Chapter 2 Literature

CHAPTER 2.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter discusses about how the translation product can be finished with
relevant procedure also supported by the appropriate process based on types of the
text. In presenting the discussion it also completed with Definition of translation,
types of text, more specific to the methods, procedure and the process of translation.
2.1 Definition of Translation

During the development of knowledge, there are many kinds of definition of
translation from experts that described in some references. Translation is activity for
transferring one language to another target language in to make people easier in
understanding the information, contain or message of the references itself. That
explanation is related with the opinion from Newmark (1998) stated that translation
was rendering the meaning of the text into another language in the way that the
author intended the text. Meaning of language from words, phrases, clauses,
paragraph, and other, both oral and written in translation, the source language from
was change to the recipient language form. Based on Hatim and Munday (2004)
translation were two sense; the first sense was as a process focus on the role of the
translation in taking SL and turning into TL, and second sense center on the concrete
translation product procedure by the translator. So, based on the explanation between
both different experts about definition of translation has the same meaning that
rendering or turning SL into TL and also it emphasizes that the result of translation
should be watched clearly and focus in order that it can get the concrete product
produce by the translator
2.2 Types of Text

There are three kinds of text which needs different technique in translation
according to Reiss (1976) in Munday (2008). Informative text is the first type of this
text which is usually documents that representing the information and facts related
with a certain object. Textbook, report, operating instruction are the examples of this
text. To translate this text, the translator should transmit the full referential or content
of the source text. It should be plain prose and without redundancy and using the
4
5
explication when required. The second type is expressive text which is expressing
the author’s feeling and the aesthetic style is applied deeply in this text. The example
of expressive text is poem, play, and the song. The translator should transmit the
aesthetic form of the source text and identify the methods that suitable with the
author’s point of view. The last type is operative texts which are persuasive language
dominant in this text aim to persuade the reader with the content and to act in a
certain way. Sermon, advertisement, and the official speech are the example of this
text. The translator should employ the adaptive methods and creating the equivalent
effect among the target text readers. Each type of text has their own characteristic
and has their own way to translate so that it can conclude that there is no best method
in translating a text, it depends on the type of text. Based on explanation above, the
book entitled Introduction to Algorithms for Information Technology is categorized
as informative text because it is containing with academic text which provide some
information.
2.3 The Methods and Procedures of Translation

Newmark (1988) in Ordudari (2007), mention that the translation methods
related to the whole text while translation procedures are used for sentences and the
smaller units of language. Further, Newmark (1998) divided the methods of
translation into two groups. One of group which is focuses on the source language
emphasis and consists of four kinds of translation methods. These are the methods:
a. Word-for-word translation:
Word-for-word translation is the translation method in which the source language
word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common
meanings.
b. Literal translation:
It is kinds of translation method in which the source language grammatical
constructions are converted to their nearest target language equivalents, but the
lexical words are again translated singly.
6
c. Faithful translation:
The translation method which attempts to produce the precise contextual
meaning of the original within the constraints of the target language grammatical
structures is called faithful translation.
d. Semantic translation:
Semantic translation is the translation method which differs from 'faithful
translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the
source language text.
Another group focuses on the target language emphasis and also consists of four
kinds of translation methods. These are the methods:
a. Adaptation
It is kinds of translation method which is the freest form of translation, and is
used mainly for expressive text. The source language culture is converted to the
target language culture and the text is rewritten.
b. Free translation
Free translation is the translation method which produces the target language text
without the style, form, or content of original.
c. Idiomatic translation
Is the translation method that reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends
to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these
do not exist in the original.
d. Communicative translation
The translation method that attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of
the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and
comprehensible to the readership is called communicative translation.
Picture 2.1 V Diagram of Translation Methods by Newmark (1998)

7
During the translation project, some procedures are needed by the translator in order
to handle the translation process. According to Nida (1964:241) there are two kinds
of procedures that the translator can used during their project, these are procedure of
translation by Nida (1964):
a. Technical Procedure
The technical procedure consists of three phases such as analysis the source and
target language, study due to the source language text before making an effort to
translate it and making a determination of equivalence between the source language
and target language.
b. Organizational Procedure
The technical procedure applied to all types of translating, but there are different
types of procedural problem. The organizational procedure involved general
organization such work, whether translation by a single or one person, and also as in
many instances or committee. The implication is that the most important different
between translation by one person and by the committee can be related to the fact
that the revision is most often carried out by the committee, because usually larger
constituencies have more personal interest. In this condition, there are more people
who have to be consulted, or who think they should be consulted.
Based on the explanation above, the writer could summarize that each expert has
their own methods and procedures in conducting a translation project. All of them try
to make a result of the translation as idiomatic as the original text and all of the idea
from the source text transferred perfectly so that the readers will understand and
catch the idea easily. There is no best methods and procedures for the translation
project. It is depends on the translator’s need during this translation project so that
the writer will use some of the procedure above.
2.4 The Process of Translation

Nida and Taber’s translation process includes three phases. It is analysis,
transfer, and restructuring. It improved by Suryawinata and Hariyanto (2003:19) and
produces four phases of translation process. They are analysis or understanding the
text, transferring the idea, reconstruction, then evaluation and also revision.
8
Picture 2.2 Nida and Taber’s translation process that have already improved by
Suryawinata and Hariyanto (2003:19)
For the details, here is the explanation from the picture above.
1. Analysis and understanding the source text.
In this phase, the source text should be analyzed based on the grammatical
structure, the meaning of words and the combination, textual and contextual
meaning.
2. Transferring the idea from the source text to the target language.
After the source text has been analyzed, the next phase is transferring the idea
into the target language. In this phase there has been no result of the translation
project.
3. Reconstruction.
The translator tried to find the suitable words, phrases, and the sentence
structures that can be represent the meaning of the source text in this phase.
4. Evaluation and revision.
After all the texts have already translated into the target language, the result of
the translation process will be evaluated and re-matched with the original one. If
there is something inappropriate, the evaluation and the revision is needed to make it
better.
Another translation process is come from Banjar (2009). He devided the
translation process into three phases:
9
1) Analysis of the source text.

This phase, focus on complete understanding about the source text itself. Some
steps that have to be done in this phase are general reading of the source text,
underlining the unfamiliar words, looking up the difficult word in a dictionary,
understanding the difficult word and get the point of view of the source text.
2) Transfer of the text into the target language.
This phase focus on writing a draft of translation of the text into the target
language, paying a special attention to the grammar and the spelling of the target
text, including all the details mentioned in the source text, and trying to make the
target text as original as possible and sound natural not translated.
3) Revision of the translation result.
It aims to give a correct and a final translation as a target text. When the result of
the translation is completed, editing will make the result can be better. Here the steps
in editing process:
a) Make sure that all the details of the source text are found in the target
text.
b) Check the spelling and the grammar of the target text.
c) Try to make the translated version sounds natural in the target language
form.
d) Read the translation after finishing the correction without referring to
the source text to emphasize the naturalness of the target text.
Both of the translation process explained above actually almost the same. The
process of Banjar does not state a reconstruction phase but in the phase of transfering
idea of the source, the similar activity like in the reconstruction phase by Nida and
Taber are also carried out. Based on the writer’s opinion, the process of Banjar here
is more practical during the translation process.

Chapter 2 Literature

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 Literature

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 Literature

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 2.

2.1 Definition of Translation

2.2 Types of Text

2.3 The Methods and Procedures of Translation

Picture 2.1 V Diagram of Translation Methods by Newmark (1998)

2.4 The Process of Translation

1) Analysis of the source text.

You might also like