Computers & Fluids: Muhammad Ashraf, M. Anwar Kamal, K.S. Syed
Computers & Fluids: Muhammad Ashraf, M. Anwar Kamal, K.S. Syed
Computers & Fluids: Muhammad Ashraf, M. Anwar Kamal, K.S. Syed
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: A numerical study is presented for the two-dimensional flow of a micropolar fluid in a porous channel.
Received 29 July 2008 The channel walls are of different permeability. The fluid motion is superimposed by the large injection
Received in revised form 23 April 2009 at the two walls and is assumed to be steady, laminar and incompressible. The micropolar model due to
Accepted 23 April 2009
Eringen is used to describe the working fluid. The governing equations of motion are reduced to a set of
Available online 3 May 2009
non-linear coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in dimensionless form by using an extension of
Berman’s similarity transformations. A numerical algorithm based on finite difference discretization is
employed to solve these ODEs. The results obtained are further improved by Richardson’s extrapolation
for higher order accuracy. Comparisons with the previously published work are performed and are found
to be in a good agreement. It has been observed that the velocity and microrotation profiles change from
the most asymmetric shape to the symmetric shape across the channel as the parameter R or the perme-
ability parameter A are varied between their extreme values. The results indicate that larger the injection
velocity at a wall relative to the other is, smaller will be the shear stress at it than that at the other. The
position of viscous layer has been found to be more sensitive to the permeability parameter A than to the
parameter R. The micropolar fluids reduce shear stress and increase couple stress at the walls as com-
pared to the Newtonian fluids.
Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0045-7930/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compfluid.2009.04.009
1896 M. Ashraf et al. / Computers & Fluids 38 (2009) 1895–1902
linear function of the distance from the leading edge measured @ q=@t þ r ðqVÞ ¼ 0; ð2Þ
from the position of the dye. They presented a solution using a ðk þ 2l þ jÞrðr VÞ ðl þ jÞr r V þ jr t rp
power-series expansion of the velocity and microrotation func- _
þ qf ¼ qV; ð3Þ
tions taking the vortex viscosity as a parameter. The numerical
solution of the steady, laminar, incompressible and two-dimen- ða þ b þ cÞrðr tÞ cðr r tÞ þ jr V 2jt þ ql
sional flow of a micropolar fluid between two porous coaxial disks ¼ qjt_ : ð4Þ
was examined by Anwar Kamal et al. [13]. They used the similarity
transformation similar to that of Berman [1]. The finite difference In these equations V is the fluid velocity vector, t the microrotation,
equations were solved using SOR method. The results were further q the density, p the pressure, f and l are body force and body couple
refined by Richardson’s extrapolation method. per unit mass, respectively, j the microinertia, k; l; a; b; c; j, the
In the present work the numerical solutions of the steady, lam- material constants (or viscosity coefficients) and the dot signifies
inar and incompressible flow of a micropolar fluid through parallel material derivative.
and uniformly porous walls of different permeability are investi- For the two-dimensional problem under consideration, there
gated. The main flow is superimposed by the large injection at will be only two non-zero velocity components, the streamwise
the two porous walls. The transformed ODEs are discretized using velocity u in the x-direction and the normal velocity v in the y-
the central finite differences. The formulation of the problem is direction both depending on x and y. We may, therefore, express
given in Section 2. Section 3 contains the details of numerical algo- the velocity and microrotation vectors in the form
rithm, which we used to solve the problem. Finally, the results are V ¼ ðuðx; yÞ; v ðx; yÞ; 0Þ;
discussed and presented in tabular as well as graphical form in Sec- ð5Þ
t ¼ ð0; 0; /ðx; yÞÞ:
tion 4. A comparison of some results of micropolar and Newtonian
fluids is also given for the validation of our results. Using (5) the equations of motion (2)–(4) for our problem take the
form
2 2 0
ððl þ jÞV 2 =d Þf 00 jV 2 g=d @ p=@y ¼ qV 22 ff =d; ð15Þ tions for the derivatives. This results into the following difference
00 2 00 2 0 0 equations
cg þ jd f þ 2jd g ¼ qjdV 2 ðf g fg Þ: ð16Þ
2
ð2 þ Rhfn Þpn1 ð4 2Rh pn Þpn þ ð2 Rhfn Þpnþ1
The prime denotes differentiation with respect to g.
2
Boundary conditions (10) in view of (13) are reduced to the fol- ¼ hc1 ðg n1 g nþ1 Þ þ 2Bh ; ð25Þ
lowing dimensionless form. 2 2
ð2 c3 hfn Þg n1 ð4 þ 4c2 h þ 2c3 h pn Þg n þ ð2 þ c3 hfn Þg nþ1
3
f 0 ð1Þ ¼ 0; f 0 ð1Þ ¼ 0; ¼ c2 hðpnþ1 pn1 Þ; ð26Þ
7
f ð1Þ ¼ 1 A; f ð1Þ ¼ 1; 5 ð17Þ
where h represents the grid length, fn f ðgn Þ; pn pðgn Þ and
gð1Þ ¼ 0; gð1Þ ¼ 0: g n gðgn Þ.
After eliminating the pressure term from Eqs. (14) and (15) we The algebraic system of equations represented by the above
obtain equations is solved iteratively by SOR method, Hildebrand [17],
subject to the appropriate boundary conditions (24).
f ðiv Þ c1 g 00 þ Rðf 0 f 00 ff Þ ¼ 0:
000
ð18Þ In order to accelerate the iterative procedure and to improve
the accuracy of the solution, the solution procedure is mainly
Integration of Eq. (18) with respect to g yields
based on the algorithm described in [18]. A brief description of
00
f 000 c1 g 0 þ Rðf 02 ff Þ ¼ B; ð19Þ the procedure is given below.
Iterative procedure: For a suitable choice of the values of the grid
where B is a constant of integration.Eq. (16) can be rewritten as
size h and the relaxation parameter x, an iterative procedure is
0
g 00 þ c2 ðf 00 þ 2gÞ ¼ c3 ðf 0 g fg Þ: ð20Þ started with some initial guess for the values of the constant of
integration B and the solution vectors p, g and f, where kth iteration
In the above equations, R is the parameter based on the injec-
performs the following steps:
tion velocity at the walls, and c1, c2 and c3 are dimensionless micro-
polar material properties characterizing the vortex viscosity, the
1. A new approximation for the solution of the finite difference
spin gradient viscosity and the microinertia density, respectively.
Eqs. (25) and (26), p(k+1) and g(k+1), respectively, is generated
These quantities are defined as
by SOR method [17] subject to the boundary conditions
2
R ¼ qV 2 d=ðl þ jÞ; c1 ¼ j=ðl þ jÞ; c2 ¼ jd =c imposed on p and g in (24).
and c3 ¼ qjV 2 d=c: 2. A new approximation for the solution of the differential Eq.
(21), f (k+1), is computed by Simpson’s rule [15] subject to the
Since R involves V2, therefore R < 0 for injection at the upper wall. first boundary condition given in (24), where p(k+1) is employed
We observe that the Eq. (19) reduces to the corresponding gov- for p in Eq. (25).
erning equation for the Newtonian fluid as given in [4–6] whereas 3. P (k+1), g (k+1) and f (k+1) are compared with p(k), g(k) and f (k),
the Eq. (20) becomes identically zero for vanishing microrotation respectively, to test for the convergence.
and j = 0.This validates our model for the micropolar fluid motion.
The iterative procedure is stopped if the following criteria are
3. Numerical solution satisfied for three consecutive iterations:
The governing equations (19) and (20) being highly non-linear kpðkþ1Þ pðkÞ kL2 < TOLiter ; ð27Þ
cannot be solved analytically. We use a finite difference based ðkþ1Þ ðkÞ
kf f kL2 < TOLiter ; ð28Þ
numerical algorithm to solve this coupled pair of equations. Since
kg ðkþ1Þ g ðkÞ kL2 < TOLiter : ð29Þ
Eq. (19) is a third order ODE, following [13,14], we use the method
of reduction of order to get a system of a first order and a second For all the results discussed here, we have taken at least 1012 as
order ODE equivalent to Eq. (19). For this, we use the substitution the value of TOLiter.
0
p = f in the problem determined by Eqs. (19), (20) and (17) and Finding constant of integration: The constant of integration B is
obtain the following equivalent problem. determined by hit and trial by requiring that the computed value
Solve of f at the upper boundary g = 1 matches with the given boundary
f 0 ¼ p; ð21Þ value of f up to a specified tolerance.
0 Improving order of accuracy by extrapolation: To increase the
p00 c1 g 0 þ Rðp2 fp Þ ¼ B; ð22Þ
order of accuracy, the discrete problem is first solved on a basic
00 0 0
g þ c2 ðp þ 2gÞ ¼ c3 ðpg fg Þ ð23Þ grid, say h 2 [0, H] for H > 0. A sequence of approximate solutions
is then computed on successively refined grids. Let U(hl) denote
subject to the boundary conditions
3 the discrete solution corresponding to the step sizes
pð1Þ ¼ 0; pð1Þ ¼ 0;
7 H
f ð1Þ ¼ 1 A; f ð1Þ ¼ 1; 5 ð24Þ hl ¼ ; l ¼ 1; 2; 3; . . . ;
nl
gð1Þ ¼ 0; gð1Þ ¼ 0:
where U(hl) stands for either of p and f and {nl} is a sequence of inte-
We note that the method of reduction of order not only facilitates gers associated with the step size sequence {hl} to govern the suc-
the determination of numerical solution of Eq. (19) but also gives cessive refinement procedure. There are several choices for the
velocity field as a solution of Eq. (22). sequence {nl} found in literature. We use the Romberg sequence
For the numerical solution of the above problem we first dis- given below:
cretize the domain [1, 1] uniformly with step h. The solution pro-
SR ¼ f1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32; 64; 128; 256; 512; 1024g:
cedure may be described as follows. Eq. (21) is integrated using
Simpson’s rule Gerald [15] with the formula given in Milne [16]. On the basis of solutions U(hl), higher order approximations to
Eqs. (22) and (23) are discretized at a typical grid point g = gn of the exact solutions can be obtained by the use of Richardson’s
the interval [1, 1] by employing central difference approxima- extrapolation. This process can be carried out using any extrapola-
1898 M. Ashraf et al. / Computers & Fluids 38 (2009) 1895–1902
Table 5 1.2
Shear and couple stresses at the lower and upper walls for c1 = 1.7, c2 = 1.8 and
1
c3 = 1.9, R = 20 and various values of A.
0.8
f(η )
A f 00 (1) f 00 (1) g 0 (1) g 0 (1)
0.6 R=0
1.0 12.9490 3.1575 1.8460 1.2118 R = - 10
0.4 R = - 50
1.2 12.0356 4.1926 2.1296 1.5017
1.4 11.2159 5.4288 2.3628 1.8111 0.2 R = - 300
1.6 10.6757 6.8757 2.5513 2.1373
0
1.8 10.4203 8.5304 2.7029 2.4766
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2.0 10.3851 10.3851 2.8256 2.8256 -0.2
-0.4 η
-0.6
the lower wall. This results into smaller value of streamwise veloc-
-0.8
ity gradient at the upper wall and its larger value at the lower wall.
The influence of permeability parameter A on shear and couple Fig. 3. Normal velocity profiles for A = 1.6, c1 = 3.2, c2 = 3.3 and c3 = 3.4 and various
stresses is shown in Table 5 for a fixed value of R and material con- values of R.
stants c1, c2 and c3. As A is increased, the shear stress at the lower
wall decreases while it increases at the upper wall. For this case, 0.5
the shear stress at the lower wall is maximum while it is minimum
0.4
in magnitude at the upper wall. This is the most asymmetric case.
g(η)
0.3
We note from Table 5 that as A is increased from 1 to 2 the shear R=0
stress at the lower wall decreases from its maximum value to a 0.2 R = - 10
R = - 50
minimum value while at the upper wall its magnitude increases 0.1
R = - 300
from its minimum value to the maximum value so that for A = 2, 0
the shear stress at both the walls becomes equal in magnitude -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.1
reflecting the symmetry of the problem. The couple stresses in-
-0.2 η
crease at both the walls by increasing A. A comparison of Tables
4 and 5 show that the Parameter R and permeability parameter A -0.3
have opposite effects on the shear stresses at the two walls. -0.4
The influence of the micropolar parameters c1, c2 and c3 on the -0.5
shear and couple stresses is given in Table 6. It is concluded that
the shear stresses decrease whereas the couple stresses increase Fig. 4. Microrotation profiles for A = 1.6, c1 = 3.2, c2 = 3.3 and c3 = 3.4 and various
at the walls by increasing the values of micropolar parameters c1, values of R.
c2 and c3.
Now in order to investigate the effect of dimensionless con-
stants c1, c2 and c3, R and A on the primary flow fields, we give 3.5
graphical presentation of the streamwise and normal velocity pro-
3
files, and the microrotation across the channel. The influence of the
parameter R on the streamwise velocity is presented in Fig. 2 for 2.5
fixed values of A and c1, c2 and c3.
2
f ' (η )
Table 6 1.5
The effect of micropolar material parameters c1, c2 and c3 on shear and couple stresses Case 1
1 Case 2
for R = 40 and A = 1.8.
Case 3
Case c1 c2 c3 f 00 (1) f 00 (1) g 0 (1) g 0 (1) 0.5
Fig. 5. Streamwise velocity profiles for R = 40, A = 1.8 and three cases of c1, c2 and c3.
2.5 1.2
1
2 0.8
f( η)
Case 1
0.6
Case 2
1.5
f ' (η )
Case 3 0.4
R=0 0.2
1
R = - 10 0
R = - 50 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0.5 R = - 300 η
-0.4
0 -0.6
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
η -0.8
-1
Fig. 2. Streamwise velocity profiles for A = 1.6, c1 = 3.2, c2 = 3.3 and c3 = 3.4 and
various values of R. Fig. 6. Normal velocity profiles for R = 40, A = 1.8 and three cases of c1, c2 and c3.
1900 M. Ashraf et al. / Computers & Fluids 38 (2009) 1895–1902
1.5 injection velocity at the lower wall to be 60% of that at the upper
wall, the profile becomes asymmetric pushed towards the lower
1 wall. As the magnitude of R is increased, the profile becomes more
g(η)
Case 1
Case 2 asymmetric. The point of maximum velocity is shifted towards the
Case 3 0.5 lower wall and the streamwise velocity on the lower wall side
increases while it decreases on the upper wall side. For large value
0 of R, the effect of varying R tends to become insignificant.
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Fig. 3 presents the profiles of normal velocity component across
-0.5 η the channel to reflect the influence of R on its behavior for typical
values of A and dimensionless constants c1, c2 and c3.
-1 The normal velocity takes its dimensionless value 1 at the
lower wall and increases to1 at the upper wall with a point of
-1.5 inflection somewhere near the centre of the channel where it
changes its concavity. As the magnitude of R is increased, the pro-
Fig. 7. Microrotation profiles for R = 40, A = 1.8 and three cases of c1, c2 and c3. files reflect significant increase in the normal velocity within the
channel away from the walls for 50 6 R 6 0. As R is further in-
creased in magnitude, its effect becomes less influential and the
f'(η)
3.5 gaps between the profiles appear to approach zero as R ! 1. This
A = 1.0
3
is due to the constraints of normal velocity being 1 at the lower
A = 1.2
A = 1.4 wall and 1 at the upper wall, which do not allow the normal veloc-
A = 1.6 2.5 ity to increase indefinitely as the magnitude of R is increased.
A = 1.8 The behavior of the microrotation across the channel for fixed
A = 2.0 2
values of A, c1, c2 and c3 and for different values of R is shown graph-
1.5 ically in Fig. 4. The shear stresses at the two walls tend to rotate the
1
fluid in opposite directions because of which the microrotation has
opposite signs near the walls. When R = 0, the effect of shear stres-
0.5 ses propagates at equal rate from the walls across the channel
0
resulting into zero microrotation at the mid point of the channel.
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 As the magnitude of R is increased, the microrotation increases,
η and the point of zero microrotation moves towards the lower wall.
Figs. 5–7 show streamwise and normal velocity and microrota-
Fig. 8. Streamwise velocity profiles for R = 20, c1 = 1.7, c2 = 1.8 and c3 = 1.9 and
various values of A.
tion profiles for three sets of values of c1, c2 and c3 (given in Table
1) when A and R are fixed. The values of c1, c2 and c3 have signifi-
cant effect on microrotation as compared to their effect on stream-
For R = 0, the profile is symmetric and parabolic with respect to wise and normal velocity profiles. The maximum value of
the centre of the channel, the well known couette flow with zero streamwise velocity and microrotation increases as we increase
velocity at the walls and maximum velocity at the centre of the the values of c1, c2 and c3.
channel. When the non-zero injection velocity V2 is imposed at The effect of A on the velocity and microrotation profiles is
the upper wall (i.e. R < 0), for A = 1.6 which corresponds to the shown in Figs. 8–10 for fixed values of R and c1, c2 and c3. The
1.5
A = 1.0
A = 1.2
1
A = 1.4
f (η)
A = 1.6
A = 1.8
A = 2.0
0.5
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
- 0.5
-1
-1.5
Fig. 9. Normal velocity profiles for R = 20, c1 = 1.7, c2 = 1.8, c3 = 1.9 and various values of A.
M. Ashraf et al. / Computers & Fluids 38 (2009) 1895–1902 1901
0.4
0.3
A = 1.0
g (η)
A = 1.2
A = 1.4
0.2
A = 1.6
A = 1.8
A = 2.0 0.1
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
η
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
Fig. 10. Microrotation profiles for R = 20, c1 = 1.7, c2 = 1.8, c3 = 1.9 and various values of A.
streamwise velocity increases by increasing A across a major part A. The maximum value of microrotation increases while the mini-
of the channel on the upper wall side and the profile tends to be- mum value decreases as A is increased so that they reach their
come symmetric as A is increased from 1 to 2. The maximum value respective extremes at A = 2. A comparison of the profiles of
of streamwise velocity increases by increasing A. The normal veloc- streamwise velocity for Newtonian and micropolar fluids shown
ity profiles given in Fig. 9 are helpful in finding the position of vis- in Fig. 11 validates our micropolar model. Table 7 compares wall
cous layer, which is developed due to the injection at the two shear stresses and the position of viscous layer for Newtonian fluid
walls. The position of viscous layer is a point where f(g) = 0. We with those for the three cases of micropolar fluids considered in
observe from Fig. 9 that the position of viscous or shear layer the present work. Comparison of Newtonian results with the Case
moves towards the centre of the channel as we increase A. For 1, results of micropolar fluids, shows that for smaller values of c1, c2
A = 2, this viscous layer coincides with the centre of the channel and c3 there is no significant effect of micropolar structure on the
and the problem reduces to the symmetrical injection case, dis- shear stresses. However, as c1, c2 and c3 are increased (Case 2
cussed by Berman [1] for Newtonian fluids. A comparison of Figs. and Case 3), the wall shear stresses decrease significantly indicat-
3 and 9 shows that the position of viscous layer is more sensitive ing that microrotation decreases the viscous forces and increases
to the permeability parameter A than to the parameter R. From the couple stresses at the walls. This fact has also been observed
microrotation profiles shown in Fig. 10, it can be observed that by [20] for the flow and heat transfer of micropolar fluids between
the position of the point where the curves change their concavity two porous disks.
goes on shifting towards the centre of the channel by increasing
5. Conclusions
3
In the present work we have considered the numerical solution
of the problem of two-dimensional steady, laminar and incom-
2.5 pressible flow of a micropolar fluid in a channel with parallel por-
ous walls of different permeability. The problem of channel flow
with one permeable and the other impermeable wall and that of
2
Table 7
1.5 Comparison of the Newtonian and micropolar results.
f '(η)
the symmetric channel flow with both permeable or both imper- [2] Cox SM. Analysis of steady flow in a channel with one porous wall, or with
accelerating walls. SIAM J Appl Math 1991;51(2):429–38.
meable walls occur as special cases of the present problem corre-
[3] Brady JF. Flow development in a porous channel and tube. Phys Fluids
sponding to the parametric values A = 1 and R < 0, A = 2 and R < 0 1984;27:1061–7.
and R = 0 and A arbitrary, respectively. The objective of the present [4] Shrestha GM, Terrill RM. Laminar flow with large injection through parallel
study is to investigate the effects of the parameter R and perme- and uniformly porous walls of different permeability. Quart J Mech Appl Math
1968;21(4):413–32.
ability parameter A, determined by the injection velocities at the [5] Terrill RM, Shrestha GM. Laminar flow through parallel and uniformly porous
two walls, and the material constants on the flow variables. The walls of different permeability. ZAMP 1965;16:470–82.
results indicate that the parameters R and A have a strong influence [6] Terrill RM. Laminar flow in a uniformly porous channel with large injection.
Aeronaut Q 1965;15:299–310.
on the velocity and microrotation profiles, shear and couple stres- [7] Waston EB, Banks WHH, Zaturska MB, Drazen PG. On transition to chaos in
ses at the walls, and the position of the viscous/shear layer. The two-dimensional channel flow symmetrically driven by accelerating walls. J
velocity and microrotation profiles change from the most asym- Fluid Mech 1990;212:451–85.
[8] Robinson WA. The existence of multiple solutions for the laminar flow in a
metric shape to the symmetric shape across the channel as R is in- uniformly porous channel with suction at both walls. J Eng Math
creased from some negative value to zero or the permeability 1976;10:23–40.
parameter A is increased from 1 to 2. The shear stress at a wall [9] Eringen AC. Simple microfluids. Int J Eng Sci 1964;2:205–17.
[10] Eringen AC. Theory of micropolar fluids. J Math Mech 1966;16:1–8.
depends strongly on the injection velocity at it determined by [11] Guram GS, Anwar M. Micropolar flow due to a rotating disc with suction and
the choice of the values of R and A. Larger the injection velocity injection. ZAMM 1981;61:589–605.
at a wall relative to the other is, smaller will be the shear stress [12] Kelson NA, Desseaux A. Flow of a micropolar fluid bounded by stretching
sheet. ANZIAM J 2000;42(E):535–60.
at it than that at the other. The position of viscous layer has been
[13] Kamal MA, Ashraf Muhammad, Syed KS. Numerical solution of steady viscous
found to be more sensitive to the permeability parameter A than flow of a micropolar fluid driven by injection between two porous disks. Appl
to the parameter R. The material constants c1, c2 and c3 have pro- Math Comput 2006;179:1–10.
found effect on microrotation as compared to their effect on [14] Chamkha AJ. Effects of heat generation/absorption and thermophoresis on
hydromagnetic flow with heat and mass transfer over a flat surface. Int J
streamwise and normal velocity profiles. For the fluids with larger Numer Methods Heat Fluid Flow 2000;10(4):432–49.
values of these material constants, the effect of micropolar struc- [15] Gerald CF. Applied numerical analysis. Reading, MA: Addison–Wesley
ture cannot be ignored. The micropolar fluids reduce magnitude Publishing Company; 1974.
[16] Milne WE. Numerical solutions of differential equations. New York: John Wiley
of shear stress and increase that of couple stress at the walls as and Sons; 1953.
compared to the Newtonian fluids. [17] Hildebrand FB. Introduction to numerical analysis. Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company, Ltd.; 1978.
[18] Syed KS, Tupholme GE, Wood AS. Iterative solution of fluid flow in finned
Acknowledgements tubes. In: Taylor C, Cross JT, editors. Proceedings of the 10th international
conference on numerical methods in laminar and turbulent flow 429–
440. Swansea, UK: Pineridge Press; 1997. p. 21–5.
The authors are thankful to Dr. Michel Deville and the referees
[19] Deuflhard P. Order and step-size control in extrapolation methods. Numer
for their valuable suggestions. Math 1983;41:399–422.
[20] Takhar HS, Bhargava R, Agraval RS, Balaji AVS. Finite element solution of
micropolar flow and heat transfer between two porous disks. Int J Eng Sci
References 2000;38:1907–22.
[21] Chang Cheng Long. Numerical simulation of micropolar fluid flow along a flat
[1] Berman AS. Laminar flow in channels with porous walls. J Appl Phys plate with wall conduction and buoyancy effects. J Phys D Appl Phys
1953;24:1232–5. 2006;39:1132–40.