The document discusses air overpressure created by surface blasting. Air overpressure is the atmospheric pressure wave transmitted away from blast sites in the form of a wave that travels faster than the speed of sound. It includes both audible noise and inaudible concussions. Air overpressure is generated by the detonation of explosives and causes transient pressure waves for about a second. It can adversely impact structures through roofs, walls and windows by rarely causing damage but often causing annoyance to nearby residents. The document also discusses factors that influence drill hole deviation during rock blasting operations in surface mines and the consequences of deviation.
The document discusses air overpressure created by surface blasting. Air overpressure is the atmospheric pressure wave transmitted away from blast sites in the form of a wave that travels faster than the speed of sound. It includes both audible noise and inaudible concussions. Air overpressure is generated by the detonation of explosives and causes transient pressure waves for about a second. It can adversely impact structures through roofs, walls and windows by rarely causing damage but often causing annoyance to nearby residents. The document also discusses factors that influence drill hole deviation during rock blasting operations in surface mines and the consequences of deviation.
The document discusses air overpressure created by surface blasting. Air overpressure is the atmospheric pressure wave transmitted away from blast sites in the form of a wave that travels faster than the speed of sound. It includes both audible noise and inaudible concussions. Air overpressure is generated by the detonation of explosives and causes transient pressure waves for about a second. It can adversely impact structures through roofs, walls and windows by rarely causing damage but often causing annoyance to nearby residents. The document also discusses factors that influence drill hole deviation during rock blasting operations in surface mines and the consequences of deviation.
The document discusses air overpressure created by surface blasting. Air overpressure is the atmospheric pressure wave transmitted away from blast sites in the form of a wave that travels faster than the speed of sound. It includes both audible noise and inaudible concussions. Air overpressure is generated by the detonation of explosives and causes transient pressure waves for about a second. It can adversely impact structures through roofs, walls and windows by rarely causing damage but often causing annoyance to nearby residents. The document also discusses factors that influence drill hole deviation during rock blasting operations in surface mines and the consequences of deviation.
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Air overpressure:-
One of the principal disturbances created by surface blasting is air blast. In the surface blast, a part of the total blast energy escapes in to the atmosphere which is usually above speed of the sound, typically at 300m/sec in normal air . This over pressure wave is atmospheric. It is transmitted away from blast sites in the form of wave that travel at the called Air Blast or Air Over Pressure (AOP) [41]. Noise is the audible and infrasonic part of this wave spectrum from 20 Hz to 20 KHz [42]. Audible air blast is called noise and those inaudible to the human ear are called concussions [43].With detonation of explosives, transient air blast pressure waves get generated that lost for a about second. Cause of air blast was proposed as under
. Rock pressure pulse due to detonation of explosives.
Escape of gases from the blast hole when the stemming is ejected.
Escape of gases through the fractures created in the rock masses face.
Detonation of initiating cord in the open air.
Displacement of bench at the bench face.
Collision between projected fragments of rock.
Air blast adversely impacts the house through the roofs, walls and windows of the structures through rarely causing heaving damage. In addition it causes annoyance to the people living around mining areas. The main four reasons are discussed below.
1- Air Pressure Pulse
Each blast hole acts as (APP) source. From front row blast hole, air pressure pulses are generated and moves forcefully by the help of next rows pulses. But far behind the face, due to dispersion and refraction in pulses loses its APP spikes.
2- Rock pressure pulse
Rock pressure pulse is generated by vertical component of ground vibration. The relation between Rock pressure pulse (lb/in2 ) and vertical component (in/s) is V 0.0015RPP (15) Where, RPP is Rock pressure pulse and V is the vertical component of ground vibration.
3- Gas release pulse and stemming release pulse
These pulses depend upon stemming, spacing, burden and detonation velocity. GRP and SRP appear as series of spikes which are superimposed on the APP.
4- Types of Air noise
Air over pressure is of three types as
Audible noise (Direct noise)
Inaudible noise( Combination with ground motion which produce structural
motion and produce noise) High audible noise (produce crack in windows) S.NO. Air noise level in (dB) Description
1 115 Threshold of complaints
2 134 Bureau of mines recommended safe level of blasting
3 140 Historical Proven safe level
4 151 Occasional windows break
5 171 General windows break
6 180 Possible structure damage
Blast Hole Deviation
The paper deals with the issue relating to the deviation of drill holes during the rock blast operations in surface mines. Accurate drilling is of primary importance in every rock drilling process. It results in improved rock fragmentation and lower overall cost. Each hole should be drilled in the correct direction to the proper depth according to the designed drill pattern grid. However, during the drilling process, the actual drill hole path often deviates from the planned one, more or less.
Many factors influence the drill hole deviation such as the rock mass characteristics, the technical parameters of drilling equipment, the experience of drill operator, the angle drilled, geological conditions etc. Drill hole deviation can be measured. Nowadays, there are many precise deviation measurement systems. Many problems may occure if blast operators proceed to charge blast holes on the basis of the designed drill pattern grid on the assumption that holes are straight, rather than the actual drilling results.
Drill hole deviation may cause bad blasting results and increase blast and operating costs. Deviation in drilling has also an impact on fly rock accidents, injury to workers and property damage. The factors that lead to deviation during drilling, the consequences of deviation and measures to be taken to minimize drill hole deviation will be presented in this paper.
