3.

0
Development Of Standards And
Guidelines

3.1 Emission Standards and Guidelines for Petrochemicals Minimization of

Industry waste generation
Petrochemicals are hydrocarbons, obtained from naturally occurring raw and conservation of
materials viz. petroleum, natural gas, coal etc. The feedstocks can either natural resources,
be cracked (in cracker complexes) to produce olefins or reformed (in
especially water, has
aromatic complexes) to produce aromatics.
become an essential
The process emissions arising from this industry has been addressed
properly with priority pollutants and adaptable control technologies for sustainable
are identified for development of standards. The air emission from development
petrochemical production plant is rather unique where the emission of
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) is the predominant pollutants.
There is emission of conventional pollutants viz. SPM, SOx, and CO and
NOx, which are critical from the point of view of formation of secondary
pollutants. Analytical capability and implementability of standards have
been considered in proposed emission standards. Considering the status
of emission control by Indian industries and best practicable technology,
the proposed emission standards including guidelines were finalized in
139 th Board meeting and presented before expert committee of MoEF
on 27th February, 2007.

3.2 Guidelines for Optimum Water Consumption in Bulk

Drug Manufacturing Industry
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The minimization of waste generation and conservation of natural

resources, especially water, has become an essential component for
sustainable development in all spheres of human life. The Government
of India’s New Environmental Policy-2006 infact includes actions for the
productive consumption of water in industrial processes, amongst others
through water assessments and mandatory water audits for the identified
industries. The CPCB has taken up project for developing guidelines for
the optimum utilization of water in bulk drug manufacturing units. The
study suggests that there is a scope for the reduction of water consumption
in this sector and the adoption of the guidelines suggested, can reduce
15 to 50% water consumption depending upon the process followed and
the products manufactured.
 3.3 Standards and Guidelines for Chemical / Hazardous Waste
Incinerator in Pesticides Industry
Pesticides are produced by chemical reactions of organic and/or
inorganic materials. The final mass of an organic reaction is associated
with not only the desired product or its intermediates, but also untreated
reactants and undesired products of partially completed reactions. The
manufacture of pesticides is not accomplished in one reaction but multi
reactions are involved in most cases. In each reaction state, some raw
materials remain un-reacted and some unwanted products are formed
which remain in the system. Desired products are carefully recovered
in each step from the system. Unwanted products are discarded either
in the form of liquid or solid. In some cases, during reaction, odorous
compounds are emitted or loss of organics (solvents) occur which are the
sources of air pollution.
The wastewaters generated are of high TDS and high COD and may
not be easily bio-degradable thus the wastewater streams need to be
destroyed thermally. The hazardous waste generated are also required to
be thermally destroyed, as it mainly comprise organic residue, distillation
residue, chemical sludge of ETP, some process waste and organic
impurities appearing as scum, froth or tar. Incineration is also preferred
for gaseous streams containing odorous compound like mercaptan and
hydrogen sulphide.
Many pesticides industries have therefore installed incinerators.
The CPCB took-up the task to collect, collate information related to
design and operation of incinerators installed in pesticide industries,
and conducted performance study in order to evolve emission standards
for incinerators in respect of pesticide industry sector. The proposed
Emission Standard for sector specific incinerator for pesticide industry is
given below:
Table 3.3 Proposed Emission Standard for Sector Specific Incinerators
(Pesticide Industry)
Parameters Emission Standard Sampling duration
(Not to exceed the emission
standard prescribed)
Particulates 50 mg/Nm3 30 minutes
HCl 50 mg/Nm3 30 minutes
SO2 200 mg/Nm3 30 minutes
CO 100 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to daily average value
Total Organic Carbon 20 mg/Nm3 30 minutes
NOx 400 mg/Nm3 30 minutes
Total Dioxin and furans 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3 Standard refers to 6-8 hours
sampling. Please refer guidelines for
17 concerned congeners for toxic
equivalence values to arrive at total
toxic equivalence
Sb + As + Pb + Cr + 1.5 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to sampling
Co + Cu + Mn + Ni + time anywhere between
V + their compounds 30 minutes and 8 hrs

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Note: All values corrected to 11% oxygen on a dry basis. Methodologies
❯ Chlorinated organic waste in input waste shall not be more than 1%. proposed by CPCB
❯ The temperature in single chamber liquid waste incinerator shall be for emission testing
maintained at 1100Oc. For fluidised bed technology Incinerator in hazardous waste
temperature shall be maintained at 850 to 950OC
incinerator were
❯ The liquid incinerator shall provided separate quencher and scrubber
presented before
shall not be used as a quencher.
❯ The TOC and LOI of incineration ash and residue shall not be more both national
than 3% and 5 % respectively. If it contains more than the prescribed and international
value, the same should be re-incinerated and not be allowed to be experts in workshop
disposed in secure landfill. and were ratified
❯ The CO2 concentration in tail gas should not be less than 7% so as to
limit undue excess air, ingress/ leakage of unwanted air and dilution.

Wastewater Discharge Standard

❯ Wastewater from the cleaning of exhaust gases discharged from an
incineration plant shall meet the general standards of wastewater
discharge.
❯ TDS build up over intake raw water = not more than 1000 mg/l

3.4 Review of Environmental Statements Submitted by

Industries (Phase – II)
The MoEF, GoI issued notification for submission of ‘Environmental
Statements’ (ES) every year by the industries to the respective SPCBs in
April, 1992 and further amended in April, 1993. The regular submission
of ES will indicate the systematic improvement in conservation of resources
and environmental pollution control being achieved by the industry.
In order to assess the efficiency of ES, the project “Review of
Environmental Statements Submitted by the industries” was taken-up
by the MoEF. The studies study to review the ES have been undertaken
for the sugar, thermal power, cement, petrochemical, oil refinery, iron &
steel, textile, and pesticide sectors in the first phase. Additional 7 sectors
such as Chlor-alkali, Dye & dye intermediates, Aluminium smelter, Zinc
smelter, copper smelter, Fertilizer and paint have been taken up in
second phase in order to cover major priority industrial sectors under
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the programme. The outcome of the exercise is being utilised for setting
environmental benchmarks for attainment by all the industries.

3.5 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Emission

Testing in Hazardous Waste Incinerator
THe CPCB has developed guidelines for common hazardous waste
incineration and recommended standards for notification. Recommended
standards for common hazardous waste incineration also include
pollutants like Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Total Organic Carbon (TOC),
heavy metals, dioxins and furans, in addition to the criteria pollutants
i.e. SOx, NOx and Particulate Matter (P.M.). As the recommended
sampling and analysis methods are not available for (HCl), Total
 Organic Carbon (TOC), heavy metals, dioxins and furans, CPCB
has undertaken preparation of technical document on sampling and
analysis of recommended parameter acceptable in both national and
international levels. The methodologies were proposed by CPCB and
presented before both national and international experts in workshop
and were ratified by them. Finally the document has been prepared. The
methodologies so developed may be applicable to any source emission
monitoring involving these pollutants other then the hazardous waste
incinerator.

3.6 Comprehensive Industry Document (COINDS) on Sponge

Iron Industry
The study was initiated by CPCB in association with MECON, Ranchi,
with an objective to develop National Environmental Standards and
to prepare Guidelines / Code of Practice for Pollution Prevention for
Sponge Iron Industry. On the basis of the study Comprehensive Industry
Document on Sponge Iron Industry has been prepared and published
under series COINDS/66/2007.

3.7 Comprehensive Industry Document (COINDS) on Stone

Crushers Units
The study was initiated with an objective to revise national environmental
standards for stone crushers and to prepare guidelines / code of practice
for pollution prevention for stone crushers. The study was taken up in
association with National Productivity Council (NPC), New Delhi. On
the basis of the study a comprehensive industry document on stone
crushers has been prepared and submitted for printing.

3.8 Comprehensive Industry Document (COIND) for Thermal

Power Plants
Study on the subject was initiated during 2005-06 in association with
Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore. The document on COIND
will cover present and future scenario of electricity production in the
country, combustion technologies including latest development in the
field, pollution potential (particulate with reference to air matter, SO2 &
NOx emissions) and water pollution. The problem of solid waste (coal
ash) disposal & its utilisation shall also be addressed. The COIND will
also include details about the pollution prevention technologies being
practiced and being developed. International experience regarding
pollution prevention control technologies shall also be part of the study.
Thus, the study shall be basis for the developing guidelines for pollution
prevention such as control of particulate matter, SO2 & NOx emissions
and reduction in water consumption for various purposes.

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 Research undertaken
3.9 Comprehensive Industry Document (COIND) on Iron Ore
by CPCB indicates
Mining Industry
The study was initiated by CPCB with an objective to develop national that with better
environmental standards for iron ore mining and to prepare guidelines design and
/ code of practice for pollution prevention. The study was taken up operating practices
in association with Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL), Environment about 25% energy
Management Division, Kolkata. On the basis of the study a comprehensive savings can be
industry document on iron ore mining has been prepared. achieved in
brick kilns
3.10 Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Fugitive
Emissions from Cement Industries
Guidelines for prevention and control of fugitive emissions from cement
industries have been finalized and circulated to all SPCBs/ PCCs, Cement
Manufactures Association, and MoEF for Implementation.

3.11 Comprehensive Industry Document (COIND) on Primary

Copper, Lead & Zinc Industries
The study for development of COIND on primary copper, lead & zinc
industries has been initiated for which In-depth study is in progress.

3.12 Revision of Comprehensive Industry Document (COIND)

for Aluminium Industry
The study for revision of comprehensive industry document for aluminium
industry has been initiated for which in-depth study is presently in
progress.

3.13 Study on Performance Evaluation of Air Pollution Control

System, Modification and Review of Emission Standards
for Brick Kilns
Clamp kilns, Bull’s Trench Kiln (BTK), and down draught kilns are primarily
used for brick manufacture in the country. Clamp kilns of various designs
are used for brick manufacturing in Peninsular India. BTKs are used
mainly in Indo- Gangetic plains and down–draught Kiln are being used
for brick manufacturing in Karnataka. BTK, is an energy efficient clean
technology and can be an alternate technology for replacement of clamp
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kilns.
A large portion of the bricks are produced by BTKs as the number of
BTKs has crossed 55000 in the country. This kiln was introduced around
120 years back in the country and is the main kiln in northern and
eastern part of the country apart from small pockets in central, west and
south India. Various types of BTKs with following variations are found in
country:
The specific energy consumption in BTKs depends on the design,
operation practices, clay characteristics, quality of the product, fuel used,
local climatic conditions etc. The specific energy consumption varies
between 1.1 MJ per kg to 2.0 MJ per kg of fired bricks. The research
indicates that with better design and operating practices about 25%
 Table 3.13 Variations in Bull’s Trench Kiln
Parameter Variation
Shape 1. Circular
2. Oval
Production Capacity 15,000 to 50,000 bricks per day
Chimney arrangements 1. Fixed masonry chimney
2. One or more metal chimney moving on side walls
3. One or more metal chimney moving on brick setting
Position of Gravity Settling 1. On both sides of chimney
Chamber 2. All around the periphery of chimney

energy savings can be achieved.

The Emision standards for BTKs are already notified vide notification
GSR No. 176 (E); April, 1996 under the Environment (Protection) Rules,
1986 The notification presents maximum concentration limit of SPM and
stack height regulation for brick kilns. These emission standards have
also banned use of moving chimney. Besides, brick kilns need to install
gravity settling chamber (GSC), a pollution control system to keep the
SPM level below the prescribed standard..
It was felt that modification and review of emission standards for BTK
is required. The CPCB took up the study for evolving emission standards,
stack height regulations vis-à-vis pollution control measures for BTKs
in association with The Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi.
The study has been completed. Emission Standards and Stack Height
regulation, Good practices and Siting Criteria will be discussed in the
PEER & CORE Committee meeting during 2008.

3.14 Minimal National Standards for Rubber Products

Industries
The CPCB after conducting extensive studies, developed draft Minimal
National Standards (MINAS) for rubber products manufacturing
industries. These standards were discussed and approved by the
Experts PEER & CORE Committee and subsequently by the CPCB and
got recommended for issuance of the Notification under Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986.
3.15 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Recycling of Ash Pond Effluent
A study on Cost benefit analysis of recycling of ash pond effluent was
completed through IIT, Kanpur. Recycling of ash pond effluent has been
one of the recommendations under CREP for coal based thermal power
plants. Number of thermal power plants has adopted ash pond effluent
recycling and thus conserving substantial volume of water. The findings
of the study suggest that recycling of ash pond effluent is feasible and
beneficial. Based on the findings of the study it may be recommended that
all future plants should adopt recycling of ash pond effluent invariably
and all existing plants must install such system in time bound manner.
Thus recycling of ash pond effluent will help not only to conserve the
water but also to minimize environmental pollution.

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