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Computer Fundamentals

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Computer Fundamentals
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First Edition : 2015

Second Edition : 2016
Third Edition : 2017
Fourth Edition : 2018

© All rights reserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
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Contents
Computer Fundamentals

Chapter 1 3.5 Cache Memory..............................................................60

Basic Architecture���������������������������������������������� 2 3.6 Direct Mapped Cache (1-way Set Associative

Cache)...............................................................................62
1.1 Computer System.......................................................... 2
3.7 Fully Associative Cache..............................................65
1.2 Layers of Abstraction.................................................... 3
3.8 Set Associative Cache (k-way Set Associative ........
1.3 Computer Organization and Computer
Cache)...............................................................................66
Architecture..................................................................... 3
3.9 Virtual Memory.............................................................70
1.4 Evolution of Digital Computers................................. 5
3.10 Page Fault........................................................................72
1.5 Structure and Function of a Computer System... 5
3.11 Page Replacement.......................................................73
1.6 Components of Computer Structure...................... 6
3.12 Page Replacement Algorithms...............................74
1.7 Bus Structure................................................................... 7
3.13 Advantages and Disadvantages of Virtual
Student’s Assignment..................................................... 9
Memory...........................................................................79
Chapter 2 Student’s Assignment...................................................83
CPU Organization��������������������������������������������������11
Chapter 4
2.1 Introduction...................................................................11
Input/Output Organization�����������������������88
2.2 Machine Instructions..................................................12
4.1 Introduction....................................................................88
2.3 Instruction Formats.....................................................13
4.2 I/O Access Structure.....................................................88
2.4 Addressing Modes.......................................................16
4.3 I/O Modules.....................................................................89
2.5 Types of Machine Instructions................................23
4.4 I/O Techniques................................................................90
2.6 Instruction Stream Vs Data Stream........................26
4.5 Direct Memory Access.................................................94
2.7 ALU Design.....................................................................27
4.6 Secondary Storage.......................................................98
2.8 Bus Organizations of Datapath...............................30
4.7 Magnetic Memory..................................................... 100
2.9 Implementations of Datapath.................................31
4.8 Optical Memory.......................................................... 102
2.10 Basics of Control Unit..................................................31
4.9 Structure of a Disk (Disk Structure)...................... 105
2.11 Multi Cycle Datapath and Control..........................34
Student’s Assignment................................................ 109
2.12 Control Unit....................................................................36
2.13 Microoperations and Control Signals...................37 Chapter 5
2.14 Control Unit Implementation..................................40 Data Representation............................112
Student’s Assignment...................................................47 5.1 Fixed-Point Representation................................... 112
5.2 IEEE Floating-Point Number Representation.. 116
Chapter 3 5.3 Computer Arithmetic............................................... 117
Memory Organization�������������������������������������������52
5.4 Adding 2’s Complement Numbers..................... 118
3.1 Introduction...................................................................52
5.5 Multiplying Floating-Point Numbers................. 119
3.2 Memory or Primary Memory (Core Memory/
Student’s Assignment................................................ 122
Store/Storage)...............................................................53
3.3 Associative Memory....................................................56
3.4 Address Space...............................................................56
Chapter 6 Chapter 8
Basic Concepts of Operating Systems...125 Networking Fundamentals������������������������������ 159
6.1 Operating System (OS)............................................ 125 8.1 Introduction................................................................ 159
6.2 Structure of Computer System............................. 125 8.2 Delays in Computer Networks.............................. 160
6.3 Layered View of Operating System Services... 126 8.3 Protocol Layering...................................................... 160
6.4 History of Operating System................................. 126 8.4 Circuit-Switched........................................................ 164
6.5 Types of Operating System.................................... 126 8.5 Packet Switching....................................................... 164
6.6 Functions of Operating System........................... 129 Student’s Assignment................................................ 165
6.7 Operating System Components.......................... 130
6.8 Process.......................................................................... 130 Chapter 9
6.9 Process State Models............................................... 131 Programming Methodology���������������������������� 168
6.10 Thread........................................................................... 136 9.1 Data Segments in Memory.................................... 168

6.11 Multi Threading.......................................................... 138 9.2 Scope of Variable....................................................... 170

Student’s Assignment................................................ 141 9.3 C Variable..................................................................... 171

9.4 Address arithmetic in C........................................... 176
Chapter 7 9.5 Value of Variable in C Language.......................... 176
File System�������������������������������������������������������145 9.6 Flow Control in C....................................................... 177
7.1 Introduction................................................................ 145 9.7 Function........................................................................ 185
7.2 Directories.................................................................... 146 9.8 Recursion...................................................................... 193
7.3 File Management System....................................... 148 9.9 Backtracking............................................................... 195
7.4 File System Organization........................................ 149 9.10 C Scope Rules............................................................. 196
7.5 File Allocation Methods.......................................... 150 9.11 Storage Class............................................................... 198
Student’s Assignment................................................ 157 9.12 Pointers......................................................................... 206
Student’s Assignment................................................ 216

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