Ch3 Signals and Systems
Ch3 Signals and Systems
Ch3 Signals and Systems
SECTION : 3.1
HISTORY
The idea of fourier series which is completely mathematical in nature had come
from the study of physics phenomena .It is the heat propagation and
diffusion.Like how the heat distribution will look over time and found series in
sinusoids to be useful in representing the temperature distribution in the
body.And also had helped to explained many different physical phenomena
unrelated to heat like Brownian motion and Black Scoles equation.
But here we will just know how the fouriers series help in representing the
various broad class of signals in terms of linear combination of complex
exponential signal.Before moving directly on the fourier series let’s understand
eigen values and function which help in understanding the usefulness of LTI
system and their outputs.
SECTION : 3.2
Here LTI system act as the linear operator and the complex signal in the
form of complex function act as eigen function. So complex exponential
signal in both discrete and continuous time case is the eigen function in
context of the LTI system.
It is represented as follows:
Continuous time :
Discrete time :
Now each of the function are the eigen function so there corresponding out
put function are denoted by :
So by definition of the LTI system output y(t) can be written as :
So in general if x(t) :
In similar manner the if discrete fourier series are written in the form of the
then output is in the form of the :
where, the components for k = + N and k = - N are referred to as the Nth harmonic components
Therefore:
Since the two terms inside the summation are complex conjugates of each other, this can
be expressed as
If is expressed in polar form
Another form is obtained by writing in rectangular form as
That is:
DETERMINATION OF THE FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF
A CONTINUOUS TIME PERIODIC SIGNAL
Earlier we got:
Since,
Consequently:
FOURIER SERIES OF A PERIODIC CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALIS
GIVEN BY:
(Synthesis Equation)
(Analysis Equation)
The set of coefficients are often called the Fourier series coefficients or the spectral
coefficients of x(t)
SECTION : 3.4
If x(t) is a periodic signal , then it can be written as:
The above expression is identical to the expression used to determine the Fourier
Coefficient
Thus, if x(t) has a Fourier series representation, the best approximation using only a finite
number of harmonically related complex exponentials is obtained by truncating the
Fourier series to the desired number of terms.
Dirichlet Conditions :
Condition 1 -
If any finite interval of time, x(t) is of bounded variation; that is, there are no
more than a finite number of maxima and minima during any single period of the
signal
Condition 3 -
In any finite interval of time, there are only a finite number of discontinuities.
Furthermore, each of these discontinuities is finite
Condition 1 -
The above graph violates condition 1, as for specified time interval or within time
period the graph should have finite area or the integral should be finite, which is
not the case here.
Condition 2 -
The above graph violates condition 2, because as per the condition function must
have finite number of minima and maxima in the given time period, which is not
the case here.
Condition 3 -
The above graph violates condition 3, because as per the condition function must
have finite number of discontinuities within the given time period, which is not
the case here.
SECTION : 3.5
Hence,
One consequence of this property is that, when a periodic
signal is shifted in time, the magnitudes of its Fourier series
coefficients remain unaltered. That is,
TIME REVERSAL
Let x(t) be a nice signal with Fourier coefficients , and let y(t)
= x(−t), we know time period of y(t) is same as time period of
x(t). The Fourier coefficients (say ) of the signal y(t) will obey
Hence,
if and only if l+k=n, integral will give non zero values i.e. integral
will give
MULTIPLICATION
on substituting this in the equation, we get,
The Fourier coefficients of the dc offset in g(t)-i.e., the term -1/2 on the right-
hand side of eq. are given by
Applying the linearity property, we conclude that the coefficients for g(t) may
be expressed as
where each may now be replaced by the corresponding expression, yielding
EXAMPLE 2
Consider the triangular wave signal x(t) with period T = 4 and fundamental
frequency shown in Figure below. The derivative of this signal is
the signal g(t) in Example above.
Denoting the Fourier coefficients of g(t) by d, and those of x(t) by , we see
that the differentiation property indicates that
Fork = 0, can be determined by finding the area under one period of x(t) and
dividing by the length of the period:
SECTION 3.6
LINEAR COMBINATION OF HARMONICALLY
RELATED COMPLEX EXPONENTIALS
(1)
for some we define,
(2)
(3)
by changing k by an integer multiple of N identical signal Φ is generated,
we only need to consider different signals, using this fact in (1) we obtain
that we just need our sum over N successive integers or,
(4)
NOR,
(5)
NOR,
also if k = 0 then this sum becomes N so we have
Consider the sum,
using (4) ,
NOR,
Using (5) we claim that when p ̸= k then,
NOR,
and when p = k then,
using this in (6) yields,
NOR,
This equation is called Analysis Equation for discrete-time Fourier series, we
use this to determine the coefficients of Fourier series expansion of discrete-
time.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER SERIES (DTFS)
AND CONTINUOUS-TIME FOURIER SERIES (CTFS)
SECTION 3.7
MULTIPLICATION
Suppose that
and
NOR,
are both periodic with period N. Then the product x[n]y[n] is also periodic with
period N, and its Fourier coefficients are given by
(3.7.1)
The above equation is analogous to the definition of convolution, except that the
summation variable is now restricted to an interval of N consecutive samples.
FIRST DIFFERENCE
If x[n] is periodic with period N, then so is y[n], since shifting x[n] or linearly
combining x[n] with another periodic signal whose period is N always results in a
periodic signal with period N. Also, if
then the Fourier coefficients corresponding to the first difference of x[n] may be
NOR,
expressed as
Here, the are the Fourier series coefficients of x[n] and N is the period. The left -
NOR,
hand side of Parseval's relation is the average power in one period for the periodic
signal x[n]. Similarly, is the average power in the kth harmonic component of x[n].
Thus, Parseval's relation states that the average power in a periodic signal equals the
sum of the average powers in all of its harmonic components. In discrete time, there
are only N distinct harmonic components, and since the ak are periodic with period N,
the sum on the right-hand side of the equation can be taken over any N consecutive
values of k.
A LIST OF PROPERTIES OF DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER SERIES
NOR,
A LIST OF PROPERTIES OF DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER SERIES
NOR,
SECTION 3.8
WHEN A CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNAL IS THE INPUT
TO A CONTINUOUS LTI SYSTEM
Input:
Output:
NOR,
where,
Similarly, when Discrete time signal is the input to a Discrete LTI system
Input:
Output:
NOR,
where,
NOR,
Similarly, when Discrete time signal is the input to a Discrete LTI system The
square-wave sequence x[r] in Example; (b) the sequence x[r] equal to x[r] for −3 ≤ r
≤ 3 and zero otherwise; (c) the sequence x[n − r]; (d) the sequence w[n] equal to the
periodic convolution of x[n] with itself and to aperiodic convolution of x[n] with
x[n]
When s or z are general complex numbers, H(s) andH(z) are referred to as the system
functions of the corresponding systems.For Continuous time, we focus on the case
where, re{s}=0
on applying this signal as the input to an LTI system with impulse response h(t).
NOR,
Thus, output is also periodic with the same fundamental frequency as x(t).
We conclude that, the effect of the LTI system is to modify
individually each of the Fourier coefficients of the input
through multiplication by the value of the frequency
response at the corresponding frequency.
Notes
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS by ALAN V. OPPENHEIM, ALAN S.
WILLSKY (MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY) WITH S. HAMID NAWAB (BOSTON
UNIVERSITY)
22141 Harsh Tandon 22125 Gaikwad Shreyash Kondiba
22175 Kirti Agarwal 22144 Hatwar Yatharth Deepak
22201 Mhatre Prajval Ravindra 22131 Girnare Vedant Santosh
22113 Divyansh Pathak 22167 Kanishka Pal
22161 Jiya Sinha 22135 Gudala Rushi Kesava Reddy
22162 Joshi Shreyas Sachin 22247 Princy Kumari
22234 Patil Anirudha Vivek 22119 Doshi Jeet Dipak
22150 Himanshu Mishra 22215 Nandhana K S
22181 Kritika Singh 22140 Harsh Shukla
22189 Maharnab Goswami 22130 Girish Muzalda