Inheritance 7 9 6
Inheritance 7 9 6
Inheritance 7 9 6
(a) Name the two types of cell division, A and B, shown in the diagram.
Type A ____________________________________________________________
Type B ____________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) Name the process in which an egg and sperm join together.
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(1)
(c) Cell 1 contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will there be in:
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(1)
(b) Explain the evidence from the diagram which shows that the allele for the disorder is
dominant.
You may use genetic diagrams in your explanation. There is space for you to draw a
genetic diagram at the top of the facing page.
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(3)
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(1)
(ii) A doctor suggests that couple C and D should have their embryos screened but that
couple G and H do not need this procedure.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
A Crossbill feeds by using its bill (beak) to force apart the scales on conifer cones. It then uses its
tongue to extract the seeds. If the bill is clipped it grows back again.
In an investigation, they clipped the bills of several Crossbills so that their bills no longer crossed.
They observed that Crossbills with clipped bills took much longer to get seeds.
Use information from the investigation to suggest an explanation for the evolution of the bill in the
Crossbill.
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(Total 4 marks)
• Amauris has a foul taste which birds do not like, so birds have learned not to prey on it.
• Hypolimnas does not have a foul taste but most birds do not prey on it.
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(2)
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
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(1)
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(1)
(b) Apart from having the herbicide-resistance gene, the herbicide-resistant plants are identical
to the herbicide-susceptible plants.
Explain why.
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(2)
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(1)
(d) Many people are opposed to the growing of herbicide-resistant crops produced in this way.
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
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(2)
The diagram shows the DNA fingerprints of a child, the child’s mother and two men who
claim to be the child’s father.
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(3)
Explain why.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Scientists have found that less methane is belched if the cows eat high-sugar rye grass.
(i) Suggest how the high-sugar rye grass might have been produced by genetic engineering.
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(3)
1. _________________________________________________________________
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2. _________________________________________________________________
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Pathogenic bacteria and viruses may make us feel ill if they enter our bodies.
8
(a) Why do bacteria and viruses make us feel ill?
Bacteria ____________________________________________________________
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Viruses ____________________________________________________________
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(2)
(b) Most drugs that kill bacteria cannot be used to treat viral infections.
Explain why.
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(2)
Explain, as fully as you can, why there has been a large increase in the number of
antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)
The dodo lived on a small island in the middle of the Indian Ocean. Its ancestors were
pigeon-like birds which flew to the island millions of years ago. There were no predators on the
island. There was a lot of fruit on the ground. This fruit became the main diet of the birds.
Gradually, the birds became much heavier, lost their ability to fly and evolved into the dodo.
(a) Suggest an explanation for the evolution of the pigeon-like ancestor into the flightless dodo.
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(4)
Scientists are uncertain about the reasons for the dodo’s extinction.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Cane toads were first introduced into Australia in 1935. The toads contain toxins and most
species of Australian snake die after eating the toad.
The cane toad toxin does not affect all snakes the same way. Longer snakes are less affected by
toad toxin.
Scientists investigated how red-bellied black snakes had changed in the 70 years since cane
toads were introduced into their area. They found that red-bellied black snakes had become
longer by around 3 – 5 %.
Suggest an explanation for the change in the body length of the red-bellied black snakes since
the introduction of the cane toads.
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(Total 4 marks)
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(2)
(b) Daphnia are microscopic water fleas. Midge larvae prey on Daphnia. The midge larvae
release a hormone into the water. Daphnia respond to these hormones by growing larger
protective ‘helmet’-like structures
Scientists were surprised to observe that the offspring of Daphnia females who had been
exposed to these hormones always had larger helmets than offspring whose mothers had
never been exposed to the hormones. The offspring with the large helmets went on to
produce offspring with large helmets.
Explain why the scientists’ observations seem to contradict the theory of natural selection.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
B = mitosis
do not accept ‘meitosis’ etc
1
(c) (i) 23
1
(ii) 46
1
[5]
or from A and B
assume response refers to A + B unless contradicted
(ii) enzymes
1
cells all contain same genetic information / same genes (as parent) / same DNA
1
• child gets DNA / bars / lines from mother and father / parent s
ignore genes / chromosomes
• due to meiosis
2
[7]
• remove gene
• use of enzymes
• overuse of antibiotics
• bacteria mutate
do not allow antibiotic causes mutation
• reduced competition
• survivors reproduce