UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.

College of Engineering and Architecture

Dubinan East, Santiago City

PCEA 006:
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
(ENGINEERING MECHANICS 2)

MODULE 4:
REVERSED EFFECTIVE FORCE

ENGR. KRISTINE JOY A. CAALAM, RMP

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College of Engineering and Architecture
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MODULE 4: REVERSE EFFECTIVE FORCE

MODULE CONTENTS:
I. Newton’s Second Law of Motion
II. D’ Alembert’s Principle
III. Motion Cases
IV. Sample Problems

OVERVIEW
Kinetics is the branch of dynamics which deals with the external unbalanced force system
which invariably cause changes in the motion of the bodies on which they act. This
chapter is divided into two parts – namely, kinetics of particles and kinetics of rigid bodies.
Particle kinetics is concerned with concurrent force systems, while rigid-body kinetics
involves non-concurrent forces.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of module, you should have achieved the following topic learning outcomes:
1. Understand and determine the relations between forces acting on a particle, mass
and motion of the particle.
2. Differentiate motion cases analysis
3. Solve problems regarding Newton’s Law of Motion and D’ Alembert’s Principle.

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College of Engineering and Architecture
Dubinan East, Santiago City

I. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

The kinematic relations of displacement, velocity, acceleration and time for the bodies moving
under the influence of a constant force were established by Galileo. Although it was evident from
his work that a force was a necessary to cause a body to change its motion, it was not until some
hundred years later that Newton formulated the laws which related force to the motion. Newton’s
laws maybe stated as follows:
A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force system has an acceleration in line with and
directly proportional to the resultant of the force system and inversely proportional to its mass.
𝐹 𝐹
a ∝ 𝑀 or a = 𝑘 𝑀 (where k = 1)

The second law, which gives quantitative expression to the first law, may be expressed in
mathematical form. Since a particle is a hypothetical something which has weight and mass but
occupies no space, Let F represent the resultant force, a the acceleration, and m the mass of a
𝑾
particle; then the second law of Newton states that F = Ma = 𝒂.
𝒈

The three laws were developed from a study of planetary motion that is, the motion of
particles. As stated, Newton’s laws apply only to the motion of particles. Bodies are made up of
particles, however, and these laws have been extended to apply to bodies.
The reference frame or set of axes in which Newton’s laws are valid is one having a fixed
origin and fixed directions of the axes. It is called an internal, Newtonian or Galilean frame or
reference. An inertial frame may also be a frame whose axes remain fixed in one direction while
its origin moves along a straight line with constant speed. Motion with respect to an inertial frame
is known as absolute motion. The most accurate of such reference frames available to us is one
having its origin at the mass center of the solar system and its axes directed toward the so-called
fixed stars whose parallaxes are too small to be measured. Such a reference frame is suitable for
celestial mechanics, but for orbiting satellites or long-rang rockets, the inertial frame could be one
fixed in the earth with its origin at the earth’s center. However, with respect to most engineering
application, it is sufficiently accurate to use an inertial frame attached to the surface of the earth.

II. D' ALEMBERTS’S PRINCIPLE

This principle is in honor of Jean Le Rond d’ Alembert (1771 – 1783), a French mathematician
who was the first to publish it. The d’ Alembert Principles expresses the relation between the
external forces applied to a system of particles and the effective force on each particle of the
system. It may be stated as follows: The resultant of the external forces applied to a body (rigid
or non-rigid) composed of a system of particles is equivalent to the vector summation of the
effective forces acting on all particles.

THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION,
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College of Engineering and Architecture
Dubinan East, Santiago City

III. MOTION CASES

A. Blocks moving on a horizontal motion

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Dubinan East, Santiago City

B. Blocks moving on an inclined plane

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Dubinan East, Santiago City

C. Blocks attached to pulleys

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College of Engineering and Architecture
Dubinan East, Santiago City

IV. SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. Determine the Force P that will give the body an acceleration of 1.8 m/s2. The coefficient of
kinetic friction is 0.20.
W = 1500N
P
a = 1 .8 0 m / s
3
4
REF

f=mN

Solution: N

Given:
a = 1.8 m/s2
μ = 0.20

∑FH = 0 → = ←
F + REF – P = 0
F + REF = P
P = F + REF
4 1500 (1.80)
(5)(𝑃) = 0.20N + 9.81
0.80P = 0.20N + 275.2294 → Eq. 1

∑FV = 0 ↑ = ↓
P+N–W=0
P+N=W
W=P+N
3
1500 = (5)(𝑃) + N
N = 1500 – 0.60P → Eq. 2

Two Equations, Two Unknowns (Solvable)

Substitute Eq. 2 to Eq. 1

0.80P = 0.20N + 275.2294
0.80P = 0.20(1500 – 0.60P) + 275.2294
0.80P = 300 – 0.12P + 275.2294
0.80P + 0.12P = 300 + 275.2294

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College of Engineering and Architecture
Dubinan East, Santiago City

0.92P = 575.2294
P = 625.25 N answer

N = 1500 – 0.60P
N = 1500 – 0.60(625.2493)
N = 1124.85 N

2. In the pulley shown are weightless and frictionless, find the acceleration of Body A

T1
T2

T2

300 N 200 N
A B
Solution:

T1 = 2T2 → Eq. 1

T1 = P + REF
300 (𝑎)
T1 = 300 + 9.81
T1 = 300 + 30.5810a → Eq. 2

T2 = P - REF
200 (𝑎)
T2 = 200 + 9.81
T2 = 200 - 20.3874a → Eq. 3
Substitute Eq. 2 & 3 to Equation 1

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 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
College of Engineering and Architecture
Dubinan East, Santiago City

T1 = 2T2
300 + 30.5810a = 2(200 - 20.3874a)
300 + 30.5810a = 400 – 40.7747a
30.5810a + 40.7747a = 400 – 300
71.3557a = 100
a = 1.4014 m/s2 answer

THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION,
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 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
College of Engineering and Architecture
Dubinan East, Santiago City

REFERENCES
1. Gillesania, D.I.T. (2016). Civil Engineering Reference for Licensure
Examination Volume 4 (4th ed.). Diego Inocencio Tapang Gillesania.

2. Hibbeler, R.C. (2015). Engineering Mechanics Dynamics (13th ed.).

Pearson

3. Gillesania, D.I.T. (2014). Civil Engineering Reference for Licensure

Examination Volume 3 (2nd ed.). Diego Inocencio Tapang Gillesania.

4. Besavilla, V.I. (2014). Applied Mechanics and Strength of Materials. VIB

Publisher.

THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION,
UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS
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