Testing and Assessment

Ethics
1. Which of the following is not true about the
Board Licensure Exam for Psychometricians? RCCD, 2019

A. The board exam is an example of a criterion-

referenced test
B. The licensure exam is based on the mandate
of RA 10029
C. It covers four subjects, all of which have
equal weights
D. All of the statements are true
 R.A. 10029
(Psychology Act of 2009)
RCCD, 2019

What's a Psychometrician?
(1) administering and scoring of objective
personality tests, structured personality tests
(2) interpreting results of the same and
preparing a written report on these results
(3) conducting preparatory intake interviews
of clients for psychological invention
sessions.
 Board Licensure Exam for
Psychometricians and
Psychologists (BLEPP)
RCCD, 2019

• Criterion-referenced test
• Compared to standards

Criteria to pass?
• Must obtain an average of 75
• No rating of less than 60
 Board Licensure Exam for
Psychometricians and
Psychologists (BLEPP)
RCCD, 2019

Breakdown of Subjects
• Theories of Personality - 20%
• Abnormal Psychology - 20 %
• Industrial/Organizational Psychology - 20%
• Psychological Assessment - 40%
2. Which of the following best describes
psychological assessment? RCCD, 2019

A. Mental testing
B. Testing people using psychological tests
C. The high-level reasoning process
involved in the application of psychological
procedures
D. Writing reports based on psychological
test scores
 Psychological Assessment
RCCD, 2019

 Gathering and integration of psychology-related data

for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation
through the use of tools, like tests, interviews, case
studies, behavioural observation, etc.

 Problem-solving  referral question/s

 Individualized
 Process of Psychological Assessment
RCCD, 2019

1. Referral for assessment from a source

2. Selecting tools of assessment to be
used
3. Formal assessment begins
4. Report writing of findings that answer
referral question
3. What is psychological
assessment primarily used for?
RCCD, 2019

A. Legal decision making

B. Report writing
C. Research
D. Answering referral
question(s)
 Types of Referral Settings
RCCD, 2019

1. Psychiatric setting
2. General Medical Setting
3. Legal context
4. Educational context
5. Psychological clinic
4. Which of the following is not
usually used in psychological
RCCD, 2019

assessment?
A. Psychological testing
B. Counseling
C. Interviewing
D. Observation
Tools for Psychological Assessment
RCCD, 2019

1. Psychological Test
2. Interview
 A method of gathering information
through direct communication involving
reciprocal exchange
3. Portfolio
 Work products or a candidate‘s previous
works
Tools for Psychological Assessment
4. Case History Data RCCD, 2019

 Archival information
 Past and present adjustment
 Neuropsychological evaluations
5. Behavioral Observation
 Monitoring of actions while recording quantitative
and/or qualitative information regarding those
actions
6. Role Play Tests
 Acting an improvised part in a simulated situation
4. Which of the following is not an assumption about
testing and assessment? RCCD, 2019

A. Psychological traits and states can be quantified

and measured
B. Test-related behavior predicts non-test-related
behavior
C. Sources of error can be eliminated from the
assessment process
D. Assessment can be conducted in a fair and
unbiased manner
 7 ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT
TESTING AND ASSESSMENT RCCD, 2019

1. Psychological Traits and States Exist

2. Psychological Traits and States Can Be
Quantified and Measured
3. Test-Related Behavior Predicts Non-
Test-Related Behavior
4. Tests and Other Measurement
Techniques Have Strengths and
Weaknesses
 7 ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT
TESTING AND ASSESSMENT RCCD, 2019

5. Various Sources of Error Are Part of the

Assessment Process

6. Testing and Assessment Can Be

Conducted in a Fair and Unbiased
Manner

7. Testing and Assessment Benefit Society

6. Which of the following best describes a
psychological test? RCCD, 2019

A. A measure of personality or ability

B. An objective procedure for sampling and
quantifying human behavior
C. A set of questions or items whose
answers can be tallied to yield a total score
D. A method of tapping into someone‘s
unconscious
 PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST
RCCD, 2019

systematic procedure for

obtaining samples of
behavior, relevant to
cognitive and/or affective
functioning, and for
scoring and evaluating
those samples according
to standards.
7. Before administering a psychological test,
which of the following should a RCCD, 2019

psychometrician/psychologist ensure?
A. The test has local norms
B. The test does not have any copyright
restrictions
C. The test has been reviewed in the Mental
Measurements Yearbook
D. The test is appropriate for use with the
particular client in terms of his/her
demographics
C. Assessment Tools
1. We judiciously select and administer only those tests
which are pertinent to the reasons for referral and purpose RCCD, 2019

of the assessment.
2. We use data collection, methods and procedures that are
consistent with current scientific and professional
developments.
3. We use tests that are standardized, valid, reliable, and has
a normative data directly referable to the population of our
clients.

4. We administer assessment tools that are appropriate to

the language, competence and other relevant
characteristics of our client.
8. A psychological report should RCCD, 2019

be?
A. Directly and adequately answer
the referral question
B. At least 10 pages long
C. Use jargon
D. Be read only by the client
 Psychological Report RCCD, 2019

 End product of assessment

 Must answer referral question
 Must be relevant and clear
 Must meet the needs of the client and
referral source.
 Psychological Report
RCCD, 2019

Length
 5 and 7 single-spaced pages (Finn, Moes, &
Kaplan, 2001).

Style
 Four general report-writing approaches:
literary, clinical, scientific, and professional
(Ownby, 1997; Tallent, 1992, 1993).
9. Who developed the first self- RCCD, 2019

report test of personality?

A. Galton
B. Yerkes
C. Cattell
D. Woodworth
WOODWORTH PERSONAL DATA SHEET
―Are you troubled with the idea that people are
RCCD, 2019

watching you on the street?‖

Yes or No

﹡ Robert S. Woodworth
﹡ Measure of adjustment and emotional stability
(psychopathology)

WOODWORTH PSYCHONEUROTIC INVENTORY

﹡ Personality test for civilian use
﹡ First widely used self-report test of personality
10. Which of the following is a test of
general learning ability used by the Army
RCCD, 2019

and Marine Corps to assign recruits to

military jobs during the World War II?
A. Army Alpha and Beta
B. ASVAB
C. AFQT
D. AGCT
 Army General Armed Services
Army Alpha & Vocational RCCD, 2019
Classification
Army Beta Aptitude Battery
Test (AGCT) (ASVAB)
(WW1) (WW2) (Present)

• Administered to more
than 12 million recruits
• Development of
specialized tests
 Army General Armed Services
Army Alpha & Vocational RCCD, 2019
Classification
Army Beta Aptitude Battery
Test (AGCT) (ASVAB)
(WW1) (WW2) (Present)

• AFQT
• 10 Aptitude areas
• 5 Careers
Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT)
RCCD, 2019

• Measure of general ability used in the

selection of recruits

• 100 selected items

• Paragraph Comprehension
• Arithmetic Reasoning
• Word Knowledge
• Numerical Operations
11. Which of the following ideas did Sir Francis
Galton advocate for? RCCD, 2019

A. Mental abilities can be quantitatively

measured
B. Important human traits are shaped as much by
the environment as by heredity
C. Labeling people can limit their opportunities
D. Special education programs should be
created for intellectually disadvantaged children
 Francis Galton
﹡ Word Association Test RCCD, 2019

﹡ Regression
﹡ Coefficient of correlation
﹡ Lexical Hypothesis

﹡ Father of eugenics
﹡ Father of mental testing
(Goodenough, 1949; Boring,
1950)
﹡ Father of Differential
Psychology
12. An 8-year-old child has just taken Alfred
Binet‘s test of intelligence and has been told his RCCD, 2019

mental age is ten. This would mean that?

A. His chronological age must be nine.
B. He is less intelligent than most 10-year-olds
C. His score equals the score of the average 10-
year-old
D. He is probably developmentally disabled and
in need of remedial education
 Ratio IQ
RCCD, 2019

• Ratio of the testtaker's mental age as

calculated from a test, divided by his or her
chronological age and multiplied by 100 to
eliminate decimals

• Proposed by William Stern (1912)

• Added to 1916 Stanford-Binet Intelligence

Scale by Lewis Terman
Ratio IQ
RCCD, 2019

ORDINAL SCALE

RATIO SCALE
13. David Wechsler became involved in the
development of intelligence tests in order to? RCCD, 2019

A. Develop a better instrument for testing children

only
B. Guarantee that instead of having several subtest
scores, there should be one composite score of
intelligence
C. Bring a scientific approach to the development of
intelligence testing
D. Correct the heavy reliance on verbal abilities in
the assessment of adult intelligence
 David Wechsler
RCCD, 2019

Wechsler's definition of
intelligence, which he
defined as

"... the global capacity of a

person to act purposefully, to
think rationally, and to deal
effectively with his
environment.‖
 David Wechsler
RCCD, 2019

• Advocating non-intellective factors (lack of

confidence, fear of failure, attitudes, etc.).
• Disagreed with a single score
• S-B invalid for adult test takers
• Mental age norms not applicable to adults
• S-B does not consider intellectual
deterioration
14. Which measure of central
tendency can be applied to all RCCD, 2019

scales of measurement?
A. Mean
B. Median
C. Mode
D. All of the above
 SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
RCCD, 2019

PROPERTIES OF SCALES
1. Magnitude
2. Equal intervals
3. Absolute zero MEA
ME
M
No MEA
EXAMPLE SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
Class Rank Ordinal
RCCD, 2019

Fahrenheit scale Interval

Z-Score Interval
Percentiles Ordinal
Running speed Ratio
(km/hr)
Height Ratio
Political Party Nominal
Sex Nominal
RCCD, 2019
 ________
Positively RCCD, 2019

Skewed

Negatively
________
Skewed
15. In a negatively skewed
distribution, which measure of central
RCCD, 2019

tendency will have the highest

computed value?
A. Mean
B. Median
C. Mode
D. All of them will have equal values
 FREQUENCY

Negative Skew
Mean < Median < Mode

Highest value:
Mode

Lowest value:
Mean TEST SCORES
 FREQUENCY

Positive Skew
Mean > Median > Mode

Highest value:
Mean

Lowest value:
Mode TEST SCORES
16. Upon analyzing the scores
obtained from a recently administered RCCD, 2019

test, a psychometrician detects a test

floor. This can be best reflected as?
A. Positive Skew
B. Negative Skew
C. Leptokurtic
D. Mesokurtic
 Skewness
lack of symmetry RCCD, 2019

• Positive Skew (LS>HS)

= more low scores
= test floor
• Negative Skew
(LS<HS)
= more high scores
= test ceiling
* sign follows direction of tail
 Kurtosis
―convexity‖ RCCD, 2019

amount of dispersion
• Platykurtic
highest dispersion

• Mesokurtic
normal curve

• Leptokurtic
lowest dispersion
17. Which types of scales can
Pearson‘s r be used?
RCCD, 2019

A. Ratio and interval scales

B. Interval and nominal scales
C. Ratio and ordinal scales
D. Nominal and ordinal scales
RCCD, 2019
18. What will happen to the standard deviation
if a constant is subtracted from all of the RCCD, 2019

scores in a distribution?
A. The standard deviation will be negative
B. That constant will be subtracted from the
standard deviation
C. That constant will be added to the standard
deviation
D. The standard deviation will be unchanged
 STANDARD DEVIATION
RCCD, 2019

• Square root of the averaged squared

deviations about the mean
• Mean as a reference point
• Square root of the variance
Properties of Standard Deviation
RCCD, 2019

•Adding or subtracting a constant

• Does not change the standard deviation

•Multiplying or dividing by a constant

• Standard deviation will be multiplied or
divided by the same constant.
19. Campus administrators want to evaluate the effectiveness of
a new eating disorders prevention program. Students who attend
a series of campus programs about eating disorders are given a RCCD, 2019
survey that asks about their eating patterns. Approximately 6
months after the prevention program, participants are contacted
and asked to complete the same survey. Administrators test
whether students reported healthier eating patterns after
participation in the program. Which of the following statistics
would you use for your analysis?
A. t test for dependent means
B. t test for independent means
C. Mann-Whitney U test
D. One-way ANOVA
RCCD, 2019
19. Campus administrators want to evaluate the effectiveness of
a new eating disorders prevention program. Students who attend
a series of campus programs about eating disorders are given a RCCD, 2019
survey that asks about their eating patterns. Approximately 6
months after the prevention program, participants are contacted
and asked to complete the same survey. Administrators test
whether students reported healthier eating patterns after
participation in the program. Which of the following statistics
would you use for your analysis?
A. t test for dependent means - parametric; 1 group
B. t test for independent means - parametric; 2 groups
C. Mann-Whitney U test - non-parametric (T-test independent)
D. One-way ANOVA – parametric; 3 groups; 1 IV, 1 DV
20. Which of the following is true about
criterion referencing of test scores? RCCD, 2019

A. Provides direct access to their

meaning
B. It is first step in giving them meaning
C. It is always done with psychological
tests
D. It applies properties of the normal
curve
 Criterion-referenced testing
and assessment RCCD, 2019

• Evaluating an
individual‘s score with
reference to a set
standard
• Level of competence
• Knowledge in a
particular domain
• Diagnostic use of tests
21. Eunice, a 4th year college student, took
the NMAT exam. She received a percentile RCCD, 2019

rank of 85. The NMAT exam she took is what

type of test, according to the evaluation of
the score?
A. Norm-referenced test
B. Criterion-referenced test
C. Intelligence test
D. Typical performance test
 Norm-referenced testing and
assessment RCCD, 2019

• Evaluating an individual
testtaker‘s score and
comparing it to scores
of a group of testtakers
• ―Relativity‖
• Uses normal curve
22. The difference in test performance between
percentile scores of 60 and 55? RCCD, 2019

A. It is equivalent to that between percentile

scores of 15 and 10
B. It cannot be readily equated to all other 5 point
differences in percentiles
C. It is equivalent to that between percentile
scores of 60 and 70
D. It is twice that between percentile scores of 15
and 10
 PERCENTILES

15th percentile is the score at or below which 15% of RCCD, 2019

the scores in the distribution fall

• 100 parts—99th percentile

• Expression of the percentage of people whose

score on a test or measure falls at or below a
particular raw score

• Measure of relative performance

• Ordinal level
 Percentile
value below which a given percentage of
observations in a group of observations fall RCCD, 2019
23. Which of the following accurately describes a
T-score transformation? RCCD, 2019

A. Gives rise to a distribution of scores with a

mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10
B. Gives rise to a distribution of scores with a
mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15
C. Gives rise to a distribution of scores with a
mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1
D. Gives rise to a distribution of scores with a
mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100
23. Which of the following accurately describes a T-
score transformation? RCCD, 2019

A. Gives rise to a distribution of scores with a mean

of 50 and a standard deviation of 10 (T-score)
B. Gives rise to a distribution of scores with a mean
of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 (IQ scores)
C. Gives rise to a distribution of scores with a mean
of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 (standard scores)
D. Gives rise to a distribution of scores with a mean
of 500 and a standard deviation of 100 (SAT/GRE)
Sten
• Standard Ten RCCD, 2019

• 1 to 10 (Dividing the normal curve into 10 scores)

• Mean = 5.5; SD = 2

Stanine
• ‗standard of nine‘
• Scale from 1 to 9 (dividing the normal curve into
nine scores)
• Mean = 5 ; SD = 2
24. If a z score of 1.33 is obtained,
what can we say about that person‘s RCCD, 2019

raw score?
A. It is above average
B. It is lower than the scores of most
others on the test
C. It is about average
D. It falls at the 84th percentile
LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
RCCD, 2019
~50% RCCD, 2019
~84% RCCD, 2019
25. Professor X‘s graduating class was given an
exam to measure mastery of events in mutant RCCD, 2019

history. After checking, the scores assume a

hypothetical normal distribution with a mean of 35
and a variance of 25. Cyclops, being curious about
his score, asked and was told that his score falls on
the 84% of the distribution. What is the score?
A. 40 SD = 25
B. 45 SD = 5
C. 60
D. 55
 IQ score = 130
Mean = 35
SD = 5 RCCD, 2019

20 25 30 35 40 45 50
IQ score = 130
Mean = 35
SD = 5 RCCD, 2019
25. Professor X‘s graduating class was given an
exam to measure mastery of events in mutant RCCD, 2019

history. After checking, the scores assume a

hypothetical normal distribution with a mean of 35
and a variance of 25. Cyclops, being curious about
his score, asked and was told that his score falls on
the 84% of the distribution. What is the score?
A. 40
B. 45
C. 60
D. 55
LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
RCCD, 2019
 LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
RCCD, 2019

Mean = 35
𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 1 ∗ 5 + 35
Standard deviation = 5
Test score = ?
z=1 𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 5 + 35

𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 40
26. Jace, a 9-year old boy, scored 130
on the WISC. What is his z-score and RCCD, 2019

approximately what percentile is he in?

A. −2, 2nd
B. −2, 16th
C. 2, 90th
D. 2, 98th
 LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
RCCD, 2019

Mean = 100 130 − 100

Standard deviation = 15 𝑧 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 =
15
Test score = 130
z=?
30
𝑧 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 =
15

𝑧 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 2
 IQ score = 130
Mean = 100
SD = 15 RCCD, 2019

55 70 85 100 115 130 145

26. Jace, a 9-year old boy, scored 130
on the WISC. What is his z-score and RCCD, 2019

approximately what percentile is he in?

A. −2, 2nd
B. −2, 16th
C. 2, 90th
D. 2, 98th
 99.98%
RCCD, 2019
99.85%
97.71%

84.12%
49.99%

15.86%

2.27%
26. Jace, a 9-year old boy, scored 130
on the WISC. What is his z-score and RCCD, 2019

approximately what percentile is he in?

A. −2, 2nd
B. −2, 16th
C. 2, 90th
D. 2, 98th
27. A T-score of 40 RCCD, 2019

corresponds to a percentile of?

A. 16
B. 40
C. 10
D. Insufficient information
LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
RCCD, 2019
 LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
RCCD, 2019

Mean = 50 40 − 50
Standard deviation = 10 𝑧 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 =
10
Test score = 40
z=?
−10
𝑧 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 =
10

𝑧 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = −1
 99.98%
RCCD, 2019
99.85%
97.71%

84.12%
49.99%

15.86%

2.27%
RCCD, 2019
28. Which of the following is not RCCD, 2019

a linear transformation?
A. Stanine score
B. T-score
C. z-score
D. Standard score
RCCD, 2019
29. A score higher than 65 on an MMPI
scale is of interest because? RCCD, 2019

A. Most people obtain scores in that

range
B. Clinical experience suggests that it is
C. It is more than 1.5 standard deviations
above the mean
D. It is well above the 50 percent correct
mark
RCCD, 2019
 LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
RCCD, 2019

Mean = 50 65 − 50
Standard deviation = 10 𝑧 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 =
10
Test score = 65
z=?
15
𝑧 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 =
10

𝑧 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = +1.5
30. In estimating a mean from a sample,
which of the following is observed? RCCD, 2019

A. The larger the sample size, the smaller the

standard deviation of scores
B. The smaller the sample size, the smaller
the standard deviation of scores
C. The larger the sample size, the smaller the
standard error of the mean
D. The larger the sample size, the larger the
standard error of the mean
Standard error
• Approximate standard deviation of a RCCD, 2019

statistical sample population

• Decreases as the sample size increases
and approaches the size of the population

Standard error of the mean

• Error in estimating the mean of some
population based on a sample
31. Achievement, aptitude, and RCCD, 2019

intelligence can be encompassed by

the term?
A. human potential
B. human traits
C. human personality
D. human ability
 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF TESTS
RCCD, 2019

Maximum

TESTS
OVERVIEW OF
GENERAL
Performance Test

Human Ability

Typical
Performance Test
32. Which of the following is not RCCD, 2019

a typical performance test?

A. MMPI
B. EPPS
C. 16PF
D. WISC
Minnesota
Multiphasic
Personality
Inventory
(MMPI)
 16 Personality Factors (16PF)
RCCD, 2019
• Measures 16 Primary (Source) Traits and the Big Five
Secondary Tests

• A comprehensive measure of normal-range personality

• Administered to adults (Age 16 and older)
• 185 items
• Impression Management (IM) Index: assesses social
desirability
• Self-administered; 35-50 minutes
33. Ms. Sevilla, a recently licensed
psychometrician, administered a test to a RCCD, 2019

batch of incoming kinder students. The test

she administered aims to measure their
specific potential to learn Mathematics and
English. This can be best described as?
A. Achievement test
B. Intelligence test HUMAN ABILITY
C. Aptitude test
D. Ability test
 Aptitude Test
RCCD, 2019

• Measurement of a person's ability to learn a

specific subject or skill

• Capacity to learn

• Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT)

 Intelligence Test
RCCD, 2019

• General mental capability that involves the ability to

reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly,
comprehend ideas and language, and learn

• General potential, independent of prior learning

• Otis-Lennon School Ability Test

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
• Panukat ng Katalinuhang Pilipino
 Achievement Test
RCCD, 2019

• Evaluates the information or skills a person

has already learned

• Previous learning

• Wide Range Achievement Test

• Wechsler Individual Achievement Test
• National Achievement Test
34. Which type of psychological RCCD, 2019

test must the Flynn effect be a

factor to consider?
A. Personality tests
B. Intelligence tests
C. Interest tests
D. All forms of psychological tests
 Flynn Effect
RCCD, 2019

The phenomenon in which

there is a marked
increase in intelligence
test score averages over
time.

Average of 3 points per

decade
Re-Standardization
and the Flynn Effect
Re-Standardization: Re-testing a sample of the general
population to make an updated, accurate comparison
group, in case people are smarter than they used to be
when the test was first made.

The Flynn Effect:

Performance on
intelligence tests has
improved over the years,
worldwide.
35. According to the classical test RCCD, 2019

theory, errors are assumed to be?

A. Systematic errors
B. Random errors
C. Type 1 errors
D. Type 2 errors
 RELIABILITY
RCCD, 2019

• Extent to which measurements are consistent or

repeatable

• Extent to which measurements differ from

occasion to occasion as a function of
measurement error

• Quality of test scores that suggests they are

sufficiently consistent and free from
measurement error to be useful
Effects of Systematic and Random Error on
Reliability RCCD, 2019

Systematic Error Random Error

CTT Assumption:
• consistent direction of
error (either + or -) errors of measurement are
random
• unpredictable direction -->
differ at each measurement
36. The wording of several items on a
psychological test makes it more likely
RCCD, 2019

that test takers will endorse the ‗Yes‘

rather than the ‗No‘ option. This is
best described as?
A. Systematic variance
B. Random variance
C. Chance performance
D. Miss rate
37. If the degree of reliability of a test increases,
which of the following would be correct? RCCD, 2019

A. Total variance attributed to true variance

decreases
B. Total variance attributed to true variance
increases
C. Total variance attributed to error variance
increases
D. Total variance attributed to predicted variance
decreases
RCCD, 2019
 r = .75
RCCD, 2019

75% true differences/variance

25% error variance

(100% - 75% = 25%)
38. Test-retest reliability may
also be called as?
RCCD, 2019

A. Coefficient of stability
B. Coefficient of consistency
C. Coefficient of equivalence
D. Coefficient of concordance
 Test-Retest Reliability RCCD, 2019

• Coefficient of Stability

• relatively stable over time

(trait vs. state)

• Test administration error

• time sampling error
39. Equivalent forms of a test are
usually developed? RCCD, 2019

A. When the test is first developed

B. When the test‘s reliability is first
questioned
C. When the test is first readministered
D. When the test is being revised
 Alternate Forms/
Parallel Forms Reliability
RCCD, 2019
• Parallel forms
• means and the variances of observed
test scores are equal
(stat properties)

• Alternate forms
• different version; equivalent content,
level of difficulty, procedures

• Source of error:
• Test construction(Content sampling) /
administration error
40. Which of the following is an RCCD, 2019

example of external reliability?

A. Split-half reliability
B. Test-retest reliability
C. Internal consistency
D. Both A and C
 RELIABILITY
RCCD, 2019

• Extent to which measurements are consistent

or repeatable

External Reliability
• Consistency across intervals or use

Internal Reliability
• Consistency within a test
40. Which of the following is an RCCD, 2019

example of external reliability?

A. Split-half reliability
B. Test-retest reliability
C. Internal consistency
D. Both A and C
TYPES OF RELIABILITY RCCD, 2019
41. Which of the following is not a
method of establishing the reliability of
RCCD, 2019

a test?
A. Test-retest
B. Split-half
C. Spearman-Brown
D. Inter-expert
TYPES OF RELIABILITY
 Split-half reliability
RCCD, 2019
• ―Mini-parallel forms‖
• Test construction error

Step 1. equivalent halves

Step 2. Pearson r

Step 3. Spearman-Brown
formula
42. Which method of internal
consistency may be used if a test is
RCCD, 2019

scored as right or wrong?

A. Cronbach‘s alpha
B. KR-20
C. Pearson‘s r
D. KR-21
MEASURES OF INTERNAL CONSISTENCY

Cronbach's Alpha Kuder-Richardson 20

RCCD, 2019
﹡

• non-dichotomous • scored as right/wrong

• unequal variances • Dichotomous
• lowest estimate of
reliability (lower • KR-21 – all the test
boundary) items have
approximately the same
degree of difficulty
(average difficulty level
is 50%)
43. Which of the following procedures does
not yield an estimate of the reliability of a test? RCCD, 2019

A. Correlating the total of all even-numbered

items with the total of all odd-numbered items
B. Correlating the total of items in the first half
of the test with the total of items in the second
half of the test
C. Correlating each item with the total score
on the test
D. Finding the average of the correlation of
each item with every other item
43. Which of the following procedures does
not yield an estimate of the reliability of a test? RCCD, 2019

A. Correlating the total of all even-numbered

items with the total of all odd-numbered items
B. Correlating the total of items in the first half
of the test with the total of items in the second
half of the test
C. Correlating each item with the total score
on the test (Item-Total Correlation)
D. Finding the average of the correlation of
each item with every other item
 SPLIT-HALF RELIABILITY
RCCD, 2019

1. Randomly assign items to each half

2. Assign the first half of the items to one
half and the second half of the items to the
other half
3. Assign odd-numbered items to one half
and even-numbered items to the other half
44. Which of the following will be the
effect of using single-trial reliability
RCCD, 2019

measures in pure speed tests?

A. Spuriously high reliability coefficient
B. Spuriously low reliability coefficient
C. Spuriously low validity coefficient
D. Spuriously high validity coefficient
 SPEED VS. POWER TESTS
RCCD, 2019

﹡ SPEED TEST POWER TEST

Within the capacity, Wide range of
uniform difficulty difficulty, ascending
level level

Difficulty --> Timing No time limit

Total score = number Later part items -->

of items completed beyond ability
 In speed tests…
Function of consistency of the speed
RCCD, 2019

Must be: consistency of the caliber of their

responses

Two-trial reliability measures:

﹡ Separately timed halves and then compute
the reliability coefficient
﹡ Test-retest
﹡ Alternate forms
45. In using KR-20 and Cronbach‘s alpha,
which types of error variance affect the RCCD, 2019

computed reliability coefficient?

A. Content heterogeneity and content
sampling
B. Content homogeneity and item sampling
C. Content homogeneity and test
administration
D. Content heterogeneity and time sampling
KR-20 and Cronbach’s alpha
Inter-item consistency
RCCD, 2019

Lower than split-half (heterogenous tests)

Two factors affecting magnitude:

(a) the number of items in the test
(b) the ratio of variability in test takers‘
performance across all the items in the test to
total test score variance
46. Which of the following can be done to estimate the
reliability of expert judgment? RCCD, 2019

A. Correlating the judgments made by a panel of

experts over a number of instances of judgment
making
B. Counting the frequency of instances in which a
panel of experts disagrees
C. Finding the proportion of instances in which a
panel of experts is undecided
D. Averaging the number of decisions a panel of
experts gets wrong
 Inter-rater/Inter-scorer reliability
RCCD, 2019
• interrrater, interscorer, interobserver, or interjudge
reliability

3 METHODS:
1. Percentage of agreement (most common method)
2. Kappa statistic - best method
• .76 and above - ―excellent‖ agreement,
• .40 and .75 - ―fair to good‖ (―satisfactory‖) agreement
• less than .40 - ―poor‖ agreement
3. Phi coefficient
47. Which of the following does the Spearman-
Brown prophecy formula purports to indicate? RCCD, 2019

A. What the reliability of the test would be if

certain changes were made to it
B. What the individual‘s true score on the test is
C. What an individual‘s score on the test will be
at some future time
D. What the person‘s true score would be if the
test were lengthened
Spearman-Brown
Formula (base) RCCD, 2019

Estimating reliability

Estimating number
of items to be added
48. A computed reliability RCCD, 2019

coefficient of -.88 would suggest

that?
A. the test is valid
B. the test is reliable
C. the test is not reliable
D. the test is not reliable but valid
Reliability coefficients
• Range from 0 (absolutely no similarity) to RCCD, 2019

1 (perfectly identical)
• Gauge of similarity

Correlation coefficients (not reliability)

• Range in value from -1 to +1
• Both dissimilarity and similarity
• r = -1 (―perfect dissimilarity‖)
49. In an aptitude test, which one is not possible
based on the relationship between reliability and RCCD, 2019

validity?
A. The test is high in predictive validity and high in
reliability
B. The test is low in predictive validity and high in
reliability
C. The test is low in predictive validity and low in
reliability
D. The test is high in predictive validity and low in
reliability
Reliability and Validity
RCCD, 2019

﹡ ―Reliable but not valid‖

﹡ Reliability --> Validity's upper

limit

﹡ Validity is never higher than

the square root of the
reliability coefficient.

﹡ Reliability - 0.7 and above

﹡ Validity - 0.3 to 0.4
*at 95% confidence level (0.05)*
50. What would a psychometrician conclude about a
personality test that tells a person she is an extreme RCCD, 2019

extrovert the first time she takes the test and an extreme
introvert the next time she takes it?
A. This personality test has low reliability but high validity
B. This personality test has high reliability but low validity
C. The results indicate that the test has low test-retest
reliability
D. The results indicate that the test has high test-retest
reliability
51. Which of the following may be used
to improve the reliability of a test?
RCCD, 2019

A. Running a regression analysis

B. Supplementing it with the judgment
of the assessor
C. Increasing the number of distractors
D. Increasing number of items
 Low Reliability
RCCD, 2019

1. Increase the Number of Items

2. Factor and Item Analysis
3. Correction for Attenuation
52. In the regression approach to
predictive validity, the estimate of error
RCCD, 2019

is referred to as?
A. Standard error of the mean
B. Standard error of estimate
C. Standard error of measurement
D. Standard error of the criterion
Standard error of the estimate
• In regression, an estimate of the magnitude of error RCCD, 2019

involved in predicting the value of one variable from

another

Standard error of measurement

(standard error of a score)
• In true score theory, a statistic designed to estimate
the extent to which an observed score deviates from
a true score
 VALIDITY
RCCD, 2019

•Judgment or estimate of how well a

test measures what it purports to
measure in a particular context
•Appropriateness of inferences drawn
from test scores
•Validation is the process of gathering
and evaluating evidence about validity.
 Trinitarian View RCCD, 2019

of Validity

Content Criterion-
Construct
Validity Related Validity
Validity
Evidence Evidence

Test content Predictor Theoretical

Criterion Framework
 Trinitarian View
of Validity
RCCD, 2019

Criterion-
Content Validity Construct
Related Validity
Evidence Validity
Evidence

Concurrent Convergent

Predictive Divergent
53. If the short form of a test is
compared to its long form, which type
RCCD, 2019

of validity evidence must be

established?
A. Convergent Validity
B. Concurrent Validity
C. Predictive Validity
D. Content Validity
Validating criterion
RCCD, 2019
―How well does Test A compare
with Test B?‖

• Simultaneous relationship
• Present standing

• Extent to which the results of a

particular test correspond to
those of a previously established
measurement for the same
construct
54. Dr. Chua is careful to make sure that she
fairly represents the whole year's topic on RCCD, 2019

the final exam for her Clinical Psychology

class. If Dr. Chua achieves this goal, her test
will have?
A. Face Validity
B. Concurrent Validity
C. Predictive Validity
D. Content Validity
 CONTENT VALIDITY
• Adequacy of item sampling RCCD, 2019

• Expert judgment

Construct
underrepresentation
• failure to capture important
components of a construct
Construct irrelevance
• influenced by factors
irrelevant to the construct
(ex: anxiety)
55. With regards to aptitude tests,
which type of validity evidence must RCCD, 2019

be established?
A. Concurrent criterion-related
validity
B. Construct validity
C. Convergent validity
D. Predictive criterion-related validity
Achievement vs. Aptitude Tests
RCCD, 2019
56. Which of the following is needed in
establishing the predictive validity of a test? RCCD, 2019

A. A highly select group with respect to the

construct being assessed
B. A way of judging the appropriateness of
the content of the test items
C. Another test of the same construct
D. A criterion relevant to performance on
the test but external to it
56. Which of the following is needed in
establishing the predictive validity of a test? RCCD, 2019

A. A highly select group with respect to the

construct being assessed (empirical criterion
keying)
B. A way of judging the appropriateness of the
content of the test items (content validity)
C. Another test of the same construct
(convergent validity)
D. A criterion relevant to performance on the test
but external to it
CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY
RCCD, 2019

• Most probable standing on some measure of

interest (criterion)

MUST BE:
1. Relevant
2. Valid
3. Uncontaminated
• Criterion contamination -criterion measure that
has been based on predictor measures
 PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
RCCD, 2019

• Predicts some criterion

measure

• Forecasting

• Testtaker does not know

how he or she will
respond to the criterion
measure
57. Which of the following should a test of
moral development have in order to show RCCD, 2019

some evidence of construct validity?

A. Show differences between older and
younger children
B. Show stability over the life span
C. Show higher scores for adolescents
than adults
D. Be unrelated to age trends
 EVIDENCES OF
CONSTRUCT-RELATED VALIDITY
RCCD, 2019

1. Homogeneity

2. Changes with age

3. Pretest/Posttest
changes

4. Distinct (variation) in
groups
58. Which of the following does a
multitrait–multimethod matrix include? RCCD, 2019

A. Correlations of two or more variables

measured using two or more methods
B. Correlations of two or more variables
measured using the same method
C. Correlations of the same variable
measured using two or more methods
D. All of the above
 Multitrait Multimethod Matrix
Matrix or table that results from correlating variables (traits) within and
between methods RCCD, 2019

score reliability; principal diagonal

different traits, same method;

variance due to methods
(divergence)
same trait, different
methods; convergence different traits , different methods;
discrimination/divergence
59. In a multitrait–multimethod analysis it is
assumed that if a reasonable level of RCCD, 2019

validity has been achieved if?

A. Method variance is non-existent
B. Trait variance has been partialled out
C. Trait variance will exert a stronger
effect than method variance
D. Trait variance will be smaller than
method variance
60. Factor analysis of supposedly
independent sets of creativity and RCCD, 2019

intelligence tests points to a single factor.

Which of the following can we best infer?
A. The need to repeat the analysis
B. The lack of construct validity of the
creativity tests
C. The tests were too short
D. None of the above
 CONVERGENT VALIDITY
RCCD, 2019

• Measures of the same

construct converge

• No criterion to define

• No single variable can

serve as the criterion
DIVERGENT (DISCRIMINANT) VALIDITY
RCCD, 2019

• Measures something
―unique‖

• Low correlations
with measures of
unrelated constructs
61. For their final requirement, Dr. Perez assigned his
students to create their own psychological test. His class
was divided in three groups and whoever produces the test RCCD, 2019

with best psychometric properties will have a grade of 1.0.

Test A, created by the first group, has a reliability of .4 and a
validity of .8. Test B, created by the second group, has a
reliability of -.7 and a validity of .4. Test C, created by the
third group, has a reliability of .7 and a validity of .3. Which
test shows the best psychometric properties?
A. Test A
B. Test B
C. Test C
D. None of the above
 Comparing Tests
RCCD, 2019

TEST RELIABILITY VALIDITY

Test A .4 .8

Test B -.7 .4

Test C .7 .3
61. For their final requirement, Dr. Perez assigned his
students to create their own psychological test. His class
was divided in three groups and whoever produces the test RCCD, 2019

with best psychometric properties will have a grade of 1.0.

Test A, created by the first group, has a reliability of .4 and a
validity of .8. Test B, created by the second group, has a
reliability of -.7 and a validity of .4. Test C, created by the
third group, has a reliability of .7 and a validity of .3. Which
test shows the best psychometric properties?
A. Test A
B. Test B
C. Test C
D. None of the above
62. Which of the following must be
established in the first step of RCCD, 2019

constructing a psychological test?

A. Determine the sample size to which the
test is administered
B. Review the relevant tests
C. Identify a likely publisher for the test
D. Be clear about the construct or
constructs to be assessed with the test
TEST DEVELOPMENT
RCCD, 2019
 Preliminary Questions
RCCD, 2019
• What is the test designed to measure?
• What is the objective of the test?
• Is there a need for this test?
• Who will use this test?
• Who will take this test?
• What content will the test cover?
• How will the test be administered?
• What is the ideal format of the test?
• Should more than one form of the test be developed?
63. Which of the following is an important
step in creating psychological tests? RCCD, 2019

A. Pilot test the items with individuals similar

to those for whom the test is being
developed
B. Provide translations into other languages
C. Compare the content with existing
psychological tests
D. Use item writers who are blind to the
meaning of the construct being tested
 Pilot Testing and Norming
Norms
RCCD, 2019

• Performance of defined groups of people is

used as a basis for score interpretation

Relevant factors to consider in the make-up

of the normative sample vary depending on
the purpose of the test as well as the
population on which it will be used.
64. If a participant‘s attitude towards the
legalization of marijuana for medical use is RCCD, 2019

assessed on a scale that consists of strongly

opposed, somewhat opposed, neutral,
somewhat for, and strongly for, which of the
following types of scales is being used?
A. Nominal scale
B. Ordinal scale
C. Interval scale
D. Ratio scale
 LIKERT SCALE
RCCD, 2019

• Five alternatives are

offered:
• strongly disagree,
disagree, neutral, agree,
and strongly agree
• Type of summative
scale
• Usually to scale
attitudes
• Ordinal-level
65. Multiple choice tests provide
more than two options for each RCCD, 2019

question to overcome the problem

of?
A. Faking
B. Carelessness
C. Defensiveness
D. Guessing
 MULTIPLE-CHOICE FORMAT
Polytomous format RCCD, 2019

(polychotomous)
• More than two alternatives
• Multiple-choice examination

ADVANTAGES
• Cover a large amount of
information
• Easy to score
• Lower chance performance
66. Who are essential in
creating a Thurstone scale?
RCCD, 2019

A. Observers
B. Experts
C. Assessor
D. Judges
 Thurstone Scale/
Method of Equal-Appearing Intervals
RCCD, 2019

1.Positive and negative attitudes on the

trait/construct are collected

2. Judges evaluate each statement in terms

of how strongly it indicates the construct
3. Mean and a standard deviation of the
judges‘ ratings are calculated for each
statement.
 Thurstone Scale/
Method of Equal-Appearing Intervals
RCCD, 2019

4. Items are selected for inclusion in the final

scale based on several criteria
(a) comprehensive measurement of the
variable in question
(b) degree of confidence that the items have
indeed been sorted into equal intervals.

5. Test administration
67. A man receives a score of 50 on a test. In
order to understand what this score means, RCCD, 2019

which of the following is necessary?

A. Also know the validity of the test
B. Have access to statistical norms for the
test
C. Get collaborating information about the
man‘s anger from a trained professional
D. Know whether the test was administered by
a professional
Standardization sample
On whom the test is originally standardized in
terms of administration, scoring procedures, RCCD, 2019

norms.

Normative sample
Any group from which norms are gathered

Reference group
More loosely to identify any group of people
against which test scores are compared
Ex: Developing local norms;
Participants in a research study
68. In test construction, which sampling
technique is preferred? RCCD, 2019

A. Random samples from the general

population are always employed
B. Representative samples from the
population of interest are employed
C. Accidental or convenience samples have
been found to be as good as any other
D. Random samples are employed for the
initial analysis but not subsequently
 Sampling in Test Construction RCCD, 2019

• Process of selecting the portion of the

universe deemed to be representative of
the whole population

• Foremost requirement  should be

representative of the kinds of individuals
for whom the tests are intended
RCCD, 2019
69. In a quiz, 30 out of 50 students
answered number 50 incorrectly. RCCD, 2019

What is the ―p‖ value of the

particular item?
A. .20
B. .80 50-30 = 20  correct
C. .25 20/50 = 0.4
D. .40
 Item Difficulty (p)
• Proportion of the total number of testtakers who RCCD, 2019

answered the item correctly.

Item-endorsement index - Personality tests

Item-difficulty index – Achievement tests

• 0 to 1; range 0.3 to .8
• optimal average item difficulty is approximately .5
70. In what situation does an item-difficulty RCCD, 2019

index of 0 occur?
A. all examinees evenly respond to the
item correctly and incorrectly
B. all examinees answer the item
incorrectly
C. all examinees answer the item correctly
D. all examinees failed the test
70. In what situation does an item-difficulty
index of 0 occur? RCCD, 2019

A. all examinees evenly respond to the

item correctly and incorrectly (0.5)
B. all examinees answer the item
incorrectly (0)
C. all examinees answer the item correctly
(1)
D. all examinees failed the test
71. Which of the following is the function
of the item discriminability index? RCCD, 2019

A. Separate those that are high and low on

the trait of interest
B. Distinguish between minority and
majority groups
C. Identify those who get the item correct
D. Identify those who get the difficult items
right
 Item Discrimination (d)
RCCD, 2019

• Difference between the proportion of high

scorers answering an item correctly and
the proportion of low scorers answering the
item correctly

• Optimal - 0.3 to 0.5

• Normal distribution = 27%

• Platykurtic = 33%
Interpreting Item Discrimination Index (d)
RCCD, 2019

Higher the value of d

• Greater the number of high scorers
answering the item correctly

Negative d- value
• Low-scoring examinees are more likely to
answer the item correctly than high-scoring
examinees
 Extreme Group Method
RCCD, 2019

This method compares people who have done

well with those who have done poorly on a test.
72. Which of the following is true about conducting
item analysis in test construction? RCCD, 2019

A. The procedure can be repeated with new

samples of items until a satisfactory set has been
found
B. The procedure should be used once and once
only so as not to capitalise on chance
C. The procedure can only be repeated using the
same set of items
D. The procedure cannot be repeated with the same
set of items
73. Which of the following statements about
norms is correct? RCCD, 2019

A. For every psychological test there is one and

only one set of norms
B. The size of the sample used in developing
norms is irrelevant once the norms have been
developed
C. Different norms may apply for the different
purposes for which a test score is used
D. Norms are best developed using a criterion
referencing approach
 Sample Size and Sampling Error

Sampling error RCCD, 2019

• Number that describes the precision of an

estimate from any one sample.
• Expressed as a margin of error associated with a
statistical level of confidence

Smaller samples have greater sampling error than

larger samples

The margin of error due to sampling decreases as

sample size increases
74. Informed consent, in the context of the RCCD, 2019

assessment process, contains all of the

following pertinent information, except
for?
A. Potential risks
B. Limits of confidentiality
C. Financial agreements
D. Prospective benefits of the assessment
 Informed Consent in Assessment
RCCD, 2019

•Nature of our services

•Financial arrangements

•Potential risks

•Limits of confidentiality
 Informed Consent in Therapy
RCCD, 2019

• Nature and anticipated course of therapy

• Potential risks or conflicts of interests
• Fees
• Third party involvement
• Client‘s commitments
• Limits of confidentiality
• Right to commit to or withdraw
 Informed Consent in Research
RCCD, 2019

• Purpose of research, expected duration,

and procedures
• Mutual responsibilities
• Right to decline and withdraw
• Foreseeable consequences
• Foreseeable factors that influence their
willingness to participate: potential risks,
discomfort, or adverse effects
 Informed Consent in Research
RCCD, 2019

• How to rescind consent

• Prospective research benefits
• Protections and limits of confidentiality
and/or anonymity
• Incentives
• Contact for questions
75. Which of the following conditions can make RCCD, 2019

a psychological test become obsolete?

A. Psychological theory develops to render the
basis of the test obsolete
B. Society changes to render the content of
items less appropriate
C. Society changes to render the tests norms
obsolete
D. All of the above
 Obsolete and Outdated Tests
RCCD, 2019

• Times change, and tests can get

outdated (Chan, Drasgow, & Sawin,
1999).
• Ethnic and cultural differences
• Factor structure, or the way items
aggregate, may be different
D. Obsolete and Outdated Test Results RCCD, 2019

1. We do not base our interpretations,

conclusions, and recommendations on outdated
test results.

2. We do not provide interpretations,

conclusions, and recommendations on the basis
of obsolete tests.
76. Which of the following best describes the term
―privilege‖ in psychological assessment?
RCCD, 2019

A. A general term referring to the right to privacy

B. An ethical term referring to an obligation not to reveal
confidential information
C. The legal equivalent of the ethical concept of
confidentiality
D. A legal term referring to the protection of confidential
information in legal proceedings
• Privacy - Refers to the right of persons to decide what
information about them will be shared with or withheld
from others (Broad term) RCCD, 2019

• Confidentiality - Primarily an ethical concept that

refers to the obligation to respect the client's privacy
and to our promise that the information revealed will be
protected from disclosure without their consent

• Privileged Communication - Narrow term and is a

legal concept. Privileged communication laws protect
clients from having confidential communications
disclosed in a court of law without their permission
77. The "privilege" referred to in RCCD, 2019

the term privileged communication

belongs to?
A. the test developer
B. the test user
C. the test taker
D. the test publisher
 Privileged Communication
• Privilege in the psychologist-client relationship
RCCD, 2019

belongs to the client, not the psychologist.

• Competent client  Direct the psychologist to

disclose information  Psychologist is
obligated to make the disclosure

• Psychologist may be ethically compelled to

disclose information if that information will
prevent harm
78. The following situations do not require
a client‘s informed consent in assessment,
RCCD, 2019

except for?
A.Evaluating a client‘s capacity to make
sound decisions
B.Mandated by law or governmental
regulations
C.Screening for job application or school
admission
D.Uncooperative client who is referred
 Informed Consent
RCCD, 2019

Ethical principle that a participant/patient is

aware of the purpose of all tests/therapies s/he
takes part in, and has given his/her consent to
their administration

(1) The general purpose of the testing

(2) The specific reason it is being undertaken in
the present case
(3) The general type of instruments to be
administered
Informed Consent in Assessment
We gather informed consent prior to the
RCCD, 2019

assessment of our clients except for the

following instances:
• When it is mandated by the law
• When it is implied such as in routine
educational, institutional and
organizational activity
• When the purpose of the assessment is to
determine the individual‘s decisional
capacity.
79. If a psychometrician/psychologist wants to check
whether the IQ of an individual has changed by RCCD, 2019

readministering the test with which their IQ was

originally measured, which of the following would be
true?
A. It is liable to be in error if the test has been
renormed between test administrations
B. It is not as accurate as using a different test on the
second occasion
C. It depends on the length of the test being used
D. It is no longer a recommended procedure
 Test scores
Test scores cannot be meaningfully
RCCD, 2019

compared if
• the tests or test versions are
different,
• the reference groups are different, or
• the score scales differ,
except when the tests, groups, or scales
have been purposefully equated.
80. Dr. Rodriguez is a psychologist who assists with RCCD, 2019

hiring and promotion decisions at a mental health

institution. She recommends that one of the
psychologists not be considered for promotion
because of an unresolved charge of sexual
harassment against him. This is:
A. Consistent with the provisions of the Ethics Code
B. Violation of the provisions of the Ethics Code
C. Ethical, because it is within the nature of her job
D. Not addressed in the Ethics Code
 H. Unfair Discrimination Against
Complainants and Respondents RCCD, 2019

1. We do not discriminate against

complainants and respondents of ethical
complaints by denying them employment,
advancement, admissions to academic,
tenure or promotion.

2. This does not rule out taking appropriate

actions based on outcomes of proceedings.
81. A 40-year-old therapist becomes attracted to a 38-year-
old client and soon realizes that the feelings are mutual. They RCCD, 2019

discuss the situation and agree to terminate therapy and

begin dating. They eventually get married. This is:
A. Ethical, since they terminated therapy before beginning to
date and since the relationship is a serious one
B. Ethical, since the client is an adult and voluntarily agreed
to stop therapy
C. Unethical, because the therapist began dating a former
client before the required two-year time limit
D. Unethical, unless the therapist and client both received
counseling while dating
 D. Relationships (Therapy)
1. We do not enter into a client- clinician relationship RCCD, 2019

other than for professional purposes.

5. We do not engage in sexual intimacies with our

current therapy clients, their relatives or their
significant others. We do not terminate therapy to
circumvent this standard.

6. We do not engage in sexual intimacies with our

former clients, their relatives, or their significant
others for at least 2 years after cessation of our
therapy with them.
82. Which of the following accurately RCCD, 2019

describes the Spearman‘s g?

A. A method of factor analysis devised by
Spearman
B. Spearman‘s theory of intelligence
C. A statistic devised by Spearman as an index
of intelligence
D. The common element in all cognitive tests
 Charles Spearman
RCCD, 2019

• Concept of test reliability

• Factor analysis
• Two-factor theory of
intelligence
-General intelligence
factor(g) & specific factors
(s)
• Spearman‘s rank correlation
coefficient (Spearman‘s rho)
SPEARMAN’S GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
RCCD, 2019
RCCD, 2019
83. According to the Structure of RCCD, 2019

Intellect Model, intelligence is made

up of how many components?
A. A single factor
B. Two forms
C. Three types
D. Over 100 abilities
 Joy Paul Guilford
• 1930‘s – application of factor analysis for RCCD, 2019

homogeneous items
STRUCTURE OF INTELLECT THEORY
Contents (5) Operations (5) Products (6)
Broad areas of General intellectual Application of
information processes operations on
contents
Visual Cognition Units
Auditory Memory Classes
Symbolic Divergent production Relations
Semantic Convergent Systems
production
Behavioral Evaluation Transformations
Implications
84. Howard Gardner‘s view of intelligence RCCD, 2019

includes ____different types, and does not

specifically mention ___ as one of the
types.
A. 2; logical-mathematical
B. 3; musical
C. 9; conceptual
D. 150; naturalistic
RCCD, 2019
85. In Carroll‘s Theory of RCCD, 2019

Intelligence, Spearman‘s g factor

is found in which stratum?
A. Stratum I Narrow abilities

B. Stratum II Broad abilities

C. Stratum III
D. Stratum IV
 Three-stratum
Theory of Cognitive Abilities RCCD, 2019

• Factor-analytic studies
• Hierarchical model

• Stratum III (Top level): g (general intelligence)

• Stratum II (8 abilities & processes)
• Stratum I: ―Level factors‖ and/or ―speed
factors‖
 Stratum II (8 abilities & processes)
• General memory and learning (Y) RCCD, 2019

• Fluid intelligence (Gf)

• Crystallized intelligence (Gc)

• Processing/decision speed (T)
• Broad visual perception (V)
• Broad auditory perception (U)
• Broad retrieval capacity (R)
• Broad cognitive speediness (S)
86. Which of the following is incorrectly
matched in comparing the Big Five RCCD, 2019

Factors of Costa and McCrae to that of

Cattell‘s Global Factors?
A. Neuroticism : Anxiety
B. Conscientiousness : Self-Control
C. Extraversion : Extraversion
D. Openness : Independence
86. Which of the following is incorrectly
matched in comparing the Big Five Factors RCCD, 2019

of Costa and McCrae to that of Cattell‘s

Global Factors?
A. Neuroticism : Anxiety
B. Conscientiousness : Self-Control
C. Extraversion : Extraversion
D. Openness : Independence (Tough-
Mindedness)
87. Which of the following best illustrates
Sternberg‘s concept of practical intelligence? RCCD, 2019

A. Sarah, a newspaper reporter who has a knack

for making connections with very important people
B. Sheila, a student who generates many creative
research ideas
C. Sam, a college student who quickly recognizes
the correct answers to multiple-choice test
questions
D. None of the above
 Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
RCCD, 2019

Emphasizes how 3 types of abilities work

together to create intelligent behavior

Composed of:
• Analytical
• Creative
• Practical
88. Which is the best example of crystallized
intelligence? RCCD, 2019

A. Kyra, who quickly learns to use SPSS for her

psychological assessment class
B. Den, who is able to perform complex algebraic
calculations in his head
C. Erine, who is able to recall quickly complex
equations
D. Jino, who changes jobs and adapts to the
demands of the new environment
 Cattell’s Fluid and Crystallized
Intelligence RCCD, 2019

Fluid Intelligence
• Ability to reason and use information
• Peaks approximately at age 20

Crystallized intelligence
• Acquired skill and learned knowledge
• Continues to increase into old age
89. What does EPPS stand for?
RCCD, 2019

A. Edwards Personal Preference Schedule

B. Edwards Personality Preference
Schedule
C. Edwards Preference Personal Schedule
D. Edwards Preference Personality
Schedule
 Edwards Personal Preference
Schedule (EPPS) RCCD, 2019

• Forced choice, objective, personality inventory

• Developed by Allen L. Edwards

• Theory of H. A. Murray

• Fifteen normal needs or motives

• 225 pairs of statements; nine (9) statements
used for each scale.
90. Which of the following did Wechsler
use as basis for his concept of verbal and RCCD, 2019

performance scales?
A. The Army Alpha and Beta
B. Subscales from the Stanford-Binet test
C. The ideas of mental age and
chronological age
D. Spearman‘s theory of intelligence
 ARMY ALPHA AND ARMY BETA
World War I
RCCD, 2019
Robert Yerkes, W. V. Bingham, Henry
H. Goddard, T. H. Haines, Lewis
Terman, G. M. Whipple, F. L. Wells.

Army Alpha - literate

• General information questions
• Analogies
• Scrambled sentences

Army Beta test - poor knowledge of

English or illiterate recruits
• Mazes
• Coding
• Picture completion
 Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery
(ASVAB)
RCCD, 2019

Screening tool
Administered to prospective
new recruits in all the armed
services

Career Planning
Learn about their interests,
abilities, and personal
preferences in relation to
career opportunities in
military and civilian settings.
91. Which concept of scaling did David
Wechsler use in the development of
RCCD, 2019

the Wechsler scales?

A. Age scale
B. Point scale
C. Guttman scale
D. Performance scale
 Scaling
RCCD, 2019

• Process of setting rules for assigning

numbers in measurement

• Relating raw scores on test items to some

defined theoretical or empirical
distribution
Age scale
• A test in which items are grouped according to age RCCD, 2019

level
• Binet

Point scale
• A test in which points (0, 1, or 2, for example) are
assigned to each item
• All items with a particular content can be grouped
together
• Wechsler
 GUTTMAN SCALE
• Sequentially from weaker to stronger expressions of the RCCD, 2019

attitude, belief, or feeling being measured.

• Agreeing to stronger statements of the attitude will also

agree with milder statements
92. Which of the following refers to an index of
intelligence that compares one test taker‘s RCCD, 2019

performance to that of the performance of

other test-takers belonging to the same age
group in a standardization sample?
A. Ratio IQ
B. Scaled Score
C. Full Scale IQ
D. Deviation IQ
93. In the WAIS-IV, which of the RCCD, 2019

following is a core subtest?

A. Coding
B. Comprehension
C. Cancellation
D. Picture Completion
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
10 core subtests and five supplemental subtests RCCD, 2019

Four index scores representing major components

of intelligence:
• Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)
• Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI)
• Working Memory Index (WMI)
• Processing Speed Index (PSI)
Two broad scores:
• Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), based on the total combined
performance of the VCI, PRI, WMI, and PSI
• General Ability Index (GAI), based only on the six
subtests that the VCI and PRI comprise.
 RCCD, 2019

Verbal
Comprehension

Similarities Vocabulary Information Comprehension

 RCCD, 2019

Perceptual
Reasoning

Block Matrix Visual Picture Figure

Design Reasoning Puzzles Completion Weights
 RCCD, 2019

Working Memory

Letter-Number
Digit Span Arithmetic Sequencing
 RCCD, 2019

Processing Speed

Symbol Search Coding Cancellation

94. After taking the Wechsler Adult RCCD, 2019

Intelligence Scale, a client was found to

have poor concentration and attention.
Which WAIS subtest will most likely screen
client for these symptoms?
A. Block design
B. Comprehension
C. Arithmetic
D. Picture completion
 RCCD, 2019

Working Memory

Letter-Number
Digit Span Arithmetic Sequencing
 WAIS Subtests
Arithmetic subtest RCCD, 2019

• Simple arithmetic tasks

• Attention and concentration

Block design subtest

• Arrange a series of pictures to tell a story
• Performance and cognitive styles

Picture completion subtest

• Complete a picture with a missing part
• Visuospatial defects
 WAIS Subtests
Digit symbol subtest RCCD, 2019

• Match digits and symbols in as little time

• Test of performance

Comprehension subtest
• Answers questions about how people should
behave.
• Ability to adhere to social consequences and
to understand social judgments
95. Which of the following is first
introduced in the 1916 Stanford- RCCD, 2019

Binet?
A. Representative sampling
B. The concept of IQ
C. Verbal and performance subtests
administered in alternating order
D. None of the above
1916 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
RCCD, 2019
96. Obtaining an IQ of 156 on the RCCD, 2019

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 5th

edition would be interpreted as?
A. Gifted IQ of 130-144
B. Very advanced
C. Highly advanced
D. Superior IQ of 120-129
NOMINAL CATEGORY OF SB-5
RCCD, 2019
97. An 8-year-old boy is referred for psychological
testing by his mathematics teacher after failing a
series of examinations since the beginning of the
RCCD, 2019

school year. The boy‘s mother states that he

complains about not being able to read as well as the
other students. He also complains of difficulty
hearing the teacher. Which of the following tests is
most appropriate in assessing the boy‘s specific
learning challenges?
A. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
Intelligence
B. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
C. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
D. Wide-Range Achievement Test
 Wide-Range Achievement Test
RCCD, 2019

• Evaluates content-specific foundation in

mathematics, spelling, reading, and sciences.

• Ages 5 to 94

• Standardized to account for stratifications in

gender, ethnicity, geographic region, and
socioeconomic status.
 WECHSLER SCALES
RCCD, 2019

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence

• 2 years, 6 months to 7 years, 7 months

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

• 6 to 16 years old

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

• 16-90 years old

Wechsler Memory Scale

• 16 to 90 year old
98. In the MMPI-2, if a client changes
the way he or she answers towards
RCCD, 2019

the end of the test, which validity

scale will he/she be high in?
A. Back F
B. TRIN
C. K
D. S
Back F
• Changing the way the questions are answered at
the end of the test
RCCD, 2019

True Response Inconsistency (TRIN)

• Answering questions all true or all false

Correction (K)
• Person is very guarded and defensive

Superlative Self-Presentation (S)

• Believes in human goodness and denies personal
flaws
99. Tricia was tasked to report for her Psychological
Assessment class. This test, created in 1975, aims to RCCD, 2019

measure Filipino oriented traits, behaviors, and

attitudes, primarily to identify inventive talent. What is
the name of the test and who is the proponent?
A. Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao : Virgilio Enriquez
B. Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino : Annadaisy Carlota
C. Panukat ng Katalinuhang Pilipino : Aurora Palacio
D. Masaklaw na Panukat ng Loob : Gregorio E.H. Del
Pilar
 Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao
by Virgilio Enriquez
RCCD, 2019

• Measured Filipino-oriented traits, behaviors, and

attitudes, primarily to identify inventive talent

• 160-items
• 141 items  24 trait scales; 2 validity scales
• 19 ―identifier items‖ self-claimed personality traits (culturally-
relevant behaviors and attitudes)

• 5-point bipolar scale

• 30-45 minutes to finish

 Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino
by Annadaisy Carlota RCCD, 2019

• 19 Personality Dimensions
• 210 items
• Age range of 13 years and older

• Form K and S: 20 to 30 minutes

• Form KS: 10 to 20 minutes
• All three forms: 50 minutes to 1 hour
(maximum of 1 and 30 minutes)
 Masaklaw na Panukat ng Loob
by Gregorio E.H. Del Pilar RCCD, 2019

• Online and pen-and-paper formats

• 188-item personality inventory

• Five-Factor Model with Filipino trait

constructs
• Four (4) facets per factor
• Two (2) interstitial scales (N & A, A & C)
• Social Desirability scale
100. The psychometrician license is
renewed every __ years, with a RCCD, 2019

required __ CPD points.

A. 3; 40
B. 2; 45
C. 2; 40
D. 3; 45
 RCCD, 2019

Sources:
Matrix of CPD Points
https://www.prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/MATRIX%20OF%20REQUIR
ED%20CPD%202018-onwards-102717.pdf

Earning CPD Points:

https://www.papconvention.org/sites/default/files/presentation/g1.pdf