Manual Cype Pantalla Inglesl
Manual Cype Pantalla Inglesl
Manual Cype Pantalla Inglesl
User manual
Embedded Software for
Architecture,
Engineering and
Construction
Embedded
Retaining Walls
User manual
www.cype.com
www.cype.com
II Soil Retention Elements
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This Manual corresponds to the version of the software denominated by CYPE Ingenieros, S.A. as Soil Retention Elements (Embedded Retaining Walls). The infor-
mation contained within this document describes the characteristics and methods for the use of the program or programs that accompany it. The information
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CYPE
Embedded Retaining Walls III
Table of Contents
1.6. Design of sheet pile walls ................................................. 11 3.2. Static earth pressure ......................................................... 19
1.6.1. Stress with slenderness factor .................................. 11 3.2.1. Calculation of the active pressure ............................ 19
1.6.2. Stress with top of wall load eccentricity ................... 11 3.2.2. Calculation of the passive pressure .......................... 20
1.6.3. Slenderness ................................................................ 11 3.2.3. Calculation of the ‘at rest’ pressure .......................... 20
1.7. Design of Mini pile walls .................................................... 11 3.2.4. Pressure from loads situated on the ground ............ 20
3.2.4.1. Pressures produced by a uniformly
2. Program Description ....................................................... 12 distributed load ................................................................... 20
3.2.4.2. Pressures produced by a band load
2.1. Assistants ........................................................................... 12 parallel to the top of the wall ............................................. 21
2.1.1. Assistant 1. Reinforced concrete slurry wall 3.2.4.3. Pressures produced by a line load
for buildings ........................................................................... 13 parallel to the top of the wall ............................................. 21
3.2.4.4. Pressures produced by a point or
2.1.1.1. General data ......................................................... 13
concentrated load in reduced areas (footings) ................ 21
2.1.1.2. Soil ......................................................................... 13
3.2.4.5. Pressures from the ‘top of wall’ loads ................. 22
2.1.1.3. Intermediate stages of excavation ...................... 13
2.1.1.4. Floor slabs (construction phases) ....................... 14 3.3. Dynamic earth pressure .................................................... 22
2.1.1.5. Service phase (finished job) ................................ 14
3.3.1. Calculation of the active pressure ............................ 22
2.1.2. Assistant 2. Reinforced concrete slurry walls 3.3.1.1. Coefficient of active pressure in dynamic
for buildings of one or two basements ................................ 14 conditions ........................................................................... 22
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IV Soil Retention Elements
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Embedded Retaining Walls 5
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1. Calculations
The program does not determine safety factors against When a rock layer is introduced, the program considers
sliding or overturning. Completing the analysis for all the the wall fixed if it is embedded into the layer for a length
phases of the wall means that there exists a balance be- equal to or greater than two times the wall thickness. Be-
tween actions and reactions, but the reserve capacity in tween 8 in. and two times the thickness, the wall is consid-
case of a load increment or a reduction of the embed- ered to be simply supported by such layer, that is, rotation
ment depth during construction, etc., is not known. One is allowed but displacement is restrained.
way to estimate the available reserve capacity is to repeat
the calculation varying the initial conditions in a copy of The discretization of the wall is carried out every 10 in., ob-
the job. taining the soil behavior diagram at each point. Further-
more, the model also includes the points at which the lateral
For example, repeat a calculation reducing the wall em- supports act.
bedment depth by 20%, or reduce the soil parameters,
dividing the internal friction angle by 1.20 and the cohe-
sion by 2. If you had defined a percentage of the friction
angle between the soil and the wall interior or exterior, en- 1.2. Lateral Pressures
ter 0 to consider only lateral pressures. If the analysis of
The lateral pressures that the soil exerts on the wall depend
these copies is completed without problems, without
on the wall’s movement. To take this interaction into
messages warning that equilibrium is not satisfied, then
account, the program makes use of soil behavior
there exists a reserve capacity based on the factors intro-
diagrams like the one shown in the following figure:
duced, as a minimum.
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8 Soil Retention Elements
Fig. 1.1
The critical points in the graph, ea, ep, and eo, are the
known active, passive, and at rest pressures, respectively.
The active and passive displacement limits are represented
by δa and δp. These displacements are obtained through
the active and passive Subgrade Moduli introduced by the
user.
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Embedded Retaining Walls 9
Similarly, the passive pressure that the wall can exert on the For the checks of ultimate limit states, the program applies
soil may be reduced considerably during seismic events. the load factor introduced by the user, which is a function of
whether the phase is a construction or service phase.
To evaluate these pressures, a pseudo-static method has
been employed with the coefficients of dynamic pressures The forces are always calculated by panel and the Code
based on the Mononobe-Okabe equations. For more infor- checks are carried out with respect to the resistant (effec-
mation, please consult the Earth pressure calculations tive) area of such panel, as indicated in the following figure.
in section 3.
Fig. 1.4
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10 Soil Retention Elements
The next sections expand on some of the critical checks as distributed along the whole height of the wall, and the spac-
well as those that the program verifies in addition to the ing is equal to or less than 8 ft.
Code requirements.
These criteria have been extracted from the NTE (Spanish
Technological Standards for Buildings), Soil Preparation,
1.3.1. Check for combined flexure and axi- Foundations.
al load
The check for section strength (design strength) is carried 1.3.4. Check for the vertical stiffeners
out using as a constitutive law the stress-strain diagram
with the simplified rectangle compression block. With this The same checks as for the horizontal stiffeners apply, but
principle, the program can also differentiate zones of the spacing of the vertical stiffeners must be equal to or
cracked concrete sections, due to combined forces, from less than 5 ft.
uncracked sections.
The combined flexure and axial load check is implemented 1.4. Design of the reinforcement
for all the Codes that the program allows for with their own
peculiarities with respect to compatibility formulations and 1.4.1. Design of the vertical reinforcement
strains permitted for the materials that make up the section From the total entries in the reinforcement table, the most
(steel and concrete). economic of all the ones that comply with the Code re-
quirements for strength, reinforcement ratios, spacing, etc.,
When the check is carried out, the program makes sure
is selected. The base reinforcement, in addition to adhering
that the reinforcement is anchored properly to be able to
to the spacing and minimum ratio criteria, must cover at
consider them in the combined forces calculation.
least 50% of the zones where the maximum moment oc-
curs. In those regions where the base reinforcement does
1.3.2. Check for shear not pass the checks, strengthening bars are provided.
The check for this ultimate limit state is carried out, as with In the cases where the bar lengths are greater than those in-
the combined flexure and axial load case, at different troduced by the user, the required lap splices are generated.
heights of the wall. Since the wall has no transverse rein-
forcement, only the contribution of the concrete is consid-
ered for resisting shear forces. 1.4.2. Design of the horizontal reinforce-
ment
The contribution of the concrete against shear is taken from
the term Vc, which is obtained from the simple empirical for- From all the entries in the reinforcement table, the program
mula stipulated by the Code. This term is a function of the selects the most economical from those that meet the spac-
concrete strength and the width and effective depth of the ing and quantity criteria described previously in section 1.3.
section.
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Embedded Retaining Walls 11
used in either the exterior or interior face. A number of bars product of the axial load at the top of the wall and the maxi-
are provided so that the spacing of the horizontal stiffeners mum eccentricity produced by the deformation of the wall.
is at most 8 ft., and 5 ft. for the vertical stiffeners.
1.6.3. Slenderness
1.5. Design of secant pile walls The slenderness must not be greater than the value recom-
mended by the Code when the element is subject to com-
The design of reinforced concrete secant pile walls follows pression forces.
the same procedure as for slurry walls. All the reinforce-
ment Code Checks listed in section 1.3 apply except for
stiffeners which are not used in this type of walls.
1.7. Design of Mini pile walls
Mini pile walls are cylindrical elements, drilled on site, rein-
1.6. Design of sheet pile walls forced with steel tubing and filled with grout or cement mor-
tar, and whose diameters do not usually surpass 12 in. The
Once a series and a profile within the series have been cho-
user must define the exterior diameter or the excavation di-
sen, the design may proceed. In the case that the profile
ameter, and the program selects the cylindrical steel tube
does not meet the strength requirements, the program
from those defined in the library. The design of the Mini pile
places the next section in the series and analyzes the wall
follows from combined flexure and axial loads. For the cal-
again, since the stresses also change when the profile
culation of the concrete section in ultimate limit states, the
changes. Next, the check is run once more, and if the new
program uses the strain compatibility method, with the cor-
section does not pass either, then the process is repeated.
responding concrete and steel stress-strain diagrams. Be-
The checks made on this type of wall are the following: ginning with the section chosen for the job, all the sections
in the series are checked in sequence. A minimum or acci-
dental eccentricity is considered, as well as the buckling ec-
1.6.1. Stress with slenderness factor centricity based on the Code, limiting the value of the
Von Misses stress calculated from the normal stress (a mechanical slenderness, also as indicated by the Code.
function of the axial force, effective length due to the slen-
The effective length considered is the clear distance in each
derness, bending moment, and the section modulus) and
phase, taking into account that the embedded portion is
the tangent stress (a function of the shear force and the re-
fixed, or the distance between points of zero moment
sisting shear area).
(when there are floor slabs, struts, etc., that produce inflec-
tion points in the bending moment diagram).
1.6.2. Stress with top of wall load eccen-
tricity The maximum size of the circular tube is limited to the
diameter of the Mini pile.
In this case, rather than multiplying the axial force by the ef-
fective length factor as in the previous situation, the pro-
gram considers the additional moment calculated from the
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12 Soil Retention Elements
2. Program Description
Fig. 2.1
2.1. Assistants
When creating a new job, the Assistant Selection dia-
logue will open.
Fig. 2.2
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Embedded Retaining Walls 13
If you create a new job with an Assistant, the program gen- 2.1.1.1. General data
erates the data necessary to describe it, depending on the
One must indicate the total depth of the excavation.
type of Assistant selected, using a minimum number of pa-
rameters introduced in sequence. It includes the generation
of the construction process and the pre-dimensioning of
the geometry of a reinforced concrete slurry wall - excavat-
ed by phases with successive bracing (temporary or per-
manent). A wall that supports the various floors at the
different heights while considering the possibility of having
adjacent structures. It will also generate the final service
stage in which the wall is able to support the load of a build-
ing. Any data generated can be reviewed and/or modified
after the job has been created.
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14 Soil Retention Elements
Fig. 2.5
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Embedded Retaining Walls 15
Fig. 2.8
2.1.2.1. Building
By default, one starts with one basement; if the corre-
sponding box is activated, a sub-basement may be estab-
lished. One must indicate the clear heights between floors,
transverse spans (free span of the floors between the wall
and the next support; with this data the program will ap-
proximate the depths of the floor slabs and the loads that
Fig. 2.10
they transmit to the wall), whether the building is supported
by the wall (indicating the number of floors above ground
level), and, lastly, the type of foundation. With this last entry, 2.1.2.3. Soil
one informs the Assistant of the type of foundation for the
building. A maximum of two layers are allowed. One can also define
whether a rock layer or groundwater exists, indicating their
respective depths.
Fig. 2.9
Fig. 2.11
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16 Soil Retention Elements
2.1.2.4. Information 6. Review the Code checks report by clicking on the but-
ton with the same name.
Before creating the job, a list appears with all the data
entered and approximations made. At this point, one may 7. Edit the reinforcement, if necessary, with the Reinforce-
still go back and make changes, or otherwise wait for the ment Editor, and verify the Code requirements once
program to finish creating the job. This list can be printed more with the Code checks button.
or exported to HTML, PDF, TXT, and RTF. 8. Obtain the job reports and plans by using the Job Re-
ports and Job Plans buttons respectively.
2.3.1. F1 Key
Fig. 2.12 To obtain help about a menu option, place the cursor over
the menu option and, without clicking on it, press the F1 key.
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Embedded Retaining Walls 17
There also exists a question mark icon on the title bar of the
dialogues that are opened when selecting a program op-
tion. When clicking on this icon and browsing through the
dialogue window, the options that contain help will be high-
lighted in blue. Click on those options to open the help win-
dow.
2.4. Assistant
When creating a new job, one has the option of using an
Assistant that will generate the data necessary to describe Fig. 2.13
the wall using a reduced number of parameters in se-
quence. It includes the pre-dimensioning of the geometry
and the generation of loads. Any data generated can be re-
viewed and/or modified once the job has been created.
2.6. Plans
The way to obtain job reports is through the File > Print
> Job Plans option or the plotter icon on the upper right
2.5. Reports hand corner of the main window.
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18 Soil Retention Elements
Fig. 2.14
Fig. 2.15
Fig. 2.17
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Embedded Retaining Walls 19
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20 Soil Retention Elements
When the cohesion of the soil is considered: 3.2.4. Pressure from loads situated on the
ground
ph = γ ⋅ z ⋅ λh − 2 ⋅ c ⋅ λ h ⋅ cos δ 3.2.4.1. Pressures produced by a uniformly
distributed load
where:
Coulomb’s method is applied and the horizontal and verti-
c = cohesion of the soil
cal pressures produced by a uniform surcharge equal:
ph = γ ⋅ z ⋅ λh + 2 ⋅ c ⋅ λh ⋅ cos δ
where:
c = cohesion of the soil
Fig. 2.1
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Embedded Retaining Walls 21
sin α sin α
3.2.4.3. Pressures produced by a line load
ph = λ h ⋅ q ⋅
sin ( α + β ) ;
pv = λ v ⋅ q ⋅
sin (α + β )
parallel to the top of the wall
The method based on Elastic Theory has been employed.
where: The lateral pressure that a line load q exerts, for the case of
λh: coefficient of horizontal pressure a vertical exterior face and a horizontal ground surface,
λv: coefficient of vertical pressure equals:
q: surface load
α: angle of the wall face with the horizontal
β: angle of the slope
Fig. 2.3
q
pq = sin2 2ω
π⋅z
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22 Soil Retention Elements
cos ( α + θ )
K ad = ⋅ K*
cos θ ⋅ cos α a
where:
α: angle of the wall face with the vertical
θ: angle defined by the following expressions:
ah
θ = arctg Case 1
Fig. 2.4 g − av
ah γd Case 2
3.2.4.5. Pressures from the ‘top of wall’ loads θ = arctg ⋅ γ'
g − av
One may introduce point loads or a bending moment at the
top of the wall. where:
g: acceleration due to gravity
These loads generate forces on the wall directly, but they γd: dry unit weight
may also have a passive response from the soil if that is γsat: saturated unit weight
the case. γ’: submerged unit weight
ah: design horizontal acceleration
av: design vertical acceleration, which the program takes as half
of the horizontal
3.3. Dynamic earth pressure K*a the coefficient of active pressure in static conditions, but in its
calculation, α is replaced by (α + θ), and β by (β + θ).
Seismic action makes the pressures on the wall increase
periodically. The active pressure in seismic conditions is
greater than the corresponding one for the static situation. Case 1 corresponds to dry or partially saturated soils in
the exterior, always located above the water table.
Similarly, the passive pressure that the wall can exert on the
soil may be reduced considerably during seismic events. Case 2 corresponds to soils below the water table.
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Embedded Retaining Walls 23
3.3.1.2. Wall-soil friction angle 3.3.1.5. Effects of the loads and surcharge in
the exterior
The wall-soil friction angle can decrease considerably dur-
ing seismic events. This leads to an additional increase of The intensity of the loads on the ground shall be multiplied
the active pressure. Therefore, by considering an angle of by:
0, one remains on the side of safety. a
f = 1+ v
g
a
∆E w = 7 ⋅ h ⋅ γ w hz 3.3.2.1. Specific weight
8 g
where: The pressure due to the weight of the soil is smaller. The
ah: design horizontal acceleration
coefficient to apply to the unit weight, which the program
considers automatically, is:
g: acceleration due to gravity
hz: depth a
f = 1− v
γw: unit weight of water g
where:
av: design vertical acceleration = 1/2 · ah
g: acceleration due to gravity
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24 Soil Retention Elements
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