disk, but in others it is so raised of LiliacecB, differing from the other
!

that it becomes pileiform the borders are

;
tubero-fasciculate rooted lilies, by having
then more or less closely attached to the the segments of the perianth united into
stem, till at last they are quite confluent
a tube, and by their larger yellow or
with it, so as to form a club-shaped body
orange flowers. The leaves are all radical,
with scarcely any distinct stem, as in
very long or broadly linear, keeled, the
Geoglossnm difforme. [M. J. B.]
scape branched at the top with few flowers,
HELVELLA. A fine genus of ascomy- and a shortly trumpet-shaped perianth.
cetous Fungi, distinguished by the pileate They are chiefly natives of temperate Asia
receptacle, which is hollow and barren be- and Eastern Europe, though the two com-
low, and whose borders hang down on the monest species, H. flava and H. fulva,
stem, to which they are either slightly at- occur even in France. [J. T. S.]
tached or quite free. The fructifying sur- HEMESTHEUM. Lastrea.
face is even and free from pits the asci ;

contain large elliptic sporidiawith one or HEMI. In Greek compounds = half, or

two nuclei. The stem is sometimes sim- halved.
ple, but it is also at times so deeply HEMIANATROPOUS. An ovule which
grooved that it appears as if it were made is anatropal, with half the raphe free.
of many confluent stems. The cinereous-
black H. laeunosa, and the pallid H. crispa, HEMIANDRA. A genus of labiates,
are our most common species, and both of having calyx bell-shaped and two-
the
them are esculent, and when well stewed lipped, the stamens four, the filaments
form an acceptable dish. H. esculenta, smooth, one half of each anther alone
which has been found abundantly in pine producing pollen. The name indicates the
woods at TVeybridge by Mr. Currey, is now last character above mentioned, viz. the
referred to Gyromitra, in consequence of imperfect state of an anther. The species
the hymenium having many gyrose raised of this genus are erect or decumbent
ribs, and is known by this character and shrubs, natives of the south-eastern parts
its brown tint. It is much eaten on the of Australia, with narrow stiff entire
continent; but in some conditions ap- leaves, bearing in their axils the solitary
pears to be dangerous. [M. J. BJ flowers. [G. D.]

HELVOLES. Greyish-yellow, with a HEMIANTHUS micranthemoides is a

little brown. minute North American annual, consti-
tuting a genus of Scrophulariacece, scarcely
i
HELTYIXGIACEJE, HELWIXGIA. A differing from Micranthemum, by the ca-
natural order and a genus of monooblamy- lyx being toothed only and not lobed, and
deons dicotyledons, included in Lindley's by a more irregular corolla.
garryal alliance of diclinous Exogens. HEMICARPHA. A genus of cyperaceous
A shrub with the leaves alternate, and the plants belonging to the tribe Hypolitrece,
flowers clustered on the midrib of the distinguished chiefly by the inflorescence
leaves. The flowers are sfaminate and pis- being in solitary many-flowered spikes;
tillate perianth three to four-parted, with
;
scales imbricated, obovate-cuneate, and de-
ovate spreading segments aestivation
;
ciduous ; stamen one styles
; cleft ; achenes
valvate stamens three to four, alternate
;
elliptic-oblong. Steudel describes five spe-
with the segments of the perianth ovary ;
cies,which are natives of warm climates
adherent to the perianth, crowned with an in Africa and South America. [D. MJ
epigynous disk, three to four-celled with a
pendulous ovule in each cell stigmas three
;
HEMICHROA. A genus of Amarantha-
to four diverging. Fruit drupaceous, crown- cece, consisting of small undershrubs from
ed by the remains of the styles and disk. It the shores of South Australia. They have
comes from Japan, and has alternate petio- alternate semi-terete exstipulate leaves,
late acuminate stipulate leaves, and small and solitary sessile axillary bibracteated
flowers. The young leaves of Helwingia flowers, with a five-leaved calyx coloured
rudcifolia are used in Japan as an esculent within, and two to five stamens united at
vegetable. The. genus is by some placed the base. [J. T. S.]
in Araliacece. [J. H. B.J I

HEMICLIDIA. A South-west Australian

HEMEROCAEEE BLEEE. rFr.) Fun- proteaceous genus containing a single
— DU JAPOX. Funkia sub-
I

kia ovata. species, H. Baxieri, a shrub growing about

j
cordata. five feet in height, clothed with rigid
 HEMl] HLfyt Creagurg of 3Sntang. 580

wedge-shaped leaves having

pinnatifid having the calyx somewhat bell-shaped,
sharp-pointed lobes. The involucre is im- deeply five-cleft, the divisions equal;
bricated and the flowers consist of a four-
,
stamens four, one cell of each anther bear-
cleft calyx, the concave segments of which ing pollen, the other abortive, the upper
each bear an anther. The seed-vessel is anthers hairy or bearded. They are Aus-
; hairy, of acrustaceous texture, containing tralian shrubs of little interest. [G. D.J
'<

a single wingless seed. [R. H.]

HEMIGR APHIS. A genus of Acanthacem,
HEMICRAMBE. A genus of Cruci/erce containing two species, natives of India,
from North Africa, with the habit of perennial branching villous herbs, with
Brassica, having lyrate leaves and yellow alternate oblong serrate leaves, and axil-
flowers. The pod has two joints, the lary flowers, either solitary or aggregated
i lower one being pear-sbaped,emptyorwith in terminal spicate heads. The calyx is
! one or two seeds, the terminal one sword- unequally five-parted the corolla funnel-
;

I shaped, three-nerved, three or four-seeded, shaped and resupinate, with an unequally

j
the beak winged, without seeds. [J. T. S.] five-lobed limb. The stamens four didy-
HEMICYCLIA. A genus of Euphor- namous the stigma is simple and pu-
;

l
biacece, consisting of a few trees or shrubs bescent. The capsule is seedless above,
j
natives of East India, Java, and North but contains below from six to eight
|
Australia. Most genera of spurgeworts echinate seeds. [W. C]
i
have three-celled ovaries, but the ovary in HEMIGYRUS. The same as Follicle.
these plants is one-celled with two ovules,
j

I thus showing in a measure the intimate HEMIMERIS. A genus *of Scrophula-

connection of spurgeworts with antides- riaceai, consisting of small much-branched
mads. The species are smooth trees or spreading annuals, with opposite leaves,
bushes, with alternate ovate or lance- and small yellow flowers in the upper axils,
shaped entire coriaceous leaves, and or clustered at the ends of the branches.
minute green or white flowers in clusters The calyx is five-clef t, the corolla spreading,
in their axils, the males and females on four-lobed, and slightly two-lipped, with
different plants. The fruits are oval drupes two deeply-coloured depressions at the
not much larger than a pea, usually ripen- base of the lower lip. There are only two
ing but one seed. [A. A. B.] stamens, with one-celled anthers. The cap-
sule is globular, more or less opening
HEMIDESMUS. A genus of Asclepia- septicidally in two valves. There are
dacece, containing three species of twining three species known, all natives of the
plants, natives of India and the Moluccas. Cape Colony in South Africa.
They have opposite leaves, and small
flowers on interpetiolar cymes the calyx, HEMIONITIS. A genus of polypodia-
flve-parted the corolla rotate, with five
; ceous ferns containing a few simple-frond-
fleshy roundish scales inserted in the ed species found in the tropics of both the
throat below the sinuses and forming the old and new worlds. The fronds are cor-
staminal crown. The stamens are united date sagittate or palmate, often prolife-
at the base, free above, inserted in the rous, and the fertile ones generally taller.
tube of the corolla. The apiculate anthers These latter are clothed with a network
four-celled; the stigma large, peltate and of closely reticulated lines of naked spore-
glabrous. The follicles are cylindrical, cases, which is the characteristic of the
smooth, and very much divaricated, with genus. The veins are reticulated just like
comose seeds. The roots of H. indicus are the sori. [T. MJ
largely employed in India as a substitute
for sarsaparilla its diuretic effect is re-
:
HEMIPHRAGMA heterophyllum is a
prostrate herb, often spreading to a great
markable it acts equally well as a diapho-
;
extent, a native of the Himalayas, forming
retic and tonic. [W. C]
a genus of Scroplndariacem, The principal
HEMIDICTYUM. A genus of polypodia- leaves along the wiry branches are small
ceous ferns belonging to the Asplentece, rounded and cordate, with dense clusters
among which it is distinguished by having of short subulate secondary leaves in their
the veins parallel and not joined near the axils. The flowers are small and pink,
costa, but reticulated near the margin, usually sessile and solitary, with a cam-
finishing off by a straight or arcuate panulate five-lobed corolla and four sta-
connecting veinlet at the edge. The typi- mens. The fruit is a succulent capsule,
cal species, H. marginatum, in which the almost a berry, but opening in two bifid
marginal veinlet is straight, is a large valves.
tropical fern, with pinnate fronds of a HEMIPHUES. A small densely-tufted
light green colour and delicate texture, Alpine plant from Tasmania, constituting
widelvdistributed over South America and a genus of Umbelliferce, remarkable for
the West Indies. [T. M.]
the fruit, which contains only a single cell
HEMIDYSTROPHIA. A term applied and seed. The leaves are radical, spathu-
to express the partial nourishment of trees late, on short pedicels, the flowers in simple
from the unequal distribution of their umbels on short simple scapes.
roots or from the encroachment of other HEMIPOGON. Agenusol Asclepiadacea;,
trees. Trees on a wall are necessarily in containing two species from Brazil. They
this condition. [M. J. B.]
are crespitose undershrubs with rigid su-
HEMIGEXIA. A genus of labiates, bulate glabrous sessile leaves in opposite
 581 &f)e Crca£urg of 3Sritann. [henr
pairs or in whorls, and solitary or ternate '
juncea. — , VIRGINIAN or WATER. Ac-
subsessile extra-axillary flowers. The calyx nida cannabina.
consists of five acute rigid sepals. The HEMP-WEED, CLIMBING. An Ameri-
corolla is campanulate, the limb cut into
can name for Mikania.
five acute erect lobes; and there is no
staminal crown. [W. C] j
HEMP WORTS. Lindley's name for the
Cannabinacece.
HEMISTEGIA.
j

Hemitelia.
I
HEN AND CHICKEN. The name given
HEMISTEMMA. A small genus of Dilr to a proliferous variety of the Daisy, Bellis
leniaccce, in which the stamens are situated perennis also Sempervivum soboliferum.
;

upon only one side of the flower. The HENBANE. Hyoscyamus niger.
species are natives of Madagascar and the j

northern part of Australia; they are all |

HENBIT. Veronica hederifolia also La- ;

small twiggy plants with yellow flowers, .

mium amplexicaule.
and resemble the rock-roses of Europe,
their leaves being small, entire, and of a J
HENDERSONIA. One of the most strik- j

leathery texture, smooth above, but cover-

'

ing genera of those Coniomycetes whose j

spores spring from the walls of a perithe-

ed with white woolly hairs underneath. | j

cium. The spores are always more or less

The calyx consists of five permanent I

articulated, and afford many exquisite ob-

sepals, the corolla of five petals the sta- ;

jects for the microscope. Most of the spe-

mens indefinite, a portion of them being
cies are, however, in all probability, mere
sterile and resembling scales and the two
states of different Sphceriacei. The most
;

distinct ovaries are terminated by thin

striking perhaps is one which occurs on
thread-like styles. [A. S.]
dead seeds, the elongated spores of which
HEMITELIA. A genus of tree-ferns of have many transverse divisions, each arti-
the polypodiaceous order and the tribe culation containing a large nucleus. H.
Cyatlieinece. The fronds are large herbaceo- polycystis, however, carries the division of
coriaceous, pinnate, bipinuate, or some- the spores still further, having many ver-
times decompound, the veins parallel-fork- tical as well as transverse septa, and being
ed or pinnate from a central costa, the moreover elegantly coated with a thick ge-
basal ones arcuately anastomosing, form- latinous stratum. [M. J. B.]
ing elongated costal areoles from the HENPREYA. A genus of Acantliacece,
outer side of which free veinlets are given named in honour of the late Professor
off. This venation, taken together with Henfrey. It is a climber, differing in this
the presence of a half cup-shaped involu- respect from most plants of the order;
cre investing the sorus, characterizes the and is also distinguished by its anthers,
group, except in the case of R. speciosa, which have awn-like processes at the base,
in which the costal arc is only here and
and by the small two-lobed stigma. There
there developed. They are South American seems, however, little to distinguish the
or West Indian plants. [T. M.J
genus from Asy stasia-. E. scandens, a na-
tive of Sierra Leone, is an elegant stove
HEMITERIA. A monstrosity of elemen-
tary organs, or of appendages of the axis. climber. [M. T. M.]
HENNE. Lawsonia inermis.
HEMITRICHOUS. Half covered with
hairs. HENRIQUEZIA. A genus of handsome
bignoniaceous trees of Brazil and Vene-
HEMITROPAL. A
slight modification zuela, exceptional in having a calyx whose
of the anatropal ovule, in which the axis tube is adherent to instead of free from
of the nucleus is more curved. j the ovary, its border four instead of five-
HEMLOCK. Conium maculatum. — toothed ;in having five perfect stamens
GROUND. Taxus canadensis. — WATER. , instead of four and in the presence of sti-
;

j
Phellandrhan aquaticum ; alsoCicutavirosa pules to the leaves. They have oblong or
|
and maculata. obovate entire leaves placed in whorls of
three to five round the stem. The handsome
HEMLOCK SPRUCE. Abies canadensis. |
tubular flve-lobed pink or white flowers, like
those of some Bignonia, are disposed in
HEMP. The name of various valuable dense panicles at the ends of the branches.
fibres employed for manufacturing pur-
poses and also of the plants which produce i
The fruits, not the least curious part of
;
the plant, are flat hard-shelled bodies of the
them. Common Hemp is Cannabis sativa. — shape of a bean, two-celled, opening trans-
AFRICA>. Sansevierazeylanica and others. I

— EASTARD. Datisca cannabina. —

,
versely by two valves, each cell containing
four seeds. The latter germinate while
BENGAL BOMBAY. Crotalaria juncea.
or
— BOWSTRING. Sanseviera zfi/lanica&nd
,
still in the fruit. [A. A. BJ
others. — BOWSTRING, of India. Calo-
, HENRYA. A genus of Acanthacece, con-
tropis gigantea. — BROWN. Crotalaria
|

,
1

taining two species, natives of Central

juncea. —, BROWN INDIAN. Hibiscus America. They are shrubs, with hairy
cannabinus. — , INDIAN. Apocynum can- glandulose petiolate and ovate leaves, and
nabinum. —
JUBBALPORE. Crotalaria
, spicate flowers in an involucre composed
tenuifolia. —
MADRAS. Crotalaria juncea.
, of two bracts, but apparently monophyllous
— , MANILLA. Musa textilis. — SISAL. , from the two neighbouring margins of the
Aga/ce Sisalana. —, SUNN. Crotalaria i
bracts being united on the one side while
hens] EIjs Crsatfttrj? of 2Sfltang> 582

they are free on the other. The calyx is under the name of Liverworts, though
small and five-parted the corolla two-lip-
;
confounded with lichens, differ from the
ped, the upper lip deeply bifid, and the lower mosses, to which they are closely allied, in
cut into two spathulate lobes. [W. C.J their capsule, whether opening definitely
or indefinitely, never having a distinct lid,
HENSCHELIA. The name applied to a and consequently in the total absence of a
shrub, native of the Philippine Islands, and peristome. In many genera there is no
of uncertain position. It is of climbing stem, but the leafy shoots are replaced by
habit with trifoliolate leaves, greenish an expanded membranous frond which
flowers in axillary panicles; calyx of ten may be quite simple or repeatedly forked,
sepals in two rows; petals ten; stamens while it is sometimes irregularly lobed or
five, placed in front of the five outer sepals laciniate. Sometimes it is crisped and
ovary one-celled, with two ovules stigmas ; plicate, and sometimes furnished with gill-
five radiating. By Miers it is placed in the like plates above. Below it is generally
order Phytocrenacece. [M. T. M.J attached to a substance on which it grows
by slender delicate rootlets. In the leafy
HEN'SFOOT. Caucalis daucoides.
species, the leaves have rarely the same
HENSLOVIACEiE, HENSLOVIA. na- A lanceolate outline so common in mosses,
tural order and a genus of calycifloral dico- and they are often accompanied by stipules
tyledons, belonging to Lindley's saxifragal or lobes which give them a habit which is
alliance of perigynous Exogens. Trees very distinct from that of most mosses,
with opposite entire leathery exstipulate though the Hi/popten/gii amongst them
leaves, and minute dioecious racemose show something of the same structure.
flowers. Perianth five-parted, lined with a The section comprises three distinct na-
woolly disk, the aestivation valvate sta- ;
tural orders as follows :

mens five, alternate with the segments of 1. Ricciacei, in which the capsules are
the perianth, inserted on a glandular valveless, and either sunk in the
perigynous disk; ovary superior, two-cell- frond or seated on its surface. The
ed ; ovules numerous, anatropal. Fruit spores are not mixed with the spiral
a capsule opening by two valves seeds ;
threads called elaters.
numerous, minute, exalbuminous. They 2. March ANTiACEi.with valvate capsules
are natives of the tropical parts of India. seated on the under side of a stalked
There are three or four species of Hens- target-shaped disk. Spores mixed
lovia, the only known genus, which was with elaters.
named after the late Professor Henslow of 3. Jungermanniacei, with solitary
Cambridge. [J. H. B.J fruit splitting into four equal valves.
Spores mixed with elaters.
HENSLOVIAN MEMBRANE. The cu- The development of the fruit and the
ticle ; so called because Professor Henslow manner of impregnation are the same in
was one of its discoverers. these as in mosses. They are also exten-
HENSLOWIA. A genus of Santalacece, sively propagated by gemma?. [M. J. B.J
having monoecious flow rs, the perianth HEPATICUS. Dull brown with a little
adherent to the ovary, with a live-cleft yellow.
limb and the stamens inserted at the base
;

of the segments of the perianth, and HEPATIQUE. (Fr.) Marchantia. —

shorter than them, with awl-shaped fila- BLANCHE. Parnassia palustris. — DES
ments, and introrse two-celled anthers. JARDINS. Eepatica triloba. — DOREE.
The ovary is inferior, unilocular, covered A common name applied to several species
by a disk, and containing two pendulous of Saxi/raga. — ETOILEE. Marchantia
ovules. Fruit drupaceous, one-seeded. polymorpha; also Asperula odorata. —
Shrubby plants of the Indian Archipelago,
with alternate nearly sessile leaves, and PRINTANIERE. Eepatica triloba.
small greenish flowers. There are eight HEPTA. In Greek composition = seven.
known species. [J. H. B.J
HEN WARE. Alaria esculenta. HERACLEUM. A genus of umbellifers,
distinguished by having the fruit com-
HEP, or HIP. The fruit of the Dog Rose, pressed from the back, each half of it with
Rosa canina. three dorsal slender ribs, and one at each
HEPATICA. A subgenus or section of marginal line, one oil-vessel in each fur-
Anemone, marked by having the carpels row, and generally two in the commissure.
without tails, and the involucre of three The generic name is derived from Her-
cules, probably in reference to the proper-
simple leaves close to the flower so as to
ties of some, or the size of others. The
resemble a calyx. The common H. triloba of
gardens is a native of continental Europe. number of described species is consider-
In a wild state the flowers are generally able, and they are somewhat difficult to
blue, more rarely rose-colour or white, but
distinguish. They are widely diffused,
in cultivation many other tints are to be
occurring in different parts of India, in
found. The three-lobed leaves were Europe and America. Several have been
fancied to resemble the liver— whence the
long known in cultivation, but are not
possessed of any very special recommenda-
name. [J. T. S.J
tions. One species has of late years been
HEP A.TTC.E. The cryptogams belonging a very general object of culture on account
to this curious section, known popularly of its large size and commanding appear-
5 S3 Cfje GTrcagurg of SSotann. [herb
ance, viz. H. giganieum, a native of Siberia. PURE. Sedum
Telephium. — A LA
This species is easily raised, and flowers MAXXE. Glyceria fluitans. — A LA
the year after being sown, or sometimes a — X
year later still, the latter being usually the
RATE. Scolopendrium vulgare.
more vigorous and attaining larger size. LA REIXE. Nicotiana Tabacum. ^— A
Individuals ten to twelve feet high are LA TAUPE. Datura Tatula. — A LA
common, with a circumference of stem VIERGE. Narcissus poeticus. — A
equal to about as many inches. L'EPERVIER. Eypochceris radicata. —
Some of the species are turned to various
useful purposes. Our native H. Sphondy- A L'ESQUIXAXCIE. Asperula cynanchica,
lium is used for feeding pigs, and in Scania, and Geranium Robertianum. — A L'HI-
according to Linnaeus, is employed as a ROXDELLE. Passerina Stellera. — A
domestic remedy. A Kamtschatkan species
PRIXTEMPS. Clienopodium Botrys. —
is had recourse to by the natives the foot-
;

stalks of the lower leaves, when properly A MILLE FLORIXS. Erythrma Centau-
treated, yield a sweet exudation which is rium. — A OUATE. Asclepias Cornuti-
employed in the preparation of a distilled
spirit. The roots and stems of H. lanatum
— A PARIS. Paris quadrifolia. — A
are eaten by some of the native tribes of
PAUVRE HOMME. Gratiola officinalis.
Xorth America. The young shoots of H. — A ROBERT. Geranium Robertianum,
pubescens contain a sweet and aromatic — AU CAXCER. Herniaria glabra. —
juice, and are used as food in some parts AU CHAXTRE. Sisymbrium officinale. —
of the Caucasus. [G. D.] AU CHARPEXTIER. Achillea Ageratum.
HERB BEXXET. Geum urbanum; also
— AU LAIT DE XOTRE-DAME. Pulmo-
naria officinalis. — AU XOMBRIL. Cy-
Conium maculatum, and Valeriana officina- noglossum linifolium. — AU VEXT. Ane-
lis. — CHRISTOPHER. Actcea spicata; mone Pulsatilla. — AUX AXES. Oeno-
Osmunda
regalis, and Pulicaria dysen-
biennis. — AUX BOUCS. Chelido-
also
— GERARD. JEgopodium Poda- thera
Filago germanica. nium mains. —AUX CEXT MIRACLES.
terica.
graria. — IMPIOUS.
— IVE, or ITT. Ajuga Iva also Corono- Ophioglossum vulgatum. — AUX CHAR-
pus Buellii, and Plantago Coronopus. — PEXTIERS. Achillea
;
Millefolium, and
MARGARET. Bellis perennis. — OF peta Sedum Telephium. — AUX CHATS. Ne-
GRACE. Ruta graveolens. — PARIS. Cataria, and Teucrium Marum. —
Paris quadrifolia. — PETER. Primula AUX CIXQ COUTURES. Plantago lanceo-
— AUX CUILLERS. Cochlearia
veris. — POOR-MAX'S. Gratiola officina- lata. offi-

— ROBERT. Geranium Robertianum. cinalis. — AUX CUREDEXTS. Ammi

,

lis.
— TRrELOTE. Paris quadrifolia. — Visnaga. — AUX E"CUS. Lysimachia Num-
TRIXITT. Viola tricolor; also Eepatica mularia, and Lunar ia biennis. — AUX
I

triloba. — TWOPEXCE. Lysimachia — FEMMES BATTUES. Tamus communis. \

Nummularia. AUXGOUTTEUX. JEgopodium Podagra- l

rio, — AUX GUEUX. Clematis Vitalba.

HERBACEOUS. Merely green, or thin — AUX HEMORRHOIDES. Ficaria ra-
green and cellular, as the tissue of mem- — AUX MAGICIEXXES.
nunculoides.
branous leaves. Also producing an an-
nual stem from a perennial root.
Circcea Lutetiana. — AUX MAMELLES. !

Lapsana communis. — AUX MASSUES. '

HERBA ADMIRATIOXIS. Leucas zey- Lycopoclium clavatum. — AUX MITES.

lanica. — ARTICULARIS. Silene ivflata. I

Verbascum Blattaria. — AUX PAX-

— BAROXIS. Thymus Herba barona. — THERES. Boronicum Pardalianches. —
IMPIA. Filago germanica. — AUX PERLES. Lithospermum officinale.
IXDICA.
Ionidium enneaspermum. —
MCERORIS. — AUXPOUMOXS. Pulmonaria officinalis.
Phylhmthus Urinaria. —
PARIS. Paris — AUX POUX. Delphinium Staphisagria,
and Pedicularis palustris. — AUX PUCES.
i

quadrifolia.—ROTA. Ptarmica Herba rota.

— SAXCTI JACOBI. Senecio Jacobwa. — Plantago Psyllium. —AUX SERPEXTS.
SAXCTI STEPHAXI. Circcea. — SEX- Trichosanthes anguina. — AUX SOX-
TIEXS. Oxalis sensitive!. — STELLA. XETTES. Fritillaria imperialis. — AUX
Plantago Coronopus. — SUPPLEX. Cym- SORCIERES. Circata Lutetiana. — AUX
bidium ovatum. —VIVA. Oxalis sensi- TEIGXEUX. Tussilago Petasites. — AUX
tiva.— VULXERATA. Bupleurumfalcatum. VERRUES. C]ielidoniummajus,&\i(lHelio-
i

HERBARIUM. A collection of dried tropium europium. — AUX VIPERES.

'

plants systematically arranged.

Echium vulgare. — BLAXCHE. Biotis
—
|

candidissima. CACHEE. Lathrcea

HERBE A CEXT GOUTS. (Fr.) Arte- clandestina. —
CAXICULAIRE. Eyo-
—
!

misia vulgaris. — A CLOQUES. Physalis scyamus niger. CHASTE. Vitex Agnus

Alkekengi. — A COTOX. Asclepias Cor-
castas. — CCEUR. Pulmonaria offici-
nalis. — D' AMOUR. Reseda odorata. —
nidi. — AECURER. Chora. — AETER- I

DE GUIXEE. Panicum altissimum. —

XUER. Ptarmica vulgaris. —A
GERARD. DE L'HIROXDELLE. Chelidonium majus.
JEgopodium Podagraria. —
A JAUXIR. — DE LA BAIE D'HUDSOX. A kind of
Genista tinctorja, and Reseda luteola. — : Poa. — DE LA SAIXT JEAX. Hyperi-
A LARAIGXEE. Anthericum ramosum, cum perforatum. — DE LA TRIXITE.
and Xigella damascena. —
A LA COU- i
Eepatica triloba. — DE SAIXTE APOL-
herb] Cfje Ereaiurg at 23atang. 584
LINE. Hyoscyamus niger. — DE SAINTE not open when ripe, in this respect dif-
BARBE.^ — DE
Barbarea vulgaris. fering from Sterculia, as well as in their
SAINT ETIENNE. Circcea Lutetiana. — less numerous stamens. C. L. L'Heritier,
DE SAINT FIACRE. Heliotr opium euro- whose name is here perpetuated, was a dis-
pceum. — DE SAINT INNOCENT. Poly- tinguished French botanist. [A. A. B.]
gonum Hydropiper. — DE SAINT JO- HERMANNIE^E. A section of the order
SEPH. Scabiosa succisa. — DE SAINT
ROCHE. Inula dysenterica. — DES Byttneriacece, distinguished by the follow-
PEMMES BATTUES. Bryonia dioica. — ing characters —Petals flat stamens mo-
: ;

DES MAGICIENS. Datura Stramonium. nadelphous at the base, equal to the petals
— DU BON HENRI. Blitum Bonus Henri- in number and opposite to them, all fertile
cus. — DU CARDINAL. Si/mphutiun ovary one or many-celled, with two or
many ovules in each cell. They are herbs
officinale. — DU DIABLE. Datura Stra-
monium, and Plumbago scandens. DU — — or shrubs found in intertropical regions,
but most abundant at the Cape of Good
GRAND-PRIEUR. Nicotiana Tabacum.
Hope. The group includes the genera
DU SIEGE. Scrophularia aquatica. — DU Waltheria, Meloch.ia, Biedlea, Physodium,
VENT., Anemone Pulsatilla. —
EMPOI- Hermannia, and Mahernia Byttne-
SONNEE. Atropa Belladonna. MAURE. — riace^;.
: see
H.
Reseda odorata. —
MORE. Solanum ni- [J. B.]

grum. —
MUSQUEE. Adoxa Moschatellina. HERMANNIA. An extensive genus of
—-SACR^E. Melittis Melissophyllum, Ni-
Byttneriacece, including about eighty spe-
cies. The chief features of the genus are :—
cotiana Tabacum, and Verbena officinalis.
— ST. CHRISTOPHE. Actcea spicata. — A bell-shaped five-cleft calyx five clawed
;

ST. PIERRE. Crithmum maritimum. — petals, the claws hollowed five stamens,
;

with their filaments flattened, but not

SANS COUTURE. Ophioglossumvulgatum.
dilated above the middle in the form of
HERBERTIA. A genus of dwarf bul- a + as in Mahernia and a five-celled ovary,
;

bous iridaceous perennials from Texas which, when ripe, is a five-angled capsule
and Chili, one species found in Brazil. with many seeds. The species are twiggy
They have narrow acute radical leaves, and undershrubs, having the stems and leaves,
a short scape bearing at top several pretty especially the latter, which are often ac-
blue or yellow flowers, which have a short- companied with leaf-like stipules, more or
tubed six-parted perianth, with the outer less clothed with starry hairs. The pretty
segments triangular, acute, and reflexed, nodding sometimes sweet-scented flowers
and the shorter inner ones rounded and are pale yellow, orange, or reddish-colour-
erect,three monadelphous stamens in- ed, disposed in dense clusters or loose
serted at the base of the exterior seg- racemes or panicles at the ends of the
ments, and a three-celled ovary, crowned twigs. The genus bears the name of Paul
with three trifid stigmas having recurved Hermann, once professor of botany at
petaloid branches. The genus, which is Leyden. [A. A. B.]
allied to Cypella and Iris, is named in HERMAPHRODITE. Containing both
honour of the late Dean of Manchester, stamens and pistil.
who was a high authority on all matters
relating to bulbous plants. [T. M.j HERMAS. A genus of umbellifers, cha-
racterised by the calyx having a five-parted
HERCULES' CLUB. Xanthoxylon Cla- persistent border and the fruit ovate,
;

va Herculis. each half with five ribs, the middle one

prominent, those on each side of it larger,
HERISSONNE. (Fr.) Erinaceapungens. the other two smaller. The species are
small Cape herbs, with soft downy undi-
HERITIERA. A genus of Sterculiacece, vided leaves. The outer flowers of the um-
containing two trees of considerable mag- bels have stamens only, the others have
nitude, found on the coasts of India, Africa,
and many islands of the eastern hemi-
both stamens and pistil. [G. DJ
sphere; in a cultivated state only in the HERMINTERA. A
genus of tropical
West Indies. They are pyramidal trees African trees, of the leguminous family,
with large handsome stalked entire alter- having thorny branches, abruptly pinnate
nate leaves of a silvery white underneath, leaves, and large orange-coloured flowers,
this silvery appearance giving rise to the succeeded by linear oblong compressed
name of Looking-glass tree,' sometimes
'
legumes, which become at length spirally
applied to them. The blades in H. macro- twisted. The wood of H. elaphroxylon, the
phylla are eight to fourteen inches long by only species, is very white, remarkably
four to six broad. The fine foliage and soft, having the appearance of a mass of
symmetrical habit of this species render it pith, with the medullary rays and annual
a beautiful object in a plant stove where rings almost imperceptible. The natives
it has space to grow. The minute reddish- apply it to various uses. [T. M.]
coloured unisexual flowers are disposed in
terminal panicles they have a five-lobed or
;
HERMINIUM. Agenus of terrestrial
toothed calyx the sterile with five sessile
: orchids, with small flowers very nearly
anthers united into a tube, and the fertile allied to those of Orchis, but the perianth
with five sessile ovaries which become, has no spur, and the anther-cells are dis-
when ripe, hard nearly boat-shaped carpels. tant at the base, the glands of the stalks
They usually ripen but one seed, and do of the pollen-masses protruding below the
 585 Cf)£ Crea^uvg of JSutamn [herb i

cells. There are but very few species, all male flower. The ovary is one-celled, con-
natives of the northern or Alpine regions taining one pendulous ovule; the style is
of Europe and Asia. H. Monorchia, the short, furrowed on one side, and the stigma
Musk Orchis, the most common and widely- is broad and lobulated. The seed, in which
spread species, is occasionally found in the radicle is superior, contains no albu-
!

southern and eastern England. It has men, and the embryo has a crumpled ap-
|
globular tubers like those of an Orchis, but pearance, in addition to which each cotyle-
! the new one is always produced at some don is three-lobed at its base. By its val-
distance from the stem at the end of a vular anthers it is nearly related to Laura-
I
thickish fibre, so that the plant moves each ceo?, but in its inferior ovary it is nearer
year to a distance of one or more inches Combretacece, and its station consequently
from the spot it previously occupied. The is near Gyrocarpus and Illigera in the latter
',

stem is slender, three to six inches high, family, the flowers of these genera bav-
i with two or three narrow leaves near its ins no petals, and their anthers opening
i base. The flowers, in a terminal spike, are by valves. The bark, seed, and young
small, of a yellowish green, with narrow leaves of H. sonora are slightly purgative.
i sepals and petals. It is said that the fibrous roots chewed and
applied to wounds caused by the Macassar
I
HERMIOXE. One of the divisions of poison form an effectual cure. The juice
the genus Narcissus, kept separate by some
of the leaves is a powerful depilatory, de-
botanists, and consisting mainly of the
stroying hair wherever applied without
i

plants which in gardens bear the name of

pain. The wood is light that of H. guia-
;
Polyanthus Narcissus. According to Her-
nensis takes fire so readily from a flint and
:

bert, the distinctions are that the cup is

:
steel, that it is used as amadou. [B. C]
:

!
shorter than the slender cylindrical tube
I
of the flower the stamens with conniving
; HERXAXT SEEDS. The commercial
filaments, adnate unequally near the mouth name for the seeds of Hernandia ovigera,
of the tube, and free only at the curved used for dyeing.
point; and incumbent acute-oval anthers
attached by the middle and the straight
;
HERNIARIA. A genus of Illecebracew,
found in barren places in the temperate
slender style. Most of the Narcissi im-
regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa. They
ported along with hyacinths from Hol-
are small annuals or undershrubs with
land, for spring flowering in gardens, are
oval, oblong, or linear leaves, and small
of this group. [T. M.]
scarious stipules. The minute flowers, in
HERMODACTE. (Fr.) Iris tuberosa. lateral clusters generally arranged in an
interrupted leafy spike, have a five-parted
HERMODACTYLUS. The name of a few calyx, five petals reduced to mere threads,
Eastern plants often included in Iris, but
five stamens, two stigmas, and a membra-
sometimes regarded as distinct. They
I

nous utricular fruit. H. glabra is a native

have fleshy tubers, glaucescent quadran-
of Britain, and not unfrequent in the south-
gular leaves much longer than the stem
western counties. [J. T. S.]
which supports the curious black and
green velvety flower, very small inner HERNIOLE. (Fr.) Serniaria glabra.
perianth-segments, and an oblong ovary
narrowed to each end. Iris tuberosa, the HERON'S BILL. Erodium.
typical species, is often called the Snake's- HERPESTIS. A genus of Scrophularia-
head Iris. [T. M.] cece, allied to Gratiola, and having, like
that genus, didynamous stamens, with
HERNAXDIA. A genus of apetalous two-celled anthers, and a capsule opening
Exogens, the station of which in the natu-
septicidally in two entire or bifid valves.
ral system is regarded as doubtful by It is, however, readily known by the calyx
:

some it has been separated as the type of

consisting of five distinct very unequal
a distinct family, the Hernandiacece. It
sepals, the lowest outer one always much
consists of three or four or perhaps more
larger than the others, and the two inner-
species, tropical trees inhabiting both the
East and West Indies and Guiana. The
most often very narrow. The^e are above
forty species known, natives of various
leaves are cordate, peltate, and smooth ;
parts of America, Africa, Australia, or
and the flowers, which are monoecious, are southern Asia. They are all herbs, mostly
in panicled masses, having a yellowish
appearance from the sepals being petaloid.
procumbent or prostrate, more rarely
erect, with rather small flowers usually
The male flower has six sepals, and three yellow or pale blue. The most common
stamens opposite the three outer sepals
are, H. Monnieria, a small creeping gla-
between the base3 of the stamens are three brous plant, with rather thick entire
pairs of glands. The anthers open by two
leaves, and a pale blue or nearly white
valves, reflected laterally. The female flower, very abundant in almost all hot
flower, the structure of which has hitherto
countries in moist situations ; and H.
been imperfectly understood, proves on ex- chamo3dryoid.es, a much-branched spread-
amination to have the ovary inferior, and ing species with ovate toothed leaves and
at its base external to the calyx it is en-
yellow flowers, common in the mountainous
closed by a cup-like involucre, which in the districts of America from South Brazil to
male flower is wanting. The sepals are Mexico.
eight, or sometimes in imperfectly herma-
phrodite flowers nine, and it hasfour barren HERRERIA. A genus of Liliacem of
stamens which are like the gland3 of the doubtful affinity, having the habit of the
hers] Cfje t£r?agurj? at 3Sntang. 586
Asparageaz, but in structure resembling the usually with less stellate pubescence. The
Anthericece. They are undershrubs found flowers are large, purple, lilac, white, or
in Brazil and Chili, with tuberous root- dirty yellow in some of the species sweet-
I

stock, climbing stems, whorled-fascicled |

scented in the evening, whence the generic
lanceolate or linear leaves, and small name. The common garden Rocket, or
scented flowers in many-flowered axillary Dame's Violet, is H. matronalis, a native
racemes. The perianth is herbaceous, six- of Europe, but probably not indigenous to
parted, persistent the stamens six the
; ; Britain ; many varieties exist in cultivation,
capsule membranaceous, three-winged, and with white, purple, variegated, or double
three-celled. [J. T. s.] flowers. [J. T. S.]

HERSCHBLTA the name of a

ccelestis is HESPEROMELES. The name of a few
South Africa, with a
terrestrial orchid of shrubs or trees of considerable size be-
stem a foot high, bearing at the base a longing to the Pomacece, and found at
number of narrow grassy leaves, and end- elevations of eight to thirteen thousand
ing in a raceme of pretty flowers an inch feet on the Andes of Peru and New Gre-
across and of an intense sky-blue colour nada. They have alternate stalked coria-
—therefore most appropriately named by ceous ovate or oblong leaves, and white
Dr. Lindley in honour of Sir John Her- or pink flowers much like those of the
schel, the celebrated astronomer. The hawthorn in size and disposition. From
upper sepal is helmet-shaped, spurred near this genus they chiefly differ in the ovaries,
the base, larger than the lower ones, and five in number, having each but one in-
hiding the petals. The beak is trilobed, stead of two ovules. The fruits are also
and between it and the anthers is a curious like those of the hawthorn. H. lanuginosa
forked linear appendage. [A. A. BJ grows to a large tree in New Grenada ; Mr.
Purdie remarks that it forms the entire
HESPERANTHA. A genus of Cape
forest,beginning at ten thousand and
Tridacece closely allied to Ixia, the species
reaching to fourteen thousand feet, or
remarkable for expanding their sweet-
near the perpetual snow limit. Jlespero-
scented flowers in the evening— whence
meles signifies Western Apple. [A. A. BJ
the name. They are bulb-tuberous plants
with sword-shaped leaves and the flowers,
; HESPEROSCORDON. A genus of Li-
which grow in loose spikes, have a long- liacew, differing from Brodiwa by having
tubed hypocrateriform perianth with six all the six stamens anther-bearing, and the
equal spreading limb-segments, three sta- ovary sessile. They are herbs found in
mens inserted in the perianth tube, and western North America, having much the
three stigmas, which are elongate narrow- habit of some species of Allium, and with
linear and conduplicate. The flowers are large white or bluish flowers. [J. T. S.]
mostly white, sometimes stained outside HESSEA. A small genus of Amarijllida-
with some dark colour. [T. M.]
cece, characterised by having a bifid spathe,
HESPERIDE.E. A name given by Lin- a short-tubed regular-limbed perianth,
naeus to a natural order comprising the equal subulate filaments becoming reflex-
genera Citrus, Styrax, and Garcinia. It has ed and bearing short anthers, a filiform
sometimes been applied to the orange style, and a trifld fimbriated stigma. It
family. Endlicher gives the name Iles- is represented by the Amaryllis stellaris of
perides to one of his classes embracing the Jacquin. The name Hessea has also been
orders Humiriaccce, Olacinece, Aurantiacece, given to the genus Carpolyza. [T. M.]
Meliacece, and Cedrelacece. It is thus de-
fined :— Trees or shrubs with alternate
HETiERIA. A small Australian marsh
plant, belonging to the Philydracece, and
exstipulate usually compound leaves. Ca-
differing from Philydrum by its kidney-
lyx free, imbricate in aestivation; corolla
shaped anther lobes, its central placenta
with petals equal in number to the seg- ultimately detached from the three valves
ments of the calyx, valvate or convolute in of the capsule, and by its smooth seeds.
aestivation; stamens twice or four times
H. pygmcea is a small rush-like plant with
the number of the petals, free, monadel- a spike of flowers of a yellow colour and
phous or polyadelphous ; carpels numerous, invested by bracts. [M. T. M.]
united into a one or many-celled ovary;
ovules solitary or many, usually anatropal HETERANTHERA. A genus of Pontede-
embyro very often exalbuminous coty- ; racea?, consisting of small aquatic herbs
ledons mostly fleshy. [J. H. BJ with roundish long-stalked or linear leaves,
and one or two small white or blue flowers
HESPERIDIUM. A many-celled superior produced from a spathe in the axil of a
indehiscent fruit, pulpy within, and co- sheathing leaf-stalk. The perianth is sal-
vered by a separable rind as the orange.
;
ver-shaped, with a long slender tube and
a spreading six-lobed limb. H. reniformis,
HESPERIS. The Rocket, a genus of
the Mud Plantain, with roundish kidney-
Crucifera\ belonging to the section having shaped leaves and white flowers, is not un-
the radicle of the seed bent over the back frequent by the muddy banks of streams
of one of the flat cotyledons. It is dis- in the Southern United States. [J. T. S.]
tinguished from Malcolmia by the blunt
not sharp-pointed lobes of the stigma at HETEROCARYUM. A genus of Bnra-
the end of the long cylindrical pod. They are ginacew, natives of temperate Asia, resem-
biennial or annual (rarely perennial) herbs bling OmphcUodes, but having the calyx
with somewhat the habit of the stock, but segments caducous, the column of styles
 5S7 Cfje {£rca3urg at 33atang. [hete

! adherins to the nuts as far as their middle, HETERONEURON. Pceciloptens.

:
and the peduncles thickened. [J. T. S.] HETEROPAPPUS. The name formerly
HETEROCEPHALOUS. Bearing. in the given to a few Composites of North China
i

same individual, heads of entirely male and Japan, with flower-heads like Aster.
I

flowers, aud others entirely female. They are now known to belong to the
genus Calimeris : which see. [A. A. B.]
HETEROCHiEXIA. A genus of hell- HETEROPHRAGMA. A genus of Big-
worts, having the tube of the calyx ob- |

noviacece, containing a single species from

conical, deeply five-cleft, with the lobes
India. It is a large tree with opposite or
i

ciliated seed-vessel three-celled, opening

;
j
ternate impari-pinnate leaves, and whitish
first by three valves at the summit, subse- j

flowers in dense terminal downy panicles.

quentfy by rupture of other parts. The
The calyx is campanulate and three-lobed
,

genus was founded by De Candolle, to in- ;

elude the Mascaren plant formerly called

j

i
the corolla equally five-parted, with the
Wahlenbergia ensifolia. [G. D.] ;
margins of the divisions waved there are ;

four fertile stamens the ovary is sur-

;

HETEROCODON. An annual from the i rounded by a purple disk, and surmounted

Oregon territory in North America, dis- I
by a simple style and a two-cleft stigma ;

tinsuished as a genus of Camp aw dace ce. the capsule is long and pointed and the ;

by Nuttall, on account of the lower flowers seeds have a broad wing. [W. C]
having no corolla; but it is probably only
a form or variety of Specularia perfoliata.
HETEROPOGON. A genus of grasses
belonging to the tribe Andropogoneee, now
HETERODOX. A genus of bruniads, included in Andropogon. They are mostly
distinguished by the calyx having ten natives of Mexico. [D. M.]
teeth, five of which are short and blunt,
and five elongated. The only species is a HETEROPSIS. A
genus of Brazilian
plants, of the family Aretcece, deriving its
shrub, a native of the Cape, having semi-
cylindrical leaves, which are hairy, ending
name from the fact that the appearance of
in "awn-like points. [G. DJ the planC is different from that of most of
its congeners. The stem is woody and
HETEROGAMOUS. When in a capitu- branching, with lance-shaped leaves; the
lu;n the florets of the ray are eitherneuter spathe hooded, deciduous spadix blunt, ;

or female, and those of the disk male. covered with male and female flowers, in-
HETEROIDEOUS. Diversified in form. termixed the anthers are two-celled and
;

gaping ovaries two-celled, with two ovules

;

HETEROL.EXA. A subdivision of Pi- in each cell. [M.T.M.]

melea in which the capitula are terminal,
and the involucre formed of four rarely HETEROPTERIS. A genus of American
five to eight leaves, and these leaves are
climbing shrubs, with yellow or bluish
flowers, belonging to the Malpighiacece-.
unlike the foliage of the branches, differ-
Several are cultivated as evergreen stove
j

ing in magnitude or in form and texture,

often coloured. They are shrubby plants climbing plants their flowers have a calyx
;

of NewHolland and Tasmania, with oppo- with eight glands stamens all fertile
;

site leaves. There are thirty-eight species styles three ; wing thickened
fruit with a
of Pimelea in this subdivision. [J. H.3B.]
on the lower margin. [M. T. M.]

HETEROLEPIS. A small genus of Com-

HETEROS. In Greek compounds = va-
riable, or various.
nearly related to Gazania, and found
posites,
in South Africa. The species differ from HETEROSTEMMA. small genus ofA
this and their other allies, in having the Asclepiadacea?, natives of India and the Mo-
hairs of the pappus (which are of unequal luccas. They are glabrous twining shrubs,
length and ciliated) in two or three series. with opposite membranaceous leaves,
All are branching bushes, with rosemary- and flowers in few-flowered interpetiola.r
like leaves, and handsome flower-heads umbels. The calyx consists of five ovate
with the florets all yellow. [A. A. B.] sepals ; the corolla is rotate and five-parted,
HETEROMORPHA. A with spreading lobes. The five-leaved sta-
genus of um- minal crown is very variable, differing in
bellifers, distinguished from its congeners
each species. The follicles are smooth
by its peculiar fruit, which is apparently
five-winged owing to the different aspect
and divaricate, and contain about twenty
of its two halves, the outer being provided
comose seeds. [W. C]
with two wing-like ridges, the inner with HETEROTOMA. Thename of a Mexican
three. The species are natives of the Cape herbaceous plant, constituting a genus of
of Good Hope. [G. D.] Lobeliacece. It has a two-lipped calyx a ;

tubular corolla, the tube of which is irre-

HETERONEME.E. A name applied to gularly dilated at the base into a spur-like '

the higher cryptogams by Fries to express

form anthers cohering, the two lower
;
the fact of the more.complicated germina- ones hairy ovary with two compartments
j

tion than in the lower cryptogams. The

; ;

stigma two-lobed. The flowers are large,

j

production of the pseudoeotyledons in

purple, arranged in racemes. E. lobelioides
ferns appears to be what he had more
is the Bird-plant of Mexico. [M. T. M.]
especially in view. It may, however, be ob- |

jected that in Puccinia and some other HETEROTROPA. The name applied to !

fungi there is a decided prothallus preced- a genus of Aristolochiacece, represented by

ing the formation of true fruit. [M. J. B.] a Japanese herb, with a coloured pitcher- |
shaped perianth contracted at the throat, present. The stigma is bifurcate. E. my-
where it is provided with a plicated ring sorensis is very ornamental. [W. C.j
or corona.' The anthers are twelve in
'

number, arranged in two rows the outer, :

HEXADESMIA. A
few epiphytal or-
chids of Central America, differing from
on triangular filaments, open inwardly, Epidendrum in having six instead of four
and are partially united together the inner ;
pollen-masses; whence the generic name.
ones are sessile, open outwardly, and have
They are tufted plants a few inches high,
their connective prolonged into a lance-
with narrow oblong pseudobulbs, a few
shaped point. The plant has the appear-
short grassy leaves, and a number of in-
ance of Asarum, from which genus the
conspicuous green or white flowers in a
above characters amply distinguish it. Its terminal raceme. [A. A. B.]
leaves are heart-shaped, marked with white
spots. [M. T. MJ HEXAGONIA. A fine genus of pore-
bearing Fungi, distinguished by its large
HETEROTROPAL. Lying parallel with
angular pores, which resemble the ceils
the hilum. A term applied only to the of a honeycomb. Most of the species are
embryo.
hard and woody, hut one or two are thin
HETRE. (Fr.) Fagus sylvatica. and flexible as paper. They are, with but
HEUCHERA. A genus of perennial one or two exceptions, inhabitants of tro-
herbaceous plants of elegant appearance,
pical countries. We have no species in
natives of North America and Siberia, and
Great Britain, but E. sericea is found in
the forests above Canada. One or two
included in the Saxifragacece. The petals
species are found on gum trees in Aus-
are five, inserted into the upper part of the
tube of the calyx, of a linear form and tralia. In some Indian species the pores
are one-sixth of an inch across. [M. J. B.]
slightly unequal stamens five, inserted
;

with the petals ovary one-celled, with two

; HEXALOBUS. A genus of anonaceous
parietal placenta? styles elongated, diver-
; shrubs, inhabiting Senegal and Madagas-
gent; fruit bursting between the styles. car. They have a six-cleft corolla, with
The flowers are borne in clusters which the spreading segments- in two rows nu- ;

rise from a number of lobed toothed merous club-shaped stamens, attached to

leaves. Several of the species are grown the sides of a convex receptacle and nume-
;

in English gardens. The root of H. ameri- rous ovaries with sessile stigmas; fruit
cana is so astringent that it is called Alum of several few-seeded berries. [M. T. M.]
root. [M. T. M.J
HEYNEA. A genus of Indian trees be-
HEWARDIA. A genus of polypodia- longing to the Mcliacece, among which
ceous ferns, agreeing with Adiantum in all they are distinguished by the tube formed
the essential points of fructification, but by the union of the stamens, which is
distinguished from it by having the veins deeply five-cleft, the segments being also
reticulated. They have linear continuous cleft the anthers are ten, sharply pointed
;

sori, as in Adiantum Wilsoni and its allies, ovary two-celled, imbedded in a fleshy
and are pinnate, bipinnate, or pedately tri- disk, and ripening into a somewhat fleshy
pinnate plants of South America. It is capsular fruit, which is one-celled by abor-
named after Mr. R. Heward, anamateurpte- tion and single-seeded. [M. T. M.]
ridologist, and one of the contributors to
this work. The name has also been given
HIANS. Gaping opening by a long nar- ;

row fissure cut across the shorter axis.

to a melanthaceous stemless herb from
Tasmania, having ensiform distichous HIBBERTIA. A genus of Dilleniacece
leaves, and star-shaped purple flowers, confined to Australia and Tasmania, com-
and the habit of an Iris or Sisyrinchium prising about fifty species. They usually
;

but for this the name of Isophysis has been form little heath-like tufted shrubs, or their
suggested. [T. M.] slender stems trail along the ground, but
they grow several feet in
HEXA. In Greek compounds = six. occasionally
length and climb upon other shrubs. Their
Tims: Eexalepidous, consisting of six flowers are yellow, borne at the ends of the
scales Hexapterous, having six wines or
:

Eexapyrenous, branches, and generally give out a

very un-
membranous expansions :
pleasant odour they have five thick lea-
having six stones Eexapetaloid, consisting thery permanent sepals, and five thin fuga-
;
;

of six coloured parts, like petals Eexa- ceous petals;

the stamens are very nume-
;

rinous, having six stamens.

rous, entirely free or united at their bases
HEXACENTRIS. A small genus of Acan- into several bundles; and the one-celled
fftarap.containing three species from India. ovaries, two to five in number, are termi-
They are climbing shrubs with dentate nated by a diverging style. The fruit con-
leaves, and purple or yellow flowers in ax- sists of two or more carpels splitting open
illary and terminal many-flowered racemes. down the inner edge, and containing one
The small calyx is unequally toothed, and or several roundish shining seeds, each
is surrounded by two small bracts. The partly surrounded by an aril.
corolla has a short tube and an oblique five- E. dentata, a climbing species, is one of
cleft limb. The four didynamous stamens the most showy, and grows six or eight feet
have erect two-celled anthers, which, in the high. E. grossulariwfolia is another of the
shorter pair, have both cells spurred, aud climbing kinds, having leaves somewhat re-
the longer pair have a spur on one only. sembling those of the common gooseberry
A short subulate sterile fifth stamen is bush, its trailing stems tinged with red, and
589 GTIje Crnigurg nf botany. [hig

its flowers produced in great abundance at HIBISCUS, BASTARD. Achania Malva-

the ends of little side branches. H. vohibi- viscus.
lis, the largest species of the genus, has a HICKORY. Carya.
stiff climbing stem, and pale yellow flowers
two inches across, but most disagreeably HIDDEN-VEINED. Having the veins
scented. [A. S.] so buried in the parenchyma, that they
are not visible upon external inspection.
HIBERNACULUM. The poetical name HIERACIUM. A large and exceedingly
of a bud or bulb. difficultgenus of cichoraceous plants,
HIBERNAL. Of or belonging to winter. mostly with yellow flowers, inhabiting the
temperate countries of the eastern hemi-
HIBISCUS. The Rose-mallow family, sphere, and distinguished among allied
a very large genus of Malvacece, character- genera by having a brown brittle pappus
ized by their large showy flowers being and no beak to the fruit. From twenty to
borne singly upon stalks towards the ends thirty species are indigenous to Britain,
of the branches by having an outer calyx
;
growing in hedges, woods, and mountains.
or involueel composed of numerous leaves, Oneof the best known and most attractive
and an inner or true calyx cut into five divi- of these is H. Pilosella, common on heaths
sions at the top, which does not fall away and in dry pastures, a dwarf plant with
after flowering by having five petals broad
;
creeping leafy scions, elliptical leaves
at top and narrow towards the base, where clothed above with scattered long hairs,
they unite with the tube of the stamens; and bearing on leafless stalks a single
and by the latter forming a sheath round brilliant light yellow flower. Other com-
the five-branched style, and emitting fila- mon species are E. sylvaticum and H.
ments bearing kidney-shaped anthers umbellatum, tall weeds with leafy stems
throughout the greater part of its length. and uninteresting yellow flowers. Several
The fruit is five-celled, with numerous others are more or less frequent, but can
seeds. The majority of the species are tro- only be discriminated by the application of
pical, but a few are found in temperate much patient care. H. aurantiacum, called
regions, and one, H. Trionum, occurs in Grim-the-collier from the black hairs which
the South of Europe and also in New Zea- clothe the flower-stalk and involucre, is
land. Most of them are shrubs, but a few an ornamental plant with orange-coloured
form moderately high trees. All possess flowers, often cultivated in flower gardens.
tie mucilaginous properties common to The systematic name Hieracium, the
the order, and several are eaten as pot-
herbs, while their inner bark yields more
English Hawkweed, the French Epervi&re,
or less fibre.
and the German Habichtskraut, all have
H. cannabinus has a prickly stem, six or reference to an ancient belief that birds
of prey made use of the juice of these plants
eight feet high, and deeply-parted leaves
to strengthen their vision. [C. A. J.]
somewhat resembling those of hemp. The
flowers are pale yellow with a dark purple HIEROCHLOA. A genus of grasses be-
blotch at the bottom of each petal. This is longing to the Phalaridece, and consisting
a native of the East Indies, where it is cul- of several species spread over the colder
j

tivated on account of the fibre contained in parts of both hemispheres. They have
its stems, the seeds being sown thickly so loose spreading or narrow crowded pani-
as to induce the plants to erow up tall, !

cles; three-flowered spikelets, the twolower

straight, and unbranched. The fibre, like flowers being males with three stamens,
that of other malvaceous plants, bears more and the upper one smaller with two sta-
resemblance to jute than to hemp, though mens and hermaphrodite the glumes are
;

it is sometimes called Indian Hemp. It scarious, boat-shaped, and pointed. One

comes to this country in small quantities, native species, H. borealis, found near
and is sometimes called Bastard Jute. In Thurso, occurs in mountain pastures in
Western India the plant is called Ambaree, Northern Europe, Asia, and America, and
and its leaves are eaten as a pot-herb, and also in New Zealand. The name Hierochloa,
j

an oil is extracted from its seeds. sometimes written Hierochloe — whence

B. Rosa sinensis, a well-known ornament Holy-grass^refers to the practice, adopted
of our hothouses, is a native of India, i
in some parts of Germany, of strewing it
China, and other parts of Asia. It is a tree before the doors of churches on festival
of twenty or thirty feet high and has very
j

;
I
days. [T. M.]
variable flowers— double, sinele, red, dark
purple, yellow, white, or variegated, ac-
J HIGGINSIA. A
genus of small Peruvian
cording to the particular variety. These shrubs, belonging to the Cinchonacece.
flowers contain a quantity of astringent
j

The parts of the flower are arranged in

juice, and when bruised rapidly turn black
i

fours the corolla is somewhat bell-shaped,

;

or deep purple
j with a short tube, concealing the stamens
they are used by the
;

Chinese ladies for dyeing their hair and

|

within it; the ovary has two compart-

eyebrows, and in Java for blacking shoes,
i

ments the ovules are numerous, the style

;

short, and the stigma cleft and projecting.

whence the plant is frequently called the
Shoe-black Plant. The fruit is berry-like, and two-celled.
H. syriacus, commonly called A Ithceafru- See Cajipylobotrys. [M. T. MJ
tex, isa hardy deciduous shrub, with large HIG-TAPER. Yerbascum Thapsus. The
showy flowers, produced in great profu- I
name is, according to Dr. Prior, often in-
sion in the autumn months [A. SJ correctly spelt High-taper.
 high] tEfyz BxiMuty of 23fltang, 590
HIGH WATER SHRUB. An American the true mandrake should be supposed by
name for Iva. [
the natives of that country to possess the
same power of exciting the passions as
HILIPER. Bearing a hilum upon its
was attributed to the mandrake, in Greece
surface.
&c, by the ancients, and even by mediasval
HILLIA. The memory of Sir John |
writers. pi. T. M.]
Hill, a writer on various branches of
botany, is held in little respect in this HINA. The Pacific Island name for a
country, owing to some unseemly disputes Gourd.
with some of his contemporaries and with HINAU, or HINO. Elceocarpus Hhiau,
the Royal Society; nevertheless a genus the bark of which is used for dyeing in
of plants has been named in his honour, New Zealand.
consisting of small tropical American
shrubs reported to grow upon the trunks HINDA. An Indian name for the Wild
of trees, and belonging to the Cinchonacece. Date, Phoenix sylvestris.
They have somewhat fleshy leaves ; an HINDBERRT. Ruous Idceus.
involucre of three or four bracts outside
the calyx, the limb of which is divided HINDHEAL. Clienopodium Botrys.
into two to four narrow segments a ;

salver-shaped corolla, with a long tube, HINDSIA. A genus of cinchonaceous

distended at the throat, and concealing shrubs, natives of Brazil. The flowers
four to six sessile anthers a thread-like
;
I have a calyx with unequal linear segments,
style, and thick stigma. The fruit is a
sometimes dilated in a leaf-like manner a ;

long pod-like two-celted two-valved cap- j

funnel-shaped corolla with a long tube,
sule, with numerous seeds which are pro- I
somewhat dilated at the upper part; an-
vided with a loose integument prolonged thers on very short stalks at the top of the
at one end into a long brush-like appen-
tube of the corolla and a style divided
;

pi. T. M.] at its upper part into two loner linear com-
dage,
j
pressed hairy branches. The capsule
HiLUM. The scar produced by the bursts by two valves, and contains nu-
separation of a seed from its placenta. merous seeds. H. violacea is a stove plant
Also used to indicate any point of attach- of great beauty, with large deep blue
ment and the apertures in the extine of
; flowers. pi. T. MJ
pollen grains.
HING. The Indian name for Asafcetida.
HIMANTHALIA. A
genus of olive-
spored Algai, remarkable for the large HINOID. When veins proceed entirely
immensely elongated forked receptacles, from the midrib of a leaf, and are parallel
and the little cup-shaped frond which ! and undivided as in ginger-worts.
;

scarcely exceeds an inch in diameter. The HIP-TREE. Rosa canina, the fruits of
plant is common on some parts of our which are called Hips.
const, Chough rather local. The fronds
when young sometimes become detached HIPWORT. Cotyledon Umbilicus.
and form little bladders which make a J

loud report when trod upon. The only \

HIPPEASTRUM. The Knight's Star
species, //. lorea, is known by the name of
; Lily, a genus of Amaryllidacece, consisting
Sea-thongs from the strap-like appearance of South American and West Indian bulbs,
of the receptacles. The plant is biennial, remarkable for their showy flowers, and
comprising most of the plants cultivated
!

the receptacle not being produced till the

in hothouses under the name of Amaryllis,
|

second year. It extends southward as far

J

I as Spain, but prefers rather cold waters.

these being for the most part hybrids,which
I It is very rare, if found at all, on the coast
are very freely produced in the genus. The
leaves, which are vernal, are bifarious.and
of America, [M. J. B.]
I

I
precede or accompany the flowers ; the
HIMATANTHUS. A Brazilian tree, con- :
latter usually grow several together at the
stituting a genus of Cinchonacece. Its top of a hollow scape, and are large and in
flowers are arranged in spikes which are most cases very handsome, the somewhat
covered by a large spathe-like bract, falling funnel-shaped declinate perianth having
off before the flowers expand. The parts : an abbreviated and narrow-mouthed tube
of the flower are arranged in fives the
; with the faucial membrane deficient on the
corolla is very long and funnel-shaped, !
lower side and a very irregular limb, the
;

concealing within it the stamens; the upper sepaline being wider, and the lower
style somewhat club-shaped; and the
is petaiine narrower than the other seg-
ovary has two compartments. The fruit is ments. The filaments are declinate, curved,
unknown. [M. T. M.] unequal, and unequally inserted into the
throat and the style is three-lobed or
HIMERANTHUS. A genus of Solanaceo?. ;

three-cleft. The flowers of some of the

The flowers are placed singly on long
species, as aulicum, equestre, and regium, are
stalks, and have a bell-shaped corolla, to
crimson, scarlet, or orange-red, with agreen
the base of which, internally, the stamens
star; of vittatum white striped with red;
with strap-shaped filaments are attached.
and of reticulatum purplish-red, beautifully
The ovary is two-celled, the fruit fleshy, veined with deeper red, and with a white
many-seeded, supported by the persistent central star.
calyx. It is found in Uruguay; and it is [T. M.]
singular that a plant so nearly allied to HIPPIA. A genus of South African
 591 Eije Crra£urg at SSotani?. [hipp

Composite, consisting of slender herbs or HIPPOCREPIFORM. Horseshoe-shaped.

small branching shrubs, with leaves and HIPPOCREPIS. The Horseshoe Vetch,
flower-heads something like chamomile. a genus of herbaceous or somewhat shrub-
The leaves are pinnatifld the flowers are
;
by leguminous plants, so called from the
minute yellow rayless, disposed in corymbs peculiar form of their seed-vessels, which
at the ends of the twigs, and not unlike are long and jointed, each joint being one-
those of Artemisia, to which the genus is seeded and curved into a shape somewhat
allied. The outer florets have pistils only,
resembling that of a horseshoe. In all the
the inner stamens and the orbicular com-
;
species the leaves are pinnate, with a ter-
pressed achenes have slightly winged mar- minal leaflet. The flowers are yellow, in
gins, and no pappus. -, [A. A. B.]
some species solitary in the axils of the
HIPPO BROMUS alatus, the only re- leaves, but more frequently collected into
presentative of a genus of Sapindacece, is simple umbels on slender axillary stalks.
a South African tree of considerable size, |
The only British species, H. comosa, is a
with alternate unequally-pinnate leaves, : low trailing plant with much of the habit
bearing in their axils short velvety clus- of the common bird's-foot trefoil, butdiffers
ters of small reddish flowers. The leaves both in the shape of its leaves and pods.
are made up of four to six pairs of unequal- ! It is not uncommon on sunny banks of
sided serrate leaflets; and the flowers are 1

chalk orlimestone. Several other species,

unisexual, the sterile with five sepals, five
1

some of which are annuals, inhabit the

pcjgls, and eight stamens, the fertile with south of Europe. French, Hippocrepe ; I

Ke
I

a calyx and corolla, and a few barren :

German, Hufeisenpflanze. [C. A. J.] j

stamens surrounding a three-celled ovary

tipped with a short style. The genus HIPPOMANE. The celebrated poisonous
differs from Sapindus, in the petals being
:

Manchineel or Manzanillo tree of tropical I

destitute of a scale or tuft of hairs on their

'

South America (Hippomane Mancinella) is j

the only species of this genus of spurge-

inner surface, as well as in the round ber- |

worts. It is a tree forty or fifty feet

ried fruits the size of a pea accompanied |
|

high, common in many of the West Indian

by the remaining calyx. The colonial name
Islands and in Venezuela and Panama, usu-
of the tree is Paardepis. [A. A. B.]
ally growing on sandy sea-shores. Its leaves
HIPPOCASTAXE.E. A group of hypo- are stalked, shining green, egg-shaped or
^ynousExogens, forming a subdivision of elliptical, with the edges cut into saw-like
the order Sapixdace^: which see.
: teeth, having a single gland on the upper
side at the junction of the stalk and leaf.
BTIPPOCRATEACE^. A natural order
Its flowers are very small and inconspi-
of thalamifloral dicotyledons, included in
.

cuous, and of separate sexes, borne on long

Lindley's rhamnal alliance of perigynous
slender spikes, the femalesfew placed singly
Exogens. Shrubby plants with opposite at the base of the spike, the males in little
simple leaves having deciduous stipules;
clusters occupying the upper part. The
sepals and petals five imbricate stamens ;
calyx of the males is two-parted, and that
three monadelphous. Fruit either con-
|

of the females three-parted, the male con-

sisting of three-winged carpels, or baccate.
taining two or four stamens joined toge-
I

The prominent character of the order is

ther by their filaments, and the females a
the ternary stamens, and pentamerous I

many-celled ovary, crowned with from

sepals and petals. The plants are chiefly
four to eight styles and reflexed stigmas.
natives of South America, but some are
Its fruit is a roundish fleshy yellowish-
found in Africa and Asia. The nuts of
Hippocratea comr^. are oily and sweet.
green berry.
The fruit of Tontelea piriformis is eaten in The virulent nature of the juice of the
Sierra Leone. There are seven genera and
Manchineel tree has given rise, in the west-
about ninety species. ern hemisphere, to nearly as wonderful
Examples : Hippo-
stories as those associated with the upas
cratea, Tontelea, and Salacia. [J. H. B.]
tree in the eastern but although there can
;

HIPPOCRATEA. A genus of the small be no doubt that it possesses extremely poi-

I order Eippocrateacece, consisting of up- sonous properties, its powers have been
wards of thirty species, the greater part greatly exaggerated, and many of the tales
I
natives of the tropics of the western must be regarded as fabulous. Among the
j
hemisphere, the remaind