Sample Solvent Used Result

Distilled water Insoluble

Ethyl Alcohol Soluble

Cottonseed Oil Ether Soluble

Chloroform Soluble

Benzene Soluble (Theoretical

Result)

5% HCI Insoluble

5% NaOH Insoluble

SOLUBILITY TEST 1.

In the data above, the column that gives the explanation as to why the solvent is either soluble or
insoluble to cottonseed oil focused on the polarity of the solvent. In this case, ethyl alcohol, ether, and
chloroform are soluble in cottonseed oil. For the case of benzene, theoretically, it is also soluble in the
said sample. On the other hand, distilled water (H2O), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) are insoluble in cottonseed oil. Cottonseed oil is composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA) with linoleic acid making up a majority of its PUFA content. 54% of the cottonseed oil is made
up of linoleic acid, therefore making it a lipid. According to the Reference Module in Food Science
(2017), lipids are defined as set of chemical molecules resulting from fatty acids that exhibits high
solubility in nonpolar organic solvents and low solubility in polar solvents. The nonpolar hydrocarbon
chain of lipids accounts for the poor solubility of fatty acids in water. Fatty acids do not dissolve in water
because of the dimers that are formed. Since the partially negative oxygen and the partially positive
hydrogen of COOH are used in the dimerization, there is no group available for hydrogen bonding with
water molecules (Laboratory Manual, n.d). Thus, the result above in distilled water as it is insoluble in
cottonseed oil. In terms of ethyl alcohol, ether, chloroform, and benzene they are all soluble in cottonseed
oil, because these substances are nonpolar organic solvents. Cottonseed oil is a weak polar solvent which
is why ethyl alcohol is soluble even it is polar. Ether is polar yet soluble in cottonseed oil because
cottonseed oil is a weak polar solvent. Chloroform and cottonseed oil is both non-polar which makes it
soluble. Theoretically, benzene is a weak polar organic solvent which is why it is highly soluble in
cottonseed oil (Hunt, n.d). Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is insoluble in cottonseed oil because HCl is a polar
substance while cottonseed is a nonpolar substance. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is insoluble in cottonseed
oil because NaOH is a strong polar substance.

Mixture Result Explanation

 Cottonseed oil – ethyl alcohol Insoluble It took time before ethyl alcohol
evaporated and there were still oil
formations left, which makes it
insoluble.

Cottonseed oil – ether Soluble Ether evaporated faster than the

ethyl alcohol. Ether is a non-polar
which makes it soluble in
cottonseed oil.

SOLUBILITY TEST 2. Formation of Translucent Spot

In this part of the solubility test, the mixture of cottonseed oil – ether evaporated faster than the mixture of
cottonseed oil – ethyl alcohol. Lipids have a greasy feel. The substance that is left on the paper is the
source of explanation for this part of the solubility test. Most fat have a high boiling point. Therefore, they
are non-volatile. In a room temperature, the spot of grease cannot absorb enough heat in order for it to be
evaporated. When the oily substance has stained the sheet of paper, it diffracted light. Thus, the formation
of translucent spot on the paper is visible. The diffracted light passes from one side to another, giving a
translucent spot (YouTube, 2019). For cottonseed oil – ethyl alcohol, there were still oil formations left,
which makes it insoluble. On the other hand, ether evaporated faster, thus making it soluble in cottonseed
oil.
 Name of Test Test Solutions Reagents Added Result

Phenolphthalein No reaction

A. Rancidity Test Fresh coconut oil Theoretical:

Colorless

Methyl orange No reaction

Theoretical:
Orange

pH paper Neutral

Phenolphthalein No reaction

Rancid coconut oil Theoretical:

golden yellow

Methyl orange No reaction

Theoretical:
orange

pH paper Neutral

This test focused on the rancidity of the fresh coconut oil and rancid coconut oil. Technically, the
term rancidity refers to the spoilage of food in such way that it becomes undesirable for consumption.
Most of the time, rancidity can change the odor or flavor of a certain food wherein the taste becomes bad
(Whfoods.org, 2019). In much deeper sense, rancidity is the oxidation of fats that is caused by hydration
(water), oxidation (oxygen), and metallic atoms or microbes (Sciencedirect.com, 2019). This term is
applicable to oils. In the experiment, the oils that were used are fresh coconut oil and rancid coconut oil.
Oils are vulnerable to rancidity because their substance makes it prone to oxygen damage. Oxidative
rancidity is caused by a biochemical reaction between fats and oxygen. In this process, oxygen molecules
interact with the structure of the oil and damage the natural structure of the substance thus, the change of
its odor, taste, and safety for consumption. The long chain fatty acids are degraded and the short chain
compounds are formed (Amidor, 1970). The whole process of rancidity is sped up by exposure to air,
light, and heat. Theoretically, when phenolphthalein is added to fresh coconut oil, a colorless substance
was produced. Phenolphthalein (C20H14O4) is used as an acid base indicator. It exerts laxative effects by
stimulating the intestinal mucosa and constricting smooth muscles (NCIthesaurus, 2019). However, it is
not used anymore. Phenolphthalein turns colorless in acidic conditions and it turns to deep-red color if it
is in a basic condition (Phenolphthalein, n.d). Theoretically, fresh coconut oil is acidic (Cameo
Chemicals, n.d). For the methyl orange, it is also a pH indicator that is frequently used in titrations
because of its clear and distinct color change. It is usually used in titrations for acids because it changes
color at the pH of acids. In a solution that is acidic, methyl orange changes its color from red to orange.
While when the solution is basic, it is yellow (Methyl Orange Indicator, n.d). Theoretically, fresh coconut
oil is, again, acidic. In the pH paper, to know whether or not the solution is acidic, theoretically, it should
turn from blue to red. This change of color indicates that the solution is mainly acidic. Naturally, fresh
coconut oil is at a pH scale of 7.3; making it an acidic solution. Therefore, fatty acids are indeed present
in the fresh coconut oil due to its acidity.
In the case of rancid coconut oil, the more rancid the oil is, the acidic it becomes. Theoretically,
the concept of the fresh coconut oil’s acidity is similar as with the rancid coconut oil. However, the more
rancid it is, the lower the pH level it has. For the rancid coconut oil, instead of having 7.3 as its pH level,
it can reach up to the pH scale of 6. Theoretically, when the rancid coconut oil was added with the
reagents such as phenolphthalein, methyl orange, and pH paper the results showed that the rancid coconut
oil is acidic. For the phenolphthalein, the result was slight golden yellow. For the methyl orange, the
substance remained its color-orange substance. And as for the pH paper, it turned purple. Therefore, the
neutrality of the substance was shown.
 Name of Test Test Solutions Reagents Added Result Explanation
Soap Solution Widely spread The cleaning
5% CaCl2 insoluble action of both
5% MgCl2 precipitate was soaps and
formed for both. detergents results
(Theoretical) from their ability
to emulsify or
5% CaCl2 Insoluble liquid disperse water-
Detergent
5% MgCl2 layer was formed insoluble
(cloudy) materials and hold
(Theoretical) them in
suspension in
Insoluble Soaps
water. This ability
comes from their
molecular
structure of soaps
or detergents.
When a soap or
detergent is added
to water that
contains oil or
other water-
insoluble
materials, the
soap/detergent
molecules
surround the oil
droplets.
(Theoretical)

In certain areas, water supplies are acidic due to acid rain and/or pollution and possibly became “hard”
due to the dissolved mineral content. This acidic and “hard” water reduce the cleansing ability of soaps.
Soap is the salt of a weak acid. In the presence of a stronger acid, the salt is converted to an insoluble
organic acid.

The dissolved mineral content in “hard water” consists of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+ ions from the minerals that
the water passes over. Soaps that are made from sodium and potassium fatty acid salts are soluble in
water. However, in the presence of these metal ions, the Na+ and the K+ soluble salts convert to insoluble
Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+.

The cleansing ability of soap is reduced because soap molecules are removed from solution. Water can be
“softened” through removing hard water ions from solution using ion exchange techniques or by adding
water-softening agents (Azhari, 2019).

Question 4:
Show the structure of the parent compound of cholesterol.
Question 5:
Explain the cooperative effect of lecithin and albumin.
Lecithin and albumin makes a good emulsifier because the hydrophobic end dissolves in oil droplets and
the hydrophilic end dissolves in water. In emulsions the only place lecithin likes to be is at the edge of oil
droplets with its hydrophobic end in the oil and the hydrophilic end in the water (Livestrong.com, 2019).
Due to this certain characteristic, the immiscibility of two substances is being reduced (Scribd, 2019).

References

Sringam, S. and Siriwan Nettiwarawon (Kasetsart Univ., B. (2019). Rancidity of coconut oil. [online]
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http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=TH9320072 [Accessed 27 Aug. 2019]

Chem.ucalgary.ca. (2019). [online] Available at:

http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/laboratory/351expt_01_solubility.pdf [Accessed 27 Aug. 2019]

College (2019). Activity 5 a biochem report. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at:

https://www.slideshare.net/ruuschy/activity-5-a-biochem-report [Accessed 27 Aug. 2019]

Dothan.org. (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.dothan.org/DocumentCenter/View/3054

[Accessed 27 Aug. 2019]

Sciencedirect.com. (2019). Lipids - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. [online] Available at:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/lipids [Accessed 27 Aug.
2019]

Chem.ucalgary.ca. (2019). Ch26: Lipids. [online] Available at:

http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch26/ch26-0.html [Accessed 27 Aug. 2019]

YouTube. (2019). Qualitative Analysis of Oils and Fats - MeitY OLabs. [online] Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3YCFwhPkYM [Accessed 27 Aug. 2019]

Coursehero.com. (2019). Physical Test 1 Grease Spot Test The working principle is that most grease or |
Course Hero. [online] Available at: https://www.coursehero.com/file/p1pvrov/Physical-Test-1-Grease-
Spot-Test-The-working-principle-is-that-most-grease-or/ [Accessed 27 Aug. 2019]

Azhari. E., (2019). [online] Available at:

https://www.academia.edu/35168557/Lab_report_SOAPS_AND_DETERGENT.docx [Accessed 27 Aug.
2019]
LIVESTRONG.COM. (2019). Why Is Lecithin a Good Emulsifier? | Livestrong.com. [online] Available
at: https://www.livestrong.com/article/276580-why-is-lecithin-a-good-emulsifier/ [Accessed 27 Aug.
2019]

Scribd. (2019). Lipids Chemlab Report | Soap | Solubility. [online] Available at:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/90427181/Lipids-Chemlab-Report [Accessed 27 Aug. 2019]

Whfoods.org. (2019). What is rancidity?. [online] Available at:

http://whfoods.org/genpage.php?tname=dailytip&dbid=356 [Accessed 27 Aug. 2019]

Sciencedirect.com. (2019). Rancidity - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. [online] Available at:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rancidity [Accessed 27 Aug.
2019].

(n.d.). NCI Thesaurus. Retrieved from

https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&ns=NCI_Th
esaurus&code=C29359

Amidor, T. (1970, July 2). 02 Jul Does Oil Spoil? Retrieved from
https://tobyamidornutrition.com/2013/07/does-oil-spoil/

(n.d.). Cholesterol. Retrieved from

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cholesterol#section=2D-Structure