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ASSOSA UNIVERSITY
FACULITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND
DEPARITMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

COMPUTER ENGINEERING
ASSESSMENT OF INTRODUCTION TO
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
PREPARED BY GROUP 9&10 MEMBERS
SECTION -2 ECEg(3133)
NAME ID NUMBER
 KERIE MEBRATE RU /0903/09
 KIBRUYISFA GETACHEW RU/1957/09
 EWNETU GEDU RU/0869/09
 MOGES CHALEW RU/2155/09
 NIGUS HADISH RU/0219/09
 MALEDE MUHABAW RU/1439/09
 TEREKEGN AMADO RU/3674/09
 GEBREHIWET AMIDE RU/0051/09
 KIDIST BEFIKADU RU/0689/09
 BRUKTAWT ABICH RU/1458/09
ASSOSA ETHIOPIA
1
CHAPTER- 5
INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATION
CONTENTS
Introduction to Multiplexing ……………………………1
Types of Multiplexing …………………………………...2
Frequency Division Multiplexing ……………………….3
Time Division multiplexing ……………………………..4
5.1 MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM AND TYPES OF MULTIPLEXING
INTRODUCTION TO MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM:

 To make efficient use of high-speed
telecommunications lines, some form of
multiplexing is used.
 Multiplexing allows several transmission sources to
share a larger transmission capacity.
 Most individual data communicating devices
typically require modest data rate, but the media
usually has much higher bandwidth.
 Two communicating stations do not utilize the full
capacity of a data link.
 The higher the data rate, the most cost effective is
the transmission facility.
2
 When the bandwidth of a medium is greater than
individual signals to be transmitted through the
channel, a medium can be shared by more than one
channel of signals by using Multiplexing.
 For efficiency, the channel capacity can be shared
among a number of communicating stations.
 Most common use of multiplexing is in long-haul
communication using coaxial cable, microwave and
optical fiber.
5.1 MAIN CONCEPT OF MULTIPLEXING
 It is the set of techniques that allows the
simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a
single data link.
 Multiplexing is done using a device called
Multiplexer (MUX) that combine n input lines to
generate one output line i.e. (many to one).
 At the receiving end a device called Demultiplexer
(DEMUX) is used that separate signal into its
component signals i.e. one input and several outputs
(one to many).
Figure 5.1
3
ADVANTAGES OF MULTPLEXING
 More than one signal can be sent over
single medium or link.
 Effective use of the bandwidth of medium.
5.2 TYPES OF MULTIPLEXING
 Frequency division multiplexing(FDM)
 Time division m
 Synchronous
 Asynchronous
 Wave length multiplexing(WLM)
4
5.2.1 Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
 FDM can be used with analog signals.
 A number of signals are carried
simultaneously on the same medium by
allocating to each Signal a different
frequency band.
 Signal of different frequencies are
combined into a composite signal and is
transmitted on the single link.
 FDM is possible when the useful
bandwidth of the transmission medium
exceeds the required bandwidth of signals
to be transmitted.
 Each signal is having different frequency.
 A number of signals can be carried
simultaneously if each signal is modulated
onto a different carrier frequency and the
carrier frequencies are sufficiently
separated that the bandwidths of the
signals do not significantly overlap.
5
Fig 5.1.2
 Application of FDM
 Transmission of AM/FM Radio broadcasting
 TV broadcasting
 AM frequency = 530 to 1700 kHz.
 FM frequency = 88 to 108 MHz.
 Cable television
5.2.2 Time division multiplexing
 It is the digital multiplexing technique.
 Channel/Link is not divided on the basis of
frequency but on the basis of time.
 Total time available in the channel is divided
between several users.
6
 Possible when the bandwidth of the medium
exceeds the data rate of digital signals to be
transmitted.
 Multiple digital signals can be carried on a single
transmission path by interleaving portions of each
signal in time.
 Interleaving can be at the bit level or in blocks of
bytes.
 The incoming data from each source are briefly
 Each buffer is typically one bit or one character in
length.
 The buffers are scanned sequentially to form a
composite data stream.
Figure 5.1.4
TDM can be expressed in the given formula
 Tb=Ts/m*n
 Rb=1/Tb =(m*n)/Ts bite per second
7
 BW=(m*n)/Ts =(m*n)fs Hz
 Where ,m=number of siginal
n=number of bites
Ts=sampling time
Tb= bite time
Rb=bite rate
Example: five signals each band limited to 3 kHz transmitted
through a channel using TDM .each sample is encoded into 10
bite using pcm. Determine the value of bite rate?
Given n=10 bites
m=5 siginal
fm=3kHz
fs=2*fm =2*3=6KHz
Required Rb?
Solution:
Rb=1/Tb but Tb =Ts/(m*n)
Rb=(m*n)fs=(5*10)*6=300kbite pre second
 TDM Contains the following multiplexing

SYNCHRONOUS TDM
8
 Each device places its data onto the link Time
Slot arrives, each device is given the possession
of line turn by turn.
 If any device does not have data to send then its
time slot remains empty.
 Time slots are organized into Frames and each
frame consists of one or more time slots.
 If there are n sending devices there will be n
slots in frame.
Asynchronous TDM
 As with a synchronous TDM, the statistical
multiplexer has a number of I/O lines on
one side and a higher-speed multiplexed
line on the other. Each I/O line has a buffer
associated with it.
 For input, the function of the multiplexer is
to scan the input buffers, collecting data
until a frame is filled, and then send the
frame.
 In this time slots are not Fixed i.e. slots are
Flexible.
 On output, the multiplexer receives a
frame and distributes.
5.2.3 Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
 Optical fiber medium provides enormous
bandwidth.
 WDM is the most viable technology that overcomes
the huge optoelectronic bandwidth mismatch.
9
 WDM optical fiber network comprises optical
wavelength switches/routers interconnected by
point to-point fiber links.
 End users may communicate with each other
through all –optical (WDM) channels known as Light-
paths which may span over more than one fiber links.
 At the receiver side, this composite light signal is
broken into different light waves by Demultiplexer.
 This Combining and the Splitting of light waves is
done by using a PRISM. Prism bends beam of light
based on the angle of incidence and the frequency
of light wave.
Figure 5.1.4
10

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ASSOSA UNIVERSITY

FACULITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND

DEPARITMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

PREPARED BY GROUP 9&10 MEMBERS

5.1 MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM AND TYPES OF MULTIPLEXING

INTRODUCTION TO MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM:

 TDM Contains the following multiplexing

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