Automotive Transmission: Be Skilled Be Smart
Automotive Transmission: Be Skilled Be Smart
Automotive Transmission: Be Skilled Be Smart
BE Skilled BE
Smart
By
Tejas Sharma
Transmission System
• Function of transmission:
- It is used to transmit engine torque to the driving
wheels to drive the vehicle on the road.
Requirement of Transmission System
• To provide for disconnecting the engine from the
driving wheels
• Dynamically balanced.
• As small as possible.
• Easy to operate.
Clutch Unit
• Flywheel also acts as a driving
member
• Centrifugal clutch
Clutch Engaged & Disengaged
• Clutch is always is in
engaged state.
• It can be disengaged by
pressing of Clutch pedal.
Disengagement is effected
by non - contact of Clutch
plate both with Flywheel
face & Pressure plate face.
• Frictional heat is
dissipated by openings
present in Clutch housing
& Cover
Clutch Material
Need of Gear Box
Gear Box
• Gear box varies the leverage
(speed ratio & hence torque
ratio) between the engine &
driving wheels.
• Durable, efficient
• Easy to install
• Elimination of Clutch
Pedal
• Modification of Gear
Shifting lever
• Minimum
modifications in
manual transmission
AMT Features
• Automation of Clutch operation and Gear
shifting.
• No power interruption
• Basic components.
- outer shell or housing,
- impeller or pump and turbine or runner
• Both of these units are contained within the
housing via oil-tight seals.
• The input turbine is connected to the power
supply, typically an electric or ICE.
• The output turbine is connected to the drive train
of the vehicle or the drive system of a machine.
• Mineral oil is used
Fluid Coupling: Working
• Standstill
- The entire operating fluid in the
coupling is at rest
• Idling
- In sufficient centrifugal force for the
oil to turn the turbine
• Low to medium speed:
- Centrifugal force pushes oil into
turbine and some turning effort is
transmitted. Large degree of slip in
the unit. O/p shaft is rotating slowly
than input shaft.
• Medium to High Speed
- Oil force is sufficient to transmit full
power. O/p shaft rotating at about
98% of speed of I/p shaft (2% slip).
Torque Convertor
• Serves as automatic clutch which transmits
engine torque to the transmission input shaft
• Multiplies torque generated by the engine
• Absorbs torsional vibration of engine
• Acts as a flywheel and smoothes out engine
rotation
• Drives oil pump
• A torque converter consists of
- Impeller
- Turbine
- Stator
- and transmission fluid
Torque Convertor - Sectional View
Impeller
Turbine
Stator
Working of Torque Convertor
Vehicle accelerates
Planetary Gear System
Planetary Gear System: Construction
• Input shaft is connected to Ring gear(Blue)
• Output shaft is connected to Plane carrier(Green) which is also
connected to Multi-disk clutch
• Sun gear is connected to a Drum(Yellow), which can be locked
by brake band (Red). It is also connected to the other half of
Clutch
Planetary Gear System: Operation
• In Neutral
• Both band and clutch sets are released
• Planets assembled to carrier with NRB
• Ring gear only drive planet gear not the planet carrier
(Output shaft)
• The planet gears drive the sun gears to spin freely
Planetary Gear System: Operation
• In Low Gear (forward reduction)
• Band locks the sun gear by locking the drum
• Planets walk around the sun gear
• Planet carrier to spin in same direction as ring gear
• Gear ratio= sun & ring teeth/no of teeth of ring gear
Planetary Gear System: Operation
• In High Gear (Direct drive)
• Band is released.
• Lock any two members
• Clutch is engaged so that the sun gear and planet
carrier is locked to act as a rigid member
• Planets has to walk around the ring gear,
• Ring Gear (Input shaft) will spin at the same speed as
the Planet Carrier (Output shaft)
Planetary Gear System: Operation
• Reverse Gear
• Planet carrier is locked
• Ring gear (Input shaft) will cause the sun gear
(Output Shaft) to turn in the opposite direction
Automatic Transmission (AT)
Advantages
The only option for comfortable automatic shifting
Cost issue mitigated by high volume manufacturing
Disadvantages
Cost for development and manufacturing
Fuel economy due to torque converter
Lack of control by the driver
Modern improvements
Better control algorithms
Torque converter lock up
• Seamless power
delivery, no torque
interruption & power loss
CVT: Construction
Uses a pair of axially
adjustable sets of
pulley halves
(Variators)
A “belt” is used to
transfers the engine's
power from one shaft
to another
CVT: Functioning
• The transmission ratio is varied by
adjusting the spacing between the
pulleys in line with the circumference
of the tapered pulley halves.
• The variators are adjusted
hydraulically.
• When one pulley is varied, the other
pulley must adapt itself inversely since
the length of the belt is fixed.
Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT)
DCT: Construction
Basic Dual Wet Clutch
How DCT Works?
In a conventional manual transmission, there is not a
continuous flow of power from the engine to the wheels.
Instead, power delivery changes from ON to OFF to ON during
gearshift, causing a phenomenon known as "shift shock" or
"torque interrupt
A dual-clutch transmission uses two clutches, but has no clutch
pedal.
Sophisticated electronics and hydraulics control the
clutches, just as they do in a standard automatic transmission.
In a DCT, however, the clutches operate independently
One clutch controls the odd gears(first, third, fifth and
reverse), while the other controls the even gears
(second, fourth and sixth)
Using this arrangement, gears can be changed without
interrupting the power flow from the engine to the transmission
Propeller Shaft
It propels the vehicle forward, so called propeller shaft
A Propeller Shaft connects a gearbox to a Differential.
It is used to transmit the drive force generated by the engine
to the axles.
It is strong enough to handle maximum low gear torque
It is provided with two U-joints to maintain constant velocity
and positioning of differential at different plane.
It is provided with a slip joint to take care of the change in
length.
Shaft diameter and its thickness decides the torque carrying
capacity and angle of operation.
Propeller Shaft
Single piece
Two piece
Front engine rear wheel drive
Reduction in car height
(lowering of body)
Crash energy management
Material
Aluminum
steel
Composite (75% carbon, 25%
glass-fibre with bonded steel
end fittings- Renault)
Cold rolled and seam
welded
Universal joints
• Designed to eliminate
torque and speed
fluctuations (constant
velocity joints)
• To maintain uniform
motion, two universal joints
are used with yoke lugs in
phase.
Universal joints
Differential
• To transfer the
engine power to the
wheels