Shock and Vibration

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Volume 2018, Article ID 2579419, 12 pages Full-Text PDF
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e Effects of Breathing Behaviour on Crack Growth of a Vibrating Beam Full-Text XML
Wenguang Liu 1 and Mark E. Barkey2
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1School of Aeronautic Manufacturing Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063,
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2Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, e University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA How to Cite this Article

Correspondence should be addressed to Wenguang Liu; [email protected] Order Reprints

Received 10 October 2017; Revised 28 January 2018; Accepted 7 February 2018; Published 11 March 2018
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Abstract
e effects of breathing behaviour on the dynamic response and crack growth are studied through a cracked cantilever beam. e main goal is to
reveal the coupling mechanism of dynamic response and crack growth by employing a plain single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) lumped system with
the breathing crack stiffness and friction damping. e friction damping loss factor is derived by using Coulomb friction model and energy
principle. Natural frequency, dynamic stress, dynamic stress intensity factor (DSIF), and crack growth are analyzed by case studies in the end.
Results indicate that not only does the stiffness oscillates during crack growth corresponding to the physically open and closed states of the crack,
but also stiffness and friction damping oscillate nonlinearly with crack growth. is behaviour induces not only nonlinear dynamic response but
also nonlinear crack growth. It provides an approximate description of the nonlinearities introduced by the presence of a breathing crack.
erefore, it can be employed to improve the prediction precision of the crack identi cation and crack growth life of a cracked cantilever beam.

1. Introduction
Cantilever beam-like structures such as aircra wings, engine blades, and rocket bodies are widely used in the aerospace engineering eld. Cracks
oen generate on the surface of a beam when the beam-like structure is subjected to vibratory loading conditions. In order to ensure the safety and
reliability of these beam-like structures, study on the dynamic response and crack growth is important to prevent catastrophic failures, now and in
the future.
According to whether the crack is in the opening or closing state during working time, the crack model is classi ed into two types: open crack
models or breathing crack models. As the name implies, open crack models are regarded as keeping the crack in the open state during motion. For
example, Biswal et al. [1], Krawczuk and Ostachowicz [2], Papadopoulos and Dimarogonas [3], Ostachowicz and Krawczuk [4], Chondros et al. [5,
6], Heydari et al. [7], and Behera et al. [8] developed different kinds of open crack models so as to simplify the dynamic analysis for cracked beams.
However, the open crack model is not accurate for a beam having huge excitation due to the crack closure effect. Especially when a beam is at its
resonance state, even a very tiny force may stimulate a large dynamic response. us, Cheng et al. [9], Chondros et al. [10], Douka and
Hadjileontiadis [11], Kisa and Brandon [12], Surace et al. [13], Chatterjee [14], Ruotolo et al. [15], and Nandi and Neogy [16] proposed breathing
crack models so as to consider the transition state between the fully open and fully closed state of a crack. Compared with the open crack models,
breathing crack modes are in better agreement with cracks in practical engineering systems. at is why most of the recent studies about the
dynamic response and crack growth mainly focus on the breathing cracked beams. In this article, two breathing crack models are employed to
derive the stiffness model of the breathing cracked beam. One is using the square wave function to express the stiffness model of a cracked beam,
and another is using the harmonic function. e square wave function model considers that breathing process has either fully open or fully closed
two states. But the harmonic function model takes the transition state between the fully open crack state and fully closed state into account.
rough these crack models, the vibrational response of the cracked beam had been studied by many authors. Ostachowicz and Krawczuk [4]
presented a means to analyze the effects of open cracks upon the natural frequencies of a cracked cantilever beam. Cheng et al. [9] investigated a
nonlinear crack model to analyze the vibrational response of a cracked beam. Douka and Hadjileontiadis [11] and Liu and Barkey [17] studied the
dynamic response of a breathing cracked beam so as to reveal the nonlinear behaviour. Kisa and Brandon [12], Zeng et al. [18], Zhang et al. [19],
and Ma et al. [20] created a nite element model to analyze the vibrational response of a cracked beam. Ruotolo et al. [15] analyzed the dynamic
response of a cracked beam under harmonic forcing by using a so-called closing crack model to represent the cracked element. Liu et al. [21]
proposed a three-segment beam model having local exibilities due to cracks to analyze the dynamic response of a beam having a closed, fully
embedded crack. Shih and Chen [22] examined the coupling effect of the fatigue crack growth and dynamic response of a cracked sha with
straight-edge or elliptical arc cracks considered. Dentsoras and Dimarogonas [23–25] studied the crack propagation of a vibrating beam under
different excitation. Results indicate that the stiffness value of a cracked beam when the closure effects are considered varies nonlinearly. It is
changed periodically when a periodical force acts on the beam. e impacts of breathing behaviour on the stiffness of the cracked beam are
re ected by a time-varied stiffness model. However, most of dynamic response analysis assumes that the crack remains static. e dynamic
response varying with crack severity is ignored when carrying out crack growth analysis and the coupling effects between the dynamic response
and the crack growth are generally not considered.
e coupling of the crack growth and the dynamic response is a complicated but important mechanism to the dynamic design and the damage
tolerant design of a cracked beam working in vibration environment. However, at present, few works have been done concerning the coupling
effects of the fatigue crack growth and the dynamic response. Most of the present works that have been done ignore the fact that the crack severity
changes during vibration analysis. In fact, not only will the crack depth increase but also will the microslip of the crack surfaces that are produced
when the closure effect is considered for a vibrating beam. In this case, the friction force between the crack surfaces is introduced by the normal
pressure forces. is friction force will do work over the microslide distance so that the energy dissipation is produced. When friction energy
dissipation happens, damping is introduced. When a cracked beam works in a resonance condition, the friction damping will play a very important
role in the dynamic response and crack propagation. is scenario happens frequently in equipment and structures. erefore, resonance is one of
the common reasons of equipment failures. Because the crack alters dynamic properties of the vibrating beam, the dynamic response analysis is
oen used to calculate the dynamic force applied to the cracked section of beam. ese observations imply that the breathing behaviour is a
complicated but a real very important factor to the damage tolerant design for a beam. erefore, it is vital to understand the dynamic response
changes caused by the crack growth and its effect upon the crack growth. But the previous research pays little attention to this problem. In order to
discover the mechanism of friction damping and its effect on the dynamic response and crack growth, the critical detail is to set up a proper
friction damping model for the breathing crack.
e present work is to analyze the rst mode frequency of the cracked beam by the mentioned two stiffness models and Galerkin method, to derive
a friction damping model for a breathing crack by energy principle and Coulomb friction model, and to discuss the dynamic stress response, stress
intensity factor, and crack growth with friction damping loss factor included by case studies in the end.

2. Vibration Equation of a Cracked Beam

2.1. Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) System
In this article, an Euler-Bernoulli cantilever beam of 304 stainless steel (304SS) is considered. e material of the beam is assumed to be isotropic
and homogenous. And a straight surface crack is assumed to be on the top edge. e coordinate, geometry, and dimensions of the beam are shown
in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Model of a cracked cantilever beam, where is an exciting force and is the crack depth.

Ignoring the structural damping and the crack damping, the transverse dynamic equation of an elastic beam in the plane under a concentrated
sine force can be expressed as

Here, is the transverse displacement, is the coordinate, is time, is elastic modulus of material, is density of material, is the area moment
of inertia of the beam’s cross section about -axis, is area of the cross section, is amplitude of the external harmonic force, is excitation
frequency, and is the Dirac function.
Based on the composition of a forced dynamic response, the rst mode does the most contribution. erefore, only the rst vibration mode of the
cracked cantilever beam is considered in this article. Suppose that is the vibration amplitude at position of the neutral axis of the cross
section of beam and is amplitude-time function at any position. e equation of motion of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system for the
intact beam through Galerkin method can be expressed as

Here, is the generalized mass, is the generalized stiffness, and is the generalized force. ey are given by
Based on the boundary condition of a cantilever beam, the vibration shape function of the rst mode is given by [26]

Supposing that the damping of the beam composed of the material damping and the crack damping , then the SDOF vibration equation of
the cracked beam with damping can be modi ed as

Here, is the damping coefficient; it is given by

erefore, the cracked cantilever beam is simpli ed into a SDOF system as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Equivalent SDOF model of the cracked cantilever beam.

2.2. Stiffness Model of a Cracked Beam

When there is a periodic force acting at the free end of the cantilever beam as shown in Figure 1, the cracked beam will be stimulated to vibrate
and the crack will alternate between open and closed states. is phenomenon is de ned as the so-called breathing behaviour. It can be regarded as
that the stiffness value of the breathing cracked beam varies with time between the stiffness of the beam as the crack is fully closed and the stiffness
as the crack is fully open. us, the stiffness value of the breathing cracked beam can be expressed by

Here, is the time, is the breathing function, is the stiffness of the beam as crack is fully open, is the stiffness when the crack is fully
closed, is the stiffness for the breathing cracked beam, and is regarded as equal to the stiffness of the intact beam in this article.
In order to understand and simulate the open and closed state of the breathing crack, a square wave function is used during analysis. e square
wave function is given by

Here, the function means that, in one vibration cycle, when , the crack is in fully close state, and when , the crack is in fully
open state. at implied that the breathing process of the crack is divided into two states absolutely by the square wave function, either fully open
or fully close, with no transition states between them. is is not the real situation in the beam, but it is helpful to understand the frequency of the
breathing cracked beam.
If there is a sine excitation force applied to the beam, it is more reasonable to use a harmonic breathing function than to use a square wave
breathing function. When the beam vibrates predominantly at its fundamental mode, the harmonic function is given by

rough (9) and (7), the stiffness model of the breathing cracked beam can be written as
From (10), it indicates that the stiffness of the breathing cracked beam is composed of the stiffness of open cracked beam and the stiffness of closed
cracked beam. It can be seen from Figure 1 that, in case of , the axis of the beam stays at ① position, and the crack is in
half open state. In case of , the axis of the beam reaches ② position and the crack is fully open. In case of , the
axis of the beam reaches ③ position and the crack is fully closed.
Ignoring the shear force, a cracked cantilever beam can be regarded as two intact beams that are connected by a torsional spring as shown in Figure
3. erefore, the stiffness of the torsional spring due to crack can be obtained from the equation developed by Dimarogonas et al. [27] as

Here, is the distance of the crack from the xed end; , , and are the respective length, width, and height of the beam; is the Poisson ratio of
the material. e function is given by

Figure 3: Stiffness model of the cracked cantilever beam.

erefore, the stiffness of the open cracked beam can be calculated by

3. Friction Damping Model

3.1. Sliding Friction Model
During crack propagation, the crack tip material will yield and then separate. When the material of the crack tip fractures, the crack will advance.
According to the knowledge of materials mechanics, the yield failure of ductile materials oen happens related to the maximum shear stress. And
the maximum shear stress usually appears on the incline plane which forms a 45° angle to the cross section of the cracked beam under tension
stress state for most of steels. erefore, test results of specimen with smooth surface oen yield to some 45° cross inclination strips as shown in
Figure 4.

Figure 4: Yield slip line.

Take the Euler-Bernoulli beam having a breathing crack as the research object as shown in Figure 1. Suppose that the crack growth is just straight
ahead driven by the dynamic response; it could be conceived that the cross-yield slip line with 45° near the crack tip probably will appear on the
surface as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Crack growth road.

Before creating the sliding friction model for the breathing crack, some assumptions should be given at rst as follows:
(1) e dynamic response of the cracked beam is stable.
(2) e energy dissipation of the cracked beam is produced just by the friction of the crack surface.
(3) e friction force at the semicrack depth as point as shown in Figure 5 is employed to calculate the dissipated energy.
(4) e energy dissipation happens only when the crack is in the compressed zone.
(5) e friction force of the crack surfaces satis es with the Coulomb model law.
(6) e total storage strain energy of the intact beam is equal to that of the breathing cracked beam.
Based on these given assumptions, the surface slide friction model of the breathing crack is set up as shown in Figure 6. In the frictional model,
is the normal pressing force which is perpendicular to the cross section of beam and is the friction force between the crack surfaces. It is
estimated by the normal stress of point, a position of semicrack depth. e relative microsliding distance depends on the crack open distance
(COD) at the semicrack depth position.

Figure 6: Friction model of crack surface.

3.2. Damping Loss Factor

According to the geometry of the cracked beam as shown in Figure 5, the nominal stress of point as the crack is fully close can be estimated by
Hooke’s law. It is given by

erefore, the normal pressing force is obtained

Because the breathing crack will be opened gradually when it is in intensive zone and will be closed when it is in a compressed zone, the value of
pressing force may exist during the half cycle relative to the effect of external harmonic force and the average pressing force in one cycle is given
by

If the frictional coefficient of crack surfaces for 304SS is , the friction force between the crack surfaces can be derived by the sliding friction
model. It is given by

In each cycle, the breathing process of the crack from the open state to the close state includes 4 phases. If position ① is the initial position as
shown in Figure 1, a total breathing process includes . Only when the crack is in the compressed zone, the friction force
will be produced. Based on the work-energy theorem for systems, the energy dissipation introduced by the sliding friction force between the crack
surfaces in one vibration cycle is given by

It can be seen from Figure 6 that the relative sliding distance between the crack surfaces depends on COD of point. An empirical formula for
COD with 1% accuracy for any is given by Tada et al. [28]

Here, the function is given by

Figure 6 shows that the relation between COD and is

erefore, the energy dissipation caused by the friction force within one vibration cycle is obtained
According to the energy principle and the assumptions, the strain energy storage in the cracked beam having rectangular cross section is given by

For a cracked beam, the friction damping loss factor can be de ned as

erefore, the damping loss factor caused by the friction of the crack surfaces is obtained

4. Vibration Response Analysis

4.1. Mode Frequency
If the generalized stiffness is replaced by the stiffness of the open cracked beam , then the rst mode frequency of the open cracked beam is
also obtained. erefore, the rst mode frequency of the cracked beam corresponding to fully open and fully closed states can be predicted
approximately by the following equation:

Here, is the frequency of the open cracked beam and is the frequency of the closed cracked beam.
If the breathing behaviour is considered, the stiffness of the cracked beam varies with time within one vibration cycle. It is impossible to plug the
stiffness model of a breathing cracked beam into the frequency equation (26) to analyze the mode frequency of the breathing cracked beam
directly. But within one cycle, no matter which kind of the breathing function is used, the cycle period time will not change. If the square wave
function is used, the vibration cycle time includes two parts. e prehalf cycle corresponds to the fully open crack, and the posthalf cycle
corresponds to the fully closed crack. erefore, the relation of the sine breathing behaviour and the square wave breathing behaviour must obey

Here, is the frequency of the breathing cracked beam. It is given by

4.2. Dynamic Stress Intensity Factor (DSIF)

For a vibrating cracked beam, the crack propagation speed relies on not only the amplitude of dynamic stress response but also the crack depth. For
an edge cracked beam as shown in Figure 1, ignoring the shear force, the beam endures bending load mainly. e crack will open as type I crack. In
real engineering practice, mode I crack maybe is the most common crack model, and it is very sensitive to dynamic response. erefore, the mode
I crack is considered in this article. Based on the strength theory and Hooke’s law, the nominal dynamic bulk stress at the top edge of the cracked
beam under pure bending states can be estimated approximately by

Plugging the dynamic displacement response into the stress equation, we obtain

Here, is the static displacement, it is the ratio of the generalized force and the stiffness of the cracked beam; is the amplify ratio of
displacement response; it is given by [26] and expressed by
Here, is the frequency ratio. When is near to 1, the beam is near or at resonance, the amplify ratio is very large, and the damping ratio plays
important role in the resonance response and crack growth.
Based on the de nition of stress intensity factor (SIF) in fracture mechanics, the SIF of the beam under pure bending can be de ned by empirical
formula

Here, is SIF; is the nominal dynamic bulk stress, is crack shape function, and it is given by many authors in approximate expression
as [28]

e shape function is claimed to be of engineering accuracy for any .

5. Crack Growth Analysis

5.1. e Modi ed Forman Equation
e parameters such as the crack closure effect, stress ratio, SIF range, critical SIF, and the threshold of SIF are considered for the model of crack
growth, which is called the modi ed Forman Model [21]. is model is employed for crack growth analysis in this study and shown as

Here, is the stress ratio; is the critical SIF; is the threshold SIF and is the stress intensity range; is the numbers of vibration cycle; ,
, , and are fatigue properties of materials; is closure function and given by Newman Jr. [29]

where

e threshold SIF is given by

Here, is the threshold SIF when is 0; is the initial crack depth.

In these formulas, is the constraint coefficient for plane stress or plane strain problem; is the ratio of the maximum stress and stress ow.
For the constant amplitude loading, the increment of crack growth can be calculated by integrating (34). Because the stress relies on the crack
depth, the exciting frequency, and the damping, the amplitude of dynamic stress response is assumed to be a constant value within one cycle. e
incremental crack growth in each cycle can be estimated by (34). en the crack depth aer times cycle can be calculated by the superposition
method and expressed as

Here, is the total crack depth aer times cycle and is the crack incremental of the th step vibration.

e incremental of crack growth within one vibration cycle is calculated by employing the modi ed Forman crack growth equation. It is expressed
by

e coupling analysis can be done by the above mathematical equations. e stiffness is changed gradually with crack growth rst. e damping is
also introduced by the friction energy dissipation from crack surfaces. Both of them affect the dynamic response greatly. On the contrary, the crack
propagation ratio is also affected by the change of dynamic response.
5.2. Failure Criteria
If the crack depth extends to a certain value or the dynamic stress is too large, alternative failure modes may occur to the beam. erefore, it is
especially important to work out reasonable criteria to indicate the failure. ree failure criteria are considered and shown as follows.
(1) Geometrical Limit. e failure occurs automatically if the crack depth is larger than the half height of the beam, because SIF is not suitable when
used to estimate the fatigue life in crack growth equation.
(2) Critical SIF. e fracture occurs if the maximum SIF is larger than critical SIF ( ).
(3) Fracture Failure. e static fracture failure occurs if the maximum value of the bulk dynamic stress is larger than the ultimate strength stress.

6. Results and Discussion

A cantilever beam of 304SS is considered as 1 m in length, 0.12 m in width, 0.15 m in height, and a straight-edge crack with distance m from
the xed end. e force that acts on the free end of the cracked beam is a sine excitation. e amplitude of the force is = 500 N and the stress
ratio is . e materials of the beam are shown in Table 1. e crack growth properties of the beam are shown in Table 2.

Table 1: Material properties of 304SS.

Table 2: Crack growth properties of 304SS.

Because the damping properties in the stainless steel subjected to deformation and temperature, the maximum damping loss factor is not bigger
than 0.01 [30], and the damping loss factor of 304SS is assumed to be 0.005. In order to investigate the effects of breathing behaviour on the
dynamic response and the crack growth, the mode frequency, friction damping loss factor, dynamic stress, dynamic stress intensity, and crack
growth are analyzed.
Figure 7 displays the relation of the mode frequency ratio and the crack depth ratio. Results indicate that the predicted frequency of breathing
cracked beam by (28) is in good agreement with the frequency calculated by ABAQUS. e decrease ratio of the frequency of the breathing cracked
beam is smaller than that of the open cracked beam . It is implied that if the frequency of the force acted on the beam is near to the
resonance frequency, the breathing cracked beam is subjected to a bigger response, because the resonance region of the breathing cracked beam is
wider than that of the open cracked beam. Furthermore, the crack growth speed of the breathing crack is faster than that of the open crack near the
resonance condition. erefore, using a breathing crack mode to carry out dynamic analysis or crack growth calculation is more accurate than
using an open crack model.
 Figure 7: Frequencies change with crack severity.

Figure 8 investigates the friction damping loss factor by using different friction coefficient. Results indicate that the friction damping loss factor
varies with not only the crack severity but also the friction coefficient. With the increase of the crack depth or the friction coefficient, the friction
damping loss factor increases. at implied that the energy dissipated by the friction force is increasing during crack growth. It is very helpful to
reduce the dynamic response of the resonant beam. us, the crack growth ratio of the breathing crack is reduced too.

Figure 8: Friction damping loss factor with crack severity change under different friction coefficients.

Figure 9 shows the maximum dynamic stress of the breathing cracked beam. It is compared with that of the open cracked beam near the resonance
region without considering the friction damping. Results indicate that the stress response amplitude varies with crack depth. Resonance vibration
happens when the crack reaches a certain depth with one xed exciting frequency. e maximum stress happens at the resonant point. And the
maximum dynamic stress of the open cracked beam is smaller than that of the breathing cracked beam with the same exciting frequency. is
implies that the closure effect changes the stiffness of the breathing cracked beam so that the maximum stress response also changes.

Figure 9: e maximum dynamic stress with crack severity change ( ).

Figure 10 presents the effect of the friction damping on the maximum dynamic stress of a breathing cracked beam as the beam working under
resonance condition. It can be shown that the maximum stress of the beam is greatly reduced by the friction damping. is implied that the
friction damping is an important factor to reduce the crack growth ratio.

Figure 10: e maximum dynamic stress with crack severity change of breathing cracked beam.

Figure 11 discovers the relation of the maximum dynamic SIFs of the open cracked beam and that of the breathing cracked beam without friction
damping. It is shown that the maximum dynamic SIF of the breathing cracked beam is larger than that of the open cracked beam without friction
damping considered under the same exciting frequency. But each of them happens at different crack depths.

Figure 11: e maximum dynamic SIF with crack severity change for different frequency ( ).

Figure 12 studies the effects of friction damping loss factor on the maximum dynamic SIF of the breathing cracked beam at resonance. It can be
seen that dynamic SIFs are very sensitive to the friction damping. Comparing Figure 10 with Figure 12, we can nd that the change law of the
dynamic stress is different from that of the dynamic SIF. e reason is because the crack depth also plays an important role in SIF during crack
growth.
 Figure 12: e maximum dynamic SIF with crack severity change of breathing cracked beam.

Figures 13 and 14 examine the relation of the crack depth with the vibration cycles. It can be seen that the crack growth ratio of the open cracked
beam is slower than that of the breathing cracked beam if the friction damping is not considered. e reason is because the decrease ratio of the
mode frequency of the breathing cracked beam is slower than that of the open cracked beam. is means the breathing cracked beam has a wider
resonance region. Considering the friction damping, the crack growth ratio is reduced by the friction damping for a breathing cracked beam
obviously when the beam comes into resonance region as shown in Figure 14.

Figure 13: Crack depth with vibration cycles for different frequency ( ).

Figure 14: Breathing crack depth with vibration cycles for different friction coefficient and frequency.

Figure 15 shows the relation of the decrease ratio of frequency ratio and the numbers of vibration cycles. It can be seen that the decrease ratio of
frequency of the open cracked beam is faster than that of the breathing cracked beam at the rst phase of the crack growth when the exciting
frequency is 0.98 times of the mode frequency of the intact beam. But aer certain numbers of vibration cycle, the decrease ratio of the frequency
ratio of the breathing cracked beam is faster than that of the open cracked beam.

Figure 15: Frequency ratio with vibration cycles ( ).

7. Conclusions
In this article, the stiffness model and the friction damping model of a breathing cracked beam are derived. e rst mode frequency is analyzed by
using a SDOF model which is simpli ed by the Galerkin method. e dynamic stress is derived and the crack growth is studied. e effects of the
breathing behaviour on the dynamic response and crack growth are revealed so as to analyze the coupling mechanism of the crack growth and
dynamic response approximately. e main conclusions are obtained:
(1) During vibration analysis of a cracked beam, the crack closure effect between opening and closing states must be considered. A breathing crack
model is better than the open crack model for dynamic response and crack growth analysis. A sinusoidal breathing function is useful to simulate
the transition state between the fully open state and the fully closed state. It meets the object facts and the physical natural of crack. It may be closer
to the real motion of the breathing crack than that of the square wave function. Using a breathing crack model is more realistic than using an
opening crack model.
(2) Based on energy principle and Coulomb friction model, the friction model is set up and friction damping loss factor is derived. Friction
damping not only plays important role in the maximum dynamic response, but also plays important role in the crack growth. Especially to
resonance response and crack growth, friction damping effect is very obvious.
(3) e Galerkin method is used to simplify the breathing cracked beam into a SDOF system. e rst mode frequency equation is derived
approximately. e rst mode frequency changes with the crack severity. e frequency decrease ratio of the breathing cracked beam is slower than
that of the open cracked beam. If the closure behaviour of the breathing crack is not considered, the degree of crack growth may be
underestimated.
(4) e modi ed Forman equation is employed to simulate the crack growth. A crack growth life analytical method is proposed with the coupling
effect of vibration and fatigue crack growth included. Breathing behaviour of the crack is important to crack growth. e dynamical properties play
an important role in crack growth. When the exciting frequency is near to the rst mode frequency, the crack growth ratio is very fast. e crack
growth life of the breathing cracked beam is smaller than that of the open cracked beam.

Nomenclature
: Crack depth, initial crack depth
: e th step crack depth, the th step crack incremental
: Area of cross section
: Width of beam cross section
: Fatigue properties of materials
: Coefficient of modal damping
: Flexibility of the intact beam
: Flexibility due to the presence of the crack
: Total exibility of the open cracked beam
: Sliding distance between crack surfaces
: Young’s modulus
: Closure function of breathing crack
: Harmonic load
: e generalized force, loading amplitude
: Normal pressing force, friction force
: Average pressing force
: Crack shape function
: Height of the beam cross section
: Area moment of inertial of the beam cross section
: e generalized stiffness
: Stiffness of the breathing cracked beam
: Stiffness of the close cracked beam
: Stiffness of the open cracked beam
: Stiffness of the torsional spring
: Dynamic stress intensity factor
: e maximum dynamic stress intensity factor
: Fracture toughness
: e threshold of stress intensity factor
: e range of stress intensity factor
: Distance of crack from the xed end
: Length of the beam
: e generalized mass
: Moment
: Fatigue properties of materials
: Numbers of vibration cycle
: Shear force
: Stress ratio
: Time
: Amplitude-time function
: e strain energy
: Energy dissipation
: Lateral de ection in direction of beam
: Modal function
: e coordinate
: Static displacement
: Density of material, Poisson’s ratio
: Friction coefficient
: Excitation frequency
: Frequency of the close cracked beam
: Frequency of the open cracked beam
: Material damping
: Frictional damping
: Amplify ratio
: Frequency ratio
: e breathing function
: e Dirac function
: Nominal stress, normal bulk dynamic stress
: Ultimate stress, yield stress.

Con icts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no con icts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
is research work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51565039).

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