Biology Chapter 4 Notes For Grade 9th
Biology Chapter 4 Notes For Grade 9th
Biology Chapter 4 Notes For Grade 9th
Q.1: Write a short not on the discovery of virus. Or What is virus? Discuss the discovery of virus.
The word virus means “Poison”. Viruses are so small that they can only be seen with the help of an electron
microscope or through biochemical test. It is a microscopic organism and discovered in 1892 by a Russian
biologist, Iwanowsky as a cause of the tobacco mosaic disease occurring in tobacco leaves.
Q.2: Write down the characteristics of a virus.
Ans: Characteristics of a Virus:
1. Viruses are non-cellular parasites.
2. Its size ranges from 20nm to 250nm.
3. Its shape may be rod, tadpole or may be polyhedral or sphere like.
4. They are composed of nucleic acids and protein.
5. There is no sexual and asexual reproduction.
6. They reproduced by replication.
Q.3: Define the structure of a virus. Also draw a labelled diagram of a bacteriophage virus.
Ans: Structure of a virus:
1. The whole body of virus consists of inner core of DNA or
RNA surrounded by an outer coat of protein called capsid.
2. It is broader at one end and narrower at the other.
Broader end is called head and narrower end is called tail.
3. There is no nucleus, no cytoplasm and no cell wall.
4. The smallest virus has only four genes while the largest
have several hundreds.
PLANT VIRAL DISEASES: One of the best known plant diseases occurring in tobacco leaves is caused by tobacco
mosaic virus. Light green and yellow patches appear on the leaves of diseased plant.
Q.6: Write a short not on the discovery of bacteria. Or What are bacteria? Discuss the discovery of bacteria.
Ans: Bacteria are unicellular organisms which can be seen by electron microscope. They are measured about
micron in size. Bacteria were first discovered by Leeuwenhoek. They are considered as the smallest and
simplest known living creatures. Bacteria are omnipresent i.e. they are present everywhere except fire.
They are able to survive in extreme environmental conditions i.e. 0 C and up to 150 C.
Q.7: Define structure of bacteria. Draw a labelled diagram of a rod shaped bacteria.
Structure of Bacteria:
Cell Wall: The outer wall of bacteria is called cell wall. It is different from
other plant cells because cellulose is not present in it.
Cell Membrane: The second layer of bacteria which is next to cell to cell
wall is called cell membrane.
Cytoplasm: Cytoplasm is granular. It has many but small vacuoles,
Ribosomes, and glycogen particles.
Nucleus: They don’t possess well organized as they have no nuclear
membrane, no nucleolus, no nucleoplasm and no typical chromosomes.
These are inivisible enemies for man. Some bacteria cause disease in man such as tuberculosis (TB), tetanus,
plague, pneumonia, cholera and diphtheria.
Plant diseases caused by bacteria are black rots of cabbage citrus canker, fine blight of pear and apple, ring
rot of potato etc.
Some bacteria live inside the cell of animals and plants produce toxic substance.
Food Spoilage: Bacteria spoil food by fermentation and decomposition.