3

Looking ahead
Words and phrases

Lead in 3.6 fleet /fli:t/ (n)

group of planes, buses, taxis, etc.
3.13 tycoon /taI"ku:n/ (n)
someone successful in business or
travelling together or owned by industry who has become rich and
3.1 likelihood /"laIklihUd/ (n) the same organisation ◆ My cousin powerful as a result
chance of sth happening ◆ Peter operates a fleet of taxis in the city.
doesn’t have any qualifications 3.14 commit /k@"mIt/ (v)
so there’s little likelihood of him 3.7 underway /%Vnd@"weI/ (adj) spend money or time on sth/sb
getting a highly paid job.  likely already started (or with get: about ◆ The school library is a joke! They
(adj) to start) need to commit more funds to
books and other materials.
3.2 the chances are (that) 3.8 (as) a matter of course L Also: promise sincerely that
/D@ "tSA:nsIz %A:/ (idm) /@z @ %m&t@r @z "kO:s/ (idm) you will definitely do sth, keep to
it is likely (that) L A shorter (as) the usual or correct thing to do an agreement  committed (adj),
version is also used, especially ◆ You’ll have to pre-order a commitment (n), committee (n)
informally: Chances are, we will vegetarian meal if you want one,
never discover life on another the airline doesn’t offer one as a 3.15 orbit /"O:bIt/ (v)
planet. matter of course. move in a curved path round sth
much larger, e.g. a planet, the Sun,
3.3 inevitable /In"evIt@bl/ (adj) 3.9 aspiring /@"spaI@rIN/ (adj) etc.  orbit (n), orbital (adj), in
that cannot be avoided or prevented wanting to start the career or orbit (phr)
◆ Our neighbours always copy us activity mentioned; more generally,
so when we bought a new car it be successful  aspiration (n), 3.16 prohibitive /pr@"hIb@tIv/ (adj)
was inevitable that they would aspire (v) so high (a cost or price) that
soon get one.  the inevitable (n), it prevents people from buying
inevitability (n), inevitably (adv) 3.10 sign up /%saIn "Vp/ (phr v) or doing sth  prohibit (v),
sign a form or persuade sb to sign prohibitively (adv)
3.4 bound (to do/be sth) a form, which says that you agree
/baUnd/ (adj) to do sth, e.g. take on a job or 3.17 junk /ÙVNk/ (n)
certain or likely to happen, do or be become a soldier ◆ The company things that are considered of little
◆ Could you answer the phone? It’s has signed up three top models for value, rubbish
bound to be Sally. She always calls the fashion show.
this late. 3.18 futurologist
3.11 out of this world /%fju:tS@"rQl@dZIst/ (n)
/%aUt @v DIs "w3:ld/ (idm) expert in the study of how people
used to emphasise how good sth is will live in the future  futurology
Reading (n)
3.12 exaggerated
Space tourism /Ig"z&Ù@reItId/ (adj) 3.19 claim /kleIm/ (v)
made to seem larger, better, worse say that sth is true although it has
3.5 terrestrial /t@"restri@l/ (adj) or more important than it really not been proved and other people
related to the planet ◆ Earth – Some is or needs to be ◆ She said she’d may not believe it ◆ The class
terrestrial life forms look so weird, never set foot in my house again. claimed they knew nothing about
you’d almost think they were from It was of course an exaggerated the broken window – but someone
outer space! statement, but I was deeply hurt. must have seen who did it.  claim
 exaggerate (v), exaggeratedly (n), claimant (n)
(adv), exaggeration (n)

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3.20 cell /sel/ (n) 3.28 sceptical (about/of) 3.35 socialise /"s@US@laIz/ (v)
smallest part of an animal or /"skeptIkl/ (adj) meet and spend time with people
plant that can exist on its own having doubts that a claim or in a friendly way, in order to enjoy
◆ Scientists took a single cell statement is true or that sth will yourself ◆ They’re not very friendly
from another animal to create happen ◆ I am a little sceptical at my new company. We hardly
the genetically identical Dolly the about the real reasons behind Neil’s ever socialise together after work.
sheep. resignation.  scepticism (n)  (un)social (adj), socially (adv),

society (n)
3.21 hook up /%hUk "Vp/ (phr v) 3.29 interact (with) /%Int@r"&kt/ (v)
connect sb/sth to a piece of communicate with sb, especially
equipment ◆ I went to see Mike while you work, play or spend Nanotechnology
in hospital today. He’s better, but time with them ◆ Sarah’s job as a
he’s still hooked up to all those receptionist allowed her to interact 3.36 molecule /"mQlIkju:l/ (n)
machines. L Often used in the with a huge variety of people. smallest unit, consisting of a group
passive.  hook-up (n)  interaction (n), interactive (adj), of atoms, into which a substance
interactively (adv) can be divided without a change in
3.22 nerve /n3:v/ (n) its chemical nature  molecularity
one of the long threads that carry 3.30 flourish /"flVrIS/ (v) (n), molecular (adj), molecularly
messages between the brains and develop quickly and be successful (adv)
parts of the body so that you can or common ◆ During the Second
move, feel pain, etc.  nervous World War the black market 3.37 precision /prI"sIZn/ (n)
(adj): nervous system flourished in many British cities. the quality of being exact, accurate
 flourish (n), flourishing (adj) and careful ◆ In our chemistry lab
3.23 sensation /sen"seISn/ (n) we had some precision scales which
feeling that you get when sth 3.31 retailer /"ri:teIl@(r)/ (n) could weigh even fractions of a
affects your body ◆ Lying in the person or business that sells goods gram!
sun might be a pleasant sensation to the public ◆ ‘Zara’ is one of
for some people, but not for me. Europe’s biggest clothes retailers. 3.38 in layman’s terms
L Also: very great surprise, L Compare with wholesaler: /In "leIm@nz %t3:mz/ (phr)
excitement, or interest among a lot sb who buys goods in large in simple language ◆ I don’t really
of people. The adj and adv forms quantities, especially so they can understand all this technical
refer to this meaning.  sense (n, be sold again to make a profit. language. Can you put it into
v), sensational (adj), sensationally  retail (n, v, adj) layman’s terms?
(adv)
3.32 cramped /kr&mpt/ (adj) 3.39 manipulation
3.24 tiny /"taIni/ (adj) not having room to move freely /m@%nIpju"leISn/ (n)
very small in size or amount ◆ The theatre was far too small, control or use of sb/sth in a skilful
and we felt very cramped in our way ◆ The manipulation of this
3.25 transmitter /tr&ns"mIt@(r)/ (n) seats.  cramp (v) kind of data can only really be
piece of equipment that sends done by computer. L Also: control
electronic signals  transmission 3.33 window-shop or influence of sb/sth, often in
(n), transmit (v) /"wInd@U %SQp/ (v) a dishonest way so that they do
look at the goods in shop windows, not realise it.  manipulate (v),
3.26 fingertip /"fINg@tIp/ (n) usually without intending to buy manipulator (n), manipulative (adj)
the end of your finger that is furthest anything ◆ I’m not really planning
from your hand, usu. meaning the to buy anything today, I’m just 3.40 hence /hens/ (adv)
fleshy part, not the nail going to window-shop.  window- for this reason ◆ The project is
shopping (n) much bigger than expected, hence
the need for extra staff.
… in virtual space 3.34 replica /"replIk@/ (n)
very good or exact copy of sth 3.41 substantial /s@b"st&nSl/ (adj)
3.27 virtual /"v3:Íu@l/ (adj) ◆ Do winning teams actually take important, large in amount or
made to appear to exist by the use home the real World Cup or is it value ◆ It was surprising that
of computer software ◆ ‘The Sims’ just a replica?  replicate (v) after all those years there was
computer game allows players to no substantial change in her
build up an entire virtual world. appearance.  substantially (adv)
L Also: almost or very nearly the
thing described, so that any slight
difference is not important. Only
used before nouns.  virtually (adv)

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3.42 purify /"pjU@rIfaI/ (v) 3.51 break up /%breIk "Vp/ (phr v)
remove substances that are make people leave sth or stop sth,
Listening
dirty, harmful or not wanted esp. by using force ◆ Our neighbours
◆ We always purify the water were furious about the loud music 3.61 monument /"mQnjum@nt/ (n)
here because it contains a lot of and came round to break the party building or other structure that has
chemicals.  purification (n), (im) up. special historical importance
 monumental (adj)
purity (n), (im)pure (adj)
3.52 turn down
3.43 drawback /"drO:b&k/ (n) /%t3:n "daun/ (phr v) 3.62 blend in with
disadvantage or problem that reject or refuse an offer /%blend "In wID/ (phr v)
makes sth a less attractive idea be similar to its surroundings usu.
◆ The main drawback of our new 3.53 bring up /%brIN "Vp/ (phr v) in an attractive way that does not
house is the noise from the street. mention a subject or start to talk spoil how sth looked before
about it
3.44 rumour /"ru:m@(r)/ (n) 3.63 landscape /"l&ndskeIp/ (n)
piece of information, or a story, 3.54 break down everything you can see when you
that people talk about, but that /%breIk "daUn/ (phr v) look across a large area of land,
may not be true ◆ No one really lose control of your feelings and esp. in the country ◆ Living near
knows what happened that night; start crying mountains and lakes is great for
most of what we know is based on photographers, with beautiful
3.55 no wonder landscape wherever you look.
rumour.  rumoured (adj) /%n@U "wVnd@(r)/ (idm)  landscaping (n), landscape (v)

3.45 genetically modified food it’s not surprising that

/Ù@%netIkli %mQdIfaId "fu:d/ (n) 3.64 air /e@(r)/ (n)
3.56 put sb down particular feeling or impression
foods whose genes have been /%pUt ... "daUn/ (phr v)
altered so that they develop that is given by sth/sb
make sb look or feel stupid, esp.
different qualities in front of other people  putdown 3.65 ” unduly /%Vn"dju:li/ (adv)
3.46 pose /p@Uz/ (v) (n) more than is reasonable or
create, e.g. a danger, problem or necessary  undue (adj)
3.57 set down /%set "daUn/ (phr v)
threat that has to be dealt with, or, write as an official record of, e.g. 3.66 ” prestigious
e.g. a question that needs serious rules /pr@"stIdZ@s/ (adj)
thought respected and admired as very
3.47 regulation /%regj@"leISn/ (n) important or of good quality
official rule made by a government Grammar  prestige (n)

or some other authority L More 3.67 ” backing /"b&kIN/ (n)

legal authority than a rule, but 3.58 spontaneous support  back (v)
commonly found in the expression /spQn"teIni@s/ (adj)
rules and regulations  regulate not planned or arranged, but done 3.68 ” in the pipeline
(v), regulatory (adv) because you suddenly want to /%In D@ "paIplaIn/ (idm)
 spontaneity (n), spontaneously being discussed, planned or
(adv) prepared to happen or exist soon
Vocabulary 3.59 pull out /%pUl "aUt/ (phr v) 3.69 ” thunder (on) /"TVnd@(r)/ (v)
move away or make sb move away communicate approval or
3.48 put up /%pUt "Vp/ (phr v) from sth or stop being involved disapproval loudly or impressively
let sb stay overnight at your house in it ◆ When I fell and broke my  thunder (n)

3.49 set up /%set "Vp/ (phr v) leg, I had to pull out of the dance 3.70 ” revenue /"rev@nju:/ (n)
start, e.g. a business  set up (n) competition. money that an organisation
3.60 wasp /wQsp/ (n) receives from its business
3.50 bring down ◆ Because of my company’s
/%brIN "daUn/ (phr v) black and yellow flying insect that
can sting increased revenue this year, every
make sb lose power member of staff is receiving a
generous bonus.

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3.71” money-spinning 3.80 ” aura /"O:r@/ (n) 3.88 gerontologist
/"mVni %spInIN/ (adj) feeling or particular quality that /%dZerQn"tQl@dZIst/ (n)
used to describe sth that earns sb seems to surround a person or person who studies the process of
a lot of money L This can have a place ◆ There was such an aura of people growing old  gerontology
slightly critical meaning of getting confidence about the salesman that (n)
money from people very easily, we believed every word he said.
perhaps without much effort. 3.89 smugly /"smVgli/ (adv)
 money-spinner (n) 3.81” numerous /"nju:m@r@s/ (adj) looking or feeling too pleased with
existing in large numbers yourself or sth you have done
3.72 ” alluring /@"ljU@rIN/ (adj) or achieved ◆ ‘I got all ‘A’s.’ Ian
attractive and exciting in a 3.82 ” round/around the corner announced smugly, knowing very
mysterious way  allure (n), /%raUnd, @%raUnd D@ "kO:n@(r)/ (idm) well that Rob would have struggled
alluringly (adv) about to happen to pass a single exam.  smugness
3.83 ” intact /In"t&kt/ (adj) (n), smug (adj)
3.73 ” (a) must /(@) "mVst/ (n)
sth that you must do, see, buy, etc. complete and not damaged 3.90 carry out /%k&ri "aUt/ (phr v)
◆ When media reports were proved do sth, esp. tests, experiments or
3.74 ” overwhelm /%@Uv@"welm/ (v) to be untrue, the star avoided a research
be so great (in number, size, etc.) scandal and came out with his
that sb/sth cannot deal with it reputation intact. 3.91 project /pr@"dZekt/ (v)
◆ We were overwhelmed by the present sb/sth in a particular way
response to our recent advert ◆ In her interview for a job as a
for an office assistant. It’ll take
weeks just to finish reading the
Speaking babysitter, Lara tried to project
herself as reliable and caring. L
applications. L Often used in the Also: send or throw sth outwards
passive.  overwhelming (adj), 3.84 make your mark or upwards.  projection (n)
overwhelmingly (adv) /%meIk jO: "mA:k/ (idm)
become famous or successful in 3.92 provoke (sb into doing sth)
3.75 ” interpretation sth ◆ Paul McCartney’s daughter /pr@"v@Uk/ (v)
/In%t3:prI"teISn/ (n) Stella has made her mark as a do or say sth that annoys sb so
particular way of understanding fashion designer. that they react in an angry way
or explaining sth  interpreter (n), ◆ The lawyer claimed that his
interpret (v) 3.85 put your heart and soul into client was provoked into fighting
sth /%pUt jO: %hA:t @n "s@Ul/ (idm) by the defendant. L Also: provoke
3.76” tuck /tVk/ (v) do sth with a lot of energy and means to cause a particular
put sth into a small space esp. to enthusiasm reaction or have a particular effect,
hide it ◆ Can you tuck my wallet for example to provoke a reaction
into your pocket? I don’t want to 3.86 sacrifice /"s&krIfaIs/ (n)
or a discussion.  provocation (n)
walk around with it in my hand. act of giving up sth important or
valuable to you in order to get or 3.93 prompt (sb into doing sth)
3.77 ” dominate /"dQmIneIt/ (v) do sth else that you feel is more /prQmpt/ (v)
be the most noticeable, powerful important ◆ Having children means make sb decide to do sth, usu.
or important thing in a place making personal sacrifices and because they think it is right
 domination (n), dominance (n), putting their needs first.  sacrifice  prompt (n)
dominant (adj) (v), sacrificial (adj)
3.94 incite (sb to do sth) /In"saIt/ (v)
3.78 ” exorbitant /Ig"zO:bIt@nt/ (adj) encourage sb to do sth violent,
too expensive  exorbitantly (adv)
Use of English illegal or unpleasant, esp. by
making them angry or excited.
3.79 ” make a dash (for)
 incitement (n)
/%meIk @ "d&S/ (phr) 3.87 deterioration
go somewhere quickly, esp. if you /dI%tI@ri@"reISn/ (n) 3.95 token /"t@Uk@n/ (n)
want to be amongst the first to get state of becoming worse sth that is a symbol of a feeling, a
there ◆ The children made a dash ◆ Following the earthquake there fact or an event ◆ As a token of my
for the chocolate biscuits but the was a serious deterioration in appreciation for your help, please
sandwiches were left untouched. standards of hygiene and medical accept this gift.
L dash (v) has a more general services.  deteriorate (v)
meaning of go quickly.  dash (n, v) 3.96 blur /bl3:(r)/ (v)
become less clear  blur (n),
blurry (adj)

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Writing 3.106 negotiation /nI%g@USi"eISn/ (n)
formal discussion between
3.115 campaigner
/k&m"peIn@(r)/ (n)
people who are trying to reach person who leads or takes part in a
3.97 principal /"prIns@pl/ (n) an agreement  negotiator (n), series of activities, esp. designed to
person who is in charge of a negotiate (v) bring political or social change
college or a university  campaign (n, v)
3.107 riot /"raI@t/ (n)
3.98 terminate /"t3:mIneIt/ (v) situation in which a group of 3.116 arms /A:mz/ (n pl)
come to an end or make sth end people behave in a violent way in weapons, esp. as used by the
◆ This train terminates at the
a public place, often as a protest armed forces  armoury (n),
next stop. Please ensure you take  rioter (n), riot (v) armour (n), arm (v), armed (adj)
all your belongings with you
when leaving.  termination (n), 3.108 spell /spel/ (n) 3.117 petition /p@"tISn/ (n)
terminal (n) a period of time during which written document signed by a large
sth lasts, esp. weather or in a number of people that asks sb in
3.99 stand /st&nd/ (n) particular job ◆ After a spell as a position of authority to do or
piece of equipment or furniture an actress in her younger days, change sth ◆ If you are concerned
that you use for holding a Kylie Minogue has carved out a about health care in this town,
particular type of thing successful career for herself as a please sign our petition against the
3.100 how/where/what, etc. on singer. closure of Millom Hospital.
 petition (v)
earth /"haU, "we@, "wQt Qn %3:T/ 3.109 investment /In"vestm@nt/ (n)
(idm) act of investing money in sth, or 3.118 confess (to sth) /k@n"fes/ (v)
used to emphasise questions to the money or thing that you invest admit, esp. formally to the police,
suggest there is no easy or obvious in  investor (n), invest (v) that you have done sth wrong or
answer ◆ I thought I’d shut the illegal  confession (n)
gate. How on earth did the dog get 3.110 knock /nQk/ (v)
out into the street? criticise sb/sth, esp. unfairly or 3.119 outrageous /aUt"reIdZ@s/ (adj)
repeatedly L Informal very shocking and unacceptable
3.101 drastic /"dr&stIk/ (adj)  outrage (n), outrageously (adv)
extreme in a way that has a 3.111 marketing /"mA:k@tIN/ (n)
sudden, serious or violent effect on activity of presenting, advertising 3.120 vending machine
sth  drastically (adv) and selling a company’s products /"vendIN m@%Si:n/ (n)
in the best possible way  market machine from which you can buy
3.102 measure /"meZ@(r)/ (n) (n, v) snacks, cans of drink, cigarettes,
official action that is done in order etc.
to achieve a particular aim ◆ Our 3.112 strategy /"str&t@dZi/ (n)
local council is taking measures plan intended to achieve a 3.121 grossly /"gr@Usli/ (adv)
to solve the problem of rush-hour particular purpose, often in the extremely, used in a critical way
congestion. context of business or war ◆ The recent claims about poor
 strategic (adj), strategically (adv) teaching have been grossly
3.103 plain /pleIn/ (adv) exaggerated, although it’s clear
absolutely, completely ◆ What you 3.113 senior citizen that there are some areas for
said was plain stupid! Now you /%si:ni@ "sItIzn/ (n) improvement in schools.  gross
have no chance of getting the job. older person, esp. sb who has (adj)
retired from work, often used in
3.104 cutback /"kVtb&k/ (n) the context of rights and benefits 3.122 reluctant /rI"lVkt@nt/ (adj)
reduction in sth, often financial ◆ Senior citizens may apply for a hesitant, not keen to do sth
 cut back (phr v) free bus pass in London.  reluctance (n), reluctantly (adv)

3.114 grant /grA:nt/ (n) 3.123 relocate /%ri:l@U"keIt/ (v)

sum of money given by move to a new place to work or
Review the government or another operate  relocation (n)
organisation to be used for a
3.105 bargain for /"bA:gIn/ (phr v) particular purpose  grant (v)
expect sth to happen and be
prepared for it L Commonly found
in the expression more (...) than
you/he, etc. bargained for.

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3.124 catering /"keIt@rIN/ (n) 3.132 expenditure Extract from a novel
work of providing food and /Ik"spendIÍ@(r)/ (n)
drinks in, e.g. schools, hospitals, amount of money spent on sth 3.141 tumble /"tVmbl/ (v)
businesses L cater for (v) also has ◆ The government are making move (or fall) in a relaxed or
a more general meaning: provide plans to increase expenditure on uncontrolled way ◆ My Dad’s put a
the things that a particular person health and education. waterfall in our pond. It was meant
or situation needs. ◆ Our local to tumble gently down over the
theatre doesn’t really cater for 3.133 insufficient /%Ins@"fISnt/ (adj) rocks but it shoots straight out of a
disabled people as it has so many not large, strong or important pipe instead!  tumble (n, v)
stairs and no lifts  caterer (n), enough for a particular purpose
◆ We’ll need to upgrade our PC; 3.142 rear /"rI@(r)/ (adj)
cater (v)
its insufficient memory makes it at or near the back of sth ◆ There
3.125 premises /"premIsIz/ (n pl) difficult for many programmes are both front and rear toilets on
building and land near it that a to run.  sufficient (adj) (in) the plane.
business owns or uses ◆ Notice to sufficiently (adv), suffice (v)
3.143 spread-eagled
all staff: Smoking is not allowed
/%spred "i:gld/ (adj)
anywhere on the premises.
in a position with your arms
Calling all inventors!
and legs spread out ◆ Simon lay
3.134 smoke detector spread-eagled on the deck of the

Workbook /"sm@Uk dI%tekt@(r)/ (n)

piece of equipment for discovering
boat, soaking up the sunshine.

3.144 compartment
the presence of smoke
/k@m"pA:tm@nt/ (n)
Reading 3.135 shuttle /SVtl/ (n)
any vehicle that travels regularly
one of the separate sections which
a railway carriage or aircraft is
between two places ◆ A shuttle divided into
Life on Mars? service runs between Terminal A
3.145 tilt /tIlt/ (v)
3.126 former /"fO:m@(r)/ (adj) and Terminal B every five minutes
move, or make sth move, into
that used to exist in earlier times at this airport. L A space shuttle
a position with one side or end
◆ Charles Robson, the former travels between Earth and, e.g. a
higher than the other ◆ The lorry
Olympic athlete, will be giving a space station taking supplies or
tilted noticeably as it went round
speech on motivation. equipment.
the bend in the road.
3.127 stream /stri:m/ (n) 3.136 crew /kru:/ (n)
3.146 bank /b&Nk/ (v)
small narrow river all the people working on a ship,
travel with one side higher than
plane, etc
the other when turning ◆ The
3.128 breeze /bri:z/ (n)
3.137 cordless /"kO:dl@s/ (adj) plane banked sharply before the
light wind
(of a telephone or an electrical pilot guided it safely over the
3.129 draw up /%drO: "Vp/ (phr v) tool) not connected to its power mountain.
prepare and write a plan, list or supply by wires
other document
3.147 craft /krA:ft/ (n)
3.138 power drill /"paU@ %drIl/ (n) aircraft or spacecraft
3.130 critic /"krItIk/ (n) electrical tool with a pointed end
person who expresses disapproval
3.148 puffy /"pVfi/ (adj)
for making holes
(of clouds, etc.) looking soft, round
of sb/sth, esp. publicly  criticism
3.139 adapt (to) /@"d&pt/ (v) and white
(n), criticise (v), critical (adj),
critically (adv) change your behaviour in order
3.149 buffeting /"bVf@tIN/ (adj)
to deal more successfully with a
knocking or pushing sb/sth
3.131 muck up /%mVk "Vp/ (phr v) new situation ◆ At first Chris found
roughly from side to side ◆ Jim
do sth badly so that you fail to it difficult to adapt to his new
walked out of the hut into the
achieve what you wanted ◆ I was school, but he soon made friends
buffeting gale.  buffeting (n)
trying to fix the TV, but I’ve really and settled down.  adaptor (n),
mucked it up. It won’t even turn on adaptation (n), adaptability (n),
now. L Informal. adaptable (adj)

3.140 entrant /"entr@nt/ (n)

person or animal that enters a race
or a competition

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3.150 incredulously 3.160 lean /li:n/ (v) 3.168 run /rVn/ (n)
/In"kredj@l@sli/ (adv) bend or move from an upright series of performances of a play or
in a way that reveals your inability position ◆ For safety reasons, you film
to believe sth ◆ He opened the are not allowed to lean out of the
small box and took out a diamond windows. 3.169 on the point (of)
ring. Diane just looked at him /"Qn D@ %pOInt @v/ (phr)
incredulously.  (in)credulous about to ◆ I was just on the point
of phoning you when you rang.
(adj), (in)credulity (n)
Vocabulary
3.151 atoll /"&tQl/ (n)
3.161 till /tIl/ (n)
island shaped like a ring with a
lake of sea water in the middle machine used in shops, banks, etc.
Listening
that has a drawer in it for keeping
3.152 concentric /k@n"sentrIk/ (adj) money 3.170 challenge /"Í&lInÙ/ (v)
(of circles) having the same centre test sb’s ability and skills, esp.
◆ The planet Saturn is surrounded 3.162 delegate /"delIg@t/ (n) in an interesting way ◆ The final
by concentric rings. person who is chosen to represent ascent of the mountain challenged
the views of a group of people the climbers to the limit of
3.153 lush /lVS/ (adj) and make decisions for them ◆ their abilities.  challenge (n),
(of plants) growing thickly and Delegates attending the conference challenging (adj)
strongly in an attractive way, should register at the desk in the
covered in healthy grass and plants main reception hall. delegate (v), 3.171 terrain /t@"reIn/ (n)
◆ Your new lawn is growing well. used to refer to an area of land
delegation (n)
It’s starting to look very lush. when you are mentioning its
3.163 leaflet /"li:fl@t/ (n) natural features, for example, if it is
3.154 dip /dIp/ (v) printed sheet of paper or a few rough, flat, etc. ◆ The mountainous
go downwards or to a lower level printed pages that are given free terrain of Tibet makes it difficult for
◆ It was getting dark and the sun
of charge to advertise or give older people to visit.
had just dipped below the horizon. information about sth
 dip (n) 3.172 dispirited /dI"spIrItId/ (adj)
having no hope or enthusiasm
3.155 level /"levl/ (v) ◆ After failing my exam, I felt tired
bring or come to a horizontal Grammar and dispirited.  spirit (n), spirited
position ◆ The plane levelled once (adj)
it had reached its cruising altitude. 3.164 sell out /%sel "aUt/ (phr v)
 level (n)
(for a concert, football game, etc.) 3.173 supplies /s@"plaIz/ (n pl)
sell all of the tickets things such as food, medicines,
3.156 slipstream /"slIpstri:m/ (n) fuel, etc. that are needed by a
stream of air behind a vehicle that 3.165 playwright /"pleIraIt/ (n) group of people ◆ After ten days
is moving very fast person who writes plays for the in the jungle, we decided to return
theatre, television or radio L The because our supplies were running
3.157 juddering /"ÙVd2@rIN/ (n)
word wright is not connected with out.  supply (v)
violent shake  judder (v)
the word write but is an old word
meaning ‘sb who makes’. Playwright 3.174 interfere (with)
3.158 vibrate /vaI"breIt/ (v)
move or make sth move from side is the only word still in common /%Int@"fI@(r)/ (phr v)
use; older words include shipwright, prevent sth from succeeding or
to side very quickly and with small
wheelwright and cartwright. from happening as planned
movements ◆ Every time a train
◆ She never allows her personal
went past the walls vibrated.
 vibration (n)
3.166 improvise /"Impr@vaIz/ (v) feelings to interfere with her work.
invent the words in a play, a  interference (n)

3.159 frame /freIm/ (n) statement, etc. while you are

performing or speaking, instead of 3.175 abandon /@"b&nd@n/ (v)
supporting structure of a building,
planning it in advance stop doing sth, esp. before it is
vehicle, etc. that gives it its shape
◆ The frame of the house is  improvisation (n) finished ◆ She was so stubborn that
her husband finally abandoned
wooden, although the walls are
3.167 cast /kA:st/ (n) any further attempt to make her
made of concrete.
all the people who act in a play or change her mind. L Also: leave
film sb or a place with no intention of
returning  abandonment (n)

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3.176 ” catch up (with) 3.183 ” inhospitable
/%k&Í "Vp/ (phr v) /%InhQ"spIt@bl/ (adj)
Use of English
reach sb who is ahead by going a place that is difficult to stay or
faster ◆ Sally couldn’t catch up live in, esp. because there is no 3.190 evolve /I"vQlv/ (v)
with the running man. shelter from extreme weather develop gradually, esp. from a
L With people, not giving a simple to a more complicated form
3.177 ” embark upon ◆ ‘The Body Shop’ started as a small
friendly or polite welcome to
/Im"bA:k @%pQn/ (phr v) guests. The adverb only refers to shop in England and quickly evolved
start to do sth new or difficult this meaning.  inhospitably (adv) into a multinational company. 
◆ When we embarked upon this evolution (n), evolutionary (adj)
journey we didn’t realise how 3.184 ” wind chill /"wInd %ÍIl/ (n)
difficult it would be. effect of low temperature combined 3.191 adverse /"&dv3:s/ (adj)
with wind on sb/sth ◆ Wind chill harmful, not positive  adversity (n)
3.178 ” proportions can make it seem much colder than
/pr@"pO:Snz/ (n pl) 3.192 immune system
the temperature would suggest. /I"mju:n %sIst@m/ (n)
measurements of sth, its size and
shape ◆ Due to severe weather 3.185 ” dubious (about) system in your body that produces
conditions the situation could reach substances to help it fight infection
/"dju:bi@s/ (adj)
crisis proportions. and disease
doubtful, not knowing whether sth
is good or bad ◆ Amanda hates 3.193 conductor /k@n"dVkt@(r)/ (n)
3.179 ” swamp /swQmp/ (n) classical music, so I’m a bit dubious
area of ground that is very wet or person who stands in front of
about her decision to come to the an orchestra and directs their
covered with water and in which concert with me.  dubiously (adv)
wild plants and trees grow L The performance
verb swamp can have the literal 3.186 ” en route /%Qn "ru:t/ (adv) 3.194 sole /s@Ul/ (adj)
meaning to fill or cover with water, on the way ◆ Since you live near only, single My sole reason for
but is more often found as swamp me, why don’t we share a taxi and coming here was to see you.
sb with sth = to make sb/sth have drop you off en route?
more of sth than they can deal 3.195 uphold /Vp"h@Uld/ (v)
with: As soon as they stepped out 3.187 ” starve /stA:v/ (v) support sth that you think is right,
of the stage door, the band were suffer or die because you do not fair, etc. and make sure that it
quickly swamped with fans. have enough food to eat continues to exist ◆ We all have a
 swampland (n), swampy (adj) ◆ A diet doesn’t mean you should
duty to uphold the law.  upholder
starve!  starvation (n) (n)
3.180 ” hazardous /"h&z@d@s/ (adj)
involving risk and danger, esp. 3.188 ” strand /str&nd/ (v) 3.196 defend /dI"fend/ (v)
to sb’s health or safety ◆ It was a leave sb in a place from which say or write sth in support of sb/
hazardous journey along narrow they have no way of leaving sth that has been criticized ◆ How
◆ When the airline announced
cliff roads and round tight bends. can you possibly defend such an
 hazard (n) the cancellation of our flight, 250 irrational attitude?  defender (n),
people were stranded at the airport. defence (n), defensiveness (n),
3.181 ” alarming /@"lA:mIN/ (adj) defensive (adj), defensively (adv)
causing worry and fear 3.189 ” frostbite /"frQstbaIt/ (n)
 alarm (n, v), alarmingly (adv) medical condition in which parts
of the body, esp. the fingers and
3.182” perilous /"per@l@s/ (adj) toes, become damaged as a result
very dangerous L Formal. of extremely cold temperatures
 peril (n), perilously (adv)

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Review Units 1–3
3.197 fetch /feÍ/ (v)
go to where sb/sth is and bring
them/it back ◆ Just a minute, I’ve
got to fetch my keys.

3.198 appliance /@"plaI@ns/ (n)

machine that is designed to do a
particular thing in the home, such as
preparing food, heating or cleaning

3.199 influence (on) /"Influ@ns/ (n)

effect that sb/sth has on the way
a person thinks or the way that
sth works or develops ◆ One of the
biggest problems nowadays is the
influence of television on children.
 influence (v), influential (adj)

3.200 draw to a close

/%drO: tu @ "kl@Uz/ (phr)
end, finish ◆ After six hours of
negotiations the meeting was
drawing to a close.

3.201 session /"seSn/ (n)

period of time spent doing a
particular activity L Often found
in a similar context to class/lesson,
but usu. with greater emphasis on
enjoyment than instruction.

3.202 diverse /daI"v3:s/ (adj)

very different from each other and
of various kinds ◆ What I really
like about universities is that people
with diverse cultures come together.
 diversity (v) diversify (v)

3.203 roam /r@Um/ (v)

walk or travel around an area
without any definite aim or
direction ◆ On our first day in
Prague, we just took a couple of
hours to roam the historic centre.

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