BS 1881 201 Testing Concrete Guide To The Use of Non Destructive Methods of Test For Hardened Concrete PDF
BS 1881 201 Testing Concrete Guide To The Use of Non Destructive Methods of Test For Hardened Concrete PDF
BS 1881 201 Testing Concrete Guide To The Use of Non Destructive Methods of Test For Hardened Concrete PDF
1986
Testing concrete —
Part 201: Guide to the use of
non-destructive methods of test for
hardened concrete
Licensed copy:UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM, 30/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
UDC 666.972.017:691.32:620.1
BS 1881-201:1986
The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard,
through subcommittees and panels:
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
Section 1. General
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Definitions 1
1.3 Principal considerations 1
1.4 Planning an investigation 2
Section 2. Test methods
2.0 Introduction 7
2.1 Resonant frequency 7
2.2 Electromagnetic cover measurement 7
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© BSI 01-1999 i
BS 1881-201:1986
Foreword
This Part of BS 1881 has been prepared under the direction of the Cement,
Gypsum, Aggregates and Quarry Products Standards Committee. All aspects of
testing concrete are being included as parts of BS 1881 and this Part forms a
general introduction to those on non-destructive testing.
Non-destructive testing of a body of hardened concrete as cast, whether in a
structure or as a component, offers advantages of speed, cost and lack of damage
in comparison with test methods which require the removal of a sample. The
range of properties that can be measured in this way is considerable, and much
valuable information may be obtained if the available methods are used with an
under-standing of what they can, and cannot, achieve.
This guide presents information on test methods of this type which will assist
with the planning of investigations and the selection of methods which are most
appropriate to the circumstances. It summarizes the principal features of
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Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 22, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
1) In preparation.
ii © BSI 01-1999
Section 1 BS 1881-201:1986
Section 1. General
© BSI 01-1999 1
BS 1881-201:1986
Non-destructive tests are useful for the following 1.4 Planning an investigation
purposes:
1.4.1 Reasons for testing
a) quality control of precast units or construction
in situ; The situations in which non-destructive testing may
be useful have been indicated in 1.3.4, and the
b) removing uncertainties about the acceptability reasons for testing should be clearly established
of the material supplied owing to apparent before the details of a test programme are planned.
non-compliance with specifications; These will establish the information that is
c) confirming or negating doubt concerning the required, e.g. strength, uniformity and density, and
workmanship involved in batching, mixing, whether this should relate to the surface, near to the
placing, compacting or curing of concrete; surface, or to the body of a member.
d) monitoring of strength development in relation 1.4.2 Acceptance of test data
to formwork removal, cessation of curing,
pre-stressing, load application or similar Before any programme commences, it is essential
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2 © BSI 01-1999
BS 1881-201:1986
1.4.3.2 Choice of test methods. The methods In determining the necessary number of
recommended in Table 1 are likely to be most measurements, it should be remembered that an
suitable for the general circumstances indicated. individual result relates only to the immediate test
Practical limitations may preclude the use of position and does not necessarily reflect the
particular methods in some situations, while in properties of the concrete in general.
other cases it may be appropriate or necessary to 1.4.3.3 Combination of methods. In some
consider the use of methods other than those circumstances, the accuracy achieved may be
recommended. For example, surface treatments, improved by the use of two or more test methods.
such as those to reduce moisture permeability, or A combination of different test methods may be
decorative coatings may prevent the use of some used for the following reasons.
methods. The principal features of the methods,
a) The use of one method as a preliminary to
including their most important limitations and most
another.
reliable applications, are described in section 2 and
summarized in Table 2. The most common situations of this type are:
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The equipment required to perform the tests is 1) the location of reinforcement prior to core
easily portable in most cases, and all tests can be cutting or use of other non-destructive testing
rapidly carried out, although extensive preparation methods;
may sometimes be necessary. 2) the use of a non-destructive method to
Important considerations affecting the choice of test provide comparative data on concrete
method include the following. uniformity prior to core cutting or use of other
non-destructive methods involving greater
a) Test locations. Some factors to be considered
expense or damage.
are:
b) To obtain enhanced reliability of results on the
1) the position within the member or structure;
basis of:
2) the variations of concrete properties through
1) the confirmation of observed patterns of
depth of lift;
concrete quality;
3) the position of reinforcement;
2) the correlation of combinations of measured
4) the presence of local defects or influences, values with a desired property.
e.g. surface carbonation;
Suitable combinations of methods are discussed in
5) the depth below the surface of the zone to section 3.
which results apply.
1.4.3.4 Site condition. The principal site conditions
b) Effect of damage. The choice of method may be that should be considered include:
influenced by:
a) the geographic location and ease of transport of
1) the effects of testing on the surface test equipment;
appearance of the members;
b) the accessibility of test locations;
2) the possibility of structural damage
c) the environment;
resulting from the testing of small section
members. d) the safety of personnel and the general public
during testing.
c) Size of member. The size of the member may
restrict the use of some test methods as a result 1.4.3.5 Economic and social factors. The test
of limitations on minimum edge distances, programme will be influenced by factors such as the
minimum or maximum thicknesses, or similar value of the project and costs arising from:
considerations. a) delays in construction, or restriction on usage
d) Testing accuracy required. The testing or occupancy, while testing is conducted and
accuracy required will depend upon the purpose decisions are made;
of the investigation. The level that can be b) remedial works that may be necessary;
achieved will depend on: c) the features of different test methods,
1) the test method; including time, materials and equipment,
2) the number and location of measurements; temporary works and making good;
3) the accuracy and reliability of available d) the need to select an adequate number of tests
calibrations. for an appropriate reliability of assessment;
e) the need for a higher level of confidence in the
assessment of structures where public safety is
involved.
© BSI 01-1999 3
BS 1881-201:1986
Pull-out test
(cast-in insert) X X
Pull-out test
(drilled hole) X X X X
Internal fracture X X X X
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Break-off test X X
Pull-off test X X X
Penetration resistance X X X
Surface hardness X X X X
Screed test X X X
Dynamic response X X X
Ultrasonic pulse
velocity measurement X X X X X X
Acoustic emission X X
Electromagnetic cover
measurement X X X
Radar X X
Radiography X X
Radiometry X X X
Neutron moisture
measurement X X
Depth of carbonation X X X
Initial surface absorption X X
Surface permeability X
Resistivity measurements X X
Half-cell potential
measurements X
Strain measurements X X X X X
Thermography X X
Maturity measurements X
Resonant frequency X
a
Subject to the practical limitations outlined in section 2.
4 © BSI 01-1999
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Pull-out test 2.18 BS 1881-207a Quality control Strength related Moderate/ Mechanical Preplanned usage, surface zone test
(cast-in insert) (in situ strength) minor
Pull-out test 2.18 BS 1881-207a In situ strength Strength related Moderate/ Mechanical Drilling difficulties on vertical surfaces or
(drilled hole) measurement minor soffits, surface zone test
Internal fracture 2.17 BS 1881-207a In situ strength Strength related Moderate/ Mechanical High test variability, surface zone test
measurement minor
Break-off test 2.20 BS 1881-207a In situ strength Flexural tensile Substantial/ Mechanical High test variability, substantial damage
measurement strength moderate
Pull-off test 2.19 BS 1881-207a In situ strength Direct tensile Moderate/ Mechanical Care needed with adhesive, surface zone test
measurement strength minor
Penetration resistance 2.21 BS 1881-207a In situ strength Strength related Moderate/ Mechanical Specific calibrations required, limits on
measurement minor minimum member size, surface zone test
Surface hardness 2.15 BS 1881-202 Comparative Surface hardness Very minor Mechanical Greatly affected by surface texture and
(supersedes BS 4408-4) surveys moisture, surface test unrepresentative on
concrete more than 3 months old, strength
calibration affected by mix properties
Initial surface 2.8 BS 1881-208a Surface Surface Minor Hydraulic Difficult to standardize in situ moisture
absorption (supersedes BS 1881-5) permeability absorption conditions and to obtain watertight seal to
assessment surface, comparative test
Surface permeability 2.9 (11) Surface Surface Minor Hydraulic Surface zone test, water or gas
permeability permeability
assessment
Resistivity 2.3 (6) Durability Resistivity Minor Electrical Surface zone test, related to moisture content,
measurements survey indicates probability of reinforcement
corrosion in zones of high risk
Half-cell potential 2.4 (9) Survey of Electrode Very minor Electro- Cannot indicate corrosion rate
measurements reinforcement potential of chemical
corrosion risk reinforcement
Thermography 2.11 (16) Structural Surface None Infra-red Extraneous temperature effects have to be
integrity survey temperature radiation excluded, temperature differentials small,
and void location differences detection shortage of data and development
BS 1881-201:1986
Maturity measurements 2.10 (14) In situ strength Maturity Minor Thermo- Preplanned usage, specific calibration
development sensitive required
monitoring chemical or
electronic
5
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Table 2 — Summary of principal test methods
6
BS 1881-201:1986
Method Clause Principal Principal Principal Surface Type of Remarks
number reference applications properties damage equipment
assessed
Screed test 2.16 (21) Quality control Surface Minor Mechanical Sand/cement screeds only, cannot be used if
of screeds soundness screed over soft material
Ultrasonic pulse 2.13 BS 1881-203a Comparative Elastic modulus None Electronic Two opposite smooth faces preferably needed,
velocity measurement (supersedes surveys strength calibration affected by moisture and mix
BS 4408-5) properties, some surface staining possible
Acoustic emission 2.23 (34) Monitoring Internal crack None Electronic Increasing load required, not fully developed for
during load development site use
testing
Dynamic response 2.14 (20) Pile integrity Dynamic None Mechanical/ Cannot yield bearing capacity
techniques response electronic
Electromagnetic cover 2.2 BS 1881-204a Location of Presence of None Electro-magnetic Affected by magnetic aggregates and unreliable
measurement (supersedes reinforcement embedded steel for congested steel
BS 4408-1)
Radar 2.12 (19) Location of Internal None Electronic Experience limited, procedures under
voids or interfaces development
reinforcement
Radiography 2.5 BS 1881-205a Location of Relative density None Radioactive Extensive safety precautions, limit on member
(supersedes voids or source or thickness
BS 4408-3) reinforcement generator
Radiometry 2.6 (3) Quality control Density None Radioactive Safety precautions and limit on member
source or thickness for “direct” method,
generator “backscatter”method is surface zone test
Neutron moisture 2.7 (3) Comparative Moisture None Nuclear Surface zone test, calibration difficult
measurement moisture content
content
Depth of carbonation 2.22 (33) Durability Concrete Moderate/ Chemical Approximate indication of extent of carbonation
survey alkalinity minor
Resonant frequency 2.1 BS 1881-209a Quality control Dynamic elastic None Electronic Specially cast specimen required
(supersedes modulus
BS 1881-5)
Strain measurements 2.24 BS 1881-206a Monitoring Changes in Minor Optical/ Attachment and reading requires skill, can only
(supersedes movements in strain mechanical/ indicate changes in strain
structures electronic
BS 4408-2)
a
In preparation.
© BSI 01-1999
Section 2 BS 1881-201:1986
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b) The direct method may be used to detect The equipment consists of a cap which is clamped
member thickness or reinforcement in addition to and sealed to the concrete surface, with an inlet
density measurements. connected to a reservoir and an outlet connected to
c) The backscatter method may be used to a horizontal calibrated capillary tube and scale.
measure the density of the surface zone. Measurements are made of the movement of the
water in the capillary tube over a fixed period of
2.7 Neutron moisture measurement time following closure of a tap between the cap and
the reservoir.
NOTE This method is discussed in reference 3 of Appendix A.
The absorption of water by a dry surface is initially
2.7.1 General
high but decreases as the water-filled length of
The energy of fast or high-energy neutrons is capillaries increases, thus measurements have to be
rapidly reduced by the presence of elements of low taken at specified time intervals from the start of
atomic weight. The resulting slow or low-energy the test.
neutrons may be counted by a detector designed for
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2.8.2 Advantages
this purpose. Few elements of low atomic mass are
found in concrete other than hydrogen contained in This method provides a practical non-destructive
water, and the counts may be used to provide an method of in situ measurement of the rate of water
indication of moisture content. penetration of a concrete surface. It may be used on
exposed aggregate or profiled surfaces provided a
Measurements may either be made of the scattered
water-tight seal is obtained.
neutrons reflected back to the same surface as the
source (the backscatter technique) or a direct 2.8.3 Limitations
transmission value may be obtained by lowering the It is essential to provide a water-tight seal between
source into a pre-drilled hole. Best results are the cap and the concrete surface and difficulties are
obtained using the direct technique when the likely to be encountered. Sometimes it will be
moisture content is high. necessary to drill the surface for fixings.
2.7.2 Advantages Results are affected by variations in moisture
Portable equipment, which can provide either content of the concrete, and samples for laboratory
backscatter or direct readings and incorporates a testing should preferably be oven dry or at least
microprocessor to compute results, is commercially have been in a dry atmosphere for 48 h. It is
available. This provides a truly non-destructive virtually impossible to achieve comparable
assessment of in situ moisture content when using conditions with in situ concrete and this will reduce
the backscatter method. the reliability of quantitative results in this
application. In these circumstances, use will be
2.7.3 Limitations restricted to comparative measurements. The
The results will only relate to a surface zone of the standardized pressure used in the test, created by
concrete a few millimetres deep when using the the 200 mm head of water, is low and although
backscatter method. Direct measurements may be results may be related to surface weather exposure
made at depths of up to 300 mm using the they are of little relevance to behaviour under
equipment currently available. Calibration of the higher water pressures.
instrument may not be straightforward and in situ The internal permeability characteristics of a body
measurements may be influenced by moisture of concrete cannot be assessed by this method.
gradients near to the surface and the presence of
other neutron absorbers. The accuracy of the 2.8.4 Principal application
method is poor for concrete of low moisture content. The most reliable application is as a quality control
2.7.4 Principal application test for precast units which can be tested when dry.
The test has been shown to be sensitive to changes
The principal application is the estimation of the in quality and weathering performance, and thus
moisture content of the surface zone. may also be used comparatively on in situ concrete
for the purposes of quality control and assessment of
2.8 Initial surface absorption potential durability.
NOTE This method is currently described in BS 1881-5, but
will eventually be revised as BS 1881-208. 2.9 Surface permeability
2.8.1 General NOTE These methods are discussed in references 11, 12 and 13
Initial surface absorption involves measurement of of Appendix A.
the rate of flow of water per unit area into a concrete
surface subjected to a constant applied head.
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Measured values may be affected by surface texture, NOTE Although this method of test may be used on both in
moisture content, temperature, specimen size, situ concrete and laboratory specimens, for purely laboratory
investigations resonance tests may be more suitable owing to
reinforcement and stress. Correlations with their greater sensitivity. One test of this type is outlined
strength are difficult to make and will be influenced in 2.1.
considerably by the types and proportions of mix f) Estimation of layer thickness, which may be
constituents and maturity. For comparative possible where there is a surface layer of inferior
surveys, readings may be made with both quality to the body of the concrete due to
transducers placed on the same surface but when it construction, weathering or other damage such
is necessary to measure pulse velocity accurately, as fire.
e.g. for strength estimation, it will be necessary to
place the transducers on opposite faces of the 2.14 Dynamic response techniques
concrete element.
NOTE Some of these methods are discussed in reference 20 of
2.13.4 Principal applications Appendix A.
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© BSI 01-1999 13
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14 © BSI 01-1999
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reaction tripod through a washer, but the twisting be related to the compressive strength of the
applied to the bolt increases the scatter of results concrete. This calibration is relatively independent
compared with hydraulic or mechanical direct-pull of mix characteristics for natural aggregates up
methods (24, 25). to 38 mm maximum size.
2.17.2 Advantages The insert may be cast in the concrete or may be
This strength determination method is simple and positioned in an underreamed groove from a drilled
cheap, requires only one exposed surface and is hole. Load is applied at a steady predetermined rate
suitable for slender members. Strength calibrations by hand-operated hydraulic equipment on to a
are effectively independent of water/cement ratio, removable bolt which is connected to the insert. The
cement type and curing. peak value obtained is known as the pull force and
may be correlated against compressive strength. If
2.17.3 Limitations the load is reduced at this stage, surface damage is
The test depth is small (about 17 mm) and test small and the bolt can be removed, but if loading is
variability is very high, especially using the continued, a cone of concrete will be pulled from the
torquemeter loading method. The maximum surface. Experience of these methods in the UK is
acceptable aggregate size is 20 mm and an average limited but they are in increasing use in
of six readings is required at any location. The Scandinavia and North America.
loading rate and method are critical in relation to 2.18.2 Advantages
strength calibrations, and the 95 % confidence
limits are unlikely to be closer to the mean This method is quick and requires only one exposed
than ± 28 % using a torquemeter. Testing technique surface. Cast-in inserts may be fixed to soffit or side
and aggregate type influence the correlation with forms or on the top surface, and tests may be made
compressive strength, and specific calibrations are through cut-outs in forms if required.
recommended if reliance is to be placed on strength 2.18.3 Limitations
estimates. The depth of test is small (25 mm) and the scatter of
Surface damage may be limited to the drill holes if individual results is high, requiring an average of
the test is stopped when the peak force is reached, six readings to be used. Estimated compressive
but there remains the possibility that further strengths are unlikely to have 95 % confidence
surface damage may be caused by frost attack. If the limits of better than ± 20 % of the mean when a
bolt is pulled out of the concrete a crater general calibration is used or ± 10 % when a
approximately 80 mm in diameter will be formed. specially prepared calibration for the aggregate type
2.17.4 Principal applications in use is available. A minimum edge distance
of 100 mm is required and reinforcement has to be
The principal applications are as follows. avoided. Although testing is quick and the
a) Strength estimation of in situ concrete in equipment simple to use, either pre-planning is
situations where other methods are not required or drilling and underreaming are
practicable. This is particularly likely in the case necessary. This operation is basically
of slender members or for concrete where specific straightforward but may present some practical
calibrations for other methods are impossible to difficulties in situ, involving the use of a hand-held
obtain because of the large number of variables electric core cutter with water supply. The extent of
involved. surface damage will depend upon the test
b) Comparative surveys of in situ concrete. procedures adopted.
© BSI 01-1999 15
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16 © BSI 01-1999
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© BSI 01-1999 17
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emission rate and signal level increase steadily. A strain, caused by crack propagation, thermal
rapid increase in both parameters precedes failure. changes, etc. They use one or more of the following
2.23.2 Advantages to amplify and display the movement:
Crack initiation and propagation can be monitored a) levers;
non-destructively during a period of increasing b) optics;
stress within a concrete element. It may also be c) electrical resistance;
possible to identify the location of crack initiation
d) frequency of vibration;
and propagation by the use of multiple detectors.
e) other means.
2.23.3 Limitations
2.24.2 Advantages
Concrete may recover some aspects of its
pre-cracking internal structure, and reloading over The movement of structures can be monitored over
a particular stress range may again generate long periods. The relationship between design
emissions. Consequently, it is not always possible to parameters and the performance of the finished
establish a history of past stress levels, contrary to structure can be checked.
the behaviour of many other materials. 2.24.3 Limitations
This method would not normally be used for either The attachment and reading of many of these
individual or comparative measurements under devices require skill. Not all strain gauges are
static load conditions. suitable for use with concrete.
The propagation of acoustic waves in concrete is 2.24.4 Principal applications
limited to low ultrasonic frequencies where the
noise background is often high. The method is not, Principal applications include the following;
therefore, suitable for use on most building sites nor a) monitoring of movements in structures at all
for the precise location of propagation cracks even in ages;
quiet areas. b) assessing elasticity of structural members;
Specialist equipment is required, and applications c) research work and model testing;
of the technique to concrete outside of the laboratory
d) load testing.
have not yet been fully developed.
18 © BSI 01-1999
Section 3 BS 1881-201:1986
© BSI 01-1999 19
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Appendix A Bibliography
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C457, 1980.
2. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS. Petrographic examination of hardened
concrete, ASTM C856, 1977.
3. BUNGEY, J.H. The testing of concrete in structures, 1982.
4. McCARTER, W.J., FORDE, M.C. & WHITTINGTON, H.W. Resistivity characteristics of concrete. Proc.
I.C.E., Part 2, 1981, 71, 107–117.
5. VASSIE, P.R. A survey of site tests for the assessment of corrosion in reinforced concrete. Transport &
Road Res. Lab., Lab. Rep. 953, 1980.
6. FIGG, J.W. & MARSDEN, A.F. Development of inspection techniques – a state-of-the-art survey of
electrical potential and resistivity measurements for use above water level. In: CIRIA, Concrete in the
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Oceans, Phase II, Technical Note P6d, Final Report, 99, 1983.
7. MALHOTRA, V.M. Testing hardened concrete – non-destructive methods. ACI Monograph No. 9, 1976.
8. McCARTER, W.J., WHITTINGTON, H.W. & FORDE, M.C. An experimental investigation of the earth
resistance response of reinforced concrete piles. Proc. I.C.E., Part 2, 1981,71, 1101–1129.
9. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS. Standard test method for half-cell potentials
of reinforcing steel in concrete, ASTM C876, 1980.
10. SHERWOOD, P.T. & CLARK, A.J. The measurement of the in situ density of cement bound
materials.Transport & Road Res. Lab., Lab. Rep. 1109, 1984.
11. FIGG, J.W. Methods of measuring the air and water permeability of concrete. Mag. of Concrete
Res.,1973, 25, No. 85, 213–219.
12. CATHER, R., FIGG, J.W., MARSDEN, A.F. & O’BRIEN, T.P. Improvements to the Figg method of
determining the air permeability of concrete. Mag. of Concrete Res., 1984, 36, No. 129, 241–245.
13. HANSEN, A.J., OTTOSEN, N.S. & PETERSEN, C.G. Gas permeability of concrete in situ: theory and
practice. In: ACI In situ/non-destructive testing of concrete, SP-82, 543–556, 1984.
14. NAIK, T.R. Concrete strength prediction by the maturity method. Proc. ASCE, 1980, 106,
EM3, 465–480.
15. PETERSEN, C.G. & HANSEN, A.J. Timing of loading determined by pull-out and maturity tests.
In: Proc. Int. Conf. on concrete at early ages, RILEM, 1982,1, 173–175.
16. MANNING, D.G. & HOLT, F.B. Detecting delamination in concrete bridge decks. Concrete
International, 1980, 2, No. 11, 34–41.
17. GODFREY, J.R. New tools help find flaws. Civil Engineering, 1984, 54, No. 9, 39–42.
18. HILLEMEIER, B. & MÜLLER-RUN, U.Bewehrungssuche mit der thermographie. Beton und
Stahlbeton, 1980, 75, No. 4, 83–85.
19. CANTOR, T.R. Review of penetrating radar as applied to the non-destructive testing of concrete.
In: ACI In situ/non-destructive testing of concrete, SP-82, 581–602, 1984.
20. STAIN, R.T. Integrity testing. Civil Engineering, April 1982, 54–59; May 1982, 71–73.
21. PYE, P.W. & WARLOW, W.J. A method of assessing the soundness of some dense floor screeds.
Building Res. Establishment Current Paper CP72/78, 1978.
22. PYE, P.W. BRE Screed tester: classification of screeds, sampling and acceptance limits. Building Res.
Establishment Information Paper IP11/84, 1984.
23. CHABOWSKI, A.J. & BRYDEN SMITH, D.W. Internal fracture testing of in situ concrete. Building
Res. Establishment Information Paper IP22/80, 1980.
24. BUNGEY, J.H. Concrete strength determination by pull-out tests on wedge-anchor bolts. Proc. I.C.E.
Part 2, 1981, 71, 379–394.
25. KEILLER, A.K. Assessing the strength of in situ concrete. Concrete International, 1985, 7,
No. 2, 15–21.
26. BUNGEY, J.H. An appraisal of pull-out methods of testing concrete. In: Proc. NDT 83, 12–21,
Engineering Technics Press, Edinburgh, 1983.
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27. PETERSEN, C.G. Lok-test and Capo-test development and their applications. Proc. I.C.E.
Part 1, 1984, 76, 539–549.
28. LONG, A.E. & MURRAY, A. McC. The pull-off partially destructive test for concrete. In: ACI In
situ/non-destructive testing of concrete, SP-82, 327–350, 1984.
29. LONG, A.E. Improvements in or relating to strength testing brittle materials. British Patent
Specification No. 1549842, 1979.
30. CARLSSON, M., EEG, I.R. & JAHREN, P. Field experience in the use of the break-off tester. In: ACI
In situ/non-destructive testing of concrete, SP-82, 277–292, 1984.
31. DAHL-JORGANSEN, E. & JOHANSEN, R. General and specialized use of the break-off concrete
strength testing method. In: ACI In situ/non-destructive testing of concrete, SP-82,293–308, 1984.
32. SWAMY, R.N. & AL-HAMED, A.H.M.S. Evaluation of the Windsor probe test to assess in situ concrete
strength. Proc. I.C.E., Part 2, 1984, 77, 167–194.
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33. ROBERTS, M.H. Carbonation of concrete made with dense natural aggregates. Building Res.
Establishment, Information Paper IP6/81, 1981.
34. MLAKAR, P.F., WALKER, R.E., SULLIVAN, B.R. & CHIARITO, V.P. Acoustic emission behaviour of
concrete.In: ACI In situ/non-destructive testing of concrete, SP-82, 619–637, 1984.
35. PARSONS, T.J. & NAIK, T.R. Early age concrete strength determination by pull-out testing and
maturity. In: ACI In situ/non-destructive testing of concrete, SP-82, 177–200, 1984.
36. REYNOLDS, W.N. Measuring concrete quality non-destructively. In: Brit. J. of Non-destructive
Testing, 1984, 26, 11–14.
37. SAMARIN, A. & DHIR, R.K. Determination of in situ concrete strength: rapidly and confidently by non-
destructive testing. In: ACI In situ/non-destructive testing of concrete, SP-82, 77–94, 1994.
38. TANIGAWA, Y., BABA, K. & HIROSHI, M. Estimation of concrete by combined non-destructive testing
method. In: ACI In situ/non-destructive testing of concrete, SP-82, 57–76, 1984.
39. FACAOARU, I. Romanian achievements in non-destructive strength testing of concrete. In: ACI In
situ/non-destructive testing of concrete, SP-82, 35–56, 1984.
40. VASSIE, P. Reinforcement corrosion and durability of concrete bridges. Proc. I.C.E.
Part 1, 1984, 76, 713–723.
22 © BSI 01-1999
BS 1881-201:1986
Publications referred to
3)
In preparation.
4)
Referred to in the foreword only.
© BSI 01-1999
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