ETI 1978-07 July

Mill
, -
COMMUNICATIONS INTERPLANETARY SPACECRAFTV$
1 JULY1978 INTERNATIONAL
$1-25*
BONUS
MEI. ... OP-AMPS
ge,
SUPPLEMENT
12 PAGES
-
i
I`
11
ISM
r
,
t
h
TOYS FOR KIDS OR

TOOLS FOR SOCIETY
EPROM Programmer
lectronic Tacho
. i_ ucational Interface
The competition don't like
the sound of this at all.
For quite some time, other manufacturers have UD-XL II TAPE, FOR THE CHROME POSITION (70us)
been trying to produce tape with the qualities of UD-XL II tape is such a dramatic improvement
the Maxell UD-XL. At the same time, Maxell have on most other tape that can be used in this
been quietly perfecting an even better series. position, that comparison is really unfair.
The UD-XL I and UD-XL II tapes are designed For example, if you're familiar with conven-
to attain maximum performance at the ferric and tional chromium -dioxide tape, you'll know of the
chrome position on your tape deck. Whichever associated problems of head wear, poor output
tape position you choose, Maxell can give you a
better performance.
uniformity and relatively high price -
plus low
maximum output level and rather high distortion.
UD-XLITAPE, FOR FERRIIC(norm.)POSITION(120us) UD-XL II tape offers you excellent MOL,
UD-XL I offers an excellent sensitivity of 1 dB sensitivity, and an output improvement of more
higher than even UD-XL. MOL performance is also than 2 dB over the entire frequency range.
1 dB higher over the entire audio frequency Maxell's unique 'Epitaxial' process gives you
spectrum. The result is a new standard in ferric absolute sensitivity and stability, and no drop -out
tape, with wider dynamic range and less distortion problems. What's more, the shells are moulded in
than ever before. diamond cut dies, and made to tolerances 5 times
How does the UD-XL I compare then, with greater than the Philips standard. And, like all
ordinary low -noise tapes? Maxell tapes, UD-XL II has the unique 5 -second
Sensitivity is higher by 2.5 dB, and MOL cleaning leader.
performance by as much as 6dB. In short, if you're recording in the chrome
yet, for all this UD-XL requires no special bias
I
position, you can now achieve all the advantages -
or equalization. Simply set your tape selector as with none of the drawbacks.
you normally would at the ferric position - but A prospect we think you'll find very exciting -
there the comparison ends. even if the competition don't.
ma(ei maxellI AO%
tot
simply excellent
For details on all Maxell Recording
Tape write to Maxell Advisory Service, P.O.
Box 49, Kensington, N.S.W. 2033
WT3J79
AUSTRALIAN OWNED AND PRODUCED July 1978, Vol. 8 No. 7
INTERNATIONAL
fí'
Editorial:
Publisher:
Les Bell
Collyn Rivers
PROJECTS
318: Digital Car Tacho 50
UsesPLL multiplier for quick response.
591: Up/Down Presettable Counter 56

Just count the uses.
638: EPROM Programmer 85
Low cost design is simple to build.
248: 12V to 22V Converter 94
Lets you run gadgets from a 12V battery.
634: 8080 Educational Interface 105

For interfacing and programming experiments.
FEATURES
Sound 13
COMMUNICATIONS WITH INTERPLANETARY SPACECRAFT
New tone arm, speakers.
electronics
JULY 1978 IMTERMITIOMIL
$125
Deep Spate Tracking
Communications with interplanetary craft.
26
BONUS Robots - The Facts 34

How close are we to ultimate automation?
OP -AMPS
SUPPLEMENT Robots- Brain Power 41
12 PAGES
How smart can a machine be?
Digital Electronics by Experiment 46
Part five covers flip flops.
Special Offer: Tacho Kit 53
All the parts for our tacho project, at a special price.
Special Supplement: Op -Amps 61
28 useful circuits using op -amps.
Print Out 99
News from the micro world.
Special Offer: Microwave Burglar Alarm 102
Superb unit at special price.
Propagation - A Close Look 112
Cover: Are robots merely toys for kids, How to make sense of those prediction charts.
or are they really evolving into useful
tools for society. Two major articles this
month examine this question, while next
month we ask: is it feasible to build your
own robot? Photograph by John Knight
NEWS & JNFOHMATIO\

News Digest 4 Amateur News 125
Sound Briefs 24 CB News 126
A Modern Magazines Publication Mini Mart 117 Propagation Predictions ...128
Recommended retail 'price only. Printed Circuit Board Ideas for Experimenters 131
118 Index to Advertisers 138
Registered for posting as a publication - Drawings
SWL News 120 Reader Services 138
Category B
ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978 3

News Digest
Salt of the Earth? New Taxi System
XIT Rod Co. of Covina, California, has The Minister for Transport, the Hon. "This system has real advantages.
developed a grounding rod which grows Mr. Peter Cox, has commissioned a new Instead of using valuable air -time to '
electrolytic `roots' to decrease the rod - taxi status, identification and alarm 'bid' verbally for a call, with possibly
to -earth resistance dramatically. The system for Taxis Combined Services several drivers calling at the same time,
hollow tubular body condenses moist- Pty Ltd., in Sydney. and even causing a lock-out' situation,
ure from the air which trickles through The Managing Director of Taxis the driver is able to press a button that
a bed of coarse granulated metallic salt, Combined Services, Mr. R. L. Kermode, will send out a very short signal
dissolving a small quantity of it to form said more than 1200 taxis would be (milliseconds) but still register his
an electrolytic solution. This solution connected to the system. The fleet is `bid'. This means that the radio channel
seeps through the bottom of the rod, one of the world's largest fleets of radio - is free to accept many more calls from
thus growing `roots' and dropping the controlled taxis. many more taxis. The fast response
earth resistance .to a fraction of the The new Status and Identification time is invaluable during peak traffic
value otherwise obtainable. System, designed by Philips-TMC conditions and its importance in
Radio Division in Melbourne, is the first emergency situations cannot be
Ultrathin Radio in its field in Australia and is capable overstressed."
A new ultra thin AM/FM radio which of identifying up to 10,000 mobiles. The system also has a built-in
incorporates a quartz clock and alarm Digital techniques combined with digital alarm system that could help to reduce
will be on display at the National transmission are used to provide high the number of attacks on taxi drivers
exhibit, Stand 57 in the Commemorative speed data communication. and lead to the capture and conviction
Pavilion, at the forthcoming Consumer The system, in addition to speeding of more attackers.
Electronics Show to be held at the communication between the base and If á driver fears he may be attacked,
Sydney Showground, July 13-17. the taxi fleet, will provide facilities he activates a hidden switch which
Although this new unit, designated which should result in a reduction in the automtitically turns ort the taxi
Model RF 016, is only 17.3 mm (less number of attacks on taxi drivers. A transmitter and sends a special àlarm'
than 3Á") thick and weighs a mere 180 g high standard of accuracy is achieved by signal. This registers on the base
(6.4 ozs) with batteries, it contains a using rapid data transmission methods, operator's console.
remarkable concentration of features. which ensure minimum possibility of At the base station, the operator
These include a high-performance human or transcription errors. knows immediately which driver is in
FM/AM_ radio receiver, an extremely Mr. Kermode travelled extensively 'trouble because his taxi number is
accurate quartz clock with liquid overseas in 1976 looking at transport flashed up on a separate display. The
crystal digital display, a light for night- systems and communications systems operator then presses a button which
time use, and a two-way alarm which before deciding on the Australia - allows him to tell all other taxis on the
either chirps or turns the radio on at a designed Philips equipment. frequency to keep off the air because of
pre -selected time. This has been achiev- the emergency.
ed by National's advanced technology "The uniqueness of the system lies From this point, a series of events
in the miniaturisation of such com- in the fact that it places control in the takes place that will help the operator
ponents as speakers, capacitors and hands of the base operator," Mr. to locate the driver and indicate the
intermediate frequency transformers Kermode said. "Control is essential sort of trouble he is in. But, to spell
to achieve compactness and light when dealing with the fleet of more out those events would only alert any
weight without loss of performance than 1200 cabs which make up Taxis would-be attacker and defeat the
or reliability. Combined Services and which operates security aspects of the system.
Recommended Retail Price is on an 8 channel radio network in What Philips will say, however, is
$125.00. peak hours. that the system does work, it does have
"When the base operator sends out the support of the taxi industry, and
a call, those drivers wishing to 'bid' for with quick action by the base operator
the job simply press a button on a and police, more taxi driver attackers
small, dash-mounted console. The first
driver to register his 'bid' on the
will be caught -
will be deterred.
and would-be attackers
operator's console gets the job. The Laser Scalpel

base operator then informs the first A new scalpel with a transparent blade,
driver that he has the job and gives him developed at the University of Washing-
all the relevant information of address, ton, uses light from an argon laser to
person's name and any other details. cauterise blood vessels. The light is
"Once the driver has the message `piped' to the scalpel through a fibre
he just presses a `roger' button to let optic guide and emerges from the cutting
his base know he is on his way. If he edge of the blade, which is made from
did not understand some part of the quartz or sapphire. As the scalpel cuts,
information, he presses another button pressure from the blade forces the blood
marked `repeat' and the operator vessels closed, and the light cauterises
repeats all the information. On the them.
other hand, if the driver wishes to speak Several advantages are claimed over.
to the operator, perhaps to tell him the conventional electrosurgical scalpel,
that the street number he was given which cauterises with an intense RF
does not exist, he presses another field, including less blood loss, less
button marked `query' and the base damage to adjacent tissue and the
operator then allows him to use his absence of a ground electrode, which
normal microphone for a brief period. can cause burns.
4 ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978

High Accuracy DMM
Dick Smith is now stocking the Seif
Digital Multitester, "an instrument
RA
which offers an unusually high degree of
2,12.4
accuracy considering it sells for only .M pA AA .92/2
$145', says Dick.
"We compared the Seif with five v .i - EM
similar units selling for up to $205, and

none of them could match the 0.1% FUE *n CI
¡INPUT
t
DCV ACV DCI ACI OHM
accuracy yet at the same time offer POWER
100 µV resolution, the number of ranges a T c
- --_`
and the big (11 mm height) LED
readouts. The closest any of them came - - .
to the Seif's DC accuracy figure was
0.25%." - if DIDI-TnSTER ocA-2000
Specifications of the Seif Digital

Miltitester are as follows: V
DC Volt Ranges: 200rnV, 2V, 20V,
200V and 1000V Asynchronous Communications The INS8250 has on -chip interrupt
AC Volt Ranges: 100mV, 2V, 20V, Element capability that permits complete flex-
200V and 700V A new Asynchronous Communications ibility in interfacing to all popular
DC Current: 200uA, 2mA, Element from National Semiconductor microprocessors. To reduce software
20mA, 200mA, 2A Corporation is claimed tó incorporate overhead during data character trans-
AC Current: 200uA, 2mA, many software -programmable and fers, the device prioritizes interrupts
20mA, 200mA, 2A hardware control features that reduce from receiver line status, receive data
Resistance: 2K, 20K, 200K, system complexity and micprocessor ready, transmitter holding -register
2M, 20M Ohms overhead during serial data transfers. empty, and modem status.
Readouts: 11 mm high LED In addition to being a UART to perform In 100 -unit quantities, the INS8250
DC Accuracy: ± 0.1% ± 0.2% serial -to -parallel and parallel-to -serial is priced at $8.10 each. Delivery is from
RDG. ±.1 digit conversions, the INS8250 provides stock.
Resolution: 100uV programmable baud -rate generation,
Price: $145.00 Catalogue No: programmable serial-message formatting,
Q-1440. Available at all Dick Smith status reporting, and complete modem 16K from Rifa
Electronics stores. control. Rifa recently announced details of the
Reversing Buzzer The device contains a programmable 16,384 bit MOS RAM manufactured
baud -rate generator that accepts any by Fujitsu, one of the largest IC
An instant audible warning device to tell
pedestrians, especially children, of a clock input from dc to 3.1 megahertz, manufacturers in Japan. The Fujitsu
vehicle reversing is being marketed by dividing it to select baud rates from 50 MB 8116 is a full decoded, dynamic
Swann Electronics. to 56,000. Divisors, loaded during NMOs random access memory organized
A valuable safety aid for cars, trucks, initialization, are stored in two 8 -bit as 16,384 one -bit words. The design is
vans and buses, the buzzer can be operat- latches using a 16 -bit binary format. optimized for high-speed, high perform-
ed also from a switch mounted on the The device has double buffers on both ance applications such as mainframe
dashboard. the transmit and receive sections to memory, buffer memory, peripheral
Obtainable from the Swann merchan- compensate for any asynchronous storage and environments where low
diser at automotive accessory outlets, anomalies. power dissipation and compact layout
the warning buzzer costs $6.21 plus tax. The microprocessor specifies asynch- is required.
Also available is a dashboard warning ronous data format through the INS8250 Multiplexed row and column address
buzzer which can monitor oil pressure line -control register. Characters may inputs permit the MB8116 to be hous-
or water temperature, and a hazard have 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits; even, odd or no - ed in a standard 16 pm DIP. Put-outs
warning light flasher. parity bits and, either 1, 1% or 2 stop conform to the accepted industry
bits. The unit deletes start/stop and standard.
parity bits from the serial data stream Clock timing requirements are non-
prior to converting to parallel for the critical, and power supply tolerances
REVERS" G system data bus. It also adds standard are 10%. All inputs are TTL compatible;
asynchronous communication bits to the output is three -state TTL.
CAFimirtzCAIAYw.I
er a Ousas n
For further information contact:
I TIW output serial data stream. Contents of
the line control register can be retrieved Rifa Pty. Ltd., 202 Bell Street, Preston,
for inspection, eliminating the need Vic. or 23 Sloane Street, Marrickville,
WARM 5'MIyCREM
PEDEti7MRMtL90W04
for separate storage in system memory. N.S.W.
Status registers inform the CPU of
line and modem conditions at any time. New Heatsinks
Data ready, transmitter register con- A range of compact finger type and fan
ditions, as well as overrun, parity and top heat sinks designed for use in com-
framing error are signalled by the line puters, audio amplifiers, power supplies
status register. The modem status register and calculators are available from
indicates various clear, set, ready and Melbourne based company, Swann
other conventional data signals from Electronics Pty. Ltd., of P.O. Box 350,
the modem. Mt. Waverley, Vic. 3149.

fact:
you can choose your
microphone to enhance
your individuality.
Shure makes microphones for every imaginable use.
Like musical instruments, each different type of Shure microphone has a
distinctive "sound," or physical characteristic that optimizes it for
particular applications, voices,or effects.
Take, for example, the Shure SM58 and SM59 microphones:
SM59 SM58
Mellow, smooth, Crisp, bright
silent... "abuse proof"
The SM59 is a relatively new, Probably the most widely used
dynamic cardioid microphone. Yet on-stage, hand-held cardioid
it is already widely accepted as a dynamic microphone. The
standard for distinguished studio SM58 dynamic microphone is
productions. In fact, you'll often preferred for its punch in live
see it on TV ... especially on mus- vocal applications . espe-
ical shows where perfection of cially where close-up miking is
sound quality is a major considera- important. It is THE world -
tion. This revolutionary cardioid standard professional stage mi-
microphone has an exceptionally crophone with the distinctive Shure
flat frequency response and neu- upper mid -range presence peak for
tral sound that reproduces exactly what it an intelligible, lively sound. World-
hears. It's designed to give good bass renowned for its ability to withstand
markably rugged -
response when miking at a distance. Re-
it's built to shrug off
rough handling. And, it is superb in reject-
the kind of abuse that would destroy
many other microphones. Designed
to minimize the boominess you'd ex-
ing mechanical stand noise such as floor pect from close miking. Rugged, effi-
and desk vibrations because of a unique, cient spherical windscreen eliminates
patented built-in shock mount. It also fea- pops. Lightweight (15 ounces!)
tures a special hum -bucking coil for hand -sized. The first choice among
superior noise reduction! rock, pop, R & B, country, gospel,
and jazz vocalists.
Some like it essentially flat... ...some likea "presence" peak.

6
-
S á
EREOUENCv IN HERTZ
.Y
FREOUE hie" IN HERTZ
professional microphones...by
AUDIO ENGINEERS P/L

342 Kent Street.
1 SHURAUDIO ENGINEERS (Vic.)
2A Hill Street.
AUDIO ENGINEERS (Old.)
51ACastlemaine Street.
AE130/FP
ATHOL M. HILL P/L

33 Wittenoom Street,
SYDNEY 2000 N S W THORNBURY 3071 Vic MILTON 4064 Old EAST PERTH 6000 W.A.
News Digest
HP Lab Supply
Intended for engineers who design and
test breadboards and prototypes, a new
low-cost, dual -output bench power
supply from Hewlett-Packard offers two Em
independently adjustable and isolated ti .
power sources in one compact unit.
Both of the do power sources are of the
constant voltage/current limit type with
each output voltage being adjustable
continuously over a 0 to 25V range. The Edit Code Generator
maximum current available per output Ampex Australia Pty. Ltd. has mere 5.5 mm x 2 mm in size and
ís 0.2A and ís limited automatically to announced the introduction of the occupies less board space than most
EECO MTG 550 Series master time '/4 Watt carbon types.
prevent overloading.
code generator which generates standard GLP and GL1 Metal Glaze Resistors
r ... a.a, o....., SMPTE/EBU Edit Code formats used
for electronic indexing of video and
are available at Soanar Branches and
Agents throughout Australia, and may
audio tapes. be purchased as individual or bandoliered
The generator incorporates the LSI units. The resistance range covers 2.2
time code generator chip which contains ohms to 1 Meg ohm.
all the basic logic necessary for pre- Further information may be obtained
a setting the display time; inserting user from: Soanar Electronics Pty. Ltd.,
Li
bits, locking to video or other reference 30 Lexton Road, Box Hill, Vic. 3128.
II_ sources; external selection of 25 or 30
frames-per -second frame rates; and
New Design Duracells
selection of drop or non -drop frame
code. The release in Australia of .a completely
Standard features of the MTG 550 new design of the well known Duracell
include the ability to slave the generator long life alkaline dry battery has been
The HP 6234A offers considerable announced by the manufacturers and
flexibility to the user with output to an external source of serial time code
for add-on recording and the ability to distributors, Mallory Batteries (Aus-
voltages that can be arranged to pro- tralasia) Pty. Ltd., of North Ryde,
vide identical or different voltages in derive proper reference sync from NTSC,
PAL and SECAM video standards with New South Wales.
any polarity combination with Known as the 'FLAT-PAK', the
respect to 0 or other common positive an option to generate 24 -frame code for
the film industry. Encoding the auxiliary alkaline battery is of the flat cartridge
or negative voltage points. The outputs type and ís presently available in
can also be connected in series to pro- binary word from four different sources
allows the user to insert 32 bits of several sizes and voltages, including the
vide up to 50V at 0.2A. Both sources type 7K67, a 6 -volt cartridge as used
are fully isolated to permit either of.
information into the serial Edit Code
output for additional scene identi- in Kodak instant picture cameras, and
the output terminals to be grounded. the type 5K65, a 9 -volt being used in
With dimensions of only 90 mm fication.
Special status/alarm signals alert the some models of calculators.
high, 155 mm wide and 190 mm deep The new design of cartridge battery
(3 5/8" x 6 1/8" x 7 1/2"), the HE
user to loss of time code, loss of video/
sync as a reference, loss of phase lock has been developed to assist designers
6234A supply takes up a minimum of battery operated products to improve
and of momentary power loss. Hexa-
amount of bench space. Its weight is appearance and performance of their
decimal display is employed to allow
2.3 kg (5 lbs.). The unit can be powered products, as well as simplify design and
selection of either Binary Word or Edít
from a 115V or an optional 230V, reduce assembly costs.
47-63Hz ac input. Code for display.
Further information is available The consumer also enjoys benefits
The Hewlett-Packard Model 6234A with the use of the 'FLAT-PAK'
dual -output power supply is priced at from Ampex Australia Pty Ltd, 4
Carlotta Street, Artarmon, NS.W. because (a) the design makes it virtually
$185.00. Deliveries are eight weeks impossible to insert a battery incorrectly,
from date of order. For further inform- 2064, who are the distributors of
EECO products in Australia. (b) the internal welding of intercell
ation contact Hewlett-Packard connections ensure positive contacts,
Australia Pty Ltd, 31-41 Joseph St. and (c) the ultrasonically sealed plastic
Blackburn, Vic. 3130. Metal Glaze Resistors battery casing reduces risks of possible
Soanar Electronics Pty. Ltd. now equipment damage from leakage or
include 1/4,1/4. and 1 Watt Metal Glaze corrosion.
resistors in their comprehensive range
EMR-clean Room
A theory that electromagnetic radiation
may in some way affect the health and
recovery of patients is being tested at
of resistors and resistive components.
Designated GLP and GL1, these thick
Metal Glaze Resistors are Australian
made and designed to provide the
/
the General Hospital of Vienna, Austria, trade with economically priced 5%
where Siemens have built 12 shielded resistors of unusually small size.
rooms. The spectrum from 1 Hz to The GLP resistor in particular, is
10 GHz is blocked by steel walls and dual rated for % or Watt operation
windows covered by honeycomb shields. and exceeds the requirements of British
Over 30 lines permit connection to Standards Specifications BSE 9111-
instrumentation outside, allowing N002 (Style FX) even at the Vi Watt
measurements down to 1 µV. (70°C ambient) rating. It measures a

' -}tá
I-
:_;y
1
1
rt' q
i
If your applications are growing, a
TM500 system is a wise
If you want the highest return for investment. You can update your Your investment is further
your instrument dollar, take a look system or add on new protected by Tektronix Long-
at the unmatched value of an performance capabilities to your term Product Support Program and
electrically configurable TM500 initial TM500 system without worldwide over-the-counter
test and measurement system buying another mainframe. Since service.
from Tektronix. all plug -ins are powered through
the mainframe, you won't be So, if you're in the market for
Not only do you get Tektronix accurate, reliable instrumentation,
bluechip performance and paying for an unnecessary power
supply component with every new take stock of what TM500 has to
reliability, but also the convenience offer. In convenience, versatility
and versatility of a plug-in instrument you buy.
and economical performance,
instrumentation, at a very TM500 go-anywhere mainframes TM500 pays big dividends.
reasonable cost. come in six different versions for
If your applications are diversified, benchtop, rack mount, rollcart or
TM500 gives you the power to on -the -road engineering. TM 500
configure litérally thousands of Another long-term advantage is, Designed for
plug -ín combinations, all as new standards are set in Configurability
mechanically compatible ih your electronics, new instruments will
choice of TM500 mainframes. be added to the TM500 family -
like our 40 MHz funciton generator Write for full technical details
There are nearly 40 different and prices to
plug -ins to choose from, in eight with log sweep, phase lock, AM
and FM capabilities and a long list Tektronix Australia Pty. Ltd.,
major categories: , 80 Waterloo Rd., North Ryde.
DMMs Oscilloscopes of added dividends.
N.S.W. 2113
Counters Logic Analyzer or phone Sydney 888 7066,
Generators Word Recognizers Melbourne 818 0594, Brisbane
Amplifiers Power Supplies 31 2896, Adelaide 223 2811,
A single mainframe accommo- Perth 325 4198.
dates up to six plug -ins. Switching
your system around from one .
application to another is just a
matter of a simple stock exchange.
Slip one plug-in out, slide another
Thktronix C[YYWITTE010 EXCELLENCE
one in.
T K/7
News Digest
Power Engineering Scope
The BWD 880 Powerscope, produced
by BWD Electronics Pty. Ltd., is
claimed to be the first instrument of
its kind dedicated to measurement of
voltage, current, phase angles and time
in the field of power engineering. World iii¡¡,
patent rights have been lodged for this
innovative instrument, which should
i ( (IV) el
have an immediate appeal to power
engineers needing a safe means of d L O. '
'0
measuring high voltages and displaying A
O
them for visual evaluation.
Industries, utilities and educational _'
-
establishments using thyristors, triacs,
ignitrons, magnetic amplifiers, etc.
to control 1, 2 or 3 phase power for
motors, lights, heaters or welders can
employ Powerscope for design, monitor-
ing, field service and teaching.
Operator safety is provided by a fully
insulated panel, controls and probes,
fitted with shrouded high voltage con-
nectors and closed conformity to IEC
348 saftey requriements.
The high CMR of each amplifier
enbles signals down to 100mV p -p to New DMM
be measured across components operat- Parameters has announced the new 68 Alexander Street, Crows Nest, NSW
ing in 600V RMS 3 phase or 350V B & K -Precision Model 2810 which has 2065.
RMS single phase supplies. a combination of features uncommon in
Phase measurement is by a 1° wide a portable digital VOM. Basic DC accur- ETI/Unitrex Contest
intensified marker pulse with digital acy is 0.5% with a 31/2 -digit display. In the May issue, we posed a coin -tossing
readout, selectable by an up/down Auto zeroing on all but the 10 ohm problem, and asked whether young
counter from 0° to 359°. Zero range minimizes set-up time, while the Simon was wise to approve of a modified
reference is also selectable in 60° 100% overranging capability reduces the scheme with three coins. Needless to
steps from 0° to 300°. Phase circuit need for frequent range changes. say, Simon ended up checking the
operates automatically over the range A highly valuable feature is the 10 contest entry envelopes one more time.
25Hz to 2KHz and may also be used to ohm range. This range, with its .01 ohm You see, there are eight possible com-
provide digital trigger delay in 1° steps resolution, is ideal for locating a shorted binations in which the three coins could
for the time base. winding in a transformer, motor or coil. land, and four of them are winning com-
Further details can be obtained from: For high accuracy, a front panel 10 ohm binations for Simon and four for me.
BWD Electronics Pty. Ltd., Miles Street, ZERO control allows the user to zero - So the situation was not better for
Mu!grave, Victoria, 3170. out the minute amount of test lead Simon, it stayed the same, in fact, so he
resistance. wasn't entirely wise. Garry Dunn, of
The high/low power ohms switch is Heathcote, NSW, was wise, and won the
operated independently from the range Unitrex calculator for his correct answer.
switch allowing high/low selection on We've had a few easy contests recently,
four ranges. The low power ohms so here's a real toughie: Using the digit
position permits resistance measure- 4 four times in an arthmetic expression,
ments in solid-state circuitry without with the standard mathematical oper-
biasing semiconductor junctions. ators +, -, x, /, and also parentheses,
l.9 9 Unlike many electronic voltmeters, yx and !, it is possible to make equations
the 2810 can also be used in RF energy with several different values. For
fields. This includes use near business example (4+4)/(4+4)=1, 4/4+4/4=2,
band, CB and amateur radio trans- (4+4+4)/4=3 and amore complex
mitters. When working with RF example would be 44-(4x4!)=160.
circuitry, the optional PR-21 probe is Now you've got the idea, we'd like
also helpful. you to find equations for as many
Like other B & K-Precision instru- numbers as possible between 70 and 75
ments the 2810 is well protected against inclusive. If it's any consolation, we've
overloads on all ranges. The ohms only just started working these out our-
circuitry is protected against moment- selves, but have been assured that it can
ary overloads up to 1000 volts, DC be done!
or AC peak. Continuous ohms range Seal an empty envelope, write your
-
protection is + 100 V and 450 VDC answer on the back of it and send it to:
Unitrex Calaculator Contest (July), ETI
or 300 VAC. Current ranges receive the
double protection of diodes and a fuse. Magazine, 15 Boundary Street, Rush-
For further information contact cutters Bay, NSW 2011. The closing
Bruce McCarthy, Parameters Pty. Ltd., date is Friday, 18 August.
9
ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL -JULY 1978
Amajor indeppeendent research company proved That's strictly for the competition with its peakier
that the ADC XLM MKII incurred no perceivable response.
record wear over the life of your records! The new ZLM Aliptic
Since then ADC's massive research pr a has The culmination of all ADC's research has resulted in the
created a new state -of-the art, top of the ine model -the new ZLM Aliptic.
ZLM Aliptic-designed for ultimate stereo performance Its specifications below are some of the most impressive
combined with the concept of zero record wear. around, and with each cartridge you receive an individual,
Greatly reduced tip mass signed, frequency response testimonial.
The ZLM has a tiny nude diamond with a 004" x 008" Certain ZLM's fa within a range of±V2db 10Hz to 20kHz
I
rectangular shank. and ±1dB out to 26kHz.

This achieves more lateral strength than the fashionable These rare cartridges are called ZLM Select and are only
006" square shank, plus a W% reduction in mass. available on special order.
The diamond is mounted on a new tapered stylus, which The best cartridge we've ever made
again reduces mass. The ZLM is without doubt the best cartridge we've
In fact, the ZLM has only half the tip mass of the famous ever made, but it's well worth taking a closer look at the
ADC XLM MklI. new ADC XLM III which incorporates all of the reduced
Less mass byl patent mass accomplishments of the ZLM, but with a tiny
The patented ADC Induced Magnet system, where the elliptical diamond. This also includes an individual
magnet is suspended over the moving stylus arm instead specification.
of being attached to it, inherently means less mass for the Complementing the range, we have the new four-
record groove to move. This, coupled with major inno- cartridge QLM MVIk III series, incorporating our new
vations in the pivot block stylus suspension (which have design criteria and exciting innovations like the Diasa
solved deficiencies in the old system), has resulted in (diamond+ sapphire) elliptical tip.
greatly improved frequency response characteristics. ZLM Aliptic specifications
New low -wear ALIPTIC shape LñámoñátipudéAhphc
The ZLM has a new tip shape that combines the advan- 1iac tingTorce to
tages of the elliptical and Shibata shapes, while elimin-
'h I'b gram
Frequencyresponse 1 Hz to 20kHz í1d13
ating their disadvantages.
20kHz to 26kHz fl'/,dB
Output . 1.0m1' per cm/sec
Outputbalance IdB max. cliff.
Channel separation 30áB at IkH7J201B at 10kHz
Inductance -580mH
Resistance 820 Ohms
Load resistance 47,000 Ohms
Load capacitance 275jF
aC-rtridgewéig tom- 575 grams
It is basically elliptical (.0003" x
0007"), but its bottom Accessories Stylus brush, screwdriver, all
radius has been modified to extend the vertical bearing mounting hardware and signed
surface on the groove wall by 100%. frequency response curve.
Large enough to greatly reduce record wear while still Please write for
small enough to prevent dirt particles being reproduced. our illustrated
This new shape is called ALl PTIC. i i brochure.
The best polish available
We decided it was worth the extra cost to get the ultimate
polish for the ZLM.
The method involves a cam action to shape and polish
evenly while forming the elliptical surfaces simul-
taneously with the other radii. This Pathe-Marconi
method is expensive, but the result makes another
important contribution towards reducing record wear.
Spatial sound
You'll notice a distinct difference in sound quality.
Words such as òpen,"spatial,"uncoloured' and 'true'
spring to mind. Individual instruments are easily
identified, and there's no hint of istening fatigue.
I
The new ZLM Aliptic cartridge. i r

The difference between
playing your records and
wearing your records.
A D
Audio Dynamics Corporation,
A Division of BSR (A'asia) Pty. Ltd., Anne Street, St. Mary's, NSW 2760.
See & hear
ADC Products at
SERVICEMEN
Sydney City and Metropolitan Area
Douglas Hi F
338 George St, SYDNEY 2000
Phone 2333922
Russin Hi Fi
256 Liverpool Rd., ASHF1ELD 2131
Phone 7992421. John Russin.
Leisure Sound
871 Pacific Highway, CHATSWOOD 2067
Phone 4114944 Alex Haindi
1?17;
387 George St, SYDNEY 2000
Phone 291364 Andres Goldfinch
Buyers World (NSW) Pty. Ltd.,
Shop 7, Lindfield Arcade,
Lindfield Ave., LINDF1ELD 2070
Phone 4672500. Rob Simpson.
Warringah Hi Fi,
Shop 5, Bungan St, MONA VALE 2103
Phone 9975313. A Preston.
Riverina Hi ñ
549 Pittwater Road,
BROOKVALE, 2100
Phone 9382663. Nich Barovsky.
NSW Country
Scratching your head

Springwood Hi Fi
170 Macquarie Rd., SPRING WOOD 2777.
Phone (047) 513091. L. Johnston.
Wroth Hi Fi,
63 George St (PO Box 452)
BATHURST 2795
Phone 31 6313. Michael Wroth.
Scotty Wallace Pty. Ltd.,
113 Rankin St., FORBES 2871.
won't help
Phone 522300. Scott Wallace.,
Hi F Gallery
(C/- P.O.), Tamworth Centrepoint,
374-388 Peel St, TAMWORTH 2340
Phone 662474. L Taylor.
THIS WILL!
John Roworth Television Services,
11 White St, TAMWORTH 2340
Phone 664664. J. Roworth.
Taree Photographics 18 Years of service
Graphic House, 105 Victoria St,
(P.O. Box 295) TAREE 2430
Phone 521488. M. Small.
ACT Ducatone Hi Fi Pty. Ltd.,
3A Botany St, PHILLIP 2606
Phone 821388. M/s Fay Cull.
VIC Douglas Hi F
202 Bourke St, MELBOURNE 3000
Phone 6632211
QLD Brisbane Agencies Audio Centre,
PAL TELEVISION
72 Wickham St, FORTITUDE VALLEY 4006
Phone 2683167. G. Eldund.
Ipswich HI Fi Centre,
61 Limestone St, IPSWICH 4305
SERVICE HANDBOOK
Phone 281 5485. Robert Smallwood. Trade Mark
Sight and Sound Investments,
Volumes 1, 2 & 3
Shop 8, Shaws Arcade, 1974 to 1978
TOWNSVILL E 4810
Phone 71 5618. Stephen Shaw.
SA Soundynamics HI Fi Centre,
129 Payneham Rd., ST. PETERS 5069
Phone 42 1237. Peter Hazelwood.
Instrol,
54 Flinders St, ADELAIDE 5000
Manuals on :
Phone 2237622
WA Hub Record & Hi Fi Centre, Colour and Monochrome. Also Cassettes and Transistor Radios.
Gilmore Ave., CALISTA 6267
Phone 991256. R. Takes.
Albert's Hi Fi,
542 Albany Highway,
VICTORIA PARK 6100
Phone 621188
Colour TV
396 Murray St, PERTH 6000
Phone 3224409 Patchett's: Colour TV with Part Ref to PAL System.
288 Hay St, East, PERTH 6000
Phone: 252699
Leslie Leonard Hi Fi, Send for your brochure:- or call: or:
Shop U8 City Arcade,
Upper Hay St, PERTH 6000 J.R. PUBLICATIONS 53 Stanley St VITAL BOOKS LTD.
Phone 224304 Peakhurst
P.O. Box 29 P.O. Box 8601
TAS Quantam Sound Centre,
194 Liverpool St, CHESTER HILL N.S.W. Aust. Simon Street
(P.O. Box 1788) HOBART 7000.
Phone 343051.
2162 Phone 53 6295 AUCKLAND N.Z.
R. MacFe.

A SOUND
SO PURE
6oldnrra
GOLDRING G 900 SUPER E

Magnet Cartridge
"Micro Mass" Moving
its extraordinary low stylus tip mass of only 0.32 mg -
The key to the outstanding performance of the G 900 SE lies in
consid-
erably less than most of its competitors. The following are
through sheer naturalness. The bass end was very firm, in
good balance tonally and at times showed its true ability by
turning out a real low that was frightening in realism.
comments quoted from various international reviews which, Remembering that everybody has personal preferences in
we believe, speak for themselves. sound, would class the G 900 SE as one of the very best
I
"The Goldring G 900 SE offers performance comparable to cartridges available. Personally, I believe it is THE best car-
the best moving coils, and is superior to all moving magnets. tridge that is widely available, especially considering the retail
Its mid range and high end are remarkably clear and low in price."'
distortion. Imaging and depth reproduction are also outstand- (Philip Mount in his column "Test Bench"
ing. published in "Gramophone" U.K.).
The Goldring is an outstanding value, offering performance
comparable to the best 'cartridge systems costing 2 and 3 "Goldring have good reason to be proud of their achieve-
times as much. ments, for the G 900 SE displays characteristics that place it in
("Sound Advice", the well respected the forefront of high-grade cartridges. It yields a firm, clear
American magazine for Hl -Fi enthusiasts) and fairly explicit sound with excellent stereo imagery. Its
freedom from hard tonal quality or undue forwardness in the
"Its incredibly clear with a strong but fairly liquid treble qual- upper range offers an interesting contrast with some prestigi-
ity. This helps to throw up much more detail; but strong ous models."
treble signals that sound so bad, although reproduced with (Clement Brown In the
brutal honesty, sounded perfectly normal and acceptable British publication "On Test".
High praise indeed! But check for yourself.

FOR SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE TRY THE G 900 SE. THE PURITY OF ITS SOUND
WILL ASTOUND YOU. AND SO WILL ITS MODERATE PRICE.
In addition to the G 900 Super E our comprehensive range includes high quality magnetic cartridges to suit all types of
turntables.
Sole Australian Distributors for GOLDRING PRODUCTS LTD., U.K.:

SOUNDRING DISTRIBUTORS
1/514 Miller St., Cammeray, 2062 Agent In Victoria:
P.O. Box 154, Cammeray, 2062. Jasper Coote Pty, Ltd.,
Tel. (02) 92-1990 304 Coventry St, South Melbourne, 3205
DEALER ENQUIRIES WELCOME Tel. (03) 699-4455
12 ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL -JULY 1978

1
Importers: Audio 2000,
Box 107, Brookvale 2100.
GFC Hadcock pickup arm

G.F.C. Hadcock is the manufacturer of an advanced unipivot up without difficulty using the top of the main hub as a
pickup arm, the GH228 super. The arm, we understand, was sighting reference. Allen -key grubscrews are used throughout
originally designed with the Decca cartridges in mind, although and can be tightened very easily to produce rigid metal/metal
this does not preclude its use with other cartridges, especially interfaces.
low -compliance moving coil models.
The Rev. George Hadcock has a fine background of audio 9 1
experience including service with the BBC and hís grasp of
the problems of playing records is evident from the design
of the 228 arm. It is a very rigid device, with a surprisingly
secure unipivot based on an upward pointing shaft with a
conical tip, and an inverted bearing cup fitted with a ball -race.
Whilst this regime, also featured in the KMAL Mk. Ill mercury
contact arm, is potentially less free of friction than the 1
jewelled bearing system of the Formula 4 by JH, it is rather
more rigid, minimising the tendency toward resonances in the
pickup system. Complementing this, a substantial main tube,
made from hard aluminium alloy, and a lightweight but very
rigid metal headshell are employed.
The counterweight is fitted to a tube of similar diameter
projecting from the rear of the bearing housing support hub.
A decoupling bush is used to secure this tube, and the
counterweight itself, which is mounted eccentrically, can be
moved fore and aft using a set -screw. A further resilient
bush is also used in the counterweight to provide a tight fit,
so that it stays put when rotated to give correct lateral
balance.
As with all unipivots, some form of pivot damping
is
needed to prevent wobbling when a record is being played.
The usual viscous damping system is used, the bearing
cup skirt extending into a reservoir filled with fluid about the
bearing shaft. The damping rate can be adjusted by lowering
the shaft so that the skirt can penetrate deeper into the fluid;
in addítíon, the bearing cup can be lowered to prevent fouling
f
of the main hub on the pedestal.

Routing of lead -out wiring is always a problem with
unipivots. In the Hadcock, the four wires emerge from a small
hole in the bottom of the main hub, and are looped round
to disappear into a small hole in the pedestal. The loop is
unshielded but could hardly give rise to hum and gives 4, ~IMP
negligible resistance to arm movement in either plane.
The pedestal is a tight fit into a mounting base, which is 714
itself threaded and fitted with an enormous brass securing nut,
enabling the arm to be bolted very securely to the motor
board.
Installation
Hadcock supplies an adaptor for use with turntables previously
fitted with SME arms, and by good fortune we had at our
disposal a Linn-Sondek board already drilled for an SME.
Assuming the original SME cut-out to be correctly positioned,
the arm is accurately lined up by use of -this adaptor.
OFF1°
/
t .
45
78
p
Installation without the adaptor poses no problems, however,

although a template would be useful. Nevertheless it is a
simple job to make one up. R ..
One of the most appealing features of the arm is its ability

to be fully adjusted. The headshell, particularly, can be lined

4' OI\
all Lll 72.11orIDfa X
; 11,-3) 1 101
01 (<314
Z7[}
4e4 J
PLESSEY-FOSTER
Speaker Kits
c -
ems
HX15-3W HX12-3WA
14'
1
r w
'HX12-3W
HX10-3W HX8-2W
Harmonix Speaker Kits offer: Model Speaker Power Frequency Box Component Total
A most extensive range of Size Range Price Price
speakers
HX8-2W 28 litres 20 RMS 20Hz-75KHz $25
At low prices $43 $68
HX10-3W 33 litres 30 RMS 20Hz-20kHz $40 $43 $83
Using superior Plessey -Foster HX12-3W 53 litres 35 RMS 20Hz-22kHz $42 $85 $127
components and design HX12-3WA 75 litres 70 RMS 20Hz-15kHz $50 $87 $137
HX15-3W 95 litres 70 RMS 18Hz-40kHz $65 $98 . $163
Phone 519-5127 for free brochure and your nearest dealer.

Currently available from:
Hi -Fi City, 269 Elizabeth St., Sydney.
Edge Electrix, Burwood. NSW.
Manufactured in Australia by
Harmonix Acoustix,
29 Vincent St., Marrickville. NSW. Phone 519-5127.
14
ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978
cartridges revealed the arm was perfectly at home with
lightweight and heavyweight low -compliance cartridges.
1'rI'r1'wgJ, The Decca tracked better in this arm than in any we've
previously encountered, reducing the high frequency and
Included with our sample was the Unilift Mk.II I, fitted to a stereo confusion observed in other situations. Bass sounded
spacer strut which was secured to the pedestal during tighter and even more detailed. than ever, and the definitive
installation. The Unilift appears somewhat complex at first midrange performance for which this cartridge is renowned
sight with its double shaft/link/lifter bar system. This gives a was further enhanced.
very flexible range of adjustment however, and there is also án The Dynavector seemed less bass -shy and far smoother in
adjustment for speed of descent. The operating lever swings the treble region than usual although we still feel the
laterally around the device rather than pivoting vertically as Dynavector arm (at a far greater cost) serves it best. Even so,
is more common. We found the Unilift was easier to use than the Hadcock gave an exemplary performance with the 20B
most lifters because of this. and the combination can be recommended.
A generous quantity of damping fluid, rather less viscous Likewise with the Supex, which is normally partnered with
than the sort supplied by SME, JH, Decca and KMAL, was the Grace 707, suitably modified by decoupling and
supplied ready for use in a disposable hypodermic syringe, augmenting the mass of the counterweight. The
making the task of filling the fluid reservoir easy and high -frequency 'featheriness' of the Grace/Supex was not
accurate. The syringe also makes removal of excess fluid evident using the Hadcock, and while the sound was, perhaps,
a simple operation (SME suggests you spoon their fluid a trifle less 'spacious' it was also more detailed with improved
out with a matchstick!). dynamic contrasts.

A consequence of the particular design of the arm is that This was also true of the other cartridges, which provided
the entire carrying arm section can be lifted from the pivot, better transient performance than usual (although the
enabling cartridges to be mounted and changed without Dynavector arm probably gives better transients than the
difficulty. Although no plug-in system is provided, and no Hadcock with the 20B).
cartridge position adjustment relative to the headshell is Overall, we found the Decca/Hadcock combination by far
allowed for, spare headshells can be supplied and these are the most dynamic, giving a very fine illusion of musical sound
easily fitted. Fine adjustment can be carried out by moving with superbly defined perspective and excellent side -to -side
the headshell along the arm tube. stability.
The counterweight is made in two sections - the main
weight with its captive set screw and an outer supplementary Conclusion
weight. Three of these outer weights are provided, each of Like so many British products, the Hadcock arm looks rather
different size allowing a very wide range of cartridge weights untidy and its standard of finish simply doesn't compare with
to be accommodated whilst maintaining the main arm/ the best of Oriental products. The signal cable of our sample
cartridge resonance at an optimum frequency. was poor and it was terminated in equally unimpressive RCA
We were very impressed at the ease of installation and plugs. The cartridge connecting tags were too big and had to
setting up the arm, although the bias adjustment using a be replaced to fit the Supex. These criticisms aside, the arm
thread -and -weight system was fiddly and could be improved. was well engineered and certainly provided excellent
The arm looked functional rather than beautiful although the conditions for the cartridges tested. A brief session with the
precision of fit of each part was exemplary. Garrott P77 confirmed its suitability for medium/high
compliance cartridges. At a price (complete with Unilift) of
Performance around $165 rrp, the GH228 Super is highly recommended
Tests using Decca 6E, Dynavector 20B and Supex 900 Super especially if you're a Decca freak.
Technics
'''hÍ lI'b
,SI310000
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10
MANUFACTURERS' and technicians' investigations into phase
r. ,
Delay Spectrometry." This was followed by "Loudspeaker
of crossovers and drive unit mounting as a dual entity were Phase Characteristics and Time Delay Distortion: Part 1,"
prompted by jet propulsion engineer Richard Heyser. of 1969.
Heyser started the formulation of phase coherence in a It appears that similar investigations were underway in
1967 J.A.E.S. paper, "Accoustical Measurements by Time non-English speaking countries. In Japan, the Matsushita

THE LOUDSPEAKER THAT LOOKS AT MUSIC
THE WAY YOU DO: BL's NEW U1Q
You're at a concert. The sound There's a new 10" woofer which The result is smooth, accurate ting the same craftsmanship. the
surrounds you. There's a guitar. A utilizes a massive 3" voice coil bass, plus an amazing level of same components, the same
piano. Some horns. and 71/2 lb. magnetic assembly- efficiency and power handling sound heard in the very top
You hear all of It. normally found in 12" woofers. capability throughout the entire recording studios in the world.
But more than that, you hear system. (One more nice: You get
each part of it. Each sound. Every more headroom for your ampli-
sound. All the sound. fier. Less clipping.)
Most loudspeakers can't do Now Jook at the LI10. The most
that. They only meet you half way. acoustically transparent grille IBL
Only left and right, all or nothing. has ever created is visually trans-
JBL's new LI10 goes all the way. parent. too. You can see right
It looks at music the way you do. through to the satin black corn-
Left. Right. Front. Back.
The LII0 has almost perfect
stereo imaging- a result of pre- µteat
Frequency Dispersion of the 1110
400Hz ......at 2kHz 10kHz
ponents Inside.
If you'd like a lot more technical
information on the LI10. write us
¡ -
*14
Y a
cise, uniform dispersion at every IBLs new LI10 loudspeaker is part of and well send you an engineering I
frequency. the same research and development break.

staff report. Nothing fancy. Except Over four hundred of the leading record-
through that created our no-tradeoff,
Inside the LI10, there's a brand
new, super-sophisticated cross-
top -of -the-line L212 system. the specifications. -
ing studios in the world from Los Angeles
If this graph looks familiar. It should. The But you really should come lis- to London to Muscle Shoals to Munich to
over network designed specifically 1212 produced an almost identical one. ten to the LI10. And ask for It by -
Tokyo to Tennessee use our sound to
to match the new components. make theirs. Shown here Is Capitol Records
its first name: )BL. You'll be get- in Hollywood, California.
HA11B/7B
by-
Dislnbuted
HARMAN AUSTRALIA PTY. LTD., PO Box 6. BROOK VALE,NS W 2100.
JBL
GET R ALL.
i
nu._,,`\ =.,,s.
, . :.: c ,
. _
driver tailoring such as a tweeter resonance cancellation circuit
and rising impedance controls.
Performance
The power handling of the SB 10000 is claimed to be 200
watts continuous and 300 watts peak. The dynamic range
using much lower powered amplification such as Radford 50
watt amplifiers was sufficient to elicit natural level fortes in a
large living room.
These unique speakers were never strained in their
presentation and appeared to never "squash" the dynamic
range while reproducing such wide range discs as the
Beethoven Appassionata direct cut piano recording or the
Philips Rite of Spring with Colin Davis.
The output sound pressure level is quoted as 95 dB for one
watt input measured at one metre.
The Technics speaker tactory assembles and tests three
of these speaker boxes every day. The factory studiously
checks all speaker systems from the lowliest to this giant
in an 'on-line' anechoic chamber with automated B & K
oscillator and chart level recorder. The author has visited
the room where these charts are preserved and obtained
copies of charts for Technics systems he has heard in Australia.
The complete story of this company's loudspeaker system
manufacture is most complex. This particular SB 10000
occupies some half dozen employees for a complete day; they
work at nothing else. The internal bracing and framework is
Electric Company's Technics division evolved a linear phase of knot-free dense pine about 75 mm by 100 mm while the
three-way speaker system that was first shown in 1975, the cabinet itself is 44 mm thickness high density chipboard. The
SB7000. curved front and radiussed matching front verticals are made
right alongside the complete assembly section. All sawdust is
Demonstration immediately extracted by suction piping.
The Matsushita Hall of Science contains dozens of their This speaker system has a similar crossover design to
patented components and, for the audio enthusiast, a most previous Technics linear phase systems but also incorporates
convincing display of loudspeaker phase is demonstrated. A a set of external binding posts giving access to the individual
two-way system, the SB 6000, is connected to an oscillator drivers. These posts are situated within the cabinet top at the
and dual beam oscilloscope. A microphone reads the speaker rear and underneath the removeable cover plate. Cabling
output which is compared to the original. The high range ducts are adjacent to each separate input and against the
loudspeaker is motor driven on a sled .... backwards and
built-in crossover, or normal, input.
forwards .... while a square wave signal is processed through
These are very handy cable holes and make for a neat
the system. It is easier on the ears and eyes when the tweeter
appearance. The cover has to be seen to be believed as
is correctly phased and both speakers unite in presenting a
recognisable 1 kHz square wave.
tremendous attention to design has been lavished on an
otherwise unseen item.
With ideal driver matching and a phase coherent crossover
The terminal posts are sturdy two part metal items that
network combined with ideal speaker driver placement all
allow light or heavy gauge wiring. Knotting the cables
waveform components undergo an equal number of reflections
together and fixing to the binding posts ensures positive
and arrive at the same place, or plane, simultaneously.
connection.
The latest Technics linear phase speaker system is the giant Impedance is quoted as six ohms with crossover frequencies
SB 10000. This three-way system employs a 460 mm bass of 700 Hz to 6,500 Hz. Separate tri-amplification crossover
driver in a 226 litre vented cabinet; midrange and treble are frequencies are suggested between 600 and 1,000 Hz for low
horn loaded. to mid; and 4,000 Hz to 8,000 Hz for the mid to high
Each speaker system weighs in at 140 kg net. This is 22 frequencies, all at a minimum of 12 dB/octave with an 8S2
stones in the old measure and about the weight of a junior impedance for each driver.
sumo wrestler.
An important part of the linear phase requirement is wide Acid Test
range speaker units. The 15 Hz free air resonance of the bass The SB 10000's were tried in a known difficult position along
driver naturally assists with low frequency response in such a a ten metre wall fitted with built-in shelves. They were spaced
large cabinet but the high range output seems to extend to 2.75 metres between centres and some 4.2 metres was the
around 1500 Hz although crossover frequency is 700 Hz. average listening distance. The treble horn was centred
The midrange horn has a reasonably flat response from 1150 mm above floor level and presented a good relationship
about 450 Hz to nearly 8,500 Hz but is used from 700 Hz between apparent height and recorded perspective on most
to 6,500 Hz. modern orchestral recordings.
A boron vacuum deposited high frequency diaphragm With the cabinets toed -in at about 30° this left about three
drives the treble horn through a range of about 1,500 Hz metres of clear space before wall surfaces caused late reflection.
to 20,000 Hz with the lower frequency crossover point of This position did not give any apparent degree of bass
6,500 Hz. boost. This was later confirmed through tests with pink noise
No doubt the Technics crossover design follows earlier with the cabinets fractionally moved (they are very heavy).

Wait till you hear
what'you:háve been missing
.
.-OK. Am,
Al./ 90
"
C
LJ
i
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i ...
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,
'
F .
G
.-
{tTt7K.
HEAD CLEA 11111r,

- . -
o -
=T
. . e
E
,...m-
A SA Super Avilyn cassettes. Exclusive technology AV LYN I
results in simultaneous suppression of high -end noise and delivery ;1.,4--fi-

of a flat response curve with better highs. Equipped with auto - tJ
sensing openings which automatically switch bias and EQ settings.
Highest signal-to-noise ratio, saturation and lowest distortion decrease
the need for Dolby NR. Super Precision Cassette Mechanism
engineered to tolerances in microns assures years of trouble -free
r
operation.
B AD Acoustic Dynamic cassettes. Higher maximum output
and lower noise levels for dynamic range. Use on any cassette
recorder without need for special bias/EQ settings. Cassette
s;r Ir**r,'J .
mechanism same premium quality as S.A.
C S Series Reel-to-reel. High signal-to-noise ratio, broad dynamic
range across the entire wide frequency response spectrum.
D D Dynamic cassettes. Broad dynamic range for good "real -life"
sound. High signal-to-noise ratio low harmonic distortion and noise
Music gets you up.
levels assures bright, warm and mellow sound reproduction on all
recorders with "Normal" bias settings.
E AD 8 Track cartridge. Extended high -range performance.
Excellent signal-to-noise ratio and broad dynamic range. Precision cassettes and toes
molded, jam -proof mechanism with mirror smooth coating prevents
shedding and oxide rub -off, reduces headwear.
F EC Endless Loop cassettes. Provides continuous -run repeat -
will take you higher.
9
4TDK.
message operation for sales displays, telephone answering, background
music, point of purchase advertising. For use on most conventional
cassette players and recorders.
G HC-I Head cleaner. Recommended for periodic use in all
cassette recorders tq clean and keep the recording head in good
condition thus preventing serious loss of high frequency response For your nearest dealer, brochures and
and assure proper tape to head interface. information contact
H LB Series Audua Reel-to-reel. Back treatment is unique and CONVOY INTERNATIONAL PTY. LTD.
assures a stable surface. Eliminates drop outs. Prevents uneven 4 Dowling Street, Woolloomooloo, N.S.W.
winding with friction -free running. Eliminates wow and flutter. 2011. Tel (02) 358 2088
NESSEL
LOUDSPEAKERS
PROFESSIONAL SERIES
X00
Just
OG
-
a few of the thousands in stock. Call in or
write. Prices subject to fluctuation correct
. at time of going to press. Mall orders by return.
Please add 90c per parcel post (Vic) 51.20 per
parcel Interstate.
ARRL Radio Amateur's Handbook 1978 $12.95

Radio Amateur Callbook 1978
US Listings $19.50
Foreign Listings $18.50
Radio Communication Handbook, RSGB, 5th ed.
Rugged cast aluminium Vol 1 $21.95
Vol 2 $18.90
World Radio TV Handbook 1978 edition $12.95
271/2" W x 7" High x 19" deep.
NEW BOOKS ON CB
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--
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Building Hi -FI Speaker Systems
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HI h Fidelity Audio Amplifier Circuits - Texas
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Ham Radio Operating Guide, ARRL
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Turn to page 20

a 149
iogom¢
Just for the record

The Daly Wilson Big Band
tapes with
Ampex
The artistry ... the atmosphere .. .
the true and brilliant sounds of the

musician ... In professional recording
studios throughout the world the
tape used for the original "master"
is Ampex. When you've made it with
the professionals you'll accept
nothing less.
F 11 Ampex Australia Pty Limited,
L 1/ 4 Carlotta Street, Artarmon. Phone (02) 439 4077
- 541 King Street, West Melbourne 3003 Phone (03) 329 0388
, Irk
1<
Jj
4f
...and off the record

Warren Daly and the band
still tape with
Ampex
PLUS MVIIES ,
The tape specified on experience by
APB today's top recording engineers is
j ] equally at home with our
J uncompromising artists. And Ampex
guarantee this impeccable
performance-in studio quality
cassettes and tapes from selected
A Po, hi-fi stores, and retailers.
¡
If it's worth taping it's worth Ampex.

.Al
ki! AMPEX the professionals
.-
ACT 03CD.W.
misplaced to cause complete acoustic imbalance.
JaNV -Lb JLif This listening distance gave an almost straight ahead
perspective which was not unpleasing with loud piano solos
The Durufle Requiem on CBS 235881 side two is a good but the source could have been higher on orchestral music.
test of low soft bass (quite apart from the beauty of the Personal preferences and live music experiences in the
music). With the SB 10000 system at extremely low volume normal concert and opera halls are always at odds with
the bass speakers give a most thrilling account of held organ manufacturers' presentations.
notes. Such ease of bass speech, apparently in good balance Again, the bass performance was unique for a
with higher output levels, indicates linear output with input. commercial loudspeaker. The upper range became
This is not often accomplished in a bass speaker. noticeably more coherent (perhaps due to the increased
This quality bass driver, a big cabinet and perhaps a listening distance blending the bass -mid -treble driver
knowledge of the pioneering work of Thiele and Small have spacing). Now, Indian drums, the tabla, originated in line
produced a welcome change to well defined deep bass. with other instruments whereas, at a closer listening distance,
The midrange and high frequency horns have once or twice they appeared to occasionally run from top to bottom of the
sounded 'horny'. The initial occasion was when demonstrating speaker array.
the speakers transient response with Maxwell Davies' Apart from the truly staggering size, appearance, weight,
"L'homme arme" on I'Oiseau-Lyre DSLO-2. Vanessa Redgrave and, of course, the anticipated extreme five figure cost,
actually used a megaphone in this section of the disc and for a the question of the value of linear phase applies.
few sides following this playing occasional horniness seemed to Personal preferences of apparent source height could
appear. definitely favour available linear phase systems if the listening
Midrange and high frequency controls are behind the front seats are not higher than about 400 mm and situated not more
panel and were preferred slightly reduced from the marked than about three metres from the speakers.
'normal' position. In any event, linear phase designed speaker systems offer
Although furniture removalists delivered the units, they the user a virtually tailored pair of sound sources. When
were easily slid on carpets to another much larger room where correctly placed such 'matched' pairs offer the music
there was about three metres of clear space behind each lover equal amplitude outputs at all frequencies resulting
cabinet. With a similar toe -in, half a metre to the side walls in solid imaging.
and a centres distance of 3.4 metres, the speakers were given Whether these particular Technics SB 10000 speakers
a more realistic listening distance of 5.1 metres which will appear on the Australian market is now unknown.
is more
in keeping with their size. However, they will be on view at the 1978 Consumer
However, the three open archways against which the Electronics Show. It is doubtful if they will be powered as
speakers were placed did not assist with forward projection. their high efficiency could cause problems through inadvertant
In fact, it was almost as if the units were deliberately selection after less efficient speakers have been used.
PLC 590 Pioneer

Latest Pioneer Turntable
The new PLC -590 is Pioneer's first venture into an "armless' In comparison with other Pioneer units, the PLC -590 is
Quartz controlled, direct drive turntable which can meet the rather conservative in appearance; the rrp of $699.00 seems to
demands of the studio professional and advanced audiophile be spent on the technology and not trimming.
alike, and is the first Pioneer turntable which will accept most
precision tone arms by means of a universal -type mounting
panel to complete the custom-built component.
The PLC-590's drive system is based on a Hall element,
high -torque brushless DC servo motor which reaches true
speed within 1/2 rotation. To maintain rotational accuracy, a
quartz crystal element is employed in the reference oscillator
together with a PLL circuit.
Pitch Indicator
When the Quartz Lock Control is switched off, one may
adjust the speed by ±6% and see a direct readout on the
illuminated pitch indicator. The adjustment range represents
approximately a half -tone interval, enough to "tune" your
records with your piano or other musical instruments. r.
The PLC -590's controls also include a Quick Stop button,
which when pushed reverses the polarity of the motor, apply-
ing torque in the opposite direction, and bringing the platter
to a quick and sure stop. This same circuit comes into use
when changing speeds, say from 45 RPM to 331/3 RPM, and 1J
o
provides a "quick down" effect not available on ordinary
direct -drives.
Specifications on wow and flutter (no more than 0.25%
WRMS) and signal-to-noise ratio (75dB) reach and exceed
many professional requirements.

'%N tv.:
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c.a.ca.m w a, C.
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If you truly want the best reproduction of musical

sound -available anywhere -
and are willing to'spend a
-
little more to get it then go for it.
Go for Marantz.
We sound better.
FOR BROCHURES WRITE: MARANTZ COMPANY* P.O. BOX 604, BROOKVALE, N.S.W. 2100. TELEPHONE: 939 1900
Marantz have a superb range of High Fidelity products, including:
Amplifiers, Receivers, Loudspeaker Systems, Cassette Decks and Turntables.
'MARANTZ COMPANY IS A TRADING DIVISION OF SUPERSCOPE (AUSTRALASIA) PTY. LTD.
SOUND BRIEFS
Hi -Fi & Music Most of our readers will know that our sister publication (previously) Hi -Fi Review
recently changed its title to Hi -Fi & Music: its content being expanded to take in
more music material.
The change has apparently been a great success. The July issue is extra -big as it
contains the official Consumer Electronics Show catalogue. Also included are test
reports on - Technics RS-1500US tape deck; Kenwood L-07C amps; B & W DM7
speakers; JVC's SM3 micro loudspeakers; Shure V 15/IV cartridge. There's also a
totally fascinating feature on record and tape production plus a special feature for
opera lovers on the making of `Norma'. The issue is on sale until the end of July. If
you are in to hi -fl and/or music don't miss this special issue.
Sansui - New Distributor A new Melbourne -based company valled Vanfi has been formed to take over market-
ing and servicing of all Sansui products.
The company is headed by Clarrie Pearce -
who has been associated with Sansui
for over 12 years. He is backed up by Geoff Brown in Melbourne and Don Oates in
Sydney.
There's a huge range of new Sansui products some of which will be seen at the
Sydney CES this month.
Chrome Dioxide Super Many tape manufacturers claim that the compact cassette system first achieved hi-fi
quality with the introduction of chrome dioxide.
Then followed cobalt -doped ferric -oxide cassette tapes with a good output in the
lower frequency range but a lower output in the higher frequency range. Anti -chrome
campaigns started claiming increased headwear with chromium dioxide compounds.
These claims had to be withdrawn, as tests proved that headwear with chrome tapes
was often less than experienced with ferric oxides.
Further proof of chrome's characteristics is the video technique, where chrome
tapes are replacing cobalt -doped tapes because they no longer meet the high
requirements of colour-recording today.
BASF have now introduced a "Chrome Dioxide Super" tape. With this tape the
high level control in the area between 10,000 and 20,000 Hz is now up to 6 dB above
the values of the "normal" chrome dioxide. Low level control is improved by
approximately 2 dB and noise reduced by approximately 1.5 dB,
Manufacturers claim that the tapes surpass the dynamic of a studio tape with a
speed of 38 cm/s in the low ranges.
One -sixth Octave Analyser White Instruments, manufacturers of audio filters, equalisers and real time analysers
have announced a new range of active equalisers.
Features include one -sixth octave resolution from 40 Hz through 894 Hz and one-
third octave resolution from 1000 Hz through 15 kHz. The adjustment range is
+/- 10 dB using Mil -spec rotary controls. Optional plug-in low-level crossover net-
works facilitate either bi-amp or tri-amp outputs to the power amplifiers.
The company also offers one -sixth octave real time analysers to be used in
conjunction with the new one-sixth octave equalisers.
For further information contact Harman Australia Pty Ltd, PO Box 6, Brookvale,
NSW 2100. Tel: 939-2922.
Record Playing Revolution A totally new record playing system in which digitally recorded discs are played back
via a diode laser is under development by Philips.
The technique is basically similar to that used in Philips' about -to -be -released
video-disc system but modified specifically for audio.
The `Compact Discs' resemble the earliest 78s in that only one side is encoded. .
Nevertheless the 114 mm discs carry one hoúr's stereo playing time. As a. laser is
used to pick the information off the disc there is no need for physical contact
between disc and `styli' - this allows the disc to be coated with a protective film.
The discs will therefore withstand very rough handling without sound degradation.
Philips' new system is scheduled to go on sale in the early 1980s price is
obviously not yet known but Philips hope it will be about the same as a top quality
conventional turntable set-up.
Marantz' New Turntable A low profile direct -drive turntable has been released by Marantz. Designated 6350Q
the unit has phase locked loop servo using a quartz crystal timing reference. Wow
and flutter is specified as less than 0.025%.
Hall -Effect Playback Head Hitachi's hew model D-7500 cassette tape deck uses a Hail effect semi -conductor
element instead of the normal inductive pick-up playback head.

k'
Philips High Fidelity Laboratories.

In any range of equipment there is a leader. illuminated function readouts and touch switches
One which sets the standard by which the others with LED indicators for smooth, silent,
are measured. sophisticated programming. It also includes
With Philips Hi -Fi Stereo, the Hi -Fi adjustable phono input levels and a tape selector
Laboratories range stands at the very top. that provides five separate tape modes.
These state-of-the-art Hi -Fi components, which High -Fidelity Stereo AM/FM finer
were developed in America, offer precision crafts- The AH 673 High -Fidelity Stereo AM/FM
manship, technical perfection and outstanding Túner incorporates touch switches with LED
performance. indicators and illuminated function readouts.
High -Fidelity Pre -Amplifier Other features include ASNC (Automatic Stereo
The AH 572 High -Fidelity Stereo Pre -Amplifier Noise Cancelling). Separate level controls for
is an ultra-low distortion (0.008%) two -channel AM and FM. An FM interstation disturbance
unit featuring high -accuracy step detent controls, mute. And an exclusive AM centre-tuned meter
for wide-band full fidelity
......-un....,y AM reproduction.
,1
®.NIIInS
m High -Fidelity Stereo Power
Amplifier
The 210 watts RMS per
channel high-performance
AH 578 High -Fidelity Stereo
Power Amplifier completes
the Philips Hi -Fi Laboratories
range. It comprises high-
I.OMIIICS .c..own,uw.ar. ...-... accuracy step detent controls,
li 11.) .
touch switches with LED
-iA+? mn_J Lan

indicators and illuminated
power meters and protection
indicators. Also incorporated
in the AH 578 are a sub -sonic
0 ó filter, thermal and overload
protection, and provision
. `...........a
for connecting two pairs of
.
ONI\IOS ..w wn
loudspeaker systems.
Philips Hi -Fi
-! T7
Laboratories Range.
A step closer
-,;;.._ to sound perfection.
e
'
We want you
PHILIPS to have the best
C
COM UNICATIONS
F '----~
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Brian Dance examines the challenges of communications with interplanetary craft.
IT IS ONE of the triumphs of modern incidentally confirming the existence of extra -terrestrial life - advanced data
science that we can establish reliable the Van Alien radiation belts around processing being used to survey the sky
communications with spacecraft at any the earth.' over a million different frequency bands.
point in the 'solar system provided they In September 1958,' NASA was A companion project to, be undertaken
are not in the radio shadow of some created by the US Congress for inves- by the Ames Research Centre will
large object as seen from the earth. tigating problems for flight within and examine 500 selected stars to ascertain
Deep space communications are outside the earth's atmosphere 'for if any planets orbiting them are trans-
required for three main purposes: peaceful purposes to the bénefit of mitting signals.
(i) To track spacecraft velocity and mankind'. Two months later the control The DSN
distance. This information is required to of the, Laboratory was transferred from The American Deep Space Network
calculate trajectory and to compute the US Army to the California Institute employs -huge high -gain parabolic dish
velocity corrections so that the desired of Technology. aerials and very low noise receivers at
trajectory is obtained. . The Deep Space Netvvork has provid- widely separated places at ,various
If a pulse is sent to the spacecraft ed tracking, command and data acquisi- longitudes around the globe; this
and the on -board transponder immedi- tion facilities for the Ranger, Surveyor ensures that a spacecraft travelling
ately sends a pulse in response, the timé and .Lunar Orbiter projects for explor- beyond earth orbit' is never out of view
delay before this pulse is. received on ation Of the moon, for the Mariner of all of the Deep Space Network
earth is a measure of the distance of the missions. to Mars, Vent's and Mercury stations unless it is behind a large object
craft. The Doppler frequency shift of and for the Viking missions for orbiting as seen from the earth. Thus at least one
this signal is a measure of its velocity to and landing on Mars. It also supported of the stations can communicate with
or away from the earth. the Manned Space Flight Network and any craft at any time when it is not in
(ii) To transmit command or instruct the Apollo lunar landing programme, radio shadow.
signals to the spacecraft. Such a com- apart from collecting data from Pioneers Deep space Network stations are
mand signal may, for example, switch 10 and 11 and the Helios 1 and 2 'craft located in groups at three places,
on a small jet so as to alter the velocity which as the name implies were used to Goldstone, California; at Madrid, Spain;
of the craft ór it may cause á television explore space close to.the sun. and at Tidbinbilla, near Canberra,. Aus-
camera to point in a certain direction The Deep Space Network will be tralia. Each of these stations is equipped
and transmit a picture or it may switch involved in even more work during the with a huge 64 m diameter dish aerial
on a piece of equipment. Many craft coming years; The current Pioneer and two smaller 26 m aerials. Grouping
have a memory which will store com- mission to Venus involves receiving the stations. together saves money and
mand signals for use at a time when signals simultaneously from one large avoids excessive duplication of equip-
communications are not possible because probe, three small probes, a 'bus' ment. All stations are linked by á
the craft is behind a planet. carrier vehicle and a Venus orbiting special ground communications network
(iii) To send data and television pictures craft. The long duration Voyager 1 and which is part of the larger "NASCOM"
to the earth by telemetry. 2 missions to the outer planets (Jupiter network which provides communications
During the past twenty years the in 1979, Saturn in 1980/81 and between all of NASA's stations.
USA has built up a world-wide network possibly Uranus in January 1986 and The ground communications facilities
of Deep Space stations for inter- Neptune in 1989) willbe carried on sim- used by the Deep Space Network
planetary communication. This is in ultaneously with work with the Viking include INTELSAT communications
almost continuous use and is often craft on Mars and orbiting Mars. In satellite links and sub -oceanic cables as
receiving signals from quite a number addition, communications must be well as microwave links. Data received
of spacecraft simultaneously. maintained with Pioneers 10 and 11 from spacecraft are transmitted over
Brief History outside the orbit of Jupiter, support high speed data circuits. Wide bandwith
must be given to the West German circuits may carry television pictures of
The US Deep Space Communications
Network is managed for NASA by the space communications facilitiesworking planets and their moons from a Deep
Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the
with the two Helios craft, and various Space Network station to the Control
other demands made by Deep Space Centre at a rate of up to one picture in
California Institute of Technology (at
Communications. A Jupiter Orbiter 48 seconds. In addition, range and
Pasadena). Pioneering work on liquid
Probe is planned for launching by the velocity information about the space-
and solid rocket propellants was carried
Space Shuttle in January 1982 for craft are transmitted from the receiving
out on the Pasadena site of the Guggen-
heim Aeronautical Laboratory as early arrival at Jupiter some two years and station to the Control Centre for
as the mid -1930's. However, it was' the
eight months later. navigational purposes. Command signals
Jet Propulsion Laboratory's work on Seeking Life Out There are sent to the Deep Space Network
tracking and data recovery systems for The Deep Space Network is used for stations for transmission to the craft.
the US army's guided missiles during many purposes besides deep space Before transmission they are loaded
the early 1950's which resulted in the including pulsar and quasar studies. The into a command processing computer
development of the present Deep Space aerials of this network are ideal for which automatically checks them.
Network. radar mapping the surfaces of the The Deep Space Network is not used
The US space programme commenced planets and the rings of Saturn. It is during the launching phase of a mission.
on 31st January 1958 with the launching intended to use two of the aerials for Launches take place from Cape Canav-
of satellite "Explorer I" This 14 kg Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence eral, Florida and use the near -earth
spacecraft continued transmitting from (SETT) -starting about 1979 over a facilities of the US Air Force Eastern
earth orbit until 23rd May 1958; it sent five year period and covering some 80% Test Range in the Atlantic together with
data to a three -station network establish- of the sky. A search will be made for the down -range elements of the NASA
ed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory evidence of radio signals from intelligent Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network

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of the Martian surface.
the STDN network and the NASCOM

network which links all STDN and DSN
stations with control centres. The
NASCOM network permits the trans-
c
\ ''
..:.1.-
'.1..1r
mission and reception of written mess-

ages, facsimile, voice, telemetry and
commands by high speed data lines.
The STDN system provides tracking
and communications with the spacecraft
during the launching phase, but about
.
.
...2t-
(STDN) at Merritt Island, Florida. Com-

munications ships and instrumented let
aircraft may also be employed during
the launching stage. The STDN system
is essentially concerned with manned
space flights, earth satellites and lunar
probes together with the launching phase
of any spacecraft; it consists of 16
stations located throughout the world.
The Goddard Space Flight Centre
located in Greenbelt, Maryland operates
r:
the time the launching vehicle is jettison-

ed and the spacecraft has been put onto
its correct trajectory towards the
desired planet, the Deep Space Network
takes over all communications. It main-
tains a two-way radio link throughout
the remainder of the deep space mission.
Frequencies
The standard frequency band used for
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Power Levels
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Jupiter, but satisfactory reception at

distances of 6.88 x 108 km at the first
encounter with this planet (9.27 x
108 km at the second encounter) may
depend on weather conditions at the
earth receiving station. Rain and other
forms .of precipitation, can seriously
degrade reception at X band frequ-
y. -'7
K
--1-7.,-
;
,
encies, affecting the polarization of the

signal, etc.
The 64 m antenna at Goldstone, Calif-

ornia is equipped for radiating power
levels up to 400 kW the Spanish and
Australian 64 m aerials have 100 kW
transmitters. Each of six 26 m stations
is operated at 20 kW. Klystrons are
used to generate the radio frequency
power.
.
'
The Viking Mars craft use transmitters

of about 30 W power output, the power
being obtained from sunlight by the use
of solar panels. The Viking craft which
landed on the planet can transmit
either directly to earth or to the orbiting
craft which can relay the sigrial to'earth.
The' Venus Pioneer craft will use
solar panels to provide over 200 W of
power and will be equipped with a
number of aerials. The individual probes
.
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-238 radioisotope thermoelectric

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-111
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erators will be employed. Each craft has

three of these generators which are 584
mm in length and 398 mm in diameter
and which weigh 12.1 kg. Each of these
three generators provides 155 W initially,
about 135 W after five years and about
125 W after 10 years, but only a fraction
of this power is available for the trans-
mitter.
The instruments on Voyager.require
some 99 W. Voyager will_ be equipped
with a 3.7 m diameter dish aerial which
will direct the beam towards the earth;
this is the largest dish aerial yet built
into a spacecraft.
At Jupiter it is expected that the
Voyager craft will provide data rates of
up to 115200 bits/second when used
with a 64 m earth station and about
640 bits/second when used with'a 26 m
aerial. When the craft are in the vicinity
of Saturn, the data rate will be limited
to about 30000 bits/second when
working with a 64 m aerial and 80 bits/
second with a 26 m aerial. '
The reason for this is that noise

introduces errors. A lower rate enables
a narrower bandwidth to be employed
and this reduces hoise: Errors of .about
one bit in thirty bits are tolerable for
'
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YIP
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deep space communications is 21 GHz from the multi -probe craft will be TV pictures, however, errors in com-
for the up-link from earth to spacecraft powered by batteries for a short period mand signal transmissions tb a craft
and 2.3 GHz for the down -link from after they have separated from the main must be far. smaller to avoid the craft
spacecraft to earth, these frequencies craft and will transmit directly to earth being sent on an incorrect trajectory.
being in the 'S' band. However, some at levels of 10 W to 40 W. However, the Typically the error should be less than
spacecraft are also. equipped with 8.4
GHz '(X band) transmitters. Mariner 10
data rates will be relatively low owing to
the simple aerials used on these probes.
one bit ín 100000 bits -
command sign-
al errors can be extremely expensive!
carried a low power X band transmitter Nevertheless, these data rates should be Data rates have greatly increased
not modulated E with telemetry, but adequate, since no picture data links are since Mariner 4 transmitted pictures
used with the S band signal for a dual
signal for a dual frequency radio experi-
needed.
The Voyager Jupiter craft have to
from Mars at 8.3 bits/second the
increase is about 14000 over a period
-
ment. Voyagers 1 and 2 will have both be able to communicate with the earth of ten years.
S and X band high power transmitters. from enormous distances. The intensity Sixty Four Metre Aerials
The X band down link will be able to of sunlight is inadequate to provide The first of the huge Deep Space Net-
send at 115 000 bits/second from enough power and therefore plutonium work 64 m aerials was constructed at
28
Goldstone, California, part of the design
being based on the Australian Radio
Telescope aerial at Parkes, NSW; the
Goldstone aerial became operational in
1967. Some six years later the Aus-
PRIMARY REFLECTOR STRUCTURE
tralian 64 m aerial at Tidbinbilla (named
"Ballima", Aboriginal for "very far
away") was brought into regular service,
QUADRIPOD SUPPORT
MULTIPLE PRIMARY
FEED SYSTEM
\ ELEVATION WHEEL ANO
BACK-UP STRUCTURE
PRECISION ANGLE -DATA

SYSTEM PLATFORM
although it assisted with Apollo 17
tracking in 1972.
A 64 m antenna collects over six
times the signal power compared with
the earlier 26 m diameter aerials
since the area of a 64 m diameter
-
ELEVATION
aerial is so much greater. However,
BEARINGIASSEMBLY other improvements have been made
which enable signals of ten times lower
intensity to be received than the mini-
INSTRUMENT
r mum required by a 26 m aerial.
TOWER The signal strength from a distant
ELEVATION spacecraft is essentially inversely pro-
SUBRE F LECTOR DRIVE ASSEMBLY portional to the square of the distance
(ROTATABLE FOR
CONE SELECTION) of the craft from the earth (inverse
AZIMUTH 25 tm
square law). If a spacecraft at a certain
RADIAL distance produces a signal which is just
BEARING adequate to be satisfactorily received
AZIMUTH by a 26 m aerial, the same spacecraft
ALIDADE DRIVE
ASSEMBLY will produce a satisfactory signal into
a 64 m aerial when it is three times
ALIDADE BUILDING
farther away. Alternatively a con-
siderably greater data rate can be used
PRIMARY REFLECTOR SURFACE
e Sm
with a 64 m aerial than with a 26 m
aerial from the same craft at the same
PEDESTAL distance.
A 64 m diameter aerial is an enor-
mous structure with an overall height of
AZIMUTH HYDROSTATIC: IC
lm some 73.2 m when the aerial is in the
CABLE WRAP-UP THRUST BEARING horizontal position. The enormous dish
must be contoured to an accuracy of
±1 mm even at its edges so that the in-
Table 1: Antenna Dimensions coming signals of extremely low intens-
Diameter of reflector 64 metres ity are concentrated towards the focus
Total height (stowed) 73.2 metres of the huge paraboloidal aerial.
Diameter of sub -reflector 6.4 metres Table 1 shows the enormous weight
Focal length 27.109 metres and dimensions of the Tidbinbilla aerial,
Focal length/diameter ratio 0.4235 but the other two aerials of 64 m
Surface area 3,483 square metres
diameter in California and Spain are
Depth of reflector 9.4 metres
Pedestal wall thickness
very similar. These enormous structures
1.07 metres
Outside diameter of pedestal 25.3 metres must be 'able to operate in winds of at
Overall height of instrument tower 42.4 metres least 80 km/hour and withstand gales of
Volume of concrete used in construction 1,912 cubic metres 190 km/hour when the dish is stowed
Antenna Component Weights: horizontally.
Overall 7257,600 kg The antenna must be able to point
On elevation bearings 1,147,600 kg anywhere above the horizon. Motors
On azimuth bearings (including bearings) 2,268,000 kg with a total power of some 300 kW are
On soil 7,257,600 kg
used to achieve this. The antenna can be
Total on azimuth bearings 2,268,000 kg
Total on elevation bearings 1,134,000 kg directed to any position in space above
Components: the horizon with an accuracy of a few
Sub -reflector 1,860 kg thousandths of a degree, yet the huge
Feed cone and equipment 29,500 kg structure can completely rotate and
Quadripod 17,700 kg be moved from horizontal to vertical in
Primary reflector surface 26,300 kg about three minutes. The dish must
Reflector assembly (including reflector, wheels move so that it continues to point at a
and elevation counterweight) 1,075,000 kg
spacecraft as it moves across our sky
Alidade and buildings 997,900 kg
Azimuth bearings 181,500 kg
despite earth's rotation. Tracking the
Pedestal and foundations 4,536,000 kg spacecraft is performed automatically
Instrument tower (including wind shield) by the station equipment.
Steel 43,500 kg Signals can be received as soon as the
Concrete 422,100 kg craft appears above the horizon, since

-40
-4 v
'54'i
:N. ,'-----
Y'
+:;.y
- t! 1211
skS.
the aerial can be pointed in precisely the further amplification before being con- Deep Space Network, it is hoped to
required direction beforehand. However, verted to a lower frequency signal which increase the diameter of at least one of
the establishment of two-way com- is fed to a control station. The control the 26 m diameter aerials to 34 metres
munication takes longer if the craft is station. contains a computer which by the end of 1978. The construction
at any distance; for example, a signal processes the signal so that it is in a of a 100 m diameter antenna is also
sent to a spacecraft in the vicinity of suitable form for recording on tape and, being considered, but as one moves to
Jupiter will take about 45 minutes to in the case of the Spanish and Australian larger diameter aerials, engineering pro-
arrive (depending on the position of stations, for transmission by a satellite blems become more and more difficult
-
Jupiter relative to the earth) a further or sub -oceanic link to the Network and expensive relative to the increase in
45 minutes will elapse before any res- Control Centre. signal strength. The possibility of an
ponding signal can be received back Control room computers at each orbital relay station in deep space is
at the earth. station also process information and also being considered. The 64 m aerials
The 64 m Tidbinbilla aerial employs commands for transmission to the give a gain of well over one million.
Cassagrainian feeds mounted in cones spacecraft and extract precise velocity Time standard improvements could
near the centre of the main dish. This and range information from the rec- be achieved by replacing the rubidium
type of Cassegrainian feed was first used eived signals for the navigation of the vapour oscillators with hydrogen masers.
in optical telescopes. A signal from a craft. Time standards are vital when one is
distant craft is reflected from the 3480 Apart from the 64 m or 26 m para- calculating spacecraft trajectories. Very -
square metre surface of the main dish bolic aerials, each station must have long-baseline interferometry techniques
which focuses it onto a sub -reflector computers, special receivers, analogue are being considered for increasing the
mounted on a quadripod structure and digital processing equipment, black precision with which the location of
above the main reflector. The sub - and white and colour television screens, each of the Deep Space Network
reflector can be positioned so that the high speed printers able to read engineer- stations is known.
signal is directed into the feed horn of ing data at 80000 characters per minute
any one of three cones. and communications equipment plus Conclusions
A maser in the feed horn is used to engineering laboratories, offices, can- The Deep Space Network is a vast
amplify the signal by some 50 dB. The teens and dormitories which enable it to engineering project which had to be
maser is cooled in liquid helium to a be self-sufficient. It must also have its provided to enable us to obtain inform-
temperature of -269°C - four degrees own power plant to supply all of the
station requirements - one cannot lose
ation about conditions on other planets
above absolute zero. This type of amp- and in inter -planetary space. Although
lifier introduces less noise than any signal through power failure when one most of the work of planetary explor-
other type of amplifying device, but if is performing such expensive experi-
ation has been carried out by Americans,.
it were not cooled, thermal motion of ments. Each station must also have an Australia has provided a very substant-
the molecules would add a considerable atomic time generator so precise that it ial contribution to this work. There will
amount of noise to the signal. is accurate to one second in 3000 years!
be an increasing demand on the Net-
The signal from the maser output is Future Improvements work during coming years for higher
then fed to a receiver where it undergoes In order to improve the facilities of the data rates from more distant planets.

WE'VE GOT THE ELECTRONIC
5o
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1
COMPONENTS YOU REQUIRE NOW
HEY HEY FEAST YOUR EYES ON ALL

THESE KNOBS BUY NOW
PLASTIC - BRONZE - ALUMINIUM BIG SAVINGS
10 WATT AMPLIFIER
MODULE AND
COMPONENTS
This Is our kit 51
K2 Black with silver K38A 12mm high 15mm which Includes a 10
insert 40c dia Polished black with watt Sanken Hybrid
Meé silver rim base 80c Amplifier S1 -1010G
and its
ancillary components
K2B Black with silver
insert 40c
írá K38B 12mm high 19mm
Normally $11.95
LIMITED OFFER $9.95 tl
dia slightly larger than

K38A11Oc BREAK BREAK BREAK
K16 Plain white 13mm LOOK C B ACCESSORIES
long sleeve and clip
30c K38C 12mm high 22mm P L259 Aerial Plug
Larger version K38A
twodia
Normally $1.29 1.111
0c Now 99c
S O 239 Chassis socket
'
K22 Small Aluminium, Normally $1.30
black centre 40c Now $1.00
P C 258 Patch Cordlmeter
.K31 1 4mm high 26mm

K39 18mm high 15mm
dia
Normally $4.50
Now $3.25 N' ` ti
dia In diamond cut SEMICONDUCTOR SPECIALS

knurling 90c BY 164 Bridge 40c
A 40 D 20AMP Stud $5.00
A 40 M 20AMP Stud $5.00
K32 1 4mm high 26mm K50/ 50A/ 50B JN 60 Diode 10c
dia black indicator line 411 K51/51A/51B TIP 3055 74c
up side 90c TIP 2955 96c
20c each LM 555 Timer 60c
LM 556 Timer Dual $1.75
Exclusive to Davred. All screw LM 714 POP55c
"7;1 K33 1 7mm high 23mm
fixed to 4a" diameter shafts
and moulded from highly
SN 76023N 5.2.25
SN 76001 $1.15
dia black indicator line LM 301 85c
on top 90c polished shatter resistant BD 140 75c
thermoplastic. BD 139 75c
RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES
Noyper
Rechargeable
Idéal for emergency
lighting, alarms, etc.
NP8-6A NPK4.5
$12.65 $25.30 r--
SPECIFICATIONS NP8-6A NPK4.5-12
1 Nominal voltage 6 volts 12 volts
2 Nominal capacity
20hr rate 86A.H 45AH
3 Weight lapproa) 396 pounds 11.8 kgl 2.2 kg
4 Internal resistance of
Charged battery
30 mrlhohre (approx.)
Vernier Dial
5 Maximum discharge current 25 amores 9 amperes 1502 0-1(X) calibrated with 3.75:1 reduction. Ideal
with standard terminals for fine adjustments on pots, tuner condensers,
6. Maximum short -duration 300 amperes 90 amperes etc.
discharge current
Special Price $4.50
7 Permissible temperatures
Charge 5°F - 113.61- 15°C - 45°C1 Can be
Discharge 5°F - 122.R- 15.0 - 50°CI operated.
Storage -40°F - 140°H -40°C - 60°CI charged. or
stored in any LED NUMERICAL DISPLAY
8 Charge retention (shell position
)del at 68°F 120°CI
without
TIL 312.3 red $1.75
month 95%
1
3 months 90%
leaking SEL 521 .5 red $2.75
6 months 80% SEL 621 .5 green $3.50
9 Sealed construction Can be operated. charged or Cathode Common
stored an any position
without leakage
UT3
CiROUP DAVRED ELECTRONICS PTY. LTD.
104-106 King Street Newtown Sydney Australia P.O. Box 317 Newtown, N.S.W. 2042.
THE NEW BREED IN ELECTRONICS SERVICE Telephone 516-3544

12 VOLT QUARTZ CRYSTAL CLOCKITIMERI :9s'.
STOPWATCH WITH ALARM! (- SUIT - TIRUCKSDPLA ESIOETC.)

LAST YEAR, WE SOLD A SIMILAR MODULE BUT WITHOUT ALARM AND SWITCHES FOR $32.50!
JUST LOOK AT THESE FEATURES:

*12 volt operation with quartz crystal -
incredible chrono-
meter accuracy. Protected against accidental reverse polarity.
* Audible alarm supplied - bells, lights, etc can be controll-
ed by adding a relay.
* Requires only 3.8mA with readout off operate for a -
year off torch batteries. Uses only 79mA (approx) with
* Seconds can he displayed by adding a simple switch
(instructions supplied).
readout on.
* Seconds.count can be zeroed to allow for stop watch type
* Large fluorescent readout. Can easily be seen in daylight. operation. Ideal for boat races and auto rallies.
* No wiring required for standard operation supplied
complete. Just connect the leads to a 12 volt-supply.
- * Power failure indication - tells you if clock was turned off.
* Can be operated off AC power with a 12 volt adaptor.
* Ideal for car, boat or aircraft operation.
* Accurate to one tenth of a second per day!
*12 hour operation - can be converted to 24 hour operat- CONNECTIONS FOR
ion (requires one resistor).
12 VOLTS (+& -)
AND DISPLAY ON/OFF
QUARTZ CRYSTAL
FOR INCREDIBLE '..
ACCURACY
\\ LARGE-SCALE
ELECTRONIC -Vti o
ALARM _ INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
UNIT _z CONTAINS OVER
, a - 1000 TRANSISTORS
b'
11_
SWITCH ALLOWS a BAR INDICATOR SWITCH ALLOWS

SETTING OF TIME SHOWS AM OR PM ALARM FUNCTIONS
AND STOP WATCH IN 12 HOUR MODE
COMES WITH A SIMPLE, YET HIGHLY DETAILED

4 PAGE INSTRUCTION MANUAL SHOWING CIRCUITS
FOR TIMERS, ALARMS, RELAY SWITCHING,'STOP
WATCHES, POWER SUPPLY INFORMATION, 24 HOUR
50 MODULE
ONLY.
AND SECONDS DISPLAY DETAILS, ETC. Cat X-1045
SPECIAL OFFER
The above clock module, complete with attractive
case, front panel bezel and mounting bracket.
50 :
Ideal for mounting on the dashboard of your car,
truck, plane or boat. Ready to go simply connect - 10:22 .,..
to power! Cat X-1047
';.+. w. y :..
POST AND PACK ON EITHER ITEM $2.00 EXTRA.
DICK SMITH ELECTRONICS

125 York Street, SYDNEY. Ph. 291126
Dborikcorti
welcome here
SHOPS OPEN 9AM to 5.30PM
(Saturday 9AM - 12 noon)
BRISBANE tl2 Hour earlier.
SYDNEY 399 Lonsdale Street, MELBOURNE. Ph 679834

147 Hume Hwy, CHULLORA. Ph 642.8922 MELBOURNE 656 Bridge Road, RICHMOND. Ph 42.1614
Many line. avertable Iron the
Orck Smith Electronic. Centro at
162 Pacific Hwy, GORE HILL, Ph 439-5311
BRISBANE
30 Grose Street, PARRAMATTA Ph 6831133
q10 ELIJIDE
166 Logan Road, BURANDA. Ph 391.6233
203 Wright Street, ADELAIDE. Ph 212.1962
GRACE BROS
Broadway Bondi Junction Chatawood
MAIL ORDERS P.O. Box 747, Crows Nest, N.S.W. 2065. Post and
pack extra. Dealers across Australia.
Liverpool Miranda fur Mt Grunt
Parramatla Rowlands INarrin ah M.n
e or,s
est cartri e?
l
Stanton 881-S
"Quite simply, it rendered the best "In general, the sound of the Stanton
tracking performance we have seen to date. Sound quality 881-S is completely neutral. It injects no coloration,
spectacular -
of the Stanton 881-S is neutral. It does not sound
one forgets about the cartridge when it is
playing. When you come right down to the nitty-gritty,
emphasis, or de -emphasis into any part of the frequency
spectrum, and it has a notable freedom from
audible tracking distortions of any kind. Since it is
there can be no better comment than that" so easy to forget that there is a cartridge in the
"Electronics Australia", January, 1978. reproducing chain, this is the kind of cartridge we
prefer to use when listening to records for musical
"There is more detail at all frequencies,
and stereo images have exceptional stability, even in enjoyment, rather than as a means to uncover flaws
in cartridge performance."
complex, high level passages. There is also less tendency
to become fatiguing, with an absence of the 'grittiness' "Stereo Review", November, 1977.
that afflicts more modest cartridges to a greater or "Records heard via the Stanton
lesser extent". "Hi -Fi Buyer's Guide", September, 1977. sound bright, clear, and detailed with an especially
smooth high end. Sharp, quick transients, such as
"This is not a cartridge for the those found ondirect-cut discs from Telarc,
' showman; it is a cartridge for the music lover, for Sheffield, and Umbrella are taken in stride and
the purist. reproduced with a stunning sense of presence. The
II
"Stereo Magazine", Winter 1978.

i4
"This is one of the most neutral and stereo image is vivid, plausible, and stable. In the
uncoloured cartridges we have listened to. It sounds as short time that we have known the pickup it has
flat as its frequency response curve implies and has an become one of our favourites.
impressive freedom from audible tracking distortions of "High Fidelity", October, 1977.
any kind. It provided a revelation when listening to some
of our older, well-worn discs, providing a freshness in their
sound that we had not suspected was there. And remember, you can't get the best out of your
Stanton Cartridge unless you usea genuine Stanton Stylus.
"Popular Electronics", December, 1977.
sra:vTon
Sole Australian Distributors
LEROYA INDUSTRIES ó
Head Office, W.A.: 156 Railway Pde., Leederville 6007. Phone 381 2930.
N.S.W. Office: 100 Walker St., North Sydney 2060. Phone 922 4037.
VICTORIA Office: 103 Pelham St., Carlton 3053. Phone 347 7620.
LER 206
Róots the facts
Robots may take many forms. They are not necessarily Artoo-detoo like machines.
An automated washing machine for example can be seen as one form
-
of simple robot as can the Strasborg clock made way hack in 1354 this contains a cock
which moves, stretches and crows.
Here ETI's special correspondent Associate Professor Peter Sydenham, M.E.,Ph.D., '
F. Inst.M.C.,F.I.I.C.A.,M.I.E.Aust presents the basic facts and analyses the many
separate requirements common to robotics.
The human animal is a fine example

TERMS of a general-purpose,' mobile, self-re-
pairing, self-reproducing machine, one
Robot -
In Gothic it is akin to a word that can adapt to new tasks and new
meaning "inheritance", in German to environments as need arises. It is not
"work". An old Slavic word that is perfect for all jobs, but does provide
equivalent is "rabota" and in Czech a fine basis for modelling robots of
and Polish "robota" means servitude or work, even though the materials and
forced labour. Professor George's book strategies used are 'different in pract-
(see list) says it is "a machine devised to ice.
function in place of living agent".
a Animals can be thought of as hard-
Robotics -
Gaining rapid acceptance, ware systems, consisting of several
this term describes the discipline that kinds of sub -systems put together to
designs and creates robot device struc- form the whole system. The complete
tures and sub -assemblies. The following system is capable of many modes of
word is reserved for its system organ- behaviour. A diagrammatic represen-
isation. tation is given in Fig. 2. Let us look
Cybernetics -
Study of multiple feed- at the building blocks first.
back loop, self-governing systems, Structural framework - This is the
usually ,of great complexity, as are mechanical part holding- everything
found in living organisms and advanced together. Bones, skin, tissues can be
man-made control systems. equated to metal, wood or plastic
Automaton Any device that has frames. The framework is developed
apparently spontaneous action. (Plural to satisfy, as a compromise, require-
is automáta). ments of lightness, rigidity, approp-
Humanoid -
Robot form of man. riate articulation, protection for vital
-
Android Automaton of man -like form. parts, and correct location, of one
Homunculus -
Inferior robot form of (to usl) add -and -subtract calculator part with respect to another. Note
man.
Prosthesis -
Man-made, human body
- after all, it could do the tasks attrib- that robot machines do not use the
uted then to a god. same materials that are found in animal
replacement parts. The idea that animals are merely systems. To date it has been more
Exoskeleton -
Robot frame that fits machines is known as the reductionist profitable to use quite different sub-
around human to give power to limbs. or mechanistic philosophy. As we stances because man knows too little
Golem - Man-made creature not having cannot prove, by any means whatsoever, about the production of regenerative,
man -like form. that there is more to man than man self -repairing materials used by nature.
Manipulator'- Handling device.
Telechiric -
Derived from Greek for
can ultimately devise, we cannot, at
present, resolve this issue.
Actuators - On to the frames are added
converters that change the available en-
"distant hand". Nevertheless, there is much about ergy form into mechanical work. On
animal systems that is reducible to plain animals these are the muscles; on robots
engineering. It is these known facts they are usually electric, hydraulic or
that suggest that many jobs that were pneumatic motors. Again, although
IN THE first half of the 17th century considered as man -suitable in the past muscle -like devices have been made,
Descartes suggested thatthe physiological could well be done by machines. The robot actuators use different principles
animal can be thought of as no more justification is, to use a well-known of conversion and different energy
than á vastly complex machine. Intol- quotation, "to make human use of sources from animals. Actuators cause
erance of ideas, especially those that had human beings". If an automaton can limbs to move, hands to .hold, and the
religious implications, was extreme in do the same tediously repetitive task whole to translate where needed.
those times and no doubt Descartes
only spoke and wrote a little of his
that is done now by a bored and de- Sensors - Automata that, for instance,
humanised human operator, then there play music, are pre-programmed. Re-
concept. Pascal, for example, was dang- is a case to make use of it. This is the gardless of external influences, once.
erously close to being the subject of story of man's industrialisation, espec- set going, they will attempt to keep
a witch hunt after people saw his simple iallysince the 18th century. playing despite changes to their en -

vironment. Robots can be much more especially if one sticks to industrially can make use of Nature's concepts but
sophisticated for they possess sensors, marketed units in order to keep costs not her hardware methods.
or receptors, that observe what is low.
happening around and to the robot. Data Processing Centre - Signals from Energy Supply -
Animals derive energy
Sensors provide signals that, after data sensors are routed to data processing from the conversion of foodstuffs
processing, tell the actuators how and (DP) centres. The brain is the central into energy by chemical means in mus-
when to work in a way that modifies unit of humans. Not all animals have cular tissue. Robots cannot do it this
an otherwise hardwired kind of perfor- only one brain. Some early prehistoric way, but make use of the sources known
mance. animals are believed to have had two to man at this time. Electricity can be
It seems that many animal senses brain centres. Signal pre-processing goes generated by converting fuel to electric
work on the basis of having a multitude on in animals before a stimulus reaches current. In mobiles a usual source of
of on -off digital sensors built into each the brain. This can also be the case in energy is electricity from storage cells.
sensing device, the combined, parallel, robots. Robots can have local brain-pow- Restricted mobility and fixed robots
signal output being a measure of sensor 'er plus a central unit. can obtain power by an umbilical supply
signal strength. Robot sensors rarely We cannot make much of a comp- cable. Hydraulic and pneumatic systems
work this way for we are unable to arison between DP of robots and anim- derive energy from their compressor
handle as many parallel channels as als, for we still have only a meagre unit - the lines act as energy transmis-
nature. idea of how the physiological brain sion links to the converter unit.
. `,
Robots usually incorporate
C :161
el m
:.
-s,
.1
II t. "`L l .
1 .
k5;-
a
a-
-j
.,._- i
G c
M
Fig. 1. Projects of the Warwick University Robot Laboratory. -

sold as the army bomb -disposal unit it acts as a ready made
Project on the left uses an inboard microprocessor. At the rear is a vehicle to conduct research on. (Keystone Press Agency).
hand-like short arm manipulator. The tracked vehicle is originally
analogue output sensors -

the so-called operates. Insight that we do have is
enough to say that robot brains will be
Robots that perform work will be
somewhat inefficient for all energy
linear signal in integrated circuit jargon.
To detect the seat of a fire, an automatic quite different in physical structure systems will have losses. The human
fire extinguisher will Use a proportional from animal brains. We tend to opt for system consumes around 100 W at a
signal infra -red detector homing the non -redundant data processing methods rest condition (of which most is lost
robot towards the position of maximum using a limited number of binary loc- as heat) and can provide about three
signal output. In some cases man-made ations. The brain appears to make use times this power as work for limited
robots do use digital output sensors but of massive redundancy and enormous periods. This would, by implication,
not so commonly as analogue ones. An bit storage capacity (1020 is an estim- suggest that a robot doing the full
example might be a digital shaft encoder ate). tasks of a man needs a 400 W supply
sensor mounted to measure an arm's Communication Links - Sensors feed capability.
angular position. signals to actuators via DP centres. The The man machine looks quite puny:
We cannot measure every variable links we know and use in automatic 400 W is not exactly powerful. Robots
that arises in the material world. Even machines are electric wires, optical are not so limited. For a start, a man
so, literally thousands upon thousands fibres, air and oil tubes. Nature, howev- begins to tire after a few hours at
of sensors have been devised so the rob- er, uses the nerve links in which pulse 200 W output - a machine equivalent
ot designer of modern times can go a signals are regenerated in mysterious can go on tirelessly. Robot manipulators
long way with what exists already, ways by electrochemical methods. We can provide whatever power level is

desired. They are made to lift huge cause the robot to go and look for a (3) A robot must protect its own exis-
loads. An example is a framework that task. In animals this is seen as inquis- tence as long as such protection
a man fits into, giving him arms that itiveness. Without it humans are refer- does not conflict with the First
follow his own with greatly increased red to as lazy and unmotivated as - ,and Second Laws.
load capability. would appear a robot. Asimov never intended the laws to be
Motivational Mode -
There must be Maintenance and Self -repair The - the one and only guide to robot desig-
some inbuilt means to ensure that the good robot is one that does not deter- ners -
far from it, they were the result
robot constantly goes about the busin- iorate in performance. This is not a of science -fiction writing. They are,not
ess for which it was created. This mode reality, however, for although wear foolproof and do not extend to all sit-
is temporarily given lower priority rates of mechanical implements can be uations, but do remind us of some basic
when circumstances dictate. As a reduced by better design and more ideals to consider in programming a
simple example, a mobile designed to expenditure, it usually can only be done robot's behaviour pattern.
cut the grass of a lawn may need to div- at greatly increased cost. It is to be
ert its attention from grass cutting to- expected that robots, at least for many Programming the robot
ward a battery recharge. After charge years yet, will require greasing, bearing A fully determined robot performance,
it must return to its duty. replacement and sliding surface repair. that is, one that will obey instructions
Survival Mode -
The programming The first thing the robot will need to that are all preset before it begins to
basics must incorporate means to put do in this mode is diagnose its own trou- work, is little better than a special-pur-
the robot into behaviour modes that bles, deciding what repair action is to be pose machine. It cannot do other than
reduce and, hopefully, eliminate damage taken. Then it must organise some way what is expected by its programmer. This
to the robot. The lawn cutter must to replace parts. This mode is probably basic level of performance is required
SUKRROGRAST TOPICS TO SUIT TASK
I (ST.SINTfNENCF) C NE AIR
J I
E N.M. OF
VARIOUS KINDS SIGNAL
TO sun TSK CONDITIONING (I nO
C
INFR R.
-> FEED CCTV CAMERA

IPosi, Ion controlled
'
MICRON. ACOUSTIC VOICE THROUGHS Iron, within)
RASTE'TqRK LINK TO SURFACE
SUP...
->
WO T
HOLE noeot
RING TV MONITOR
O'
THICK METAL
SPHERICAL ti OPERATORS
CON TAINE RÌ
TG 1
DATA PROCESSING
.
IMANIPULATOR,+
SKITITGr
COST OVER AND CONTROLS
CONTROL UNIT
REMOTE MANIPULATOR
TOUCH
SLAVE ARM WITH
J
IDa .. . WRIST AND HAND ACTION
SEABED TRANSLATION':.':-
TANKS
ACTUATORS OF VARIOUS
KINDS KS NEEDED
Fig. 2. Robot systems are made up from sensors, actuators and Fig. 3. Underwater a robot manipulator provides an operator
data processing systems operating together to satisfy a number of with an effective ecoskin and increased ability to do work.
operational requirements.
recognise that the concrete edging or more idealistic than real for most rob- of many robots, but is not the complete
stray stone must not be brought into ots at present, but the software progr- capability. It might be preset by a.punch-
contact with its blades. The survival ammer and robot designer must, at ed-tape or magnetic tape in the same
mode must also extend to preventing least, give some consideration to this way as are many domestic knitting
the robot doing damage to its environ- need. machines. Most manipulator robots get
ment. these instructions via an initial man -oper-
Energy Maintenance Mode As well as - Robots and people ated run using special controls that
the obvious heed for the robot to ensure In 1942 Isaac Asimov put into words allow the operator' to run the manipul-
that it has power enough available for three laws of robotics that have become ator through the required manipulat-
instantaneous load, it should also be famous in this field. They refer to the ive routine. Once done it becomes a
able to prepare an energy budget of relationship between robots and people stored program routine.
near future need. If
it is a battery -fed that designers should bear in mind for Far better, if possible, is to servo the
mobile, it may find itself out of energy obvious reasons. The laws are: output required according to inputs of
before it can return to the recharge error. For example, to put a pin in a
Point. (1) A robot may not injure a human hole is better done by viewing the
Exploratory Mode -
Robots can have being or, through inaction, allow a error between the pin and hole, reducing
greater than one purpose. Such pur- human being to come to harm. the error to zero, rather than pre-
poses may not exist all of the time and (2) A robot must obey the orders setting an arm to put a pin where the
all in one place. When no purposeful given it by human beings except hole is expected to be.
sensor signals are received, actuators where such orders would conflict The latter open -loop method assumes
should be set by a 'sub -program to with the First Law. that all relative positions of limbs of the
36
robot are held within the final tolerances by the 1950s. Studies of adaptive cont- rated on seeing what could be learnt
needed to put the pin into the hole - rol, self -organising systems, Aland a new from biological systems -
maybe this
which are extremely tight limits in many discipline called cybernetics were devel- was not so fruitful considering that
cases. The former method makes use of oping rapidly - research workers became designers have to work with different
feedback and it is a feature of servo very optimistic that machines would materials than nature uses. Then came
systems that actuation components in- soon be able to design better machines. the mini computer, almost small enough
side the loop can be reasonably inferior But they found over the successive years to build into a reasonable size robot
in quality. This is a most important that it was not so easy! device. Costs at first were prohibitive.
system concept - think of the problem Cybernetics was the term popularised Computing power' and speed were very
of finding a place on a map by dead by Norbert Wiener in 1947 for the dis- limited for operating robots at the mot-
reckoning from a set of distances and cipline covering self-governing systems of ional speeds and precisions needed. To-
bearings, as opposed to improving one's all kind, seeing them basically as all the day we now have the quite cheap micro-
situation as one goes by recognition of same thing, regardless of application. processor, where the larger part of its
error still existing. The term is derived from the Greek sale price is for market promotion,
and means the art of steersmanship. It mechanical packaging and application
Recent robots is of interest to include the fact that notes.
Many authors on robotics include men- Ampere had previously used the term
, tion of a wide variety of inter -discip- to describe the science of government. Before time
linary ,automatic devices. This broadens Theory of automata became an est- Advanced ideas usually meet opposition
the subject enormously and is a quite ablished pursuit a little later. Pattern in a society. Bruno was burnt at the
reasonable thing to do for robots can recognition was another related area stake in the 1500s for suggesting astron-
Elbow action 270
Fore -arm rotation 360'
Wrist rotation
Continuous
--r
uur.r.r Shoulder action 120'
w Ili111 \)
1
Gripper action 75mm max. opening
¡VW
Wrist action 135'
-
Waist rotation 360'
Separate drive motors

ensure maximum
manoeuvrability
Fig. 4. The Ameise Teletrak driverless tractor train guides itself

to follow a guide -wire set into the floor. One day It may be Fig. 5. ROMAN, a recent Harwell mobile, is made for use in
economic to provide the robot with navigational ability that hazardous industrial situations. It is electrically powered using
compares with that of humans. cable control.
take any form. For reasons of space, that became fashionable to work on. By omical theory was wrong. Pascal nearly
we restrict ourselves here to mobiles and the early 1970s the realisation that went the same way for making his adding
manipulators. these ideas would not blossom so quickly, machine. Even Ohm had his simple law
It is said that the term "robot" gained if ever, to give regenerative machines and of the 1830s opposed by men of learning.
public acceptance as the result of a 1923 robots replacing men in all their facul- The road car was held up in development
play by Karel Capek. It was at that time ties, was accepted. Such goals are now for over 60 years by the need to walk
in history that ideas about automation seen to be much further away. in front of a vehicle with a red flag. Fear,
began to flourish in earnest because of Today, the past efforts of many people preservation of the status quo, misplac-
the favourable technological atmosphere. have been tidied up, extended, ignored ed motives, politics and the natural
Electronic amplification was just avail- and much has been weeded out as irr- and more healthy need for cautious
able, mass production of consumer elevant or false, leaving today's robot acceptance usually emerge before a new
goods was established, sophisticated in- designers with a very useful and full concept finds acceptance.
dustrial control was emergent at a seat - theoretical and practical background So it has been with robots. Science
li of -the -pants level (theoretical considerat- to work from. fiction writers paint both gloomy and
ions came later in the late 1940s). Mechanical design aspects of robots happy scenarios with robots. We tend to
Electrical computation began in the have advanced through work in prosth- remember only the former. Robots are
late 1930s, resulting in the first working esis, in nuclear materials handling, in merely machines of greater capability
vacuum tube system in the 1940s. Com- a relatively few academic engineering and versatility than man has made to
puter research no doubt stimulated int- departments and within a small number date. As with all of man's technology,
erest in artificial intelligence (Al for of industrial groups. he has to learn to use them appropria-
short). Things were really happening Data processing for robotics concent- tely. We should not fear the robot but

look deeply into its value to us. minal to which the four projects shown public domain at low cost via mass-
Returning to earth from the levels are hooked -up to give them significant produced integrated circuitry and soft-
of philosophy, it is quite certain that data processing ability. Around the walls ware packages. A good comparison is
the robots we build over the next de- are placed acoustic transducers used in seen by remembering that visual dis-
cade will not challenge óur existence. We positioning work. play units that write words were wonders
know too little at this time to build A group at Edinburgh University of the timé ten years ago. Now the
them with such powers. There are, works on putting artifical intelligence equipment is reasonably standardized,
however, numerous requirements where into robot devices. They have built a far more advanced and within the price
robot devices can replace men perform- servo -controlled, computer -based, hand- range and building capabilities of many
ing tasks too hazardous for men to do. ling system. teenagers.
Machines are the extension of man on A prime purpose of University res- Organisations
earth and no force is likely to stop man's earch is to seek better ways to achieve British Robot Association
use of tools which has been part of his goals. Theirs is not really a task of build- Secretary, Dr. M. Larcombe, Robot
culture from the very beginning. ing devices that are totally engineered. Laboratory, Department of Computer
For this reason one seldom sees a fin- Science, University of Warwick, Cov-
University research ished robot but more units in stages entry, U.K. (A professional body with
Robots of the future will make use of of change. leading manufacturing companies as
techniques discovered and developed in Never before has the field of robotics members.)
research groups working on artificial been so ready for development. Simple Robot Institute of America
intelligence, robotics, computing science, robots with quite sophisticated brain - 20501 Ford Road, Dearborn, Michigan
electronics, plus many more areas. power are in the price range of the non- 48128, U.S.A. (This professional U.S.
The Science Research Council of professional. Amateurs can now enter body has recently inaugurated a medal
Britain supports robot research. The the field knowing that the capability - the RIA Joseph G. Engleberger Award
main laboratory of the Robot group at
Warwick University is shown in Fig. 1.
of their effort made now will be
improved as efficient and powerful
- for individual outstanding contribut-
ions to the science and practice of
In the same room is the computer ter- strategies are transferred to the general robotics.)
jtj EMONA
cvinvprim
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JULY 1978 S1 40
01104
:lib 04
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C E SHOW
SPECIAL
Equipment -5 Reviews
Portrait of a
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Silk N VAREy
Robots -brain power
Robots have logic systems that make them think they think! Dr. Michael
Larcombe of Warwick University's Robot Laboratory explains.
ROBOTS do not have brains. 'Wet logic' give up, (c) have a seizure (badly sible. In its own sensory environment
technology - brains to you -
is many designed robots only - as we do not the robot is a master of control. In
orders more complex than the world's yet really know what makes a good our laboratory at Warwick where robots
most complex machine (which is prob- design, this means most of them). use sonar their behaviour in the dark is
ably the International Telephone system, much superior to that of their design-
not any supercomputer). Robots are Through a robot's eyes ... ers.
however extremely bright -
for mach- It is easy to be patronising while wat-
ching a robot at work -
especially as
No undisclosed miracle of technology
lies hidden within the robot's carapace
ines. They are much smarter than comp-
uters - which suffer from the so-called their vision is either poor or non-ex- - no 'positronic brain' is required.
GIGO syndrome (Garbage In, Garbage istent. A few minutes attempting to Most of the more advanced robots con-
Out). Unlike the dumb computer they perform the same task using the same tain -or are controlled by- computer,
answer back -
ask a smart robot to robot body under remote control and and frequently by multiple computers.
walk through the wall and you will get using the robot's own sensors soon With the advent of reasonably powerful
the robot equivalent of a flea in the convinces the human that the robot micro -computers, with 16 bits or more
ear. Give them an unreasonable task and itself is best qualified to control its to chew the computer power can now
they will either (a) refuse to do it, body. Without direct visual, feedback be contained within the robot body.
(b) try to do it for a while and then remote control becomes exceedingly The smaller 8-bit micro -processors tend
difficult. When dealing with feedback to wheeze and groan under the proc-
from non -human sensors such as sonar essing load required for even a small
or doppler radar it is virtually impos- robot. The really high IQ robots still
tend to cling to the apron strings of
a big computer but it is only a matter
of five years or so before they can cut
loose.
Fig. 1. Sketch of a possible research project

under consideration at Warwick University,
Robot Laboratory. All the various sensors
have been proven individually.

In the first paragraph I was some- trees stick out of it is useful. ruction does not exist.
what disparaging about computers. Yet The robot program need no longer The unexpected obstruction leads us
computers control robots -
ho'w come take sensor or command data at face into a really intriguing area of robot
the robot is smarter? Well the robot value. It compares incoming data with technology. Having found a palpably
is a lot more than just computer - it world model data for 'reasonableness'. real 'thing' and perhaps having discover-
has sensors and actuators and perhaps a If a well appears to be moving (program ed a few useful facts about it (does it
boxful of specialist processing functions checks sonar range to expected wall move by itself, is it round, how wide
such as motor acceleration -deceleration with world model distance between is it? can it be circumnavigated, does it
control or positional servo systems. A computed position and wall position emit ultrasound, does it emit light etc.,
small robot will have more input-output and finds 'continuous variation) the etc.) these facts may then be entered
channels than many of the larger time- program can quickly check with other into the world model by the robot it-
sharing computers. The robot's neces- fixtures to see whether it is sliding self. This may seem a small step, but
sary data handling load may well ex- about itself or an unknown flat intruder for robot -kind it is a giant wheel -turn.
ceed 10 megabits/second -
much of is present or the wall is actually moving The robot's behaviour is governed by
this load is trivial -such as limit switch (the latter two cases may not be distin- comparing the incoming data with the
logic - and is easily handled by special guishable). If an external command to stored world model data, but the robot
logic. Nevertheless it must be handled.
The road to automatic control is litt-
move forward occursthe program can itself is modifying this data therefore -
first check with the world model to the robot is modifying its future behav-
ered with sad and pathetic figures who ensure that no obstruction is to be iour. This is at the very least a form of
thought all they had to do was connect
the wires into a computer and it would
expected and then check during the learning -
that is to say, it is to some
movement that an unexpected obst- extent unpredictable.
do it all, 10 Megabits/second requires a
great deal of computer and a great
deal of money! Previous position
gradient (path push)
Flexibility
A robot program is unlike an ordinary
computer program (such as a payroll
program). A payroll program is a set S 15- 's
of sequential steps moving data, making Obstruction proximity
-13.- , 14'.,
12 .
decisions and ultimately stopping.. A Goal gradient push

robot program is attempting to weigh direction
up a continuously changing 'situation' pull
and assess what to do in that situation
- much as án analogue computer is
continuously monitoring both its inputs
and its internal state: It is no good hav-
2'6------5-
ing a robot. which does not'realise it
is about to - or.has - run into a 'wall
-3.----- -`.4
because the program has not got to the 26
wall bumping bit yet. (I am supposed to ,G 17
18
be a bit absent-minded myself, but this 25 .
is carrying 'thinking about something .' 20
else' to extremes).
Further distinctions between the 24- - -23 19 ;
payroll programs and the robot prog- 22.--21
rams may be made: The payroll comp-
uter does not require any knowledge of
the nature ót space and time - indeed it 1 MAKES BEELINE FOR GOAL REPULSION-INERTIA EFFECT
has no 'knowledge' of what it is doing. 2 WALL PROXIMITY DEFLECTS PATH CAUSES PATH CROSSING
In fact it is a classic GIGO program - 3 NEXT WALL PROXIMITY DEFLECTS
PATH
14 15 16 DITHER CAUSED BY RAPID
CHANGES IN RELATIVE
input 'BLOGGS, F PAY RATE-- 97.5' 4 PREVIOUS POSITION GRADIENT IMPORTANCE OF GOAL PULL AND
and poor old Fred, gets a negative pay FALLS OFF AND OBSTRUCTION PATH OR OBSTRUCTION PUSH
packet and is unlikely to be mollified PROXIMITY & GOAL CAUSE 17 CLEAR RUN DOWN WALL
by the apparent tax rebate and return- TURNBACK DIRECTED BY GOAL PULL AND
5 PATH AVOIDS PREVIOUS PATH OBSTRUCTION PUSH
ed Medical Benefits contribution: The
program does .not know about the
6 INERTIAL EFFECT OF PREVIOUS 18 19 20 FOLDBACK RESOLVED
PATH PUSH AND GOAL DIRECTION
-
POSITION GRADIENT CARRIES IT
positive nature of pay
negative attitude of Fredl
-much less the
7
ACROSS PREVIOUS PATH
CORNER CAUSES ROBOT TO TURN 21
SORT IT OUT -
22 DORWAY NEGOTIATED BY GOAL
AGAIN ' PULL AND OBSTRUCTION PUSH
Central to many robot programs is 8 GOAL DIRECTION PULLING -PATH 22 DOORWAY NEGOTIATEDBY
a set of stored information which is AT 7 PUSHING GOAL PULL AND' OBSTRUCTION
generally called the world model. The 9 TOO MUCH PREVIOUS PATH ' PUSH
complexity of this model is chosen to
10
REPULSION ROBOT EXISTS
AVOIDING WALL AND PREVIOUS
23 24 WALL FOLLOWING INERTIAL -
give the robot some knowledge of the EFFECT OF PATH PUSH OVER-
PATH COMES CHANGE IN GOAL
real world without giving useless infor- 11 GOAL PULL TURNSROBOT DIRECTION
mation. It is' no use informing a robot 12 CORNER CAUSES FOLDBACK 25 CLEAR HOME RUN
that trees and grass are green if it uses 13 THE DOORWAY 1 10 11 TOO FULL 26 TWO JOULES OF DRAUGHT DC AND
infra -red vision - whereas the inform-
OF PREVIOUS POSITION A PACKET OF CRISPS PLEASE!
ation that grass is on the ground and

Free will and inspect its memory. Either way can red cube?': The computer answers 'So
The robot is not deterministically prog- take some time. There is a well-known that the blue cube may be placed on
rammed. There is an old saying about robot simulation program (illustrated) the red cube.' The programmer in great
computers to the effect that the prog- which deals with manipulations of inquistorial enthusiasm asks 'Why did
ram is only as good as the program- stacks of geometric solids such as cubes you place the blue cube on the red ,
mer. In the case of robots this is no upon cubes and pyramids on cubes (you cube?'. With the reserve only compu-
longer true in its original sense since cannot stack anything on a pyramid). ters can muster, it replies 'Because you
two programmers are at work. In addit- This program has the advantage for the told me to.'
ion to the human programmer the layman of communicating via a comp- This 'back -tracking' is relatively easy
totality of the robot's environment acts uter terminal in a reasonable fascimile in a simulation program and the comp-
as a 'programmer'. Since the mechanics of English. Having completed some uter used was very large. However,
of the world are imprecise this second long sequence of moves to stack a small in a small mobile robot program space
programmer never repeats is program blue cube on a big red cube (involving is at a premium and exotic 'chatty'
exactly. clearing everything on top of both communication impossible. The same
This indeterministic nature becomes cubes out of the way) the computer space premium forbids the storage of
clear when during a robot operation
am
pauses and the programmer asks it: all events- it is necessary to build in
something surprising occurs and I
"Why did you move the green pyra- methods of selectively removing sur-
asked what is it doing. I usually have mid off the blue cube?: the comput- plus data- a 'forgetory' if you like. This
to say do not know since the only way
I
er answers 'To reach the blue cube." is akin to the short term memory sys-
to find out for sure is to get the robot The programmer probes further: 'Why tem we appear to use: important stuff
to explain in some way or to stop it did you move the yellow cube off the is kept and the junk is forgotten. This
selective 'purging' may remove the data
required for back -tracking and it may be
impossible to determine why the robot
behaved as it did in a particular situat-
GRAB ion.The robot may be given a bag of
problem -solving tricks for using in con-
junction with its memory, one of these
COMMAND:PUT THE BLUE
CUBE ONTO THE RED CUBE may, for example allow it to solve the
problems of getting about a maze -like
environment as quickly as possible by
'mentally' finding the route before
actually covering it (Fig. 2). There may
be other specific strategems for manip-
ulation and so on. At the moment of
writing however, the robot is not really
capable of learning new tricks for
itself. This may require an extension of
the world model concept to cover more
of the dynamic and sequential aspects
of task learning.
Here, boy ...
Robots are not yet capable of the full
range of intelligence we expect even
from an animal. They cannot learn new
tricks, yet they can solve goal -seeking
problems which would baffle a dog and
can communicate in English with some
degree of understanding. Clearly they
do not fit into our usual categories for
intelligence. The term 'machine intellig-
ence' should be considered for the mom-
ent as standing apart from our normal
spectrum of intelligence. When we know
where to put it in that spectrum we will
have learned much more about intellig-
ence itself. Experiments with robots
and in the field of artifical intelligence
will help to elucidate this age-old puzzle
of thinking. I suspect that just as in
movement the robot is more likely to
FINAL MOVE use wheels than legs it will use something
G=GREEN dissimilar in structure to the brain for
R=RED
Y=YELLOW its 'thinking'. What is important is
W=W HITE that as we understand the dynamic
B=BLUE principles which govern both wheel and
leg we also find the principles that
govern both machine and biological
intelligence.

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pt 5
Ian Sinclair has more to say on the subject of flip-flops..
WE HAVE SEEN earlier how the

toggling action of a 7476 J -K flip-flop,
which occurs when J=1 and K=1, gives
an output pulse train at half the
frequency of the input clock pulses. We
can use this output as the clock pulse
fora second flip-flop, and we will make
up a circuit to find the practical out-
come of this.
Frequency Divider
With power to the board switched off, i
set up the first flip-flop as before with 5
J=1, K=1. Connect a wire link from pin 13 13
15 (01) to pin 6(CK 2), and attach a
resistor and LED in the usual way to pin
11 (02) and a spare pad. This LED will
indicate the state of the output of the 1 Fig.2. Four cascaded Hip-flops formed from
the two cascaded 7476's.
second flip-flop whose J and K pins
can be left floating.
With power applied, the output With the supply disconnected again, other. The output of each flip-flop can
pulses from Q2 should now be at one connect up both halves of the second be read, by means of an LED attached
quarter of the frequency of the 7476 as shown in Fig.2, so that we to each Q output, for example, and
oscillator so that this complete circuit is now have four toggling flip-flops in since all can be read together, this is a
a divide -by -four, producing one
sequence. Connect a resistor and LED parallel set of outputs. Our counter,
complete pulse at the output for each in the usual way onto the final Q therefore, has serial input and parallel
group of four complete clock pulses output.
output.
into pin 1. This is shown in the clock Can you predict what the count More importantly, if we started
pulse diagram of Fig. 1(b). putting the pulses into the input when
number of this circuit will be? (The
count of a circuit is the number of the output of each flip-flop was zero
complete pulses in to give one complete (the counter cleared, or reset), we
CLOCK
IN pulse out.) Using the slow clock pulse could tell how many pulses had
from the 7414 oscillator, count input appeared at the input if we stopped
pulses for one complete output pulse (0 counting at some stage.
to 1 to 0), and draw a clock pulse If we label our flip-flops A, B, C,
diagram. and D (Fig. 2), with A the flip-flop
at the input and D at the other end
Asynchronous Counters of the line, then we could also label
The type of circuit described above is a B as 2, C as 4, and D as 8. We are able
frequency divider, with each stage to do this because, starting at zero, QB
CLOCK
dividing the clock frequency by two. It will go to 1 after two input pulses (and
can also be thought of as a scale -of -two back to zero on pulse numbér four),
01 counter, with a serial input and a QC will go to 1 after four input pulses
parallel binary output. (and back to zero at eight), and QD
Q2
Let us elaborate on this. will go to 1 after eight pulses, returning
The pulses into the first clock input to zero at the sixteenth pulse. We would
Fig. 1. Cascading 7476 flip-flops.
need not be at a steady rate, so long as expect, for example, that after seven
(al Circuit. each is separated from the next. This is pulses, QD=0, QC=1, QB=1, and QA=1
(b) Pulse diagram. a serial input - meaning one after the because 4+2+1=7.

This circuit is a binary asynchronous
counter - binary because the counting
is carried out in the scale of two instead
of the more familiar ten, and
asynchronous because the flip-flops are
being clocked at different rates. The
truth table of Fig. 3 shows the relation
between the binary figures (the outputs
from the Q terminals) and the number
of pulses ín (using ,decimal figures).
Note that this arrangement counts to
15, and that all the flip-flops reset to
zero on the sixteenth pulse.
PULSES GA QB QD
. Fig. 4. Cascading from the Q terminals - what does this counter do?
QC
0 0
1 0
2 0 1
3 0 o CLOCK-
IN
5
6
1
8
9
10
11
12 1
13 1
14
15
0 0
Fig. 5. A scale -of-five counter.
Fig. 6. Using a push-button reset with the
circuit of Fig. 5. This could be accomplished
Fig. 3. Truth table for four cascaded flip-flops. in several other ways.
Four-Stage Counter
Set up a four stage asynchronous CLOCK
counter on your board with a resistor IN
and LED to indicate the state of each Q
output. Label the LEDs to avoid
confusion -
QD furthest from the pulse
input should be labelled 8, QC labelled
1
4, QB labelled 2, and QA labelled 1.
Take the oscillator output through a
gate which can be controlled by a O WHEN A=1 AND H=1
switch, and connect the reset terminals
.(pins 3 and 8 of each 7476) to another
switch so that all the outputs can be Fig. 7. A 'ripple counter: This type of counter can suffer from 'race hazards.
reset to zero by pressing the switch to
connect the reset pins to the 0 V line. Interrupted Counts The simplest and most obvious way to
Now apply power and check that the We seldom want a counter which counts use this is to connect the output of the
count sequence is as shown in the truth up to 15 and then resets to zero. We NAND gate directly to the reset line of
table of Fig. 3 when the gating switch is may want a decimal counter (0 to 9 and the flip-flops, replacing the reset switch
ON. Try switching the gate off and then reset to zero), or a counter which we used previously.
resetting. stops at some definite count, or which Set up this circuit on your board.
Switch off the power and alter the counts to some number, resets to zero Use wire connections from QC and QA
connections between flip-flops A, B, C and then stops. These operations can be to the inputs of one of the 7400 NAND
and_D so that QA is connected to clock achieved by using the Q outputs of the gates, and disconnect the switch from
B, QB to clock C, and QC to clock D. flip-flops together with gates. the reset line. Now switch on, with the
Leave the LED indicators connected to Suppose, for example, that we want slow oscillator input to the flip-flop
the Q outputs as before (Fig. 4). Now to count up to four, reset to zero at the first clock, and observe the count.
switch on, and start the count. What is fifth pulse, and then start again. What Can you now design a counter using
happening now? we need is some way of detecting the four flip-flops which would reset at the
Could you, (not necessarily using output at a count of five and using this tenth inward pulse? This will be a
only the ICs on the board) design a to operate a reset. Detecting a count of scale -of -ten (decimal) counter.
counter using two 7476s which would five is easy enough since it is when Remember that ten in the binary scale is
count either up to 15 and reset, or QD=0, QC=1, QB=0, and QA=1. We can when QD=1, QC=0, QB=1, and QA=0.
down to zero (resetting) according to detect this by taking the Q outputs If, for any reason we want to use a
the position of a single switch, or the from C and A and connecting them separate switch -operated reset with this
voltage on a gate? The number of gates to the inputs of a NAND gate, as shown counter, we shall have to arrange an
needed makes this impossible on our in Fig. 5. When QC=1 and QA=1, the input through either an OR gate or a
board. output of the NAND gate will be zero. NOR gate as shown in Fig. 6.

Ruined By Ripple
We can use this gating system to con-
struct asynchronous counters which 14 7400
reset at the highest designed count CLOCK
number, but the system runs into IN
problems with large count numbers and RESET
with high speed operation. For example,
the first stage counter runs at the speed
of the input pulses, and if these pulses
are fast, then we may find "Race 470R
Hazards" -
problems caused by the
time delay in each flip-flop.
LED 'C'
To take an example, we may be
detecting the state 10000001. Now the
1 on the flip-flop H (Fig. 7), called "The
Most Significant Figure", appeared just

after the count had been 01111111, Fig. 8. What does this counter do? Build the circuit on your blob -board and draw up a truth table.
and if there is a time delay in the system
flip-flop A may have gone to zero, to 1
and back to zero again before the clock struct the circuit of Fig. 8 on your
pulse to flip-flop H has had time to board. Can you predict what will
work its way through all the stages in happen? Try it out and draw up a count
the counter. This time delay, caused by table.
the need for a change to ripple through Now try the circuit of Fig. 9. Can
all the flip-flops, gives us the name you predict what will happen when this
"Ripple Counter", and can cause is switched _on? Try it and see if you
miscounting at high speeds. were correct.
Leaving this problem aside for the Could you now design and try a
moment, our simple asynchronous ripple counter which could start at any
counter has used the reset line for its binary number selected by switches
reset action. For other types of count connected to the SET terminals of the
interruption we can make use of the J flip-flops, then count down, stopping at
and K terminals of the J -K flip-flop, Fig. 9. What does this circuit do? Try to find zero, but leaving the reset terminals free
out in theory, and then build up the circuit
which is why they are provided. Con - on the blob -board. to be used with a switch?
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Project 318
Compact unit offers both 10 rev resolution and short response time.
WE HAD OFTEN considered the design

of a digital tacho for automobile use,
.
but had rejected several schemes as we
were unable to get both good resolution
and response time -
the two seemed to
provide a very good demonstration of
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.
Consequently, we were rather pleased
when Mike Pratt of S M Electronics came
to us with his phase -locked loop based
design which got round the problem.
9
. .
Would we like to do it as a project, he '

asked? Obviously, we said yes, and here
it is.
To make the project even more
rM
attractive, we arranged with Mike to do
a special offer on a kit of parts there's
more information on the offer on page
- I
The usual solution is to use a 100 rev

Construction
Assemble the pc board with the aid of
53. resolution and a sample time of 0.3 the overlay ensuring the components are
This tacho features a fast response seconds (on 4 cylinders). We considered orientated correctly. The tantalum cap-
time, coupled with 10 Hz resolution, this inadequate which is why we have acitors normally have a + mark indicating
through the use of a phase locked loop hot published a design until now. the positive load, or a dot on the side.
frequency multiplier. It can be set up, In this design an oscillator is used When soldering the CMOS ICs (4, 6, 7)
by means of a single link, to work on 4, which is phase locked to the ignition earth the tip of the soldering iron.
6 or 8 cylinder motors. pulses except at a higher frequency (x8 Note that there is one feedthrough or
for 4 cylinder) allowing a short sample link between the two sides of the board
Design Features time (0.375 sec) with a 10 rev resolution. near C10.
To measure the revolutions per minute By using a different multiplication factor
of a motor is simply a matter of count- compensation for different numbers of Calibration
ing the number of ignition pulses over a cylinders can be made. Unfortunately Initially place a link between the point
given time. With a four cylinder, four with the multiplication factors used 'C' and the terminal corresponding to
stroke motor there is such a pulse twice (x8, x6, x4) the sample time for 6 the number of cylinders. Now with the
per revolution. Therefore if we count cylinders is not exactly the same as that power supply connected feed a 50 Hz
these pulses for 30 seconds we will have used for 4 and 8 cylinder motors. Alter- signal of between 12 and 30V into the
revs/min with a one cycle resolution. ing the ratios to x12, x8 and x6 would points input using the 0 V as common.
Obviously this is much too long a sample enable a 0.25 sample time to be used for Now adjust RV1 until the display reads
period for practical use in a motor car all ranges, but this is not possible with 1500 RPM for 4 cylinders, 1000 for 6
and some compromise has to be made. the divider IC utilised in this design. or 750 for an eight cylinder car.

PARTS LIST - ETI 318
Resistors all '4 W, 5%
R1,2 .39k
R3,4 22k
R5 1k5
R6 100k
R7 100R
R8 not used
R9 10k
R10 390k
R11 10k
R12 270k
R13 10k
R14 not used
R15-R21 27R
Potentiometer
RV1 . . . 25k trim
Capacitors
Cl 10µ 25V tantalum
C2,3 56n polyester
C4 10µ 25V tantalum
C5 4µ7 25V tantalum
C6 10n polyester
C7 1µ0 25V tantalum
Fig. 1. for the board. The board is double sided
The component overlay C8 470p ceramic
although only the lower surface is shown here. Note the link between C9 56n polyester
the two surfaces of the board near C10. C10 10n polyester
C11 10n ceramic
Semiconductors
Cl 7805 regulator
SPECIFICATION - ETI 318 C2
C3
555
7413
timer
dual schmitt
Range 100 to 9990 R PM C4 4046 PLL
C5 74123 dual mono
Resolution 10 RPM C6 4018 divide by n
C7 74C925 4 digit counter
Reading rate
Q1 BC318
4 or 8 cylinders 2.66 per second 02-05. BC338
6 cylinders 3 per second
D1 1N4004
Power supply 7 to 15V @ 400mA Display . . . NSB5881
Suitable ignition systems standard Miscellaneous
CD I
PC board ETI 318
transistor assisted Case to suit
* it will not operate on
'pointless' systems
I
Fig. 2. The pc patterns shown full size. Unfortunately space did not allow
us to reproduce these on the gloss paper and therefore they cannot be
copied using our Scotchcal method.

DIGITAL CAR TACHO
D1
1N 4004
6
+5V
16 4 1 6
4 13 14 111
85 R6 IC3/1 14
1k5 í00k 5 7413
6 IC4 11 IC6
4046 4018
R12
13 270k 15 10
RV1
25k OV 4 DIGIT
DISPLAY
IC3/2 R9
7413 10k C8
3 9 470p
810 OV
10 8 390k
12
R7 IC2
13
1000 555
11
- .5V
V OV OV OV
05
811 R13 BC 338
OV
2
lOk 10k 1,11,1f211151-
15 IC5 b
74123
C9 .. C10 04
56n-1 ' '1On BC 338
12 IC7
U
74C925 03
C5
4u 7
BC 338
9
OV
10 02
8 b BC 338
15
16
OV +5V OV
OV OV
Fig. 3. The circuit diagram of the digital tacho.
HOW IT WORKS - ETI 318

The output from the points of the distrib- ms for 6 cylinder). This is inverted by
utor is basically a 0 to 12V square wave IC3/2 and is used as the strobe pulse for
with a 200 volt pulse on the rising edge. A the 4 digit counter IC7. This pulse also
filter network, R1 -R4, C2, 3 is used to triggers the first of the monostables in
remove the high voltage pulse (and points IC5 which gives a 200 µs delay before
bounce) and Q1 buffers it giving a +5 to triggering the second half of IC5; this
OV output on its collector. As the filter gives a 40 µs pulse to reset IC7 back to
network removes the sharp edge of the zero.
'input a schmitt trigger is needed on the IC7 is a 4 digit counter with a latch 2.
output of Ql to give fast edges. IC3/1 is (store) and seven segment decoder driver.
used for this. It needs four external transistors to drive
The output of IC3/1 is connected to the digits but the segment drivers are
the input of the phase -locked loop IC internal. As we need only a three digit
(4046). This IC has an internal voltage counter, Le. for a 10 Hz resolution, with
controlled oscillator and its output is the right hand permanently zero the least
divided by 4, 6 or 8 by IC6 and this lower significant digit is connected to the second l}
frequency is fed back to the phase -locked right digit, etc., with the most significant
loop IC. The IC then compares this digit connected to the right hand digit.
frequency to that at its input and adjusts Provided one does not ex.red 9990 RPM
the internal oscillator until át is the same. this digit will remain on 0 r.s intended!
The result is a frequency which ís an exact The 555 timer, the TTL and the
multiple of the input. 74C925 needs a regulated +5V and ICI
The time base is generated by IC2 provides this with D1 preventing damage
(555) which has a negative output pulse, due to reverse polarity input.
about 300 µs wide every 375 ms (or 333
jli.. ETI
318
0_ 1
..
-
a
ti
..,..ir
-.
r
4 9 i
ayG
.'''0
4
si
N-
',.
`f
.
u.,
Iy
0
,0R
'
_0/
A
1
0
< 's
.
WE HAVE arranged with Mike Pratt of Send to: Tacho Offer, Electronics Today International, 15 Boundary Street,
I .
S M Electronics for him to offer ETI Rushcutters Bay, NSW 2011. ;
readers a complete kit of parts for this

¡
project at the special price of $29.95

plus $2.00 for packing and certified
Please forward
certified postage and
ETI 318 Tacho kits at $29.95 each plus $2.00 each
packing.
1
I.
postage.
The kit includes all components I enclose herewith cheque/postal order total
necessary to build the project, including =
a metal case which has a rectangular Please make cheques, etc., payable to 'Tacho Offer'.
I
hole in the front for the LED display. i
To order, complete the coupon i Name
below, and send it, with a cheque for .
the appropriate amount, to: Tacho Address
Offer, Electronics Today International,
15 Boundary Street, Rushcutters Bay, Postcode
NSW 2011. Cheques should be made ¡
payable to 'Tacho Offer'. Please allow Offer closes 29 September, 1978 and is open to Australian residents only.
4-6 weeks for delivery. Apologies to our overseas readers.
ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978 53 j

Having trouble with IC circuitry?
Make pcb's, WOTS NEW? Test clip brings out pins to where
you can easily attach probes,
leads, etc. Spring loaded for pos-
itive contact, should oe in every
hobbyists tool box! 16 pins -
panels etc.
usewithall OIL ICs up to 16
pins.
X-1085
IC TEST $ 95
CLIP
at home!
YOU can make fully professional
LITE-PROBE
Light right where you want itl
Fibre -optic torch allows you to
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$ FREE POWER!
SOLAR CELL
W-4600
quality PCBs and front panels, etc Ty you need light. Takes two stand-
at home -
without special facilities
ard penlight batteries (not supp.)
and can also be used as normal
195 Straight from space research
these little solar cells
for the experimenter. We've
-
are ideal
or equipment. Let Dick Smith show torch if required. A great idea
*y G
you how easy it is with a little
help from
- for experimenters, servicemen,
etc. Small enough for the pocket
(illustration approx y, size).
checked them up to 60mA in
bright sunlight, with no-load
voltage up to 0:55V. Series or
parallel them for greater out-
*
put. Fantastic value.
Z-4825
PADDLE SWITCHES
Scotchcal BRAND
PHOTOSENSITIVE PRODUCTS
Beautiful new switches will really
make your project look prof
Piano -key -type paddle, DPDT
3A/240V switching. Through-hole
(18mm) mounting from front.
4 -WAY MAINS
POWER BOX
Throw away dangerous double
Black paddles available immed-
Scotchcal from Dick Smith comes as either: iately, white (as shown) within 2
adaptors. Power box plugs into
Thin, adhesive -backed aluminium sheet, or wall socket and gives you 4
weeks. Classy! switched sockets where you need
Thin, orange -coloured plastic film. e them. Each double pole switched
These are both coated with a photo -sensitive 40 and safety shuttered, too.Every-
emulsion which is exposed by ultra -violet one needs extra power at times.
Here's the safety way to get itl
y7 **1yS1393
**
,
light (the sun is ideal).
The aluminium sheet is usually used for
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is intended for transfering artwork into a
7C 7C 7C **********-o4****
form which enables exposure of panels,
printed circuit boards, etc. Both products WATCH THIS SPACE POT-- POURRI
EXPERIMENTERS: CLOCKS ROCKS.
use the same developer, which is simply Incredible scoop purchase of 3.58MHz clock
wiped on with a soft cloth or cotton wool. AND FIND OUT WHAT YOU MISSED!
Each month, our stores and mail order dept.
crystals -big quantity buy enables us to sell
them at less than half normal price!
NOTE: NO DARKROOM REQUIRED! feature an outstanding BELOW COST special. Cat K-6031 .. .. .. .. Was S6.50 .. .. $3.00
All you have to do is go into any of our stores
PHOTO -ALUMINIUM FOR PANELS AND LABELS or buy from mail orders to find out what it is, AWA DIRECT DRIVE TURNTABLES
Only a few left!
-
Either red or black emulsion, grey (aluminium) background.
Simply expose to ultra violet light through suitable transpar-
ency (or artwork on clear or translucent film) and develop.
See our advert on page 108 of June E.A. this
never -to -be -repeated offer is too good to miss
-
Image is negative of artwork (clear areas remain, black areas LAST MONTH: out on. But you had better phone before coming
develop away). Supplied with a FREE sheet of polyester
material on which you can draw your artwork. 250 x 305mm. in to the store -
stocks may have already sold
RED emulsion, single sheet. Cat H-5692 .. .. .- 56.00 -
A MULTI -TAP LOW VOLTAGE out! Don't dilly dally, pally.
BLACK emulsion, single sheet. Cat H-5694 .... . 56.00 Cat A-3072 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..$159.00
- TRANSFORMER FOR ONLY
EXPOSURE FILM FOR PANELS OR PCB's
Exposure and development identical to above process, but the
base material is a clear polyester film. The image is orange,
$3.25 - NORMALLY $6.75 INSTANT MUSICIAN! You have to hear it
rhythm box gives a choice of 12, is ideal for
-
opaque to UV light. Ideal for exposing above or PCB resist. bands, parties, etc. It is outstanding value at
Also supplied with FREE artwork layout sheet. 250 x 305mm. the price - compare others around. 240V.
Cat H-5690 .... .. single sheet ... .. .... .. .. .. 53.90
SCOTCHCAL DEVELOPER
SAVING 50
Cat. F-3114 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. $115.00 .
Suitable for either film or aluminium, enough for many sheets CB ANTENNA ELIMINATOR won't give the
of material. Simply swab on with cloth or cotton ball.
game away -
makes your car less of a target for
the light-fingered lot. Uses your standard car
MATERIAL FOR MAKING

-
radio antenna for the CB and you can listen
to both at once if you wish. Ideal for comm-
WHAT'S THIS MONTH'S SPECIAL? ercial travellers, etc, who aren't allowed to drill
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS another hole in the car!
CALL IN AND FIND OUT YOURSELF!
As well as our Scotchcal range, we also offer everything
for the Cat 0-5516 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. $24.50
easy manufacture of PCB's. Blank board, etchant,
photo -resist,
developer, touch-up pens, etc. You can make PCB's at Precut high quality PC blanks with copper (loz laminate) on
up to commercial quality
to take.
- in a
home
fraction of the time they used one side. Available in fibreglass or bakelite,
SAVE- $3000! !
Size (mm) Material Cat No, Price
150 x 75 Bakelite H-5500 65c
PHOTO-RESIST (POSITIVE( 150 x 150 Bakelite H-5505 S1.20
For photographically transferring the printed circuit board patt- 300 x 300 Bakelite H-5510 S2.95
ern on to the blank PCB. Positive acting, so it's ideal for proto- 150 x 75 Fibreglass H-5540 51.00 Look what we found hidden in a corner of the warehouse(
types from 1:1 tapes & pads, etc. Exposed by UV light. Enough
resist for around 240 square Inches of board.
150 x 150 Fibreglass H-5545 S2.10 -
Incredibly handy DC digital voltmeters with the display in
300 x 300 Fibreglass. H-5550 $5.20 the probe, tight whete you want to see it) They sold like hot
Oouble sided loz laminate cakes at $89.50 -
we thought we'd sold out. Because they've
228 x 150 Fibreglass H-5560 S3.50 been removed from our Computer memory we can't afford
to
POSITIVE DEVELOPER have them lying around. So we're prepared to knock off
an
Develops above resist. Washes off the unwanted section. 809 Blank 18 gauge aluminium sheet -ideal for making up heat incredible S30.00 just to make sure they ARE sold out!
-
pack makes up to solution instructions enclosed. sinks, small chasses, etc. Also use with rub -on lettering for
your front panels, etc.
But he quick -strictly limited stock. First in, first served!
CatH-5724 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. .51.85 298 x 298mm Cat H-2560 $2.00
149 x 149mm Cat H-2558
PHOTO-RESIST (NEGATIVE) 51.00
.
Similar to above resist, but Is negative acting, Ideal for use

with Ferric Chloride etchant for PCB's, etc. 4 oz jar to make up
exposure film above to obtain patterns from magazines.
Enough resistor for approx. 240 square inches.
etching solution.
Ferric Chloride Cat H-5652 51.90
52.75
Dala touch-up pen, with unique ink that is also a resist
NEGATIVE DEVELOPER to most common etchants. Ideal for repairing tracks in
Already made up in solution, enough to develop around 50g photo-resist (dust spots, etc) or for marking out simple
of negative photo resist. PCB patterns. Valve-tip for line ink control.
Dalo 33 pen Cat T.5170............ 52.25
SPECIAL OFERI PARTS FOR
Buy this Scope L=2 NEW KITS
cordless iron for Cat T-1590
;
NEW FANTASTIC TV GAME (See July E.A.)
10 games - -
sound on screen scoring
See our full page advert and the constructional article in
...
a
this issue for full details of this exciting project.
only 545... Yes! This Scope cordless iron was Complete kit, including instructions .. Cat K-3472 .. $49.50
real value at S45.00 -
now you SEPARATE PARTS:
PC Board lunly) .............. Cat 11.13344 .... $3.95
get the iron PLUS a matching
Fully built RF modulator ....... Cat K-6040.... $3.00
and we'll give charger for the same low price.

That has to be the bargain of the
year ... Handy Scope iron goes
Fully built audio modulator
AY -3-8600 IC ............ ...
......
.
Cat K.6042
Cat Z-6852....
.... 54.50
$15.00
ILst1 with you t b, no trailing TRANSISTOR TESTER (See July E.A.)
You this $12.25

wires or poweronhep roblems
15'1 to worry] See this issue for full details.
about. Easily available spare parts Full kit with instructions: Cat K-3052.. .. .. 517.90
Minisccharg SEPARATE PARTS:
(uses
lug -pack charger t0 go with it. PC Board (only) ............. Cat H-8350.... 51.95
charger FREE! It's ideal for the serviceman, for

the technician, for the hobbyist,
1mA panel meter ..............
PHOTO TACHOMETER (See July E.A.)
Cat 0.2010.... $7.90
for YOU. This offer ís valid only Although we do not produce a full kit for this project. all parts
for the month of July (or until are normal stock lines at our branches:
stocks run out) and is riot applic- PC Board (only) ............... Cat 4.8353.... $1.80
able in states where it contra- FPT100 photo transistor ........

Cat Z-1950.... $2.00
Cat T-1592 JULY ONLY venes consumer laws.

SIMPLE CRYSTAL CHECKER (See July E.A.)
Not produced as a special kit - all parts are normal stock lines
except the front panel.
Wotsa Gozinta? Itsa STUNT MOTORCYCLE GAME (See June E.T.I.)
Gozinta thingamejig ya put

thingsinta, of course!
Yes( The handiest carry box we've seen around. It's
A game of incredible skill and excitement yet it's so
easy to build. Kit includes quartz crystal and pre -built,
pre -aligned modulator -
no tuning required.
Full kit with instructions .... .. Cat K-3474 .. $29.50
SEPARATE PARTS:
ideal for the handyman, the hobbyist, the service PC Board (only) .............. Cat 1.1-11615.. . 53.85
technician ... even the wife for a sewing box, or

for Fully built RF modulator ........ Cat K-6040.... 53.00
the fisherman, the mechanic ... the list goes on and

AY3-8760 IC .................. Cat Z-6854 .:., . $19.50
3.58MHz stal (new low price) .... Cat K-6031 .... $3.00
on. Neat, fold -away sections (2 trays and 15 comp-
artments) Sturdy carry handle and AUDIO OSCILLATOR (See June E.A.)
Easy to build, very handy piece of test of test gear.
lockable catch. 42 x 23 x 20cm. Complete kit Cat K3469 .. .... .. .. .. $25.00
little bottler! WANT YOUR NOVICE LICENSE?
:
It's a PC Board (only) .............. Cat H-8614.... 53.65
BUY ONE FOR

You know what the biggest hurdle is - VK POWERMATE (See May E.A.)
the Morse Code. Dick's Morse tapes will Short form.krt, includes all electronic components, but
MUM, TOO ... help you get that coveted piece of paper not metalwork, mains wiring or terminals.
Short form kit: Cat K-3449 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. $32.00
Starts off with the letters then forms
'1750 them into words so you aren't learning
the hard way. Ideal for the beginner or
for exam practise. Two tapes white -
SEPARATE PARTS:
PC Board (only) ......
.. Cat H-8342.....$2.00
Special electius (5600uF/40V).... Cat R-4570..... 53.90
Power translormer ............
Cat N12000.. .. 517.32
.
is tape one and yellow tape two. R-CL BRIDGE (See March E.A.)
Cat H-2600
Complete kit, supplied with printed, but un -punched
front panel. Handy piece of test gear, real value price.
Full kit with instructions: Cat K3468 .. .. .. .. $34.50
WIN A TRIP FOR TWO TO TOKYO PC Board (only) ........ .. ..
ELECTRONIC MORSE CODE KEYER (See March E.A.)

.. Cat H-8339..... 4,50
Every purchaser of Vaesu equipment from Dick Smith or participating Complete kit, supplied with paddle. Supplied in case with
plain, un -drilled panels.
dealers receives an entry form in the fabulous 'yin a trip for two to
Tokyo' contest, flying ()antes and staying in a luxury hotel. Full kit with instructions Cat K3470 .. .. .. ....$37.50
SEPARATE PARTS:
FLYING full details wherever Yaesu/Dick Smith products are sold. ............... Cal $48340 ....
URN7RS
PC Board (only) 53.75
Paddle only ............ .... Cat 0.7103 .... $11.50
REMEMBER -
THE CONTEST 9 volt battery (speaal type) ...... Cat S-3200 .... $2.00
CLOSES IN JULY -
AND YOU
E
AUSTRALIA'S AIRLINE TO THE WORLD.

NEED TO THINK ABOUT YOUR
ENTRY. SO DON'T DELAY( V If your project is not listed, don't despair:
Parts for most of the magazine articles are
stocked at Dick Smith Electronics stores.
TFs1 Cl dSES 28TN JULY
CONTEST SHOPS OPEN 9AM to 5.30PM
(Saturday 9AM - 12 noun)
DICK SMITH ELECTRONICS wewo~

`\
BRISBANE 112 now earlier.
ANY TERMS OFFERED ARE TO

399 Lonsdale Street, MELBOURNE. Ph. 67.9834 APPROVED APPLICANTS ONLY
125 York Street, SYDNEY. Ph. 29.1126
SYDNEY MELBOURNE 656 Bridge Road, RICHMOND. Ph. 42.1614 Many Ines available from the
147 Hume Hwy, CHULLORA. Ph. 642.8922
Dick Sr6nh Electronics Centres at
162 Pacific Hwy, GORE HILL. Ph. 439-5311 BRISBANE 166 Logan Road, BURANOA. Ph, 391.6233
30 Grose Street, PARRAMATTA. Ph. 683.1133
ADELAIDE 203 Wright Street, ADELAIDE. Ph. 212.1962
GRACE BROS
!headway . Bondi . Chnswond . Liverpool
Maanda . Mt Orion . Panamatta . Rowlands
P.O. Box 147, Crows Nest, N.S.W. 2065. Post and packing extra. Dealers across Australia. and Wa gab Mau
MAIL ORDERS
MAJOR DICK SMITH ELECTRONICS DEALERS: 1168 Gold Coast Hwy, Palm Beach OLD. Ph 34.1248
The Elect Hobby Centre
Overland Communications 11/53 Wollongong St, Fyshwick ACT Ph 80 4307 239 Musgrave St, Rockhampton OLD. Ph 27-4004
Pt 1,1111.1 Su
52 Princes Hwy, Wollorigoitg NSW. Pit 83 1219
I
Trilogy Elect. Supplies Sunsn,t Electronics 97 Mitchell St. Bendigo, VIC. Ph 43.1977
Sound Components 78 Brisbane St. Tamworllt, NSW. Ph 661363 123A Bathurst St, Hobart TAS, Ph 34-8232 -
Agro Electronics
Hitel Hi Fi .145 Queen St, St Marys. NSW. PIt 623.4442 87A Brisbane St. Launceston. TAS. Ph 31-5815
2 Merriwa St, Gordon NSW. Ph 498-1398
Tasmania, Hi Fr
Don House Electronics 45 Ashlauriter St, Devotrport TAS. Ph 24-4216.
44 Brown St, Newcastle NSW, Pit 691222 Devon Electronics
DGE Sales A.E.Coolizig Towns Centre. Peoples St Bldg, Elizabeth SA. Ph 255.9196
M&W Electronics 48 McNamara St, Orange NSW. Ph 62.6491 5 Elizabeth St, Mt Gambier, SA. Ph 256404
Hutcltesson's Communic.
Double Diamond 18 Russel St, Goulburit NSW. PIt 21.5440 105 Stirling St, Perth WA. Ph 328-1599
Altronics
Greg McCartney 99 Fitzmaunce St, Wagga NSW. Ph 213044 11 Duke St, Albany WA. Ph 41.2681.
BP Electronics
Rivercom 9 Copeland St, Wagga NSW. Pit 21 2125
GCG Communications 385 Mulgrave Rd, Cairns OLD. Ph 541035
Project 591
*4 digit
uPl own *up/down counting

*driues LEDs directly
*latch
*presettable
*second register
*equal and zero outputs
*DC to 2 MHz
COUNTER *5U operation
THE THREE DIGIT display (ETI 533)

we previously published has proved to
be one of our most popular projects.
We have used it in a number of projects
and we know of several commercial
companies using it in their own equip-
ment.
Many people have asked us for a 4
digit version and we have been looking
round at ICs available. We have chosen
this Intersil device because we believe it
offers the best versatility at the moment.
Apart from being a 4 -digit counter -
latch -decoder driver needing no external
components except the displays, it also
is an up -down counter and can be preset
to any number. In addition, it has a
separate register which also can be set to The preset system is designed to use preset is not needed then the diodes can
any number and comparators which give a 4 digit BCD thumbwheel switch be left out. If a preset is needed, but
outputs when the counter is equal to (closed = '1') but individual switches can always to a fixed number, links can be
the register and when it is zero - all in be used if required. Input is in BCD, inserted to replace the "on" switches
one IC! therefore the switches will have the and the other diodes left out.
weighted values 8, 4, 2 and 1. If the
Construction
The unit is built on two small pc boards TO THUMBWHEEL SWITCHES
which are connected together with short
links of tinned copper wire. Be careful
to orientate the IC correctly as it is
expensive!
1k11111111111í1
e..**bee$ee$*ee
COUNTINPUTIIII
UP/DOWN
-4i ~..
ERO
.
EQUAL
LC.
RESETIO
LR111
94,
CARRY/BORROW
TT T T
Fig. 1. The positioning of the displays and
-
C2
DISPLAY
CONTROL
the links which must be installed before 41~.+5V
the displays.
Fig.2. The component overlay for the
main board. The common connection from
each of the thumbwheel switches goes to
the track next to the other connections. DISP 4 [DISP 3 {DISP 2 DISP 1
56
HOW TO USE IT - ETI 591
This section is normally How it Works but

SPECIFICATION - ETI 591 PARTS LIST - ETI 591
as it is only one IC there is not much to be
said! Number of digits 4 Resistors all Y2W, 5%
R1 100k
Count Input - Pin 8 Readout LED R2 1M
The counter is incremented or decremented Maximum frequency 2MHz Capacitors
on the leading edge of this input A Cl 33n polyester
schmitt trigger provided with a 500 mV
is Input impedance 100k C2 1µ 0 35V tantalum
hysteresis on a 2V trigger point. For high Output drive Semiconductors
speed operation, or operation from a
1 TTL load
digital output, delete R2 and Cl and short
out Rl. Maximum frequency of operation
Supply voltage 4.5 -
5.5V
IC1
131-1016 .
ICM 7217A
1N914
DISPLAYS DL704
is about 2 MHz.
Supply current
low power mode 500µA Miscellaneous
PC boards ETI 591A, ETI 5916
Up -Down - Pin 10 all eights 100mA
If this pin is left open or taken to +5V the
counter will be incremented by the count
input. If it is taken to OV the counter will
be decremented by the count input.
COUNT
INPUT
Reset - Pin 14 100.
If this pin is left open or taken to +5V the 23
counter is free to be incremented or decre- EVO. 27

25
mented. If it is taken to OV the counters C2
1.0 DISP
DL 206
will be reset to zero and held there until OS O
22
26
reset is taken high again. D1-016

1N916 ,
SIVI BCD IA I
Store - Pin 9 BCD Iro

If this input left open or taken to +5V
is BCD I/O f, DIY 2
the latches are "closed" and the inform- DL]06
BCD 00 B',
ation which was in the counters at the ICI
1CM7217A
CARRY/BORROW,
time the store input went high will be -
Co
remembered, decoded and displayed. The TM o-

counters can be reset, incremented or
EOÚALO- 2
decremented without affecting the display. DISP 2
DL106
If it is taken to OV the counter contents SW2
STORE
will continuously be displayed for as long UP/DOWN O

as this input is at OV. Any change in the LR
counter contents will be shown on the LC O-11

display. 26 6
wart o- IN 17 16 5 Dise<
OL 706
m6
Load Counter Pin 12
- If DISPLAYQ-
This is a 3 level input. If it is left open the
counter works normally. If it is taken to
-- 1/
+5V the counter is loaded with the BCD
data which is set on the thumbwheel
switches. If the latch is open, this number
¡r-
1.4
will also be displayed. If this input is

taken to OV the BCD I/O pins become
high impedance. If a 3 level input is to be Fig. 3. The circuit diagram for the counter board.
controlled by other logic outputs they
must be tristate devices.
Load Register - Pin 11 Scan - Pin 13 Zero - Pin 2

This is also a 3 level input. If it is left The internal multiplexing frequency is If thevalue of the counter is zero this out-
open the counter works normally. If it is nominally 10 kHz giving a digit repetition put will be at OV.
taken to +5V the register is loaded with rate of 2.5 kHz. With a 20 pF capacitor
the BCD data. If taken to OV the circuit from this point to OV the frequency drops Equal - Pin 3
goes to a low power state with the multi- to 5 kHz and with 90 pF it is about 1 kHz. If the value of the counter is equal to the
plexing oscillator stopped, the display off value of the register this output will be at
and the BCD I/O pins in a high impedance BCD I/O - Pin 4-7 OV.
state. The operation of the counter is This is multiplexed data port, normally
a
unaffected except that there is no display. an output which can drive 1 TTL load. It Carry/Borrow - Pin 1
becomes an input when either LC or LR is When the counter goes from 9999 to 0000
Display Control - Pin 20 at +5V. Pin 7 is the least significant bit. or from 0000 to 9999 a 500 ns positive
This is also a 3 level input. If it is left pulse occurs on this output. This is
open, leading edge blanking occurs. If all Digit Drives - Pins 15-18 connected to the count input of a second
digits are zero then all are blanked. If it is These are used both to drive the LEDs and unit when an eight digit display is needed.
connected to +5V the display is completely to provide data indicating which digit is
blanked irrespective of the value. If taken being presented at the BCD I/O port. Pin
to OV all digits are ON irrespective of value. 18 is the least significant digit

CANNON CONNECTORS
SUPER SPECIALS XLP-3-11

XLP-3-12c'
XLP-3.31
52 30
53 25
.53 25
--
XLP-3-32 ......53 00
BD 139 --
50c ea. MJ2955 90c.
XLR-LNE-11c
XLR-LNE-32
-
..
Weller cordless soldering iron kit.

.
5305
54 30
-
model WC100DKW includes bat-
BD 140 50c ea. 2N3055 85c. teries, solder. 4 interchangeable tips.
battery charger and instructions for
BC 547/8/9 15c ea. T03 Mounting Kits 5c ea. only S29.50.
7400
TT . 28
74153
74154
74157
1.10
1.70
1.10
74LS191
741S192
7413193
1.20
1.20
1.20
4072
4073
4074
4076
40
40
40
1.85
VOLTAGE
7401
7402
28
2@
74160
74164
1.55
1.55
741S194
7413195
1.20
1.20 4077 40 BEGS.
7403 28 74165 1.55 7415196 1.20 4078 40 -
7404 37 74173 2.75 741S221 1.20 4081 40 309 2.25

7405 37 74175 1.65 7413253 1.85 4082 40 317 3.50
7406 50 74180 1.35 74LS279
74LS365
65i
80
451t)
4511
1.50
1.50
323 8.25
7407 50 74192 1.40 325 2.60
7408 34 74193.... ..... , 1.40 741S367 80 4518 1.50 723 55
7409 34 74221 1.50 7415368 80 4520 1,45 7805 1.30
7410 30 74367 1.40 4528 1,20 7806 1.30
7411 37 4555 1.20 7808 1.30
7413 54 14553 7.50
7414
7416
1.03
60
74LS CMOS 74C00 40
7815
7818
1.3
1.30
741500 30 74CO2 40
7417 60 4000 25 7824 1.30
741501 30 74C04 40 7905
7420 30 74LS02 30 4001 25 2.25
7422 30 P5 74C08 40 7912 2.25
741503 30 4002
7426 45 4006 74C10 40 7915 2.25
74LSO4 35 1.40
7427 45 4007 25 74C14 1.90 78L05 50
741505 35 2.55
7430 30 4008 1.25 74048 78L12 50
43 741508 30 74C73 1.20
7432 74LS09 30 4011 25 78L15 50
7437 50 4012 25 74C75 1.20 79L05 85
50
741510 30
7438 741311 30 4013 55 74C76 1.35 79L12 85
7440 30 4014 1.35 74C90 2.25 79L15 85
1.50
741512 30
7441
741514 1.20 4015 1.20 74C93 .........................2.25
7442 70 4016 50 74C175 1.85
7447 1.25 741S20 30
741521 30 4017 1.40 74C192 2.25
7448 1.25
7450 35 74LS27
74LS28
30
40
4018
4019
1.40
75
74C193 2.25
OPTO
7451 35
741530 30 4020 1.60
7453 35 33 C/A 1.70
7454
7460
30
35
74LS32
74LS37 45
4021
4022
1.40
1.60 LINEAR FNDD357C/C
F N D 500C/C
...1.40
1.50
74LS38 45 4023 25 . . .
7470 65 4024 90 301 40 Red LED 22
7472 45 741540 30
74LS42 1.20 4025 40 307 65 Green LED 35
7473 60 Yellow LED 35
74LS73 1.20 4027 80 308 1.35
7474 65 85
74LS74 50 4028 1.25 311
7475 65 4029 1.90
741575 70 324 1.35
7476 45 40
741378 50 4030 339
1.25
7480
7483 1.25 74LS85
741586
1.50
50
4040
4041
1.30
1.25
349
356
90
2.25
1.65
DIODES
7485
7486
7489
1.45
65
1.20
741390
74LS92
74LS93
1.20
1.20
1.20
4042
4043
4044
1.25
1.50
1.50
380
381
382
2.00
2.00
2.00
IN4148
IN4004
6c - 5c/100
9c
7490 75 IN5625 5A 400V 45c
741S95 1.50 4046 1.95 386 1.95
7491 1.00
75 7413109 50 4049 60 555 35
7492 60 556 85
4050
2.50I.C.
7493 75 741S113 55
741S114 55 4051 1.20 565 1.95
7494 1.10
74LS138 1.20 4052 1.20 566
7495 95
2.45 7415151 1.20 4053 1.20 567 2.65
74100
74107
74121
65
60
7415154
7415157
1.60
90
4060
4066
2.65
1.00
709
723(VR)
75
55 SOCKETS
7415163 1.20 4068 40 741 35
74123 1.10 8 PIN DIL
74LS164 1.30 4069 35 747.. ......................... ...1.25 25
74132 1.25 14 PIN DIL 30
1.80 7415174 1.00 4070 40 3900 90
74150 16 PIN OIL 33
7415175 1.00 4071 40 3909 1.25
74151 1.10
Also in stock Multimeters, relays, veroboard, solder, solderwick, soldering irons, transformers.
All components brand new by top companies. Prices current till end of July.
ROD IRVING ELECTRONICS

Shop 499, Hígh Street, Northcote. Víc. 3070. Ph (03) 489-8131. Open Mon-Thurs 8 am
8 am -7pm. Sat 9 am -1
5.30 pm, Fri
pm. Mail Orders: PO Box'135, Northcote. Vic. 3070. Minimum 50c post and
-
pack. Send SAE for free condensed catalogue.

16K RAM
Fully Assembled,
Tested
... e'ue moved
ELECTROCRAFT PTY. LTD.

have moved to
frttArtttttrtHrrrr 68 WHITING STREET, ARTARMON. 2064.
TELEPHONE 438-4308.
using the TMS 4044
We have the largest range of
antenna accessories in Sydney.
FULLY S-100 BUS COMPATIBLE (Check our prices)
250 nsec. chips -$495 TRADE AND WHOLESALE SUPPLIED
- CB EQUIPMENT -
Z -80A 4 MHz fast no wait states. If you have a
slower CPU now, this board will loaf along
and it WON'T be obsolete when you upgrade!
- rl4
SPECIALS
WAVE SPIRAL TUNED BASE STATION AERIAL. Omnidirectional
(top view) radiation pattern with excellent ground wave and sky wave
characteristics. Ideal for "point to point" and Skip communications.
Sturdy plated base bracket, 4 telescopic radials and vertical radiator.
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11il
-4 4
/4_1
OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIERS
28 USEFUL CIRCUITS
o
ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL -JULY 1978 61
OPAMPS
An operational amplifier is just a high gain amplifier you stick a voltage -
in and a much larger one comes out. But you'd never know this from the
data sheets. 'Overkill' confuses all but the most experienced.. It really
doesn't have to be so. Tim Orr explains.. .
OP -AMPS HAVE TWO inputs, inverting and non -inverting, voltage, which may be undesirable. The cause of the problem
denoted by -
and + respectively. The op -amp amplifies the is the 'INPUT BIAS CURRENT' of the op -amp. The input of
many op -amps looks like the circuit shown in Fig. 3. If these
difference in the voltages applied to these two inputs, the
output going positive if the + input ís positive with respect to transistors are to operate correctly they need a standing emitter
-
the input, and vice versa. Without extra circuitry, though, an current which implies that they need an input base current. It
is this base current which is the op -amp's 'INPUT BIAS
op -amp is virtually useless, for the gain is too high to be useable
and distortion is excessive. Fortunately both parameters can CURRENT'. For a 741 this current can be as large as 0.5µA.
he controlled by feedback-. In the arrangement of. Fig. 2 this current can only come
An op -amp with negative feedback is shown in Fig. 1. Two through RF, which means that the output voltage could be as
resistors set the closed loop voltage gain, and as long as this is large as 0.5 µA x 10 M, which is +5 V! One way to remedy
small compared to the open loop gain, it will be determined this error is to use the circuit shown in Fig. 4. A resistor has
by the resistor ratio RF/R I. The open loop gain, the voltage been inserted between the non -inverting input and ground.
gain when RF is removed, is typically 000000. This massive 1
This resistor has the value of RF in parallel with RI. It allows
gain is clearly much too large to be used without feedback. both the inputs to sink slightly and thus maintain the voltage
Closed loop voltage gains of 100 are about as much as it is balance at the inputs. The output voltage is then nearly 0 V.
practical to use. However, the two input transistors may not be that well
matched, so the bias currents into each input may be different.
Biased example This is known as the 'INPUT OFFSET CURRENT' and its
The arrangement in Fig. 1 is known as a 'virtual earth' amp- effect can be nulled by making the 910 k resistor in Fig. 4 a
variable resistor. But even if the bias currents (for say a 741)
lifier. The non -inverting input is connected to earth, and the
were zero, then the output voltage would still not be 0 V.
inverting input is maintained by the feedback applied via RF
at a voltage which is virtually earth potential. Get set, they're off
The input impedance of the amplifier in Fig 1 is simply Rl. The output voltage could range between ±60 mV. This is due
The output impedance is a little more complicated, to the 'INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE' which for a 741 can be
approximately:- as much as ±6 mV, which is then multiplied by the closed
output impedance of the op amp x closed loop gain loop voltage gain of the stage (in this case 10 giving us ±60
open loop gain mV. This can be compensated by using the circuit shown
in Fig. 5. Terminals 1 and 5 on a 741 can be used to compen-
Suppose we want an amplifier with a gain of 10, and an input sate for the input offset voltage. The input offset voltage is
impedance of 1M. Thís means that RI ís 1M. Therefore RF the Vbe imbalance between the two input transistors.
must be 10 M (see Fig. 2). With a 1 V sinewave as the input Now that we know how to eliminate the spruious dc
signal we get a 10 V sinewave as the output. However, when offsets, we can try designing some dynamic circuits and find
the input signal is held at OV, it is positive! This is an error out why they don't work as expected! For example, try
RF _ V OUT
CLOSED LOOP VOLTAGE GAIN =
Rf VIN NPN DIFFERENTIAL PAIR
(AV) RF
RI
NON - INVERTING
Figs 3 and 4 (left)
V IN Figs and 2 show
1 INVERTING INPUT
(upper) the basic show (upper) a
INPUT
INVERTING INPUT op -amp
Inverting typical op-amp input
OUTPUT stage. Gain Is given stage. This is a diff-
V OUT by the ratio of resis- erential amplifier
NON.INVERTING made up of a pair
INPUT tors RF/R I, input
impedance is simply of NPN transistors
RI, while the output driven by a constant
1M
10M impedance is more V IN currentsource. Fig.4
complicated (see (left) shows a 910 k
(text). Fig. 2 (lower) 0 resistor in series with
1M
shows a stage with a V OUT the + input of the
V IN op -amp. This re-
of
_Q V OUT
gain
i
1nputM.
10 and an
impedance of 1M
10M
910k
(APPROX)
910k AV
Z
=
IN
-10
= 1M
duces the effects of
the input offset
current.
AV = -10
Z IN - 1M Z our = LOW
2 OUT = LOW
1
putting a 1 V sinewave at 200 kHz into the circuit shown in current output. If you short-circuit a voltage output then large
Fig. 5. What you would expect is a 10 V, 200 kHz sinewave at currents could flow and thermal destruction might follow. To
the output -
but you don't get one. What appears is a rather overcome this problem, most op -amps have a current limited
bent 200 kHz triangle waveform. This is because the 'SLEW output so that they can tolerate an indefinite short to ground.
RITE' of the op -amp has been exceeded. The slew rate is the A 741 is limited to about 25 mA. Another current of note is
speed at which the output voltage can move, and for a 741 is the supply 'BIAS CURRENT'. This is the current consumed
typically 0.5 V/ps when it crosses zero, so the op -amp, faced when the op -amp is not driving any load. For a 741 this
with this demand, just gives up and slew limits, drawing out current is typically 2 mA, which makes it unsuitable for
straight lines as it does so. some battery applications.
Listen to the band(width) There are some op -amps which can be programmed by insert-
Another limitation is 'BANDWIDTH'. A 741 has a GAIN ing a current into them so that their supply current can be
BANDWIDTH product of approximately 1 MHz. This means controlled. This means'that they consume only micropower
that the product of the voltage gain times the operating when in their 'standby' mode, and can be quickly turned on
frequency cannot exceed 1 MHz. to perform a particular task.
For example, if you want the amplifier to have a gain
.
of 100, then the maximum frequency at which this gain can Voltages differently
be obtained is 10 kHz. Figure 6 illustrates this phenomenon. In the few examples shown so far, the op -amp has been
Curve A is the open loop response, note that the voltage gain is used to amplify voltages which have been generated with
1 at 1 MHz, hence the gain bandwidth product of 1 MHz.
The respect to ground. However, sometimes, it is required to
slope of the curve is -20 dB/decade, which is caused by a measure the difference between two voltages. In this case
single 30 pf capacitor inside the IC. Now, if the resistor ratio you would we a 'Differential' amplifier, Fig. 7. By using two
is set to give a voltage gain of 100, then the op -amp gives a matched pairs of resistors, the formula for the voltage gain
frequency response shown by curve C, which is flat up until 10 is made very simple. It is thus possible to sumperimposea
kHz. A gain off 10 rolls off at 100 kHz (D) and a gain of 000 1 V sinewave on both the inputs, and yet have the output of
1
rolls off at 1 kHz (B). Thus it is very easy to see just what the the amplifier ignore this common mode signal and amplify
closed loop frequency response will be. However, don't forget only differential signals. The amount by which the common
the slew rate problem. You may be able to construct an amp- mode signal is rejected is called the CMRR (the Common
lifier with a voltage gain of 10, which works up tó 100 kHz, Mode Rejection Ratio) and is typically 90 dB for a" 741.
but the output voltage will 'be limited to less than 3 Vppl Thus a common mode 1 V signal would he reduced to 33 µV.
Another problem is distortion in the op -amp. Negative feed- Another rejection parameter to be noted is the supply
back is used to iron out 'any distortion generated by the op - voltage rejection ratio. For a 741 the typical rejection is
amp, but negative feedback relies on there being some, spare 90 dB; that is, if the power supply changes by 1 V the change
voltage gain available. For instance, say the op -amp generates in the output voltage will be 33 µV.
10% distortion and there is a surplus voltage gain of 1 000, When designing with op -amps it is very important to know
open loop gain what ,voltage range' the inputs will work over, and the maxi-
i.e. ( ), mum voltage excursion you can expect at the output. For
closed loop gain instance, the 741 can operate with its inputs a few volts from
then the distortion will be reduced to approximately, either power supply rail, and its inputs can withstand a differ-
open loop distortion 10% ential voltage of 30 V (with a power supply of 36 V).
- 0.01% This is not true of all op -amps, some have a very limited
surplus voltage pain 000
1
differential input voltage range, for instance the CA3080 will
So, negative feedback is Used to eliminate distortion products, zener"When this voltage exceeds 5 V and the amplifier per-
However, if there no surplus voltage gain, as in the case of a
is formance will then be drastically changed.
741 amplifier working at 10 kHz, with a closed loop gain "of The output excursion of the op -amp is also important.
100, the distortion will rise dramatically at this point.
-
The 741 can only typically swing within about 2 V of either
supply rail, whereas the CMOS op -amp can swing to within
Current thinking 10mV of either rail so long as the load into which they are
Most op -amps have a voltage output, although some have a driving is a, very high impedance.
Continued on page 80..
V OUT
Fig. 6. Graph of open loop res- R2
VOLTAGE GAIN AV = ponse of a 741 (A) together with
V IN
curves showing response at various
values of closed loop gain (B, C, Dl. VI R1
a
1000, 000
1m
V2 R3
A V OUT
V IN 100,000
Fig. 7. Typical diff-
4 S erentlal op -amp stage
10,000
By usingmatched pairs
B of resistors the
910k ( OFFSET VOLTAGE 1,000 formula for voltage
ADJUSTMENT gain is made simple.
C
-VCC 100
V our = ÍR1+R2 R4 1- R2
Fig. 5. A variable resistor con- 10 / D iR3+ R4) R1 V2, R1

V1
nected between pins 1 and 5 of a BUT IF WE MAKE R1 = R3

741 can be used to 'educe the ANO R2 = R4
effects of the input offset voltage. THEN V OUT
10 100 1k 10k 100k 1m
R1 (V2 - V1)
FREQUENCY 4t

rr
12 V REGULATED POWER SUPPLY +VE UNREGULATED SUPPLY 30V- 12.2V

The large open loop voltage gain of an op -amp is very useful
in providing a regulated low output impedance power supply.
A 5V1 voltage reference is generated by a zener diode ZD1
(this voltage reference could be made more stable by running
it at constant current). A PNP transistor is used as a series PNP
regulator. However, this transistor inverts the signal from the PSU OUTPUT
op -amp output, and so, in order to get negative feedback, the
feedback is taken to the non -inverting input! The operations is +12V
as follows. The inverting input is held at 5V1. If the 'PSU
OUTPUT' tries to fall, the voltage at the non -inverting input
falls. Therefore the op -amp's output will also fall, thus turning
on thePNP transistor which then pulls up the 'PSU OUTPUT'.
Thus the output voltage is stabilised. Also, the output
impedance is very low, due to this negative feedback. The
output impedance at high frequencies (where the op-amp gain
is low) is further reduced by the 10 µ capacitor. To squeeze
the last drop of voltage out of the system, before a collapsing
unregulated supply rail causes the regulated supply to drop
out, a 5V1 zener diode (ZD2) has been included. This allows
the op -amp output to work at about 7 volts below the
unregulated supply rail. Thus, a regulated output is maintained
until the PNP transistor saturates. This means that the
unregulated rail can fall to within about 200 mV of the
regulated rail!
SIMPLE INTEGRATOR
An op -amp and a capacitor can be used to implement, to a
high degree of accuracy, the mathematical process of
integration. In this case, current is summed over a period of
time and the resultant voltage generated is the integral of that
5V Tin
current as a function of time. What this means that if a
1 kHz R2 100k
MV 1 2.5V
constant voltage is inputted to the circuit, a ramp with a
constant slope is generated at the output. When the input is R1
10k
positive, the output of the op -amp ramps negative.
In doing so it pulls the inverting terminal negative so as to
maintain a 'virtual earth' condition. In fact the input current Simple integrator.
(Vin/R1) is being equalled. by the current flowing through
the capacitor, thus equilibrium is maintained. The equation
governing the behaviour of a capacitor is C x dV/dt = mathematical processes, but not enormously. A good point
where dV/dt is the rate of change of voltage across the
about this integrator design is that it has a very low output
capacitor. impedance. You can put a load on the output and the
Therefore
dV
Thus
dV Vin
op -amp will still generate the same waveform -
that's what is
i
so nice about negative feedback.
dt C dt R1 C
So, when a square wave is applied to the circuit in Fig. 10,

triangle waveforms are generated. R2 was added to provide
l
DC stability. Its inclusion does slightly corrupt the
SIMPLE DIFFERENTIATOR
2.5V SM
1 kHz I 5V
Mathematically,' differentiation is the reverse process to
integration. Thus, in the differentiator circuit the C and the R
are reversed with respect to the integrator circuit.
The input waveform is a triangle with a constant rise and
fall slope. This constant slope, when presented to a capacitor
will generate a constant current. When the slope direction
reverses, then so will the current flow. This current when
passed through a resistor (R1), will then generate a square
Fig. 11. Simple differentiator.
wave.

TRIANGLE SQUARE OSCILLATOR
A Schmitt trigger and an integrator can be used to construct
a very reliable oscillator which generates triangle and square FREQUENCY RANGE 1001
100n
waveforms. The operation of the circuit is very simple and IC1
always self starting. The Schmitt trigger is formed from IC1,
the integrator from IC2. Suppose the output of the Schmitt is
positive. This will cause the integrator to generate a negative
going ramp. This ramp is then fed back to the input of the
Schmitt. When the lower hysteresis level has been reached the
/W
output of the Schmitt snaps into its negative state, current
is taken out of the integrator which then
generates a
positive going ramp. The integrator's output ramps up and
down between the upper an lower hysteresis levels. The speed
at which the integrator moves is determined by the magnitude circuit is the basis of most function generators. By bending the
of the voltage applied to it. In this circuit, the magnitude of triangle it is possible to synthesise an approximation to a
the voltage and hence the oscillation frequency, are controlled sinewave. With a bit more electronics it is also possible to
by a potentiometer, giving a 100 to 1 control range. This make the oscillator voltage controlled.
- 10k 10k SINGLE OP -AMP OSCILLATOR

This circuit has a Schmitt trigger and a 'sort of integrator' all
built around one op -amp. The positive feedback is via the
10 k resistors. The 'integration', (the timing) is controlled
by the RC network. The voltage at the inverting input follows
that of the RC charging exponential, except that it is
confined to be within the upper and lower hysteresis levels.
Thus the hysteresis levels and the RC time constant determine
the frequency of operation. It is possible to make the output
square wave have a large mark to space ratio. By closing
the switch SW1, the discharge time of the capacitor becomes
eleven times faster than the rise time. Thus a square wave with
an 11:1 mark space ratio is generated.
V OUT
SIMPLE TRIANGLE TO SINEWAVE CONVERTER
Here is a simple way of converting a triangle to a sinewave.
The logarithmic characteristic of the diodes is used to approx-
_1.7sV imate that of a sine curve. Distortion is 5% or so. However, the
DI, D2 1,9914 distortion may be tolerable if the sinewave is only used to
generate audio tones.
LINEAR VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR

This oscillator is very similar to the triangle square wave
oscillator shown on this page, except that this one is voltage V IN
I----
100n
PSU t15V
47k
controlled. The integrator and Schmitt trigger action are the L ict
same as before, but the feedback has been altered. The input
voltage Vin, is applied differentially to the integrator viá the
741 -N// 47k
resistor network. The larger the value of Vin, the faster the
t6V IC2
integrator ramps up and down. Thus the frequency of the 741
operation is determined by an external positive control voltage.
The frequency is linearly proportioned to this control voltage. 47k
When the output of the Schmitt is low, Q1 is off and all v VV
the input voltage is applied to the inverting input. Half of the
input voltage is always applied to the non -inverting input.
Therefore the integrator's output ramps downward until the
Schmitt flips into its positive state. Now, Q1 is switched on
and the voltage at the inverting input is negative with respect
to the non -inverting input. Hence the integrator now ramps r""L 12v
upwards.

R1
R5
BASIC SUMMING CIRCUIT (MIXER)
A virtual earth amplifier can be. used to mix. several, signals
together. The, output voltage is a mixture of all- the inputs.
The amount of an 'input that appears at the output is' inversly
proportional to the input resistor. If the input voltages are fed
v OUT into potentiometers before being fed to the mixer, then
their individual levels can be manually adjusted. This is the
basis of most audio mixers, although the cheaper units use op -
amps. Most op -amp mixers will degrade the signal to noise
ratio of the signals by more than a good discrete component
V OUT =-R51 R+RZ+R3+R4) amplifier.
TURNING A LINEAR POT INTO A LOG POT

By using the virtual earth characteristic of an op amp, a
linear pot can be made to have the characteristics of a log V OUT
pot. It seems to be fair. to say that low cost linear pots are far V IN
more linear than log pots are logarithmic. Thus the linear pot
can be turned into a better log pot than the actual log pot
itself. By varying the resistor ratio 5k6 to 50 k, other laws can
be produced, such. as something in between log and linear or
maybe a law that is even more extreme than log. POT ROTATION
LP
SIMPLE SPEECH FILTER
The telephone system has been designed for speech com-
O munication. The bandwidth of the system is 300 Hz to 3400
100u
V OUT Hz, which has been arrived at after many years of experi-
^1--100u mentation. Thus, it is true to say that much of the inform-
ation in speech is contained between these frequency limits.
5k6 The circuit shows a filter structure that will simulate the
270 Op
telephone bandwidth. It could have many uses, for instance as
a 'speech filter' for noisy radio reception or land line com-
5k6
munications, or as a voice detector for a light show.
V OUT
V IN
SIMPLE MUSICAL.CHIME GENERATOR Alternatively, a different structure, such as a state variable

The circuit shown is that of a multiple feedback band-pass filter could be used. Qs of up to 500 can be obtained with
filter. The present is used to add some positive feedback and this latter circuit.
so further increase the Q factor. The principle of operation is
as follows. A short click (pulse) is applied to the filter and this
makes it ring with a frequency which is its natural resonance
frequency. The oscillations die away exponentially with 1k
respect to time and in doing so closely resemble many natural-
ly occuring percussive or plucked sounds. The higher the Q the
longer the decay time constant. High frequency resonances
resemble chimes, whereas lower frequencies sould like claves
V IN
VOUJ
100k
T
Pv y
185 X 1000 X C HZ
or bongos, By arranging several of these circuits, all with

PULSE FROM A
different tuning, to be driven by pulses from a rhythm gen- RHYTHM GENERATOR
erator an interesting pattern of sounds can be produced. There 220R
may be some stability problems when high Q or high frequency SET
O
operation is involved. To achieve better performance, an op -
amp with. a greater bandwidth than the 741 should be used.

MUSICAL ENVELOPE GENERATOR AND MODULATOR
.10V A gate voltage is applied to initiate the proceedings. When the
01
gate voltage is in the ON state, Q1 is turned on, and so the
PNP
capacitor C is charged up via the attack pot in series with the
10V 1 k,resistor. By varying this pot, the attack time constant can
Off --ON- OFF GATE be manipulated. A fast attack gives a percussive sound, a slow
OV
attack the effect of 'backward' sounds. When the gate voltage
GATE 1M ATTACK returns to its off state, Q2 is turned on and the capacitor is
then discharged via the decay pot and the other 1 k resistor,
to ground. Thius the decay time constant of the envelope is
1M DECAY
also variable.
This envelope is buffered by IC1, a high impedance voltage
¡
47k
follower and applied to Q3 which is being used as a transistor

pl
03
TONE
INPUT
chopper. A musical tone in the form of a squarewave is con-
nected to the base of Q3. This turns the transistor On or off
10k
and thus the envelope is chopped up at regular intervals, the

47k
u a7k
NPN
intervals being detemined by the pitch of the squarewave.
1k
150k
00
100
The'resultant waveform has the amplitude of the envelope
OUTPUT and the harmonic structure of the squarewave. IC2 is used as a
o
OUTPUT ENVELOPE virtual earth amplifier to buffer the signal and D1 ensures that
the envelope dies away at the end of a note.
SIMPLE MUSICAL ENVELOPE GENERATOR +15V

A simple generator can be constructed using the CA3080
(made by RCA). This circuit will also enable the use of an
39k
audio waveform the harmonic structure of which will not be

significantly affected as it is modulated. The CA3080 is an \I
V
I I
¡
I 1 2V P -P
6
V OUT
op amp with a difference. It has a current output and an extra 39k

input into which a current, IA is fed. The output is the
product of the input voltage X IA. Thus the IA can be used to PRESS TO
START
- 5V
control the amplifier's gain. ENVELOPE

sw 1
The input voltage range for low distortion operation is
very low, of the order of ± 25 mV. //L c
The CA3080 is being used as a two -quadrant multiplier. A 1oI,
small voltage, (± 25 mV), is applied to its non -inverting input.

When the switch S1 is closéd, the capacitor C is charged up -15V
and a current of about 150 µA flows into the IA input term-
inal. When S1 is opened, C discharges through the 150 k
resistor into the IA input. This current dies away exponentially. an exponential envelope is generated. Breakthrough after the
decay very good, better than -80 dB.
As the output is the product of the input voltage X IA, then
is
SILENT AUDIO SWITCHING

Sometimes electronic switches for audio signals are requiré.
47k 01 FETs can be used to perform the switching, but they can
cause distortion, the resultant output impedance is not very
V IN 1
low and clicks generated by the switching signal can break
V OUT through. The circuit shown virtually eliminates all of these
1M
problems. By ,using an op -amp a very low output impedance is
obtained as well as the possibility of selecting or mixing one
ON = OV
OFF = -15V 47 n or more of many input channels. Because of the virtual earth
mixing, the voltage across any FET that is switched on is very
small. If the output voltage is 1V and the FETs ON resistance
47k 02 10 mV.
is 470R, then the voltage across the FET is about
2N3819
V IN 2
01,2 =
When large voltages are applied to a turned on FET, the dis-
tortion is large, but if the voltage is small, (10 mV say), the
1M distortion could be less than 0.1%. Thus the virtual earth mix-
SWITCH TIME CONSTANT 47mS ing enables low distortion operation. Lastly, to stop the gen-
ON = 0V eration of switching clicks, a time constant of 47 msec has
OFF = -15V T47n been enforced at the gate of the FETs.

LED BAR PPM DISPLAY FOR AUDIO
V4 REFERENCE
The peak voltage detector can be used to control an illuminat-
1k
ed audio level monitor having the same characteristics as a 3648
33k
PPM (Peak Programme Meter). A bar column of LEDs is
arranged so that as the audio signal level increases, more LEDs 16
3048
in the column light up. The LEDs are arranged vertically in
6 dB steps. A fast respohse time and a one second decay time *2448
8k2
has been chosen so as to give an accurate response to transients V IN
and a low 'flicker' decay characteristic. The op -amps that 18dB
3k9
drive the LEDs are used as comparators. On each of their
1248
inverting inputs they have a dc reference voltage, which 262
increases in 6 dB steps up the chain. All of their non -inverting
01 6dB
inputs are tied together and connected to the positive peak 1N914
envelope of the audio signal. Thus as this envelope exceeds a 00P, 1k

048
particular voltage reference, that op -amp output goes high AUDIO INPUT
v4 PEAK ALL ALL
741 TIL209
and the LED" lights up. Also, all the LEDs below this are ENVELOPE LEDS
illuminated.
ALL -PASS NOTCH FILTER .
Sometimes when processing analogue signals a constant tone

causes a nuisance and 5o an active filter is called upon to
'notch' it out. The filter can be tuned so that its notch is at
exactly the same frequency as the unwanted signal so that it
V IN can be selectively attenuated.This method is sometimes used
10k to remove mains hum. The circuit works as follows IC1 and
2 are a pair of all -pass filters. These filters have a flat frequency
ADJUST
NOTCH DEPTH response, but their phase changes with frequency. Their overall
V OUT maximum phase shift is 360°, a phase shift of 180° occurring
at a frequency of 1/2CR Hz. At this frequency the signals are
inverted. Thus, by mixing the phase delayed signal with the
original, cancellation can be produced which forms a notch
V OUT
V IN
1 fc. R
2 C1r
fc
C =
R
1kH2
15n
10k66
in the frequency response. The preset is used to get the
est notch available. The operating frequency can be,
by varying the two resistors R. For instance for 50 Hz
operation, R should be:-
10.66k X 1000 = 213.2 k Nearest E12
deep-
changed
fit is 220 k
fc FREQUENCY
50
NOISE GENERATOR
The zener breakdown of a transistor junction is used in many +15V 220k
circuits as a noise generator. The breakdown mechanism is
V OUT
random and so generates a small noise voltage. Also' this volt-
1M
age has a high source impedance. By using the op al
-amp as a
high input impedance, high ac gain amplifier, a low imped- fVPN RANDOM
ance, large signal noise source is obtained. The 10k NOISE
preset is used
to set the noise level 'by varying the gain from 40 to 20 dB.
T ,00I
100k SET LEVEL nn
+Ve ref (+10V) 1M LOGARITHMIC VOLTAGE TO VOLTAGE CONVERTER

10uÁ
The output voltage is logarithmically proportional to the input
In voltage. The difference between this circuit and the previous
is that the exponentiator is in the feedback loop
IC1
741
of the op -amp
and hence the mathematical function has been inverted. The
56k
01 02 circuit is useful for performing true logarithmic compression
or for converting linear inputs into dBs.
16
76
f
EXPONENTIAL VOLTAGE TO CURRENT/VOLTAGE

CONVERTER
0-1~-
áVe ref (+10v) 1M
-"AA" 100k
-
The circuit shown converts a linear input voltage into an IC?
o
741
exponential current or voltage. This type of circuit is used in 10uA VOUT
music synthesisers to change linear control "voltages into IC-
741
1
56k VIN
musical intervals. That is, if the circuit were used to control
an oscillator, input increments of 1 V would change the pitch 1V/OCTAVE
by one octave. The exponential characteristics of a transistor 01
are exployed to generate the correct transfer function. 01 and

!2 are matched pairs of transistors, preferably a transistor dual.
IC1 maintains Q1 at a constant current. Thus, the op -amp
serves only to bias the emitter of the second transistor Q2 into has high temperature coefficient (-1.9 mV/°C) and so the
a
a suitable operating region. The purpose of Q1 is to generate reason for using a matched pair is to use the first transistor,
this bias voltage. The base emitter junction of a transistor Q1, to provide temperature compensation for the second.
PRECISION HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

Rectifying small signals with any accuracy can be very difficult
using diodes only due to their forward voltage drop of about
0.6 V. However, an op -amp can be used to reduce this voltage
100k drop to virtually nothing. Consider the circuit shown. There is
negative feedback so that 'virtual earth' circumstances exist.
50k 100k
When Vin is positive, D1 conducts to maintain the virtual
D2 earth, D2 is reverse biased and so the output is just a 100 k
V IN
resistor connected to 0 V. When Vin goes negative, the output
741 o rises positively, D2 is turned on and D1 turned off. As the
V OUT
virtual earth is being maintained, the output, voltagé is the
exact inverse of the input voltage. This is true for all negative
inputs. Therefore, the output is composed of positive going
half sinewaves. Precision half wave rectification has occurred.
V IN In fact the diode error is very small, being equal to
V
600 m V
OUT -
(surplus voltage gain)
Therefore as the input frequency increases, and the surplus
voltage gain decreases, precision falls.
By adding together the original and the half wave rectified
signals together in the right ratio, it is possible to fill in the
half cycle gaps and thus to generate precise full wave
rectification. The addition of one summing op -amp and three
resistors is all that is needed as shown opposite.
VOLTAGE TO CURRENT CONVERTER

The virtual earth of an op -amp and the current source SOURCE"
'SINK
characteristic of a transistor can be combined to produce a
precision linear voltage to current converter. Consider the
'SOURCE' circuit. A positive voltage is applied and the PNP
op -amp adjusts itself so that a 'virtual earth' condition is

maintained. This means that a current i flows through the
it input resistor R, where i = Vin/R. Now this current has to go
somewhere, and so it flows through the PNP transistor and
comes out of the collector and into its load. Thus, the input
voltage generates a current which is linearly proportional to it. so the base current loss is not a fixed percentage. However,
There are, however, three sources of error that will affect this a precise voltage to current converter can be made using an
linearity. First the input offset voltage of the op -amp may op -amp with a FET input so that the bias current is low. Also,
become significant at low levels of Vin. Second, the input bias an input balance can be used to zero out the input offset
current may well rob a lot of the current when Vin is low. voltage, and if a FET is used to replace the bipolar transistor,
Third, the base current of the transistor must be subtracted then the base current problem can be removed.
from the final output current. Note that the current gain of The 'SINK' circuit merely swaps the transistor to an npn
the transistor will change with collector current variations, and type. Note that the input voltage now must be negative.

NON-INVERTIÑG AMPLIFIER:
An op -amp is used to provide voltage gain, but in this case the V IN
output is in phase withthe input. The minimum voltage is
unity and occurs when RB is an open circuit. The op -amp has V OUT
maximum bandwidth' at unity gain, and any increase in the R IN
gain will cause a reciprocal decrease in bandwidth.
RB
RA AV= + R AR+BR B
ZIN = RIN
ZOUT = LOW
HIGH SLEW RATE AMPLIFIER

The slew rate of the op -amp has been increased by increasing
the overall'current generating capability, by the addition of a
pair of transistors. These transistors increase the output
voltage range by allówing the voltage to swing to within OV5
of either supply rails. The output of the op -amp hardly moves
at all. Without an input signal, the output voltage is 0 V, and
the op -amp drains approximately 2 mA from the supply rails.
This current passes through the 180R resistors and sets up
a voltage which is not 'quite sufficient to turn on either
transistor. When a positive voltage ís applied to the input, the
op -amp tries to swing negative but it has a 47R (R4) resistor
connected from its output to ground. Thus, as it tries to swing
negative, it draws lots of current from the negative rail. This
current flows through R5, and in doing so turns on Q2. This
transistor then pulls R2 down and thus provides negative feed-
back. The same sequence of events occurs when the input is
negative except that R3 and Q1 are then involved. Thus the
high current capabilities of discrete transistors are combined
with a high voltage gain of an op -amp to produce a moderately
powerful amplifier. The voltage gain is set by R2/R1.
Transistors Q1. and Q2 introduce a phase shift, which may
give rise to a high frequency instability and 'oscillation. This
can be cured by some frequency compensation applied to
the amplifier or by increasing the'overall voltage gain.
SCHMITT TRIGGER
When dc positive feedback is applied around an op -amp, its V IN
output will come to rest in one of two states, that is in its V OUT
most positive or most negative position. 'This type of circuit

is known as a Schmitt Trigger and it is said to exhibit the
RYSTERYSIS LEVELS
property of hysterisis.
IV OUT MAX RA
Consider the circuit shown in Figure 15. Let us assume that RA RB
RB is 2 k and RA is 1 k and the output voltage is +10 V.

Therefore the voltage at the non -inverting terminal is 3V3.
When the input voltage becomes more positive than 3V3, the Fig. 15. Schmitt trigger configuration.
output of the op -amp will start to swing negative and in doing RB
so 'will increase the voltage difference between the inputs. This

will in turn make the output swing even'more negative. Thus
the process becomes regenerativé, the output finally 'snapping' V IN
into its negative state (-10 V say). The only thing that will V OUT
now change the op -amp's output is if the inverting input goes EIVSTERVSIS LEVEL
V OUT MAX RA
more negative than the non -inverting input. When this occurs RB
it will revert back to its original state. The two input voltages
at which these transitions happen are known as the upper and
lower hysterisis levels.

HIGH PERFORMANCE SAMPLE AND HOLD 2N3819 GUARD RING 1
It is often necessary to have a circuit that will sample an O

analogue voltage and then remember it for a long time without 470n
POLYESTER --. V OUT
any significant degradation of that voltage. This is known as a 400V
sample and hold circuit and one of its uses is to store the voltage
from the keyboard connected to an electronic music synthesiser. D1 = 1N914
The ,voltage is then used to control the pitch of a voltage
controlled oscillator and so it is very important to have a high
performance sample and hold. A drift of less than one semi- PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD LAYOUT
tone, (80 mV), in ten minutes is required. A sample and hold
is simply an electronic switch, a storage capacitor and a high
input impedance voltage follower. In the circuit shown, when
switch SW1 is positive the FET is turned on, and has a resist- -o
ance of about 400R. Thus the input voltage charges up the
capacitor through the FET. When SW1 is negative, the FET is V OUT
turned off, (pinched off), and can have a resistance of thous-
ands of megohms. To get a long storage time the -op -amp must
have a very low input bias current. For the CA3140, this
current is about 10 pico amps, i.e., 10-11 amps. Therefore the
rate at which the capacitor will be discharged by this current
can be worked out from the equation, Cldv/dt) = i
where dv/dt is the rate of change of voltage on the capacitor.
Therefore:
circuit to keep the leakage currents to a mínimum. Also, to
dv = i = 10-11 22 uV/s stop surface leakage a simple PCB trick can be used, that of
dt C 0.47 X 10-6 making a guard ring around the sensitive components.
Normally any potential stored on the capacitor may leak
This is a very low drift rate, much better than we need. How- to ground across the surface of the PCB, but if we make the
ever, the actual drift rate will probably be in excess of this, surrounding surface a conducting track held at the same
due to surface leakage on the printed circuit board, leakage potential as that of the capacitor then the potential difference
through the FET, and internal leakage in the capacitor. It is is virtually always zero, and hence the surface leakage is great-
advisable to use a high voltage, non -polarised capacitor ín this ly reduced.
CLEANING UP DIGITALLY GENERATED SIGNALS WITH

TWO SAMPLE AND HOLDS AND AN INTEGRATOR OUT
The output from a digital to analogue converter (dac) is
O- %4016
IN 1000p
composed of a series of steps which have been selected by a GATE
series of binary numbers. The output of the dac may represent !7T)7
the result of some computation done by a microprocessor or

r^
the contents of a digital memory. If the number of bits that
control the dac is low (less than eight), then the output will GATE
look like a series of discrete steps, plus lots of digital 'glitches'. 44016
OUT IC3
Therefore, if this signal is to be displayed on an oscilloscope, IN'

the overall picture quality will be very poor. One way to clean
up would be to join up all the steps with straight lines and if 1000p
done successfully a great improvement can be obtained. The
only problem is that the distance between steps is continuously
varying and so the slope of the straight lines will need to be
variable as well. This process is known as linear point inter-
polation and can be achieved with two sample and holds and DATA FROM A DAC
an integrator. +VE f ' 1
A delayed gate pulse is generated, so that once the dac's
output has settled, the sample and hold switches momentarily O
open, sample the information and then close. The output of 0V
V OU1
the first sample and hold (IC1) drives an integrator (IC2),the 5V
output of which drives the second sample and hold (IC3). The
second unit provides negative feedback around the integrator, -5V
THE 4016 IS A CMOS
DELAYED GATE PULSE.
but it is delayed by one time interval. Thus a momentary DATA MUST CHANGE AT
ANALOGUE TRANSMISSION
GATE
positive going signal will pass through the first sample and hold REGULAR INTERVALS
and cause the integrator to ramp in a negative direction. When
the next time interval arrives, the first sample and hold returns integrator's capacitor C should be chosen to suit the clock
to OV, and the second obtains a negative voltage. This then speed of the dac. An inverter, IC4 has been included to correct
causes the integrator to ramp positively. The size of the the invertion caused by the integrator.

FAST SYMMETRICAL ZENER CLAMPING
1N914 3k3 +15V
There are several problems with using zeners, back to back in
series to get symmetrical clamping, the knee of the zener 1N914
characteristics is rather sloppy, charge storage in the zeners
causes speed problems and the zeners will have slightly dif- 1N914
ferent knee voltages so the symmetry will not be all that -15V
good. This circuit overcomes these problems. By putting the 1N914
zener inside a diode bridge the same zener voltage is always 3k3
V IN
experienced. The voltage errors due to the diodes are much
smaller than those due to the zener. Also the charge storage 47k 47k V OUT
of the bridge is much less. Lastly by biasing the zener on all Vz+ 1.2V
the time, the knee appears to be much sharper. (MAXIMUM OUTPUT)
R1
100k
R2 TRANSISTOR USED TO TURN AN OP AMP ON OR OFF
100k
When transistor Q1 is switched off, the circuit behaves as a
V IN voltage follower. By applying a positive voltage to.the emitter
<±5V of Q1 via a 10 k resistor, the transistor is made to turn on and
loon go into saturation. Thus the lower end of R4 is shorted to
V OUT
ground. The circuit has now changed into that of a differential
amplifier (see fig. 7), but where the voltage difference is always
ADJUST R6 0 V. Now as long as the resistors in the two branches around
"OFF" 47k
the op amp are in the same ratio then there should be zero
output. A 4k7 preset is used to null out any ratio errors so
DIGITAL ON/
/OFF CONTROL
R4
100k
that the 'OFF' attenuation is more than 60 dB. The high
O1 common mode rejection ratio of a 741 enables this large
(ON)
OV
PNP attenuation to be obtained.
R5
10k
O
+VE
(OFF)
For more great circuit ideas...
-.--i...' ..,.,. : i
-:k.
Continued from page 63. ~FROM THE PUBLISIIrRS Or;: II
aERRONICS TODAT,INTERNAT1gNAl)--- 2s
15..
`, L 1. - 7 L- l_ _i_
1
:-.1.
No Noise is Good Noise . I X
The last op -amp characteristic to be discussed is 'Noise'. The

noise figures given in the specifications are very confusing.
This is due to the fact that noise is specified in so many
different ways that it is often difficult to compare devices.
One may be specified in terms of Equivalent Input Noise and
another device in terms of n V/
Hz (nano volts per root
Hertz)! As a generalisation it is true to say that most op -
amps are relatively noisy. Some op -amps are labelled low
noise, and these are quieter than the average op -amp but more
noisy than a well designed discrete component amplifier. For
audio work you can use ordinary op -amps for processing high
level signals (100 mV to 3 V), but for amplifying low level
signals (1 mV to 100 mV) you would be advised to use a low
noise device. The larger the voltage gain you obtain from an X E
$.2.9s
op -amp stage, the worse will be the noise, therefore keep the
closed loop gain to a bare minimum.
That is the end of the theory, now for some practical On sale now at all main newsagents $2.95
examples of op -amps in use. or directifrom ETI at $3.40 inc p & p.
80 ELECTRONIC TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978

The SEMCON MICROCOMPUTERS
PTY. LTD.
Motorola Family ATTENTION MOTOROLA D2
If you want a functional,
of OWNERS! expandable system, you need:
Piezo Electric 8K BYTE, STATIC
KSN 1001 A or 1005 A
Tweeter Horns 3.5" Super Horn.

Response: 4K to 30K. MEMORY CARD
Retail: $16 -- Australian Designed and Built
proudly presents Fast Access 350 ns Chips (2102LF)
Low Current -
1.3 Amps
_ Motorola Bus Compatible
Write Protect
"~-fMMMr -' Parity Generation/Checking available
+ Professional Finish
.THE ARRIVAL Plated through Holes
$275 assembled board
OF A NEW KSN 1016 A
x 5" wide dispersion horn.
esponse:i
-
I
' $219 in kit form
298 Assembled with Parity
$110 for 8k kit without rams
MEMBER Response: 4K
Retail: S20
25K.
Built Boards Guaranteed 12 months
CARD CAGE/BACKPLANE:
OF THE PIEZO FAMILY Designed for Motorola Cards
Anodised Aluminium chassis +
.
Sturdy Construction ,. er-
-á :
Tin Plated Backplane
Accomodates 8 cards i
e
$74.00
EDGE CONNECTORS
43 x 2 x 0.156' $8.50 each
-
Eight for $59.00 S100 Connectors $8.50
NEW PRODUCT
The 8K/I6K EPROM -
ROM MODULE
K$N 1025 A Accepts up to 16 2708's.
-5V generated on card.
3" x 7" wide dispersion horn. Motorola bus.
Response: 2000 Hz to 22,000 Hz. Quality PCB.
Retail $28
$135 ( this is a built
MOTOROLA PIEZO HORNS are being used by some of the board, however it does
worlds leading manufacturers of HI -Fi speakers, disco not include EPROM's
equipment and musical instrument amplifications, due to
their specific advantages over Dynamic counterparts. 2708's 1-8 $14-50
9-16 $13- 50
--
For technical Information send SAE to sole Australian Importer:
I.C. SOCKETS LOW PROFILE

FREEDMAN ELECTRONICS Pty Ltd SOLDER DIL TIN WIRE WRAP GOLD
89-91A Liverpool Road, Summer Hill. NSW. 2130. 40

8 25 22 35 24 1
Tel. (02) 797-9941/797-0986. 24 45 70
14 28 14
16 28 28 50 16 70
18 35 40 90
Victorian Distributor:
SHOWROOM: 1 Chilvers Road, Thornleigh, NSW 2120.
ZEPHYR PRODUCTS MAIL ORDER: PO Box 61, Pennant Hills, NSW 2120.
70 Batesford Road, Chadatone. Victoria. 3148. Tel. 568-2922. PHONE: 848-0800. Add 15 percent sales tax. P&P $1.50.

LEDS: $12 per 100, $110 per 1000, or
SOME OF ELECTROCAPS
AUSTRALIA'S POLYESTER
(UPRIGHT)
(per 100 prices In brackets)
17c each, 10 for $1.50 clips 3c each all
quantities. LEDS superb-- 5mm red
well diffused. Wide viewing angle sample - -
FILM CAPS 40c stamp.
Cap. 16V 25V 50V TO3 MOUNTING KITS: 10 for $1 or $4
LOWEST .,
-- -
r E12 10% 100V 0.47 uF
COMPONENT
.01 -
All values .001 to .01
7c .1
7e ea.
13c
thru to
10 uF
all
Sc 53%)
all
6c($304)
all
7c 4
box of 50. Generous kit Includes mica,
screws, nuts, washers, tag, nylon brushes.
.015 - --
- 14c 22 uF 6c 83%) 7c($4) Bc 5
.018 - 8c.18
.15 8c 14c 33 uF 8c $4) 9c($5 10c $6
Potentiometers: 50c ea, rotary carbon sing.
022 - -- 47 uF 9c $5J
PRICES 14c 10cí$6 llc 17
gang ) log or tin: 1K,5K, 10K, 25K, 50K,
.027 -
.22 8c 16c 100 uF S6 12C{E7 14c 111
.033 -
.039 -
.33
Bc
8c
.27
- 16c
18c
220 uF 12c $8 i)
470 uF 16c $12) 22c 516
16c $10 35c $17
45c $30
Trim Pots: 17c ea. -
100K, 25K, 500K, 1M, 2M (metal shafts)
lOmm 1W horiz. or
NOTE: REGULAR PRICES - .047 -
.056 -
.39 9c
9c .47 22e
1000 uF 22c 018)
1000 PF/16V axial
2200 uF/50V axial
-- 30c($25
20c ea. 58
95c ea. $8
75c($50
per
per
5 vert: 100 Ohm to 2M
.068 -
9c All Full axial price list -SAE
1
ZENER DIODES: 15c each 400mW 5%
.082 -
NOT TEMPORARY 10c values
- SPECIALS -
KEEP US IN 10c In uF E24 values 3V to 33V
-r. MIND FOR THAT 10% oft 100 same uF
NEXT ORDER
2c RESISTORS -
our 2 year old
price still current. Opposition
Keep electronics a hobby and not a luxury,
Compare our prices and buy from us.
hoped we would go broke but bur Same day turnaround service (unless
price remains at 2e ea. swamped). All goods top quality and new.
1 Ohm to 10 M V.W 5% E12 carb. No minimum order. One P/P charge Of
DIGGERMAN film $1.80 per 100 same valuel(or
VaW 3c, $2.50 per 100 same value)
40c regardless of quantity. Advert current
3 months for late readers.
SC Rs:
0.8A 30V C103Y -- TRIACS:
35 2A 400V ESP240 -- 65
DIODES:
10.4001 -- 7c (lA 50V)
--- --
0.8A 200V C103B 60 6A 400V SC141D
-
_ LECTROM
P.O. BOX 33,,CORAMBA NSW. 2466.
4A
4A
8A
8A
3OV CSOEY1
400% C106D1
400V C122D
500V C122E
25A 400V C370
--
40 10A 400V SC146D
75 25A 400V SC260D
$1.05 DIAC ST2
51.20 Chart to Identity leads
52.50 Plus trigger Into.
-
$1.30
$1.50
$2.50
35
15
1N4002
5N4004
1N4007
1N4148 -
8c (1A 100V
Sc (1A 400V
12c IlA 1000V
6c $4,50/100
838/1000
12 or 24 Volt Range: Primaries 220-240 volts

TRANSFORMERS
Ref. Amps Wt.Gms. Secondary Taps Miniature transformers with screens: Primaries 220.240 volts
Rel. Amps Wt. Secondary S 112 0.5 623 0-12.15-20.24.30 6. )0 Ref. MA Wt. Gins Volts S
No. 12v 24v Gms. Windings 79 1 737 0.12.15.20.24.30 7. i0 238 200 85 3.03 3.50
242 300MA 150MA 198 0-12V at 150 MA x 2 3.50 3 2 1361 0.12.15-20.24-30 10. o 212 lA 1A 595 0.6 0.6 6.60
111 0.5 0.25 283 0-12V at 0.25A x 2 4.50 21 4 2600 0-12.15.20-24-30 12. o 13 100 113 9.0.9 3.50
213 1.0 0.5 425 0-12V at 0.5A x 2 5.00 89 10 5670 0-12-15.20-24.30 26. o 236 330,330 198 0.9,0.9 3.50
71 2 1 793 0-12V at 1A x 2 7.20 50 Volt Range: Primaries 220-240 volts 207 500, 500 566 0-8-9, 0-8-9 6.30
18 4 2 1020 0-12V at 2A a 2 9.00 Voltage obtainable: 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 31, 33, 205 500,600 1077 0-15-20, 0 15-20 7.20
70 6 3 1538 0.12V at 3A x 2 . 11.40 50, or 25-0-25 214 300,300 623 0-20, 0-20 5.00
108 8 4 2268 0.12V at 4A x 2 15.00 Ref. Amps Wt. Secondary Taps S 221 70010G) 737 20.12.0012-20 7.80
116 12 6 2722 0-12V at 6A x 2 16.80 102 0$ 737 0.19.25-33-40-50 V 8.40 206 1A IA 1304 0-15-27, 0-15.27 10.80
115 20 10 5300 0-12V at 10A x 2 24.90 103 1 1304 0.19.25-33-0050 V 9.60 203 500, 500. 822 0-15-27,115-27 10.20
104 2 2495 0-19-25-33-40-50 V 12.60 204 IA lA 1417 0-15.27, 0-15.27 14.40
15730 Volt Range: Primary 220-240 volts: Secondary 105 3 3176 019-25-33-40-50 V 15.00
Windings 0-12-15v at 5 amps, 0.5-9.15v at 5 amps. Voltages 106 4 4100 0-19.25.33-40-50 V 18.00
obtainable: 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 24, 30, or 12-0-12 107 6 5444 0-19.25-33-0050 V 26.40
60 Volt Range: Primaries 220240 volts
or 15-0-15.
Voltages obtainable: 6. 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 40, 48,$0
All transformers continuously rated
Rel. or 24-0-24 or 30.0.30.
vacuum varnish Impregnated, and
Amps Wt. Secondary Taps S
guaranteed.
No. 15v 30v gms. Ref, Amps Wt. Secondary Taps S Prices do not include postage or packing.
51 10 5 3120 0.12-15, 0.5-9.15 18.00 124 0.5 737 0.2430-40-48-60 V 7.80 Assess postage to your address using
126 1 1361 0.24-30-40-48.60 V 9.60 your weights given and add 10% of post-
30 Volt Range: Primaries 220-240 volts 127 2495 age rate for packing. Unless quoting sales
Voltages obtainable 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15. 18, 20, 24, 30. or
2 0-24-30-40-48-60 V 12.60 tax number add 15 % to order cost.
125 3 4083 0-24-30-40-48-60 V 18.60
12.0-12 or 15-0-15. 40 5670
5 0-24-30-40-48-60 V 25.?0
DOUGLAS TRANSFORMERS, DEPT. MO, BOX 23, COOAANBONG, N.S.W. 2265.
16K MOTHER BOARD KIT $49.20

4K RAM PLANE KIT (450 nS)
4K ROM PLANE KIT
$75.25
$34.90 SPECIAL
EX -PAN D 2708's $17.90 extra.
2708 EPROM PROGRAMMER..$179.60
Driver software (in 2708) $24.00
8K RAM KIT
YOUR CDB-150 150 bytes/sec FAST AUDIO
CASSETTE INTERFACE $199.00
(Mother Board & 2 RAM PLANES)
(includes software driver)

M6800 $189
-
5
BACKPLANE PCB (5 slots)
EDGE CONNECTORS
for $45.00 or $9.48 each.
$26.50
Offer open until 31/8/78.
D2 BUFFER IC's (2x8T26,
1x7430)
3x8T97,
$12.00
All prices include tax
P&P $2.00
KIT Pennywise Peripherals
19 Suemar St, Mulgrave, Vic.
3170. Ph (03) 546-0308.

Tandy Electronics No.1 Parts Place
Buy Off the Shelf!Low Prices!Huge Selection!
pass manufacturer's quality control procedures. These are not
Top-quality devices,fully functional,carefully Inspected.Guaran- rejects, not fallouts, not seconds. Always count on Tandy for the
teed to meet all specifications, both electrically and mechanically.
All are made by well-known American rnanufacturers,and all
have to finest quality electronic parts.
Linear ICs Wire Wrapping Accessories

Hy National Semiconductor SEMICONDUCTOR
and Motorola -tint
quality
REFERENCE
Type Cat.No. ONLY
301CN 276-017 1.29
HANDBOOK
324N 2761711 289
2761712 269
i
339N
386CN 276-1731 1.99
565CN 276-1723 1.99
Socket Wrapping Tool. Strips and wraps 30
`S89CN 276-1728 3.29
IC
566CN 276-1724 3.99
gauge wire. 276-1570 7 95
567CN 276-1721 3.99 Sold Only 14-Pin Wire Wrapping Sockets. 276-1993 1 99
723CN 276-1740
276007
1.99
1.29
at Tandy 16-Pin Wire Wrapping Sockets. 276-1994 219
741CN 89
3900N 2761713 1.99 DIP Header. 16 pins. 2761980 1
15.24m Red 30-ga. Kynar WIre.278-501 2.99
195
3909N 276-1705 1.99
276-1706 3.99 15.24m White 30-ga Kynar WIre.278-502 2.99
3911N
4558CN
75491
75492
278038
276-1701
276-1702
1.89
1.49
1.49
; 15.24m Bker 30-ga Kynar WIre.278-503 '299
Trim Multi-Purpose Cabinets

7806 276-1770 2.19
7812 2761771 219
7815 2761772 219
Semiconductor Reference
Computer Handbook
Chips The most comprehensive "Substitution"
manual we've ever offered. Includes full
specs and applications of Radio Shack/
Archer IC's, diodes, SCR's, bridges and
transistors. A quick reference to transistor
Prime Devices specs, and a cross-reference/substitution list- Compact. Makes even your small projects look pro-
8080A Mlcroprocessor.8-bit, NMOS. ing of over 36,000. Plus a glossary of words, fessionat.14.9x22.86x 12.38cm.270-281 18.95
2762510 24.95 symbols and abbreviations. 176 pages. Low Profile. Si m design -only 14.9x28.8x8.89cm
23.95
21021K Static RAM. Under 450 ns. 276-4001 1 95 270-282
2762501 695
-\
IC Accessories
TTL and
CMOS Logic ICs
Pull -Spec Devices LED Digital Displays
Direct from
Motorola and
National Semiconductor ly
Digits Size rive Ct. No. ONLY
Cat. No. ONLY Anod. 276-156 4.99
A.1 0.6"
7400 276180 .99 Al. 0.6" Cath. 276068 4.99
7402 276-1811 .99 B. 1 0.3" Anod. 276-053 3.59 0. DIP Switch. For changing preset
2761802 1.09 Cath. 276-062 3.59 logic states. 275-1301 299
7404 B. 1 0.3"
1.29 12.95
7406 276-1821 B.1 0.3" Anod. 276-1210 E Right -Angle 18 -Pin Socket.
7410 2761807 .99 Cath. 276-1211 1295, 199
1.99 B. 1 0.3" 2761985
7413 276-1815
7420 2761809 .99
Project-Boards-Predrilled PCB's
7427 2761823 1.29
7432
7441
2761824
2761804
1.29
249 MA1003 Automotive
7447
7448
2761805
276-1816
249
249
Clock Module Time Base Generator. Built-In 10 MHz
7451 276-1825 .99 flora ---,---e452..,_ 3C¡ xtal or ext. Input. Decade selector
7473 2761803 1.29 -, switth. TTL output. Requires 5VDC.
° 799
In di 277.115 (PCB less pads)
7474 2761818 1.29
7475 276-11106 1.99
1.39 0
7476 2761813
7485 2761826 2.99
1.29 ° -4
O
Complete Package
7486 276-1827 o
7490
7492
276-1808
276-1819
1.99
1.89
Including all parts except
74123 2761817 249 hardware and case, sells
74145 2761828 299 for approximately $46.95.
289
74150 276-1629
2761834 2.79 Just add switches and install! 12-hour readout,
74154
299 0.3" d gits, *0.5 sec/day accuracy. 12VDC
74192 2761831
27.1003. 34.95 Shown Built with Recommended Parts and Cases
74193 278-1820 209
74194 2761832 2.69
74196 2761833 279
Full -Wave Mike 2 -Foot Disc
74000 2762301 1.09
74CO2 2762302 1.09
Bridge Rectifiers Elements Mini Test Clips Capacitors
74004 276-2303 1.09
74008 2762305 1,09
1.99
Up to 1000 WVDC
74C74 2762310
74c76 2762312 239
74090 276-2315 3.39
74C192 2762321 189
74C193 2762322 199
1.09
4001
4011
276-2401
276-2411 1.09
Pkg. of
4013 2762413 1.99 Dynamic.Tiny yet delivers 80- 100
4017 2762417 3.89 10,000 Hz response. -651)8.
4020 276-2420 3.89 200 ohms.1.9x2.2cm
4027 276-2427 1.99 NEW 270-093 199
i
4049 276-2449 1.59
1.59 A. 1Amp, 50 PIV. Mini DIP fits PCB HI Crystal. 50-8000 Hz re- Red.2761156 1 99
4050
4511
2762450
2762447 199 or 8 and 14 -pin sockets. sponse. -
55 dB. 3.8x3.1cm
69 91eck.2761159 1 99
4518 2762490 3.69 2761161 1 19 270-095 1
L T NICS
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PHILIPS ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS
Sydney 427 0888 Melbourne 699 0300
Brisbane 277 3332
Adelaide 45 0211 Perth 65 4199
-+------r
-+
-y(-+.
=eimismozese ELCOMA
Philips Electronic Components and Materials
P.O. Box 50, Lane Cove, NSW 2066
Please send me full details and brochures on your
0 loudspeaker kits and a list of retailers who stock them.
I NAME
I
ADDRESS
L J
I
STATE P/CODF
PHILIPS Electronic
Components
and Materials
PHILIPS
BA.EL.3
Project 638
l-a
and requires
This low-cost device will interface to just about any microcomputer,
software to drive it. Based on a design by N.D. Hammond.
only simple
SO, YOU'RE BUILDING an ETI 640

VDU, you've written some I/O routines
to drive it, and you're looking forward
to the day when you'll be running BASIC
and graphics and good stuff like that.
Initially, at least, you'll have to use the
keypad, or front panel, on your Morrow
0
or D2 or whatever, to get the system
started, and then load your VDU driver
from cassette in order to use the VDU.
But wouldn't it be nice if the VDU
driver was in there at power -up, so you
didn't have to bootstrap the system into
life? Well, the way to do this is to blow a
a PROM (Prógrammable Read Only
Memory) with your routines and sit it in
memory so that it is the first thing the
processor looks at when it starts up. In
fact, most hobbyists now use EPROMs
(Eraseable PROMs) of the 2708 type,
which are not now as expensive as they
used to be, and have the advantage of
allowing you to correct those inevitable
bugs in your program, or reuse the
EPROM for some completely different
program.
That's all very well, I hear you say,
but I don't have a way of programming
2708's. Plus, commercial EPROM pro-
grammers are too expensive for me to
justify since I only program an EPROM
a month. Thanks to reader N D Hamm-
ond of Torrens, ACT, (and of course
ETI) your troubles are over. Here is an
inexpensive, nay, cheap, 2708 pro-
grammer suitable for individuals or , 7 .
lama 1.1
impecunious clubs. , ssrrs
1.1"
The programmer is, in fact, slightly

t
different from the original design sub-

mitted to us by Mr Hammond; we have
replaced some TTL in his design with
CMOS and added a data time-out syn-
chronisation facility, on which more
later.

Project 638
Design Features brilliantly fast compared to the theoreti-
The objectives of the original design cal minimum programming time of 104
were simplicity of construction and
operation, and low cost. Another
seconds but it is a lot better than the PARTS LIST - ETI 638A
several days that would be required by a
requirement which must be met is sim- commercial firm. Resistors all'/:W 5%
plicity and versatility of interfacing
one of our bigger headaches is the fact
- Mr Hammond originally supplied R1
R2, 3
180R
10k
software for the 8080, but our tests of R4, 5
that everyone's system seems to be the circuit were done on a MEK6800D2,
1k
R6 10k
different. for which we have written a routine, R7 4M7
This project meets these objectives R8 180k
reproduced here. Our routine incorpor-
very well. The interface to the user's ates a time delay of approximately % R9 100k
computer is serial, i.e. through a 20 mA R10 470R
second at the end of each run through R11 10k
current loop. Most computers, except the 2708 addresses, in order to take R12 1k
for some evaluation kits, have a suitable R13 10k
advantage of the time-out synchronis-
serial I/O port, so this is a pretty well ation feature. Mr Hammond's 8080 R14 33k
universal interface. As a bonus, the R15 10k
program does not include this facility, R16 47R
UART and acouple of one-shots provide but it is easy to add a time delay loop R17 180R
all the necessary timing signals, so the
which decrements (say) the BC pair using Potentiometer
component count is low and cost is low. the DCX instruction. We hope to give RV1
A useful by-product of our switch to 25k.trim
this program next month (so much to Capacitors
a completely CMOS design was a spare
do, so little time, sigh!), but Mr Ham- Cl 8n 2 polyester
gate, which we put to good use in pro- C2-C4
mond's routine should work with no . 10n polyester
viding a 'synchronisation' facility. The C5 33n polyester
modification. C6, 7
idea is that if a supply glitch or noise 10n polyester
causes the UART to miss a byte of data, C8, 9 100n polyester
Adjustment C10 100µ 25V electro
so that the 2708 addressing is out of C11, 12. 100n polyester
Before adjusting the oscillator frequency . . .
step with the desired addressing, a 1/4 first fit the links which set the start - C13 l0µ 35V electro
second pause at the end of each cycle stop bit arrangement of UART. Semiconductors
will reset the 4040 to zero. This means Now with power connected adjust IC1 4N33 Opto coupler
that only that cycle will be affected and RV1 until IC2 is operating at 4800 Hz.
IC2 555 timer
IC3 MM 5303 UART
subsequent cycles will be correct, IC4 4049 Hex inverter
increasing the programmer's tolerance ICS 4040 12 stage counter
to glitches. Qa PN3638
There is one slight penalty that has Q2
-
to be paid at 300 baud, it will take 03
04
BC548
BC558
about 70 minutes to output all 1024 BC 548
addresses 125 times. This is by no means Dl-D4. . . 1N914
LED!
Miscellaneous
PC board ETI 638A
24 pin IC socket
Push button
Plastic box 158x96x50mm
PARTS LIST - ETI 6388

, Resistors all %W 5%
t
t.
Íó R1 1k
1re.,
` R2, 3 120R
+
..'i R4, 5 47R
1
C ' `p R6
R7
Capacitors
Cl
470R
100R
470µ 50V electro

C2 2200µ 16V electro
C3-05 . 1000µ 25V electro
C6 47Oµ 50V electro
Diodes
D1-D6 1N4004
ZD1 27V 1 W
ZD2 12V 400mW
I
ZD3 12V 1W
_---- ZD4
,;. '411
5.1V 400mW
ZD5 5.1V 1W
Miscellaneous
PC board ETI 638 B
Transformer PL15-5VA
Switch DP DT toggle
3 core flex & plug
Cable clamp
86
+26V
OV
+5V ID
+121/117
-12V
-5V
2708 SOCKET
-.t
\\ y1C3
rti"i, t
8o
LEo1 -
/r r;
, . 4o ~^4:111-....D2
b
/ai
a v ' C10
105 f O0
n <540
` T t T 7 .! t ! ,111 11/1
J
D3 - D4 D1«....11}
r .
SERIAL
P61
fi r,D INPUT
.i
Fig. 1 The component overlay of the main board.
1111'......... 1\\.. C5
C4
N N N -I N
I^
240V +26V OV +5V +12V -12V -5V
Fig. 2. The component overlay of the power supply.
taken with the SMOC ICs and the to the pc board and the rear of the
Construction UART. A good quality socket should switch epoxied over to give protection.
be used for the EPROM as it will be The connection between the power
We built our prototype into a plastic
box with the power supply on one used a lot. The pushbutton, LED and supply and logic board can be done with
power switch are mounted on the logic a piece of ribbon cable as the connect-
board in the box itself while the logic
board was used in place of the lid. board and connected from the rear. ions follow the same sequence.
With the power switch, due to the We used pc pins for the data input
These boards should be assembled
according to the overlays provided. closeness of the capacitors on the lower points but a socket could be used if
Normal handling procedures should be board, the wires should be taken parallel desired.

28
EPROM PROGRAMMER
+5V
R1
5
SERIAL
-
INPUT y
~
(20mA) IC1
4N 33
D1 21 5 6 7 e 9 10 I11 112
11 13 14 15 16 17 1i
1N 914 20 +5V
----- 12V 19
R4 21 3 24
1k . . OV
MM 5303 2708 SOCKET 21
C
17 1
PB 1 1 . +5V 01 R15 12
OV R10 PN3638 10k
lo 18 4 34 135 i36 137 138 139
+5V41-0 0 470R a 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 23 22
RESET
+5V bbó4:1)Si> 0V
1
b b b b b LED 7
1C4/5
OV
15
+5V +5V
D3 D4
R8 1N914
180k 7 6 5 3 2 4 13 12 14
R6 'C4/1 -1N9C4/3 100k
10k
1C4/4
-
6 4 3 2 IC5
C3 4040
C4 C6
10n 10n 10n
OV IC4/2
D2
1N914 R7 C5 +26V
C2 4M7 33n
10n
OV e
+26V 03
OV BC 558
1 C
14 R17
+12V 33k . 180R
R11 1R
b
+5V 10k BC 548 C7
e
El)002 R16
10
47R T
OV OV
OV
1C4/6 R12
1k
tt 12 b 04
BC 548
-5V e
OV
-12V
Fig. 3. The circuit diagram of the main circuit.

HOW IT WORKS - ETI 638
11+ +26V A fully erased EPROM has every bit set to used for this.
Cl 06 R1 the "1" state. Programming sets selected The address lines for the EPROM are
1k ZO1
470u C6 27V supplied by ICS which is a 12 bit binary
D3 4700 bits to "0" To program a 2708 the select-
1W counter (we use only the first 10 bits) and
ed address and corresponding data has to
+12V
R2 be presented to the EPROM and a 26V this is reset to zero when no data is being
D1 120R pulse applied to the program input pin. received. On pin 19 of the DART we have
ZD3 an output which goes high when the serial
SW I C4 12V To make life more difficult each location
10000 -NW.-
T R3 1W has to be selected and programmed in data has been received and after this has
ACTT V E
i 120R been delayed by about 100 µs (R6/C3) the
sequence. Also a total time the program
24ov . +5v input has to be high for each location is output of IC4/1 goes low. This triggers a
R4
D2 100 ms but the pulse used cannot he less 1 ms monostable (C4, R8, IC4/3) which
47R
NEUTRAL r- 105 than 100µs or longer than 1 ms with drives the transistors Q2 -Q4 to provide a
C2 4i 5.1V
T1 1W about 1 ms recommended. This means 26V pulse to pin 18 of the 2708. At the
240V-15VCT R5
47R that the IC has to be cycled through com- end of this 1 ms pulse a second mono is
(PL 15-5 VA I
T2200,u 0V pletely around 100 times for best results! triggered (C6, R9, IC4/4), the UART is
ZD4 As we have a computer any way, reset (pin 19 goes low again) and the
+ C3 5.1V (otherwise why the need for an EPROM!) address counter ICS is incremented. The
R6 400mW
470R we use it to provide the sequencing and output (pin 19) of IC3 also charges CS via
5V
I/ timing needed. D2 when it goes high. This causes the
+C5 Zoe The computer is programmed to copy output of IC4/2 to go low allowing ICS to
12V
10000 R7 400mW data in its memory (1024 bytes) and be toggled (pin 11 of ICS is the reset line).
05 100R
11+ 12V sequentially transmit in serial form each Provided the output of IC3 goes high
f4 byte 125 times. It also pauses for about'' regularly corresponding to data being
Fig. 4. The circuit diagram of the power supply. second each 1024 bytes. received at 300 Baud CS does not have
The serial information is transferred time to discharge and the reset line
from the 20 mA loop into a 0-5V signal by remains low. If there is a pause at the end
the opto coupler, ICI, whose output is fed of a complete cycle the reset line will go
into the input of the UART IC3. This IC high and will correct any error which may
then converts this information into parallel have been caused by a possible glitch.
The 2708 address lines have settled at each address,
form on pins 5-12 which is presented to The power indicator LED is driven by
At this point we digress to describe the a 26 V pulse of 0.1 ms to 1 ms duration one of the outputs of IC5 and is turned on
the EPROM on its data lines. This IC
2708 and the steps involved in using isapplied at the programming pin. The needs a clock input at 16 times the Baud and off quickly indicating data is being
and programming it. entire cycle of 1024 addresses is rate (4800Hz for 300 Baud) and IC2 is received.
The device is a static 8192 bit repeated until each address has received
EPROM organised as 1024 x 8. It is a minimum of 100 ms program pulse
packaged in a 24 pin DIP with a quartz time.
window which allows the data stored ín Erasure is the simplest operation of
the memory to be erased by exposure all. The window is uncovered and the General Electric G15P81. The chip(s) byte by byte at the port. As the pro-
to ultra -violet light. chip placed an inch or so away from an should be placed about an inch or gramming pulse width is approximately
ultra violet tube. After half an hour or so from the tube and left for at least 1ms, the whole 1024 bytes should be
Reading the device is quite straight-
forward. The appropriate address is so, the memory is fully erased (to all half an hour to ensure complete erasure. output at least 100 times. In practice,
applied at the ten address pins, the chip '1's) and is ready for re -programming. To program the device, the pattern this should be increased by 25% or
to be written should be available in so to allow for the effects of component
select pin is taken low and after the
appropriate access time (12Ons from CS Operation RAM. The programmer is connected tolerances.
or 450ns from address select) the data is A
fully erased EPROM has every bit to the microprocessor's serial port
set to the '1' state. Programming sets which isconfigured for the appropriate Programmer Design
available at the eight output pins.
selected bits to '0'. It follows that a 2708 signal format selected for the pro- Use of the UART considerably
Fortunately, and in contrast to its
predecessors, the 2708 is also simple to can be reprogrammed without erasing if grammer (see table 3). The programmer simplifies the software requirements of
program. The chip select pin is taken to there are no cases where a bit must be is then reset to initialize the UART the system which will drive the
the 'write enable' level of +12 V and the changed from '0' to '1', otherwise the and ensure that the address counter programmer, all that is necessary is a
device must be erased by exposure starts at address zero. All that remains program which will output the required
applied address is cycled from 000H to
to ultra violet light. Any 'germicidal' is for the microprocessor to output memory contents in order and repeat
3FFH with the appropriate data applied
at each address. After the data and UV tube is suitable for erasing leg: the contents of the selected RAM page, this for the required number of times.
Project 638
TABLE 1.6800 EPROM'DRIVER FOR D2
6800 EPROM PROGRAMMER DRIVER FOR D2
OUTCH EQÚ E37A

PAGESTART EQU 04
NEXTPAGE LOU 08
ACIAS LOU 8008
INITIALISATION OF ACIA
0000 86 55 LOA A *%0101001 TABLE 3 SIGNAL FORMAT OPTIONS
0002 B7 80 08 STA A
MAIN PROGRAM .
UART
0005 C6 7D LDA B 125 OPTION
0007
INPUT PIN LEVEL
CE 00 00 NEWCYCLE: LDX PAGESTART
000A Á6 00 NEXTBYTE: LOA A, X
No OF DATA BITS 8 NDB2 37 H
000C BD E3 7A JSR OUTCH NDB1
000F 08
38 H
INX
0010 8C 04 00 CPX NEXTPAGE .7 NDB2 37 H
0013 26 F5 BNE NEXTBYTE NDB1
0015
38 L
36 PSH A
9016 37 PSH B
PARITY EVEN NPB 35 L
0017 86 FF IDA A POE
0019
$FF 39 H
C6 FF LOA B SFF
001B 5A LOOP: DEC B ODD NPB 35 L
001C 26 FD BNE LOOP POE 39
001E
L
4A DEC A
00 F 26 FA BNE LOOP INHIBIT NPB 35 H
0021 33 PUL POE 39
B X
0022 32 PUL A
0023 5A No OF STOP BITS 1 NSB 36
DEC B L
0024 26 El BNE NEWCYCLE
0026 2 NSB 36 H
3F SWI
For Tést: H=HIGH (+5V) L=LOW (0V) X=DON'T CARE

000A 86 XX NEXTBYTE: LDA A XX
outputs ASC I I character XX
or
000A 4C NEXTBYTE: INC A
000B 01 NOP
outputs incrementing characters.
TABLE 2 - INTERFACE PROGRAM FOR 8080/Z80

INTERFACE PROGRAM FOR 2708 EPROM PROGRAMMER
PAGESTART: EQU 04H ; HIGH ORDER BYTE OF RAM ADDRESS

; TO BE LOADED IN EPROM ADDRESS
NEXTPAGE: EQU 08H

; -
ZERO LOW ORDER BYTE IS ZERO
; HIGH ORDER BYTE OF
PAGESTART + 1024
CTRL: EQU 0 ADDRESS OF I/Q STATUS & CONTROL PORT
DATA: EQU 1 ; ADDRESS OF I/O DATA PORT
-
INITIALIZATION NOTE: SYSTEM DEPENDENT. THIS SEGMENT WRITTEN
FOR AN INTEL 8251 SERIAL I/O PORT
0000: 3E 4E MVI A, 4EH ; MODE INSTRUCTION. SELECT

0002: D3 00 1 STOP,
OUT CTRL 8DATA AND NO PARITY FORMAT
0004: 3E 11 MVI A, 11H ; COMMAND INSTRUCTION. RESET 8251
0006: 133 00 OUT CTRL AND SET TX ENABLE
MAIN PROGRAM
0008: 06 7D MVI B, 125 ; NO OF PROGRAMMER CYCLES TO B
000A: 26 04 NEWCYCLE: MVI H, PAGESTART ; HIGH ORDER ADDRESS OF BYTE 1 TO
000C: 2E 00 H
MVI L, 0 ; LOW ORDER ADDRESS TO L
000E: NEXTBYTE:
000E: DB 00 TESTPOINT: IN CTRL ; READ I/O PORT STATUS
0010: E6 01 ANI 01H ; MASK ALL EXCEPT READY BIT
0012: CA OE 00 JZ TESTPORT ; LOOP UNTIL READY BIT
0015: 7E
SET
MOV A, M ; MOVE SELECTED BYTE
TO ACC
0016: D3 01 OUT DATA AND SEND TO PROGRAMMER
0018: 23 INX H ; SELECT NEXT BYTE TO BE
0019: 7C SENT
MOV' A, H ; TEST CONTENTS OF H TO
001A: FE 08 SEE, WHETHER
CPI NEXTPAGE LAST BYTE HAS BEEN SENT
001C: C2 OE 00 JNZ NEXTBYTE ; IF NOT, REPEAT LOOP
001F: 05 DCR B ; ELSE DECREMENT CYCLE
0020: C2 OA 00 COUNTER
JNZ NEWCYCLE ; IF NOT FINISHED START NEW
0023: 76 CYCLE
HLT ; ELSE HALT
90
ry
}
d.
1,
A WORLD OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION
Think of how much energy is wasted in the Available in all standard sizes.
production of millions of zinc or alkaline Special heavy duty versions for industrial u se.
batteries. Once their energy supply has been The heavy duty rechargeable batteries are
used up, they are discarded. designed to withstand high ambient
temperatures and continuous discharge
The General Electric rechargeable battery overload.
system is the answer to power conservation. Be part of the energy conservation
The G.E. battery is rechargeable and thus re-
cyclable. Conservation of energy is the essence
of this product. Don't throw away batteries.
G.E.'s nickel cadmium rechargeable batteries
movement. Look into the General Electric
Rechargeable Battery System.
MN N- RN M IM -'
can be recharged up to a thousand times. They
last for years.
The features of the G.E. rechargeable battery
' Forinformation on the G.E. nickel cadmium
rechargeable battery system and list of stockists, fill
in the coupon and return to Australian General
,
Battery Division, 86-90 Bay Street,
are:- 'Electric
Ultimo, N.S.W. 2007.
Constant voltage throughout the discharge
period.
I 1
II Name ,
' Address
1 1
'
GENERAL ELECTRIC
`M- - -
Post Code
MI Mall - Mall -_I 111

\/ 'v
FRG -7
RECEIVER
for amateurs,
novices
EASTERN
ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS
35 Mahoneys Road,
Forest Hill. 3131.
and Telephone 878-7876.
short-wave
7t
rt. . listeners
A NEW SUPPLIER OF
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
Latest model includes fine-tune adjustment IN THE EASTERN SUBURBS
MANUFACTURER'S TECHNICAL DATA
Electronic band changing. HERE ARE A FEW EXAMPLES
0.5-29.9 MHz continuous coverage. OF OUR WIDE RANGE
Uses Wadley loop (drift cancellation
circuit) to derive synthesized het-
rodyne oscillator signal. LINEAR I.C.s
LSB, USB, AM and CW. LM 555 0-40 LM 741 0-45
Frequency readout better than 10 KHz
(readable to 5 KHz). LM 301 0-45 LM 380 1-32
Stability within 500 HZ during any LM3900 0-80 7805 1-20
30-minute period after warm-up.
Better than 0.7 V for 10 dB S N/SSB TTL I.C.s
and CW. Better than 2 V for 10 dB S
7401 0-31 7402 0-32
N/N AM.
Selectivity 3.KHz at -6 dB.
7408 0-32 7420 0-32
7 KHz
at -50 dB. 7492 0-81 7493 0-81
Input Impedance high 0.5-1.6 MHZ.
50-75 ohm 1.6-29.9 MHz. CMOS I.C.s
234V AC 50-60 Hz or 12V DC (external
or internal B dry cell). 4000 0-32 4011 0-32
Size 340 mm x 153 mm x 285 mm. 4024 0-70 4068 0-32
Price $348.00
Prices include S/tax, freight extra. Prices TRANSISTORS
and Specs subject to change. BC547, 548, 549 0-19
Explore the wonderful world of short- BC 107, 108, 109 0-30
wave listening. 2N 3638 SPECIAL 0-10
Hear broadcast stations, amateurs.
ships, aircraft and morse code from sta-
tions all over the globe. 2708 EPROM 20-00
Provides an introduction into many as- 2102 RAM 1-75
pects of electronics and communica- 2513 . ROM 19-80
tions, CB'ers upgrade and widen your
scope of operation. The FRG -7 will pro- 93427 PROM 3-00
vide the means of listening to the 3850 F8 CPU 14-95
amateur bands so that you can get the 3853 F8 SMI 12-95
"feel" of amateur "ham " radio.
You can tune into the morse practice
transmissions and broadcasts con- THIS MONTH'S SPECIALS
ducted by the Wireless Institute of Au- 7400 0-16 4001 0-22
stralia; the Radio Amateurs representa- FND 357 7 -SEGMENT 1-00
tive Society in Australia. BC208 0-10 7815 0-80
Write for a descriptive brochure and ask
for information on study procedures etc.
for the novice amateur licence. OTHER ITEMS INCLUDE
Remember, BAIL has been the au- RESISTORS %, Y2, 1&5 Watt
thorised agent for the YAESU MUSEN CAPACITORS disc, electro, tags
CO LTD since 1963. Our experience LOW POWER, 650 ns
and greencaps.
gathered over these yearyears, and a
-
,
R.F. CHOKES 3.31..tH ACCESS TIME

lifelong participation in electronics, 800µH
places us in a superior position to handle SWITCHES and HARDWARE
warranty, after sales service and advice MICROPROCESSORS including BRAND NEW,
on the wide range of Yaesu amateur
radio equipment. 6800, SC/MP, PACE, 2650, FULLY GUARANTEED!
Avoid unauthorised handlers of equip- F8, 6100.
ment as it generally results in the supply CHARTPACK PCB ARTWORK
of non -export 110V sets with 2-core AC PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS for
power cables, instruction manuals ETI and EA projects.
printed in Japanese, lack of service etc.
Consult us for advice on your require-
ments in the field of short-wave listening
and amateur radio.
For further information call or write to
All of the above prices include
sales tax.
IVI AILMAN
the Amateur radio specialists. '
Quantity discounts available
ELECTRONICS
Austnlian YAESU Agana since 1963. P.O.Box 536 Lane Cove
Mail orders catered for. Pack and
60 Shannon St., Box Hill North PH: (02) 498-3405 A.H.
post 50 cents.
ELECTRONIC 'Vic.. 3129
SERVICES Ph8922t3

o ,_ Q s
VOLTAGE REGULATORS
L NG12 12 amps -$115.00 Including tax. Heavy
duty model. Ideal for operating high power linear
LM300H T05 Voltage Regulator $3.60 amps, hybrid 2 -way radios, etc. Input 240V AC.
LM304H TO5 Negative Regulator 2.83 Output 11 to 16V DC, Regulation 0-12A 10mV.
LM305H T05 Voltage Regulator 1 07 Ripple at 12 amps-1.5mV. Dimensions: 10- wide x
51/2" deep x 6" high. Weight approx 16 lb.
...
1M309H T05 5 Volt Regulator 2.61
LM309K T03 5 Volt Regulator 2 74
1M3171 10220 3 Terminal Adjustable Reg- ESTABLISHED SINCE 1942 NOW CARRYING Manufactured by Radio Parts Group. Trade en-
ulator 3 19
quiries welcome.
LM317K T03 3 Terminal Adjustable Regulator 4.59
Regulators, 5, 6, 8
IN EXCESS OF 12,000 LINES
LM320T T0220 Neg. 1 Amp
12, 15, 18, 24 volt 2.74
281613 0.74 283568 0.29 TMK VF4
LM3206 T03 Neg. 1 Amp Regulators 5, 6, 8, 12, DIGITAL IC'S 282102 0.82 2N3638 0.24 $21 27 including tax. Specifications:- Sensitivity:
15, 18, 24 volt
LM323K 103 Pos. 3 Amp -5
5.04
Volt Regulator -7.09
LM340T 10220 Pos. 1 Amp Regulators 5, 6, 8, 12,
SN7401 N 14 pin dii quad 2
open collector outputs
-
SN7400N 14 pin Oil quad 2 -input nand gate $0.28
input nand pate with
0 39
282218
282219
282222
0.74
0 61
0 48
2N3638A
2N3643
283644
0.29
0.31
0.24
218 A Nolt DC, 2611 Noll AC; OC Voltage: 0.25V,
2.5V, 10V, 50V, 250V, 1000V; AC Voltage: 10V,
50V, 250V, 1000V; DC Current: 0-500 y A, 10MA,
15, 18, 24 volt
1M3406 T03 Pos. t Amp Regulators 5, 6, 8, 12,
15, 18, 24 volt
1.59
4.02
SN7402N 14 pin dil quad
SN7403N 14 pin dil quad 2
2
open collector outputs

-
-Input nor gates.0.28
input nand gate with
0.40
282270
282369
0.84
$0.59
0.66
283645..
2N3819
283903
0.36
0.82
0.36
250MA, 104; Resistance: x1, 410, x100, x118,
(6.60,600,618 Centre Scale); Capacitance: 500 uir
to 1 if (In two Ranges); Decibels -15 to plus
1.20 0.30 282904
LM723CH 105 Voltage Regulator SN7404N 14 pin rill hex Inverter 2112904A 0.79 283906 0.33 3248 (In four Ranges); Dimensions: 145 x 95 x 45
LM723CN 14 Pin DP -Voltage Regulator 0 71 SN7405N 14 pin dil hex inverter with open collector
284032 1.12 mm.
Prices include sales tax. outputs
SN7407N 14 pin dill
tor high vo tage
buffer with open - 0 32
collec-
0.97
282905
2N2905A
2N2906
0.69
0 74
0.54
284033
2N4036
1.07
1.07
TMK TP5SN
2N2907 0 71 284037 0.93
SN7408N 84 dilaexuad and ate 0.39 $25.18 including tax. Specifications:- Sensitivity:
OPERATIONAL d 284354 0.46
AMPLIFIERS/BUFFERS
LH0002CN 10 pin dil Current Amp 7 29
SN7411N 14 pin dil triple 3
SN7413N 14 pin dil dual 4
--
SN74110N 14 pinldil triple 3uts inputtna gate0.32
Input and gate0.39
input nand Schmitt
2N2907A
2N3019
283053
0.84
1.30
0.66
1.07
284355
284403
2115459
0.24
0.43
0.61
20K 11 Non DC, 818 D Nolt AC: DC Voltage: 0.5V,
5V, 50V, 250V, 500V, 1000V; AC Voltage: 10V,
50V, 250V, 500V, 1000V; DC Current: 0-50 IA.
5.69 0.51 2N3055 5MA, SOMA, 500MA: Resistance: al, x10, x100,
LH0042CH TO5 low cost FET Op Amp trigger 283565 0.28 2N6027 0 88
0.69 SN74148 14 pin dil hex schmitt trigger 1.25 x118 (60, 600, 618, 6018 Centre Scale); Capitance:
LM3011f TO5 Op Amp 283566 0.33 Prices Include
to 0.1 J (in two Ranges); Decibels: -20
SO i.J
-
Amp 0 41 SN7416N 14 pin dil hex buffer with open collector
LM301A 8 pin dil Op 283567 0.36 sales tax
3.83 high voltage outputs 0 39 to plus 3608; Dimensions: 135 x 95 x 40 mm.
LM302H TO5 Voltage Follower
LM30711 TOS Op Amp
LM307N 8 pin dil Op Amp
1.15
0 66 SN7430N 14 pin Oil 8 - -
SN7420N 14 pin dll dual 4 -input nand gate .0.30
input nand gate 0.32
--
SILICON DIODES 1 AMP
TMK200
1M30881 8 pin dil Op
LM318N 8 pin dil Op Amp
LM324N 14 pin dil
Amp
low power quad Op Amp

1 10
3 17
1.10
SN7432N 14 pin dil quad 2
SN7437N 14 pin dll quad 2
s
- input or gate 0.53
Input nand buffer-
1.32
184001
184003
184004 --
50 PIV
200 PIV
400 PIV
0.13
0.13
0.14
$27.91 wncluding tax. Specifications:- Sensitivi-
ty: 206 D Noll DC, 101 D Nolt AC: DC Voltage:
0.6V, 6V, 30V, 120V, 600V, 1200V; AC Voltage:
LM343H TOS high voltage Op Amp
LM348N 14 pin dil quad 741 Op Amp
8.13
1.50
SN7441N 16 pin dil BCD/decimal decoder/
driver 2 42
IN4005
I114007 - 600 PIV
1000 PIV
0.17
0 23 6V, 30V, 120V, 600V, 1200V; DC Current: 0.O6MA,
6MA, 60MA, 600MA: Resistance: 0-10K 0,
114349814 pin d0 wide -band decompensated quad
741 Op Amp 2.30
SN7442N 16
SN7446N 16 pin dil BCD/7 -
pin dil BCD/decimal decoder 1.84
segment decoder/
Prices include sales tax.
SINCLAIR PDM35
;
100651, 1M 11 , 10140 Capacitance: .002 ' to
0.2 J Decibels: -20 to plus 630B; Dimensions:
LM358N 8 pin Oil low power dual Op Amp 0.97
LM709CH TO5 operational amplifier 1 10
driver
SN7447N 16 pin dil BCD/7 - segement decoder/
0.97
$61.89 including sales to 130x90x35mm.
LM709CN 8 pin 011 Op Amp
LM741CH TOS operational amplifier
LM741CN 8 pin dil Op Amp
0.82
0 61
0 41
driver
SN7472N 14 pin dfl and
flip flop with pre-set
- and Clear
1.90
gated J -K master -slave
0.90
Specifications:- SenshNiry: 31/2 Digit LED Display
10 Meg input DC); DC Voltage: IMV to 1000V
(Four Ranges); AC Voltage: 1V to 500V (40 Hz -
TMK500
$41.22 including tax. Specifications:- Sensitivity:
LM747C1r 14 pin dil dual Op Amp
LN1458N 14 pin dual Op Amp
LM3900N 14 pin dil quad amp
1 15
$0.82
0.94
SN7474N 14 pin dil dual D positive - -
SN7473N 14 pin dil dual J -K flip flop with clear 1.01
edge
triggered flip flop with pre-set and clear0.78
5 kHz); DC Current: 1 MA to 200 MA (Six Ranges));
Resistance: 1 R to 20 Meg 0 (Five Ranges); Di-
mensions:1 S3 x 76 x 39 mm; Power. 9 volt Battery
306 1Nolt DC, 1360 No« AC; OC Voltage: 0.25V,
1V, 2.5V, 10V, 25V, 100V, 250V, 1000V; AC Vol
tape: 2.5V, 10V, 25V, 100V, 250V, 500V, 1000V:
2.32 quad latch 0 63 (e.g. 216 Eveready). DC Current:.O5MA, 5MA SOMA 500MA, 12A; Short
LM4250H T05 Programmable Op Amp SN7475N 16 pin dil
Prices include sales tax SN7476N 16 pin dil dual J -K flip flop with preset and Test: Internal Buzzer; Decibels: -20 to plus 56dB;
clear 0.51 FLUKE 8020A Dimensions: 160 x 85 x 70 mm.
SN7489N 16 pin dil 64 -bit read/write 6.53 $205.28 including sales tax
SN7490N 14 pin till decade, divide by 12, and Specifications:- Sensitivity; 31 Digit Liquid Crys-
binary counters 1.04 tal Display (10 Meg all ranges): Dimensions: 180 x SWE-CHECK MODEL 300
master -slave hip flop 86 x 45 mm; Power Requirement: 9 Volt Battery Cathode ray tube tester and rejuvenator. Tests each
VOLTAGE COMPARATORS 0.89
SN74107N 14 pin Oil dual J -K
0 48 e.g. 216 Eveready (Further Information available gun separately indicating Shorts, Open Circuits,
1M311N 8 pin till voltage comparator with clear
4.54 SN74154N 24 pin dil 44ine to 16 -line decoder/ upon request). Emission and Cut-off characteristics Also removes
LM319N 14 pin dil high speed dual comparator 1.64 shorts and rejuvenates low emission tubes. Adap-
LM339N 14 pin dil low power low offset voltage demultiplexer
PRO SERIES.
quad comparator 0.92 SN74161N 16 pin dil synchronous 4 -bit coun- DOMINION tors available to suit all colour tubes on the Austra
1.17 flan market (see below). $253.00 Including sales
LM360H TOS high speed differential comparat-
5.23
ter
SN74164N 14 pin dil 8 -bit serial in/parallel out ship
HIGH QUALITY REGULATED tax.
or
LM361H TO5 high speed differential comparat- register 1.93 POWER SUPPLIES
or 3 83 Prices include sales tax. 11 to 16 volts adjustable. Ideal where long continu- COLOUR PICTURE TUBE'
voltage dual ous use and excellent regulation are required. All
LM393N 8 pin Oil low power low offset
1.25
ZENER DIODES 400 MW supplies are totally short-circuit proof. ADAPTORS
comparator
LM710H TO5 voltage comparator
11471111 TOS dual comparator
Prices Include sales tax
0.94
0.94 All 20c each including sales tax 863 3.5 amps -
$49.00 including tax. For CB,
hobbyists, expenmenters, school, etc. Input 240V
Part Nos. 107-116, To suit above Model 300. (De-
tailed listing of tube types for which each Adaptor is
suitable is enclosed with every Adaptor). Now indi-
BZX79-C4V7 BZX79-C 10
AC, Output 11 to 16V DC, Regulation 0-3.5A 20mV. vidually packaged in convenient and protective
BZX79-05V1 BZX79-C11
Ripple at 3.5 amps-4mV. Dimensions: 344 wide x cylindncal containers. $10.35 including sales tax.
B2X79-05V6 BZX79-C12
444" deep x 6" high. Weight approx 5 lb.
AUDIO, RADIO AND TV
BZX79-C64/2
BZX79-C6V8
BZX79C7V5
BZX79C15
BZX79-C16
BZx79-C18
#67 6 amps -
$57.00 Including tax. High power
single side band CB radios, service bench repairs,
NEW "SOLDER -EATER" DE -
SOLDERING BRAID (1.8m)
CIRCUITS
LN370N 14 Pin dil AGC/S uelch amp
LM371H TOS integrated RF/IF amp
5
4.02
48
BZX79CBV2
BZX79C9V1
BZX79C24
82X79 -C27
2 -way radio base supplies. Input 240V AC, Output
11 t0 16V DC, Regulation 0-6A 30 mV.
Ripple at 6
-
in cassette package. For standard PCB
213. For miniature PCB
-
Part No.
Part No. 214. $1.60
LM372H TOS AM 1F strip 4 78 amps-4mV. Dimensions: 5" wide x 51/e" deep x 6" each (exempt).
TRANSISTORS high. Weight approx 8 lb.
-a
LM37311 105 AM/FM/SSB IF AMP/detector ,.6.18
LM374H TO5 AM/FM/SSB IF video amp/
BC559 0 20
detector 5.07 AC128 $0.32
AC187 0.82 BC637 0 20 To: Radio Parts Group, 562 Spencer SI., West Melbourne. (03) 329-7888.
LM375N 14 pin dll oscillator and buffer with TR. 0.20
output 5.74 AC188 0.82 BC640 1103 Dandenong Rd., East Malvern. (03) 211.8122.
3.06 AD161 1.56 00135 0.71
LM377N 14 pin 411 dual 2 watt audio amp ,
1.53 BD136 0.66 Please send me

AD162
1M378N 14 pin dil dual 4 watt audio amp. 3.24 0.32 B0137 0 65
BC107
LM379S 14 pin in line dual 6 watt audio amp 6.45 80139 0 77
1.73 BC108 0 31
11,138011 14 pin dil audio power amp 0.79
$2.87 BC109 0.31 80140
1M381N 14 pin dil dual preamp
preamp .4.59 BC148 0.18 BF115 0.71 ! am enclosing cheque Q money order O
l.M381AN 14 pin dil low noise dual
1M382N 14 pin dil low noise dual preamp...2.23
LM384N 14 pin till 5 watt audio power amp .2.55
BC178
BC179
BC321
0.43
0.46
0 23
BF167
BF173
BF180
0.91
0.97
0.97
or please debit my Bankcard - Number
Aust. freight
1M386N 8 pin rill low voltage audio power amp 1.40 0.20 6E200 0.87 $5 minimum order plus $1 P&P. Orders in excess of $25 freight free in Aust. Outside
2.63 BC327
LM3878 8 pin dil dual preamp BC328 0.20 8E336 1.02 on. Write for our comprehensive Semi -Conductor price list.
1143888 14 pin Oil 1.5 watt audio power ampt.72 0.20 1.02
1.68 0C337 10337 Signature -
LM1303N 14 pin till stereo Dreamy 1.05

BC338 0.22 8E338
1M1304N 14 pin till FM multiplex stereo demod- 0.48 Name
2 04 BC547 0.20 BFY50
;
ulator 0.56
BC548 0 20 BFY51
LM1305N 14 pin till FM multiplex stereo demod- 5.05
r
0.20 811208 Address
r
ulator 2.04 8C549
TIP31A 0.82
a a ar
LM3065N 14 pin dil television sound system 1.61 BC557 0.24 P/Code
Prices include sales tax. BC558 0.24 TIP32A 0.84
iim ear er. aaa 1~1 SOW exr» xr xar WM M. r. IMO Wm ~Oh

Project 248
SImPLE 12U ro 22V

CONVERTER
Simple voltage doubler powers op -amps and similar circuits from a 12V supply.
WHILE MOST AUTOMOTIVE equip-

ment can be designed to operate on a
single +12V supply it sometimes
becomes necessary to develop a voltage
above 12V, or a negative voltage. This
project was initiated when one of our
PC boards suppliers wanted to run one
of the Philips TV type UHF pre-
amplifiers as a booster for his UHF
CB rig (receiver only). He needed
20-24 V at 35mA. Then almost in the
same week a reader came into the office
wanting a circuit which will allow him
to charge a 12 volt pack of Nicads at
150mA from the car battery.
While the obvious choice is an
inverter the relative low power require-
ment weighed against the cost,
complexity and noise generated by such
a device made us look to an alternative
design. With this unit we simply
generate a square wave and then voltage
double it to give 22V or, with a slight SPECIFICATION - ETI 248
reconnection of the rectifier circuit, Input voltage
-10V. If both rectifiers are used both 6-15V
+22V and -10V (total 32V) is obtain- Output voltage twice input, less 2V
able. Output impedance 15 ohms
The circuit however is not limited to
12V and is useful over the 6-15V range. Maximum load 125 ohms
The output voltage is approximately Maximum output current
twice the input less 2 volts. 6V input 75mA
8V input 105mA
Construction 10V input 130 mA
As this project is very simple any 12V input 165mA
construction method may be used. 14 V input 190mA
However the PC board described makes 15V input 210 mA
the assembly very easy. The only point
Idle current
to watch is in the handling of the IC
which is CMOS - avoid contact with
@ 12V input
21 mA
the pins, and solder the power supply Efficiency
pins (7 & 14) first. .
@ 165mA, 12V input 75%
94
ELECTRONICWTODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978
D2 C c b
.I-
eb M
.
IC1
.
ct+ 0N 14+t.1
4"C-1"'"
Dl
Fig. 1. The component overlay of the -10V version. Fig. 2. The component overlay of the +22V version.
+12V
INPUT,
01
Cl
4n7
IC1/3
10
R2
1k
B0140 PARTS LIST - ETI 248
Resistors all '41/V 5%
R1 10k
-10V R2,3 1k
OUTPUT
Capacitors
Cl 4n7 polyester
C2 104 25V electro
C3 2204 35V electro
0V C4 1O04 25V electro
COMMON
Semiconductors
Fig. 3. The circuit diagram of the -10V version. IC1 4001 B or 4011 B (CMOS)
Q1 BD 136 or BD 140
+12V BD 135 or BD 139
INPUT Q2
01 1N4001
BD140 D1, 2
R2
n7
4CI s110
8
IC1/3
lk b 1,01
1N4001
Miscellaneous .
PC board ETI 248
+22V
>1 OUTPUT
D2
1N4001
ti=,C3 +,C4
e
13
02
BD 139
O0V
COMMON
Fig. 4. The circuit diagram of the +22 V version.
HOW IT WORKS - ETI 248 30
The first two parts of ICI form a

10kHz square wave oscillator. The 15V .N PUT'
frequency is determined by the RC
network R1 Cl. Reducing either of these 25 14V I NPUT i
causes the frequency to increase and
viceversa. The output of the oscillator is
buffered by both IC1/3 and IC1/4. These 12V INPUTINPUTyG
e
drive Q1 and Q2 via R2 and R3 alternat- 20
ively turning them on and off i.e. Ql on
Q2 off then Ql off Q2 on etc. We have 11111E,
10V INPU
used two separate buffers as when the 11111111iim
MAXIMUM
output of IC1/3 goes low, turning on LOAD 112512)
i
Q1, it is not low enough to ensure Q2
would be turned off if it was driven by the 8V INP UT
same output.
Note that as the IC is connected as a
quad inverter either a NOR (4001) or 10
6V INPUT
NAND (4011) can be used. It should
however be the buffered (B series) type to
ensure that the oscillator section will start.
The output at the collectors of Ql and
Q2 is a square wave between 12V and OV.
This is then voltage doubled by C2, 3 and
D1, 2. Due to the natural losses involved
in charging and discharging capacitors a
maximum efficiency of 75% is obtained 150mA 200 mA
50mA 100mA
and increasing the power beyond the
LOAD CURRENT
present ratings, while possible, is not
practical. If a higher voltage is required Fig. 5. Graph showing the relationship between the output
voltage tripling or quadrupling is possible. voltage and load current for various input voltages.

SPECIALS (Offer valid till August 15th 1978 or until stocks are depleted)
741 OP AMPS 5 for $1.50 14 pin solder sockets 10 for $2.20
555 TIMERS 5 for $1.50 16 pin solder sockets 10 for $2.60
BC547/548/549 TRANSISTORS 5 for $0.75 6800 CPU (plastic) $17.50 each
BC557/558/559 TRANSISTORS 5 for $0.75 8080A CPU (plastic) $14.50 each
LOW POWER TTL MICROPROCESSORS

(new expanded range) 8080A $15.75 SC/MP II 16.75
BISHOPS GRAPHICS
6800 19.50 Z80 35.00 HOBBY PACKS
74 LS00 .32 74 LS 109 .55 2650 26.50
74LS01 .32 74LS112 .55 BLACK TAPES
74 LS02 .32 74 LS 113 .55 SUPPORT DEVICES CCT201 20 yd. rolls. Specify width;
74 LS03 .32 74 LS 114 .55 0.031", 0.04", 0.05", 0.062", 0.08",
74 LSO4 .35 8212 8 bit I/O $ 4.95
74 LS 123 1.75 0.10", 0.125", 0.150", 0.20" $1.55
74 LS05 .35
8215 bus driver 5.95
74 LS 132 1.55 8224 clock generator
74 LS08 .35 74 LS 138 1.50 8.50 DONUT PADS
74
8228 system controller/bus driver 10.95
LS09 .35 74 LS 151 1.20 8255 programmable peripheral I/O CCD2.16 88 pads 0.08" O.D.
74LS10 .35 16.50
74LS154 2.50 3881 Z80 parallel I/O controller CCD101 88 pads 0.10" O.D.
74LS11 .35 15.50
74LS157 .90 3882 Z80 counter timer circuit CCD102 125 pads 0.125" O.D.
74LS12 .35 15.50
74LS161 2.55 6810 128 byte RAM CCD103 125 pads 0.150" O.O.
74 LS 13 .85 74 LS 162 2.55 5.75 125 pads 0.187" O.D.
6820 PIA CCD138
74 LS 14 1.55 74 LS 163 1.75 13.75 125 pads 0.200" O.D.
6850 ACIA CCD139
74 LS 15 .40 74 LS 164 1.55
13.75 125 pads 0.25" O.D.
6860 600 bps modem CCD141
74 LS20 .35 13.75
74 LS 165 2.15 8T26 bus tranceiver
74 LS21 .35 74 LS 174 1.45 3.75 DUAL IN LINE
74 LS27
8T97/98 bus drivers 1.95
.35 74 LS 175 1.45 8T31 bidirectional I/O port CCD6014 16 only 14 pin $1.55-
74 LS28 .42 74 LS 190 2.50 5.75 CCD6004 16 only 16 pin
DM8131 6 bit address comparator 6.25
74 LS30 .35 74 LS 191 2.50 CCD5020 2 strips 80 pads 0.1"
DM8554 quad switch debouncer 2.25
74LS32 .35 74LS192 2.50
74LS37 DM8553 8 bit addressable latch 4.25 EDGE CONNECTORS $1.55
.46 74 LS 193 2.50
74 LS38 .46 74 LS 194 2.50 ETC CC6701 80 contacts 0.10" centres
74 LS40 .35 74 LS 195 2.50 2513 character generator (upper case) 14.75 CC6705 80 contacts 0.125" centres
74 LS42 1.25 74 LS196 2.00 5303 UART 5.75 CC6794 80 contacts 0.15" centres
75LS51 .40 74 LS221 1.50 1602 UART 7.50 CC6709 80 contacts 0.156" centres
74 LS73 .65 74 LS240 2.70 5740 keyboard encoder 19.75
74 LS74 .65 57109 number cruncher with data ARTWORK FILM
74 LS241 2.70 19.75
74 LS76 .60 74 LS243 2.65 2101 256 x 4 static RAM 3.75 (dropout blue 0.1" high stability grid)
74 LS78 .55 74 LS244 2.70 2112 256 x 4 static RAM 3.75 CC1489 8.5" x 11" sheet .55
74 LS85 1.50 74 LS245 2.70 2114 1K x 4 static RAM 14.25 CC1476 17" x 11" sheet $1.10
74 LS86 .55 74 LS253 1.95
74 LS90 1.20 74 LS279 1.00
74 LS92 1.20 74 LS365 1.00
74 LS93 1.20 74 LS366 1.00 RISTON COATED PC LAMINATE
74 LS95 1.60 74 LS367 1.00
74 LS 107 One of the most convenient systems for the production of
.60 74 LS368 1.00 one off or low quantity printed circuit boards. No messy
difficult processing just expose, develope and etch. Full
instructions supplied with each order.
MICROPROCESSOR CRYSTALS
SINGLE SIDED DOUBLE SIDED
1 Mc/s 7.95 10 Mc/s 7.95 FIBREG LASS FIBREGLASS
2 Mc/s 7.95 12 Mc/s 7.95 5" x 6" $2.25 $2.95
4 Mc/s 7.95 18 Mc/s 7.95 6" x 10" $4.50 $5.75
4.43 Mc/s 4.25 20 Mc/s 7.95 11"x 12" $8.95 $11,45
5 Mc/s 7.95
RISTON DEVELOPER 100 ml concentrate $1.20
SOCKETS
SCOTCHCAL REVERSING FILM
8 pin solder .25 22 pin solder .80 10" x 12" sheet 8007
14 pin solder .30 24 pin solder $3.20
.80 10" x 12" sheets (pack of 10) $25.00
16 pín solder .35 28 pin solder .95 8500 developer 100 ml .90
18 pin solder .45 40 pin solder $1.00
POST & PACK. COMPONENTS $1.00
APPLIED POSTAL ADDRESS: P.O. Box 355, Hornsby, 2077. bonkcord

11.'r TECHNOLOGY SHOWROOM 109-111 Hunter St., Hornsby 2077
welcome here
PTY. LTD. PHONE 476 4758 -
476 3759
(9-5 Monday to Sat.)
PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE AFTER AUG. 31st, 1978
96
DG 640 SOFTWARE CONTROLLED VDU
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- -
81
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This superb design by David Griffiths and described ín ELECTRONICS

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TODAY April, May, and June issues is possibly one of the

most useful peripherals you can add to any microprocessor system.
Conforming to the hobby computer standard S100 bus, the DG640 is software controlled to produce
16 lines of 64 characters
Upper and Lower case
Black on white reversed characters
Flashing characters
Chunky graphics
Direct RAM access
We are pleased to offer our EXCLUSIVE DG640 OWNERS MANUAL which expands the
original ETI articles and covers such things
as; step-by-step assembly, setting up and troubleshooting procedures typical
waveforms, address decoding and software examples for
use with 2650, 6800, 8080, Z80 microprocessors.
designed to
ATTENTION 2650 USERS: Ian Binnie has written a special operating system called ".BINBUG" which is specifically is fully compat-
DG640 VDU and emulate "PIPBUG" thus ensuring that all software in the 2650 USERS GROUP
operate with the
1K of RAM. Cassette
ible and no I/O changes need be made. BINBUG is documented in the DG640 users manual and occupies
tapes and a preprogrammed 2708 EPROM are available on request.
We are proud of the quality of the DG640 which uses a top grade plated through
fibreglass PCB, reflow solder tinned and hard gold
ROM. The
plated edge connectors. All components are prime quality and sockets are provided for all RAMS and the character
DG 640 is not a beginners project but will suit even the most demanding microprocessor enthusiast. Each
kit is backed by our famous
technical support and warranty service (full details with each kit).
DG 640 KIT COMPLETE WITH MANUAL $140 (tax paid) DG 640 PCB with manual $35 (tax paid)
$126 (tax exempt) $31.50 (tax exempt)
$5.00 BINBUG IN PREPROGRAMMED EPROM $25.00
BINBUG CASSETTE FOR 2650
2650 SYSTEMS NEW E.A. VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINAL

Described in E.A. Feb/April 1978 this is an ideal serial terminal for microprocessor
EA2650 expandable to 4K as described in applications. It is not software controlled like the OG640 and is ideal for beginners
E.A. May and using the latest 2114 4K who need only a serial interface to the computer.
RAMS an ideal beginners project. We supply
all parts except case and transformer (suit- KIT 1: VDU LOGIC BOARD complete with all components, plated through PCB,
assembly and troubleshooting manual $99.50
able cases and transformers available separ-
ately). KIT 2: ENCODER/UART/78UT4 complete kit with all components and instructions
but without transformers (see Kit 5 option) $39.50
E.A. 2650 with all components
and 1K RAM $89.50 KIT 3: KEYBOARD KB04. A top quality keyboard kit with our own PCB designed
to simplify construction and interface directly with the 78UT4 ENCODER
$59.50
KT9500 FULLY BUFFERED CPU KIT 4: MODULATOR connects video signal to TV Aerial inputs $4.50
This popular kit enables you to expand your KIT 5: HEAVY DUTY TRANSFORMER supplies 8V @ 10 Amps + and 16V at -
2650 system to a fully buffered system with 1 Amp (ideal for later expansion to S100)
$22.00
2 8 bit bidirectional I/O ports, RS232 inter- KIT 6: METALWORK. For a really professional finish we now have available limited
face, TTy interface and on board clock. stocks of a timber sided, marviplate/aluminium extrusion keyboard enclos-
$199.00 ure. This enclosure has adequate room for all kits and is cut out to fit the
keyboard. A microprocessor can also fit in the case resulting in a complete
home computer $49.50
ri POST & PACKAGING . . . . 52.00 all orders
1'1 r'
CERTIFIED MAIL 0.50 extra bon) cord
APPLIED REGISTERED MAIL 2.00
311,
extra
Hornsby 2077 here
POSTAL ADDRESS-P.O. Box Hunter St., welcome
TECHNOLOGY HEAD OFFICE/SHOWROOM-109'111
Hornsby (9.00-5.00, MON. to SAT.)
PTY. LTD. PHONE: (02) 476 4758 General Enquiries -
(02) 476 37511 (Technical Information)
NOTICE
PRICES & SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT

Reprints of many of our most popula projects are available in book form.
book are available from most newsagents or directly from us. Our Top^Projects Vols 3 and 4 and oúr Test Gear
address is:- Electronics Today International,
15 Boundary Street, Rushcutters Bay, NSW. 2011.
The Synthesizer book is available only from us and a limited
number of specialist suppliers -
it is not sold by newsagents.
TOP PROJECTS VOL 4
Published in June 1977. Projects TEST GEAR
TOP include Audio Expander/
Compressor, 50-100 Watt Amp
Published in June 1977. Thirty
metering and power supply
PROJECTS
/tool Elec,.onrcs Today E150
Modules, Stereo Amplifier,
Dynamic Noise Filter, Audio
projects including Audio Level
Meter, Impedance Meter, Audio
Phaser, Audio Limiter,TV Game, International Millivoltmeter,SimpleFrequency
Swimming Pool Alarm, Train 3600 and 4600 Counter, Phase Meter,
Controller, Car 'Scope Testing. Temperature Meter, Audio
Temperature Alarm, Active Synthesizers Signal Generator, Tone Burst
Antenna, GSR Monitor. Generator, Cross Hatch/Dot
$3.00 plus 40 cents post and Generator, RF Signal
packing. Generator, Logic Probe.
$3.00 plus 40 cents post and
{AUDIO EXPANDER COMPRESSOR. packing.
0-100 WATT AMPLIFIER MODULES. 1 ;1
UDIO LIMITER. SELECTA-GAME.
'AUDIO PHASER. ES' --. -
IMI MODE0.N MAGAZINES pub&etlon
TOP PROJECTS
TOP PROJECTS VOL 3 INTERNATIONAL 3600
Published in October 1976.
Projects include FM Tuner. 25 VOla4 electronics
M
-''.'.
tltllap
$300
ALARM. TRAIN
AND 4600 SYNTHESIZERS
A totally revised and updated
Watt Amplifier, Active Cross- reprint of ETI's phenomenally
over. Crossover Amplifier, CONTROLLER. ACTIVE ANTENNA.
successful music synthesizer
Booster Amplifier, 50 Watt GSR MONITOR. DYNAMIC NOISE'
book.
Power Module, 400 Speaker FILTER. SELECTA -GAME. 'SCOPE' This book has been beautifully
System, Audio Noise Generator, TEST YOUR CAR. TEMPERATURE printed on heavy art paper and
Dual Beam Adaptor, Tone Burst METER. UNIVERSAL TIMER. KITS has a sturdy cover varnished for
Generator, Digital Display, ETI FOR ETI PROJECTS. 50-100 WATT protection.
Utiliboard, Linear IC Tester. AMPLIFIER MODULES. GENERAL Available only from ETI and
$2.50 plus 40 cents postage and PURPOSE POWER SUPPLY. AUDIO some kit set suppliers $12.50
packing. LIMITER., TEMPERATURE ALARM. including postage and packing.
ESSENTIALS .
OF ANY GOOD
v
I ``
0 `, MICROCOMPUTER
Before you spend good money on any computer, carefully check the features
it has. IMPACT presents the next instalment about what features that
to look for, and how
the Technico T9916 measures up.
' 1ST REQUIREMENT: A FIRST-CLASS MICROCOMPUTER
The 19916 uses the world-renowned 16 -bit TMS9900. (See ETI, March 1978, page 51.)
2ND REQUIREMENT:'A HIGH -QUALITY CPU BOARD
The T9916 system has the Technico 1-9900 -SS board, which is a Single
-board Stand-alone microcomputer in its own right, and can be expanded to
the CPU for a system of minicomputer size and power. (See ETI, April 1978, operate as
page 50, and May 1978, page 67) T-1.5K -SS version, $440
$550 assembled; T-6K -SS version, $660 and $770. unassembled,
3RD REQUIREMENT: PLENTY OF RAM MEMORY
This month we give you the good news about
THE T99MA MEMORY ADD-ON BOARDS
Fullysocketed 7" x 16" board, with 32K bytes
Uss Texas Instruments 4051 4K dynamic RAMs. capability.i ' (' /I'LI?( (I' f
a(!2
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Automatic hidden refresh, transparent to the CPU.
Direct Memory Access (DMA) by CPU. - 1/5,,,,%./
,
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l' ` 5 Sill - \
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-,
Addressable at any 2K page boundary.
CPU can directly access 64K bytes of memory, and up to 16 -
Megabytes with memory mapping (and even more, if needed).
Four configurations are offered, each of them available either
unassembled (U) or assembled (A).
T99MA-8KB-U $528 T99MA-16KB-U $682 T99MA-24KB-U $836 T99MA-32KB-U $990
T99MA-8KB-A $638 T99MA-16KB-A $792 T99MA-24KB-A $946 T99MA-32K8-A $1100 (plus Sales Tax, if applicable).
The 8K, 16K and 24K boards can be further expanded at any time
by plugging in 8K sets of chips, up to the board's full 32K
capacity.
Is the T9916 the microcomputer
for your home, personal and Please send me more details about the T9916.
9
1I
business needs? 1
NAME 1
1
I.M.P.A.C.T. LTD ADDRESS
1
P.O. Box 177, Petersham, NSW. 2049 (560-7603 AH)

1
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1
STATE POSTCODE 1
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ETI's COMPUTER SECTION

S.
COMPUTER
CLUB DIRECTORY
Sydney: Microcomputer Enthusiasts
Group, P.O. Box 3, St. Leonards,
2065. Meets at WIA Hall, 14
Atchison St., St. Leonards on the 1st
and 3rd Mondays of the month.
Melbourne: Microcomputer Club of
Melbourne, meets at the Model
Railways Hall, opposite Glen Iris
r Railway Station on the third Satur-

day of the month at 2 p.m.
Canberra: MICSIG, P.O. Box 118,
Máwson, ACT 2607 or contact
Peter Harris on 72 2237. Meets at
Building 9 of CCAE, 2nd Tuesday
of month at 7.30 p.m.
Newcastle: contact Peter Moylan,
Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
University of Newcastle, NSW 2308.
(049) 68-5256 (work), (049) 52-
3267 (home).
Brisbane: contact Norman Wilson,
VK4NP, P.O. Box 81, Albion,
Queensland, 4010. Tel. 356 6176.
New England: New England Com-
puter Club, c/- Union, University of
New Pocket Terminal New England, Armidale, NSW 2351.
The G. R. Electronics Pocket Terminal are available; interface for operation (New club; not restricted to students)
is a hand-held device capable of sending
with 20mA current loop or at V24/ Auckland: Auckland Computer
and receiving data in 8 bit serial ASCII RS232 levels. As standard the unit is Club, P.O. Box 27206, Auckland,
code. It has a 40 -key positive tactile fitted with an internal `bleeper' which N.Z.
response keyboard comprising two provides an audible response to reception Computer clubs are an excellent
single function and 38 multi -function of the 'BEL' code. way of meeting people with the same
keys which give internal control of the A removable panel on the rear of the interests and discovering the kind
unit and allow transmission of all 128 unit gives access to a switch set allow- of problems they've encountered in
ASCII codes, with a maximum rate ing a number of operating options to be getting systems 'on the air'. In
repeat facility. selected which include single or dual addition, some clubs run hardware
The terminal has a simultaneous stop bits, parity and 300/110 Baud and software courses, and may own
display capacity of eight characters in transmission rate. some equipment for the use of
line on 16 -segment `starburst' LEDs The pocket terminal can be used for members. Try one - you'll like it!
which can generate all 64 ASCII upper microprocessor programming, pro- If your club is not listed here,
case alphanumerics and symbols clearly duction data entry, warehousing, please drop us a line, and we'll
and legibly. mobile data collection, training and list you. The same applies if you
An internal memory is provided, education. are interested in starting a club in
with capacity for the last 30 characters The unit operates off a single DC 5 your area. Also, if established clubs
received. These may be assessed for volt supply drawing 450mA. know their programme of forth-
display in blocks of eight adjacent For further details contact: The coming events, we can publicise
characters. Dindima Group Pty. Ltd. P.O. Box 113, them.
Two versions of the Pocket Terminal Balwyn, Vic. 3103.

DIODES/ZENERS SOCKETS/BRIDGES TRANSISTORS, LEDS, etc.
1N914 100v 10mA .05 8 -pin pcb .20 ww 2N2222
.35 NPN (2N2222 Plastic .10) .15
1N4005 600v lA .08 14 -pin pcb .20 ww .40 2N2907 PNP .15
1N4007 1000v 1A' .15 16 -pin pcb .20 ww .40
2N3906 PNP (Plastic - Unmarked) .10
1N4148 75v 10mA 2N3904 NPN (Plastic - Unmarked) .10
.05 18 -pin pcb .25 ww .75 2N3054 NPN
1N4733 5.1v W Zener .25 22 -pin pcb
.35
1
.35 ww .95 2N3055 NPN 15A 60v .50
1N753A 6.2v 500 mW Zener .25 24 -pin pcb .35 ww T1P125 PNP Darlington
.95 .35
1N758A 10v .25 28 -pin pcb .45 ww LED'Green, Red, Clear, Yellow .15
1.25 D.L.747 7 seg 5/8" High corn -anode
1N759A 12v .25 40 -pin pcb .50 ww 1.95
1.25 MAN72 7 seg corn -anode (Red) 1.25
1N5243 13v .25 MAN3610 7 seg corn -anode (Orange)
Molex pins .01 To -3 Sockets .25 1.25
1N 5244B 14v .25 MAN82A 7 seg corn -anode (Yellow) 1.25
1N 5245B 15v .25 2 Amp Bridge 100 -pry .95 MAN74A 7 seg corn-cathode (Red) 1.50
FND359 7 seg corn -cathode (Red) 1.25
25 Amp Bridge 200 -pry 1.95
4000
C MOS
.15 7400 .10 7473 .25
-
74176
T T L -
4001 .85 74H72 .35 74S133 .40
.15 7401 .15 7474 .30 74180 .55
4002 74H101 .75 745140 .55
.20 7402 .15 7475 .35 74181 2.25 74H 103
4004 .55 74S151 .30
3.95 7403 .15 7476 .40 74182 .75 74 H,106
4006 .95 .95 745153 .35
7404 .10 7480 .55 74190 1.25
4007 .20 74S157 .75
7405 .25 7481 .75 74191 .95 74 LOO
4008 .25 745158 .30
.75 7406 .25 7483 .75 74192 .75 74L02
4009 .20 745194 1.05
.35 7407 .55 7485 .55 74193 .85 74 L03
4010 .25 745257 181231 1.05
.35 7408 .15 7486 .25 74194 .95 74 L04
4011 .30
.20 7409 .15 7489 1.05 74195 .95 74L10
4012 .20 74LS00 .20
.20 7410 .15 7490 .45 74196 .95 74 L20
4013 .35 74 LS01 .20
.40 7411 .25 7491 .70 74197 .95
4014 74 L30 .45 74 LS02 .20
.75 7412 .25 7492 .45 74198 1.45 74 L47
4015 1.95 74 LSO4 .20
.75 7413 .25 7493 .35 74221 1.00
4016 74L51 .45 74LS05 .25
.35 7414 .75 7494 .75 74367 .75
4017 74 L55 .65 74 LS08 .25
.75 7416 .25 7495 .60
4018 74 L72 .45 74LS09 .25
.75 7417 .40 7496 .80 75108A .35 74 L73 .40 74LS10 .25
4019 .35 7420 .15 74100 1.15 75491 .50 74 L74 .45 74LS11 .25
4020 .85 7426 .25 74107 .25 75492 .50 74 L75 .55 74 LS20 .20
4021 .75 7427 .25 74121 .35
4022 74 L93 .55 74 LS21 .25
.75 7430 .15 74122 .55
4023 .20
74L123 .85 74 LS22 .25
7432 .20 74123 .35 74H00 .15
4024 .75 74 LS32 .25
7437 .20 74125 .45 74 H01 .20 74S00 .35
4025 .20 74 LS37 .25
7438 .20 74126 .35 74 H04 .20 74S02 74 LS38
4026 1.95 .35 .35
7440 .20 74132 .75 74H05 .20 74S03 .25
4027 .35 74 LS40 .30
7441 1.15 74141 .90 74H08 .35
4028 .75 74SO4 .25 74 LS42 .65
7442 .45 74150 .85 74H10 .35
4030 .35 74S05 .35 74 LS51 .35
7443 .45 74151 .65 74H11 .25 74S08
4033 1.50 .35 74 LS74 .35
7444 .45 74153 .75 74H15 .45 74510
4034 2.45 .35 74 LS86 .35
7445 .65 74154 .95 74 H20 .25 74511
4035 .75 .35 74 LS90 .55
7446 .70 74156 .70 74H21 .25 74S20 .25
4040 .75 74 LS93 .55
7447 .70 74157 .65 74H22 .40 74S40 .20
4041 .69 74 LS107 .40
7448 .50 74161 .55 74 H30 .20
4042 74S50 .20 74 LS 123 1.00
.65 7450 .25 74163 .85 74H40 .25
4043 74S51 .25 74LS151 .75
.50 7451 .25 74164 .60 74 H50
4044
.25 74S64 .15 74 LS 153 .75
.65 7453 .20 74165 1.10 74H51
4046 .25 74S74 .35 74 LS 157 .75
1.25 7454 .25 74166 1.25 74 H52 .15 74S112 .60 74LS164 1.00
4049 .45 7460 .40 74175 .80 74H53J .25 74S114 .65 74 LS 193 .95
4050 .45 7470 .45 74H55 .20 74 LS367 .75
4066 .55 7472 .40
4069/74 C04 74 LS368 .65
.25
4071 .25 MCT2 .95 LINEARS, REGULATORS, etc.
4081 .30 8038 3.95 LM320T5 1.65 LM340K15 1.25 LM723 .40
4082 .30 LM201 .75 LM 320T 12 1.65 LM 340K 18 1.25 LM725N 2.50
MC 14409 14.50 LM301 .45 LM 320T 15 1.65 LM 340K 24 1.25 LM739 1.50
MC 14419 4.85 LM308 (mini) .95 LM324N 1.25 78L05 .75 LM741 (8-141.25
4511 .95 LM309H .65 LM339 .75 78L12 .75 LM747 1.10
74C151 1.90 LM309K (340K-5)85 7805 (34075) .95 78L15 .75 LM1307 1.25
LM310 .85 LM 340T 12 .95 78M05
9000 SERIES .75 LM 1458 .65
LM31 D (mini) .75
1
LM34oT15 .95 LM373 2.95 LM3900 .50
9301 .85 95H03 1.10 LM318 (mini) - 1.75 LM340T18 .95 LM380(8-1.4 PIN).95 LM75451 .65
9309 .35 9601 .20 LM 320K 51790511.65. LM 340T24 .95 LM709 (8,14 PI N).25
9322 .65 LM 320K 12 NE555 .35
9602 .45 1.65 LM 340K 12 1.25 LM711 .45 NE556 .85
MICRO'S, RAMS, CPU'S, NE565 .95
E -PROMS NE566 1.25
745188 3.00 8214 8.95 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS UNLIMITED l NE567 ' .95
1702A 4.50 8224 3.25
MM 5314 3.00 8228 6.00 7889 Clairemont Mesa Blvd., San Diego, CA 92111 U.S.A.
MM5316 3.50 8251 8.50
2102-1 1.45 8255 10.50
No Minimum SPECIAL
2102L-1 1.75 8113 1.50 All prices in U.S. dollars. Please add postage to cover method DISCOUNTS
of Total Order
.
2114 9.50 8T23 1.50 shipping. Orders over $100 (U.S.) will be shipped air no charge. Deduct
TR 16028 3.95 8T24 2.00 Payment should be submitted with order in U.S. dollars.
TMS 4044-
$35-$99 10%
9.95 8T97 1.00 All IC's Prime/Guaranteed. All orders shipped same day received. $100-$300 15%
21078-4 4.95
8080 8.95 2708
$301-$1000 20%
9.50
8212 2.95 Z80 PIO 8.50 Phone (714) 278-4394 Barclay Card / Access / American Express / BankAmericard / Visa / MasterCharge
......
Remote Controller
A new domestic remote controller from
Mountain Hardware Inc. operates by
sending 50 kHz control signals over the
mains wiring. The Introl system, which
at present operates on 110 V only, has
controllers for 5100 or Apple II buses,
while the power control modules, which
plug into mains outlets, can each control
two independent 500 W channels. The
central controller can turn up to 64 units
on or off, and can poll remote units
asking for the status of each device.
4K CMOS RAM
: I,. r¢: .,.
r
A new 4K static CMOS RAM, developed
by Hitachi, has a standard access time of
43 ns. The *gate length on the chip has
been shortened from 6 microns to 3
microns, thus halving the parasitic cap- The Sord M222 is a business model from the M200 series.
acitance and doubling the speed.
Atchison Street, St Leonards, would be impressive range of peripherals is
well worth your while. Take some available, including a CRT unit, both
Albion Microcomputer Group money with you, and if you've any hard and floppy disks, a range of printers,
A very active group is running in Queens- spare microcomputer gear that you cassette and tape drives, card reader,
land, with monthly meetings on the want to get rid of, take that along also, paper tape punch and reader, intelligent
second Friday of each month at Windsor as the evening's programme is an Auction keyboard and communications interface.
State School, Harris Street, Windsor and Night. There's always the chance of a The 8050 is modular in design, using
an attendance of about 60 people at great bargain! mini -computer style mechanical constr-
each meeting. The Group is now incor- uction, and utilising LSI for high
porated as an interest group under the EPROM/ROM Compatibility reliability.
IREE. A new booklet from Intel Corp gives Perhaps of more interest to the hobby-
Apart from regular monthly meetings . information on pin and signal compat- ist is the Sord M200 series of Z-80 based
a series of ten week courses have been ibility of their EPROMs and mask - microcomputers. These are similar in
arranged with the Technical and Further programmed ROMs. The booklet covers construction to the Commodore PET,
Education Department. The second ten the 2758, 2716, and 2732 EPROMs, or a SOL with a built in monitor, and
week course in the series is now under and the 2332 and 2364 mask -program- utilise the 5100 bus for expansion.
way; this is split into four groups, two med ROMs; it also gives information on Various different models are available,
of beginner's standard, one advanced address decoding schemes. for business, lab or home use, including
standard and one on microcomputer Also new from Intel is the latest version one with a built-in cash drawer. Both
programming. The courses are attended of the 8085A, the 8085A-2, which Intel hardware and software are very advanc-
by just over 100 people. claim to be 'the highest performance ed; for example, two 64 Kbyte memory
Note that the phone number for the 8 -bit microcomputer available today'. areas are available, one for system soft-
Group has changed to 356-6176 and the This 5 MHz version of the 8085A ware and the other for user code. Major
old number is disconnected. features a 0.8 ns instruction cycle yet software for the M200 series is a very
maintains a memory access time of advanced extended BASIC; FORTRAN
9440 for 9100 350 ns - which is not unduly fast. IV will soon be released. As for the
Model 8050, a wide range of hardware/
There's a rumour going round that Fair- Further information may be obtained
from local Intel distributors, Warburton peripheral options is available.
child are developing a set of three cards A lower -cost system, the M100, is
for the 5100 bus, which will carry a Franki or A J Ferguson.
specifically designed for home use. The
9440 16 -bit processor and 16 Kbytes of Z-80 based M100 has 16 Kbytes of
memory. As the 9440 (see last month's
RAM as standard and runs an 8K BASIC.
Printout) executes the instruction set of Sord Computers
It provides a 64 x 24 display on a
the Data General Nova minicomputer, Several interesting products in the Sord
line of microcomputers are now available standard TV set, uses the S100 bus, and
this would make available a large incorporates some interesting features
amount of software for use in SI 00-based from Abacus EDP Services of 66-68
Albert Road, South Melbourne, Vic such as an audio speaker, journal printer
computers, particularly in business interface, and an 8 -bit 2 -channel A/D
applications. 3205. Sord Computer Systems, Inc.
was founded in April 1970 by a group converter with joystick.
of ex -DEC engineers in Japan, and now Abacus are also agents for Century
Sydney Auction Night
boasts a broad line of microcomputers. Computers, and Soroc, whose IQ120
Check right now in your social diary to CRT terminal is extremely popular with
see if you are free on the evening of Top of that line is the Model 8050, a
Z-80 based small business computer computer hobbyists in the US. Further
Monday, 17 July. If you are, then a trip information on any of these products is
to the Microcomputer Enthusiasts' which can run RPG II and multi-user
BASIC as well as FORTRAN -80. An available from Abacus EDP Services.
Group meeting at the WIA Hall, 14
Reader Offer
M1DEX SYSTEM 55
i
I
SPECIFICATIONS:
OPEN SPACE RANGE: (main axis) 50 foot maximum
RANGE CONTROL: Single turn potentiometer. Range adjustment
from zero to full.
SENSITIVITY: 1-2 steps within set range -Self-adjusting for constant.
(background) mótion.
PROTECTION PATTERN: Single lobe 50 foot maximum length, 20
foot maximum width.
EXIT TIMER: 30 seconds
ENTRY TIMER: 20 seconds 1. Gunn diode transceiver
RECHARGEABLE STANDBY BATTERY: 4 hours standby 2. Antenna
POWER CONSUMPTION: 8W maximum 3. Process electronics
ALARM CYCLE TIMER: 1 minute 4. Four-hour standby battery (rechargeable)
SIREN ALARM: (Active during alarm cycle) 5W into 8 ohm speaker 5. Timing circuits
(or into any combination of speakers not resulting in less than 4 6. Automatic reset
ohms) 7. Coded electronic switching
AUXILIARY SENSOR INPUTS: Normally closed contact 8. Sweep siren and amplifier
ELECTRONIC KEY SWITCH: OFF (Test light active for walk test 9. Stepdown transformer adaptor (to Aust.
pattern)
purposes). ON (timers activated. Until operational). 10. Inputs for additional external circuits.
Until recent times intruder alarm systems were generally designed

to The blast horn supplied (or equivalent) has such volume
sound an alarm if one or more external doors or windows were and penetration
opened. as to cause pain within 15 seconds of exposure. It is
Such systems offer adequate protection for homes and almost impossible
offices with for an intruder to stay within the area.
few external entry points but are less than adequate where there are
large The Midex unit is 'armed' and 'disarmed' by a special
door or window areas. Installation can also be a major and coded electronic
costly key. An inbuilt timing circuit allows 30 seconds to leave the
business often involving hundreds of metres of easily damaged building and
cable 20 seconds to re-enter before the alarm is activated.
and a large number of switches and connections.
Also included as standard are connections for
Because of this there is a growing trend toward self-contained additional external
sys- closed loop circuitry (i.e. door and window sensors) and 'panic
tems which detect the movement of an intruder. The best of
these use switches'.
microwave energy: a Gunn diode projects a very high frequency (10.5 The Caldor Corporation Pty Ltd has arranged to
GHz) stable peardrop shaped radiation pattern into the offer these units
area to be pro- directly to our readers at $299.95 (plus $5 postage and
tected. handling). The
Objects within the radiation area partially reflect the recommended heavy duty blast horns are also offered at $49.95
each
energy to the (plus $5.00 each post and packing). For total protection two
transceiver. If all objects within range are stationary the reflected waves such horns
should be used. A lighter version is also available for $29.95,
will be at the original transmitted frequency. If they strike a (plus
moving $5.00 post and packing). This version is adequate for protecting
object the movement will cause a (Doppler) frequency shift small
and the areas.
waves return at a slightly higher or lower frequency. The
transmitted and This magazine has inspected and tested the products off
received frequencies are compared and any difference is ered and can
amplified and thoroughly recommend them. They are properly engineered
used to trip the alarm. intruder
The radiation pattern is almost impossible for an alarms from one of the USA's leading and most respected
intruder to detect and in this field (Midex Corp, Mountain View,
manufacturers
is not affected by air currents, noise, light,
sound, temperature or Calif.).
humidity.
Maximum detection range is approximately 15 metres
provided to reduce sensitivity if required.
The Midex unit contains a powerful
- controls are
NOTE: This offer is made by the Caldor
Corporation, and
a clearing office for orders only. Cheques should
sent together with the order form to 'Midex Offer'
15 Boundary St, Rushcutters Bay, NSW 2011.
this magazine is acting as
be made out to 'Midex Offer' and
Electronics Today International,
amplifier siren circuit which ETI will process orders and send them on to
should be used in conjunction with the blast horn type Caldor who will then send out the
speaker specified. goods by certified mail. Please allow approximately four weeks
for delivery.
102
PROFESSIONAL GRADE
MICROWAVE LOCAL ALARM End noise
INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM and cross -talk
with our
exclusive
NoiseguardTM
system
A ` r
Capacity: 20 positions for edge
connectors.
Edge Connectors: S-100 type, 25"
spacing.
RADIATION Shielding: Every signal fully
shielded by both interconnected
PATTERN ground lines.
Termination: Active termination
of each line. Termination network
includes LM201 op amp, 2N3904,
2N3906, TIP29 and TIP30 transis-
tors, 2.4 volts, 180 ohms.
FEATURES:
Microwave transceiver.
Processing and signalling electronics.
Precision die cast antenna.
Four-hour rechargeable standby battery.
The
Timing circuits permitting exit and entry.
Automatic alarm reset.
On -Off switching with coded electronic key.
Fast sweep siren for connection to horn type 8 ohm speakers.
Inputs for easy connection of external sensors such as door and window contacts, panic
switches, smoke detectors.
EVERY MIDEX UNIT IS TESTED FOR 500 HOURS

Wünder
BEFORE SHIPPING FROM THE PARENT PLANT!
r 1 BussTM
Electronics Today International,
MIDEX OFFER 15'Boundary St, Rushcutters Bay. NSW. 2011.
A product of Morrow's
Please Supply:
Micro -Stuff for
Quantity
Midex Control Unit at $299.95 $
COMPUTER
Large Blast Horn/s at $49.95 each $ ' BITS
Small Blast Horn/s at $29.95 each $
A DIVISION OF AUTOMATION
Postage and packing $5 per unit $
STATHAM PTY. LTD.
Total $
47 Birch Street, BANKSTOWN
Name N.S.W. 2200
Phone (02) 709-4144
Address
Telex AA26770
P/Code
Please make cheques/postal note payable to 'Midex Offer'.
Offer closes September 21st, 1978. J
L.

NEW FROM JAPAN
DR a
M100
PERSONAL
COMPUTER
SPECIFICATIONS:
CPU
Using a Z-80 microcomputer chip.
ROM
Up to 8K bytes capacity.
RAM
16K bytes (M110) or 32K bytes (M120).
KEYBOARD
Full ASCII keyboard and 20- BASIC command
keys.
CONTROLLERS SPEAKER OPTIONAL UNITS

Audiocassette 2 -channel. CRT monitor controller.
2 octave output speaker. Power Supply: Input 230 V 50 Hz, outputs V, 4 A
and 12 V, 0.5 A for M100 CPU.
INTERFACES 5100 Colour graphic (256 x 192 dots) display controller.
Modern Interface (RS232C) with edge connector. Bus signal edge connector.
Black 8 white TV monitor (24 lines of 64 characters).
8-bit digital input output. Journal printer interface.
8-bit 2 -channel AD converter and joystick.
CLOCK SNO100 Bus extension cabinet.
Provided. 8 outlet power control box.
THE M200 SERIES FAMILY
AO!
M220 Standard M230 Laboratory Model and printer. M252

Model with optional Cash Register Model. M270 TSS Model, coupler and printer.
dual mini-floppy disk Z-80 on S-100: In the low price system range, SORD
drive. introduces a versatile computer ... fully packed four key components and
powerful software ... Z-80 CPU on S-100 bus, CRT monitor display, mini floppy
extended BASIC for data processing. It's SORD SMALL BUSINESS diskette and discharged -type printer ... High speed
COMPUTER M220.
KEYBOARD: Easy -to -operate, multi -purpose, intelligent-
SPECIFICATIONS: type 124 -key system, 26 designated keys with four com-
mands for frequently used characters In BASIC. Four mode
PRINTER: Built-in Discharged type. Max 2 lines of 40
characters per second. All 1920 characters In BASIC.
CPU: Using a 2-80 microcomputer chip. 110 SERIAL PORT: 2 RS 232C serial ports for
MODEM,
ROM: Mask programmable variety. and five shift keys. LEDs prevent operational errors. Teletype. and a switch selectable additional audio cassette
RAM: 48K bytes capacity. Accessed by 2.80 through CRT Normal -Reverse mode. Special keyboard arrangements Interface.
display priority.
available on request.
CRT DISPLAY: Built -In 12-inch flat face braun tube. 24 lines SOFTWARE: SORD Extended BASIC Plus.
MINI FLOPPY DISKETTE: Compact In size, 5 -Inch diskette OPTIONAL UNITS: A to D, D to A converters, high speed
of 80 characters. 186 different alphanumerics and signals
with 35 -track, 71.5K bytes format capacity. Each track is of tor as total of 1920 characters by means of dot matrix. line printer, D1100, IEEE 488 Interlace Bus (He-IB) MOD-
8 sectors with 256 bytes, 125K bit per second and 300 RPM. EM. Typewriter keyboard on M222.
Normal-Reverse mode. Graphics on a character -by-
Standard floppies available on Model M230. character base.
All models have powerful software available, SORD extended
basic, and Fortran IV, commercial accounting, word processing and
property management systems.
Australian Distributors:
To: ABACUS EDP SERVICES 66-68 Albert Rd, Sth.
Melbourne. Vic. 3205.
ABACUS EDP SERVICES Pty. Ltd.
66-68 Albert Road, We are interested. in: Please contact:
Stli. Melbourne. Victoria. 3205. A Dealership. M
Tel (03) 699-8555
and at Additional Information.
2 O'Connell Street,
Sydney, NSW. 2000. Buying a SORD
Tel (02) 232-8899. Series Computer.
P/Code
104
Project 634
8080 ducutionuI/Protutypíng Interfuce

This paper by Dr Paul F Goldsborough, of Canberra College of Advanced
Education, describes an interface board for the 8080 which allows
debugging of both software and hardware. It also allows educational
experiments based on the 'Bugbooks'.
FOR THE ELECTRONIC ENGINEER,

technician or OEM'er working in his
small to medium scale electronics lab-
oratory, the college or university
professor wanting to effectively teach
microcomputers, or for the hobbyist
who would like a cheap flexible micro-
computer system, the present micro-
computer market presents some real
o@ `
i VA:
- '
\Ple .
". .
: : -
problems. Two of the major problems .
for the user are which microprocessor

(8080A, 6800, 2650, SC/MP etc.) to
use?; and what type of development h
system or evaluation kit to commence
with? A further problem relates to the
required background knowledge. Since
an understanding of assembly language
programming and microcomputer inter-
facing is necessary to use microcom-
puters, the evaluation or development
- `' -
kit chosen should, ideally, be suitable

for easily leading the user through these
',,;'i -- -
1:1
fundamentals before going on to more

advanced experimental work. In other
words, the user should be able to
learn the fundamentals with his devel- Jr,...microcomputer.
.e"
..r-
The SKD-80 (at rear) is
opment system before going on to more Fig.1. A prototype of the educational/prototyping
25 pin
advanced experiments and prototyping connected to the MMD-1 educational interface via the 43 pin P-1 edge connector and the
J-1 edge connector.
work.
built-in educational interfaces. These The educational/prototyping micro-
The problem with the microcomputer
systems are usually unsuitable both computer described in this article was
market at the moment, however, is
physically and functionally as soft- designed by the author to provide an
that there is really no product which is
useful as both an educational micro- ware and hardware prototyping/ instrument which is useful as both an
computer and also as a prototyping/ development systems. On the other educational microcomputer, and as a
hand, systems which are designed prototyping/development system. The
development system. On the one hand,
several teaching microcomputers of specifically for prototyping/ development work was carried out at
development work are available and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute
varying effectiveness and cost are avail-
some of these have been described in and State University with Dr. Peter
able. These include the Intel Prompt
80 system, E & L Instruments' Mini this magazine. These systems range Rony, Mr. David Larsen, and Mr. John
Micro Designer (MMD-1) and Bug Books, in complexity and cost from small Titus, the authors of the popular Bug
and the ISIAS Company's "Computer evaluation kits through to the large Book Series. The prototype system
in a Book". These educational systems effective, but expensive, microcomputer which was developed is shown in
are usually characterised by built-in development systems. These, in general, Figure 1. The educational interface
educational interfaces in the form of are unsatisfactory for direct use as used in this system is that of the Mini
key boards, LED displays, etc., which educational microcomputers because Micro Designer microcomputer for
are so necessary for teaching micro- they lack an educational interface and which two educational, self -teaching
computer principles. Because of their effective teaching literature. books (1) on digital electronics and

Project 634 -
8080A programming and interfacing
had already been written. This material
has been tested with students and pro-
fessional groups and found to be
_ b ONO
extremely effective for teaching micro- 00 AS
computer fundamentals. (4) Hence,
AZI
because of this and the popularity
of the Intel 8080A microprocessor in
the U.S.A., the educational interface
of the MMD-1 was retained and inter-
,.r
t.;r, e.1.rel.,
-
faced to the commercially available

Intel SDK -80 prototyping microcom- .
4
puter.
The system then can be used initially
- -,
..
o
for educational and/or self teaching

work. Assembly language programming
is facilitated by key board data entry,
which provides rapid data entry while
still allowing the user to maintain close
contact with the microcomputer, The
SK-10 solderless bread -boarding socket
which contains the data, address, con-
trol lines and 24 PPI lines, facilitiates
interfacing experiments which can be
done in conjunction with Bug Books 5 o
and 6. In addition, hardware single step o
e
(single machine cycle) facilities, and a
bus monitor are included in the edu- e
o
cational interface as additional self - 0
e 4"1.1 LO
teaching aids. Keyboard data -and e so
Za
command entry are controlled by a '
small monitor program known as KEX
- the keyboard executive program. oa:>; AU-
For prototyping and advanced
"
experimental work, the SDK -80 has AS»
facilities for teletype and VDU data

entry, vectored interrupts, parallel data
entry and I/O device configuration under
program control via the 8255 program-
hr'rr.
68e:::
.
;,11r<I
E I ONO
0 I
mable peripheral' interface. During proto- e
type system development, software and 11
hardware system aids are necessary for

program and system debugging. These
111111101 1Í1 .
aids can be 'added to' a stand alone proto-
11111111 1._'uP11
type microcomputer system as is done
for example, with the Intel In Circuit e
llU; IIIIII
Emulator (ICE) and 'microcomputer o
e 1 I IIIIII
development system. As a cheaper
alternative, an effective software devel-
opment aid, D -BUG, which was written
by Dr. Chris Titus, of Tychon, Inc.,
Blacksburg, Virginia, has been incorpo-
e
. -.
::.{_ . . .
TT
. . .
: .I.
1111
.H
1111'
N11N111
rated in the system to be described, as an LJ _

1
:' COalllllJ
1 - .f.
. . . 111
'
integral part pf what is effectively . .
IÍIIr/1,(
the final stand alone microcomputer. In

addition to the usual teletype monitor
.......
, :r--
4 ( 'H, : w:;.
facilities for manual program entry,
memory examination and program /)
initiation, D -BUG has facilities for
inputting and outputting programs
Fig.2. The rear
11111111
of the SDK -80 PCB board showing the P-1 edge connector pin
; l
to paper tape, thus avoiding the need positions from which the address, data and control signals are to be wired to P-1assignments. The
for time consuming repetitive hand are indicated
with dots.
entry of programs; as well as a most registers A, B, C, D, E, H, and L, the
effective break point and single-step ination. The program may then be single
contents of the memory location stepped (by pressing the S key) and at
feature for program debugging. The addressed by register pair H, the stack each step, all the above data is output,
advantage of this 1K program is that pointer and the last two entries on the
when a break point is set and hit during allowing full examination of program
stack are automatically printed out, execution. Alternatively, another break
program execution, the contents of avoiding the need for manual exam- point may be set and program execution

moderate cost ($286 plus tax - the
JJ cheapest in the Intel range), and the
simplicity and generality of its layout.
The kit is supplied with a 1K EPROM
or ROM for the system monitor, a spare
1K EPROM256 words of RAM, and
a PPI and USART making it excellent
MEMORY
USART
IJE
oAl4
r--, r--, value. Also supplied is a users guide (2),
which provides clear directions for
, I
L__J L__J
construction and check-out of the
C PU
I'
-i r
ll
microcomputer. I estimate construction
"
time.at 4-5 hours. The jumper wiring of
i i i
,_J L_J L_J L_J L_J
D
optional features is summarised ín
Table 2.. ,
The,SDK-E10 board is physically
compatible with the Intel MDS system
and so has two base edge connectors
P-1 and P-2. On other Intel systems, the
address, data and control signals are
AODRFu
brought down to the P-1 edge connector.
OUt
DECOOfR OLE
However, this is not done on the

KEYKOARO
SDK -80 although plated -through holes
ENCODER
are provided at each edge connector
pin to permit user wiring. Hence, once
OODD you have assembled the SDK -80 (and
verified that it is operating using the
DODO supplied system monitor and a teletype
R...A ..oc.., o©©o if one is available), the next step is to
:.de
QOOD EET bring the address lines (A0 -A7, A15),
data lines (D0 -D7) and control signals
(IN, OUT, MEMR, MEMW, INT, INTE,
Fig.3. Block diagram of the Educational/Prototyping microcomputer
showing the SDK -80 (top) and educational interface (bottom).
TABLE 1
PAGE 01-001
continued. These features of DBUG are TYCHOFJ EDITOR -ASSEMBLER V-2
illustrated in Table 1. /THIS PROGRAM IS USED TO ILLUSTRATE THE FEATURES
Hardware debugging is aided by /OF PROGRAM "DRUG
*020 000
the hardware single step circuit, and 020 000 061 LXISP
the easy availability of the data, address, 020 001 000 000
and control lines at the SK -10 socket 020 002 024 024
for monitoring. Once the software and 020 003 001 LXIB
020 004 001 001
hardware for the stand alone application 020 005 002 002
have been developed and tested, an 020 006 021 LXID
identical system is constructed omitting 020 007 003 003
004
the educational interface, KEX and 020 010 004
LOOP, ADI
020 011 306
DBUG. A PROM, which contains the 020 012 004 004
program developed in RAM and which 020 013 003 IiJXB
has been tested in the educational/ 020 014 303 JMP
prototyping microcomputer to run at 020 015 011 LOOP
020 016 020 0
the origin, is used to drive the new stand
alone system. Program initiation is then 020 003 G
by a system reset. 020 000 G
020 003
The system described here was used SZ P 2 A b C D E H !í SP, CS
by the author in England during April,
1
01000110 000 002 001 000 000 OOU 000 303 024 000 377 377
May, and June of 1977 for the develop-
ment of a stand alone data logger for a S 020 006
01000110 000 002 001 004 003 000 000 303 024 000 377 377
natural gamma spectrometer. It was
found to be most effective indeed for S 020 011
377
prógrams up to several hundred bytes 00000010 004 002 001 004 003 000 000 303 024 000 377
With memory expansion, a 6K resident
020 013
editor -assembler can also be added to S
00000010 004 002 002 004 003 000 000 303 024 000
377 377
further speed the development cycle.
020 011 0
The SDK -80 C
Prototyping Microcomputer 020 011

377 377
the proto- 00000010 010 002 002 004 003 000 0E)0 303 024 000
The SDK -80 was chosen as
Software diagnostic provided by DBUG for the above program.
typing microcomputer because of its
107
Project 634
TACK, WAIT and READY) down to
the P-1 edge connector. Figure 2 shows 01 lEO1
the SDK -80 PCB board layout, P-1 edge 00>
ó
connector pin assignments and the D,1 3
positions on the board from which the Da)

IC4
7475 IG2/1
7400
address, data and control lines are 03> ,3 ,7
wired down to P-1. To provide buffering NT
and line drive for the address data and

04
control lines, all lines are wired to the s
05 > PORT 0
edge connector from the I/O side of ICS
06 >
the 8212's and the 8228 system con- 7475
troller. D7>-
Educational Interface
The MMD-1 educational interface was s
modularised and wired to the SDK -80 IC3 1 3
D-
740]
via a 43 pin socket which matches the Ol/T? IC6
7475
-Ar
fi
7
SDK -80 P-1 edge connector. Figure 3 is BUS
MONITOR
IC317
a functional block diagram of the 5W31
0/P PORT
assembled microcomputer showing the 40.>-1,11 A o

]
data, control and address lines paths. IT ICI' K33
7
s 11
R 75
U S-0
74L47
Figure 4 shows a circuit diagram of the r-o
3 14
educational interface. The construction =0 PORT 1
79-0
of this circuit should not present any 0 5V
problems. The operation of the major R76
14
part of the circuit was described in the

s
May to July, 1976 issues of Radio
IC10,
Electronics. The main circuit features, >__.{,t, Kfi
47S
IC 1017
however, can be summarised as follows: A4
7.LSP 1 7
1C 10/3 IC10 6
Data/command entry is via key A5 v 17
switches and two 74148 priority en- 56> 11t

^
IC1014 PORT
ICh
10
coders. The 74148's, together with A7> 'C Y
D
4 NAND gates and the EO output of IC9

7475
the second 74148 are used to gen- 5v0--N1/w-
R77
erate a 5 bit coded word which is 14
SV
1 74
buffered on to the data bus lines 77oR LED74
DO -D3 and D7 via an 8095 tri-state

buffer.
j
A 610oJó-
Debouncing of the KEY switches is IC 1/1
B
11
done by software. ]
7400
7
13
Three 8 bit LED displays (0/P ports r> IC12

74148 0
0-2) are wired to the data bus using L 14 GS

,r 3 L-
7475 latches and LED's. 50 13
IC 14
Device select, latching pulses for 0/P
11
13 N
ICI M
SINGLE
ports 0-2 are generated by uniquely 5W1 STEP
decoding the device codes 0008,

0018 and 0028 using a 74L42 and
five inverters, and NOR'ing the
resulting device select pulses with READY .5V
R78
IA
15
N V5
1i4
14
A
G5
11134831
?
010
C
b
G
OUT.
Hardware single stepping is achieved
WAIT
fi
.
IC713
E
10
SW2 v
by raising the READY line of the 15

EAT SIS
8224 clock chip on the SDK -80 using rIE 91 CLOCK ISS.,)
a 7474 flip flop which is then reset

111500 ns later by the 8080 'WAIT'
line going "low". The single step
clocking pulse to the 7474 is option-
ally provided by either a debounced
press button switch or an external
single stepping clock. .
Fig.4. Educational interface circuit diagram.
During normal operation of the
MMD-1 educational interface, output to a logic one through a single -pole,
port 1 is used to display the high An active low signal (INT) is required
single -throw switch. With the enable by the SDK -80 for interrupts. How-
memory address byte (A8-A15). inputs at 'one' (switch closed), the
Since this byte rarely if ever changes ever, as the chapters on interrupts
outputs of the 7475's follow their in Bugbook 6 uses an active high
during teaching, port 1 hasbeen used inputs and the Port acts as a bus
as a bus monitor by tying the enable
signal INT, an inverter has been used
monitor. With the enable input lines in the interface to invert INT for
inputs (pins 4 and 13) of the 7475's low' (switch open), data is latched. input to the SDK -80.
108
Software Control and Device
Code Considerations TABLE 2
Referring to Figure 5 which shows a
memory map of the SDK -80, it can be SDK -80 Jumper Wiring
seen that the first 4K words of memory
are allocated in 1K blocks to ROM or Action
Function
EPROM. The fifth 1K block of memory
is allocated to RAM in 4, 256 word J5-2 to J5-3
To disable "HOLD"
segments. Since the kit supplied, resid- J5-7 to J5-8
ent, SDK -80 monitor required the top To connect 8224 & 8080A "READY" lines
30 words of RAM for stack and temp- To permanently "ENABLE" bus lines \
J5-4 to J5-5
PADS 29 to 37, 4 to 5
orary storage, the 256 words of RAM For 110 Baud
supplied with the kit were located at to 2, 7 to 8, 10 to 11,
For Teletype "20 mA current loop" PADS 1
address 0238 0008. operation 13to 14, 15to 16, 18to 19,
The educational interface is con- 21 to 22, 23 to 26, A to B
trolled by a keyboard executive

program, called KEX. This must reside
in the first 256 words of ROM com-
mencing at address 0008 0008 so Next month we shall conclude this 000 000
that a reset key operation always trans- project with full constructional details SDK -80
fers control of the microcomputer and application information. Owing to MONITOR
to KEX. Because of the SDK -80 ROM space limitations, we are unable to OR KEX
memory allocation arrangement, a 1K provide printed circuit board drawings 004 000
EPROM must be used to store the for this project, but boards will be
USER ROM
program. available from the usual suppliers (e.g.
1.
A major feature of KEX operation RCS Radio, Applied Technology, etc.). EPROM
is that it spends most of its time polling, If you wish to make your own, positives 010 000 OR
Port 0 (the keyboard) in search of or negatives (please state which) are ROM
USER ROM
user, key entered commands. Hence, available from Nebula Electronics, 15 2.
it is important to ensure that the Boundary Street, Rushcutters Bay, NSW
Port 0 device code (0008) and the 2011, for $6 per set. 014 000
other educational interface device For similar reasons, it is impossible
codes (0018, 0028) do not address for us to include listings of the Keyboard D-BUG
any or all of the on -board SDK -80 Executive Program, KEX or tape dump
I/O devices. Two important factors program HTAPE in the magazine. 020 000
concerning SDK -80 electronics must However, photocopies of the listings
he considered, viz., with some documentation are available RAM
directly from ETI at a charge of $2.50
non -unique, single bit or linear KÉX RAM
to cover costs. 023 000
decoding is used to generate device
enable pulses for the PPI's and Concluded next month Fig.5. SDK -80 memory map.
USART and; P.P.I. CHIP SELECT. -P.P.I. I/O PORT SELECT.
00 -PORT A --DATA BUS.
the chip enables for the PPI and 10 -KIT SUPPLIED P.P.I.
01=PORT B-DATA BUS.
01 -USER SUPPLIED P.P.I.
USART are active low. 00-ILLEGALI-BOTH P.P.I.'s 10=PORT C-DATA BUS.
SELECTED. 11=CONTROL-DATA BUS.
Figure 6 shows the combined PPI 11-ILLEGALT-NEITHER
P.P.I. SELECTED.
and USART device code format.
Because of the above factors, there is
considerable SDK -80 device code x
redundancy. The educational inter- BIT 7 6 5
face device codes (0008 through 0028)
represent in fact, the worst case con- 1- --USART CONTROL/DATA
X=DON'T CARE SELECT.
dition in which both PPI's and the X0 -DATA
USART CH P SELECT.
USART are simultaneously enabled. 0-USART SELECTED. X1 -CONTROL
r
Clearly, this situation would lead to 1-USART NOT SELECTED.
excessive loading of all the I/O devices.
However, the educational interface P.P.I. I/O PORT
device codes must be retained as they
P.P.1./USART
SELECT.
0-USART
1 SELECT.
are used throughout Bugbook 6. Hence, 01=KIT P.P.I.
to ensure satisfactory computer 11 -USER P.P.I.
operation, either the PPI and USART

must be removed from the SDK -80 or x x x
their device codes must be changed
0
and/or uniquely decoded. For initial 4 3 2
5 1
BIT 7 6
system checkout described below,

USART DATA/CONTROL
suggest that you simply remove the SELECT.
USART and PPI. A permanent solution Fig.6. SDK -80 combined PPI and USART device code
format.
is presented later.
109
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pro a9ation
a c oser 00 c
Roger Harrison concludes, in part III, his introductory essay on radio
propagation and explores the inner meaning of those prediction curves.
LONG DISTANCE propagation on often results. If a signal arrives at a tilt

the HF bands is not all by means of at a suitably low angle, then the
multi -hop reflections between the ionosphere will support propagation
ionosphere and the earth. Considerable well above the 'predicted' MUF and will
distance can be covered, or paths not also provide extremely strong signals on
supposed to be 'open' can be worked - lower frequencies as the signal will
-
often well beyond the MUF by means spend less time travelling through the
Fig.14. Australasian sector of the world
showilyterminal zones for class l TEP (20°
of a variety of "anomalous propagation" D -layer together with the decreased loss to 40 geomagnetic latitude) and class II
modes. through successive ground reflections. TEP (10 to 30' geomagnetic latitude).
The ionosphere is not an horno- Chordal hop propagation has been A signal trapped in such a manner can
genous medium. The cream is not mixed exploited by amateurs working from travel surprising distances, again without
in with the milk, so to speak. It is a Britain to Australia on several of the intermediate ground reflections, and
curious mixture of 'thick' patches and lower HF bands. Tilts occur in the base re-emerge from the ionosphere via
'thin' patches, bulges and tilts
all the time on the move under the
- of the ionosphere at the 'sunset' zone another anomaly or tilt.
and at regions either side of the Signals travelling through the
influence of a variety of forces. Some geomagnetic equator. Using the tilt ionosphere in this manner are referred
of which have already been explained. south of the geomagnetic equator in the to as Pederson Rays after the man who
Indian ocean area, and the sunset tilt first described them. The phenomenon
"Chordal Hop" Propagation over the Mediterranean, British and is illustrated in Figure 13.
The base of the ionosphere is not 'flat', West Australian amateurs have been able A Pederson Ray generally travels
nor parallel to the earth's surface in to make contact on the 3.5 and 7 MHz through the ionosphere at considerable
many places. This characteristic gives bands at times when they would heights and experiences more "loss"
rise to 'tilts' in the base of the normally be 'closed'. than chordal hop signals. However, it is
ionosphere which can be exploited to Low angle radiation from the often experienced where high radiation
provide multiple reflections from the antenna is necessary to exploit these angles occur from an antenna so that
ionosphere without intermediate ground modes but due to the ionosphere the signals enter the ionospheric
reflections. "focussing" the signal rays, and the low anomalies at a favourable angle.
This is now commonly referred to as angle of incidence on the. ionosphere,
"chordal hop" propagation. The very little power is necessary to produce Transequatorial Propagation
concept is illustrated in Figure 12. surprising signal strengths. This mode of propagation was
discovered by radio amateurs in 1947.
Confirmed contacts on the 50 MHz
band between amateurs in the USA and
IONOSPHERIC GROUND
REFLECTION REFLECTION South America exploited certain
characteristics of the equatorial
TILT'"IINITILT ionosphere unknown at that time and
TI which have taken some 30 years of
research to explain
finished yet!
-
and it's not
There are two types of TEP known

', as "afternoon -type", or class 1, and
(a) lb) lc) "evening-type" or class 2.
MULTI -HOP CHORDAL -HOP PEDERSON RAY Afternoon -type TEP is a true chordal
PROPAGATION PROPAGATION PROPAGATION hop propagation mode and occurs
Fig.12. Fig.13. generally between 1200 hours and 1900
hours local mean time. Station's situated
When tilts occur at suitable points "Pederson Rays" in the zone between about 20° and 40°
along a particularly at the
path, Anomalies in the electron distribution geomagnetic latitude are able to contact
ionospheric reflection point nearest well within the F -layer can entrap stations in a similar zone on the
each terminal of a path (the 'control signals so that a sort of total opposite side of the geomagnetic
point'), then chordal hop propagation internal reflection phenomena occurs. equator. Figure 14 shows the
112
Complex "Mixed" Modes
The propagation modes of class I and class 11 TEP. Many propagation paths can experience
Mognetic field- alignedBULGE complex propagation modes involving
Goes of 'quo( both the F -layer and E -layer, particularly
CREST electron density. Sporadic -E. These modes are common
on equatorial paths and can involve
multiple reflections from the F and E
layers both with and without inter-
mediate ground reflection. These com-
plex modes can give rise to extension of
Go omognet ic
the MUF or disturb communications
//
N
Eq moto'
10's
into particular areas.
Geog.opnie
Geomogne<ic equotor
` Geomognet;e
latitude Three types of complex modes are
lotilude 1
illustrated in figures 16, 17 and 18.
Using the Prediction Charts

The ionospheric prediction charts pub-
Fig.15. The Propagation modes of class l and class // TEP. lished regularly in ETI show the frequ-
ionosphere break up after sunset and ency range which can be used over a
Australasian sector of the world with particular path for a particular month
the class zones cross -hatched thus: ////. the ionosphere over the geomagnetic
(for the month ahead) and the variation
1
Evening type TEP is generally equator develops dense 'slabs' of

ionisation which align themselves with over a 24 hour period.
experienced between 2000 hours and The monthly predictions for each
2300 hours local mean time and stations the earth's magnetic field. If a signal
is sent towards this area of the path show the maximum usable fre-
located in the area between 10° and
ionosphere so that it arrives more or less quencies for less than 50% of the days
30° geomagnetic latitude (cross -hatched of the month on the uppermost curve.
contact stations at a tangent to the magnetic field then it
\\\\ in Fig. 14) can
may become 'trapped' between the This is the optimistic prediction. The
in the similar zone on the opposite side curve below this indicates the predicted
equator. 'slabs' of dense ionisation and
of the geomagnetic equator by MUF for between 50% and 90% of the
conducted across the
Transequatorial propagation is pre-
dominantly an equinoctial occurrence, successive reflection from a series of days of the month - a more reliable
these irregularities. prediction. The absorption limiting

peaking in the months March -April and frequency, the ALF, ís indicated by the
September -October but it can occur Again, signals will be quite strong on
evening -type TEP but considerable lower curve. Propagation over the path
over many more months around the is not possible at times shown for the
'flutter' fading is generally experienced
equinoxes (21 March
September), particularly during
and 21
high -
generally at a rate between 5 and frequencies lower than the curve.
sunspot activity. 15 Hz.
Evening -type TEP will support Paths
The propagation modes for both
signals of much higher frequencies than The Australian Ionospheric Prediction
classes of TEP are illustrated in Figure
for afternoon type. Until recently, it Service provides ETI with computer
15. The afternoon -type mode is
was thought that the limit was in the printouts of monthly predictions for a
generally called a "supermode". The
from two dense vicinity of 100 MHz, but recent contacts total of 36 paths, but only the predic-
signal is reflected
between Australian and Japanese tions for the common and/or most
'bulges' in the ionosphere located either paths will be reproduced
equator. The amateurs, as well as Puerto Rican and interesting
side of the geomagnetic
Argentinian amateurs, on the 144 MHz each month. We have chosen the termin-
density of these bulges, and the tilts
band clearly indicate that there is more als of these paths so that the predictions
associated with them, cause 'ray
to be learned about this mode of will serve the widest range of reader's
focussing' which gives rise to the
propagation. interest, both amateur and shortwave
surprising signal strengths observed on
Evening -type TEP is much more listener.
afternoon -type TEP signals. Fading on
these signals is small; propagation tolerant of path obliquity than
afternoon -type. However, the paths Path Terminals
distortion experienced on 'normal'
are generally shorter. Four Australian terminals, serving the
ionospheric modes is absent giving rise
The zones for each class of TEP major population centres, have been
to good quality signals as welt.
Signals up to 65-70 MHz may be shown in Fig. 14 are calculated from the chosen. These are as follows:
geometry of the propagation mechanism EAST COAST
propagated by class 1 TEP, which
represents ,a considerable extension of and don't necessarily indicate the limits. NORTH EAST
Amateurs from Sydney right down to SOUTH CENTRAL
the conventional MUF for these paths.
Occurrences will increase in coming Hobart have worked into Japan on the WEST COAST
six metre band on many occasions, via These are more or less self-explanatory
years as the sunspot activity increases.
class 1 TEP. as regards the general area. The EAST
The best paths for class 1 TEP are
Class 2 TEP rarely reaches as far
COAST predictions serve the area from
those which cross the geomagnetic
south as Brisbane though. Extensions of southern OLD to Tasmania. The
equator at angles close to 90°. Even
the paths can occur if 'Sporadic E' NORTH EAST predictions serve north-
so, paths which have considerable
obliquity - such as USA to Australia propagation is available in suitable areas. ern QLD and to a large extent the
- are occasionally bridged during good The propagation mechanism of Northern Territory.
The SOUTH CENTRAL predictions
conditions. evening-type TEP has only recently
been explained. Research by scientists serve South Australia and the south area
Evening -type TEP is a "field -guided"
mode. The equatorial bulges (X and Y of the Australian Ionospheric Prediction of the Northern Territory.
during the after- Service has led to confirmation and The WEST COAST terminal serves
in Fig. 151' that exist
noon in the equatorial region of the explanation of class 2 TEP. for Western Australia.
113
F -layer
Continued from p.113 :
;
As the paths are quite long, the only

differences that will be noted by widely
separated stations in the terminal service
areas will be a slight time shift. From
the published predictions it will also be
noticed that several Australian terminal Sporadic -E
areas may be served by one path pre-
diction. The similarity between predic-
tions is so close that separate predictions
are not warranted in these cases.
Consequently, although only 18 a....... <.
.
predictions may be published, as many Fig.16. 'M -reflection' - a complex propagation mode
E-layer without intermediate ground reflection.
involving reflections from the F -layer and
as 28 paths may be covered by predic-
tions. P-Ía er
There are nine overseas terminals
chosen to provide predictions for major
population centres. or areas of particular
interest. These are as follows:
JAPANESE ARCHIPELAGO
SOUTH PACIFIC
NORTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
NORTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICA Fig.17. A complex chordal hop mode involving reflections from
without intermediate ground reflection. the F -layer and E -layer
CENTRAL USSR
EUROPE -SHORT PATH
EUROPE -LONG PATH F -layer -
Predictions. for the JAPANESE ARCHI-

PELAGO (labelled "JAPAN" on the
graphs) will serve for Japan, Korea,
south east Russia, Hong Kong etc, in-
cluding the island chains near Japan.
As this is a very good TEP circuit, watch ,aYer (or
for the predictions to exceed 40 MHz Fsl
and signals up to 60 MHz or more may
be experienced on Transequatorial Prop-
agation.
The SOUTH PACIFIC predictions Fig.18. A complex propagation mode involving one F -layer hop and
one E -layer hop. Some-
are centred on the Tuomoto Archipelago times referred to as "N -reflection".
and serve the Gilbert and Ellice island
group, Cook Islands etc.
prove useful for most South American graph. Where this line crosses the MUF
The NORTH AMERICA predictions
countries as well as Central America and curve will indicate the times the path
are centred on Colorado in the USA and
the Bahamas. will be open for that frequency. Project
should prove useful for USA, Mexico
The NORTH AFRICA chart is lines down to the hours axis along the
and Canada. The SOUTH AMERICA
centred on Chad and should serve well bottom of the prediction chart to read
charts are centred on Bolivia and should
for all of North Africa and the Mediter- off the times.
40
ranean region. Predictions for SOUTH The upper MUF curve will indicate
39
38
AFRICA are centred on Johannesburg that the path will be open for longer
37
36
and will serve south to central African hours, but for fewer than half the days
35 countries. of the month. The lower MUF curve
33
32
The CENTRAL USSR prediction will show the band to be open on that
30
31 chart will serve the South Georgia, path for fewer hours on most days of
29
29
Novisibirsk to North India region. the month.
27
26
Two prediction charts can be pro- This is illustrated in figure 19 for
26 vided for EUROPE, "long path" and the 28 MHz band. Note that 'Universal
-
24
23
22
"short path". At present, the short path Time' (UT better known as GMT) is
21
20
predictions are far and away the best, used and you'll have to convert for your
19
16
the long route suffering from severe time zone. For the Australian East
17
16
absorption and is not 'open' at any Coast, add 10 hours, for the Central
15
14
times different to that for the short Zone, add 9Y, hours, for the West Coast
13
12
path. add 8 hours.
19 If you are interested in a particular Don't forget that in summer some
á
7
frequency band then the times it will states introduce daylight saving and an
be 'open' for propagation between the
appropriate adjustment should be made.
d
3
terminals given can be found from the Any enquiries about the predictions
2 graphs. published in ETI should be directed to
06 12 19
Project a line from the particular the magazine, not to the Ionospheric
Fig.19. Using the prediction graphs.
frequency band of interest across the Prediction Service.
114
ELECTRONICS ITODAY INTERNATIONAL -JULY 1978
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-JULY 115
ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL 1978
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BOX 1311 LAUNCESTON.
FOR SALE: ONE ASS & WORKING ETI-
632 V.D.U. IN CABINET WITH SET OF SELL ETI632 C $55 M.B. WITH P.S. $25 send your ad to -
5 SPARE BOARDS. ALSO ONE SIGNETICS
SYNC $15 B $20 MEMORY 1K $30 D.K1NG ETI MiniMart,
47 WARDELL STREET ASHGROVE, BRIS.
2650 MINI COMPUTER INC MOTHER- OLD. 4060. PHONE (07) 383878.
Modern Magazines,
BOARD TESTED & WORKING BUT EX- 15 Boundary Street,
CLUDING XTAL RAM STICKS & P.S.U. WANTED. T.T.I. OSCILLOSCOPE ASSEM-
BUT WITH ALL MANUALS ETC. ALLTHE BLY INSTRUCTIONS AND CIRCUIT. WILL Rushcutters Bay,
ABOVE FOR $560.00 OR NEAREST OFFER COPY AND RETURN SAME. A. DAAL- NSW 2011.
14 MOORE ST., WANGARATTA, VIC. MEISER, 11 DAHLIA STREET, GREY-
3677. OR PHONE (057) 21 2481. STANES, SYDNEY 2145. 604-1072.

Using ETI PCB Artwork
This method can be used to make negatives of
ETI artwork from October 1977 on, provided
the reverse of the page is printed in blue. The
film used is Scotchcal 8007 which is UV sen-
sitive and can be used under normal subdued
light.
Cut a piece of film a little larger than the
PC board and expose it to UV light through
the magazine page. The non emulsion side
should be in contact with the pagé. Thís
surface can be detected by picking the film up
by one corner - it will curl towards the non
emulsion side. Exposures of about 20 minutes
are normally necessary.
The film can now be developed by placing
it emulsion side up on a table, pouring some
Scotchcal 8500 developer on the surface and
rubbing ít with a clean tissue.
Further information on Scotchcal and
PCB manufacture can be found in the Sept-
ember and December 1977 issues of ETI.
Please note also, that occasionally pressure on
space may unfortunately prohibit the printing
of blue type behind all PCB's, in which case
the reader must resort to more conventional eti
photographic techniques for PCB manufacture.
Ç,8.
II
O ETI 638A O

A professional iron with
adjustable temperature -
wattage and tip size...
You specify exact temperature required without changing tip.
Dial any intermediate temperature 200°-400°C and make
adjustment while soldering. This will be controlled with
unusual accuracy ± 2% of set temp. You no longer need to
invest in a range of tips just to vary temperature.
You specify exact tip profile required without affecting
For the technician involved in high temperature.
reliability soldering and desoldering
Screw on any one of 14 tip shape and weight combinations
who finds different jobs call for a
from 0.8 mm to 6.4 mm all iron plated for long life. No need
different iron specification.
to buy up to 3 irons to span this tip range.
With the scope TC60 240V 60W
variable temperature iron. You specify that the desired wattage range lies between
10W -60W.
Then let actual wattage required for the job be determined by
the iron's simple mechanical sensing and control system.
Consisting of expansion rod and micro switch in the handle.
PROTECTION
Component protection SOLDERING-DESOLDERING STATION
is aided by earthed tip
and barrel. Critical ANTI SEIZE SAFETY STAND
components & operator CONDUCTIVE AND SPONGE
can then be earthed to PASTE
common point.
C"
`P.
COOLER FINGER
v GRIP
Cooling fins keep your
finger tips comfortable
SOLDER
REMOVER
I; cops
handle shape aids good

balance and feel. c
TEMPERATURE KEY _
Is inserted I.C. DESOLDERER
into handle 40°C
variation per quarter
turn. Key is removable Long life ttips
p for Scope TC60 iron.
r .
to discourage
unwanted alteration DOUBLE FLAT
to setting.
SINGLE FLAT
NEON
Indicates
when power is being
r
applied to element -
monitors control
system.
0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.8 6.4 2.6 2.4 3:2 4.8 6.44 con-
50V, 24V VERSIONS mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm cord e
Are
fitted standard.
TC 60
available with 508/ Iron plated screw -on pre tinned. *This tip is as
elements.
The iron you completely adjust to your job.

FOR YOUR NEAREST STOCKIST RING:
MELBOURNE VIC. BRISBANE OLD. HOBART TAS. AUCKLAND N.Z.
(03) 338 1566 (07) 221 1933 (002) 34 2811 54 6029
SYDNEY N.S.W. TOWNSVILLE OLD. LAUNCESTON TAS. WELLINGTON N.Z.
(02) 818 1166 (077) 71 3448 (003) 31 5545 85 9578
ADELAIDE S.A. ROCKHAMPTON QLD. PERTH W.A.
(08) 212 3111 (079) 27 3370 (09) 381 4155

SWL COVVJ\(1O\S
Compiled by Peter Bunn,
on behalf of the Australian Radio DX Club 1(ARDXC).
WORLD ADMINISTRATIVE RADIO below the 49 metre band (5950 - World countries at the World Adminis-
CONFERENCE 1979 5900 kHz), just above the 41 metre trative Radio Conference in October
In October 1979, in Geneva, the Inter- band (7300. 7400 kHz), and above the next year.
national Telecommunications Union 25 metre band from 11975 to 12100 But whatever the outcome of WARC
(ITU) convenes the first World Adminis- kHz. '79, it is certain DXers can look forward
and examples of this are just below to a greater proportion of the frequency
trative Radio Conference in 20 years.
the 49 metre band (5950-5900 kHz), spectrum being reserved for shortwave
WARC-79 is of vital importance just above the 41 metre band
for both international shortwave broadcasting, and that means a
(7300-7400 kHz), and above the 25 reduction in both co -channel and adja-
broadcasters and DXers as it is expected
metre band from 11975 to 12100 kHz. cent channel interference in the broad-
to determine the structure and the size
Two long term solutions to the cast bands during the 1980's.
of the shortwave broadcasting bands problem of over -crowding of the
(i.e. that part of the frequency spectrum LITHUANIA
reserved for commercial shortwave
shortwave broadcast bands certain to
be considered are the expansion of Radio Vilnius produces a daily service
broadcasting) for the remainder 'of this the existing broadcasting bands, and for North America in English, which
century. secondly, the creation of new is broadcast 2300-2330 GMT via
Since the previous conference in broadcasting bands. transmitters throughout the USSR.
1959, there has been a tremendous Proposals for band changes were The J-78 (May to September) schedule
increase in the number of broadcasting made at a meeting earlier.this year indicates the following outlets for
stations using shortwave, as well as an of representatives of 14 international this English service from Vilnius:
accelerating "power race" by major broadcasting organizations and a 9600, 11780, 11790, 12060, 15180,
II broadcasters who now use 250 kilowatt number of telecommunications 15405 and 11690 kHz. Bob Padula of
and even 500 kilowatt transmitters. authorities from western countries, Melbourne provides this schedule, and
The consequent over -crowding of including Australia. The major points adds that the last mentioned outlet
the frequency spectrum reserved for of interest fQr DXers in the proposals is not announced by the station,
shortwave broadcasting has led some of this meeting in Vienna are: while 11870 kHz is announced on air
stations, such as Radio Sweden and
the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, to
- Expansion of all present SW broad- but remains unheard. Readers are
reminded that Radio Vilnius, in
casting bands (except the little -used
try experiments with single side band 11 metre band) into adjacent common with all international broad-
(SSB) transmissions. SSB transmissions casting stations, will introduce a new
channels eg: the lower limit of the
narrow the bandwidth of' the signal 49 metre band would move down to schedule from September 3 for
and make more effective use of transmission period S-78 which will
transmitted power by eliminating the 5740 kHz from the present
5950 kHz. remain in effect until November.
carrier which is present in normal AM
signals. Such experiments have not
-Creation of a new band reserved for ENGLISH FROM GHANA
been altogether successful, not least international broadcasting, from The Ghana Broadcasting Corporation
13600 to 14000 kHz. at Accra currently operates only one
because many potential listeners use
inexpensive receivers which lack the -Removal of amateur operators from frequency for its Overseas Service,
the 41 metre band. this being from a transmitter located
BFO (beat frequency oscillator)
necessary to resolve SSB signals. -Introduction of international SW at Tema, on 6130 kHz. English
Another solution to overcrowding broadcasting into the 60 metre band, programming may be heard at 2000-
on the shortwave broadcast bands which is currently reserved for local 2300 daily, though best reception is
being adopted by an increasing number broadcasting in tropical regions. between 2245 and 2300 when English
The final proposal is certain to meet news may be heard, according to
of broadcasters is the use of out -of with strong opposition from Third
band frequencies, usually adjacent to Peter Bunn in Melbourne.
the officially designated bands. The
ITU regulations allow this, with the
proviso that no interference is GHANA BROADCASTING CORPORATION
caused to the great variety of other P.O. BÓX 1633
facilities using the frequency spectrum. ACCRA, GHANA
Frequencies immediately adjacent
to most of the shortwave broadcast Dear Sir/Madam,
bands are generally reserved at present Thank you for your reception report of our transmission(s)
for international fixed services, mainly
radio -telephone, radio-teletype
on to 13 0 kc/s heard at. -
2j. 3 4
and other such point-to-point services.
23 0o G.M.T. on J.ly 16 I276
With the growing use of satellites for We have pleasure in verifying your report which is much appreciated.
these fixed services, these channels have
been left vacant to a greater extent, thus
providing frequencies for commercial
shortwave broadcasting. This has led to Ilrq Su. P17, ....19L
a practical (though unofficial) expansion _fdr DireNer-General
of many of the shortwave broadcast .
bands, and examples of this are just

i 120 ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL -JULY 1978
1r
... pacesetter in amateur radio
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T E ULTIIWTE IG9 AUTE R RADIO EQ DESIGM

DISTRIBUTION SERVICE AND SPARES BY:
Ph: 4394322
TRIO-KEN WOOD (AUSTRALIA) PTY. LTD. 30 WHITING STREET, ARTARMON. (P.O. BOX 425 ARTARMON 2064)
AUTHORISED DISTRIBUTORS IN ALL AUSTRALIAN STATES.
D-for the Electronic _ _ ORS
lñdustry
ARE YOU AWARE??
THAT WE HAVE PROBABLY THE LARGEST RANGE IN
AUSTRALIA OF TOP -BRAND, QUALITY PRODUCTS AT
CURRENT MARKET PRICES WITH "OFF -THE -SHELF
AVAILABILITY.
Semi -Conductors Passive Components Electro -Mechanical

and Hardware
Delco Bournes Alco
E.D.I. Elna Cannon
General Electric Erie Delco Heatsinks
Intermetall I.T.T. Capacitors I.T.T. Diecast Boxes
I.T.T. I.T.T. Thermistors I.T.T. Fans & Blowers
National Semiconductor Philips (Elcoma) Dica I.C. Accessories
N.E.C. R.C.A. I.E.E.
Philips Soanar I.T.T. Relays
Sanyo Sprague Jean Renaud
Signetics J.A.E. .
Solitron National Relays

Texas Instruments Pomona Accessories
A.M.D. Rotron Fans
Intersil Switchcraft Connectors
Monolittice Memories Thermalloy Heatsinks
T.I. I.C. Accessories
Weller Soldering Erous
G.E. Rechargeable Batteries
trade enquiries to:
Instant Component'; fervice

P.O. Box 2, Arncliffe. N.S.W. 2205. Ph (02) 597-1444
Adelaide 267-2393. Melbourne 95-9566. Sydney 597-1444

Instant FROGIT PANEL DISPLAY
component -411
rrt1FR
f....
I11/
ferpic 2..gr
Designed for 8080 but will suit most systems.

Input lines are 16 ADD Lines, 8 Data lines, 2 x
DISTRIBUTORS: - 8 Bit prog, output port, status flags etc. All

inputs buffered, flat cable interface. HEX
DISPLAY with 1/2" high 7 seg. Led display for
Address 8 Data bus. 4 Displays for address
bus and 2 displays for data bus. 10" x 8"
NORTH. board size.
WITH HEX DISPLAY -
KIT PRICE 5105.00.
J. A. SEVERN NUMBER CRUNCHER

P.O. Box 47 MM57109 Number Cruncher. Buffered I/O
will suit 8080, 6800, SCAMP, etc. Will per-
Epping 2121 form floating point and scientific calcula-
tions under software, control. Full data and
869-1058 software support.
KIT PRICE 554.00
BUILT AND TESTED 572.00
EAST:
PAPER TAPE READER
RADIO DESPATCH E S
SERVICE.
869 George Street, LAaGESSCASs
Sydney, N.S.W. 2000 OF 3"ÑD 6 twHEE.S
A
Phone: 211-0191
Manual operation, self-contained in case
160 x 110 x 50. Flat cable interface to I/O port.
NEWCASTLE. Australia's most
Handshake logic, Status LEDS, Data and
software supplied. Simple to use on all sys-
tems 8080, 6800 etc.
DIGITRONICS helpful professional KIT PRICE 578.00
186 Parry Street, supplier of effects BACKPLAKIE BOARDS

Newcastle West, 2302
Phone: (049) 614991
lighting equipment Quality fibreglass boards,
and discotheque 5 sockets per board with

wide spacing, provision
for linking boards to-
BRISBANE. consoles gether, even different
types.
NOW OPEN AT
8"
wide centres -
x 8" 6800 board with
526.50.
12" 06- 8080 board with
Cnr Montague Road & Solar, Tutor and kets -

Provision for both soc-
527.50.
Victoria Street, Aquarius effects GOLD PLATED SOCKETS

West End. Old. 4101. To suit 8080 8 6800. 43 way double sided, 59.50 or 5
Phone: 44-6667 projectors and for 545.00.

U.V. EPROM ERASER
RON BURR accessories. Erase up to 4 eproms at once, such as 2708 etc in
15/30 mins. 240 V operation, small size 3" x 4" 08"
Assembled and tested only. $47.50.
SINGLE STEP CONTROL for 8080

Push button single step mode. Auto step low speed
CANBERRA ariable speed) mode, Interrupt lacilty. Run mode
ED, will suit other systems, works oft wait, & ready,
lines. Panel mount. KIT PRICE 523.00.
ELECTRONIC All Boards double sided with ground plane.
COMPONENTS PTY. LTD. ALL PARTS POST FREE
See advt Jan 78 EA for digital tacho, stop watches,
tran. ignition system, burglar alarm, etc.
29 Woolongong St, ECLIPSE LIGHTING Built 8 Tested prices and Tax Free prices on
application.
Fyshwick. ACT. 2609. ELECTRONICS
Phone 95-6811, 95-9138.
r
S.M. ELECTRONICS
100 Penhurst St., 10 Stafford Court, Doncaster East, 3109.
Telex 62468. Willoughby, Phone 95-4212. Box 19, Doncaster East, 3109. (03) 842-
3950.

A TV GAME KIT FOR
THRILLS f3 SPILLS
MOTOR _
STLriT GME
COMPLETE KIT 8 M, ,TCRLF, ,, . r
'tti .
{'NDURO ETI 810

50 CrttAG
TUNT
Cat. K-3474
P&P S3.00
REQUIRES 6xAA battteries
Cat. S-3003 15c each.
What an incredible way to spend the cold winter nights! With this latest video
game
you can pit your skills against the latest in IC technology, in the form of motor cycle
games. The games are complex enough to give many hours of pleasure and excitement
but the construction is extremely simple, even for the raw beginner. There are two stages
SPECIAL OFFERS-
of skill (pro and amateur) and four games -
Motorcross, Enduro, Drag and Stunt. Plug
into your TV set and enjoy all of the thrills and spills of motor cycling from the comfort YOU CAN'T LOSE
of your own armchair. 7 DAY INSPECTION OFFER.
" Similar to the games costing over 51,000 found in many hotels. Buy the kit, take it home and have a
See Electronics Today June 1978 issue for article. good look at it. If you feel that it is
" Computer IC contains 1000's of transistors and complex circuitry. beyond your capabilities then return
* Crystal controlled and exclusive pre -built modulator - absolutely no tuning required. it to us in its original packing and
" Professional unit designed especially for the beginner. condition and we will refund your
Fully pre -punched and pre -drilled front panel, for the professional look. money.
* Simply plug into your TV aerial socket.
In-built speaker and on screen scoring. 'SORRY DICK IT DOESN'T
WORK' OFFER.
THE HEART OF THE GAME. The Dick Smith kit is so complete and
easy to build that even a complete
The printed circuit board showing
how simple the construction is -
7 novice will have no trouble building it
with complete success. However even
with the kit you get full easy to in the unlikely event that you can't
follow instructions. get yours to work, don't worry! Every
kit contains a "Sorry Dick it doesn't
v'
SPARE PARTS CORNER work" coupon. You send in your TV
PC Board (only) H-8615 $3.85 game, the coupon and for a service
RF Modulator K-6040 $3.00 .J fee we'll fix it for you. The service fee
.
AY -3-8760 IC Z-6854 $19.50 nil,
3.58MHz crystal K-6031 $3.00 ~ covers everythiríg except replacement
of the IC, should this be necessary.
DICK SMITH ELECTRONICS

125 York Street, SYDNEY. Ph. 29.1126
MIR
welcome here
SHOPS OPEN 9AM to 5.30PM
(Saturday 9AM -
12 noon)
BRISBANE 12 Hour earlier.
ANY TERMS OFFERED ARE TO

r
SYDNEY MELBOURNE
399 Lonsdale Street, MEL80URNE1 Ph. 67.9834 APPROVED APPLICANTS ONLY M5 `
147 Hume Hwy, CHULLORA. Ph. 642-8922 656 Bridge Road, RICHMOND. Ph. 42.1614
Many tones available horn the
162 Pacific Hwy, GORE HILL. Ph. 439.5311 Dock Smith Electronics Centres at
30 Grose Street, PARRAMATTA. Ph. 683-1133
BRISBANE 166 Logan Road, BURANDA. Ph. 391.6233
ADELAIDE 203 Wright Street, ADELAIDE. Pli 212.1962 `GRACE BROS

Broadway . Bondi . Chalswood . Liverpool
MAIL ORDERS P.O. Box 147, Crows Nest, N.S.W. 2005. Post and packing extra.
Dealers across' Australia.
Miranda . Mt Ormtt . Parramatta Rowlands
ind Warrrn9ah Mall
LATIN AMERICAN ROUND -UP .activity and the European winter,
HCJB now uses 21490 kHz between v-11
Radio Luz y Vida at Loja, Ecuador,
1500-2100 GMT. English program
has been logged in Melbourne by Peter
segments are aired at 1530-1800 and
Bunn on the new outlet of 4850 kHz,
having moved from 4830 kHz.
1900-2030 GMT on this new outlet.
Reception was fair with Spanish station
ti
AFRICAN SIGNALS
identification at 1145. Sign -on time
for Radio Luz y Vida is 1045 GMT. Our early mornings are the best time
, 1aoU.
Radio America at Lima, Peru, now to tune to Africa. Two of the strongest
oJt
appears to be running to a 24 hour signals are currently observed from o.o Gri ¡ FPo
oti
schedule, with much US pop music. Bangui in the Central African Empire 7
Reception in Melbourne is very good on 5038 kHz until station close at
E
1 4
Q
between 0600 and 0900 GMT on 2300 GMT, and from Radio Garoua in
6010 kHz. Cameroon on 5010 kHz. Garoua closes
Radio-television Dominicana at transmission daily at 2200 GMT.
Santo Domingo in the Dominican Another station providing particularly
Republic currently provides good good reception at the moment is Radio BUFA
reception in our evenings from 1000 Ghana on 4915 kHz, which may be 000ALA
heard until sign -off at 2305 GMT. *Iv A()UNDE
GMT until past 1100 GMT. The
station varies nightly in its operating This is the Home Service program, and
frequency, as both 5970 kHz and is separate from the Overseas service
the adjacent 5975 kHz have been noted mentioned earlier. This outlet is easily
on separate occasions. found on the dial, as it is just below
the strong signal put out by the ABC
Brisbane regional service on 4920 kHz. The Australian Radio DX Club is a non-
ECUADOR Meanwhile, Radio Nacional de profit body with headquarters in Melbourne.
The voice of the Andes, HCJB at Angola at Luanda may now be heard For further information on shortwave radio,
and on the activities of the ARDXC, please
Quito, has introduced a new frequency on the new outlet of 4790 kHz, write to the General Secretary, PO Box 67,
for daily broadcasts to Europe. In line replacing 4820 kHz. Bob Padula notes Highett, Vic. 3190, enclosing a 30c. stamp
with the current trend to higher good signals between 2000 and 2300 for return postage.
frequencies due to greater sunspot GMT.
As from 1 January 1978, the require- antenna release is obvioulsy worth some
AVATEUR ments for issue of the certificate are: - scrutiny.
The `Million CW7' is a top -loaded,
DX stations or SWL's.
COvVU\ICATIO\S 1.
Work or hear 5 Ballarat amateur
cowl mount mobile antenna that is
reputedly tops amongst European
stations. Any band, any mode. CBers.
Trio-Kenwood Expansion Cost 8 IRC's.
Trio-Kenwood (Australia) Pty Ltd was It mounts in the ordinary car radio
antenna hole on a vehicle cowl or fender
established in August 1977 and com- VK stations or SWL's.
menced operations in October 1977 to
2. and, for this reason, the CW7 includes
Work or hear 10 Ballarat an adjustable ball and locking screw.
distribute the Hi -Fi products of its amateur stations. Any band,
parent company, Trio-Kenwood Corpor- This allows the antenna to be
any mode. Cost $2.00. adjusted to a vertical position, regard-
ation of Japan.
less of the slope of the car body panel
More recently (and more importantly), LOGS:
Trio-Kenwood Communications Division on which it is mounted.
Send a list of stations worked
was registered as subsidiary of the
a
Over-all length is 1.4 metres and the
stating callsign, name, date, antenna is supplied with a coax cable
Australian company with the dedicated band<mode and time in Zulu.
objective of providing 'professional
including connectors on each end.
Do not send QSL cards. The Million CW7 is distributed
facilities to amateur radio operators'.
Administration and Accounts will be through Imark Pty Ltd, 66 Banfield St,
SEND LIST TO: Ararat, Vic., 3377, (053) 52-2697.
handled through the main Australian Award Manager, R E Barker,
company (TKA) at 30 Whiting Street, 22 Pauls Crescent, Wendouree,
Artarmon, NSW, but the communi- Tallest legal base antenna?
Victoria, Australia, 3355. A new design threequarterwave base
cations company has its own premises;
including warehouse, showroom, offices, antenna has just been released on to the
service department and spare parts market by Dick Pullem's Electric Bug
store, across the street at 31 Whiting C3 - Adelaide's "biggest little CB shop".
Street, Artarmon. Any questions? They claim their design has the
highest performance as tested against
Phone: 439-4322.
COMVU\ICATIO\S other leading half and five -eighth wave
base antennas.
Begonia Award Ah so -Asahi We'd like to test one -
especially
The Ballarat Amateur Radio Group, The Asahi brand name has been closely since reading what all the theory books
Victoria, has initiated the "Begonia associated with CB products since have to say about 3/4 -
wave antennas!
Award" Certificate which is available to before ...well, since before most The antenna is constructed using
amateur operators or SWL's who can current CBers remember. cadmimum-plated steel for the base,
show confirmation of working or hearing Asahi antennas are well known by stainless steel in the driven element
Ballarat amateurs. the 'old hands' of CB and a new Asahi support, PTFE insulator (polytetraf-

C3 CO V VJ\(ATO\S
-
luorethylene to the chemists, and Sawtron UHF from (mark mising the length of coax feedline
that's what you call a proper insulator) Owen Smart of Imark, Victorian CB necessary (saving money on expensive
and all joints are bolted right through supplier from Ararat, returned from low -loss coax!) and reducing the
(no self-tappers!). Japan recently with news that he will amount of power and signal lost in the
If you want to try one of these out be releasing a range of UHF CB rigs ,coax.This allows top performance to
you'll have to crack the piggy banks for under the Sawtron brand name between be obtained.
all of $69.86 and trundle down to Naturally, everybody's asking about
Dick Pullem's Electric Bug at 264
June and August this year.
There are to be three rigs in the price. The economy mobile will retail
Torrens Rd, Croydon, SA. 5008. Phone for around $300 to $350. The deluxe
46-3019. range; an economy mobile, a deluxe
mobile and a deluxe base station. mobile for about $350 to $400. The
The two mobile rigs will have control deluxe base station will sell for a very
Dick in Grace Bros.
Dick Smith has taken over the electronic
consoles which can be separated from -
competitive $450 $500.
the'transceiver portion of the rig, This Imark will also be making a range of
equipment concessions previously held allows the transceiver section to be antennas available for the UHF CB
by Audio Shack in Grace Bros' Sydney band for both mobile and base applic-
suburban stores.
mounted in any safe, convenient
position away from the controls and - ations.
The Dick Smith Electronics depart-
ments at Grace Bros stock most of
-
possible rig snatchers in the vehicle
boot, under a seat etc, in the same
Want to know more about what
CB radio is coming to? - contact Imark
the products sold in Dick's eight fashion as "hide away" HF rigs. at 66 Banfield St, Ararat, Vic., 3377
electronics enthusiasts' shops around The deluxe mobile will feature a (053) 52-2697.
Australia. "selective calling" facility. This allows
There is special emphasis on
communications only between stations
electronic products for the home fitted with the appropriate electronic
handyman, car buff and hi-fi enthusiast. circuitry that adds a special `tone -
Many of these products are imported burst' signal to the transmission that RB14 - ho, hum delayed again!
directly by Dick Smith and are exclusive opens the other station's mute. The revised RB 14, which has been pro-
to his electronics departments at Grace The deluxe base staion features a mised to us since ... um, ah, jeez, it's
Bros and his own retail outlets. control panel that looks more like so long I've forgotten, has been delayed
a desk -top calculator than a CB console. again.
New Mura SWR meter It has no conventional knobs..There is More red tape it seems. Nobody can
The latest SWR meter from Mura, their a keyboard entry for the selective be satisfied with all the proposals in the
CBT-35, is a deluxe unit featuring calling feature (selecall) a built-in base - draft - and the first thing we're likely to
separate meters for simultaneous type microphone, push button channel see will only be a draft anyway - so why
measurement of SWR and RF power. change and slide controls for squelch, can't it be released, warts and all, for
It includes an antenna tuner for. volume control etc. everyone to comment and then thrash it
precise antenna-feedline system tuning. There are two LED digital readouts, out from there?
Like its little brothers (or is that one for the channel number, the other If you want to know what might be
sisters?), the CBT-15 and CBT-25, for the selecall. in the all -new singing -dancing, virginal
the new model has backlit meter scales The big advantage with the base white, lemon -fresh RB14 then get a
and includes an integral 610 mm coax station is that the transceiver section copy of the June issue of CB Australia
lead and PL259 connector no- can be situated up to 200 metres away from your local newsagent.
"jumpers" necessary. from the control console. Thus, it can Do we get to see it before Christmas?
The CBT-35 has two power ranges:
10 watts and 100 watts, and indicates
be located close to the antenna, mini- - said the Bishop to the actress!
percentage modulation as well.
Two special brackets are included
for easy attachment of the instrument
above or below your transceiver or
whatever you want to mount it on.
The matcher is claimed to match
impedance between 25 and 140 ohms
down to the required 50 ohms.
ow*
The CBT-35 is a handy 160 mm by
54 mm by 70 mm, and makes good use ,ow
of the two relatively large meter scales. r O ,.01... o
The Mura CBT-35 is distributed in
r- j
e
\41.
Australia by President Electronics, 15
Boundary St, Rushcutters Bay 2011,
-./'w
GBT; 35
Q powRA,,,,aT-'p
-
t
il
(02) 33-3727 with dealers all over.
In Melbourne, try Just CB of 546 '1 ,'' c n
Whitehorse Rd, Mitcham, Vic, 3132
(03) 873-2673.

1301 I'1' 1VI'1'li E1)1)YSTONE
IIIECAS'I' BOX 11MIIN
t.
Eddystone
The boxes are diecast
aluminium alloy (B.S.1490 LM2)
made to suit various applications such as:
instrument and meter cases, filter network and cable
distribution housings, switch containers, audio and radio
frequency distribution and other screened requirements
and external covers.
Robust High screening properties
Proportioned for maximum applications
Sensible range of sizes Weatherproof
Supplied unfinished and will accept any finish
including cellulose.
Available from:
i ,
' Pty. Ltd.
and Electrical Wholesalers
Sydney 9092388 Perth 3283655
Brisbane 525881 Melbourne 3299633
UHF/C6 Antennas
Citizens band radio
CB421
Scalars UHF Mobile mount
High Performance Dual Channel
CB410 for correct termination of
477 and 27 MHz mobile co-linear.
High Performance
Use with DX50 signal combiner Co -Ax at UHF frequencies
mobile whip.
overall height 42". Pat. Pending No. 20506/76
Requires no
tuning.
Overall height 21"
Q SCALAR
4 -60
TRANCENER
OX
o
ANTENNA
z~4QO
rRAEIa:rvER
D::B SIGNAL COINBI ER

DX50 Signal Combiner
CB470
6 dB gain co -linear baseantenna.
For simultaneous reception I[_ 1[
- J
and transmission on both
Enclosed in fibreglass radome. 27 MHz and 477 MHz. Model OB
Length 8'.
SCALAR INDUSTRIES PTY LTD

TRADE
VIC. 20 Shelley Avenue, Kilsyth, 3137. Tel: 725-9677. Cables: WELKIN. Telex: AA34341
ENQUIRIES N.S.W. 20 The Strand, Penshurst, 2222. Telephone: 570-1392. Telex: AA27067
WELCOME OLD.- Scalar (Old.) P/L., 969 Ann St., Fortitude Valley, 4006. Tel: 52-2594. Telex: AA43007
DESIGNED AND MANUFACTURED IN AUSTRALIA.

redictions
Ionospheric Predictions for the month of August
THESE PREDICTION GRAPHS have been prepared courtesy of the Ionospheric Prediction Service Division of the Department of Science.
Any enquiries about these predictions should be directed to ETI, not to the Ionospheric Prediction Service.
The graphs indicate the maximum usable frequency (MUF) on HF circuits between various centres in Australia and selected points overseas.
For less than 50% of the days of the month the highest frequencies propagated will be at least as high ás the uppermost curve. Between 50% and
90% of the days of the month the MUF will be at least as high as the curve beneath the upper curve. The absorption limiting frequency (ALF),
which affectsthe lowest frequencies that will be propagated, is indicated by the lower curves on the graphs.
.0
2s 26 2!
37 37 n n
26 36 26 26
25 35 A 25
24 34 26 34
33 33 33
32 n 32
n 31 21 31
30 30 30 20
29 29 29 29
26 26 26
n 27 n n
26 26 a ab
25 25
N i9 24 26
23 n 2a n
n 22 22 72
21 21 21
w 20
19 19 19
122
18 16 I6
17
le 12tl 126
;5 15 11.
19 14
1] 12
12 12
lU 10
9
.
06
East Coast -
11
South
29
2
2
00 00
East Coast
0200
-
IS
North
I
1
96
East Coast
12
-
South
011
2
óe
East Coast
ú
-
to
Central
26 00 06
East Coast
12
North-
Africa (also serves South Africa (also serves South America (also serves USSR (also serves South America (also NE and
Central) Central) South Central) Central) South Central)
90
-
East Coast Japan (also East Coast - South
serves NE and South Pacific
Central)
29
33
32
21
30
29
26
m
25
SWL
24
23
01
20
l9
ono 21
20
16
n
16
15
1
13
12
10
AVATE}R 16
IS
16
12
12
10
COVV,\ICATIO\S
s p Ó6
- - -
North East - South
East Coast
Short Path)
Europe North East
Africa
South North East
Africa
North Pacific (also serves South
Central)
North East
(Short Path)
- Europe
b
)
n
]6
34 2L
n n
32 32
21
20
n m
30 29
29 29
í8
22 27
20 26
25 25
2 24 24
23 22 n
72 22 n
29
00 0! 17 t 2 01, Ó6 1} li ` 26

tritui E IN
M LBOURNE
CAN YOU BUY
-
South Central Europe
(Short Path)(also West
Coast) West Coast - Japan
w
39 19
1e
17 A
x >a
b
SPECIAL OFFER
Sinclair PDM35 Digital Multimeter $62.50 ea. P&P $2.50
Arlec DMM10 Digital Multimeter $82.50 ea. P&P $2.50
Ferguson Husky 4 amp continuous battery charger..$25.96 ea
P&P $5.
Ferguson 13.8V 2A continuous CB power supply..$30.00 ea
P&P $5.00
Expo 3 way 8 ohm 25W speaker system $80.00 pair.
Expo 8 ohm stereo headphones $6.75 pair.
BSR auto turntables C/W base and cover $42.50 ea.
2 Station Intercom sets $9.75 pair.
5 Bank Isostat switches C/W knobs $2.00 ea.
,e
24V 5 digit electromechanical counters $2.00 ea.
LM340 6v Voltage Regulators $1.00 ea.
West Coast
Africa
- North West Coast
America
- North 400v 35 amp Bridge Rectifiers $3.50 ea
w Full Spec. 2N3055 90c ea.
1º
]e 1s Full Spec. 2N3054 60c ea.
37 37
36 36 Full Spec. PC208 (plastic 108) 15c ea.
36
16
33
16
n 4001 25 ea.
32
11
P/B Micro Switches 250v 3 amp 85c ea.
10 30
29 Permeability Tuners, Broadcast 75 ea.
2e A
27 27 P.C.I. Project Boxes $4.15 ea.
26
25
2.
25 240v Prim 115v sec. at 95vA $7.50 ea.
23
22
23
22
200v 1.2 amp Diodes 10c ea.
21 21
20 20 50v 1amp Diodes 10c ea.
19
19 1e 741 Op Amps 40c ea.
17 17
le
15
IS
16
555 Timers at 10 for $4.00 or 45c ea.
16
13
12
10
,2
10 BA217 -
0A90 Diodes
Similar IN914 Diodes
Project Boxes from only
10c ea.
5c ea.
60c ea.
6 Resistors, 1/2 watt, all values 3c ea.
5
6
Disc Ceramic Capacitors, 1 pF to .2 uF
2m
1,
5c ea. (.47 uF 10c ea).
24
5 Watt Wirewound Resistors .47 ohm to 5.6 K ohm...20 ea.
West Coast - Central West Coast - South BT100A 300v 4 amp S.C.R 60c ea.
USSR Africa VU meters $2.50 ea.
12v AC 2 c/o 5 amp Contact Miniature Relays $1.50 ea.
19
1e BC147, BC157, BF198, BF199, PN3694 10c ea.
37
500 mW Zener Diodes 20c ea.

1.
33
32
11
289 Latrobe St, Melbourne
at
10
2e
27
and at 297 Lt Lonsdale St, Melbourne, 3000.
Phone 602-3282.
24
23
22
21
20
ELUSTROf1ICS
19
IS
17
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9 WHERE JUST ABOUT EVERYTHING

6
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(Ideal for Hams) display.
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Ulf REPRESENTATIVES -
NSW Hose & Equipment Co.
Pty Ltd,
11 Salisbury St.,
i
Botany, 2019
Phone 666-8144
S.A. Rogers Electronics
P.O. Box 3,
Modbury North, S.A.
Phone: 42-6666 Features: Stylish design Large
bright LED display Colours: white,
OLD Fred Hoe & Sons Pty Ltd, yellow, black, red. Tilted front panel,
Service facilities for 246 Evans Road, easy viewing Silent operation, all
trade and public Salisbury North, Brisbane, electronic Space age technology LSI
Phone: 47-4311
circuitry Alarm 9 minute snooze
W.A. Communication Systems, time Seconds display Bright -dim
32 Rudlock Road,
Morley 6062 control.
419-3342 TAS.
Phone 76-2566
Dilmond Instruments,
P.O. Box 219,
Technical Data:
Power: AC Line source.
Size: 105 mm wide x 115 mm deep x
Bellerive, Hobart, Tas.
Phone: 479-077. 55 mm high.
Weight: 400 gm approx. (Net).
ROAD RUNNER Send stamped addressed
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Trade enquiries welcome
quote for your requirements.
COMMUNICATIONS BRIGHT STAR CRYSTALS P/L.
Distributed by:
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35 EILEEN ROAD, CLAYTON, CBC Bank Building, Room 208
39 Vere St, Collingwood 3066
VICTORIA, 546-5076 881 George Street, Sydney. 2000.
Phone: Bus. 212-4815, AM 39119081

Ideas for
experimenters
These pages are intended primarily as a source of ideas. As far as reason-
ably possible all material has been checked for feasibility, component
availability etc, but the circuits have not necessarily been built and tested
in our laboratory. Because of the nature of the information in this section
we cannot enter into any correspondence about any of the Circuits, nor
can .we produce constructional details.
Electronics Today is always seeking material for these pages. All published
-
material is paid for generally at a rate of $5 to $7 per item.
+5v
Vdd
CLOCK CLOCK
IC2
for Digital Electronics
RESET
Vu 05 09 MO 011 014
RESET
v,. 05 06 08 09 by Experiment
Mr. Blob says: "The Technique of insert-
ing components on one side of a board and
soldering on the other is done for reasons
which are now completely out of date:
Namely this technique was established orig-
OUT inally because heavy and bulky components
were used. This no longer applies and has
NOTE:
ICI CD4020
big disadvantages, the circuit is impossible
IS
IC2 IS CD4040
to follow unless the board is continually
IC3 IS CD4011 turned over to Inspect each side, its difficult
IC4 IS 4012 to work on both sides of the board and sol-
CD4012
1C4 IS
dering basically needs three hands. A com-
mon fault is to mount both leadout wires on
the same tract.
-
Blob
cost, easy to build circuits. Blob -
Boards give you the modem, low
Boards
are roller tinned circuit boards on which
each roller tinned copper track is identified
Sw7 by the letter and or number system. Simply
tin the end of the component, butt the com-
ponent lead against the roller tinned track,
apply a blob of solder and the component is
Divide by 4,320,000 Counter blobbed into place. All construction is from
So what is a 4320000 counter good Such a circuit is very easily built one side, component location could not be
simpler, soldering is much easier, sub-
for? Well, 50x60x60x24 = 4320000 so using just 4 cheap CMOS chips, IC1, a circuits can be tested, then assembled to-
that if you feed in 50 Hz at the input 14 stage binary counter is set to divide gether, the plain side of the Blob -Board Is
by 10000 (binary 10011100010000) by free and so the Blob -Board can be mounted
the counter will give 1 pulse per 24 flush on case walls. And they can be re -used.
hours, e.g. it can form the basis of an reseting to 0 on the count of 10000. Simply apply a soldering iron to the Blob and
extremely accurate 24 hour alarm. Such Similarly IC2, a 12 stage binary counter remove the component."
divides by 432 (binary 110110000). Now start Digital Electronics by Experi-
an alarm never requires setting once the ment.
counter has been reset to zero at the IC3 and IC4 provide the necessary
required time of day and will thereafter
give the alarm at exactly the same time
decoding to reset the counters (which
are reset by a logic '1' unlike TTL where
board that needs a layout drawing
Boards make Construction easy. Blob -
-
No need to lose your way round a circuit
Blob -
Boards have numbered tracks that make

every day. It can thus be used for in- a logic 'O' is usually required). Addition- layout drawing out of date, the tinning en-
stance to wake oneself up every morning ally the gating allows the counter to be sures easy soldering, and the tracks don't
reset to 0 by SW1. strip off when you unsolder components.
without fail. Blobbing components on to the tracks (no
holes, no drilling) makes layout easy to fol-
low. Use the 8-IC board for 'Digital Elec-
Automatic Nicad Charger tronics by Experiment' in this issue, but re-
member that we have "A Blob for every job".
The problem of ensuring that expensive second problem may be overcome by
Nicad cells are not damaged in the the use of an automatic sensing
recharging process is twofold. First, as comparator circuit, which compares the
the cells have a low internal resistance, voltage from the cells with a preset
Your nearest dealer?
they are susceptible to damage by voltage, related to the fully charged Write to:
excessive charging currents. Second, value. In practical terms, the circuit
damage will also occur if the charging appears as shown in Fig. 1. A red LED BLOB BOARD ASSOCIATES
process is carried out for too long a supplies the voltage drop to ensure that P.O. Box 23, Surrey Hills,
period. Q1 passes a constant current of about Vic. 3127 or ring (03) 89-1019.
The first problem may be overcome 25 mA to the cells under charge. This
by charging at a constant current. The charging current may be adjusted, if

HITS for KIDS!
Photo Electric Switch fir!' anIc Siren
i I
1.
a
/zotimFriIts i
LA.. \;1.,.A ).11
J. II
N
C
EDUCATIONAL KIT/ 1 EDUCATIONAL KIT.
j EDUCATIONAL KITE EDUCATIONAL KIT
1_
Ammeter / Voltrrt ,illorse Co EleetrpnipiletrQpome
EDUCATIONAL KIT EDUCATIONAL KIT EDUCATIONAL KIT EDUCATIONAL KIT' I
Project kits for the beginner

Completely safe - battery operated* no mains connection
A. ELECTRONIC ORGAN. Unit has 11 note H. ELECTRONIC RAIN ALARM. This kit O. ELECTRONIC METRONOME. This kit is
touch board complete with 2" speaker. would better be called a "water" alarm. used by many music students to set a
Sounds good
lamps, has many uses .
$5.60
B. ELECTRONIC FLASHER. Complete with
$4.50
Unit has many uses In homes where the
entry of water must be detected, use for
bed wetting $4.50
tempo to play against. Controlled tempo
speed, very small, easy to hear
speaker '
2"
$4.50
-
C. ELECTRONIC SOUND SWITCH. Uses I. PHOTO ELECTRIC SWITCH. This project P. AMMETER/VOLTMETER. A very simple
small mic to pick up sounds, amplifies makes use of a CdS to automatically turn test set for measuring both voltages and
them and operates a lamp, many other on a light when it is dark and turn it off current. Very good for testing these
uses $4.50 when exposed to light-Similar to street kits $4.50
D. ELECTRONIC TOUCH SWITCH Has lights $4.50 Q. ELECTRONIC TIMER. This simple device
many uses. Use your finger to turn the J. ELECTRONIC SINGING BIRD. This kit uses the principle of larger electronic
circuit ON/OFF $4.50 produces the sounds of a nightingale. timers to indicate that a given time has
E. ELECTRONIC DECISION MAKER. A
must for every home, used by Parliament
and other official organisations _34.50
Easy to make, works well
K. MORSE CODE PRACTICE SET. A must
$4.50
for all who want to obtain their Novice
iassed.
deal for many home uses
S.T.D. calls, boiling eggs etc
-
Control allows for various times.
Save on
$4.50
F. ELECTRONIC SLEEPING BELL. Induces Amateur Licence: Kit gives clean crisp R. ELECTRONIC MOSQUITO REPELLER.
sleep by making soft sounds from a 2" tone Into 2" speaker $4.90 Unit emits a high frequency sound that
speaker. The "sounds" represent
rain
G. ELECTRONIC MAGIC TOUCH. An ideal
$4.50
L. ELECTRONIC SIREN. This kit simulates
the actual sounds of an emergency vehi-
cle. Push button controls output $4.50
pers and home -
drives mosquitos away. Ideal for cam-
Simple to use $4.50
S. ELECTRONIC POLICE CAR SIREN. A
childs toy, develops concentration, M. ELECTRONIC WATER PURITY TESTER. real winner with all kids, small enough to
wand touches metal bridge
speaker
-
good for parties etc. unit delivers tone if
2"
$4.50
This kit allows the user to test the quality
of water and compare it with salt water
and other solutions. A must for stu-
use on bicycles, big 2" speaker for lots of
"noise". A very popular kit
T. ELECTRIC FAN AND COLOUR WHEEL. A
$4.90
dents $4.50 fully controlled electric fan with speed
N. TRANSISTOR RADIO. Kit makes a simple adjustment. Kit contains small motor,
*Batteries not Included

wire, earphone -
one transistor radio with ferrite aerial,
Works well $4.50
fan blades, colour disc, and adjus-
ter $4.50
To: KIT BITS, 110 Rosemead Rd, Hornsby, NSW. 2077

KIT BITS
110 Rosemead Road,
Please send me Kit/s
Ienclose Cheque/postal note for $
HORNSBY. NSW. 2077. NAME
Phone (02) 476-3975. ADDRESS
Trade enquiries welcome.
P/Code
Ideas for experimenters Position Vacant
5^ PRODUCTION
4125
LE01
6181
N/C MANAGER
OREEN NOTE: 398
LEO?
ICI IS 710 RED
IC? IS 555
01 IS BC108 We are manufacturers of Australian -
V,.1 1k 02 IS 752905 designed computers, and other electronic
equipment for local and export market.
We now need a person who will be respon-
02
sible for production organisation, schedul-
RL82 ing and quality control. Experience In all
N/0 these areas is desirable.
147
As we are presently arranging to re-
organise our production area in response
S IC? 3
15911
to increased demand, it is desirable that
R3
2 6 15914 5608 the new Production Manager will be in-
RLA
1k
volved with these arrangements so that the
best possible results may be obtained.
6118
16
NI-CAO
Working conditions are comfortable and
RIB
151001 R2 CELLS some flexibility is available regarding
5M
100n working hours. The ideal person will take
R4 considerable pride with the quality of
2200;
56011 goods leaving the factory and will be suit-
154001
ov ably remunerated through a generous
o bonus scheme.
RI, A2
V MANUAL
o
-6V Please phone Mr. Ryrie,

p
N/C
oiLo OVERIDE
(02) 31-3606.
desired, by changing the value of R1. variable input of the 710 comparator.
The 555 runs in the astable mode. How- This input voltage is compared to the
Fairlight Instruments
ever, the duty cycle is adjusted to be preset reference voltage and if found
Pty. Limited
less than 50%, by incorporating a diode to be greater, the output will drop
to -0V5 (from +3V2). The inverting Rushcutters Bay, Sydney.
and resistor in parallel with R2. How
this is accomplished may be easily action of Q2 causes the gate of the
understood if one remembers that thyrister to undergo a positive tran-
charging of the capacitor takes place sition, via R5. The gate causes the
through these paralleled components, device to conduct, causing the contacts
whereas, due to the blocking diode, RLA 1 & 2 to open and disconnect the
discharging current only flows through supply from the rest of the circuitry.
R2. The 'off' time is around 15 mins.
and the 'on' time less than 0.5s. The
The green LED is illuminated, indicating
the termination of the charging period.
BINDERS
relay coil RLB, thus receives a positive This circuit may be used to charge
pulse of short duration every 15 mins. a total of six 1V5 cells. Of course
as to be
Contact R LB1 opens, disconnecting the Vref may need adjustment so
f.
charging supply and contact R LB2 commensurate with the voltage across 4
closes. A sample of the total voltage R4. A manual override switch is also
across R3 and R4 is applied to the provided.
Slide Switch
cl+lwn4.
One of the disadvantages of slide pots
is the unavailability of matching slide
switches, as with rotary switches and
r pots, but slide pots can be given switch-
ing action by the use of this circuit.
Each analogue switch is only turned
on when the comparators driving the Holds 12 copies of ETI
respective EX -OR gate are in opposite
states, i.e. when the voltage on the slider Protect and file back issues of ETI
wiper is between the appropriate two with these attractive binders.
preset voltages. Price $4.50
The example is a 4 -way, 1 -pole (plus p&p 80c NSW, $1.70 other states)
K, switch with off but any -way, any -pole
Subscription Dept, Electronics Today
switches can be made, using 741s as
International, 3rd Floor, 15 Boundary
comparators if economic. A little
YN'ln1541005 ..15,15
U1 14.044 15001 s04 s0W
Street, Rushcutters Bay. NSW. 2011.
mechanical ingenuity can provide click
stops, if required.
-JULY 1978 133

ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL
Performance features
at a price you can afford -
and fully backed by Tektronix
Only Telequipment offers you:
TEKTRONIX GUARANTEE
The Telequipment family of oscilloscopes is fully guaranteed by Tektronix, the
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PERFORMANCE FEATURES YOU NEED AT A PRICE YOU CAN AFFORD
Model D61a Designed for portability and easy operation, the D61a is a dual
trace 10 MHz scope. For easy, accurate viewing, the D61a features automatic
triggering and bright stable waveforms on an 8 x 10 cm display.
Model D83 A plug-in oscilloscope with a big display. The D83 sets high
standards of performance, versatility and value. Plug-in options include 50 MHz
dual trace at 5mV/div.; single or delayed sweep and high gain differential.
Model D32 When you demand an extremely portable scope, the D32 is
ideal. Battery or ac line operated, this 10 MHz dual trace scope weighs only
10 lbs. An optional shoulder strap or attache carrying case can be used to
take
your scope into the field.
IDEAL FOR MANY APPLICATIONS
If you're servicing pócket calculators,
T.V., radio, microwave ovens, alarm
1ktronix COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE
systems or dozens of other consumer

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TELEQUIPMENT .. .
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Performance features at a
u
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_..r !
ó
`'
\ . t
ap
C
. I-
... ,,
..rl
` - .g
t
1
;
....N1ei..J
ti
'
` '% . V 1
-;;;.,
;,(
..°`
- y I
41.
"". ' ....
o.,..am.,. am .-,'' . I.
1 ft- .s
^ ,9-,a -S- s ,
i:-
For more information about Telequiprnent oscilloscopes, contact

Tektronix Australia Pty. Ltd., 80 Waterloo Road, North Ryde 2113.
Sydney 888 7066, Melbourne 818 0594, Brisbane 31 2896,
Adelaide 223 2811 Perth 325 4198.
TK11
Ideas for experimenters Q É :19112
I. 4 f` º, ,
O -/
>3mc
C
.- E
ªó
_ iAt
-EE°
r O1
C°
VLF Sine Generator w G ;._
Generating very low frequency sine 1 ><d'

a
A
-GáO
waves (i.e. less than 0.1 Hz) presents :ó°ó
W-ó
- «>
QcE=>
"
>
q; ° Ñ
several problems, Timing capacitors limn. .0
usually have to be large valve electrol- C ===á
3«
el -11'1m"l
p ú m
ytics, any amplifier used must be D.C. O [
Pr ofC-50511
('1 U X
coupled, and the amplifier's input

GCi
o0 záR.ÓÒ[
impedance must be very high. One stan- 0 M -.,,I,..7.- '
QI í11£76,10.,
]
dard method is to first generate low W - C t" Áen 0
frequency square waves, and then to - 185
MIN MA Y A
C;mLd
O
shape these into an approximation of a NOTE:

01 IS 2N3819
sine wave by the use of several non 02 IS 8CY71
linear devices, such as diodes. The D U

circuit shown in Fig. 1 is a relatively R5
lri CO
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coupled círcuít and the voltage gain is capacitor is available in polycarbonate.

The amplitude of the output can be
IS .ED-c%
determined by the negative feedback R3
rC
adjusted by RV1 to give low harmonic / iEm13Ñ Q 9E°523

and R4. The gain need only be about
three, thus if the bias required by the distortion and to be about 10V peak to
peak. As expected, with this wien
FET is 3V the output level will be
approximately half the supply voltage. bridge circuit, frequency stability is
Since R1 can be a high value resistor good with changes in both supply
the value of the capacitor is only 1u5 voltage and temperature.
Voltage Stabiliser
Here is a voltage stabiliser with good Actual component values can be
performance and low component count varied to suit individual applications.
which will operate well, even when
Vin-Vo1,t drops to 2 V. Only a few
milliamps are dissipated through the
zener, making it suitable for battery
1
\ k \.. , ' ,* co ó
:
operated equipment. I
Most circuits of this type (but wíth o

b1t
the FET replaced by a resistor) suffer
,
NOTE
from zener saturation when Vin is get- I I
01 IS 2N5457
ting low, or in excessive zener current Q2 IS BC109
when V1,, ís high.
OL N N
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3 -way CMOS switch A d'
and R3 is low. This will produce a high
When the input is switched positive the > c i
output at o._>EE_ám
voltage across the zener is sufficient to B.
bias the junction between R3 and the Connectin the input to
output A to go high.
OV causes ¡,
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-
zener high, producing a high output at
1O
S
C. The circuit was primarily designed to

O.. g D.L.
With the input unconnected, the be used with quad CMOS switches (i.e. m
4016, 4066) for audio switching but can Á"L

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junction between R1 and R2 is high d cu E
while the junction between the zener be used for a variety of applications. r>79731111.1
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ADVANCED THE FIRST TO OFFER PRIME PRODUCTS
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TO THE HOBBYIST
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The contents of Electronics Today International and associated Audio Engineers
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protected by the Commonwealth Copyright Act (1968).drawings, circuit diagrams and Automation Statham 103
Copyright extends to all written material, photographs, breach of copyright, we Bail Electronics 92
printed circuit boards. Although any form of reproduction is atheir own private use, nor Blob Board 131
are not concerned about individuals constructing projects for Bright Star Crystals 130
example) constructing one or more items for use in connection with 10, 11
by pop groups (for BSR
40
their performances. Cema
described in 59
Commercial orgahisations should note that no project or part project for sale, or
Centaur Industries
18
Electronics Today International or associated publications may be offered Convoy
Data Aids 111
or fully assembled form, unless a licence has been specifically
sold, in substantially 31
Ltd or from the Davred
obtained so to do from the publishers, Modern Magazines (Holdings) Defence Recruiting 137
copyright holders. Delsound 60
Dick Smith 32 54-55, 124
LIABILITY Dlggerman 82
referred to in
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that all constructional projects Douglas Transformers 82
92
this edition will opérate as indicated efficiently and properly and that all whatsoever is
necessary Eastern Electronic Comp
123
components to manufacture the same will be available, no responsibilityoperate Eclipse.Lighting
44
accepted in respect of the failure for any reason at all of the project
to EEE
no responsibility Electrocraft , 59
effectively or at all whether due to any fault in design or otherwise and
.
Ellistronics 129
is accepted for the failure to obtain any component parts
in respect of any such project. 38, 130
by any Emana.
Further, no responsibility is accepted in respect of any injury or damage caused Fairlight Instruments 133
fault in the design of any such project as aforesaid. Freedman Electronics 81
General Electronic Services 111
Hagemeyer 2, 139
Harman Aust 16
A MODERN MAGAZINES PUBLICATION
,
Harmonix Acoustix 14
Arnold Quick IC's Unlimited 100
Managing Director: 98
Charles O'Leary Impact
Secretary: Instant Component Service 122, 123
Publisher: Collyn Rivers Inter. Correspondence Schools 45
Jaycar 60
PRODUCTION JR Publications 11
Jim Hattersley Kit Bits 132
Art Director: Leroya 33
Assembly: Bill Crump 92
Bob lzzard
Mailman Electronics
Production Manager: M icrocontrol 111
Subscriptions & Circulation: John Oxenford Misic Distillery . 115
Project Design: Nebula Electronics National Panasonic (Aust) P/L . 140
Louis A Challis & Assoc. Nessell Audio 19
Acoustical Consultants: 48
Non Linear Systems
Parameters 135
Pennywise Peripheriais 82
ADVERTISING Perth: Aubrey Barker, 133 St. George's Philips 25
Terrace, Perth. 6000. Philips Elcoma 84
Sydney: Bob Taylor (Manager), Geoff i
49
Petschler (NSW Manager), 15 Tél: 322 3184. Pre Pak ,
H.W. Lincone, 23 Lord St, radio Parts 93

Boundary St., Rushcutters Bay Hobart: R.H. Cunningham 127
2011. Tel: 33-4282. Sandy Bay. Tasmania. 7005. 130
Tokyo: Genzo Uchida, Bancho Media Roadrunner
Melbourne: Tom Bray (Manager), Poppe Rod Irving 58
Davis,.Suite 24, 553 St. Service, 15 Sanyeicho, Rothmans 116
Kilda Rd, Melbourne. Shintuku-Ku, Tokyo 160. Scalar Industries 127
Tel: 51-9836. London: Electronics Today International, Scope Labs 119
25-27 Oxford St, London, Semcon 81
Brisbane: Geoff Horne, 60 Montanus 123
WIR 1RF. Tel: 01-434-1781/2. S.M. Electronics
Drive, Bellbowrie, Old. 4070. Soundring Distributors 12
Tel: 202 6229. U.S.A.: Elmatex International, PO Box 23
.
34607. Los Angeles, CA. 90034. Superscope

Adelaide: Tony James, 16 Montrose Tandy 83
Ave, Netherby. 5062. Tel: (213) 821 8581. Telex: TeCh. Book & Mag. Co. 19
Tel: 79 4740. 18 1059 (Elmatexint USA) Tektronix 8, 134
Trio-Kenwood 121
Electronics Today International is published by Modem Magazines (Holdings) Ltd,

15 Boundary St., Rushcutters Bay NSW 2011. It is printed (in 19781 by Wilke & Co.,
Browns Rd, Clayton, Victoria and distributed by Australian Consolidated Press.

FILLOUTTHIS COU N
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COMMUNICATIONS INTERPLANETARY SPACECRAFTV$

TOYS FOR KIDS OR

ma(ei maxellI AO%

591: Up/Down Presettable Counter 56

634: 8080 Educational Interface 105

BONUS Robots - The Facts 34

NEWS & JNFOHMATIO\

ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978 3

operator's console gets the job. The Laser Scalpel

4 ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978

similar units selling for up to $205, and

Specifications of the Seif Digital

ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978 5

Some like it essentially flat... ...some likea "presence" peak.

AUDIO ENGINEERS P/L

ATHOL M. HILL P/L

ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978 7

rectangular shank. and ±1dB out to 26kHz.

The new ZLM Aliptic cartridge. i r

Scratching your head

ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978 11

GOLDRING G 900 SUPER E

High praise indeed! But check for yourself.

Sole Australian Distributors for GOLDRING PRODUCTS LTD., U.K.:

12 ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL -JULY 1978

GFC Hadcock pickup arm

of the main hub on the pedestal.

Installation without the adaptor poses no problems, however,

One of the most appealing features of the arm is its ability

ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978 13

Phone 519-5127 for free brochure and your nearest dealer.

out with a matchstick!). dynamic contrasts.

ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978 15

frequency. the same research and development break.

ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978 17

HEAD CLEA 11111r,

results in simultaneous suppression of high -end noise and delivery ;1.,4--fi-

ARRL Radio Amateur's Handbook 1978 $12.95

500 c/s crossover

Practical CB Radio Servicing

Orr & Cowan

Amateur Radio Techniques

Active Filer Cookbook

SL1502: 15" 4" coil, 150W, Guitar Bass Servicing Manual

kg, 70 c/s. Computers; each $3.00

Servicing Electronic Organs --

Test Equipment for the Radio Amateur, Gibson

and RSGB publication 56.85

NESSEL AUDIO TECHNICAL BOOK & MAGAZINE CO

ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978 19

Just for the record

the true and brilliant sounds of the

...and off the record

If it's worth taping it's worth Ampex.

PLC 590 Pioneer

22 ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978

If you truly want the best reproduction of musical

24 ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL - JULY 1978

Philips High Fidelity Laboratories.