Keywords: Deterministic and Random Signals, Even and Odd Signals
Keywords: Deterministic and Random Signals, Even and Odd Signals
Keywords: Deterministic and Random Signals, Even and Odd Signals
Lecture – 02
Signal Classification – Deterministic/Random, Even/ Odd, Periodic Signals
Hello welcome to another module in this massive open online course. So we are looking
at the classification of signals. And let us look at a different classification of signals that
is analog and digital signals. Analog signals are basically continuous time signals which
can take all possible values over a continuous interval.
So an analog signal x(t) is a continuous time signal which can take values belonging to
an interval a, b . We have several examples of analog signals, for instance, sin(2 ft ) ,
which is a sinusoidal signal. It takes all values that belong to the interval 1,1 . Another
such example is et which can take all positive values belonging to the interval 0, . So
For instance, x(n) can either be -1 or 1 and this is not an interval that is x(n) can take
only values from a discrete set of two possible values.
Now another classification of signals can be real and complex signals. So a signal is a
real signal, either it be continuous time or discrete time signal, if it belongs to the set of
real numbers that is you can take only real values.
For instance, sin(2 ft ) or et these take only real values, so these are real signals. On the
other hand if you look at other examples such as for instance, on the other hand if you
take other signals such as x(t) or discrete time signal x(n), which can take values
belonging to the set of complex numbers, these are termed as complex signals.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:12)
For instance, the classic example of a complex signal is x(t ) e j 2 ft which can also be
So this takes random values at different time instants and hence it is not completely
determined ahead. So let us say your signal represents the outcome of a coin toss
experiment. So if its outcome is a head it signaled by plus 1 if the outcome is tail it is
signaled by minus 1. So signal x(n) = 1 if outcome equals heads or = - 1, if outcome
equals tails. So this is basically representing a coin toss experiment and what this means
is that if at every instant of time you are tossing a coin, if the outcome is a head, you are
representing it by 1 and if the outcome is a tail you, you are representing it by 1 and
therefore, since the outcome of the coin toss experiment is random the signal itself is
random in nature and this is a discrete time random signal.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:46)
A classic example of a continuous time random signal is noise and it is some kind of a
signal which looks like as shown in slide. The noise limits the performance of a system
and it is important to understand the properties and behavior of noise to completely
characterize the performance and behavior of a system.
Another classification is even and odd signals. An even function is x(t ) x(t ) or for a
discrete time signal x(n) x(n) . For instance, you have a classic example that
is cos(2 ft ) . So cos(2 ft ) cos(2 ft ) . This is an example of an even signal.
1
Here the value for , that is at t is 1 and this is the value correspondingly at
2 4f
1 1
t and you can see this is basically 1 and at t it is -1. So this satisfies
4f 4f
basically sin(2 ft ) sin(2 ft ) . So this is a classic example of an odd signal. The
concept of even and odd signals comes in handy when analyzing the properties of the
behavior of signals. So even signal has even symmetry that is symmetric about 0 and odd
signal has odd symmetry.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:51)
Let us consider a periodic triangular wave. So this is 0, this is T this is 2T, 3T, -T and so
on. And you can see that for any T, that is if you look at values T apart, they are all the
same.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:06)
Consider the classic example again that is the sine which is the periodic signal. So you
can see that sin(2 Ft ) this is equal to sin(2 Ft ) plus the period, the period here is going
1
to be which is equal to sin(2 t ) . So this is sin(2 (t 1)) sin(2 t 2 ) sin(2 t ) .
F
So this is a period of T = 1.
Now if T is a period of the periodic signal, then mT is also a period, where m is any
integer. We have x(t mT ) x(t ) and this also holds for all t.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:22)
So therefore the fundamental period is the smallest positive number or it is the smallest
time period such that x(t T ) x(t ) holds for all t. All other periods are basically
multiples of this fundamental period. So let us go back to our example, sin(2 t ) and
here T=1is the fundamental period.
Any multiple of the fundamental period is also a period and the fundamental period is the
smallest possible duration, such that x(t T ) x(t ) for all time instance t. Now the same
can be defined for a discrete time signal again.
(Refer Slide Time: 39:00)
For a discrete periodic signal, we must have x(n N ) x(n) and this must hold for all n.
And the smallest N for which this holds is known as the fundamental period N0. So that
is basically continuous time periodic signals and discrete time periodic signals.
So we have seen various classes of signals such as deterministic and random signals,
even and odd signals and periodic signals. So you can go over these different classes and
try to understand that better alright. So we will stop here and continue with other aspects
in the subsequent modules. Thank you very much.