Ijciet 09 11 213 PDF
Ijciet 09 11 213 PDF
Ijciet 09 11 213 PDF
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF
OF EARTH DAM SLOPES
SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE
EARTHQUAKE USING ERT
RESULTS INTERPRETATION
INTERPRETATION
EkoAndiSuryo, YulviZaika, DesySetyowulan
EkoAndi
Civil Engineering Department,
Brawijaya University, MT. Haryono Street
Street 167 Malang 65145 East Java, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Earth Dam stability can be affected significantly by the existence of excessive
leakage. This is due to decreasing of shear strength of the dam material and
additional overturning moment. In such scenario, the non-destructivenon destructive soil
investigation method is needed to analyze the stability of earth dam in current
condition. This paper examines the use of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) to
investigate soil layers and to measure parameters of soil shear strength indirectly.
First survey was carried out at dam crest and downstream using Wenner
Configuration along profile lines at electrode spacing of 5 m. There were 5 profile
lines of 180m long each and 10m distance of spacing. Furthermore, two profiles lines
at weak cross-section
section based on its resistivity soil values were undertaken. Laboratory
tests were conducted to determine relationship between resistivity
resistivity value, moisture
content, cohesion and angle of friction for each type of dam materials. From the ERT
results and lab testing, a model dam can be obtained using current material
parameters to perform stability analysis of dam subjected to earthquake.
earthqua The lowest
FOS was found at the upstream side about 1.15 and at the downstream side about
1.14 after applying seismic load of 100 years return period.
Keywords: Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT),, Earth Dam, Non-Destructive
Non
Test, Soil Investigation, Stability.
Stability
Cite this Article: EkoAndiSuryo, YulviZaika and DesySetyowulan, Stability Analysis
of Earth Dam Slopes Subjected To Earthquake Using ERT Results Interpretation,
Interpretation
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(11),
9( 2018, pp.
2170–2178.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=11
1. INTRODUCTION
The most common problem in earth dams is abnormal seepage or excessive leakage that may
cause dam failure [1]. Inspite of the facts that normal seepage throught the earth dam body is
planned process, anomalous seepage may occurs by developing preferential flow paths in the
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Stability Analysis of Earth Dam Slopes Subjected To Earthquake Using ERT Results Interpretation
dam body [2]. The existence of this excessive leakage can initiate instability of slope since the
shear strength in current condition may be decreased.
Analysis of slope stability needs subsurface soil parameters that usually provided from
soil investigation using wash drilling to gather soil samples. Considering the risk of excessive
leakage, wash drilling should not being applied in the dam body investigation. Suggestion is
being made to apply non-destructive geophysical methods, such as Electrical Resistivity
Tomography (ERT), especially at the reconnaissance stage [3].
The ERT method can facilitate early detection or diagnosis of anomalous phenomena [4],
determine the depth of water in saturated zone and detect groundwater flow pattern [5, 6]. The
ERT method identify soil resistivity that affected by degree of saturation, porosity,
permeability, ionic content of the pore fluids, and clay content. Water seepage through a dam
would be detected as a low resistivity using this electrical method [7, 8]. Furthermore, soil
type can be determined by validating resistivity value with soil strength parameters that
derived from laboratory tests [9].
This paper presents a case study to demonstrate the use of ERT results to interprete
subsurface soil at Selorejo Earth Dam as introduced materials in stability slope analysis
subjected to earthquake. The analysis undertaken considered the dynamic load due to
earthquake, the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the embankment soil and the effect of in-
situ properties of dam materials. Slope modelling for this analysis is made by introducing the
most critical section of the dam that selected due to its low value of soil resistivity. The effect
of pore-water pressures or transient seepage on the slope stability were analysed by coupling
SEEP/W [10] with SLOPE/W [11]. The outcomes from this study could develop the basis for
determining a safe method for surveying soil layers in order to undertake stability analysis for
Indonesian Earth Dams.
Since low resistivity can indicate the low density of soil material, the stability of soil slope
may be in critical state. Therefore, two additional ERT surveys were undertaken by crossing
perpendicular to the previous profile lines to obtain more detail identification of subsurface
soil at low resistivity zone.
To analyse stability of slope of the dam in current condition, soil parameters of the most
critical section is needed. In this study, soil parameters at critical section were defined from
laboratory soil test. Some selected soil tests (grain size distribution, water content test and
direct shear test) were undertaken on soil samples taken from the origin quarry of dam
material that then being designed its resistivity value following ERT results by changing the
water content. This soil test results then were assigned as recent material properties in critical
section of the dam. The combined model representing the critical section of the dam body was
made by combining as-built drawing model and soil layer from ERT result interpretation.
The analysis in this study includes transient seepage analysis to determine pore-water
pressures and stability analysis of dam slope using Fellenius and Bishop Methods. Automatic
coupled mode was designed for both analyses by applying seismic load. Each material zone in
the analysis was assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic. If requirement soil parameter of
the dam materials for the analysis is not available then it will be estimated using provided
typical data in the software [12]. According to the Dam Safety Manual in Indonesia, factor of
safety of dam slope should not less than 1.2 [13]
Coefficient of earthquake peak acceleration is taken from Indonesia’s MapEarthquake
Zoning Map of year 2010 with a return period of 50 years and 100 years. For Malang
residence (the location of studied dam), the coefficient were taken 0.25g for a return period of
50 years and 0.3g for a return period of 100 years. By taking into account the amplification
factor based on the medium rock type at 1.2 and factors influence of freefield at 0.7 [13], then
obtained coefficient of earthquake peak acceleration for this study are 0.21g for a return
period of 50 years and 0.252g for a return period of 100 years.
resistivity values are located at cross-section of +85m and +100m. Then, Fig. 4 shows the
ERT results image on cross-section +85 that has possible leakage at some areas.
The cross-sectional model dam representing the critical section of the dam body is made
by plotting the zone of the soil resisitivity value groups on the as-built drawing model dam, as
representing in Figure 5.
Figure 2 ERT profile lines plotting on the body of the earth dam
Figure 3 Soil resistivity imaging along the body of the earth dam
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Stability Analysis off Earth Dam Slopes Subjected To Earthquake Using ERT Results Interpretation
Figure 7 Variation of c and φ value with different water content on Fine Sand & Gravel
Figure 8 Variation of c and φ value with different water content on Sand & Gravel
Figure 9 Variation of c and φ value with different water content on Tuff Sand
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EkoAndiSuryo, YulviZaika and DesySetyowulan
Table 2 Soil Properties of the Earth Dam Material on the Weak Cross-section
Figure 13 Stability analysis results on cross-section +85m before applying Seismic load
Figure 14 Stability analysis on +85m after applying seismic load for a return period of 50 years
CONCLUSIONS
The interpretation of ERT results incorporating with laboratory validation test results were
employed in the stability analysis of the earth dam subjected to earthquake. The following
conclusions were resumed from this study as follows:
• Significant variation of soil resistivity at different depths alongthe ERT profile lines can be
observed that can be used to detect subsurface soil layers.
• Soil shear strength parameters in current conditions can be obtained by validating the soil
resistivity value from ERT results with some laboratory tests.
• When the weaker soil parameter from ERT result interpretation was introduced into model
dam for stability analysis subjected to earthquake, the FOS of the dowstream slope is
decreased significantly.
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