Tenses

1
INDEX
======
Topic Page Number

-------- -----------------
1) Simple Present Tense 5

2) Present Continuous Tense 26
3) Present Perfect Tense 36
4) Present perfect Continuous Tense 44
5) Simple Past tense 57

6) Past Continuous Tense 65
7) Past Perfect Tense 74
8) Past Perfect Continuous Tense 87
9) Simple Future Tense 93

10) Different ways to Tell a future activity 99
11) Future Continuous Tense 106
12) Future Perfect Tense 110
13) Future Perfect Continuous Tense 117
SRIDHAR
2
The Concept of Tenses

=========================
TENSES ---Post 1
=============
My Dear friends,
Good morning, from today onwards, you are going to learn Tenses in a detailed way. Before
going into the TENSES, you should have some basic knowledge of SUBJECT, NOUN,
SUBJECTIVE PRONOUN and VERB. In every tense, we use them. Using some examples, let
us see and understand them. Please see the following Sentences.
--Stephen is going to New York.

--Rahim reached the university.
--Raju will reach New Delhi.
--I eat very well.
--He sleeps quickly.
SUBJECT:
-------------
Dear friends, in the above sentences, “Stephen, Rahim, Raju, I, and He” are SUBJECTS. A
person or thing that does a work / activity / action in a sentence is called a SUBJECT. Almost
every sentence has a SUBJECT. This SUBJECT can be a Noun or a Pronoun.
NOUN:
---------
Noun means “name”. There is a name for everything in the Universe.
Ex: David, America, Girl, country, ball, bat, school, Television, chair, computer, fruit,
happiness etc.
PRONOUN:
---------------
A word which is used instead of a noun is called a pronoun.
Akbar is a king. He went to a forest. He killed a lion.

In the above sentences, instead of the word "Akbar", I used the word “he”, two times. So “He”
is a pronoun. There are many kinds of pronouns.
VERB:
--------
SRIDHAR
3
The words which express an action /activity/ work are verbs. See the examples. These kind of
words are verbs.
Ex: go, run, drink, use, drive, sleep, sell, buy, speak, read, wash, enjoy, catch etc.
SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS:
-----------------------------------
Dear friends, now I want to tell you a very important thing. There are many kinds of pronouns.
But now all they are not needed to learn tenses. Among those many types, let us learn only one
type. That is “Subjective Pronouns”.
What are subjective pronouns?
Very simple. “I, we, you, he, she, it & they” are Subjective pronouns. Remembering these 7
words is easy. But you should do another thing too. These Subjective pronouns are classified
into 6 types. The below picture shows you that classification. You must remember this table
perfectly.
Why should we learn Subject, Noun, Subjective pronouns and verbs? You should learn them
because in each and every tense, you use them.
TENSES:
-----------
Friends, now let us have a brief introduction of Tenses. There are 3 kinds of tenses in English
language, like all languages. The below are these 3 kinds.
1) Present Tense, 2) Past Tense, and 3) Future Tense.
But in English language, each tense is divided into 4 sub tenses. Now see all the available
tenses below.
1) Present Tense:
a) Simple present tense, b) Present continuous tense,
c) Present perfect tense, and d) Present Perfect continuous tense
2) Past Tense:
a) Simple past tense, b) Past continuous tense
c) Past perfect tense, and d) Past perfect continuous tense
3) Future Tense:
a) Simple future tense, b) Future continuous tense
c) Future perfect tense, and d) Future perfect continuous tense
In this way, there are totally 12 tenses in English.
SRIDHAR
4
Friends, now you have to answer the below questions.
1) What is a subject?
2) What is a noun?
3) What is a pronoun?
4) What are Subjective pronouns?
5) What are 3rd Person Singular Subjective Pronouns?
6) How many tenses are there? And what are they?
My Dear friends, if you cannot answer them, read the whole lesson 5 to 10 times.
Especially concentrate on the below Table. Dear Friends, till now, we did not enter the tenses.
We touched only basics. This evening, you are going to learn “Simple present tense” in a very
detailed manner.
SRIDHAR
5
Tenses --- Post 2

============
Simple Present Tense ---- Lesson 1
=========================
We have 12 tenses. In each and every tense, you must concentrate on 2 things.
1) Structure of the tense:

------------------------------
What are the rules to be followed to prepare a sentence in a tense?
Every verb has 4 forms (example: eat, ate, eaten, eating)
What form of the verb should we use?
What auxiliary verb (Is, was, have, has, will etc.) should we use in a tense?
2) Uses:
----------
what is the use of this tense? when do we use this tense? In what situation should we use this
tense?
Dear Friends, for every Tense, you must clearly know and understand the above 2 things, such
as 1) Structure of the tense and 2) Uses.
For every tense, these 2 things change. Now let us see these 2 things, for “Simple Present
Tense”.
1) Structure of “Simple Present Tense”:

----------------------------------------------
Blindly remember the following 2 rules.
Rule [ A]:
------------
If the subject is a 3rd Person Singular (If the SUBJECT is “He/ she/ it),
or If the subject is a singular noun, then the verb is attached with ''s or es or ies''.
Note: singular noun= student, book, car, bird country etc.
Examples:
He eats an apple.
She eats an apple.
He goes to school.
She goes to school.
He always carries an umbrella.
SRIDHAR
6
Dear friends, here you should be very careful in adding "s or es or ies" at the end of verbs.
Please remember the following rules.
a) usually we add "s" at the end of the verb.
Examples:
He eats. (eat + s = eats)
He drinks. (drink + s = drinks)
he walks. (walk + s = walks)
b) If a verb ends with 'es/x/sh/ch', we add "es" at the end of the verb.
Examples:
He passes. (pass + es = passes)
He catches. (catch + es = catches)
He fixes. (fix + es = fixes)
He pushes. (push + es = pushes)
c) If a verb ends with 'y', we add "ies" at the end of the verb.
Examples:
He flies. (fly + ies = flies)
He cries. (Cry + ies = cries)
He carries an umbrella. (Carry + ies = carries)
d) If there is a vowel before 'y", we add 's' at the end of the verb.
Examples:
He plays. (play + s = plays)
Friends, remember: The above all rules apply "only in simple present tense and only if the
subject is a 3rd person singular (He / She/ It) or If the subject is a singular noun."
Rule [ B]:
-----------
If the Subject is NOT a 3rd Person Singular (If the SUBJECT is “I/ we/ you/ they),
or If the subject is a plural noun, then we don’t add anything at the end of the verb.
Note: plural noun= students, people, books, cars, birds, countries etc.
Examples:
I go to school.
We go to school.
You go to school.
They go to school.
SRIDHAR
7
Students go to school.
Friends, stop here. If you don’t understand the above 2 rules (Rule [ A] & Rule [ B]), go above
and read those 2 rules again and again. Only after understanding them, come back and read the
below uses.
Uses:
------
Dear Friends, we understood the structure of “Simple Present Tense”. We understood how to
prepare sentences using “Simple Present Tense”. But when do we use this Tense? We use
“simple present tense” in the following situations.
1) To tell Habits:
--------------------
We have many habits. We can express our habits, using this tense.
Examples:
– He drinks tea at breakfast.
– She eats fish only.
– They watch television regularly.
2) To tell "Regular activities":

-----------------------------------
We do some activities regularly. Regularly means daily or every Sunday, or every month etc.
We can express those regular activities using this tense.
Examples:
– We catch the bus every morning.
– It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
– They drive to Japan every summer.
– I play football every weekend.
3) To tell Natural / General truths:

-----------------------------------------
There are some truths. Naturally / Generally we know those truths.
To express those natural /general truths, we can use this tense.
Examples:
– Water freezes at zero degrees.
– The Earth revolves around the Sun.
– Our body contains 206 bones.
– Light travels at almost 300,000 kilometers per second.
– The cow gives milk.
SRIDHAR
8
SRIDHAR
9
Tenses --- Post 3

============
=========================
Hi my dear friends, now let us spend a few minutes and learn 4 beautiful uses of Simple present
tense.
4) To tell a future event that is part of a fixed timetable:

------------------------------------------------------------------
Dear Friends, there are time tables in Airports, Railway Stations, and Bus stands. Based on
those time tables, every flight, train and bus have a fixed starting time and a reaching time.
Using this Tense, we can express those fixed starting time and reaching time. And every
meeting, movie in a theater, TV program, etc. has a fixed starting time and a fixed ending time.
To tell these Fixed times, we use this tense.
Examples:
-- The meeting begins at 11 AM.
-- Our holidays start on the 26th March.
-- My school starts next week.
-- The train leaves at 4.30 pm this evening.
-- We fly to Paris next week.
5) To express “Surprises”:
-------------------------------
Dear friends, sometimes, we get a surprise. With a surprise, we tell something. For example,
you and your wife are walking on a road. Suddenly you see your mother-in-law. Then with a
surprise, you tell your wife, “Hey, see her. Your mom”.
Let us see another situation. You and your friend are waiting at a bus stop. You have waited for
a long time for your bus. But it has not come yet. But suddenly you saw your bus coming.
Then, with a surprise, you tell your friend “Oh, see. Our bus is coming”.
In these two situations, i) an activity is happening in the present time, ii) you get a surprise, iii)
with that surprise, you tell this matter. In this kind of situations, we use “Simple Present tense”
to express surprises.
But you must remember another thing too. In this use, you should start your sentence with
“Here” or ‘There”. Now let us see how we tell our surprises.
Examples:
-- Here the bus comes! (Meaning: See. The bus is coming !!!)
-- There she goes! (Meaning: See. She is going !!!)
-- Here the program starts on the TV
(Meaning: See. Our favorite program is starting on the TV)
SRIDHAR
10
Dear friends, Now I want to tell you a very important thing. “Simple Present Tense” is
related to present happening things. But this tense is also used for “past happened things”. That
means some people use “Simple Present Tense” instead of “Simple Past Tense”. Writers,
commentators, Journalists, and reporters use “Simple Present Tense” to tell past matters. Why
do they use “Simple Present Tense” to tell past matters? Let us slowly know and understand
that.
6) To write novels, stories and jokes:

--------------------------------------------
Dear Friends, Ramayana was a real story happened in India and Sri lanka. Many writers wrote
the same Ramayana in their own style. The story is same in all the books of Ramayana. But
every writer has his/her own style of explanation and narration. Let us take a scene.
A writer wrote like this. “Rama walked into a forest. He saw a deer. He took an arrow. He
aimed at the deer. He killed that deer.” This writer wrote Ramayana as a History. So, he used
“Simple Past Tense”.
But there are some modern writers. They writer stories as if the incidents are happening right
now. While watching the movie “Ramayana”, we feel the scenes are happening in front of our
eyes, in the present time. In the same way, some modern writers want to narrate / explain
scenes to us, as if those scenes are happening in the present time.
For this purpose, these modern writers use “Simple Present Tense”. Not only in real stories like
Ramayana but also in fictional stories, novels and jokes, modern writers use “Simple Present
tense” to tell the whole story.
Examples:
Rama walks into a forest. He sees a deer. He takes an arrow. He aims at the deer. He kills that
deer.
7) To write Headlines (Headings) in Newspapers:

--------------------------------------------------------------------
Dear Friends, did you ever see English newspapers? In English newspapers, completed events /
works / activities are written using past tense. But Headlines are written using “Simple Present
Tense”. Let us assume that Donald Trump won elections yesterday. India signed an agreement
with Russia yesterday. Virat Kohli completed another century yesterday.
But in today’s newspaper, you see the below headlines.
-- "Donald Trump wins presidential election"

-- "India signs an agreement with Russia"
-- "Virat Kohli completes another century"
Why do the reporters and journalists write headlines like this?

SRIDHAR
11
There is a reason. In a newspaper, if you read "Obama won presidential election",

you feel this is an old news. This is not attractive to you. But if you see "Donald Trump wins
presidential election", you feel this is a fresh and latest news. So, reporters and journalists write
headlines using "simple present tense', even though the news was a finished / completed
activity.
Dear friends, using “Simple Present Tense” for headings in newspapers is a tradition to attract
the eyes of readers. Remember this.
My dear friends,
Now take a pen and a notebook. Please write 40 examples, using "simple present tense".
SRIDHAR
12
Tenses --- Post 4

============
=========================
In the previous lessons, you learned 7 uses of this tense. Now you are going to learn 2 other
excellent uses of this tense.
8) To tell quotations of great people:

-------------------------------------------
Dear friends, many great people wrote or told many great things. Gradually they became
popular quotations. Sometimes, when we are talking to others, we use those quotations. In the
same time, we tell the name of that great person who told that quotation.
For example,
Shakespeare said “All, that glitters, is not gold”.
John Keats said “A thing of beauty is a joy forever”.
In the above sentences, I used a past form of verb “said”. So, the total sentence is in Simple
Past Tense. But the above sentences are wrong, dear friends. We should use “Simple Present
Tense” to introduce quotations of great people. We should say as below.
Shakespeare says “All, that glitters, is not gold”. (correct)

John Keats says “A thing of beauty is a joy forever”. (Correct)
If you are telling sentences of your father or brother or another, you can use “Simple Past
Tense”. You can say – My father said “Come home soon”. My brother said “Study well”. These
sentences of “Simple Past Tense” are correct. Because they are not quotations.
But when you are telling quotations of great people, you should use only “Simple Present
tense”. So, we should use “says” instead of “said”. See the below discussion between a mother
and son.
Son: Mom, I want to marry Rosy.

Mother: why do you want to marry her?
Son: She is very beautiful. John Keats says “A thing of beauty is a joy forever”. (A beautiful
thing always gives happiness)
Mother: Don’t marry that girl.
Son: why?
Mother: Shakespeare says “All, that glitters, is not gold”. (All the beautiful things are not
valuable)
SRIDHAR
13
9) To tell Sports Commentaries:

--------------------------------------
Dear friends, did you watch sports on TV ever? Did you listen to the speech of commentators?
While a cricket match or football match or any other match is happening, a person called
commentator talks continuously about that sport. He explains, narrates and tells us each and
every movement of that sport, while the sport is happening. He is called commentator.
While a cricket match is going on, you can listen to his commentary in the stadium, or on TV,
or on radio.
Now let us take an example. My friend Shahid went to a cricket stadium. He was watching a
cricket match between India and Australia. Australian player Shane Warne was batting. Indian
player Virat was bowling. After 30 minutes, my friend Shahid phoned me. Over the phone, he
was telling me “Hi friend, Shane Warne is hitting balls forcefully. Virat is running fast. Virat is
catching the ball. Shane Warne is leaving the ground”.
In the same time, the commentator was saying on TV, “Shane warn hits balls forcefully. Virat
runs fast. Virat catches the ball. Shane Warne leaves the ground”.
Both my friend and the commentator said the same thing in the same time. But they used
different tenses. My friend used “Present Continuous Tense”. But commentator used “Simple
Present Tense”.
Dear friends, remember. In sports commentaries, the Commentators mostly don’t use Present
Continuous Tense. To tell every presently happening activity in a sport, Commentators use
“Simple Present Tense”.
My dear friends,
Now take a pen and a notebook. Please write some examples, using "simple present tense".
SRIDHAR
14
Tenses --- Post 5

============
Simple Present Tense --- Lesson 4
=========================
Hi dear friends, Welcome again. In the previous lessons, we discussed 9 uses of “Simple
Present Tense”. In this lesson, you will learn the last 2 uses of this tense.
10) To prepare “Proverbs:

--------------------------------
Dear friends, in every language there are some proverbs. What is a proverb? A well-known
sentence that gives an advice or says a truth is called a Proverb. The following are a few
proverbs in English.
-- Barking dogs seldom bite.

-- Empty vessels make the greatest sound.
-- A bad workman blames his tools.
-- The early bird catches the worm.
Friends, in fact, we don’t use this 10th use. Because we don’t prepare proverbs. We don’t write
or create our own proverbs. In the past, some unknown people created proverbs. Now we are
using them.
Then why did I write this 10th use? I wrote it, because you should know and remember that
most of the Proverbs were prepared using “Simple Present Tense”.
11) Instead of “Present Continuous Tense:

---------------------------------------------------
Dear friends, we should not use some verbs in “Continuous Tenses”. For example, we should
not use the verbs “Love, believe, have etc.” in “Continuous Tenses”. (Present / Past / Future
Continuous Tense).
Let us take “Present Continuous Tense”. The following sentences are wrong.
-- He is believing you.
-- They are having a car.
-- I am loving you.
Then how can we use the verbs “Love, Believe, Have etc.” correctly? If we want to use these
verbs, in Continuous Tenses”, we should use them in “Simple Tenses” (Simple Present / Past /
Future Tense).
The above 3 sentences are in “Present Continuous Tense”. But they are wrong. To write them
correctly, we should use “Simple Present Tense”. The following sentences are correct.
SRIDHAR
15
-- He believes you.
-- They have a car.
-- I love you.
Dear Friends, to use some verbs, we should use “Simple Present Tense” instead of “Present
Continuous Tense”. This is enough for now. Let us learn this concept very clearly, while
discussing “Present Continuous Tense”.
You should know another thing. “1) Simple Present Tense, 2) Present Simple Tense and 3)
Present Indefinite Tense” are one and same. Different writers of different grammar books give
different names. But all these are same. Only the names are different. When you hear “Present
Indefinite Tense” somewhere, don’t worry. That is “Simple Present Tense”.
Dear friends,
We completed all the uses of “Simple Present Tense”. Take a pen and a note book. I request
you to write 100 sentences using all the 11 uses of this tense. Now you may understand these
lessons easily. But tomorrow you will forget everything very easily. This is human nature. If
you want to remember these concepts forever, practice is the best and the most excellent way.
The master of Kung Fu, Bruce Lee says “I am not afraid of a man who has practiced 10,000
kicks one time. But I am afraid of the man who has practiced one kick 10,000 times”. Practice
makes a man PERFECT. So please write 100 sentences.
SRIDHAR
16
Tenses --- Post 6

============
Simple Present Tense ----- Lesson 5
==========================
Hello dear wonderful friends, Good evening. I am back for you. In the previous lessons,
we learned how to construct (make) a sentence in “simple present tense” and all their uses.
Now let us learn Affirmative Sentences and Negative Sentences. In the previous lessons,
I gave you many examples of “Simple Present Tense”. All those are Affirmative Sentences.
1) Affirmative Sentences:
-------------------------------
What are Affirmative Sentences? If there is no “not” in a sentence, that is called an Affirmative
Sentence. This sentence always gives a positive meaning. Affirmative Sentences are also called
"Positive Sentences".
Examples:
-- I go to school.
-- We go to school.
-- You go to school.
-- They go to school.
-- David and Akbar go to school. (The subject is plural here.)
-- He goes to school.
-- She goes to school.
-- It goes to school.
-- David goes to school.
2) Negative Sentences:
----------------------------
Friends, sometimes, we need to say negatively about “habits, regular activities, natural truths,
and fixed arrangements. In those times, we should use Negative Sentences. If there is a “not”
in a sentence, that is called a Negative Sentence. This sentence always gives a Negative
meaning.
Examples:
He does not go to school.
I don’t go to school. (Remember: don’t = do not)
In the above sentences, you should observe 2 things.

1) One time I used “does not”. And another time I used “don’t”.
2) In both sentences, verb is not attached with s/ es/ ies.
Now 2 questions:
1) When should we use “does not”? And
2) When should we use “don’t”?
SRIDHAR
17
Rule 1): If the subject is a 3rd Person Singular (If the SUBJECT is “He/ she/ it”),
or If the subject is a singular noun, then we use “does not”.
Note: singular noun= student, book, car, bird, David, Shahid, country etc.
Examples:
-- He does not go to school.
-- She does not go to school.
-- It does not go to school.
-- David does not go to school.
Note: In negative sentences of “simple present tense”,

a verb is never attached with "s /es / ies".
Rule 2): If the Subject is NOT 3rd Person Singular Pronoun (If the SUBJECT is “I/ we/ you/
they), or If the subject is a plural noun, then we use “don’t”.
Note: plural noun = students, people, books, cars, birds, countries etc.
Examples:
-- I don’t go to school.
-- We don’t go to school.
-- You don’t go to school.
-- They don’t go to school.
-- David and Akbar don’t go to school. (The subject is plural here.)
My dear friends,
Now take a pen and a notebook. Please write some examples for negative sentences, using
"simple present tense".
SRIDHAR
18
SRIDHAR
19
Tenses --- Post 7

============
=========================
Hi my dear friends, if you want to know something from a person, what do you do? You ask
him questions.
Friends, you know that ‘Simple Present Tense’ is used to tell “habits, regular activities, natural
truths, and fixed arrangements etc.”. Sometimes, you need to ask some people some questions
to know their "habits, regular activities, some natural truths, fixed timings of buses, trains etc.”.
Then you have to ask them questions using “Simple Present Tense”.
Dear friends, using every tense, we can make / prepare two kinds of questions. And we can
write / speak two kinds of questions, using every tense. They are 1) Positive Questions and 2)
Negative Questions.
Now let us know how to prepare these two kinds of questions using “Simple Present Tense”.
.
1) Positive Questions:
---------------------------
The below sentences are “Positive Questions”.
-- Does he smoke?
-- Do you go to church every Sunday?
Friends, remember 2 things.

1) A question, using ‘Simple Present Tense’, always starts with Do / Does.
2) A Verb is never attached with s/ es/ ies.
Now we have two doubts:

When should we use “does”?
when should we use “do”?
.
Dear friends, blindly remember the following 2 rules.
Rule 1]:
----------
If the subject is a 3rd Person Singular (If the SUBJECT is “He/ she/ it”), then “Does” should be
used.
Or If the subject is a singular noun, then also “Does” should be used.
singular noun= student, book, car, bird country etc.
Note: Here the Verb is never attached with s/ es/ ies.
SRIDHAR
20
Rule 2]:
----------
If the Subject is NOT a 3rd Person Singular (If the SUBJECT is “I/ we/ you/ they), then “do”
should be used.
Or If the subject is a plural noun, then also “do” should be used.
plural noun= students, people, books, cars, birds, countries etc.
Note: Here also the Verb is never attached with s/ es/ ies.
Let us see the previous affirmative sentences once again.
-- I go to school.
-- We go to school.
-- You go to school.
-- They go to school.
-- David and Akbar go to school. (Subject is plural here.)
-- He goes to school.
-- She goes to school.
-- It goes to school.
-- David goes to school.
Now remember the above said 2 rules. Let us make Positive Questions.
-- Do I go to school?
-- Do we go to school?
-- Do you go to school?
-- Do they go to school?
-- Do David and Akbar go to school? (Subject is plural here.)
-- Does He go to school?
-- Does she go to school?
-- Does it go to school?
-- Does David go to school?
.
2) Negative Questions:
--------------------------------
Now let us know how to make ‘Negative Questions’ using “simple present tense”. Dear friends,
this is very easy. See the above Positive Questions. Take them. Put the word “not” at the right-
hand side of ‘Do / Does’. That is enough. Then you can see correct and perfect Negative
Questions.
SRIDHAR
21
-- Do not I go to school?
-- Do not we go to school?
-- Do not you go to school?
-- Do not they go to school?
-- Do not David and Akbar go to school? (Subject is plural here.)
-- Does not he go to school?

-- Does not she go to school?
-- Does not it go to school?
-- Does not David go to school?
.
My dear friends,
Now take a pen and a notebook. Please write 50 Positive questions and 50 Negative Questions
in a notebook. This is my request for you.
SRIDHAR
22
Tenses --- Post 8

============
=========================
Hello my dear friends, how are you? Again, I came back immediately to meet you. In the last
6 lessons, we learned many things about "Simple Present tense". Now I want to give the
complete gist (summary) of "Simple Present tense" here.
Why am I giving many lessons for "Simple Present Tense?
Because 1) In many English grammar books, you don’t get full information about this tense, 2)
This is a very very frequently used tense in our daily life, 3) In your competitive exams, surely
you will get questions from this tense.
Summary of “Simple Present Tense”:

******************************
Structure of “Simple present tense”:

-------------------------------------------
Remember the following 2 rules.
Rule A]:
If the subject is a 3rd Person Singular (If the SUBJECT is “He/ she/ it), then we attach s/es/ies
to the verb. or If the subject is a singular noun, then also we attach s/es/ies to the verb.
Examples:
He / She / It / the Student goes to school.
Rule B]:
If the Subject is NOT a 3rd Person Singular (If the SUBJECT is “I/ we/ you/ they), then we
don’t attach anything to the verb. or If the subject is a plural noun, then also we don’t attach
anything to the verb.
Examples:
I / We / You / They / The Students go to school.
SRIDHAR
23
Uses of “Simple Present Tense”:

**************************
In the following situations, we use “Simple Present Tense”.
1) To tell Habits:
--------------------
Examples:
He drinks tea at breakfast.
Sometimes She eats fish.
2) To tell "Regular activities”:

------------------------------------
Examples:
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive to Japan every summer.
3) To tell Natural / General truths:

-----------------------------------------------
Examples:
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Our body contains 206 bones.
4) To tell a future event that is part of a fixed timetable:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Examples:
The meeting begins at 11 AM.
The train leaves at 4.30 pm this evening.
5) To express “Surprises”:
-------------------------------
Examples:
Here the bus comes!
There she goes!
6) To write novels, stories and jokes:

--------------------------------------------
Examples:
Rama walks into the forest. He sees a deer. He takes an arrow. He aims at the deer. He kills that
deer.
7) To write Headline in Newspapers:

--------------------------------------------------
Examples:
"Donald Trump wins presidential election".
"India signs an agreement with Russia".
SRIDHAR
24
8) To tell the quotations of great people:

------------------------------------------------
Examples:
John Keats says “A thing of beauty is a joy forever”.
Shakespeare says “All, that glitters, is not gold”.
9) To tell Sports Commentaries:

--------------------------------------
Examples:
Shane warn strikes the ball forcefully. Virat runs fast.
Virat catches the ball. Shane warn leaves the ground”.
10) To prepare “Proverbs “:

---------------------------------
Examples:
Barking dogs seldom bite.
The early bird catches the worm.
.
11) Instead of “Present Continuous Tense”:
----------------------------------------------------
Examples:
I have a car.
I love you.
Four Kinds of sentences using "Simple Present Tense”:

********************************************
-------------------------------
Examples:
He / She / It goes to school.
I / We / You / They go to school.
----------------------------
Examples:
He / She / It does not go to school.
I / We / You / They do not go to school.
.
---------------------------
Does he / she / it go to school?
Do I / we / you / they go to school.
SRIDHAR
25
--------------------------------
Does not he / she / it go to school?
Do not I / we / you / they go to school?
Dear friends, we completed ‘Simple Present Tense’. We understood all the hidden secrets of
this tense. I request you to do the following things.
1) Write 100 sentences (Affirmative sentences). Write the habits and regular activities of your
friends, your parents, relatives and yours. Write future events starting/ending/coming /leaving
times) of flights, buses, trains, movies, TV programs, school, college, and office. Use your
imagination. Become a news journalist and write headlines of newspapers. Become a
commentator of your favorite sport and write your own commentary. While writing sentences,
use your creativity. Use many kinds of nouns, pronouns, verbs and objects. This total work
takes 1 or 2 hours.
2) Give 6 hours of gap. Enjoy your mobile phone / laptop /Facebook / TV.
3) Again, take your book and pen. Write 100 sentences using Negative sentences, Positive
Questions and Negative Questions. While writing Questions, imagine you are at a bank, airport,
railway station etc. You need some information. So, you have to ask people some questions.
Ask them your questions in your imagination. Write them in your note book. Again, this total
work takes 1 or 2 hours. Complete the work.
4) Now you should be happy. You should believe you are great. Because you did a great thing.
You proved your capability.
SRIDHAR
26
Tenses --- Post 9

============
Present Continuous Tense ---- Lesson 1
============================
My dear friends,
Welcome back. Now you are going to learn a beautiful tense “Present Continuous Tense”.
For every tense, you should know 2 things.

1) Structure of the tense (The rules to be followed to prepare a sentence in the tense)
2) Uses (When to use that tense).
So now we should know these 2 things for “Present Continuous Tense”.
1) The structure of “Present Continuous Tense”:

---------------------------------------------------------
Friends, see a few examples related to this tense.
Examples:
Mary is going to a new school next month.
The kids are watching TV.
I am learning German.
Now we have some questions. In the above examples, I used “am, is, are”.
When to use “am”? When to use “is”? When to use “are”?
Remember the following rules blindly.

A) If the subject is “I”, then “am” should be used.
B) If the subject is “we/you/they/ a plural noun”, then “are” should be used.
C) If he subject is “he/she/it/a singular noun”, then “is” should be used.
d) The verb is always in “ing” form.
Now see the examples.
Examples:
I am reading a book now.
We are reading a book now.

You are reading a book now.
They are reading a book now.
The students are reading a book.
He is reading a book now.

She is reading a book now.
It is reading a book now.
The student is reading a book.
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27
Uses:
---------
We understood how to prepare sentences using “Present continuous Tense”. But preparing
sentences is not enough. We should know when to use these kinds of sentences in our real life.
we use the sentences of “present continuous tense”, in the following situations.
1) To tell the activities happening “now”:

-------------------------------------------------
We use the Present Continuous Tense to talk about activities happening now.
Examples:
The kids are watching TV. (It is happening now)
I am learning German. (It is happening now)
2) To tell the activities happening “nowadays”:

--------------------------------------------------------
After a long time, Stephen met his friend Riyaaz at Riyaaz's house. Riyaaz is cutting apples to
give Stephen. Stephen is watching TV.
Riyaaz: what are you doing nowadays?

Stephen: I’m going to my college. And what are you doing?
Riyaaz: I’m learning to play the piano.
Dear friends, actually Stephen is watching TV now. He is not walking on the road to go to his
college. But he said "I’m going to my college".
And actually, now Riyaaz is cutting an apple with a knife. But he said "I’m learning to play the
piano".
Why did they say like that? Did they tell lies? No. They told truths.
we do some activities, daily or monthly or yearly. we do them on a regular basis. We can tell
those activities using "Present Continuous tense". At the time of speaking, we may not be doing
those activities. No problem. Even though we are not doing those things " at the time of
speaking", we can tell those activities / actions / works using "Present continuous Tense".
Examples:
Sally is studying hard for her exams. (In fact, right now, she is cleaning home now)
I am reading an interesting book. (But I am watching a Movie now)
We are working hard these days. (But now discussing with friends. No work right now.)
SRIDHAR
28
My dear friends,
Now take a pen and a notebook. Please write some examples, using "Present continuous
Tense".
SRIDHAR
29
Tenses --- Post 10

=============
============================
Hi my dear wonderful friends,
Friends, in the previous lesson, you learned 2 uses of "Present Continuous Tense". Now you are
going to learn another amazing use of this tense.
3) To tell “future activities”:

-----------------------------------
Present Continuous Tense is used to tell already planned / decided activities happening in the
near future. Friends, remember. This tense is used to tell future activities / actions
/ works /events.
Using this tense, we can tell future activities in two different types.
Type 1:
---------
The following examples are telling future events. In this type, there is no change in the
sentence structure.
Examples:
Shahid is preparing his lunch after an hour.
We are writing our exams next week.
She is attending a party tonight.
Type 2:
--------
Dear friends, we can tell the same future events in another form. Let us see now. Here sentence
structure changes.
It is “GOING TO + verb 1st form”.
The structure of “GOING TO”: --

.
Subject + Going to + verb 1st form + Remaining sentence".
Using this easy formula (structure), let us see some examples. The following examples are
telling future events.
Examples:
Shahid is going to prepare his lunch after an hour.
We are going to write our exams next week.
She is going to attend a party tonight.
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30
Dear friends, do you understand what I said? I’m saying once again. In type 1 and in type 2, the
structure of the sentence is changed. But these both types give the same meaning. There is no
difference in the meaning.
I gave 3 examples in Type 1. Again, I gave 3 examples in Type 2. “The meanings of the
examples in Type 1” and “the meanings of the examples in Type 2” are exactly same. No
difference in meaning. Only the structure is different.
Let us see different examples now.
Example:
Sarah is meeting Robert this evening. = Sarah is going to meet Robert this evening.
They are celebrating their festival tomorrow. = They are going to celebrate their festival
tomorrow.
Our party is starting at 7 pm. = Our party is going to start at 7 pm.
My dear friends,
Take a pen and a notebook. Please write some examples, using "Present continuous Tense".
Understanding a concept is not enough, you must practice it a lot.
SRIDHAR
31
Tenses --- Post 11

=============
============================
Hi Friends, Good morning. This beautiful morning, let’s talk about “LOVE”.
You watched many movies. One thing is common. Hero says to heroine “I LOVE YOU”.
Probably you may love someone. What do you say to your lover? You say “I LOVE YOU”.
Now read carefully. Nowadays, you feel love for her/him. Now you are in love with her/him.
You don’t say “I am loving you”. You say “I love you”. Even in all movies hero or heroine says
“I love you” instead of “I’m loving you”. You also say “I love you”. Why????????
Now the answer:

You should never say “I’m loving you”. Why?
See the below points one by one slowly and carefully.
1) Some verbs should not be used in “Continuous tenses [ Present continuous tense, Present
perfect continuous tense, Past continuous tense, Past perfect continuous tense, Future
continuous tense and Future perfect continuous tense”].
I gave the lists of those special verbs. See below.
(1) Verbs of perception: see, hear, smell, notice, recognize.

(Perception = the way you notice things with the senses)
(2) Verbs of appearing: appear, look, seem.
(3) Verbs of emotion: want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer.
(4) Verbs of thinking: think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust, remember, forget, know,
understand, imagine, mean, mind.
(5) Verbs related to Possession: have (= possess), own, possess, belong to, contain, consist of,
cost.
(Possession = having or owning something)
So, you should not say as below.
-- I’m loving you. (wrong)

-- He is liking her. (wrong)
-- They are knowing me. (wrong)
-- The shirt is costing 10 dollars. (wrong)
-- I am thinking you are wrong. (wrong)
-- She is seeming sad. (wrong)
-- I am having a mobile phone. (wrong)
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32
2) But you want to tell the above things. Then how can you tell them? Then you should use
“simple present tense”, and tell all the above things. Now see the following sentences. All these
are correct sentences.
I love you. (Correct)

He likes her. (Correct)
They know me. (Correct)
The shirt costs 10 dollars. (Correct)
I think you are wrong. (Correct)
She seems sad. (Correct)
I have a mobile phone. (Correct)
3) Dear friends, understand one thing carefully. Some verbs have more than one meanings.
With some meanings, we should not use those verbs in "continuous tenses". But with some
other meanings, we can use those verbs in all tenses including "continuous tenses".
Did not you understand? Don’t worry. I will explain this concept with an example.
The verb "HAVE" has many meanings.
HAVE (verb) = possess, drink, eat, smoke
Let us take the first meaning of the verb HAVE.

HAVE means "possess". We should never use HAVE with this meaning in continuous tenses.
I am having a pen. (wrong)

They are having a car. (wrong)
To express our meaning, we should use "simple present tense". The following are correct
sentences.
I have a pen. (correct)

They have a car. (correct)
Now let us take the other meanings of the verb HAVE.

HAVE means "drink, eat & smoke". We can use HAVE with these meanings in all tenses
including "continuous tenses".
I am having a chocolate. (correct)

(Meaning: I am eating a chocolate.)
He is having tea. (correct)

(Meaning: He is drinking tea.)
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33
They are having cigarettes. (correct)

(Meaning: They are smoking cigarettes)
Friends, I know this lesson is a little bit difficult. But you must understand and learn this for
your bright future. Read again and again. Then this concept will become very easy for you
You can do it. Remember one thing. You are learning TENSES very deeply. You are going to
become an expert in tenses very soon.
My dear friends,
Take a pen and a notebook. Please write some examples, using "Present continuous Tense".
SRIDHAR
34
Tenses --- Post 12

=============
Present Continuous Tense --- Lesson 4
============================
Hello friends, Welcome. Yesterday we completed all the uses of “present continuous tense.
In any Tense, we can classify sentences into 4 types. Now let us see those 4 types in “Present
Continuous Tense”.
==================
These sentences are positive sentences. You cannot find “not” in these sentences.
Examples:
I am working.
We are working.
You are working.
He is working.
She is working.
It is working.
They are working.
2) Negative sentences:
================
These are negative sentences. You can find “not” in these sentences. In the above sentences,
before the verb, if you put the word “not”, they become negative sentences. See the below
examples.
Examples:
I am not working.
We are not working.
You are not working.
He is not working.
She is not working.
It is not working.
They are not working.
3) Positive questions:
===============
Now let us see positive questions. Put the word "am / are / is" in the beginning of the sentences.
They become positive questions. See the below examples.
Examples:
Am I working?
Are we working?
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35
Are you working?

Is He working?
Is she working?
Is it working?
Are they working?
4) Negative questions:
================
We can prepare negative questions also. Follow the below structure. Then they become
negative questions.
Am / Are / Is + not + Pronoun / noun + verb ("ing" form)
See the below examples.
Examples:
Am not I working?
Are not we working?
Are not you working?
Is not He working?
Is not she working?
Is not it working?
Are not they working?
Dear friends, this is all about "Present Continuous Tense". Then take a pen and a notebook.
Please write some examples, using "Present continuous Tense". Understanding a concept is not
enough, you must practice it a lot.
SRIDHAR
36
Tenses --- Post 13

=============
Present Perfect Tense ---- Lesson 1
=========================
Hi dear friends, Good. Welcome. Now you are going to learn “Present Perfect Tense”. I have
already told you that in each and every tense, you must concentrate on 2 things.
1) Structure of the tense: what are the rules to be followed to prepare a sentence in a tense?
2) Uses: when to use that tense?
Now let us see them.
The structure of “Present Perfect Tense”:

------------------------------------------------
Please remember the following 3 rules.
A) If the Subject is NOT a 3rd Person Singular (If the SUBJECT is “I/ we/ you/ they), then the
word “have” follows. Or If the subject is a plural noun, then also the word “have” follows.
Examples:
“I have” gone to school.
“We have” gone to school.
“You have” gone to school.
“They have” gone to school.
“The students have” gone to school.
(The students --> Plural noun)
B) If the subject is a 3rd Person Singular (If the SUBJECT is “He/ she/ it), then the word “has”
follows. Or If the subject is a singular noun, then also the word “has” follows.
Examples:
“He has” gone to school.
“She has” gone to school.
“It has” gone to school.
“The student has” gone to school.
(The student --> Singular noun)
C) The verb is always in its 3rd form. We use 3rd form of the verb.
What is the 3rd form of a verb? Let us take a verb “GO”. Its three forms are “go, went, gone”.
So “gone” is the 3rd form of the verb “GO”. The 3rd form of a verb is also called “Past
Participle”.
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37
Examples:
Eat: eat, ate, eaten.

Drink: drink, drank, drunk.
Create: Create, created, created.
Sit: Sit, sat, sat.
Dear friends, "eaten, drunk, created and sat" are the 3rd forms of the verbs "Eat, Drink, Create
and Sit".
Uses:
======
We understood how to prepare a sentence using "Present Perfect Tense”. Is it enough? No. We
must know when to use this tense. We use “present perfect tense” in the following situations.
1) To tell a recent action (recently completed activity):

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Friends, we use this tense, to tell a recently completed activity.
In this use, we must write/ mention JUST between "have/has" and "3rd form of a verb".
Remember: In this tense, you should never use Past time related words such as "at 9 AM,
yesterday, last week, last month, last year etc.".
examples:
I have just completed my dinner.
They have just come now.
He has just reached New Delhi.
Robert has just written his exam.
2) To tell a past activity whose time is not specific:

------------------------------------------------------------------
Friends, in the past an activity / action / work was completed. But you don’t know the exact
time of the completion of that activity. Or the time of the completion of that activity is not
important. Then you can use this tense.
Remember: In this tense, you should never use past time related words such as "at 9 AM,
Examples:
I have read the book "The Power of Positive Thinking".
We have gone to the USA.
We have constructed a big building.
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38
The following sentences are wrong. Because we used past time related words.
I have read the book "The Power of Positive Thinking" last month.
We have gone to the USA in 2008.
We have constructed a big building in July.
Dear friends, tomorrow you are going to learn some other uses of “Present Perfect Tense”.
My dear friends, Take a pen and a notebook. Please write some examples, using "Present
Perfect Tense". Understanding a concept is not enough, you must practice it a lot.
SRIDHAR
39
Tenses --- Post 14

=============
Present Perfect Tense --- Lesson 2
=========================
Dear friends. Welcome. You are going to learn some interesting things about ''present perfect
tense''.
3) To tell a completed activity in a present time period:

------------------------------------------------------------------
Dear friends, the following words are called "Present time periods".
-- This hour,
-- Today,
-- This week,
-- This month,
-- This year etc.
These "Present time periods" are also called "present time related words".
An activity happened / completed in a "present time period". And the present time period is not
finished. Because this is a present time period.
To tell completed activities in this kind of "present time periods", we use "present perfect tense.
Let us see some examples now.
Examples:
I have seen three movies this week. (This week has not finished yet.)
They have travelled 4 countries this year. (This year has not finished yet.)
She has studied two books this month. (This month has not finished yet.)
Dear friends, you must remember two things.

A] In present perfect tense, we should never use Past time related words such as " at 9 AM,
B] But In this tense, we can use Present time related words such as " This hour, Today, This
week, This month, This year etc.".
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40
4) To tell an activity that started in the past and is still

-----------------------------------------------------------------
continuing in the present time:
------------------------------------
Dear friends, an activity started in the past. That activity is still continuing/ happening/ going
on in the present. That activity is not finished, even now. To tell this kind of activities, we can
use "Present Perfect Tense".
Let us see some examples.
Examples:
I have lived in Canada for 10 years.
(Meaning: Ten years ago, I started living in Canada. I am still living in Canada.)
She has practised tennis for 2 years.

(Meaning: Two years ago, she started practicing tennis. she is still practising tennis.)
They have travelled around the world since 2014.

(Meaning: In 2014, they started travelling around the world. They are still travelling.)
Dear friends, in the above examples, you saw " For 5 years, & since 10 years".
In some cases, we use "For". And in some cases, we use "Since".
Now we have 2 questions.

When to use "for”? And when to use "Since"?
Let us know that now.
For:
===
Formula: For + 'period of time'
A 'period of time' means “a duration of time”. That means "x" years, “x” months, “x” weeks,”
x” days,” x” hours etc. In this way, for periods of time, we use “for”.
Examples: For 10 years, For 8 months, For 6 weeks, For 4 days, For 2 hours etc.
Since:
====
Formula: Since + 'point of time'
A 'point of time' means an 'exact time'. That means a particular year, a particular month, a
particular day of week, a particular hour, etc.
Examples: since 1998, since 2012, since January, since march, 'since 14th, December', 'Since
6th November', since Saturday, since Thursday, since 4 am.
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41
Dear friends, In the previous lesson, I told you two uses of this tense such as 1) To tell new /
recent activity and 2) To tell a past activity whose time is not specific. In those 2 uses, we
should not mention time. The following sentences are wrong.
Examples:
I have passed my exams in 2014. (wrong)
She has gone to the USA in November. (wrong)
But in this 4th use (to tell an activity that started in the past and is still continuing in the present
time), We can use Period of time using "for" and point of time using "since". The following are
correct.
Examples:
I have studied for 2 hours. (I started my study 2 hours ago. And I am still studying.)
It has worked since 4 am. (It started its work at 4 am. It is still working)
Friends, I know this lesson is a bit difficult to understand. But if you read this lesson again and
again, it will become very easy. So please read this lesson again and again. Then take a pen and
a notebook. Please write some examples, using "Present Perfect Tense". Understanding a
concept is not enough, you must practice it a lot.
SRIDHAR
42
Tenses --- Post 15

=============
Present Perfect Tense --- Lesson 3
========================
Hi my dear friends, welcome. I came for you again. In the previous lessons, we discussed all
the uses of “Present Perfect Tense”. In this lesson, you are going to learn Affirmative
Sentences, Negative Sentences, Positive questions and Negative Questions of “Present Perfect
Tense”.
-------------------------------
In the previous lesson, I gave some examples of present perfect tense. They are positive
sentences (or affirmative sentences). Let us see some more examples once again. (We already
knew “when to use ‘has’ and ‘have’. We learned that in previous lessons. So, I’m not going to
explain that again.)
Examples:
I have gone to the school.
We have gone to the school.
You have gone to the school.
They have gone to the school.
She has gone to the school.

He has gone to the school.
It has gone to the school.
---------------------------
Dear friends, in the above sentences, simply put the word “not” before the verb. They become
Negative Sentences. That means here we use “have not/ has not”.
Examples:
I have not gone to the school.
We have not gone to the school.
You have not gone to the school.
They have not gone to the school.
She has not gone to the school.

He has not gone to the school.
It has not gone to the school.
--------------------------
Now let us know how to make ‘Positive Questions’. Take ‘Affirmative Sentences’.
SRIDHAR
43
Start those sentences with have/has. Put a question mark at the end of the sentence. That’s
enough. ‘Positive Questions’ will be ready for you.
Examples:
Have I gone to the school?
Have you gone to the school?
Has she gone to the school?
Has he gone to the school?
Has it gone to the school?
---------------------------
Now let us know how to make ‘Negative Questions’. Take ‘Negative Sentences’. Start those
sentences with 'have not/has not'. Put a question mark at the end of the sentence. That’s
enough. ‘Negative Questions’ will be ready for you.
Examples:
Have not I gone to the school?
Have not you gone to the school?
Has not she gone to the school?
Has not he gone to the school?
Has not it gone to the school?
Dear friends, we have completed ‘Present Perfect Tense’.

Now take a pen and a notebook. Please write some examples, using "Present Perfect Tense".
SRIDHAR
44
Tenses --- Post 16

=============
Present Perfect Continuous Tense ---- Lesson 1
==================================
Good afternoon, my dear friends, Welcome. Now you are going to learn “Present Perfect
Friends, I have already told you that for each and every tense, you must concentrate on 2
things.
1) Structure of the tense: what are the rules to be followed to prepare a sentence in a tense?
2) Usages: when to use a tense?
Now let us see them for this tense.
1) The structure of “Present Perfect Continuous Tense”:

-------------------------------------------------------------------
A) If the Subject is NOT a 3rd Person Singular (If the SUBJECT is “I/ we/ you/ they), then you
should use “have been”.
Or If the subject is a plural noun, then also you should use “have been”.
Examples:
“I have been” going to the school for 6 years.
“We have been” going to the school for 6 years.
“You have been” going to the school for 6 years.
“They have been” going to the school for 6 years.
“Students have been” going to the school for 6 years.
B) If the subject is a 3rd Person Singular (If the SUBJECT is “He/ she/ it), then you should use
“has been”.
Or If the subject is a singular noun, then also you should use “has been”.
Examples:
“He has been” going to the school since 2008.
“She has been” going to the school since 2008.
“It has been” going to the school since 2008.
“The student has been” going to the school since 2008.
C) The verb is always in “ing” form.

Examples: see the above examples.
D) In this tense, you should use 'a point of time or a period of time'. This “TIME” is expressed
in 2 different ways.
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45
a) by using “for” and b) by using “since”.
Here you may have 2 doubts. When to use “for”? & When to use “since”? In the previous
lessons, I discussed these two words "For & Since". Once again, I will explain them.
For:
===
Formula: For + 'period of time'
A 'period of time' means “a duration of time”. That means "x" years, “x” months, “x” weeks,”
x” days,” x” hours etc. To use periods of time, we use “For”.
Examples: For 10 years, For 8 months, For 6 weeks, For 4 days, For 2 hours etc.
Since:
=====
Formula: Since + 'point of time'
A 'point of time' means an 'exact time'. That means a particular year, a particular month, a
particular day of week, a particular hour, etc. To use points of time, we use "Since".
Examples: Since 1998, Since 2012, Since January, Since march, 'Since 14th, December', 'Since
6th November', Since Saturday, Since Thursday, Since 4 am.
Uses:
------
Now let us know when to use this tense.
1st Use:
---------
If an activity started in the past and that activity is still continuing in the present time, then we
use this tense, to tell that activity.
Examples:
I have been learning Spanish for 2 years.
(Meaning: I started it 2 years ago & it is still continuing in the present)
They have been playing Tennis for 30 minutes.

(Meaning: They started playing Tennis 30 minutes ago & they are still playing Tennis.)
He has been working there since 2012.

(Meaning: He joined the work in 2012 & he is still working.)
Dear friends, please remember these two things. “Present Perfect Continuous Tense” is also
called “Present Perfect Progressive Tense”.
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46
In all kinds of “Continuous Tenses”, you see “Verb + ing“ form like singing, dancing, eating
etc. This “Verb + ing“ form is called “Present Participle”.
My dear friends,
Now take a pen and a notebook. Please write some examples, using "Present Perfect
Continuous Tense". Understanding a concept is not enough, you must practice it a lot.
SRIDHAR
47
Tenses --- Post 17

=============
Present Perfect Continuous Tense --- Lesson 2
=================================
My dear friends, Welcome.
Let us have a small discussion. when do we use "Present Perfect Continuous Tense"? If an
action started in the past and if it is still continuing in the present time, then we use this tense.
Example: I have been studying Engineering for some days.
When do we use "present continuous tense"? If an action is happening now, we use this tense.
Example: I am studying Engineering.
But dear friends, I have a question for you. "If an action is happening now" what does it mean?
This action has already started in the past. Probably 10 minutes ago, or 2 hours ago, or 1 day
ago, this action started. Without starting in the past, an action cannot be happening now.
If you say "I am studying Engineering", what does it mean? Sometime ago, you paid fees to
your university. You went to your university many days or many months. So, you started your
"studying engineering" in the past. And you are still continuing it.
Every "present happening action" started in the past.

Now tell me. An action is happening now. what tense do you use?
Now let me clear it. Dear friends, both 1) Present Continuous Tense and 2) Present Perfect
Continuous Tense are used to tell "Present happening things".
But If you want to tell "How long the action has been happening", then you should use "Present
Perfect Continuous Tense".
Or If you want to tell "Since 'when / what time' the action has been happening", then you
should use "Present Perfect Continuous Tense".
Or If you want to tell a Present happening action including its starting time, then you should
use "Present Perfect Continuous Tense".
If you want to tell only "what is happening now", and If the starting time of that action is not
necessary, then you should simply use "Present Continuous Tense".
Let us take an example.
One day Stephen was at home. His dad came home in the evening.
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48
Dad: what are you doing?

Jay: I am cleaning the floor.
Dad: How long? (How long have you been watching TV?)
Jay: I have been cleaning for 2 hours.
Dad: Since when? (Since when have you been watching TV?)
Jay: I have been cleaning since 4 PM.
Dear friends, in this lesson until now, I explained the 1st use of "Present Perfect Continuous
Tense". In the previous lesson, I have already completed 1st use. But in this lesson, I explained
the same 1st use in another angle (point of view). If you don’t understand the explanation of 1st
use in this lesson, don’t worry. Just forget it and go to the 2nd use. You will not have any
problem.
2nd use:
----------
Dear friends, an action started in the past and it has finished recently. Then you can use this
tense.
What? Can we use "Present Perfect Continuous tense" for a finished activity?
Yes. we can use. No doubt about it.
We have already 2 tenses (Simple Past & Present Perfect) to tell a recently completed activity.
Then what is the need of using this tense, to tell a recently completed activity?
Friends, when you are telling a recently completed activity as a reason or explanation, if you
use 'Present Perfect Continuous Tense", then this tense gives more emphasis (stress / special
importance) for that reason or explanation.
Let us take an example. Shahid was watering the plants in his garden. His dress became wet.
He stopped watering the plants, entered his house and sat on a chair. His mom came.
Mom: why is your shirt wet?

Shahid: I have been watering the plants for one hour.
So, my shirt is wet.
Mom: where is your dad?
Shahid: Just now he scolded me and entered the bathroom to have a bath.
Mom: why did he scold you?
Shahid: I watered him along with the plants.
Mom: Why did you pour water upon him?
Shahid: HE HAS BEEN DOING EXERCISES IN THE GARDEN FOR 3 HOURS. He is 60
years old. He should not do 3 hours of exercises. I wanted to stop him. So, I poured water upon
him.
SRIDHAR
49
My dear friends,
SRIDHAR
50
Tenses --- Post 18

=============
=================================
Hi my dear friends, Welcome. I feel very happy to meet you again. Let us know something
about "Present Perfect Continuous Tense" today.
Dear friends, in a previous lesson, I told you one thing. Some verbs should not be used in
"Continuous Tenses". Once again, I’m telling you the same thing.
The follow verbs Should not be used in "Continuous Tenses" including "Present Perfect
Continuous Tense".
(1) Verbs of perception: see, hear, smell, notice, recognize.

(2) Verbs of appearing: appear, look, seem.
(3) Verbs of emotion: want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer.
(4) Verbs of thinking: think, suppose, believe, agree, consider,
trust, remember, forget, know, understand, imagine, mean, mind.
(5) have (= possess), own, possess, belong to, contain, consist of, cost
But sometimes you have a necessity of using the above verbs in "Present Perfect Continuous
Tense". Then what will you do? Then you should use "Present Perfect Tense" instead of
"Present Perfect Continuous Tense". See the below pairs. Then you can understand.
-- I have been loving him for since 2010. (wrong)

-- I have loved him since 2010. (Correct)
-- I have been wanting a job for 2 years. (wrong)

-- I have wanted a job for 2 years. (Correct)
.
.
Similarities and differences between
--------------------------------------------
Present Perfect Tense & Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
1) To tell an activity completed in the Unknown past:
----------------------------------------------------------------
Dear friends, an activity / action / work completed in the past. You don’t know the exact time of
that activity. Or mentioning the time of that activity is not important. To tell that completed
activity, you should use "Present Perfect Tense". Don’t use "Present Perfect Continuous Tense".
Examples:
-- Shakespeare has written 'Merchant of Venice'. (correct)
SRIDHAR
51
-- Shakespeare has been writing 'Merchant of Venice'. (wrong)
-- I have bought this shirt in Mumbai. (correct)

-- I have been buying this shirt in Mumbai. (wrong)
2) An activity started in the past and that activity is still happening:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dear friends, if an activity started in the past and that activity is still continuing in the present,
then to tell this activity, you can use both tenses ("Present Perfect Tense" and "Present Perfect
Continuous Tense").
Here you should use "for /since" for both tenses.
-- I have lived in America for 10 years. (correct)

-- I have been living in America for 10 years. (correct)
-- He has waited since 2 AM. (correct)

-- He has been waiting since 2 AM. (correct)
But my dear friends, there is an exception. In this lesson, I told you that you should not use
some verbs in 'Present Perfect Continuous Tense'. See the 4th paragraph in this lesson. See the
5 lists of verbs.
Instead of "Present Perfect Continuous Tense", you should use "Present Perfect Tense" to use
those verbs. You should not use those verbs in 'Present Perfect Continuous Tense'.
See the below pairs. Then you can understand easily.
-- I have been loving him since 2010. (wrong)

-- I have loved him since 2010. (Correct)
-- I have been wanting a job for 2 years. (wrong)

-- I have wanted a job for 2 years. (Correct)
3) To tell a recently completed activity:

-----------------------------------------------
Dear friends, an activity / action / work was completed recently. To tell that activity, in most
(99%) of the cases, we use 'Present Perfect tense". We use "just or just now'.
Examples:
-- I have done my work just now.
-- She has just eaten her food.
Dear friends, an activity / action / work completed recently. To tell that activity, very rarely we
use 'Present Perfect continuous tense'. But when? what is that rare situation?
SRIDHAR
52
A right or wrong thing happened in the present time. Or an interesting thing happened in the
present time. We want to tell the reason behind this right or wrong or interesting thing. We want
to tell that reason "very effectively". Then we use 'Present Perfect continuous tense'. Let us see
some examples.
.
Rosy: The food on the table looks delicious.
Jyoti: Thanks. I have been cooking since last night.
(In fact, Jyoti finished cooking a few minutes ago. Now she is not cooking. She just told the
reason very effectively)
John: The streets are filled with water.

Salman: Yes. It has been raining for 2 days.
(In fact, it stopped raining a few minutes / hours ago. Now it is not raining. Salman told the
reason very effectively.)
SRIDHAR
53
Tenses --- Post 19

=============
=================================
Good evening dear friends,
In the previous lesson, I told you "sometimes Present Perfect Tense & Present Perfect
Continuous Tense are similar.
If a question confuses you in your English exam, related to these tenses, how do you think?
How to select a correct option? Let us see now. Usually in "objective type multiple choice
questions", four options are given. You have to select one answer. But here our confusion is
only between 2 tenses. Let us see a few examples.
1) I have ___ in America for 10 years.

a) lived, b) been living, c) Both a & b
Correct answer: c) Both a & b
Reason: If an action started in the past and that action is still happening in the present time, you
can use both "Present perfect tense" and "present perfect Continuous Tense". So, both a and b
are correct.
2) I have____ him since 2002.

a) known, b) been knowing, c) Both a & b
Correct answer: a) known
Reason: Some verbs like "Know, love, like, hate, think etc. should not be used in "present
perfect Continuous Tense". In the previous lessons, I gave a list of verbs. Please see them.
So, we should use those verbs only in "Simple present / past / future tenses" or "Present / past /
future perfect tenses".
So here the answer is “a)”. The correct sentence is "I have known him since 2002".
3) David has been ___ his books for 2 hours.

a) studied, b) studying.
Correct Answer: b) studying.
Reason: "David has been studied his books for 2 hours" cannot be a correct answer. This is not
a correct "active voice" of a "Present perfect tense". Even If you think this is a correct passive
voice, that is not true.
SRIDHAR
54
Because If you think "David has been studied his books for 2 hours" is a correct passive voice,
then what can be its active voice?
Its active voice will be "His books have studied David for two hours". This is a wrong
sentence. Because Books do not study people.
So "David has been studied his books for 2 hours" is not a correct active voice of a "Present
perfect tense". And it cannot be a correct passive voice of a "Present perfect tense" too.
(Friends, if you don’t know active voice & passive voice, no problem. Just leave this. Don’t
worry. I will explain them later.)
Friends, in your grammar books, text books or question banks, you may see many questions
based on these two tenses. They are a bit confusing. If you read my previous lessons, you can
easily solve them.
In the next lesson, we are going to finish "Present Perfect Continuous Tense".
SRIDHAR
55
Tenses --- Post 20

=============
=================================
Dear friends, welcome. With every tense, we can create 4 kinds of sentences. Now let us see
those 4 kinds of sentences using "Present Perfect Continuous Tense ".
-------------------------------
In the previous lesson, you saw some examples of 'present perfect Continuous Tense". All they
were Affirmative Sentences. Let us see some more examples here.
Examples:
We have been waiting here for two hours.
They have been talking for the last one hour.
She has been working with a company for three years.
James has been teaching since June.
----------------------------
Friends, in the above examples, we used "have / has". In those places, now just use "have not /
has not”. Simple. Then negative Sentences are ready for us.
Examples:
We have not been waiting here for two hours.

They have not been talking for the last one hour.
She has not been working with a company for three years.
James has not been teaching since June.
--------------------------
Friends, now let us try to prepare questions. Take the Affirmative Sentences. In those sentences,
take the words "have / has". Keep those words in the beginning of those sentences. Put a
question mark at the end of those sentences. Enough. Now Positive Questions are ready for us.
Examples:
Have we been waiting here for two hours?
Have they been talking for the last one hour?
Has she been working with a company for three years?
Has James been teaching since June?
---------------------------
Friends, now let us try to prepare Negative Questions. Take the Negative Sentences. In those
sentences, take the words "have not/ has not". Keep those words in the beginning of those
SRIDHAR
56
sentences. Put a question mark at the end of those sentences. Enough. Now Negative Questions
are ready for us.
Examples:
Have not we been waiting here for two hours?
Have not they been talking for the last one hour?
Has not she been working with a company for three years?
Has not James been teaching since June?
This is all about "Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
My dear friends,
SRIDHAR
57
Tenses --- Post 21

=============
Simple Past Tense --- Lesson 1
======================
Hi friends, good evening. Welcome. Now you are going to learn Simple past tense.
1) The structure of Simple Past Tense:

----------------------------------------------
Dear friends, to prepare a sentence in this tense, you should remember only one rule. The verb
should be in the “2nd form”.
The subject may be anything (I / We / You / He / She / It / They / Singular Noun / Plural Noun),
we should use the 2nd form of a verb.
What is the “2nd form of a verb“?

Let us take a verb “Go”. Its three forms are “Go, went & gone”. So “Went” is the 2nd form of
the verb “Go”. See the examples.
Examples:
I went to New Delhi in 2000.
They did the work yesterday.
I lived in that house 2 years ago.
Zarina ate a mango at 9 AM
Uses:
---------
Now let us know when to use this "Simple Past Tense".
1) To tell a past activity:
---------------------------------
If an activity / action / work completed in the past, to tell that activity, we simply use this
“simple past tense”.
Examples:
We completed our work an hour ago.
You married Rita last year.
2) To tell past habits:

-----------------------------
Friends, once upon a time, you had a habit. Or your friend or someone had some habits. Using
"Simple Past Tense", you can tell those past habits.
Examples:
I frequently went to library.
He studied many hours every day.
She always carried an umbrella.
SRIDHAR
58
Dear friend, you wanted to tell your past habit to your friend. You told him " I went to the
library". Can your friend understand that it was your habit? No. He thinks you went to the
library only one time. Then how to tell your "past habit" understandably and effectively? You
must use "Adverbs of frequency" to tell your past habits understandably and effectively.
What are "Adverbs of frequency"?

"Always, Usually, Normally, generally, Often, Frequently, Sometimes, Occasionally, Seldom,
hardy ever, Rarely & Never" are called "Adverbs of frequency".
Depending upon how frequently you do an activity, you should use anyone of these adverbs of
frequency.
Dear friends, the below image is very useful. Please remember it. Then you can effectively tell
your "Past habits".
See the examples.

I always went to movies.
He always played cricket.
She usually walked to her school.
I often quarreled with my brother in my childhood.
Dear friends, how do you tell "Present habits"? To tell "Present habits", you should use "Simple
Present Tense". These adverbs of frequency are also used in "Simple Present tense" to tell
present habits.
My dear friends, Now take a pen and a notebook. Please write some examples, using "Simple
Past Tense". Understanding a concept is not enough, you must practice it a lot.
SRIDHAR
59
Tenses --- Post 22

=============
======================
My dear friends, Welcome. Do you remember "Present Perfect Tense"? That tense is used to
tell "past actions". But "Simple past Tense" is also used to tell "past actions". Then what is the
difference between these two tenses (Present Perfect Tense & Simple past Tense)?
There are two main differences between Present Perfect Tense & Simple past Tense. Let us see
them now.
Difference 1: --
----------------
Sentence A: I did a lot of work. (Simple Past Tense)
Sentence B: I have done a lot of work. (Present Perfect Tense)
Friends, what is the difference in meaning between the above two sentences?
Answer:
"Simple Past Tense" just tells a past action. That’s all.
"Present Perfect Tense" also tells a past action. But Present Perfect Tense indirectly / secretly
tells a PRESENT RESULT of that past action. This tense focuses / stresses / emphasizes on the
PRESENT RESULT of the past action.
Let us see a few examples.
Robert and Rosy sat in a park.

Rosy: What did you do today?
Robert: I did a lot of work.
Rosy: You look very tired. Why?
Robert: I have done a lot of work. (Meaning: I have done a lot of work. So, I look very tired IN
THE PRESENT TIME.)
Shahid attended an interview to get a job.
Manager: What did you study?

Shahid: I studied engineering.
Manager: This is an engineering company. Why do you think you are suitable for the present
job in my company?
Shahid: I have studied engineering. (I have studied engineering. Yours is an engineering
company. So, I think I’m suitable for the PRESENT job IN THE PRESENT TIME.)
SRIDHAR
60
Difference 2: --
Dear friends. When you use "Present Perfect Tense", you can use "Present Time Expressions".
what are Present Time Expressions?
"This hour, Today, This week, This month, This year etc." are "Present Time Expressions". The
following are correct sentences.
I have seen three movies this week. (correct)

They have travelled 4 countries this year. (correct)
She has studied two books this month. (correct)
But When you use "Present Perfect Tense", you should never use "Past time expressions". what
are "past time expressions"? The following are the “Past Time Expressions”.
Yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year,

completed months (in June, in March, etc.),
Completed years (in 2012, in 2008 etc.),
completed dates (on 24th, July; on 3rd April etc.),
completed days of week (on Monday, on Thursday etc.),
completed clock times (at 2 PM, at 8 AM etc.),
past time periods (3 hours ago, 2 days ago, 4 months ago, 5 years ago etc.)
Dear friends, these "past time expressions" are also called "adverbs / adverb phrases of past
time".
The following examples are wrong.
-- I have slept a lot yesterday. (Wrong)

-- He has worked hard last month. (Wrong)
-- He has come in June. (Wrong)
-- They have bought a car in 2012. (Wrong)
-- I have joined the company on 24th, February. (Wrong)
-- He has come here 4 years ago. (Wrong)
Dear friends, the above 6 examples are wrong, wrong and wrong. Because we used "past time
expressions" in "Present Perfect Tense".
But many times, we want to use "past time expressions" for past actions. Then what should we
do? If we want to use "Past time expressions", then we should use "Simple Past Tense".
The following sentences are correct.
-- I slept a lot yesterday. (Right)

-- He worked hard last month. (Right)
-- He came in June. (Right)
SRIDHAR
61
-- They bought a car in 2012. (Right)

-- I joined the company on 24th, February. (Right)
-- He came here 4 years ago. (Right)
Friends, remember. We can use "past time expressions" in "Simple Past Tense". But we should
not use them in "Present Perfect Tense".
Now I have a question for you. Can we avoid using "past time expressions" in "Simple Past
Tense"?
Sure. You can avoid them. NO problem. If you want, you can use them. If you don’t want, you
can avoid them. That is your wish. The following sentences are correct.
-- I slept. (Right)
-- He worked hard. (Right)
-- He came. (Right)
-- They bought a car. (Right)
-- I joined the company. (Right)
-- He came here. (Right)
Thank you, dear friends. Write your own examples now.
SRIDHAR
62
Tenses --- Post 23

=============
======================
My dear friends, welcome. In the previous lessons, we learned all the uses of "Simple Past
Tense". We learned the differences between "Simple Past Tense" and "Present Perfect tense".
Now we are going to know how to prepare Affirmative sentences, negative sentences, positive
questions and negative questions in simple past tense.
-------------------------------
Friends, in the previous lessons, we saw many examples of "Simple Past Tense". All they are
Affirmative Sentences. Let us see some examples once again.
Examples:
I went to New Delhi.
They did the work
I lived in that house.
Zarina ate a mango.
---------------------------
Dear friends, the following sentences are wrong.
I not went to New Delhi. (wrong)

They not did the work. (wrong)
I not lived in that house. (wrong)
Zarina not ate a mango. (wrong)
Remember friends. Here we have 2 rules, to prepare negative sentences.
A) After the subject, put “did not”.

B) Use the 1st form of the verb.
What is the 1st form of the verb?

Let us take a verb "GO". Its 3 forms are "go, went & gone".
So "go" is the 1st form of the verb "GO".
Or please remember this formula.

Subject + did not + 1st form of the verb + remaining sentence
Now see the below examples. These examples are correct.
I did not go to New Delhi.

They did not do the work
SRIDHAR
63
I did not live in that house.

Zarina did not eat a mango.
--------------------------
Here you should follow 3 rules.
1) Put “Did” before the subject.

2) Use the 1st form of the verb.
3) Put a question mark (?) at the end of the sentence.

Did + Subject + 1st form of the verb + remaining sentence
Examples:
Did I go to New Delhi?
Did they do the work?
Did I live in that house?
Did Zarina eat a mango?
---------------------------
Here again 2 rules.
1) Put “Did not” before the subject.
2) Use the 1st form of the verb.
3) Put a question mark (?) at the end of the sentence.

Did not + Subject + 1st form of the verb + remaining sentence
Examples:
Did not I go to New Delhi?
Did not they do the work?
Did not I live in that house when I was young?
Did not Zarina eat a mango?
Friends, "Did not" is also used as "Didn't". Both are same.

Did not = Didn't
Examples:
Did not I go to New Delhi? = Didn't I go to New Delhi?
Did not they do the work? = Didn't they do the work?
Dear friends, this is all about simple past tense.
SRIDHAR
64
My dear friends,
Now take a pen and a notebook. Please write many examples, using "Simple Past Tense".
SRIDHAR
65
Tenses --- Post 24

=============
Past Continuous Tense ---- Lesson 1
==========================
Hi dear wonderful friends. Welcome. Let us learn an interesting tense. Now we are going to
learn "past continuous tense" slowly.
Structure of Past Continuous Tense:

-------------------------------------------
Let us know how to prepare a sentence in “past continuous tense”.
Formula: Subject + was/were + “ing” form of the verb.
Friends, please remember 3 rules.

1) If the subject is “I, he, she, it, or a singular noun”, then we should put “was” at the right-
hand side of the subject.
Examples:
I was going.
He was eating.
She was sleeping.
It was working.
A tiger was running.
2) If the subject is any other one except the above said subjects, then “were” follows.
That means, If the subject is “we, you, they, or a plural noun”,

then we should put “were” at the right-hand side of the subject.
Examples:
We were going.
You were eating.
They were sleeping.
The tigers were running.
3) The verb is always in "ing" form, in this tense.
Uses:
---------
Dear friends, when do we use this “Past Continuous Tense”? Let us see now.
SRIDHAR
66
1) To tell “activities happening in the past”:

----------------------------------------------------
Friends, “past continuous” means “continuing in the past”. If you want to tell an action which
was going on (happening) in the past, then you should use this tense. Let us take a practical
situation.
Rosy is a girl. Yesterday she woke up at 6 am. She sat at the dining table. She started eating
breakfast at 7 am. She finished eating at 7.30 am.
So, friends, tell me. Yesterday, between 7 am and 7.30 am, what was Rosy doing?
Answer: Between 7 am and 7.30 am, Rosy was eating her breakfast. She was chewing her food.
Sometimes she was drinking water. All these 3 actions were happening in the past (Yesterday,
between 7 am and 7.30 am)
Friends, actually these are finished actions. But sometimes we want to tell them as if "they
were happening in the past". In those times, we use "Past Continuous Tense". Let us see
examples.
Examples:
I was watching TV, last Sunday, at 4.00 pm.
He was taking exams last month.
She was waiting for him yesterday
She was working in a factory last year.
It was raining last night.
They were decorating their house in the morning.
He was playing cricket, when I saw him.
My dear friends, Take a pen and a notebook. Please write many examples, using "Past
SRIDHAR
67
Tenses --- Post 25

=============
Past Continuous Tense ---- Lesson 2
==========================
Dear friends, welcome. Yesterday we discussed the first use of this tense. Now we are going to
discuss the second use.
2) To tell "a continuous action in the past" that was connected with another action:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Now we are going to learn something about "When and While". Actually, we are learning
Tenses. "when and while" are conjunctions. why to learn conjunctions here? Is it necessary?
Yes, dear friends. It is necessary to know 'something' about these two conjunctions "when and
while". Actually, these two words are used in many tenses. But these two words are used in
"Past continuous tense" in most of the cases. So, we must learn them now.
A) Two continuous actions in the same time = While

----------------------------------------------------------------
Friends, when two continuous actions are happening in the same time, we use "While".
Last night I was writing some notes. In the same time, my mother was cooking food. Here we
have two continuous actions such as i) I was writing some notes and ii) my mother was
cooking food. Both were happening in the same time. I can tell this matter in two different
ways. Please see the below two examples. Both are correct.
-- While I was writing some notes, my mother was cooking food.

-- I was writing some notes, while my mother was cooking food.
B) Two finished actions, one after another = When

--------------------------------------------------------------
Dear friends, sometimes two actions finished in the past, one after another. They were not
continuous actions. They were finished actions. To tell this matter, we use "When".
Two hours ago, my phone rang. Then I picked up. Here we have two finished actions such as 1)
My phone rang and 2) I picked up. For the first finished action, we use "when".
-- When my phone rang, I picked up.
More examples:
-- When he ate dinner, he cleaned his hands.

-- When she slept, her father came.
SRIDHAR
68
C) One continuous action & One finished action:

-----------------------------------------------------------
Dear friends, be careful here. Two actions happened, one after another. The first action was a
continuous action. The second action was a finished action. Here we can use "While or When"
for the continuous action. Both are acceptable. The below examples are correct.
-- When I was sleeping, he called. (correct)

-- While I was sleeping, he called. (correct)
But if we want to use a conjunction for "the finished action", we should use "when". We should
not use "while".
-- I was sleeping, when he called me. (correct)

-- I was sleeping, while he called me. (wrong)
Remember: "While" is always used for Continuous actions or Long actions.
My dear friends,
Now take a pen and a notebook. Please write many examples, using "Past Continuous Tense".
SRIDHAR
69
Tenses --- Post 26

=============
Past Continuous Tense --- Lesson 3
=========================
My dear wonderful friends, welcome. Now let us see the last use of “Past Continuous Tense”.
3) To tell “Past habits”:

---------------------------
Dear friends, we had many habits in our past life. Now we want to tell those past habits to
someone. If we want to tell our past habits, we can tell them using “Past Continuous Tense”.
But Remember. When we tell our past habits using “Past Continuous Tense”, we should use
“Adverbs of frequency”.
What are “Adverbs of frequency”? In our previous lessons, we learned them. Let us see them
once again.
“Always, usually, Normally, Generally, Often, Frequently, Sometimes, Occasionally, Seldom,

hardly ever, Rarely & Never “are called “Adverbs of frequency”.
If we want to tell your past habit using “Past Continuous Tense”, we should use a suitable
Adverb of frequency. Let us see some examples.
Examples:
-- He was frequently going to the library in his childhood.
-- She was often going to classes late.
-- You were usually eating too much those days.
-- They were occasionally singing songs.
-- I was always studying a lot in my college days.
………………………………………………………………
Dear friends, we can tell our “past habits” in another way. I told you in our previous lessons.
What is that another way? Now close your eyes, think and tell me. Stop reading. Think a few
minutes and remember that another way.
Ok. I will remind you now. Using “Simple Past Tense” also we can tell our past habits. Let us
see some examples:
Examples:
-- He frequently went to the library in his childhood.
-- She often went to classes late.
-- You usually ate too much those days.
-- They occasionally sang songs.
-- I always studied a lot in my college days.
…………………………………………………………..…..
SRIDHAR
70
Friends, if you have some patience, let us see another way to tell our “past habits”.
You should use “Would” to tell past habits. See the below formula.
Subject + WOULD + “adverb of frequency” + First form of verb + remaining sentence.
Examples:
-- He would frequently go to the library in his childhood.
-- She would often go to classes late.
-- You would usually eat too much those days.
-- They would occasionally sing songs.
-- I would always study a lot in my college days.
.......................................................................................
Dear friends,
do you have some more patience? There is another way to tell past habits. This is the last way
to tell past habits. This is very simple.
Please remember the following simple formula.
Subject + USED TO + First form of verb + remaining sentence.
Examples:
-- He used to go to the library in his childhood.
-- She used to go to classes late.
-- You used to eat too much those days.
-- They used to sing songs.
-- I used to study a lot in my college days.
Dear friends, when you use “USED TO” to tell your past habits, “Adverbs of frequency” are
not necessary. If you want, you may use them. If you don’t want, you may leave (avoid) them.
……………………………………...............................……………
Friends, in this lesson, I told you 4 ways to tell our past habits. First way belongs to “Past
Continuous Tense”. And the remaining 3 ways do not belong to “Past Continuous Tense”.
Keep practicing.
SRIDHAR
71
SRIDHAR
72
Tenses --- Post 27

=============
Past Continuous Tense --- Lesson 4
=========================
Dear friends, In the previous lessons, we learned the structure and all the uses of “past
continuous tense”. Using every tense, we can prepare 4 kinds of sentences. Now let us learn all
the four kinds of sentences using "Past Continuous tense".
1. Affirmative sentences:
------------------------------
Dear friends, we have seen many examples in the previous lessons of "past continuous tense".
Those examples are Positive Sentences (Affirmative sentences). Let’s see some more examples
of Affirmative sentences.
Examples:
-- He was playing cricket.
-- She was reading a novel.
-- I was watching TV last Sunday, at 4.00 pm.
-- They were decorating their house yesterday.
2. Negative sentences:
---------------------------
Now let us learn how to prepare negative sentences. Put “not” before the verb. That is enough.
Examples:
-- He was not playing cricket.
-- She was not reading a novel.
-- I was not watching TV last Sunday, at 4.00 pm.
-- They were not decorating their house yesterday.
--------------------------
Take the Affirmative Sentences. Start the sentence with was/were. Put a question mark at the
end of the sentence. That is enough.
Examples:
-- Was he playing cricket?
-- Was she reading a novel?
-- Was I watching TV last Sunday, at 4.00 pm?
-- Were they decorating their house yesterday?
---------------------------
Take the Positive questions. Put "not" between the subject and the verb. That is enough.
SRIDHAR
73
Examples:
-- Was he not playing cricket?
-- Was she not reading a novel?
-- Was I not watching TV last Sunday, at 4.00 pm?
-- Were they not decorating their house yesterday?
Friends, the following sentences are also correct "negative questions". Meanings for the above
negative questions and the below negative questions are same. NO difference.
-- Wasn't he playing cricket?

-- Wasn't she reading a novel?
-- Wasn't I watching TV last Sunday, at 4.00 pm?
-- Weren't they decorating their house yesterday?
Note:
Wasn't = was not
Weren't = were not
Dear friends, “past continuous tense” is completed. Let me warn you once again.
Understanding is really not sufficient. If you don't practise, you will forget everything after 2
days. Revision and practicing are the most important things in a learning process. Every day
revise the previous concepts.
SRIDHAR
74
Tenses --- Post 28

=============
Past Perfect Tense --- Lesson 1
======================
My dear friends, now you are going to learn something interesting and exciting. Today let us
celebrate our day with “Past Perfect Tense”.
In every tense, you should learn two things. They are

1) Structure of the tense and 2) uses (when to use this tense).
The Structure of "Past Perfect Tense”:

---------------------------------------------
Structure: Subject + HAD+ verb 3rd form
See!!! How simple it is.
a) The subject can be anything. No problem. The subject may be I / we / you / he / she / it / they
/ plural noun / singular noun /anything, just put “had”, at the right side of the subject.
b) We should use the 3rd form of a verb.
What is the 3rd form of a verb? Let us take a verb "EAT". Its three forms are "eat, ate & eaten".
So "eaten" is the 3rd form of the verb "EAT".
See the examples.

I had eaten.
He had eaten.
They had eaten.
Robert had eaten.
Uses:
---------
Dear friends, now let us know when we use this tense in our daily life.
1)To tell “two things happened one after another in the past”:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dear friends, let us imagine a situation. Last morning, I did two things. I ate a big breakfast.
I went to school.
What happened firstly? What happened secondly?
First: I ate a big breakfast.

Second: I went to school.
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75
Dear friends, REMEMBER: These activities happened in the past. But one activity happened
before another activity. Or one activity happened after another activity.
Using “Past Perfect Tense”, we can tell these two activities in a single sentence.
Example:
"After I had eaten breakfast, I went to school."
Dear friends, from the above sentence, you should understand 3 things.
1) We used “Past Perfect Tense” (had + 3rd form of verb) for the first completed activity.
2) We used “simple past tense” (2nd form of verb) for the second completed activity.
3) We used a word “After”.
So, what did you understand? In the past, if two activities happened one after another (Or one
before another), to tell that matter, we use two tenses in a single sentence. They are 1) past
perfect tense & 2) simple past tense.
In this way we use “Past Perfect Tense”.
Dear friends, in the above example, we used a word “After”. We can also use some other words
such as “Before, By, By the time, When etc.”. Now let us see some examples with “After”.
Using "After”:
-----------------
Examples:
After she had slept, she got a dream.

(First, she slept. Next, she got a dream.)
After I had reached home, I completed my homework.

(First, I reached home. Next, I completed my homework.)
After we had married, we went to the USA.

(First, we married. Next, we went to the USA)
After they had received money, they bought a TV.

(First, they received money. Next, they bought a TV)
After you had got your job, you gave a party.

(First, you got your job. Next, you gave a party.)
After he had watched the TV, he went outside.

(First, he watched the TV. Next, he went outside.)
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76
Dear friends, Remember: ---

1) For the first completed activity, we should always use “Past Perfect Tense” (had + 3rd form
of verb)
2) For the second completed activity, we should always use “simple past tense” (2nd form of
verb).
3) we should use a word like “After, Before, By, By the time, when etc.”
4) when we write two activities in a single sentence, we should use a comma (,) between those
two activities.
SRIDHAR
77
Tenses --- Post 29

=============
======================
My dear friends, if two activities happened one after another, then we use "Past Perfect tense"
to tell the first activity. We use "simple past tense" to tell the second activity. Yesterday we
learned this concept and applied "After".
Now let us see how to use "past perfect tense" using "before, when, By the time, etc.”
Using “Before”:
------------------
Dear friends, this afternoon my friend did two things.
1) He ate lunch (1st completed activity). 2) He went to a movie (2nd completed activity).
These two activities happened in the past. Now I want to tell them in a single sentence. I should
say as below.
“He had eaten lunch, before he went to a movie.”
Dear friends, remember.

For first completed activity, we should use “Past Perfect Tense”.
For second completed activity, we should use “Simple Past Tense”.
Let us see some other examples.
Examples:
She had written her exam, before she went to her village.
(First Activity: she wrote exam, Second Activity: she went to her village.)
We had drunk juice, before we saw him.

(First Activity: we drank juice. Second Activity: we saw him.)
She had left the house, before he visited.

(First Activity: she left the house. Second Activity: he visited.)
The employees had finished their work, before the boss came.
(First Activity: the employees finished their work. Second Activity: the boss came.)
Using “By the time & when”:

-------------------------------------
Dear friends, the phrase “By the time” and the word “when” have the same meaning. They
mean “before”.
'By the time' = before
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78
When = before
In the above examples, we learned how to use “before”. In the above examples, you can replace
the word “before” with “By the time” or “when”. That means you can delete the word “before”.
In that place, you can put “by the time” or you can put “when”. The meaning does not change.
Now let us see some examples.
She had written her exam, by the time she went to her village.
She had written her exam, when she went to her village.
(First Activity: she wrote exam, Second Activity: she went to her village.)
We had drunk juice, by the time we saw him.

We had drunk juice, when we saw him.
(First Activity: we drank juice. Second Activity: we saw him.)
She had left the house, by the time he visited.

She had left the house, when he visited.
(First Activity: she left the house. Second Activity: he came.)
The employees had done their work, by the time the boss came.
The employees had done their work, when the boss came.
(First Activity: the employees finished their work. Second Activity: the boss came.)
Dear friends, I request you to write 50 sentences using past perfect tense. Use the words “After,
before, by the time & when”.
SRIDHAR
79
Tenses --- Post 30

=============
======================
My dear friends, In the previous lessons, we learned how to use "After, Before, When, By the
time" in "Past Perfect Tense. Now let us know how to use "by".
Dear friends, see the below examples.
Examples:
-- I woke up at 6.00 am.
-- He went to Bangalore on Monday.
-- She came in July.
-- They left Mumbai in 2005.
Dear friends, the above sentences are correct. The prepositions are correctly used. But dear
friends, I want to say that something happened before 6.00 am, or before Monday, or before
July, or before 2005. Then how to tell that matter?
If something happened before a specific time,

we should use "Past Perfect Tense" + By.
See the below examples.
Examples:
I had woken up by 7.00 am.
He had gone to Bangalore by Tuesday.
She had come by August.
They had left Mumbai by 2006.
Dear friends, remember.

1) "At 2.00am" does not mean "By 2.00 am".
2) "On Thursday" does not mean "By Thursday".
3) "In February" does not mean "By February".
4) "In 2012" does not mean "By 2012".
In this topic (context) "By" means "Before".

By= Before
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Friends, in the previous lessons, I told you one thing very frequently. When two things
completed one after another, we use "Past perfect tense" for the first completed activity. We use
"simple past tense" for the second completed activity.
Example:
I had eaten dinner, before he came.
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80
The above sentence is a single sentence and it has two activities. We can understand "eating
dinner" is the first completed activity. Based on words "Before, after, by, by the time, and
when" we combined two activities in the previous lessons.
But in novels and newspapers, you can see the below pairs of sentences. You can’t see "Before,
after, by, by the time, and when".
He worried. He had lost his job.

She slept. She had eaten food.
In the above sentences, "Past perfect tense" was used as a single activity. It was not connected
to any sentence using "Before, after, by, by the time, and when". Then how to understand the
above sentences?
Dear friends, if two individual sentences are given and one sentence is in "past perfect tense",
you should understand that activity happened first.
He worried. He had lost his job.

(1st activity: losing job; 2nd activity: worrying.)
She slept. She had eaten food.

(1st activity: eating food; 2nd activity: sleeping.)
I took the following pairs of sentences from my all-time super hit novel "Stars Shine Down". In
every pair, one sentence is in "Past perfect Tense (had + Verb 3)". That activity happened first.
And the activity in another sentence happened next.
-- Two hundred guests, including the Vice President of the United States and the governor of
New York were coming. She had approved the guest list.
-- In the past year her life had almost spoiled. It was out of control. She was in danger of losing
everything.
-- Kathy remembered her first interview with Lara Cameron. She had seen pictures of Lara
Cameron in half a dozen magazines,
-- Lara turned. Paul Martin had come into the room.
-- It will be a nice end. Somewhere, somehow, it had all gone wrong.
-- He had never seen her in such pain. It made him upset.
-- Within two years he had built a hotel and five boardinghouses. And they were always full.
-- The dinner was going to be delicious. She had chosen the menu.
SRIDHAR
81
SRIDHAR
82
Tenses --- Post 31

=============
======================
My dear friends, welcome. Let us talk a few minutes.
Friends, in the previous lessons, I told you one thing repeatedly. Please don't feel bored. "When
two activities completed one after another, we use "Past perfect tense" for the first completed
activity. We use "simple past tense" for the second completed activity."
Example:
After he had watched TV, he ate dinner.
Before he went to the shop, he had washed his face.
She had left the house, when he visited.
Friends, the above sentences are correct. But there is another way to write the above sentences.
Without using "Past perfect tense", we can write both activities using "simple past tense". See
the below sentences
Example:
After he watched TV, he ate dinner.
Before he went to the shop, he washed his face.
She left the house, when he visited.
If you want, you can use "Past perfect tense (Had + verb 3)".
If you don’t want, you can avoid it.
Till now, we discussed the first use of "Past perfect tense". In this use, "Past perfect tense" is an
optional. It is not essential. It is not mandatory.
2) To tell Impossible wishes:

-----------------------------------
Dear friends, in 2008, my favorite hero Jackie Chan visited Chennai, India and participated in a
function. From my town, Chennai is just 5 hours of travel by train. But I did not go to Chennai.
I did not see Jackie Chan.
Now I regret for that. (I worry for my past mistake.)
Now I have a wish (a desire). I want to go to Chennai, participate in that function and see
Jackie Chan in 2008. This is my wish.
Is this wish possible? No. It is not possible. I surely know it is impossible. Because 2008 was
already over. Now I cannot go into the past time. There is no time machine. Even though I
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83
know it is impossible, just for a few seconds, I feel I want to go to Chennai and see Jackie Chan
in 2008. This is called “an impossible wish”.
Friends, all we people did some mistakes in the past. We lost some opportunities in the past.
Now we want they were not happened in the past. These are our impossible wishes. We tell
those impossible wishes with a regret (worry about our mistake). To tell our impossible wishes
with a regret, we use “Past Perfect Tense”.
Friends, for this, we use the following formula.
Formula: I wish that + Past Perfect Tense
Examples:
I wish that I had visited Taj Mahal in 2011.
(I did not visit Taj Mahal in 2011. Now I'm worrying about that.)
I wish that I had studied hard at school.

(I did not study hard at school, and now I'm worrying about that.)
I wish that I hadn’t spent so much money last month.

(I spent a lot of money last month. Now I’m worrying about that.)
I wish that I hadn't eaten so much yesterday!

(I ate a lot yesterday. Now I think it wasn't a good thing.)
Dear friends, in the above examples, I used “that”. If you want, you can use “that”. If you don’t
want, you may avoid “that”. It is your wish. The above sentences are correct. And the below
sentences are also correct.
Examples:
I wish I had visited Taj Mahal in 2011.
I wish I had studied hard at school.
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money last month.
I wish I hadn't eaten so much yesterday.
Thank you, friends. Write more and more examples.

....................................................................................................................................
SRIDHAR
84
Ride (verb) = to sit on a vehicle and control it.

3 forms of Ride: ride, rode, ridden
SRIDHAR
85
Tenses --- Post 32

=============
======================
My dear wonderful friends, welcome.
Now let us give a finishing touch for “Past Perfect Tense”. In this lesson, let us know how to
prepare Affirmative Sentences, Negative Sentences, Positive Questions and Negative
Questions, using “Past Perfect Tense.
In the previous lesson, we saw a lot of examples of this tense. All those are Affirmative
Sentences. Let us see them once again.
-------------------------------
Examples:
-- My mother had already cooked dinner
-- She had heard the news.
-- I had finished my work.
-- She had reached her home by 8.00 pm.
---------------------------
Take the above examples of Affirmative Sentences.
After the word “had”, simply put the word “not”. That is enough. Then those sentences will
become negative.
Examples:
-- My mother had not already cooked dinner.
-- She had not heard the news.
-- I had not finished my work.
-- She had not reached her home by 8.00 pm.
--------------------------
Again, take the above examples of Affirmative Sentences.
Start the sentence with “had”. (Put the word "had", in the beginning of the sentence). Put a
question mark (?) at the end of every sentence. Then positive questions will be ready for us.
Examples:
-- Had my mother already cooked dinner?
-- Had she heard the news?
-- Had I finished my work?
-- Had she reached her home by 8.00 pm?
SRIDHAR
86
----------------------------
Take the above examples of Positive questions. Put ''not" between the subject and the verb. Put
a question mark (?) at the end of every sentence. Then Negative Questions will be ready for us.
Examples:
-- Had my mother not already cooked dinner?
-- Had she not heard the news?
-- Had I not finished my work?
-- Had she not reached her home by 8.00 pm?
Dear friends, the following negative questions are also correct.

The above negative questions and the below negative questions give same meanings.
-- Hadn't my mother already cooked dinner?

-- Hadn't she heard the news?
-- Hadn't I finished my work?
-- Hadn't she reached her home by 8.00 pm?
Dear friends, this is all about "Past Perfect Tense". Practice by writing more and more
examples.
SRIDHAR
87
Tenses --- Post 33

=============
Past Perfect Continuous Tense --- Lesson 1
===============================
Welcome, my dear friends,
Now let us spend a few minutes to learn this “Past Perfect Continuous Tense”. Let us see the
structure of this tense (how to prepare a sentence in this tense).
Structure:
-------------
Dear friends, Structure of this Tense is very simple. See the formula.
Subject + Had been + “ing” form of verb. + Remaining sentence.
1) After the subject, put “had been”.

2) Verb is in “ing” form.
Note: Dear friends, in this tense, the subject may be anything like
he /she / it / I / we / you / plural noun / singular noun,
just put “had been”, at the right side of the subject.
Examples:
He had been running.
Somebody had been smoking.
Usage:
----------
Friends, do you remember "Present Perfect Continuous Tense”?
When do we use it? Let us remember the usage of “Present Perfect Continuous Tense”.
An action started in the past. That action continued in the past. And that action is still
continuing in the present time (now). To tell this action, we use “Present Perfect Continuous
Tense”. Now let us imagine a scene.
Rosy is a beautiful girl. She is a tennis player. She is going to participate in a tennis
tournament. Daily Rosy is playing tennis to improve her skills.
Today, Rosy started playing tennis in the morning, at 10.00 a.m. Now the time is 6.00 pm in the
evening. From the past time (10.00 am) to this present time (6.00 pm), she continued playing.
Here “action started in the past. That action continued in the past. And that action is still
continuing in the present time (now). So, we use “present perfect continuous tense”.
At 6.00 p.m. (now), I met Rosy. I talked with her.
Sri Dhar: Hi Rosy. How is your tennis practice?

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88
Rosy: Hi. I have been playing tennis for 8 hours. (Present perfect continuous tense)
----------------
At 6 00 pm, I met Rosy. We talked. After that, we went to a cafe. An hour passed. Now the time
is 7.00 pm. Then a classmate of Rosy met us.
Classmate: Hi Rosy, how is your tennis practice?

Rosy: I had been playing for 8 hours, when Sridhar came. (Past Perfect Continuous Tense)
Here “an action started in the past. That action continued in the past. And that action ended
before another action in the past. [But not in the present time.] All those three actions
completed in the past. To tell this matter, we use “Past Perfect Continuous Tense”. See the
examples.
Examples:
-- I had been working for 2 hours until she came at 2.00 pm
(I started work at 12.00 pm (afternoon). I worked for 2 hours. She came at 2.00 pm. But now
the time is evening 7.00 pm. That means I am telling a past thing.)
-- The sisters had been quarreling for half an hour when we arrived home.
-- I had been dating Angelina for 3 years before we got married.
-- They had been working for 10 years, when Obama became the president.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Friends, please read this lesson 4 to 5 times slowly and carefully. Write examples.
SRIDHAR
89
Tenses --- Post 34

=============
===============================
Dear friends, welcome. In the previous lesson, we understood one use of "Past Perfect
Continuous Tense". Now let us know another use of this tense. Come on.
2) To tell the reasons for past actions:

---------------------------------------------
Dear friends, In the past, an activity happened. Now (in the present time), you want to tell that
activity to your friend or your mother or any other person. You may tell them using "Simple
Past tense".
Examples:
-- Mom, the roads filled with water.
-- Friend, I passed my exam with 90% of marks.
-- sir, I completed my project work.
-- Madam, He did not attend my phone call.
Dear friends, In the above sentences, you told the incidents (actions/ activities) those happened
in the past. But now, you want to tell the reasons (causes) for those actions. And you want to
tell those reasons as "they were happening" behind those incidents.
Dear friends, how do you tell those reasons. You should tell those reasons, using "Past Perfect
Continuous Tense". Now see the below sentences.
Examples:
-- Mom, the roads filled with water. Because It had been raining for 2 days.
-- Friend, I passed my exam with 90% of marks. Because I had been studying hard for 10
months.
-- Sir, I completed my project work. Because I had been working for 15 days.
-- Madam, he did not attend my phone call. Because I had been quarreling him since yesterday.
Dear friends,
1) in the past, an action / incident / activity / scene / situation happened.
2) Now you want to tell that action. so, you use "simple past tense".
3) But there was a reason behind that action.
4) you want to tell that reason as that was "happening " in the past.
5) Then to tell the reason, you should use "Past Perfect continuous tense".
6) We use a word "Because". But "because" is optional. It is not compulsory.
6) Remember that both a) the action and b) the reason belongs to the past. They do not belong
to the present time.
SRIDHAR
90
SRIDHAR
91
Tenses --- Post 35

=============
===============================
Hi my Friends,
Welcome. In the previous lesson, we learned the structure and uses of “Past Perfect Continuous
Tense”. Now let us see Affirmative sentences, Negative sentences, Positive Questions and
Negative Questions.
-------------------------------
Friends, in the previous lessons, we saw many examples of "Past Perfect Continuous Tense".
All they are Affirmative Sentences. In some grammar books, Affirmative Sentences are also
called "Assertive Sentences / Positive Sentences". Now let us see some examples once again.
Examples:
-- I had been waiting for him for 30 minutes.
-- Shahid had been studying for 2 hours.
-- She had been eating for 30 minutes, before you came.
-- The Students had been playing for 2 hours, when the teacher came
----------------------------
Friends, between the two words “had” and “been”, just put a word “not”. Or simply use “had
not been”. See the examples.
Examples:
-- I had not been waiting for him for 30 minutes.
-- Shahid had not been studying for 2 hours.
-- She had not been eating for 30 minutes, before you came.
-- The Students had not been playing for 2 hours, when the teacher came
--------------------------
Dear friends, take the above Affirmative Sentences again. Put "Had" at the beginning of the
sentence. Put a question mark at the end of the sentence. That is enough. Now you can see
Positive Questions.
Examples:
-- Had I been waiting for him for 30 minutes?
-- Had Shahid been studying for 2 hours?
-- Had she been eating for 30 minutes, before you came?
-- Had the Students been playing for 2 hours, when the teacher came?
SRIDHAR
92
---------------------------
Friends, put "not" between the subject and been. Put a question mark at the end of the sentence.
That is sufficient.
Examples:
-- Had I not been waiting for him for 30 minutes?
-- Had Shahid not been studying for 2 hours?
-- Had she not been eating for 30 minutes, before you came?
-- Had the Students not been playing for 2 hours, when the teacher came?
Friends, the following negative sentences are also correct. That means we can write negative
questions in two different ways. Both ways give a same meaning.
-- Hadn't I been waiting for him for 30 minutes?

-- Hadn't Shahid been studying for 2 hours?
-- Hadn't she been eating for 30 minutes, before you came?
-- Hadn't the Students been playing for 2 hours, when the teacher came?
----------------------------------------------
Homework:
1) Understand the correct the structures and uses of this tense, by reading again and again.
2) Write down 40 sentences using "Past Perfect Continuous Tense" (10 Positive sentences, 10
Negative sentences, 10 Positive Questions, & 10 Negative Questions).
SRIDHAR
93
Tenses --- Post 36

=============
Simple Future Tense --- Lesson 1
========================
Hi friends, welcome. I came back very curiously to meet you. Now you are going to learn
“Simple Future Tense”.
As usually, we should learn two things here such as

1) Structure: how to prepare a sentence in this tense? (What are the rules to prepare a sentence
in this tense?), 2) Usage: in which situations, we should use this tense? Let us see now.
Structure:
-----------
Subject + will + 1st form of verb
examples:
They will write an exam tomorrow.
He will go to Africa.
Uses:
------
1)To tell an activity that will happen in future:
-------------------------------------------------------
Dear friends, we use this tense, to tell an activity / action / work that will happen in future.
Examples:
The train will start at 6.30 pm.
I will join the course tomorrow.
She will eat after a few minutes.
We will buy a computer next week.
2) To use in 1st conditional sentence:

--------------------------------------------
Dear friends, there are 4 kinds of Conditional sentences in English. In the 1st conditional
sentence, we use “Simple Future tense”.
If I explain you this “1st conditional sentence”, the explanation will create confusion in your
mind. So, without explanation, I will give you some examples. Based on those examples, you
can understand the meaning of the sentences. See the below examples.
Examples:
If you teach me, I will learn.
If he gives her water, she will drink.
If the bank lends us money, we will buy a house.
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94
If the students study hard, they will pass.
Dear friends, based on the above examples, we should understand four important things.
a) The structure is
“If + Action-1 (Simple Present Tense), Action-2 (Simple Future Tense).
b) Action-2 depends upon Action-1.

That means Action-1 decides action-2.
c) Both actions are about future. They don’t belong to present / past.
d) Action-1 is usually "Simple Present Tense.

Action-2 is usually “Simple Future Tense”.
Friends, the above examples are correct.
But sometimes, some students use the following wrong structure. You should not use the
following wrong structure. The following are wrong.
If + Simple Future, Simple Present (wrong):
If you will teach me, I learn. (Wrong)

If he will give her water, she drinks. (Wrong)
If the bank will lend us money, we buy a house. (Wrong)
If the students will study hard, they pass. (Wrong)
3) To make a polite request:

---------------------------------
Dear friends, we can make polite requests using "Simple Future Tense". See the below formula.
If + Action-1 (Simple Future Tense), Action-2 (Simple Future Tense)
Examples:
-- If you will sit here, I will call the manager.
-- If you will give us your mobile number, we will contact you.
Dear friends, I did not tell you anything about “shall”. In “future tenses”, we use “shall”. Each
and every grammar book gives information about “shall” and the differences between “will”
and “shall”.
But frankly speaking "shall" is outdated. Nowadays people are not using "shall" in daily life.
Only in one situation, people use "shall" these days. In my next lessons, I will tell that situation.
SRIDHAR
95
SRIDHAR
96
Tenses --- Post 37

=============
Simple Future Tense --- Lesson 2
========================
Welcome, my dear friends. Let us talk a little bit about "Shall". Once upon a time, the word
"Shall" was used frequently. But nowadays "Shall" is outdated. Especially in American
English, "shall" almost disappeared.
But in British English, "shall" is still used. And it is used only for one purpose. Now let us see
that one and only usage.
To make offers or suggestions:

-------------------------------------
"Shall" is used to make offers or suggestions, using "I or we".
Remember, friends. We should use "I or we" to make offers or suggestions, using "shall". We
should not use any other subject.
Examples:
-- Shall I send you the book?
-- Shall we order some coffee?
-- What shall I wear to the party?
-- What shall we do this weekend?
Now let us know 4 kinds of sentences such as Affirmative Sentences, Negative Sentences,
Positive Questions and Negative Questions.
-------------------------------
In the previous lesson, we saw some examples. All they were Affirmative Sentences. Now let
us see some more examples.
Examples:
-- I will go to Mumbai tomorrow
-- She will play cricket.
-- Martin will paint the house.
-- They will invite us next week.
---------------------------
Friends, take the above Affirmative Sentences. Instead of "will", just use "will not". Then
Negative Sentences will be ready for us.
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97
Examples:
-- I will not go to Mumbai tomorrow
-- She will not play cricket.
-- Martin will not paint the house.
-- They will not invite us next week.
--------------------------
Friends, take the above Affirmative Sentences. But keep the word "will" in the beginning of the
sentences. Keep a question mark at the end of the sentence. Then Positive Questions will be
ready.
Examples:
-- Will I go to Mumbai tomorrow?
-- Will she play cricket?
-- Will Martin paint the house?
-- Will they invite us next week?
---------------------------
Now take the above Positive questions. Put "Won't" in the place of "Will". Keep a question
mark at the end of the sentence. Then Negative Questions will be ready for us.
won't = will not
Examples:
Won't I go to Mumbai tomorrow?
Won't she play cricket?
Won't Martin paint the house?
Won't they invite us next week?
This is all about "Simple Future Tense", my dear friends. Tomorrow we are going to see some
very interesting things such as Going to, About to, and some other things". Until then Keep
practising.
SRIDHAR
98
SRIDHAR
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Tenses --- Post 38

=============
Different ways to tell a future activity --- Lesson 1
====================================
Dear friends, welcome.
This beautiful evening, let us know some interesting things. Welcome. To tell a future activity,
we can use the following different ways.
1) Simple Future Tense. (He will go)

2) Present continuous tense, type-1 (He is going to write his exam next month.)
3) Present continuous tense, type-2 (He is writing his exam next month)
4) Simple present tense (The train starts at 10 am, tomorrow.)
5) Am / is / are + to (The minister is to go.)
6) To (The minister to go.)
7) About to (He is about to go.)
Dear friends,
The above 7 ways are used to tell a future activity. These 7 ways have different sentence
structures. Here we have a question? Can we use all these 7 ways to tell any kind of future
activity?
No friends. For different kinds of situations, we have to select anyone of the above 7 ways.
What way should we choose for what kind of situation? Now let us understand it slowly and
carefully.
Simple Future Tense (will) and Present Continuous Tense: --

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Predictions: Sometimes, we have some predictions about future. To tell those predictions, we
can use both of these 2 tenses.
What is a prediction? Sometimes we think / believe / expect that an action will happen in
future. But we are not sure, if it really happens in future. We just think / believe / expect it.
That action is called a prediction.
To tell that prediction, we can use anyone of these two tenses.
Examples:
-- He thinks his team will win the match tomorrow. (Simple Future)
-- He thinks his team is going to win the match tomorrow. (Present Continuous)
-- He thinks his team is winning the match tomorrow. (Present Continuous)
………………………………………………………………………..
Dear friends, sometimes, Simple Future Tense and Present Continuous Tense express different
meanings. Let us see those differences now.
SRIDHAR
100
Simple Future Tense:

-------------------------
At the time of speaking, we take a decision. This decision was not planned in the past. Now
itself, the decision is taken while we are speaking to someone. To tell this instant decision, we
use Simple Future Tense. Let us see an example.
Mother: Son, your friend David joined a hospital, because of appendicitis.

Shahid: Is it? I will visit David in the hospital tomorrow.
(Shahid took an instant decision. So, he used Simple Future Tense)
Mother: I will also come with you. (The mother also took an instant decision)
Present Continuous Tense:

--------------------------------
Before the time of speaking, we have planned an action in our mind. Now we want to tell that
already planned action. To tell that already planned action, we use Present Continuous Tense.
Example:
-- I am going to visit David in the hospital tomorrow.
-- I am visiting David in the hospital tomorrow.
(This morning we got a phone call about the illness of David. So, we have already decided to
meet David in the hospital. This is a planned action)
...................................................................................................
Simple present tense:

-------------------------
According to a fixed timetable or a fixed arrangement or a fixed schedule, an action will
happen in future. To tell this action, we use Simple present tense. Dear friends, in this use,
mostly we use the verbs related to movements. What are the verbs related to movements? Go,
come, start, stop, arrive, reach, take off, land, leave, depart, start, end etc. are verbs related to
movements.
Examples:
The first flight to Rome leaves at 6 a.m.
The train for Istanbul comes at 9 pm.
The movie starts at 7 pm, tonight on TV.
…………………………………………………………………………
Dear friends, in this lesson, we learned how to tell a future activity in 4 different ways such as
1) Simple Future Tense, 2) Present Continuous tense, type-1, 3) Present continuous Tense, type-
2, 4) Simple Present Tense. We understood the differences among these 4 ways.
My dear friends, let me tell you another thing. Sometimes we don’t follow the above said
differences, in our daily life. Sometimes, we don’t consider the above rules to tell a future
activity. For example, according to grammatical rules, we should say “The train starts at 6 pm”
(Simple Present Tense).
SRIDHAR
101
But if we say “The train will start at 6 pm” (Simple Future Tense), no policeman will arrest us.
Even Americans and British people ignore the above said differences to tell a future activity.
But in your competitive examinations, you must strictly follow the above said rules.
In the next lesson, we are going to learn the remaining ways to tell a future activity.
SRIDHAR
102
Tenses --- Post 39

=============
====================================
Welcome my dear friends. In the previous lesson, we understood that we could tell a future
event in 7 ways. we discussed 4 ways. Now let us see another way.
am / is / are to + First form of verb: ---

----------------------------------------------
Dear friends, see the below sentences.
-- The prime minister is to visit America.

-- Reliance company is to start a new business.
-- They are to establish a new rule.
-- You are to follow the instructions.
what is the meaning of the above sentences? When do we use them? Now let us see.
we use the above sentence structure (am / is / are to + First form of verb) for 2 uses.
1st use:
---------
To tell official plans, arrangements, information related to FUTURE, we use this kind of
sentence structure. Let us see some examples.
Examples:
The president is to visit Japan tomorrow.
(The president is going to visit Japan tomorrow.)
Microsoft is to produce a new software.

(Microsoft is going to produce a new software.)
They are to establish a new rule.

(They are going to establish a new rule.)
2nd use:
---------
To tell the duties or responsibilities of an employee or a participant, this kind of sentence
structure is used in official documents.
For example, you join a new job. You receive an appointment letter. That letter consists of 10 or
20 pages. In that document, you can see these kinds of sentences. These sentences tell your
responsibilities in your company. These strict responsibilities can also be expressed using
"must". Let us see some examples.
SRIDHAR
103
Examples:
You are to come to the office by 8.30 am.
(You must come to the office by 8.30 am.)
You are to remember that no smoking is permitted in the building.

(You must remember that no smoking is permitted in the building.)
You are to use the computers strictly for the official uses.
(You must use the computers strictly for the official uses.)
Dear friends, in our daily life, mostly we don't use this sentence structure (am / is / are to +
First form of verb). Only for the above said two situations, people use this structure. So, when
you talk to your friends, don't use this structure, to tell your future activity.
SRIDHAR
104
Tenses --- Post 40

=============
====================================
My dear wonderful friends, welcome. In the last two lessons, we learned 5 ways of telling
future activities. Now let us learn another two ways to tell future activities.
6) To + First form of Verb:

--------------------------------
Dear friends, do you read newspapers? Please try to read them, though you don't understand. In
every office of a newspaper, there are content writers. The content writers in a newspaper office
write each and every item of news in a beautiful way. Then the news is printed in the paper.
In newspapers, for every item of news, there is a headline.

Headline means "the title of a newspaper article printed in large letters". Preparing headlines is
very difficult to content writers. Because a headline takes a lot of space.
For example, a content writer wants to write a headline like “The President is going to visit the
USA”.
But this headline is very long. So, our creative content writer does the following two things.
1) He removes articles (the, a & an)
2) He replaces “is going to “with “to”.
Now the headline looks like the below sentence.

“President to visit USA”.
In this way, content writers or journalists prepare headlines in newspapers. Now let us see some
examples of headlines of newspapers. The following are only imaginary headlines.
Examples:
Arnold to make new movie. (Meaning: Arnold is going to make a new movie.)
FBI to investigate Swiss banks. (Meaning: The FBI is going to investigate the Swiss banks.)
President to honour sportsmen. (Meaning: The president is going to honour the sportsmen.)
Dear friends, remember. This structure “To + first form of verb” is specifically and purely for
newspapers. So, you should never use this structure in your spoken English or written English.
(If you are a content writer of a newspaper, then you can use it to write headlines.)
…………………………………………………...................................
SRIDHAR
105
7) am / is / are + About to:

----------------------------------
Dear friends, blindly remember one thing. “About to” is an idiom in English. It has a simple
meaning. It means “going to do very soon”.
About to = going to do very soon
Let us see some examples
Examples:
He is about to eat. (He is going to eat very soon.)
I am about to buy a ticket. (I am going to buy a ticket very soon.)
She is about to leave her school. (She is going to leave her school very soon.)
The movie is about to start. (The movie is going to start very soon.)
They are about to begin the work. (They are going to begin the work very soon.)
My dear friends,
all the 7 types are finished. Now please revise all these 7 types. Please take a pen and a note
book. Write 100 examples using these 7 types. Don't postpone. If you write 100 examples, you
will become the best.
SRIDHAR
106
Tenses --- Post 41

=============
Future Continuous Tense --- Lesson 1
===========================
Hi my dear friends, welcome. Now let us slowly understand “Future continuous tense”.
Structure:
------------
The structure of this tense is very easy.
Subject + will be + “ing” form of verb
Remember: In this tense,

1) We use “will be”.
2) Verb is always in “ing” form.
3) ing form" of verb is also called "Present participle".
Examples:
He will be eating.
I will be writing.
Use:
-----
To tell a continuous activity in future:
---------------------------------------------
Dear friends, let us imagine. We are going to America by flight, tomorrow. The flight starts at 6
a.m. near your city and lands at 5.00 pm in the airport of California. Think about the journey.
Sharply at 6.00 a.m. the flight will take off (start to fly).
At 7.00 a.m. the flight "will be flying" in the sky.
At 8. 00 a.m. the flight "will be flying" in the sky.
“““““
“““““
At 4. 00 p.m. the flight "will be flying" in the sky.
At 5. 00 p.m. the flight will land (reach) the airport in America.
The flight will start at 6.00 a.m. and it will land at 5.00 p.m. What will happen between these
two times?
Between those two times, the flight "will be flying". The flight "will be travelling".
SRIDHAR
107
Dear friends, sometimes, we want to tell “continuing activities” of future. We want to tell an
action is happening in future. We want to tell an activity is going on in future. We want to tell a
work is continuing in future. To tell those “continuing activities of future”, we use ‘Future
Let us come back to our imaginary flight. So many things will be happening tomorrow in the
flight, between 6.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. The following things will be happening tomorrow.
-- Some passengers "will be watching" clouds through windows.

-- Some passengers "will be sleeping".
-- Some others "will be talking" with others.
-- The pilot "will be driving" the flight.
-- The air hostess "will be offering" service to the passengers.
-- You "will be reading" a book.
-- I "will be listening to" music.
All the above activities will be in progress (continuity), between 6.00 am and 5.00 pm,
tomorrow.
Dear friends, “Future continuous” means “continuing in the future”. We think, believe, guess or
expect some activity will be continuing in future. To express that future continuing activity, we
use “future continuous tense”. Let us take some other examples:
Examples:
-- This night at 10.00 p.m. I "will be cooking" food.
(This night at 10.00 p.m. I will be in the process of cooking food)
-- At 11.30 p.m. she "will be sleeping". (At 11.30 p.m. She will be in the middle of sleeping.)
Or (she will be in the continuity of her sleep.)
Dear friends, "Future Continuous Tense" is also called "Future Progressive Tense".
SRIDHAR
108
Tenses --- Post 42

=============
Future Continuous Tense --- Lesson 2
===========================
Hi friends, welcome.
In the last lesson, we completed the structure and usage of “Future Continuous Tense”. You are
going to learn some other interesting things. Now let us see how to prepare 1) Affirmative
Sentences, 2) Negative Sentences, 3) Positive Questions and 4) Negative Questions.
1) Positive sentences:
--------------------------
Dear friends, In the previous lesson, we saw many examples. All they are Positive Sentences.
Now let us see some other examples.
Examples:
-- You will be walking tomorrow in Morocco.
-- They will be watching football this evening.
-- She will be writing her exam next month.
-- I will be preparing lessons for you this midnight.
---------------------------
Dear friends, take the above Affirmative Sentences. Put “will not be” instead of “will be”. That
is enough.
Examples:
-- You will not be walking tomorrow in Morocco.
-- They will not be watching football this evening.
-- She will not be writing her exam next month.
-- I will not be preparing lessons for you this midnight.
-------------------------
Dear friends, take the above Affirmative Sentences. Start the sentence with “will”. Put a
question mark at the end of the sentence. That is enough.
Examples:
-- Will you be walking tomorrow in Morocco?
-- Will they be watching football this evening?
-- Will she be writing her exam next month?
-- Will I be preparing lessons for you this midnight?
SRIDHAR
109
---------------------------
Start the sentence with “will not”. Put a question mark at the end of the sentence. That is
enough.
Examples:
Will you not be walking tomorrow in Morocco?
Will they not be watching football match, this evening?
Will she not be writing her exam, next month?
Will I not be preparing lessons for you, this midnight?
The following way of negative questions is also correct.
Examples:
Won't you be walking tomorrow in Morocco?
Won't they be watching football match, this evening?
Won't she be writing her exam, next month?
Won't I be preparing lessons for you, this midnight?
Remember: Won't = Will not
My dear friend, “Future Continuous Tense” is finished. Take a pen and a notebook. Write 40
examples using the above 4 types. Do your homework as usually. If you don’t do your
homework, you will forget everything within a few hours. Do practice. If you have any doubts,
tell me in the below comment boxes. I will clear them. If you want previous lessons, go to my
timeline. Let us meet tomorrow with a new lesson.
SRIDHAR
110
Tenses --- Post 43

=============
Future Perfect Tense --- Lesson 1
========================
Hi friends, welcome. How are you? Let us spend this beautiful evening wonderfully. And now,
learning “Future Perfect Tense” is a part of our enjoyment. Let us spend a few minutes for this.
Let us see the structure and uses of this tense.
Structure of Future Perfect Tense:

-----------------------------------------
Subject + Will have + verb 3rd form
Friends, in this tense, for every subject, we use “will have”. We never use “will has”. There is
no “has” in “Future tenses”. You know there are 4 future tenses such as 1) Simple future tense,
2) Future continuous tense, 3) Future Perfect tense and 4) Future Perfect Continuous tense. In
all these tenses, you should never use “has”. You must always use “have”.
Examples:
I will have completed the work.
They will have done their work.
Uses:
------
1) To tell the completion of an action before a specific time in future:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dear friends, an activity will finish before a specific time in future. That specific time may be a
clock time or a day of week or a month or a year. To tell this activity, we use "Future perfect
tense".
In this tense, we use by or before. Their meaning is same.
By = before
Note:
-------
For clock times -->
Examples: by 9 a.m., before 9 p.m. etc.
For days of week -->

Examples: by Sunday, by Tuesday, before Friday etc.
For months and years -->

SRIDHAR
111
Examples: by July, before July,
For years -->

by 2020, by 2025, before 2020, before 2025 etc.
Now let us see some of examples of 'Future Perfect Tense".
Examples:
By 7.00 am, you will have eaten your breakfast.
(Meaning: Before 7.00 am, you will finish eating your breakfast.)
By Saturday, they will have written their exams.

(Meaning: Before Saturday, they will finish writing their exams.)
By November, my father will have constructed a new house.

(Meaning: Before November, my father will finish constructing a new house.)
Now let us see some examples using "Before"
Examples:
Before 4 p.m., my mother will have washed my cloths.
(Before 4 pm, my mother will finish washing my cloths.)
Before November, I will have shifted to another city.

(Before November, I will finish shifting to another city.)
Dear friends, read this lesson 3 or 4 times and understand every sentence clearly.
SRIDHAR
112
Tenses --- Post 44

=============
========================
Welcome my dear wonderful friends. Yesterday you learned one use of "Future Perfect tense".
Now you are going to learn another use of this tense.
2) To tell completion of a future activity, before another activity happens:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dear friends, Sometimes, we expect two actions are going to happen in future. We think they
will happen one after another. That means one action will happen, before another action.
That means "first, one action will happen. And next, another action will happen". This is our
expectation. Or this is our imagination. Let us take two future actions as examples.
Action-1: I will go outside.

Action-2: My mom will wake up.
Dear friends, please understand.

Action-1 will happen first. And Action-2 will happen next.
This is my expectation about tomorrow.
Now I want to tell "Action-1 and Action-2" in a single sentence.

How to tell? We should tell it as following.
"I will have gone outside, by the time my mom gets up."
The above sentence is a correct sentence. If we think 2 actions are going to happen one after
another, then we tell like that. From the above correct sentence, let us understand some
important points.
1) We use "future perfect Tense", for the First finished action. (I will have gone outside)
2) we use "Simple Present Tense", for the second finished action. (my mom gets up.)
3) we use "By the time" for the second finished action. (by the time my mom gets up.)
4) By the time = Before
Now let us see some examples.
SRIDHAR
113
Examples:
He will have finished his exam, by the time the last bell rings.
(Meaning: First, he will finish his exam. And next, the last bell will ring.)
She will have eaten her food, by the time I go to her house.
(Meaning: First, she will eat her food. And next, I will go to her house.)
I will have got promotion, by the time you meet me.

(Meaning: First, I will get promotion. And next, you will meet me.)
Dear friends, in the above examples, we used "By the time". We can replace that phrase with 1)
Before or 2) When. Because all these 3 terms have a same meaning.
By the time = Before = When
Examples:
He will have finished his exam, by the time the last bell rings.
He will have finished his exam, before the last bell rings.
He will have finished his exam, when the last bell rings.
(Meaning: First, he will finish his exam. And next, the last bell will ring.)
She will have eaten her food, by the time I go to her house.
She will have eaten her food, before I go to her house.
She will have eaten her food, when I go to her house.
(Meaning: First, she will eat her food. And next, I will go to her house.)
I will have got promotion, by the time you meet me.

I will have got promotion, before you meet me.
I will have got promotion, when you meet me.
(Meaning: First, I will get promotion. And next, you will meet me.)
Dear friends, all the above examples are related to future. And the actions of future tenses may
not be true. Because we are not sure of the future. We have some expectations, or some
imaginations or some beliefs about future. Our expectations/ imaginations/ beliefs may happen
in future. Or they may not happen. To tell our future expectations / imaginations / beliefs, we
use all the future tenses (including "Future Perfect Tense"). Now you must practise, friends.
Write more and more examples. Please do it.
SRIDHAR
114
SRIDHAR
115
Tenses --- Post 45

=============
=========================
My dear friends, welcome. Now we are going to complete "Future Perfect Tense". Now let us
see how to prepare four kinds of sentences using this tense.
-------------------------------
Examples:
-- I will have finished my bath before 8 am.
-- They will have built the house by tomorrow.
-- All others will have eaten food, before I attend the function.
-- The train will have left, before you reach the railway station.
-- She will have phoned them, before you stop her.
----------------------------
Dear friends, take Affirmative Sentences. In the place of "Will have", Put "Will not have". That
is enough. Negative Sentences will be ready for us.
Examples:
-- I will not have finished my bath before 8 am.
-- They will not have built the house by tomorrow.
-- All others will not have eaten food, before I attend the function.
-- The train will not have left, before you reach the railway station.
-- She will not have phoned them, before you stop her.
--------------------------
Dear friends, take Affirmative Sentences. Put the word "will" in the beginning of the sentence.
Put a question mark at the end of the sentence. That is enough. Positive Questions will be ready
for us.
Examples:
-- Will I have finished my bath before 8 am?
-- Will they have built the house by tomorrow?
-- Will all others have eaten food, before I attend the function?
-- Will the train have left, before you reach the railway station?
-- Will She have phoned them, before you stop her?
---------------------------
Dear friends, you can write Negative questions (Negative interrogative sentences) in two ways.
The following two ways are correct.
SRIDHAR
116
1st way:
----------
Will I not have finished my bath before 8 am?
Will they not have built the house by tomorrow?
Will all others not have eaten food, before I attend the function?
Will the train not have left, before you reach the railway station?
Will She not have phoned them, before you stop her?
2nd way:
----------
Won't I have finished my bath before 8 am?
Won't they have built the house by tomorrow?
Won't all others have eaten food, before I attend the function?
Won't the train have left, before you reach the railway station?
Won't She have phoned them, before you stop her?
Remember: Won't = Will not
Dear friends, in the above examples, some sentences (examples) have 2 parts such as 1) Future
perfect & 2) Simple Present. We don't change "Simple Present". We always change only
"Future perfect". Remember it.
Kindly practise well. Take your pen and your notebook. Write more and more examples.
SRIDHAR
117
Tenses --- Post 46

=============
Future Perfect Continuous Tense --- Lesson 1
================================
My dear friends. Welcome. Now let us learn "Future Perfect Continuous Tense".
Structure:
--------------
1) The subject may be anything (I, We, You, He, She, It, They, etc.). After the subject, we put
“will have been”.
2) Verb is always in “ing” form. (Present Participle)
Examples:
-- She will have been working in this office for 10 years.
-- It will have been raining for 3 days.
Uses:
------
To tell a future continuing activity with a time word:
---------------------------------------------------------------
Dear Friends, an activity (action) is happening in future. We want to tell this using a time
period (for 3 months, 10 years etc.). For this purpose, we use this tense. And there are 3 cases
here.
Let us know those 3 cases slowly.
Case 1: Action started in the past --- Continuing in the future:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Let us imagine a situation.
Your government started to build a bridge in January, this year. Now this is June. Seven months
passed. The work is still continuing. what tense do we use to tell this action? We use "Present
perfect continuous tense". See the following sentence.
-- The government has been constructing the bridge for the last 7 months.
Let us change the above situation a little.

Your government started to build a bridge in January, this year. Now this is June. Seven months
passed. Even in December, this year, the work will be still continuing. Then the 12th month
will be continuing. what tense do we use to tell this action?
We should use "Future Perfect Continuous Tense". We tell this activity as following.
In December, the government will have been constructing the bridge for 12 months.
Now let us see some more examples.

SRIDHAR
118
-- In 2020, I will have been teaching for 6 years.

(I started teaching in 2015. I will be teaching in 2020 too.
Six years will be completed in 2020. Even then, I will be teaching.)
-- On 30th, she will have been practising tennis for 20 days.

(She started Practising Tennis on 11th. She will be practising tennis on 30th too. Twenty days
will be completed on 30th. Even then, she will be practising Tennis.)
Can we tell the above examples using "Future Continuous Tense"?
NO. Never. We should never tell the above examples using "Future Continuous Tense" The
following sentences are wrong.
-- In march, 2016, the government will be constructing the bridge for 15 months. (wrong)
-- In 2020, I will be teaching for 6 years. (wrong)
-- On 30th, she will be practising tennis for 20 days. (wrong)
The above 3 examples are wrong. Because we should not use "time periods (for 15 months, for
6 years, for 20 days)" with "Future Continuous tense". If we want to use time periods, surely,
we must use "Future Perfect Continuous tense".
Dear friends, for now, it is enough. If you understand the case-1, automatically you will
understand the remaining 2 cases. Read this lesson again and again. Practise well. Now I have a
challenge for you. I added a photo with this lesson. A clock is telling something. What is the
meaning of its words? Explain its words. Though your answer is wrong, you are a hero.
Winning is not important. Trying is important. Best of luck, friends.
SRIDHAR
119
Tenses --- Post 47

=============
================================
My dear friends, welcome. Now let us see some interesting things about "Future Perfect
Continuous Tense".
Case--2:
----------
Action starting in the Present --- Continuing in the future:
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Dear friends, let us imagine a situation.
This is June. Your government is starting the construction of a bridge, this month. In December,
this year, the work will be still continuing. Then the seventh month will be continuing. (From
June to December = 7 months). We want to tell this future continuing action including the
number of months.
To tell this activity, we should use "Future Perfect Continuous Tense". We tell this activity as
following.
-- In December, the government will have been constructing the bridge for 7 months.
-- On 10th, I will have been staying in Morocco for 5 days.

(Meaning: Today it is 6th, June. I am coming to Morocco today. I will continue to stay in
Morocco on 10th too.)
-- At 8 p.m., I will have been watching TV for 2 hours.

(Meaning: Now It is 6 p.m. I am starting to watch TV now. I will continue to watch TV at 8
p.m. too)
Case--3:
----------
Action will start in future --- Continuing in the future:
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Dear friends, Let’s take the same example once again and change it a little.
This is June. Your government will start the construction of a bridge in august (in future). In
December, this year, the work will be still continuing. Then the fifth month will be continuing.
(From August to December = 5 months). We want to tell this future continuing action including
the number of months.
To tell this activity, we should use "Future Perfect Continuous Tense". We tell this activity as
following.
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120
-- In December, the government will have been constructing the bridge for 5 months.
-- On 10th, I will have been staying in Morocco for 2 days.

(Meaning: Today it is 6th, June. I will come to Morocco on 9th. I will continue to stay in
Morocco on 10th too.)
At 9 p.m., I will have been watching TV for 2 hours.

(Meaning: Now It is 6 p.m. I will start watching TV at 7 p.m. I will continue to watch TV at 9
p.m. too)
Dear friends, in the above examples, I used "In December, on 10th, at 9 a.m.
If you want, you can use "by". But "by" means "before". Remember this. In the previous
lessons, we discussed the word "by" very clearly.
Dear friends, I must tell you one thing. This "Future Perfect Continuous Tense" is very rare in
our real life. Usually We don’t use this tense in our daily life. Because we don’t get a chance to
use this tense. Generally, we don’t get any need to use this tense. Even Americans and British
people use this tense very rarely.
SRIDHAR
121
Tenses --- Post 48

==============
=================================
Good afternoon, my dear friends,
We understood the sentence structure and uses of "Future Perfect Continuous Tense".
Now we are going to see 4 types of sentences in this tense.
My dear friends, let me tell you one thing. This is a less useful lesson. Because using
"Future Perfect Continuous Tense" is very rare in our daily life. Moreover, using
Negative sentences of this tense is extremely rare.
Using positive questions and negative questions of this tense is the rarest. Even If you
stay in England or in the USA for 5 years, you may not get a chance of using these
questions.
-------------------------------
Examples:
-- My dad will have been constructing our house for 2 years, in 2022.
-- We will have been staying in New Delhi for 10 months, by March.
-- They will have been waiting for us for 5 hours, by 10 p.m.
-- She will have been studying her course for 20 days, on 18th.
----------------------------
Examples:
-- My dad will not have been constructing our house for 2 years, in 2022.
-- We will not have been staying in New Delhi for 10 months, by March.
-- They will not have been waiting for us for 5 hours, by 10 p.m.
-- She will not have been studying her course for 20 days, on 18th.
SRIDHAR
122
--------------------------
Examples:
-- Will my dad have been constructing our house for 2 years, in 2022?
-- Will we have been staying in New Delhi for 10 months, by March?
-- Will they have been waiting for us for 5 hours, by 10 p.m.?
-- Will she have been studying her course for 20 days, on 18th?
---------------------------
Examples:
Won't my dad have been constructing our house for 2 years, in 2022?
Won't we have been staying in New Delhi for 10 months, by March?
Won't they have been waiting for us for 5 hours, by 10 p.m.?
Won't not she have been studying her course for 20 days, on 18th?
My dear friends, all the tenses are over. Daily practice them. Keep practising. Best of
luck.
SRIDHAR

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1

Topic Page Number

1) Simple Present Tense 5

5) Simple Past tense 57

9) Simple Future Tense 93

The Concept of Tenses

--Stephen is going to New York.

Akbar is a king. He went to a forest. He killed a lion.

What are subjective pronouns?

1) Present Tense, 2) Past Tense, and 3) Future Tense.

In this way, there are totally 12 tenses in English.

Friends, now you have to answer the below questions.

Tenses --- Post 2

1) Structure of the tense:

1) Structure of “Simple Present Tense”:

Note: singular noun= student, book, car, bird country etc.

a) usually we add "s" at the end of the verb.

2) To tell "Regular activities":

3) To tell Natural / General truths:

Tenses --- Post 3

4) To tell a future event that is part of a fixed timetable:

6) To write novels, stories and jokes:

7) To write Headlines (Headings) in Newspapers:

But in today’s newspaper, you see the below headlines.

-- "Donald Trump wins presidential election"

Why do the reporters and journalists write headlines like this?

There is a reason. In a newspaper, if you read "Obama won presidential election",

Tenses --- Post 4

8) To tell quotations of great people:

Shakespeare says “All, that glitters, is not gold”. (correct)

Son: Mom, I want to marry Rosy.

9) To tell Sports Commentaries:

Tenses --- Post 5

10) To prepare “Proverbs:

-- Barking dogs seldom bite.

11) Instead of “Present Continuous Tense:

Tenses --- Post 6

In the above sentences, you should observe 2 things.

Blindly remember the following 2 rules.

Note: In negative sentences of “simple present tense”,

Tenses --- Post 7

Friends, remember 2 things.

Now we have two doubts:

singular noun= student, book, car, bird country etc.

Note: Here the Verb is never attached with s/ es/ ies.

plural noun= students, people, books, cars, birds, countries etc.

Let us see the previous affirmative sentences once again.

-- Does not he go to school?

Tenses --- Post 8

Why am I giving many lessons for "Simple Present Tense?

Summary of “Simple Present Tense”:

Structure of “Simple present tense”:

Remember the following 2 rules.

Uses of “Simple Present Tense”:

2) To tell "Regular activities”:

3) To tell Natural / General truths:

4) To tell a future event that is part of a fixed timetable:

6) To write novels, stories and jokes:

7) To write Headline in Newspapers: