Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

PROPOSED DESIGN FOR A FOUR-STOREY BUILDING FROM A TWO-STOREY BUILDING

OF PUBLIC SCHOOL IN MANDAUE CITY

A Project Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Engineering

University of Cebu – Main Campus

Sanciangko St., Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By:

Ritchmon C. Gonzales

Cedy Correa

Joshua Canete

October 2018
APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis paper entitled “A PROPOSED FOUR STOREY CLASSROOM AS A

RECOMMENDATION FOR THE INCREASING NUMBER OF STUDENT POPULATION AT

MANDAUE CITY AREA” has been prepared and submitted by Ritchmon C. Gonzales,

Cedy Correa and Joshua Canetein partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering and is hereby examined, accepted and

approved.

ENGR. LARRY C. ZAFICO ENGR. KENNY GLENN SILUD

Adviser Panel Member

ENGR. FEDERICO A. AVES JR.

Chairman/Research Coordinator, College of Engineering

ENGR. GREG R. BELONGILOT

Dean, College of Engineering

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to thank first, the divine providence, the Almighty one,

who enlightened their minds, gave strength and made the study possible.

The researchers would like to extend their greatest gratitude to the people who

helped, contributed, and supported them in the success and completion of the study.

Our high indebts, to Engr. Larry Zafico, our adviser, who guided and assisted in

the making of the study and also to Engr. Kenny Glenn Silud for sharing to us his ideas,

giving us pointers and instructions.

Warm appreciation to Engr. Federico Aves, the subject adviser, and Engr. Greg

Belongilot, the Dean, who passionately gave inspiration in the course.

And Lastly to the parents, for their profound and never-ending love and support

in terms of financial, moral, spiritual, and emotional support throughout the study.

S
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Approval Sheet i

Acknowledgement ii

Abstract vii

Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Scope

1.1 1
1.2 4
1.3 7
1.4 8
1.5 9
1.6 10
1.7 13
Chapter2

Presentation of Results, Analysis and Interpretation 16

Chapter 3

Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations 25

Bibliography 27

References 28

Appendices 29

Curriculum Vitae 32
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1: 16

Table 2: 16

Table 3: 18

Table 4: 19

Table 5: 20

Table 6: 21

Table 7: 22

Table 3-2: 24

24
 ABSTRACT

\
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

1.1 Rationale of the Study

A Grade 7 student, attends a class of 68 in a public junior high school in Mandaue City.

The school where Student goes to only holds half-day classes to accommodate the

close to a thousand students from Grades 7 to 10.

Grades 9 and 10 students attend class at 6:30 a.m. until 12 noon.

The students will have to completely vacate the classrooms by 12:15 p.m. to make way

for the Grade 7 and 8 students who will hold class in the same classrooms until 5:45

p.m.

The Department of Education in Central Visayas (DepEd-7) admits that the lack of

classrooms in public schools is still prevalent.

But Dr. Juliet Jeruta, DepEd-7 regional director, said that the lack of classrooms is not

because of lack of funds but due to the absence of buildable space.

Jeruta said that schools, particularly in the cities, have very little space left, making it

difficult to build additional classrooms and cope with the increasing number of students.

Based on the DepEd-7 data, 4,479 classrooms have been approved for construction

since 2016. Of this number, however, only 329 classrooms have been completed, while

the construction of some 2,322 classrooms still on hold.

Projects for over 400 classrooms have not been started while the funds for 56

classrooms projects in the region had reverted to the government’s

coffers.

In MCCNHS also known as Mandaue City Comprehensive National High School, high

school levels have their half days due to the large amount of student but don’t have

enough classrooms. Therefore, the faculty and school don’t have choice and have this

kind of set-up. Moreover, this set-up isn’t good enough because it’s not an easy way for

students to study with less than a week's time.

The solution of this problem was not only in regards to money but also to find ways to

limit and save land to build the said building. The researchers were deeply concerned

about the increasing population of students nowadays and on how would the students

be able to be educated properly when the classrooms can’t even accommodate all of

them in public schools? This is one of the major problem the city have. Because of this

scenario, the researchers are planning to retrofitting the existing building. Due to the

fact that the school were overpopulated and a two storey building are not enough to

accommodate the students. The researchers would like to propose a solution of a four-

storey building to have a more space and additional classrooms. The researcher thinks

that this is a relevant way to conserve land area and to lessen the expenses to the

government.
1.2 Theoretical Background

Retrofitting reduces the vulnerability of damage of an existing structure during a future

earthquake. It aims to strengthen a structure to satisfy the requirements of the current

codes for seismic design. In this respect, seismic retrofit is beyond conventional repair

or even rehabilitation. The principles of seismic retrofit refer to the goals, objectives and

steps. The steps encompass condition assessment of the structure, evaluation for

seismic forces, selection of retrofit strategies and construction. The applications include

different types of buildings, industrial structures, bridges, urban transport structures,

marine structures and earth retaining structures. The benefits of retrofitting include the

reduction in the loss of lives and damage of the essential facilities, and functional

continuity of the life line structures. For an existing structure of good condition, the cost

of retrofitting tends to be smaller than the replacement cost. Thus, the retrofitting of

structures is an essential component of long term disaster mitigation. It was proposed to

seismically upgrade a seven story non-ductile concrete framed building of early nineties

vintage. Analysis results revealed that the structures did not have sufficient structural

capacity to resist even a moderate earthquake. To ensure a higher level of safety,

reduce the risk of exorbitant repair costs and minimize building downtime after an

earthquake, it was intended that the seismic upgrade of the structural system will target

the performance standard of ‘immediate occupancy’. A dual stage approach was used

to address this complex retrofit issue. The first part consisted of providing robust

concrete moment frames in each direction using the time tested jacketing methodology.

This ensured adequate strength and stiffness to the structure.

Concrete structures show excellent performance in terms of structural behavior and

durability except for those zones that are exposed to severe environmental and

mechanical loading. Rehabilitation of deteriorated concrete structures is a heavy burden

also from the socio-economic viewpoint since it also leads to significant user costs. As a

consequence, novel concepts for the rehabilitation of concrete structures must be

developed. Sustainable concrete structures of the future will be those where the

interventions will be kept to the lowest possible minimum of only preventative

maintenance with no or only little service disruptions.

Reference:

TITLE:REHABILITATION AND RETROFITTING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES

Author:UMA SHANKAR .K, ARUN PRAKASH .K & PRADEEP KUMAR .S

1.3 Flow of Research Process

Survey

Planning

Analysis and
Interpretation of Data

Structural analysis

Solution

1.4 Statement of the Problem

Now the population is getting bigger. Especially to Mandaue city area. The city’s biggest

high school is the Mandaue City Comprehensive National High School. The huge

problem the city is facing was the lack of schools and classrooms in which the student’s

number of growth increases while they don’t have the school/classrooms. Money isn’t

the barrier in building the properties, it’s the space/land matters. Lacking space is the

most serious concern which the government is facing right now.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study would benefit the following people:

STUDENTS

TEACHERS

PARENTS
1.6 Definition of Terms
 1.8 Research Design

ARCHITECTUR AL DESIGN STAND ARDS

a. Classroom Size

The size of the classroom for elementary and secondaiy schools must be 7.0
meters in width/depth x 9.00 meters in length or 9.00 meters in width/depth x 7.00
meters in length measured from the centers of the walls.

b. Windows

1) The windows must be of bilateral fenestration (transparent or translucent),

operable louver type. The window must allow the entry of daylight even if it is
closed.
2) The total area of window openings must be at least 10.00 square meters to
provide for natural ventilation and illumination.
3) The window sill must not be lower than 0.60 meter for single -storey buildings or
higher than 0.90 meter for multi-storey buildings from the finished floor line (FFL).
4) The minimum height of the fixed louver or transom window above the operable
windows is 0.30 meter.
5) The window panels, when opened, must not be an obstruction along the
corridor.
6) The window metal frames and jalousie holders must be sturdy enough to
withstand vandalism.

c. Doors

1) There shall be two (2) doors for every classroom.

2) The swing-out should be 180 degrees.
3) The doors must be 0.90 meter in clear width and 2.10 meters in clear height.
4) The doors must withstand normal wear and tear and shall be provided with
keyed lever-type locksets.
d. Floor

1) The floor must be of non-skid finish (grayish color).

2) The classroom FFL should be higher than the corridor FFL by 25 millimeters.
3) The first floor finish elevation must not be less than 225 mil limeters and 325
millimeters for single-storey and multi-storey school buildings, respectively. The
elevation may be increased depending on the history of flood level.
4) A ramp must be provided with a maximum slope of 1:12 in compliance with the
Accessibility Law (B.P. No. 344), of non-skid finish and properly labeled.

e. Ceiling

1) The ceiling must be a drop-type ceiling.

2) The clear height of rooms from FFL to the finished ceiling line (FCL) must be at
least 2.70 meters.
3) Materials to be used for the ceiling must provide thermal comfort inside the
classroom.
4) Maintenance access to the ceiling cavity must be through the corridor.

f. Roofing

1) The roofing material must be adequately protected from rust/oxidation, salt air,
acid rain, or other sources and forms of corrosion. If made of metal, the roofing
sheets shall be of 0.40 mm base metal thickness (BMT) and securely fastened to
the roof frames.
2) For single-storey schoolbuildings, gutters may not be included however, a
properly sloped trench drain on both sides must be provided.
3) For multi-storey schoolbuildings, the roof must be provided with concrete gutter
and eaves which shall be at least 1.10 meters from the corridor.

g. Partitions

The partitions must be from floor to ceiling.

h. Corridors
1) The corridor for single-storey schoolbuildings shall not be less than 1.50
meters.
2) For multi-storey schoolbuildings the corridors must not be less than 2.50meters
and should be provided with steel railings at a height not less than 1.50 meters.

i. Stairways

1) For multi-storey schoolbuildings, concrete stairs must have a width of not less
than 1.50 meters.
2) Number of stairways per schoolbuilding shall comply with the requirements
stipulated in the National Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP).
3) Handrails with steel railings must be provided.

j. Fire Protection

1) All schoolbuildings shall comply with R.A. No. 9514, otherwise known as the
Fire Code of the Philippines (FCP) and its latest Implementing Rules and
Regulations (IRR). The requirements shall include a fire alarm system, a
standpipe system, pressure and gravity tanks, hose boxes/reels, extinguishers
and other firefighting equipment, including an automatic sprinkler system (NFPA
13). In addition, 3-storey and 4- storey school buildings should be compliant with
NFPA 25.
2) Fire escapes must be provided for multi-storey schoolbuildings following the
requirements of the Fire Code of the Philippines.

k. Chalkboard

The classroom must be provided with a built-in curved chalkboard measuring 4.88
meters wide by 1.22 meters tall, with mounting heights and specifications as per
DepEd standards.

l. Painting
1) The standard paint/color schedule of DepEd schoolbuildings shall be as
follows:

2) Paint materials for internal finish must be independently certified lead-safe

paints/coatings.
3) All new school buildings should follow the standard color scheme above,
except in the following cases:

i. A different dominant color scheme already exists. In such cases, the dominant
color scheme may be applied.
ii. Designs and/or accents depicting local culture or school approach are
practiced. In such cases, the same design/accents may be adopted.
iii. In both cases above, no additional cost may be charged.

4) No new design, accent, or color scheme different from what is hereby

prescribed and/or from what already predominantly exists under Item 3 above
may be proposed/introduced.

5) There is a need to ensure, as far as practicable, the uniformity of all public

school buildings essentially to provide an environment for educational activities,
and effective teaching and learning. At the same time, the DepEd encourages and
promotes regional diversity and cultural identity.

m. Roof Markings

Roof Markings shall be painted on the main building or the tallest building of the
school. It shall include only the DepEd logo and School ID Number.

Details and specifications shall be as follows:

Note: Distance between the DepEd Logo and the School I.D Number shall be at
least 2.00m

n. Wall Markings

1) All walls must be free from any markings, except the following which may be
painted on separate prominent places:

i. DepEd Name, Seal, Logo, Mission, Vision and Core Values

ii. Portraits and Sayings of National Heroes
iii. Name, ID, and Location of school.

2) An interior wall section may be selected and dedicated for the recognition of
sponsors, donors, and other school partners, provided that the recognition
material shall follow a standard metal plaque format that will be mounted on the
wall.

o. Ventilation

Natural ventilation shall be primarily supplied by the windows and vents. Artificial
ventilation inside each classroom shall be supplied by two (2) units of oscillating
ceiling fans.

p. Illumination

Illumination falling at desk or arm rest should be taken with combined artificial
and natural lighting. Illumination at all staircases and fire exit stairs shall comply
with R.A. No. 9514 and its IRR.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN ST AND ARDS

a. The structural design must be in accordance with the revised IRR of the 1977
NBCP and the latest edition of the National Structural Code of the Philippines
(NSCP), Volume 1, 2010.

b. Classification of Structure

In accordance with the NSCP, buildings under the Project shall be designed in
accordance to the classification, based on the nature of occupancy, of “Essential
Facilities.”

c. Wind Load

For all schoolbuildings, the roofing and walls shall be designed to withstand a
minimum BASIC wind speed (as defined in Sec. 207 of the NSCP) of 250
kilometers per hour (kph). The year-round effects of the southwest monsoon
(“habagat”) wind and the northeast monsoon (“amihan”) wind as well as of the
easterly winds must be taken into consideration due to the extensive damage
these may cause to roofing, walls, and fenestrations.

A Wind Importance Factor (WIF) of 1.15, based on the NSCP, shall be used.

The structure should be fully sealed against rainwater intrusion during typhoons
and heavy rains to protect sensitive materials and equipment. Doors and windows
should be fully sealed against strong vertical and lateral rains.
d. Seismic Load

For all schoolbuildings, the structure shall be designed to withstand earthquakes

for Seismic Zone 4 with a corresponding Seismic Zone Factor of 0.4, or as
otherwise specified in the NSCP.

A Seismic Importance Factor (SIF) of 1.5 shall be used.

As the FFL shall be elevated to 0.20 meter above the level of flood
indicated/identified in the Site Appraisal Reports (SAR), the use of “containment
wall” is prescribed to ensure the safety of the structure during the rainy season.

e. Live Loads

The minimum occupancy or live loads shown in the table below shall be used in
the design.
f. Design Life

The school building and its structure shall have a design life of at least twenty -five
(25) years.

g. Building Foundation

The foundation shall be designed for a net allowable soil bearing pressure of 96
kPa (2,000 pounds per square foot or psf). Consistent with best practices, the
Proponent shall undertake the prior appropriate studies/investigations for use as
basis/bases for the foundation and structural design of each Sub-Project.

h. Wall Vibration

Walls must not unduly vibrate due to impact caused by any part of an adult
human body and must neither be dented nor punctured by deliberate punches or
kicks by adult humans.
Research Methods
 CHAPTER 2

PRESENTATION OF RESULTS, ANALYIS AND INTERPRETATION

Standard Plan of DEPED

PERSPECTIVE VIEW

FOUR (4) STOREY BUILDING

 ARCHITECTURAL PLAN

TYPICAL 2nd,3rd, & 4th FLOOR PLAN

Roofing – 0.4mm thick base metal (0.43m with metal coating)
Pre-Painted Long Span Corrugated GI Sheet

Roofing Framing Support

 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

Roofing 0.40mm THK pre-painted longspan corr. G.I roofing sheet

Sheet

Roofing Truss Type

Frame

- Purlins LC – 150x65x20x2.0mm Purlins spaced @ 500mm O.C

- Sagrods 12mmØ sagrods

- Cross 16mmØ cross bracings w/ standard turn buckle

Bracing

- Roof J-Bolt
Connection

Beams

Beam Size 250mmx400mm

Rebars: Ø16mm

Columns

- Size & 350mmx350mm

Rebars Rebars: : Ø20mm

Tie Beam

- Size & 250mmx400mm

Rebars Rebars: Ø16mm Bar
Footing

- Size & 1200mmx1200mm

Rebars Rebars:Ø16mm Bar

* NOTES ON CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK WALLS:

Provide 150mm x 300mm STIFFENER COLUMN reinforced with 4 -

12mm with 10mm dia. Ties @ 150mm on center where concrete
hollow block terminates & at every 3.00M length of concrete hollow
block walls unless noted in structural plans
Plan of TWO STOREY SCHOOL BUILDING(6 classroom) in MCCNHS(Mandaue
City Comprehensive National High School)

LOCATION

PERSPECTIVE VIEW
ARCHITECTURAL PLAN
STRUCTURAL PLAN