PHILIPPINE EXTERNAL RELATIONS WITH - Spanish colonization put an end to the

SOUTHEAST ASIA Borneo-Manila political and economic

- Estrella D. Solidum relations
- 1957 – Sultan of Borneo have written to
pp. 91 – 102 Chiefs Lakandula and Soliman of Manila to
attack the Spaniards, promising he would
1. Relationships between the Filipinos and peoples support the natives
from Southeast Asia have had a long history - ^signified the Muslim struggle against Spain
- Trade, visit, intermarry, work, settle down, in insular Southeast Asia
conduct foreign relations and encourage 9. Georges Coedes – “Unity of Culture”
leaders to fight against colonial masters by - Unity brought about by common traits in
promising support relation to cultivation, knowledge of
2. Two important objectives of Philippine external navigation , matriarchal family relationships,
relations belief in animism, worship of ancestors and
- 1Quest for freedom and 2preserving the unity god of the soil, jar burials and a world view
of country of dualism of opposing forces
- After independence, PH external relations 10. Malay identity – used by Jose Rizal and other
became the preservation of sovereignty in propagandists in asserting that the Filipino
cooperation with the states of Southeast Asia people had an innate strength to rule themselves
3. concept of Southeast Asia is relatively new 11. 1800s – Filipino contacts with other states in
- coined only in 1942 Southeast Asia were only as parts of the Spanish
- as far as 1500 BC peoples of this region had naval activities
already interrelations - Filipinos had good reputation as soldiers and
4. Nusantara – Island of Southeast Asia individuals
- Historians saw a common regional history 12. Spanish colonization – ended in December 10,
5. Ismail Hussein – cited by Noel Teodoro 1898 with the Treaty of Paris for $20 million
- “Modern Malaysian Literature” 13. During American Colonization some foreign
- Nusantara – Malay peninsula, Indonesian governments established consulates in Manila,
islands and Philippines Davao and other cities
- In spite of ethnic cultural diversity, such - Thailand was already independent at that
patterns as mentalities, sensibilities, time, had an honorary consul in Manila
attitudes, experiences of nationalism, appointed from the Perkins Law Office
revolution and social change are present 14. In 1943 Japan established an independent
6. Charles Robequain 11954 Philippines
- “Unity of the Malay World” - PH had relations with Burma and Thailand
- Sea-borne trade that developed in the region under the sponsorship of Japan in the
- Intense contact with the great Asian Southeast Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
traditions of China, India, and Islam and 15. PH regained independence in July 4, 1946 and
later with Europe, as “strong cultural established the Third Republic
influences” - PH was invited by other Asians and Africans
- Before that time, the prebumi Nusantara or to conferences
the bumiputera was a shipbuilder and - PH began to “rediscover” roots with Asian
navigato neigbbors
7. Malay unity – seen in in the spread of Malay 16. Indonesia and Malaysia both claimed Jose Rizal
language as their own hero
- used for trade - Celebrated him as the Renaissance Man in
- used by foreign preachers for the spread of 1996 and 1997
Islam and Christianity 17. Philippine Revolution of 1898 encouraged other
- Pigafetta – Magellan’s chronicler, produced colonies in Asia to struggle for their
a Malay word list from traders’ language independence
- 16th century – Malay language spread - 1899 Apolinario Mabini saw that the 1898
throughout the archipelago Filipino revolution brought the firs
8. 16th century – Brunei’s golden age experience of independence of as Southeast
- Brunei claimed sovereignty over Borneo Asian colony from Europe
coasts, Sulu archipelago and Mindanao - Jose Rizal was first in any Asian community
- Forced Manila to pay tribute to proclaim the inalienable right of men
18. Sarkisyanz: bloodshed in the PH for - They did not see Malaka as a veteran
independence served as warnings to the Dutch Communist organizer
rulers of Indonesia - American Governor General George
- “Culture policy” of the Dutch Gilmore threatened to put up a case against
- 1901, “Ethical Policy” was issued for the Malaka involving some prominent Filipinos,
Netherlands East Indies this led to his deportation in August 22,
19. Lessons of Rizal became the spark for national 1927
independence of the first Pan-Indonesian - By the time he was deported, communism
movement had become “well-rooted” in the minds of
20. Doctor Sutomo: spearhead of Indonesian the Filipinos
nationalism 30. Jose Ma. Sison – organized Kabataang
- Familiar with Rizal Makabayan (KM) on November 30, 1964
- 1945 freedom-fighters in Indonesia had - Expelled by CPP
great interest in Rizal – “Ultimo Adios” 31. National Democratic Front 1980s to 1990s
21. Other Indonesian leaders who referred to Rizal’s engaged Government of the Philippine Republic
life and struggle: - NDF – projected a stance of a separate state
- Mohammad Husni Thamrin and Maramis - N+NDF wanted the Socialist Republic for
22. Indonesia held a major conference on Rizal in Vietnam to host negotiations
Jakarta – 1997 32. Japanese landed in PH on December 1941 and
23. In 1907 – Filipinos had been active in governing entered Manila on January 3, 1942
the country although under the tutelage of - Pres. Quezon and Vice Pres. Osmena of the
American officials Commonwealth left the country for
- PH foreign relation were very focused on the Australia and US
US - Quezon left administrative machinery to
- But the sentiment of Malayness was strong executive secretary Jorge Vargas
among Filipinos 33. Under instructions from the Japanese High
24. Malolos constitution of 1896 contained Command, Vargas organized the Philippine
democratic principles Executive Commission as the national
25. Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) administration in 1942
- Guided the communist movement of the - It exercised both executive and legislative
Philippines powers
- Sent many Filipino leaders and worker - Japan announced its intention of liberating
pensionados to study in Moscow West Asians from the corrupting influence
26. Communist Part of the Philippines (CPP) was of the west and create the Greater East Asia
organized in August 26, 1930, although it was Co-Prosperity Sphere
officially proclaimed in November 7, 1930 - Tojo: Philippines, Burma and China would
27. Saulo: socialist and communist ideas were be liberated from foreign exploitation and
already circulating in the PH even before must cooperate with Japan
American and Indonesian communist had - Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong
arrived Pilipinas (KALIBAPI) was organized in
28. Evangelista – exposed to American leftists and order to plan and act for those objectives
became a true, faithful Marxist 34. Preparatory Commission for Philippine
- Left Nacionalista party and set up the Independence was established to draft a
Partido Obrero with a Marxist program constitution
which later became the Partido Komunista - Final draft was written by Recto, Laurel and
ng Pilipinas Roxas
29. Tan Malaka – co-founder of Partai Komunis - Ratified by KALIBAPI
Indonesia 35. September 29, 1943 Laurel Aquino and Vargas
- Malaka and five Filipino delegates met in were invited to Tokyo for official calls with
Canton, China for the Pacific (Oriental) Japanese officials
Transport Workers’ Conference, they invited - Tojo: instructions for the Filipino leaders to
him to go to PH declare war against US and Britain
- Malaka befriended Filipino leaders like - Laurel said he could not comply to the
Quezon, Recto, Jose Abad Santos, Francisco instructions about declaring war
Varona, Ramon Torres, Gregorio Perfecto
and Aguinaldo
 - Filipinos would not feel “decent” about conclusion of the war through physical cultureà not
declaring war against US who had been their focused on competitive athletics, but on physical
ally and benefactor training
- In comparison, Burma complied and • Greater East Asia Press Conference, Nov. 17-18,
declared war on Western allies on August 1, 1943 and Greater East Asia Medical conference,
1943, while Thailand did so earlier on April 25-27, 1944
January 25, 1942 and China on January 9, • Delegates visited Manila, Dr. Ba Maw said: He
1943 admires Filipino courage and hopes one day that this
36. Laurel was made to sign a Treaty of Alliance kind of courage will not be used against Asia but on
with Japan the side of Asia
- A defensive action • Japanese Cultural delegations went to Manila to
- Recto: it should be clear that Filipinos have “nipponize” the South seas; on the other hand,
no allegiance to any foreign power Filipino government pensionados were to study in
Japan
pp. 103 - 114 • Distinctive behavior of the Filipino leaders: they do
not comply with Japanese instructions
• Oct. 4, 1943- President Laurel sent a formal
• Laurel had dodged the declaration of war on the
proclamation of independence to some countries
Western Allies on Sept. 1943
(Japan, Burma, China, Thailand, all fellow members
• Laurel declared a state of war between the Republic
of Co-Prosperity Sphere; to axis powers, France,
of the Philippines and the US and Great Britain;
Germany etc.; to neutral states, Afghanistan, Spain,
Sept. 23, 1943
Switzerland etc.
• This was very well received by Ambassador Murata
• To the United States: Laurel said: “we not asked
who saw the asct as making the Ph republic, not only
America to recognize and respect our independence”
as Japan’s most dependable ally but also as a
• Assembly of Greater East Asiatic Nations, Nov. 5-6,
“comrade in arms fighting shoulder to shoulder at
1943: to give substance to the independence of the
the Eastern bulwark of Asia”
states which were members of the Greater East Asia
• Laurel: to render every aid assistance to the Imperial
Co-Prosperity Sphere, an assembly was made
Japanese Government short of conscription of
• Premier Tojo: trying to harness the growing anti-
Filipino manhood for active military services
imperialist movement for Japan’s benefit and to
• Japanese high command created an armed body of
make it difficult for the Western Colonial powers to
Filipinos independent from the Republic and directly
return to Asia
under the Imperial Forces. Such a force supplied
• Nations of Greater East Asia, mutually recognizing
laborers
the autonomy and independence, must establish
• August 1945- General MarArthur returned
brotherly unity and mutual respect
• August 15 1945- a Japanese Foreign affairs official
• Laurel: A superior order of culture has existed in
formally notified the Philippine government of
Greater East Asia from the very beginning that in the
Japan’s surrender
wide diffusion of the world of this culture lies the
salvation of the curse of the materialistic civilization
Foreign Relations of the Third Republic
• The conference was one of friendship, cordiality and
• Upon the end of WWII, the Ph became a republic-
pleasantness, and all countries were treated at par
was called the Third Philippine Republic
with others –Laurel referring to the Assembly of
• In the domestic scene: Filipinos began their self-rule
Greater East Asiatic Nations
• In Foreign Relations, Ph leaders were not united in
• Declaration adopted by the assembly of Greater East
Asiatic Nations embodied 5 principles: the type of foreign policy to be adopted
- Common prosperity, wellbeing based on justice Filipinos in Vietnam
- Respecting one another’s sovereignty and
independence PHILCAG V:
- Enhancement of the culture and civilization;
respecting one another’s tradition • Philippine interest in Vietnam after WWII was based
- Acceleration of economic development through on: the anxiety over the temporary end of Vietnam
close cooperation and reciprocity war with the defeat of the French forces
- Cultivation of friendly relations • The Geneva Agreements of 1954: ended the war
• Physical Education Conference, Nov. 8, 1943: divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel
Greater East Asia Physical Training Society and
which expressed support for the successful
• The US feared that the “French theory of the falling • The old kingdom of Champa: was, according to
dominos” would come true if the US did not act to Jesuit historians, the most powerful Kingdom of
contain communism at once Indochina
• The US prepared to set up a republican form of • In the beginning of the 19th century, the three
government to replace the Bao Dai government at kingdoms were consolidated to one- under the
the South Emperor of Annam
• To make the plan more acceptable to Vietnam and • 1802: new dynasty, the Nguyen began to rule,
the international community, the Philippines, (a third Nguyen Anh ascended the Vietnamese throne as
country), being an Asian state was involved. Premier Emperor Gia- Long
Ngo Dinh Diem became the first president of this • Gia-Long tolerated Frenchmen and Christian
Republic missionaries
• Diem’s government has problems: • His successors has strong campaigns against
- Lack of admin leadership after the withdrawal of Europeans
French • All foreigners were called to be “barbarians of the
- Devastation of the country after the war West” and “foreign devils”
- Surreptitious entry of Vietminh forces into the • Tu-Doc fought hard against French and Spanish
south to promote communism Mercenaries, Bishop Sanjurjo and Bishop Sampedro
- Lack of support of Buddhist majority were beheaded. Both are from the Dominican
- Existence of many divisive groups province of the Ph
- Lack of human and material resources • The Spanish government allowed the French consul
• Oscar Arellano, Pres of Ph Jaycees, seeing the to recruit 900 Indios for the French navy and all the
worsening refugee condition prepared a plan for men needed to form an infantry company and
humanitarian cation through “Operation calvary squadron
Brotherhood” • The first aggressive attck of French in its conquest of
• The Ph became indirectly involved in Vietnam with the Indochina: the joint expeditionary fleet stormed
the resumption of war in 1957, US suffered heavy the fleet of Tourane and destroyed all other harbor
losses to fight the communist guerillas defenses
• The US organized the Southeast Asia Treaty • A new Spanish colonial force from Manila arrived
Organization (SEATO), Ph was one of the eight aboard the French ship, Durance. Commander de
members and one of the three Asian menbers Lanzarote with other Spanish merchant vessels
alongside with Thailand and Pakistan carried supplies and war materials
• Ph did not send combat forces but instead sent the • The Tagals (Tagalogs), called the Filipino soldiers in
Philippine Civil Action Group to Vietnam the Spanish army were noted for bravey and
(PHILCAG V) gallantry in action
• Even though the US pressured the members of • Mariano Ponce wrote in 1914 that Doroteo de
SEATO to share the burden of Vietnam war effort, Guzman was the first to enter Vinh Long in Cochin
the Ph congress decided to send only economic and China, he snatched two flags from the enemy and
technical assistance to South Vietnam killing the bearer too.
• The PHILCAG V pledged to “help build, not
destroy, to to bring Vietnamese people happiness
and not sorrow, to develop good will and not hatred” pp. 115 – 126
• Summary of Activities and Accomplishments of
PHILCAG V (please refer to pp. 109-110) Philippine Peacekeeping in Cambodia
The Philippines was committed to support UN
Flashback: Filipinos in Vietnam in 1858-1863 peacekeeping efforts in Cambodia; it was a continued
• In 1858, Filipinos, called as Indios went to Vietnam work of ASEAN to help Cambodia with its internal
under a Spanish command to support the French conflicts and problems:
navy there
- Help them find a government of their choice that
• Indochina referred to Asian mainland between India
would unite them
and China
- Help them prevent foreign interference during
• French Indochina under the colonial domination of the turmoil
France, consisted of three administrative regions
under France: Tonkin in the north, Annam, south of Socialist Republic of Vietnam helped replace Pol
Tonkin, and Cochin China in the South Pot’s Khmer Rouge government with Hun Sen and Heng
Samrin.
 Vietnam’s agenda for Cambodia and Laos: “flexible The Philippine contingent trained representatives of
hegemony” (Vietnamization) Cambodia’s five warring factions in police work, forcing
and persuading them to work together and cooperate
UNTAC- mandated to ensure the implementation of
Paris Agreement of 1991for a Comprehensive Political After a series of shelling in Pol Pot District, Senior
Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict Inspector Laonglaan Goce led a tattered run of makeshift
ambulances.
PKO- mandated to monitor human rights, organize and
conduct elections, supervise military arrangements, Filipinos under him secured the most critical
assist in civil administration, help in the maintenance of polling places. It was here also that the Filipinos, using
law and order, the repatriation and resettlement of statesmanship and courage, successfully negotiated for
refugees, and rehabilitation of essential infrastructure the release of four multinational members of UNTAC
held hostage by Khmer Rouge. The KR insisted on
Philippine Participation in UNTAC
dealing only with trusted Filipinos.
The Philippines is actually committed to UN goals
There are a lot more untold services that PH gave
of peace and security both in UN itself and under
Cambodia and in return, the Cambodians, through Prince
Chapter VII, Articles 52, 53, and 54, to regional
Norodom Sihanouk, gave thanks. The UN records attest
approaches
to the performance of PH contingent in Cambodia.
ASEAN itself is the foremost regional organization
Filipinos in Cambodia, King Norodom I
in Southeast Asia for peace, development and security.
But it lacked success in Cambodia due to the country’s The reputation of the Filipino troops who were sent
internal conflicts which overshadowed all appeals for with the Spanish contingent to Cochin China to quell the
reason and unity. Vietnamese attacks on the French in 1858 was well-
known in Asia. Even the victory of France in the long
The Philippines’ participation in Peacekeeping
war was partly attributed to Filipino soldiers.
Operation (PKO) has contributed to the effective
restructuring and modernization of the Armed Forces of Cambodia soon became a French protectorate on 11
the Philippines. August 1863 after the signing of the
Peace Treaty between the Asian colonies and the
The Philippine contingent were highly rated in their
European powers, after which relative peace and a
performance of duty, frequently prompted and were
period of reconstruction prevailed for the moment,
consistently commended by the UN Force Commanders.
ending confused and troubled history for Cambodia
UNTAC Special Representative of the Secretary General
The protectorate was respectful of the dignity of the
Yasushi Akashi: “Your very capable Civilian Police,
protected state.
Navy and Marines are committed and hardworking…
They are very visible despite the small size of the It was in the period of King Norodom, that Filipino
contingent.” troops were well spoken of. H8e treated Filipinos with
great respect and trust. He sent a word that he would
Several assets of the PH contingent
visit the Philippines in August.
1. Facility with the English language
1872 was the dark year of the Philippines. E The
2. Adaptability in getting along with locals
mutiny in the Cavite Arsenal set off a major uprising
3. Driving skills
during which the leaders of the native clergy and young
4. Computer literacy
men were executed. But his visit was somehow welcome
5. Good discipline
as it would have provide a break in the gloom for the
6. Police skills for human relations and disaster
Filipinos to see an Asian King.
control
7. Courage and competence Don Jose Vicente de Aviles was placed in charge of
the reception committee. Royal guests were serenaded
Filipinos’ community-related tasks for Cambodians
by army band and presented with scores of musical
- Teaching English to native Cambodians pieces with Spanish and Philippine origins. The king
- Rural electrification also wanted to meet the brave men who fought in
- Boxing lessons to Khmers Vietnam. The Spanish hosts chose Bulacan as the
- Basketball games with Cambodian youth province to welcome him because it was one of the
In return, Cambodia gave the Filipinos friendship and picturesque places in PH and that it was home to some of
trust. the most beautiful women in the PH representing
mixture of Spanish, Chinese and Malayan features.
 The king was instantly enamoured by Josefa. He multinational in membership. The expertise was of very
proposed to it but declined because she has vowed to high quality.
devote her life to the service of God and her parents.
The work of OB had no ideological color at all. It
When he left Manila and reached Phnom Penh, he was purely humanitarian and was carried on by young
promoted the officers of his Tagalog militia in people whose idealism and care for humanity were
appreciation of his PH visit. testified to by the OB record in Vietnam at the end of
1956.
When King Norodom 1 died, he was descended by
his brother Sisowath and after him, he was descended by Results:
King Norodom Sihanouk. He paid a visit in PH.
1. Gratefulness of the people
During his visit, PH and US pressured him to joing 2. Release of Filipino captives
SEATO (together with Thailand in supporting South
Vietnam against North Vietnam.
OB in Laos
In 1970, Lon Nol staged a coup d’etat while Prince
Sihanouk was in Europe, gathering the Geneva powers The country, though potentially rich, was in an
anew to affirm the neutrality Cambodia. Lon Nol was extreme stage of underdevelopment.
whisked away by the Americans who could not accept a It was established in Laos as a Filipino undertaking.
neutralist. UST Secretary of State John Foster Dulles:
“neutralists are immoral.” OB-L was never designed to be an aid program.
Instead, it provided the villagers with several
Laos opportunities in helping themselves and developing their
On October 1997, President Ramos made a visit to natural talents, so they can achieve their destinies in the
the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and signed five way of freemen.
new bilateral agreements with Lao Prime Minister 0B-L:
Khamtay Siphandone. These agreements would be for
the revival of the Operation Brotherhood. 1. First job was treating disease
2. Assisted the Royal Lao government in looking
The unique fraternity and cooperation between PH after the refugees in Luang Prabang
and Laos may be fully appreciated within the framework 3. Had a small boat named Mutya ng Pasig which
of Operation Brotherhood, the spirit of which helped in
brought doctors and nurses to villages that
bringing back life and hope to people who found it haven’t seen any doctor before
difficult to rise from their abject conditions.
In a typhoon in Phong Saly, part of a roof of a building
How Operation Brotherhood Began
that tore off fell on Abner Jomada. He was buried in
Architect Oscar Arellano (vice president for Asia of Libingan ng mga Bayani
Junior Chamber international), when he visited Vietnam 4. Trained young men and women in basic
was appalled at the sight of refugees fleeing from functions of nursing. Doctors gave several
fighting in the north. At the same time, he was inspired
courses
by the sight of young intellectuals giving off their time, 5. Developed demonstration farms
money and skills to help these refugees. He thought 6. Taught the people to raise livestock that went
there was the chance where the Jaycees creed could be
into feeding hospital patients and OB personnel
transformed into deeds. 7. OB-L social workers and home technologists
He presented a plan to the Jaycees Regional Offices taught housewives proper home management
for Asia to assist Jaycees of Vietnam in their program and boys were trained by Filipino technicians to
for the war refugees. When approved, it was the OB. repair, do carpentry work and become skilled
workmen
Through all its chapters in Asia, the Jaycees
supported the operation as led by the Philippines. At the Chao Sopsaisana, president of Junior of Chamber of
JCI World Congress in Mexico City in 1954, 57 Jaycee Laos: “OB is a rare instance of people from one country
countries unanimously adopted OB as an international helping those of another land without exploiting them,
project. giving to them without asking anything in return. OB
was not concerned with nations and anonymous masses
OB in Vietnam
but with individuals, families and individual villages.”
From the end of the battle in Dien Bien Phu from
Dr. Albert Sweitzer, Nobel laureate and medical
1954 to 1956, it started establishing its work. OB
missionary to Africa: “belief in oneness of all men has
medical, agricultural, and social teams were
been a creed but the Filipino program has professed it in 3. Ph constitution does not include Sabah in their
deed.” delineation of geographical limits
4. Manila accord of 1963 where it recognized
pp. 127 – 138
Malaysian sov over Sabah
Philippine Relations with Malaysia: Effects of the
Philippine attempted twice to submit Sabah case to ICJ
Sabah Claim (127-138)
1. During London talks in 1963
Relations between the Ph and Malaysia became troubled
2. February 1964 in a meeting between Pres.
between 1963 to 1988 through conflicting claims over
Macapagal and Malaysian PM Abdul Rahman in
Sabah.
Phnom Penh,
July 10, 1946 – british govt annexed territory of North Cambodia
Borneo without advice to Ph.
*Ph withdraw its embassy in Kuala Lumpur and
1963 – Sabah was incorporated into newly established Malaysia closed its embassy in Manila. In 1968,
Federation of Malaysia as Great Britain had turned it relations were normalized but remains poor, and
over to Malaysia = and this precipitated conflict led to non- convening of one Ministerial Council
Meeting of ASEAN in 1969
Philippine claim to Sabah is based on historical and
legal grounds. After Martial Law was declared in Sept 21, 1972, it was
followed by Muslim rebellions in Mindanao, spurred by
1. 1704 – North Borneo was ceded to Sultan of Jabidah Massacre of 1968. In 1971, it is reported that
Sulu by Sultan of Brunei as a reward for helping rebels were receiving foreign aids, and Malaysia allowed
suppress rebellion in Brunei, however, Jan. 22, MNLF to have 3 bases in Sabah. From 1972 to 1974 –
1878, Austrian Consul Gen of Hongkong: Baron Malaysia was involved bcos Chief of State of Sabah Tan
von Overbeck, had an agreement with Sultan of Mustapha wanted to create an independent Muslim
Sulu to lease North Borneo to British Merchant country including Sabah and other southern Ph.
Alfred Dent (succeeded by British North Borneo
Company and rented for another lease). Yet in In 6 Aug 1977, second ASEAN summit meeting, Marcos
1898 where American regime in Ph was announced that PH is taking definite steps to eliminate
established, Bates Treaty was signed where burdens of ASEAN (Ph claim to Sabah) = bcos it should
sovereignty of Sultan over Sulu archipelago be contribution to unity, strength, and prosperity of all
ended, except N. Borneo. In 1957, the Sultan ASEAN, however he reserved the claims to the decision
cancelled the lease to British North Borneo of Kiram heirs. Hence, Malaysia demanded for removal
Company. of Sabah in PH constitution.
2. The legal aspect here lies between the
agreements between parties. Ph has the Under Aquino Admin, DFA made a statement to
document signed by Dent in contract 1878 as withdraw the PH Sabah claim. And in 1988 onwards, it
lease to Sultan of Sulu. And the company was warmth the two country’s relationship.
not a state, and has no sovereignty to cede to
In March 26, 1994, Ramos created East ASEAN Growth
UK, hence sovereignty remain to sultan of Sulu.
Area to put together North Indo, South Ph, East
And other arguments for Ph claim Malaysia and Brunei into sub- regional economic area

3. 1962 – a virtue of deed from Kiram heirs,

sovereignty of N. Borneo was transferred to Ph Govt
The Spratlys Issue in PH- Sea Relation
*Spanish use word arrandamiento and English padjak =
1947 – first PH claim to spratlys, where DFA sec
lease, however, misinterpreted by Britain and Malaysia
demanded New Southern Islands be given to PH
into cession.
1956 – Tomas Cloma asserted ownership over Spratly
Malaysian claim
Island Group based on discovery and occupation of the
1. Great Britain turned Sabah over to Malaysia in territory, which Cloma renamed ‘freedomland’.
1963, making Malaysia successor of sov over
Steps in legal claim
Sabah
2. US ascertainment plebiscite in 1963 that shows 1. In 1971, Ph govt sent a diplomatic note to Taipei
vote of Sabahans be a part of Malaysia demanding Chinese garrison (who threatened Ph
 security) on Itu Aba (largest island in the group) OIC – included Moro struggle in their 3rd conference in
be withdrawn. Jeddah in 1972 and called on Marcos govt to guarantee
2. 1978 – Marcos declared PD 1596: placing ost of rights and security to Moro people.
islands under Kalayaan Island Group
*PD 1596 PD 1599 = proclaim a 200 mile MNLF demanded in sixth OIC in Jeddah as they aspire
exclusive economic zone for PH, allowed PH full membership:
gov to issue licenses and enter within agreement
into the zone 1. Self- govt of Mindanao, Basilan, Sulu, Palawan
2. Internal security force composed of MNLF and
The ff are claimants to Spratlys: other security groups
3. Dismantling of all PH govt armed forces in
1. PRC Moro Homeland
2. RC or Taiwan (*both claiming historic rights 4. System of Shariah courts
since Yuan Dynasty before 1400s) 5. Control of elem and secondary education by
3. Vietnam – which claims French succession local govt
4. Malaysia – 1980 claimed continental shelf 6. Moro control of all Muslim inst and all
5. Brunei economic affairs of the region
6. PH (thru Tomas Cloma’s occupation and 7. Full ad free participation of Moro people in
proclamation in 1956) central govt

*PH claimed that Spratlys are case of territorium nullius *7th OIC Conference in Istanbul in 1976 gave full
– a territory over no effective sovereignty and open for support to MNLF, however in Tripolo Agreement in 23
occupation for ownership Dec 1976, it provided basis of final solution to Moro
problem without sacrificing PH sov.
Legal grounds for PH claim:
In 1992 – under Pres. Ramos, announced one of pillars
1. Islands are part of continental margin of PH of govt is pursuit of long term stability and peace. And
archipelago he created Natl Unnification Commision thru leadership
2. Islands do not belong to any state and PH made of Yorac which would achieve peace thru negotiated
an effective occupation settlement with leftist rebels. Negotiattions continued in
3. Claims by other states had lapsed bcos of Jakharta, Indo hosting all leaders and members. PH govt
abandonment and MNLF created Mixed consti to look at structure and
mechanism of ARMM. Hence, the govt position was the
Spratlys seems valuable bcos: final signing of agreement shall be done in PH. Bcos
1. Reports of oil and minerals under the sea issues should be resolved within framework of natl sov.
2. Strategic in location Regional Cooperation in SEA
3. Provision of political advantages to prospective
owner Ph policy for regional cooperation was first articulated in
1947
*Indonesia said that claimant states should resolve
conflict peacefuly. ASEAN also adopted Manila According to Dr. Salazar – Filipinos share a common
Declaration of 1992 where claimants agreed to settle heritage with ther SEA or with other Asian peoples
conflicts peacefully
Ph Langugae belongs to broad family of laguanges
called Austronesian or Malayo- Polynesian
MNLF and role of Indonesia Malaysian leaders accepted Rizal as the pride of Malay
race
Muslim Independent Movement evolved into MNLF
which was publicly launched in 1968. Pan Malayan Union – founded in 1880s. jose Rizal
exhorted the Filipino propagandists to look for Filipino’s
Libya’s Pres Muammar Ghadafi - committed to support identification with their Malayan heritage
MNLF in 1972 by sending military and other assistance.
It also included strategic directions to enhance MNLF’s Rizal’s edition of Morga led the propagandists in
connections with other countries, especially OIC. rediscovering their Malayan identity tru history of Ph:

1. Pardo de Tavera – read ancient Ph alpahbets on

Sanskrit loan words
 2. Paterno – write on ancient Tagalog civilization Dutch Police Action threatened Indonesia
3. De los Reyes – ancient Filipino religion
4. Lopez Jaena – read chronicles on conquest of India was enjoying good prestige in international affairs
islands of Malaysia
- (1947) India organized the ARC with the idea of
Rizal wrote that Malayan Filipiinos traded with starting Asia unity
neighboring countries and it was Spanish colonizers who - During the Dutch invasion India saw itself as the
calls indolent Filipinos. He also created Filipino orgs = responsible leader in Asia
Indios Bravos in paris. And this Pan- Malayan
consciousness was a legacy of Propaganda and The primary aim of the conference was to consider the
Revolution. . hence, Filipinos were the Malays of the problem of how Asian nations can help the UN Security
Malays and the Tagalog language was one of the purest Council provide a solution to the Indonesian problem
Malay dialects. Malayan consciousness grew as other Three tasks for the conference:
Asian countries began considering Rizal as Great
Malayan. 1. Submit certain proposals to the security council that
would restore peace to Indonesia and allow early
Wenceslao Vinzons – boosted pan- malaysianism as he realization of freedom
talked of United Malaysia thru Malay Peninsula thru 2. Suggest action which the security council can take if
islands of Polynesia. Developed pan- Malayan union. either both of the disputing parties fail in acting
Pres. Macapagal implemented policy for MAPHILINDO according to its recommendation
in Aug 6 1963 3. Participants devise a machinery and procedure by
which the governments presented in the conference
pp. 139 – 150 can communicate

The Asians Relations Conference of 1947 (23 Philippine policy favored the restoration of the
March – 2 April 1947) Indonesian Government’s authority over its territories

Allied countries in search for solutions to emerging civil Carlos P. Romulo suggested a continuing machinery be
conflicts established to serve as a clearing house of information
essential to the actions by the various governments
George G. Marshall mediated between the warring
Chinese communists and Kuomintang forces Romulo under the instructions of President Quirino
established the machinery for a permanent Asian
Permanent Court of Justice received the first dispute regional bloc
referred to it for settlement, The Corfu Channel Case
(between Britain and Albania) - Strengthen the forces of democracy and prevent
other ideologies from capturing the faith of Asia
Britain granted freedom to India
This machinery was set up on 1977 when an ASEAN
The Asian Relations Conference (ARC) - Non- Central Secretariat was established in Jakarta
government in nature
Pandit Nehru (Prime Minister) and General Romulo –
Agenda of the conference counted upon to shy away from fostering racial or
geographic antagonism
1. National freedom movements in Asia
2. Racial problems and inter0racial migration 1949 April 4 – Pravda attacked Nehru for being anti-
3. Cultural affairs Soviet
4. Agriculture and Industry
5. Transition from colonial to national economy Nehru made it clear that his intention was to act within
6. Labor problems and social services UN agencies (he did not expect for an Asian bloc to
7. Status of women and women’s movement arise)

The conference stressed Asian Unity and the problems of PH – emphasized the intrusion of communist threat
newly emerging states
The Pacific Union, 1949
New Delhi Conference of 1949
First attempt of the PH government to initiate an
Return of colonial powers were resisted by nationalists- organization for cooperation among states in Asia –
Indonesians fought for independence for many years formation of the pacific Union
President Quirino – concept of preserving the Quirino gave instructions to Ambassador Romulo to set
independence and sovereignty of Asiatic and Pacific the machinery for the formation of the Union
countries
Romulo stated in his reports that Asian countries were
- Reflect on the problem on how the Pacific can wary about the Pacific Union
contain the common threat of communism
- Given that the proponents were all weak nations
The Pacific Pact was given a military basis (to attract
support from US) Even with the negative reports Quirino scheduled a visit
to Washington
- This received no encouragement (US and India
stated that the time was not yet ripe for an Asian - Stated that he was determined to carry out the plan
pact) and fight if ever their freedom was to be threatened
- Despite the lack of support Quirino still pursued the again
idea - In the end a joint Truman-Quirino communique was
issued (1949 August 7)
1949 July 4, Quirino formally proposed the Pacific o This expressed sympathy for Asian efforts but held
Union which was favorably received by Gen. Chiang no commitment from the Truman administration
Kai-Shek and Syngman Rhee of South Korea

- He invited them to have a conference at Baguio City

on 10-11 July 1949 Baguio Conference of 26-30 May 1950
- He emphasized that if the idea was to be realized it
Quirino was undaunted in developing close relations
would attract the support of US
with Asian states
- His belief that the reluctance of US stemmed from
the lack of solidarity of Asian nations PH leaders desired to acquire prestige among Asian
leaders
Talks in Baguio included the following:
- Need to modify the image of an American-oriented
1. Pacific Alliance as an anti-communist, economic,
PH
and cultural front of Asian nations (led by the US)
2. Establishing a home in exile for Chiang Quirino made another attempt to call Asians to another
3. Economic collaboration among non-communist conference (wanted to include Middle East countries)
countries in the far-East
4. Problem of PH recognition of a communist China - All-encompassing Democratic League of the Far
East
It underlined the menace of communism as a threat to - None of the Middle East were invited
Asia - Need to limit the agenda (to accommodate a big
Formulation of Foreign Policy for a regional anti- number of delegates)
communist group was a unilateral act of Quirino First gathering of fully independent states of Southeast
- The Nacionalista Party reminded that other countries Asia and Western pacific
had declared a hand-off policy to the China situation Goals of the conference:
- That the commitment made by Quirino was most
likely repudiated not only by Congress but by the 1. Mutual discovery among Asians and agreement to
people themselves mutual counsel for solution of common problems
- House Minority Floor leader Cipriano Primicias 2. Translation of the yearning of peace to reality
stated that the several internal problems of the 3. Security and stability in the region
country it did not call for an urgent involvement in 4. Regional association and regional action within the
the China situation framework of the UN
- Claro M. Recto states that instinct of self-
preservation should deter us from commitments that The problem of the region had both nation and
might drag us into conflict international aspect
- Recto endorsed the idea of Romulo of a “Third
Force” dedicated to peace and Asian freedom and Romulo suggested viewing the common problems
unity against a background of revolutionary changes in the
world
The problem of survival with peace met by the following Carlos P. Garcia and Prime Minister of
means Malaya Tungku (Malaysia) Abdul Rahman.
o Rahman believed that a closer tie must
1. Regionally determined methods be forged between the Philippines and
2. Non-governmental conferences Malaya.
3. Bilateral action o Furthermore, he said that the goals that
4. Inter-governmental conferences are laid down are to be achieved through
5. Periodic consultative conferences mutual consultations and voluntary
6. Full cooperation with the UN cooperation. Rahman wanted as many
Southeast Asian states as possible to join
Quirino’s emphasis on solving problems through internal the Association and had in fact
and international effort communicated with the idea.
By developing national personalities contributes to the • In the beginning, it is important to consider that
development of world civilization there were conflicting views among Southeast
Asian nations regarding the said Rahman-Garcia
Pantjasila – expression of Indonesia’s spiritual outlook Agreement.
which gives a sense of life-harmony as old as Indonesia o Burma: agreeable to such agreement
but believed that their country needed
The Baguio conference did not help bring the realization more time to focus on their internal
of the desired goals of the Philippines problems and did not want to
compromise its non-alignment policy by
- No agreement for mutual counsel for the solution of joining a multi-lateral agreement.
common problems o Indonesia: while supporting close
cooperation among SEA nations, it felt
pp. 151 – 162
that a new organization might create
Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), 1961 suspicion in other countries, thus
hindering cooperation. Furthermore,
• On July 31, 1961, Prime Minister of the Indonesia prefers a bilateral cooperation
Federation of Malaysia, and the Foreign than multi-lateral.
Ministers of the Kingdom of Thailand and the o Cambodia: it maintains a neutral
Republic of the Philippines, meeting in position by keeping out of multilateral
Bangkok, established the ASSOCIATION OF groups which tended to divide nations
SOUTHEAST ASIA (ASA). across the globe into regions or blocs.
o In the Bangkok Declaration of 1961, • Amid the disagreement of other SEA nations on
which serves as an instrument of the ASA, it cannot be denied that it is the first idea
establishment of ASA, is where the for Southeast Asia organization.
three ministers agreed on the need to o There was a preliminary meeting
uphold the ideals of peace, freedom, between the Malaya and the Philippines
social justice, and economic well-being in order to concretize the goals of the
by active cooperation among nations. association and the general ideas of the
o Through ASA, the three nations could plan and obviate protracted deliberations
engage in mutual economic and which attend large gatherings.
cultural cooperation with the aim of o Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia,
enhancing the welfare of their nations Laos, and Indonesia were invited to a
and promoting better understanding summit, but only Thailand showed
and mutual cooperation among their interest to the ASA.
peoples. • Important engagements within ASA:
o Furthermore, ASA was to serve as an o Joint research on rubber, fisheries,
effective mechanism for friendly oceanography, etc.
consultations and collaboration in the o Exchange of radio and television
economic, social, cultural, scientific information and personnel.
and administrative fields. o Promotion of SEA studies, cooperation
• With regard to the said Bangkok Declaration of in anthropological, archaeological, and
1961, it is an embodiment of the initial plan or historical studies.
agreement between Philippine President o Exchange of youth and women leaders
and social workers.
 o Support for the election of a Philippine o Macapagal believed that: “the time has
official as Colombo Plan Public come when we, the Malay people, must
Information Officer. try to discover a new and broader basis
o Cooperation on civil aviation and the for more effective cooperation and
formation of an ASA Airline. unity… The unity of the Malay peoples
o Waiver of visa fees for ordinary visas is the business of the Malay peoples.
and waiver of all visa requirements We must forge it ourselves by our own
for holders of diplomatic and special efforts out of our sense of history and in
passports. recognized community of interests. We
o ASA coach from Singapore to Bangkok. should not accept a European project
o Study of equivalence and accreditation as a substitute for an Asian project,
of degrees among universities in ASA planned and carried out by Asian
states. themselves, in the true and enduring
o ASA scholarship and lectureship interest of the Asian world…”
exchange program. o The proposed Confederation was a plan
o ASA Fund to offset the failure of the Philippine
o Cooperation on shipping, tourism, trade government regarding its claim to
policies, trade fairs, and exhibition. Sabah. It shows the anxiety of the
o Participation of private sectors such as Philippines with regard to the
bankers association, tobacco growers, integration of Sabah into the British-
radio broadcasters, private universities proposed Federation of Malaysia. The
in ASA cooperative activities. Philippines has outstanding claims
o Common positions in international over Sabah through legal documents
bodies. but the British government refused to
• ASA got suspended for a time, due to the discuss the claim and referred to the
conflict between the Philippines and Indonesia government of Malaya which was now
and the formation of the Federation of Malaya incorporating Sabah into the
in 1963. Federation.
• During ASA’s revival in 1966, it then touched • The Tungku-Sukamo meeting held in Tokyo
on political issues. One political problem is the (June 7 1963) paved the way for the three
application of China and Vietnam in the ASA. leaders of Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia
o For Thailand, ASA should be revived (President Macapagal, Rahman, and Sukamo) to
first before it expands its membership. explore the possibility of MAPHILINDO.
Furthermore it believed that China is However the three states are pursuing policies
not a part of SEA and so therefore has with conflicting objectives.
no chance to be accepted as a member. o On the part of the Philippines, the most
• ASA was for regional and national repeated themes of policy goals are:
development. It also paved the way for greater § Peace and security in SEA
cooperation in the social and economic fields by § Respect for sovereignty of states
reducing the long-existing mutual suspicions § right to self-determination of
among the members. In terms of ASEAN dependent peoples in the region
cooperation, ASEAN’s preparation time for § union of Malay peoples
cooperative activities had been shortened by the § Asian solution for Asian
activities and goodwill of ASA. problems
§ Defeat of communism
MAPHILINDO, 1963 § Pacific settlement of disputes

• A greater Malayan Confederation of the pp. 163 – 179

Philippines, Federation of Malaya, Singapore,
and the British territories of Sarawak, Brunei, 1962-1965 – period during which the conflict were
and North Borneo (Sabah) was proposed by intensifying
President Diosdado Macapagal.
o At first, the said proposal did not The most repeated themes were:
include Indonesia due to its stand with
regard to Asian regional bloc such as 1. Peace and security in SEA
ASA. 2. Respect for sovereignty of states
 3. Right of self-determination of dependent The Philippine’s interest as a peacemaker, its claim
peoples in the region to Sabah, and the region’s stability and peace would
4. Union of Malay peoples not be served if the Philippines allowed itself to be
5. Asian solution for Asian problems identified with Indonesia’s confrontation policy
6. Defeat of communism
7. Pacific settlement of disputes In 1964, the PH government undertook an extension
of its foreign policy of cooperation with its
neighbors by trying to expand the proposed
LONG RANGE GOAL OF PHILIPPINE membership of MAPHILINDO to include such
FOREIGN POLICY: establishment of neutralist countries as Cambodia, Laos, Burma,
MAPHILINDO Thailand and strife-torn Vietnam.

SHORT RANGE GOALS: consist of initiral steps Shinanouk rejected outright Philippine feelers for
such as establishment of machinery for frequent Cambodia to join Maphilindo -> due to ideological
consultations or consensus-making called and political differences
mushawarah and settlemet of the Borneo claim
MAPHILINDO Mushawarah never had the
These problems of konfrontasi and Sabah chance to bring about the cultural. Economic and
ownerships were two of the problems in SEA which social exchanges for the development pf the people’s
involved much foreign intervention general well-being because all the efforts were
concentrated on the political questions of the Sabah
Robert F. Kennedy made a fast three-nation tour in claim and Konfrontasi
mid –January 1964 to get the Malaysian dispute “out
of the jungles” and parties “around a conference The period of Konfrontasi showed how much the
table.” His twelve day peace-making mission was perceptions of each of the three states diverged from
to find a solution to the Malaysia problem within the one another and how much they distrusted one
MAPHILINDO concept another instead of bringing unity and brotherhood
which were the very goals of the cooperation
Pakistan, as a friend of all three countries involved
in the Malaysia dispute, could contribute to an early Southeast Asian Ministers of Education
settlement Organization (SEAMEO) 1966

One of Macapaga;’s goals for the policy of regional Several organization on educational cooperation for
cooperation was to secure the region from social, cultural and technological development exist
communism in the region, the major ones:

The Philiipines, through its policy to form 1. Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)
MAPHILINDO, had also hoped to bring about the 2. Association of Southeast Asian Institutions
unity of Malay peoples by restoring their historic of Higher learning (ASAIHI)
traditions and common heritage and using these to 3. Southeast Asian Ministers of Education
serve their own interest and the region by Organization (SEAMEO)
establishing lasting peace and stability
SEAMEO – organized in 25-28 November 1966
The main reason for the ill fate of Maphilindo was
the extreme divergences in the interpretations of US Secretary of State George C. Marshall – his
their commonly accepted goals European Recovery Program or popularly called
Marshall Plan for Europe
The lack of congruence in their views resulted in the
absence of the word communism in Manila As o 1998, the SEAMEO members are Brunei
Declaration and in specifying colonialism and Darussalam, Cambodia, Indoesia, Lao’s People’s
imperialism as the threats to the region Republic
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and
Another problems that arose was the failure of the Vietnam.
three countries to perceive correctly one another’s
intentions Subsequent meetings developed SEAMEO. Regional
centers were established:
 1. Regional English Language Center (RELC) The first Heads of Government Meeting was held in
in Singapore Bali, Indonesia on 23-27 February 1976. This was soon
2. Regional Center for Graduate Study and followed in Kuala Lumpur in 1977. And the thirs
Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) in the meeting to be held in Manila was held only in 1988
Philippines because of the lingering problems between Malysia and
3. SEAMEO Central Coordinationg Boards for the Philippines
Tropical Medicine
4. Regional Center for Tropical Biology Chapter IV of the ASEAN Concord and the Treaty of
(BIOTROP) in Indonesia Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia of 24 February
5. Regional Center for Education Innovation 1976 provide for a High Council to which disputes may
and Technology (INNOTECH) in the be brought
Philippines
6. Regional Center for Architecture and Fine Low-key Dimplomacy – effective when the mediators
Arts (SAFA) in Bangkok are very well accepted for their own integrity by all
7. And Vocational and Technical Education parties involved. This kind of diplomacy has been very
(VOCHTECH) in Bruinei useful as an Asian way of doing things
In response to failure of the PH government to ban the
meetings, the Indonesian government threatened to
Most of the projects were almost completely funced by withdraw its help in the ongoing talks between the PH
the US Government. SEAMEO has four associate government and the MNLF.
members, Australia, Canada, Frane and New Zealand
However, with the support of the Organization of
Although SEAMEO was intended to operate within the Islamic Conference and Indonesia, the MNLF arrived at
framework of a higher regional organization such as an agreement with the government finally leading to
ASEAN, there is no formal working relationship peace within its fold.
between the two organizations
ASEAN, acting in unity, consistently invokes the Manila
Formation of ASEAN, 1967 Declaration of 1992 which binds everyone to the
The idea of another, more inclusive regional peaceful settlement of disputes over territory in the
organization was offered by Thailand’s Foreign Minister South China Sea
Thanat Khoman to Indonesia’s Foreign Minister Adam
Malik furing a reconciliation meeting of the Leaders of Bangkok Declaration of 1967 – states that foreign
Indonesia, Philippines and Malaysia in Bangkok to end military bases are temporary in anture and will continue
konfrontasi to exist only with the expresses concurrence of the
countries concerned
Together with the states of Indonesia, Malaysia,
Thailand and Singapore, the Philippines drafted a plan President Ferdinand E. Marcos took the bold initiative
for the new groupings to achieve full sovereignty for the country and to achieve
closer relations with the other ASEAN states
The PH maintained that the new organization should not
be a military nor an anti-Communist league; problems of On 14 August 1976, Marcos made a sweeping review of
security should be discussed frankly but each state Philippines foreign policy since 1966 and established his
should be left in upholding its own institutions six-point foreign policy guidelines:

When three drafts of plan were being reconciled, the PH 1. Intensification and broadening of PH relations
was found to differ with the others on three points: with the ASEAN
2. Establishemnt of diplomatic relations with
1. The inclusion of a provision on foreign bases socialist countries
and regional security 3. Closer indentification with the Third World
2. Restrictions on the admission of new 4. Continuation of beneficial relations with Japan
members specifically the exclusion of Japan, 5. Support for the Arab countries struggle for a just
Australia and other developed states peace
3. The non-inclusion of the Philippine claim to 6. Maintenance of a healthy relationship with the
Sabah US compatible with the emerging realities in
Asia
 movements of people, advisers, experts and technicians,
Marcos wanted the American to observe the PH laws. as well as of capital and banking services in the area.
He also wanted to project an Asian-oriented PH foreign
policy consistent with the strengthening of relations with The significant benefit of being a member of the
ASEAN partners ASEAN was explained by Linda Low. She emphasizes
the resulting establishment, important network and
The withdrawal of the US military from the PH bonding of human relations among politicians,
contributed to the formation of the ASEAN Regional bureaucrats, and business sectors.
Forum for security in the Asia-Pacific Region
North American Free Trade Association and European
In 1988, the US pushed for the conclusion of the Status Union in 1991 provoked the idea of Malysia for an East
of Forces Agreement (SOFA) with the PH. The latter Asian Economic Grouping (EAEG) later to become the
renamed SOFA into VFA ir Visiting Forces Agreement East Asian Economic Caucus (EAEC)

It was ASEAB which worked for more than 12 years for ASEAN has balanced national and regional interest in its
a negotiated peace until UNTAC took over towards the life span of 30 years
end, to establish Cambodia’s elected government in
1993. ASA AND ASEAN brough PH foreign relations with
SEA states to a most desirable level.
Marcos announced that he would take steps to withdraw
the Philippine claim to Sabah as a permanent Fortunately, the growing ASEAN spirit has absorbed
contribution to the strength and prosperity of the previous animosities and set the members on very
ASEAN sympathetic and respectful relations.

Fourth Asean Minsterial Meeting in 1971 – Marcos Conclusion

proposed an ASEAN common market, a limited free The substance of freedom included an expressed desire
trade area and expansion of intra-regional trade. Today, to assert leadership in SEA, by influencing colonies to
after much work, ASEAN has AFTA. attain frredom from their masters and also, the
subconscious need to enable SEAsians in enjoying the
1970-1985 – Marcos placed the primacy of ASEAN in is liberal ideology of Europe which PH revolutionairies
foreign policy by making it his constant referemt in his invoked against the tyrannical rule of Spain.
diplomatic agenda
During the Period of American rule, the PH did not
One of the most important experiences of the PH as a really maintain external relations in SEA, except for the
member of the ASEAN was the search for the solution to instanc when it supported Indonesian Communist Tan
the MNLF problem. Malaka.

The leader of the MNLF, Nur Misuari, came to an Japenese rule from 1941-1945 produced a unity of
agreement with the PH government for the development direction for Philippine external relations
of Mindanao unde the Southern Philippined Council for
Peace and Development (SPCPD) It was the first association with Malaya and Thailand,
the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA) of 1961, which
There is also an ASEAN Declaration on Mutual revealed the developing ability if Philippine leaders in
Assistance in National Disasters moderating their policy positions to achive a balance
between national development and regional peace and
One of the big concerns of ASEAN during the Vietnam progress.
War was the problem of the Indo-Chinese refugees

Community and Family Services International

(CFSI) – services were utilized in other SEA states by
the UNHCR

A more current initiative of the PH in ASEAN was the

establishmemt on 26 March 1994 of the East Asian
Growth Area, involving Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
and the Philippines. It is expected to facilitate the
 A HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE-CHINA on the way home, the Sulu king, Batara, died. His
RELATIONS son, Tumahan was proclaimed
• Tumahan was given pension and accommodation in
by Benito O. Lim his three year residence in Tehchow to observe
mourning rights
pp. 201 - 208
• The memorial tribute to the emperor lead to the
• Sinibaldo de Mas enunciated the divide and rule exchange missions between 1420- 1424. The new
tactics of the Spanish Colonial government King, Kanlai Ipentun went to China and as his
• Varied ethnic groups inhabited the Ph archipelago predecessor, Kanlai also died on his way home
• Among all the ethnic groups, the Chinese • The most impressive mission was when Paduka Suli
immigrants and residents who were the object of all gave a seven ounce pearl to the court and stayed two
sorts of discrimination and harsh treatments years in Techow with his nephews
• There is a clear anti-Chinese sentiment; considered • Sulu Kings were not the only Filipino leaders who
as one of the unfortunate legacies of the colonial sought diplomatic and trade relations with china,
history chieftains from Pagasinan and Luzon organized
• Anti-Chinese sentiments in various degrees has tribute but unfortunately, they were not accorded the
same titles accorded to the Sulu Kings sice their gifts
dogged Ph-China relations since then
were not as fabulous and varied as the sulu kings
• For the most part of the relations with China prior to
• Tributatary missios were considered as diplomatic
western domination were characterized by friendly
initiatives, the Butuan missions can be viewed as the
trade and cultural exchanges
beginning of the official relations between the
Philippines and China
Pre-Colonial Period
• The residence of the heirs of Batara can be
• Chinese records show that it was the Filipinos who
considered as the first Philippine embassy to China
traveled to China long before the Chinese
themselves made their voyages to the Philippines
Spanish Colonial Period
• Earlier trade relations were transacted at Champa
• May 8, 1570- a Spanish fleet heading for Luzon
(Vietnam)
dashed with a Chinese trading fleet off Mindoro
• 982, Mai-i (Mindoro) traders who previously went to
• Four years after the founding of Manila, the “New
champa before proceeding to China, decided to
Kingdom of Castilla”, Limahong, a Chinese
circumvent that country and instead sail directly to
privateer, attacked it and succeeded in stopping
Canton
Martin de Goiti and his soldiers from expanding
• Ma-I traders were considered as tribute missions
north
• The first Philippine tribute mission was organized
• A year after Limahong’s assault, a viceroy of
by King Kiling of Butuan on March 17, 2001- its
Fujian sent an emissary named Omocan, to
goal was to request equal status with Champa
establish peaceful and friendly relations with the
• Not all visits to China were tribute or trade missions.
Spanish Colonial government
Between 1171-1172, Visayan pirates using the
• Governor Sande: planned an armed invasion of
Pescadores islands off the coast of Taiwan as staging
China
ground raided Ch’uan-Chou Bay
• Spanish-Chinese relations were further strained in
• By 1206, China was trading to Palawan, Mindoro
1593 when Chinese rowers of Governor Gomez
and Basilan
Dasmarinas galley mutinied and killed him and his
• A century after, a direct- China-Ph trade route was
men
established. Filipinos made use of Chinese junks to
• The Chinese were suspected of rebellious motive.
ply Fujian and Guangdong ports. Many Filipino
They were never to be trusted and should be
kings responded to Chinese invitations to trade
watched closely
• Chinese records of relations to Sulu date back to
• In 1573, Diego de Artiega wrote the Spanish crown
Yuan dynasty; there were contacts with the Islamic
for permission to survey China preparatory to trade
world as early as 651
and future conquest; the King disapproved of his
• The Eastern King of Sulu, Paduka Pa ha-la (Batara)
plan and instead asked him to win the friendship of
went to China and brought camphor, pearls, precious
the Chinese
stones, tortoise shell and a memorial inscribed in
• Discouraged from their plans of conquest, the
gold
Spanish governors in the Philippines pursued direct
• They were received by the Emperor and was given
trade with China
military escorts, they stayed for almost a month and
• Unable to pursue plans of conquest and direct trade, • They also encouraged Chinese immigration to the
the Spaniards settled for the increased traders as the Philippines and promoted the Manila-China junk
middleman trade
• This kind of arrangement led to the increased • There was general agreement among the Spanish
number of Chinese merchants in and emigres to the colonial officials that the Chinese could help
Philippines develop the Philippine economy.
• It also allowed the Chinese to maintain a dominant
pp. 209 – 216
position in the economy of the Philippines
• As a consequence, Spain was forced to pursue a 1832-1843: decrees were issued to eliminate the
policy of compromise that allowed Chinese entry to pointless procedures and petty taxes which restricted
the Philippines and a dominant role in Philippine Chinese traders from active trade in the early years.
business activities.
• This compromise led to an increased number of 1939: Spanish governor general issued a decree
Chinese in the Philippines giving them the right to choose their occupation. Travel
• 1603, the Chinese staged an insurrection about within country was restricted but those wanted to travel
24000 were slaughtered and 1500 were left outside were granted 90 days.
• Spanish attitudes toward the Chinese turned from 1857: foreigners were allowed to participate in
mere hostility to savage destructiveness when the government contracts.
Chinese sided with the English when the latter
1858: the Spaniards tried to facilitate Chinese
captured and occupied Manila
immigrations to the Philippines and to provide favorable
• When the Chinese left, whether they collaborated
trade arrangements.
with the British or not, were massacred and the
survivors were ordered expelled. Christian Chinese 1864: Chinese entered, into a treaty with Spain to
were the only one allowed to remain allow more favors to Spanish ships at Chinese ports. In
• Despite the conversion to Catholicism, the Chinese return, Spain granted the most favored nation treatment
were still victims of corruption of Spanish to Chinese merchants coming to the Philippines.
administrators. Despite this treaty, PH-China trade declined.
• Aside from the official taxes, colonial officials Western traders started to join this trade, they cut into
would impose discriminatory and arbitrary taxes on the junk trade. This decline led the Chinese businessmen
the Chinese in the Philippines to shift their commercial strategy.
• Due to a series of decrees to hold Chinese
immigration and population constant, as well as the Spanish authorities were able to get away with
fact that most Chinese were not practicing their massacres and atrocities because the Chinese in the
Catholics, Spanish authorities used laws to exact all Philippines had no protection from their home
kinds of imaginable fees and bribes. government. Another reason was the ignorance of these
• Although Spanish friars, found them difficult to Chinese people of the new environment, as well as fear
convert, they devised policies of attraction to make of both Spaniards and Filipino natives.
conversion easier and beneficial to the Chinese. The Imperial edict of 1712 prohibited the Chinese
Those who embraced Christianity and who married from either trading or residing in Southeast Asia. It was
Christians were allowed to live outside the confines only in the latter part of 19th century that the Chinese
of the Parian government gave active support to its overseas citizens.
• In the years after the English invasion, Spanish
The main goals of the Spanish clergy was to use
official policy toward the Chinese was expulsion
the Chinese Christian converts in the Philippines to
and restriction on immigration.
proselytize in China.
• When galleon trade and private entrepot trade
between Mexico and Manila ended, these economic But despite the Spanish attempts at social
and immigration policies changed radically. Spain engineering, the residents of Binondo had already
lost its customs revenue from the trade developed their own social and economic institutions
• With the independence of Mexico, the colonial through centuries of uncertainties and prosecutions.
government in the Philippines lost its subsidies 1843: newcomers were required to lodge in the
from that country Alcaiceira de San Fernando so Spaniard officials could
• Spaniards had to seek new startegies of exploiting watch over them.
Philippine resources
1880: Chinese responded to Spanish
discriminatory policies by buying their safety. In
extreme cases, they fled to other parts of the Philippines
or other countries or they rebelled. For over 200 years, When the US took over, it implemented exclusion
there were 14 Chinese uprisings against the Spanish law applying to the US, and extended it as well to the
authorities. Philippines. This law prohibited Chinese immigration in
the Philippines except for students and merchants. These
The Spaniards never allowed the Chinese to form
actions redefined subsequent Philippine-Relations under
any form of government to supervise themselves.
American colonial regime.
Whatever Chinese government exited, they were all for
the interest of the Spaniards alone. Russel Story: “to admit Chinese in the Philippines
would be to invite a disturbing social, political and
Other Chinese organizations permitted by the
economic disorder into the life of the Islands”
Spaniards were religious and musical. (Long Sia Chinese
Musical Association and Tiong Ho Sia Chinese Musical 1904: when the Americans restored peace and order
Association. in Manila, Chinese commerce and industry started to
flourish.
The unprecedented Chinese immigration in 1830
also led to the Chinese spread all over the Philippines. 1905: American colonial government questioned
They competed in all activities of fields of commerce, Chinese ownership of public land and issued an edict
commercial, trade and craft. Their success led to the rise demanding the return of these.
of anti-Chinese sentiments.
Despite implementation of exclusion laws in the
China began to establish consulates and embassies Philippines, the number of Chinese increased threefold
abroad after it signed the Burlingame Treaty with the between 1903 and 1909 due to the colonial
US. government’s need for skilled labor and illegal entrance.
Ambassador Cheng Tsao-ju expressed China’s The opening of the consulate led to a series of visits
interest in a new treaty to the Spanish Foreign Office. In by emissaries and propagandists from both the warring
mid-1885, the Philippine colonial office rejected the Manchu and the Sun Yat-sen factions on the mainland.
proposal for a consulate. When the Chinese learned this
Eventually, followers of Sun Yat-sen quietly arrived,
resistance, they demanded that since article 50 of the
carrying on secretly with their propaganda work in the
1864 treaty always favored the Spanish subjects in
Philippines. He was interested in a revolution and not in
China, Spain should be obliged to give Chinese the same
the slow construction of a nationalist base.
rights.
pp. 217 – 224
When the revolution broke out in 1896, all the
problems experienced by the Chinese led the local • The Chinese Commercial Council of the
Chinese to impress upon the home authorities in China Philippines revised its name and charter. Its
the urgency of establishing a consulate. But when they name was changed to Chinese General
requested again, they were only given a run-around. Chamber of Commerce.
They thought of other means of persuading o Up until the Chinese Revolution of
Spanish to come into terms with them such as the 1991, the Chamber of Commerce is
prohibition of Philippine lottery tickets in China. considered to be unofficial instrument of
the Manchu Government for
Reasons for interest in establishing a Philippine fundraising, for its efforts in retaining
consular office the loyalty of overseas Chinese, and in
1. Overseas remittance undertaking political propaganda, and
2. Overseas contributions to famine relief and other intelligence work against the Sun
coastal defense Yat-sen’s rebels. It was then changed
3. And because they provided valuable information into Philippine Chinese General
about their countries of residence Chamber of Commerce.
• The Philippine Chinese General Chamber of
The continuous bullying of Spaniards towards the
Commerce was considered to be the most active
Chinese in the Philippines led to the Chinese to mobilize
and influential organization in the Chinese
themselves for mutual help and protection.
community. Not only it did help unite the
Many Chinese organizations like the Kung-so had Philippine Chinese into a community but also
transformed the Chinese in the Philippines into a well- aligned them with China.
organized community with their branches and affiliated o The chamber had branches in nearly all
sub-organizations all over the Philippines. provinces, cities, and major towns of the
Philippines maintaining a school system,
American Colonial Relations
 a social club, a cemetery and a modern o The Philippine National Assembly on
hospital. May 2, 1940 passed an Act restricting
• The Chinese government authorities as well as the immigration quota of any
the Chinese rebels discovered near the end of the nationality to 500.
19th century that the overseas Chinese remitted a
sizeable sum of money to their relatives in the Relations Under the Republic (PHL-CHN)
mainland. As a consequence, the Chinese in the
President Manuel Roxas’ administration
mainland undertook propaganda campaigns to
build Chinese nationalism among overseas • When the Philippines regained their
Chinese. independence on July 4, 1946, the Republic of
o At various times, they (overseas China was one of the first countries to extend its
Chinese) were asked to contribute recognition.
funds for the defense of the Manchu • In October 1946, President Chen Chi-ping
government while the opposite camp
called on President Roxas to forge a Treat of
solicited funds for the cause of the Sun
Amity between the two countries.
Yat-sen revolutionaries, besides the
o The treaty was supposed to renew the
usual funds for charitable causes. friendship between China and the
• Bookkeeping Act of 10 February 1921 Philippines and to elucidate the rights
o This bookkeeping act required every and privileges for the citizens in each
merchant (Chinese in particular) in the other’s country. The Chinese asked
Philippines to keep account of his that similar rights granted to US
business in English, Spanish, or any citizens be granted to Chinese
Philippine dialect. nationals, as well. They asked for a
o The Act caused a protest from the provision guaranteeing to Chinese
Chinese businessme because for them, nationals the right to engage in trade in
the Act ostensibly encroached on their the Philippines.
right to carry on with trade. They hired • The Philippine government suspended the
a European lawyer to bring their case to immigration quota for Chinese nationals,
Washington DC.
nationalized Chinese schools and retail trade,
o On June 7, 1926 – the US Supreme
and denied Chinese suspected as “Communist
Court Justice William Howard Taft
subversives” due process. Many Chinese who
ruled that the Bookkeeping Act was null
were long residents were summarily deported
and void. A compromise bill was
without undergoing legal procedures.
proposed: the bookkeeping can be done
• However, President Roxas’ anti-Communist
in any language for as long as the
policy became the hallmark of the Philippine
merchants are willing to pay for a
foreign policy for over a quarter of a century.
translator one centavo per page. The
said compromise bill was effective until President Elpidio Quirino
1938 (as it was postponed by President
Quirino). • Although he officially pledged to continue
• By 1939, the total Chinese investment in the Roxas’ policy of close ties with the United
Philippines was $100 million, second to the States, Quirino stated that the Philippines will
US’s $3,315 million. maintain relations with its Asian neighbors
o The Chinese were forced to (most particularly the Nationalist China).
concentrate to the trade and commerce o “President Quirino has faithfully
because they are not allowed to engage interpreted the sentiments of the
in medicine, architecture, etc. Because Filipino people in committing our
of this, over 90 percent of the Chinese country to the principle of Asian
in the Philippines were merchants and solidarity in support of the right of
doing nearly all the commercial self-determination…”
business in the islands (prior to • Quirino invited Chiang Kai-shek on a state visit
WWII). to the Philippines on July 10, 1949.
• When the WW II broke out, Filipino leaders o Quirino, due to America’s strong
continued to pass laws discriminating the pressure to the Philippines, asserted to
Chinese. Chiang the problem of Chinese
overstaying in the Philippines.
 o The permits of about 50,000 Chinese President Ramon Magsaysay
refugees are already expired. Magsaysay won the 1953 presidential elections. He
o However, Chiang did not pay attention made known his anti-communist stance and his pro-
to it but rather stressed the importance American foreign policy
of Philippines’ commitment to
recognize Taipei as the only legitimate September 6, 1954 – Magsaysay agreed to oppose
government of China and consider the further Communist aggression in Southeast Asia, but
leaders of mainland China as usurpers. proposed that the organanization should contain an
o Chiang even requested Philippine affirmation of the rights of all peoples to freedom and
assistance in forming a Pacific Union independence and that the Philippines be given [;ain and
to combat the People’s Republic of unequivocal guarantees of U.S help in case of third party
China. attack under the Mutual Defense Treaty
• President Quirino tried not to get embroiled in
the PRC-Taiwan rivalry and not to yield to any September 8, 1954 - SEATO charter was signed by RP,
further US pressures to take a strong stand USA, UK, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan and
against PRC and other Communist countries. Thailand
• In October 1949 when the Chinese Communist
Party took over the government of China, During the Formosa Crusis, President Magsaysay
President Quirino did not condemn the new declared his unquivocal support for President
government but kept a neutral stance. Eisenhower’s declaration that the defense of Formosa
was crucial to the defense of the rest of Asia
pp. 225 – 232
The Magsaysay government recognized the American
7 January 1950 – President Quirino left for US to created government of South Vietnam
undergo medical treatment
On the domestic front, Magsaysay adhered strictly to US
Quirino asserted that his country had no apprehension initiated trade embargoes again the Communist
over the Communists in China “as long as they don’t Countries
bother us”
He supported a bill to nationalize the retail trade. The
“we are not anti-Communist. We are non-Communist. bill proposed that within ten years, retail trade was to be
What we in the Philippines are interested in, is our nationalized and only Filipinos can engage in retail trade
economic prosperity and our happiness. We are happy
under our present system of government Magsaysay signed Republic Act 1180 into law in 1954.
This led to a temporary strain in Philippine relations with
President Quirino did not think Communism was a Taiwan
serious threat . He also was not in any position to pursue
any drastic shift in the Philippine foreign policy Magsaysay made it clear to the Philippine delegationn
that they must take no action that would be construed as
President Quruino agreed not only to implement the recognition of the PRC
American reccomentdation but to appoint Ramon
Magsasay, the American choice, as Secretary of Secretary Romulo was convinced that China wanted
Defense. peace, and when he was asked whether the Conference
was a big success, Romulo said: “no! It is the success of
The Korean war and an increas in Hukbalahap the world”
operations in Central Luzon worried American officials
in particular the military advisers in the Philippines. Carlos P. Garcia promised to continue the foreign
policy of his predecessor: the fight against communism,
Magsaysay’s campaigns agains the Huks, the carrying out the Philippines’ commitment to SEATO and
intensification of the war in Korea, and Chinese support Mutual Defense Treaty with the United States. He also
of the North Koreans led president Quieion ans his promised to take steps to forge closer relations to Asian
advisers to change whatever plans they had of Neighbors
recognizing the People’s Republic of China.
President Carlos P. Garcia
Quirino signed a Mutual Defense Pact with the United Under President Garcia, the Philippine policy on non-
States on August 30, 1951 recognition of the People’s Republuc of China remained
The Garcia government not only ignored the clamor to President Ferndinand E. Marcos
soften its stance on China, but even banned travel to His election in 1965 marked shift away from this narrow
Communist countries in April 1959 anti- communist concern

A joint communique was issued between President In his inaugural speech, he asked for a closer study of
Chiang Kai Shek and President Garcia with the two sides Asia and for the Philippines to accelerate trade with
agreeing to imporve mutual defense capabilities against other Asian countries
communism. pp. 233 – 240

A protocol on Trade Relationsbetween the Philippines Pres. Ferdinand Marcos

and Taipei was also signed by President Carlos P. Garcia
and Minister Chen Chihmai stating that Taiwanese In 30 December 1963 – Ph foreign policy follows for
buisnessmen and traders shall be granted the same policy goals of US. PH FP appears as outcome of
advantages enjoyed by the US Citizens in the PH antagonism between America and communist world.

His election marked a shift away from this narrow anti-

President Diosdado Macapagal communist concern. Because it accelerated trade with
He won the elections on the promise that he would other Asian countries, and he saw exploration of socialist
eliminate government corruption and institute currency and other market for PH products as an alternative.
devaluation
He lifted travel bans on PH citizens to socialist
On foreign policy, he proposed on July 27 1962 the countries.
organization of a greater Malayan Confederation – the
MAPHILINDO consisiting of Malaysia, Philippines and Resolution no. 26 – re- examination of Republic’s policy
Indonesia towards communist countries thru Enverga committee
on 20 Feb 1968: ENVERGA REPORT
MAPHILINDO – Asian problems should be solved by
Asian nations on the Asian way 1. Socialist Europe is a vast exoport area for ph
product
The Asian way is mushawarah, the spirit of 2. Standard of living in all socialist countries
consultations among the nations having problems, with appeared to be rising
the friendly assistane of their neighbors in a determined 3. Socialist peoples of Europe have uniformly
effort to patch up their differences by bringing to bear demonstrated eagerness to friendly relations
the weight of brotherhood, neighborliness and common with ph
interest. 4. Larger socialist counties have expressed
willingness and capabiltiies to help rapid devt of
The failure was due to the inability of both the Ph
Philippines and Malaysia to resolve the Sabah issue 5. Members of mission are convinced that there
will be no hidden strings to loans, tech aid, trade
President Macapagal did not pursue new directions in and culttura exchanges
foreign policy 6. While America is important partner, there are
other big powers willing to help ph
He reaffirmed the Philippines’ intention to honor its
After receiving this report, Marcos instructed DFA,
commitment to the defense of SEA under the SEATO
DOJ, DOC to:
Agreement
1. Study legal obstacles
No doubt Macapagal successfully upheld the 2. Consult with private sectors on possible
Philippines’ anti-Beijing policy initiatives
Macapagal also rejected proposals by Filipino legislators *the preparedness of PH to trade with socialist countries
to trade with China in view of Philippine economic is for acceleration of economic development. However,
difficulties DFA warned that this trade will have many pitfalls due
to ‘inferior quality of communist products’ and
He was unable to send military aid to the Americans in ‘attachment of unfair conditions to their loans’.
Vietnam due to strong opposition in Congress led by
Senate President Ferdinand Marcos *the Enverga report silent on China and DFA report
shows against trade with China and Vietnam.
Sec. Romulo – vowed to pursue a new PH forpol centred 5. October 4 1974 – National Security Council and
on Asian orientation but with relaxed position towards Foreign Policy Council approved Marcos;
socialist states. For him, the significant aspect of the new proposal to enter into full diplomatic relations
policy was its negation of ideology in conduct of foreign with China and Soviet Union
relations. 6. President Marcos speech on May 23, 1975 – PH
will make changes in its domestic and foreign
This has advantages: policies to protect its security:
1
Intensify relations with fellow members of the
1. Diversification of export markets for Ph ASEAN along a broader field
products 2
Pursue more vigorously the establishment of
2. Importation of capital goods from Socialist diplomatic relations with Socialist states,
countries particularly the People’s Republic of China and
3. Enhancement of an independent PH forpol the Soviet Union
3
Marcos also agreed that ASEAN leaders should pursue Seek closer identification with the Third World
`ASEAN STATE OF NEUTRALITY (Nov 27 1971) with whom the Philippines shares similar
aspirations
4
- Example is the country’s support to the issue of Continue beneficial relations with Japan
5
two-china Support Arab countries in their struggle for a
just and enduring peace in the Middle East
6
*Martial law, as he explained, is the only altenative to Find new basis, compatible with the emerging
save the country from communist subversion realities in Asia, for a continuing healthy
relationship with the US
*He stated that only intensified program of social and 7. June 7-9, 1975 – Marcos signed a Joint
economic devt could solve problem of internal Communiqué normalizing relations between
subversion and poverty in Ph. He also decided to embark China and PH
on policy that could use diplomacy to promote domestic - Article II: “mutual respect for sovereignty
economic devt. Hence, Developmental Diplomacy is the and territorial integrity, mutual non-
DFA’s forpol = and the expression used to denote aggression, non-interference in each other’s
general policy guideline of seeking to satisfy on internal affairs….the settlement of disputes
maximum terms of economic and social devt of the by peaceful means and condemnation of all
country. foreign aggression and subversion”
• PH considers this as very significant
pp. 241 – 248
- Article III: “The PH recognizes the People’s
1. It was perceived that with the expiration of Republic of China as the sole legal
Laurel-Langley Trade Agreement socialist governments and respects the position of the
countries could provide new markets Chinese government that there is but one-
- End to “special relation with US” China and that Taiwan is an integral part of
- Opportunity for new business ventures Chinese territory
2. Resignation of President Nixon on August 9, • China considers this as most important
1974 - Article IV: resolves citizenship status of
- Policy makers question the wisdom of nationals of either country
keeping the US as a special economic - Article V: calls on both governments to
partner and military ally adopt active measures for development of
- It was time to forge new partners and allies trade and economic relations
3. March 1974 Ambassador Benjamin Romualdez 8. Filipino-Chinese agreement was inspired by US
went to Beijing to resume talks for rapprochement of the Peoples’ Republic of
normalization of relations China
4. Imelda Marcos trip to China - PH-China relations resulted in the relaxation
- Highlighted by a meeting with Mao Zedong of tension and in beneficial agreement for
- Trade agreement providing China’s sale of trade, cultural and scientific exchanges and
petroleum and the purchase of major export cooperation
products from the PH 9. First issue resolved was “overstaying Chinese”
- Beijing signed an agreement to import - Chinese were given option to choose
coconut oil, logs, and plywood, copper Philippine or Chinese citizenship
concentrates and sugar 10. Letter of Instruction No. 270 – provided mass
naturalization of aliens by Presidential Decree
 11. Presidential Decree No. 275 – repatriation of Internal Security
Filipino women who had lost their citizenship
through marriage to alien, and of natural-born Major concerns of the PH in forging diplomatic relations
Filipinos who had lost their citizenship in some with the PRC was the likelihood of Chinese support of
other way local Communist rebels
12. Article IV of the Joint Communiqué and LOI
No. 270 removed a key source of tension and Declaration of Martial Law – imminent threat of
conflict between the two respective governments communism
that had festered since the 19th century Premier Zhou Enlai – Beijing will not interfere in the
13. Diplomatic relations with China had internal affairs of the PH
repercussions even in the politics of local
Chinese community – the Federation of Filipino- PD No. 885 – issued 8 months after normalization with
Chinese Chamber of Commerce (FFCCC) the PRC
- Before the established diplomatic relations,
the Federation was closely associated with - Revised the Anti-Subversion Act and eliminate all
KMT (Kuomintang – Chinese political party reference to the Communist Party of the Philippines
in Taiwan) and the Taiwan government
- FFCCC raised the question if the PRC flag Normalization was led to an era of good relations
should fly side by side with the Philippine
Benefits of Diplomatic Relations with the PRC
flag
• Taiwan: only PH flag should be PRC demonstrated their willingness to help ease the
displayed economic difficulties of the PH
• Beijing: both PH and PRC flag should
be displayed - Sell high quality petroleum to the PH
• Marcos: only the PH flag should be
displayed 1975 June 7 – signing of Joint Communique to
- Conflict over the flag raised fears instead of normalize relations
integrating the Chinese into the Philippine
- Agreements were signed to increase trade, cultural,
community
and scientific exchanges
- Chinese community divided to pro-PRC and
the pro-KMT factions MOA was signed on 1976 February 5 for the exhibition
- Flag controversy showed that the KMT of China’s products in Manila (strengthen ties)
Faction of the Federation and Taiwan
officials remained influential in PH politics 1978 March 12 – Vice Prime Minister and Vice
compared to pro-Beijing faction Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Li Hsien-
14. PD No. 176 – used as a precaution against nien and Foreign Minister Huang Hua visited the PH
possible use of Chinese schools for Communists
indoctrination - Agreement on scientific and technical cooperation
15. Chinese in the PH were socially isolated so they
were forced to establish their own schools 1980 October 13 – loan from the People’s Republic for
16. After PH independence, Chinese schools were the purchase of 500 mini hydro power plants
legitimized by the Treaty of Amity
1981 August 6 – post-war history, a Chinese prime
- However this arrangement changed with the minister came on a four day state visit to the PH
Constitution of 1972which mandated the
nationalization of all schools PM Zhao Ziyang
- All education institutions are under the
supervision and regulation of the stat - Agreed to continue supplying crude oil to the PH
17. Filipinization placed the Chinese school under - Pleged that CH will not intervene in the internal
the control and management of Filipino citizens affairs nor will seek to impose its policies in Asia
and followed a Philippine curricular
- To hasten the process of assimilation and During Imelda Marcos’s visit the Chinese agreed to
integration of the Chinese youth into increase the trade volume (1984)
mainstream PH society
The long term relation with Taiwan was grounded on an
anti-Communist stance from 1946 to 1975
pp. 249 – 262
The Aquino Administration
Marked a return to democracy and restoration of civil claiming that the agreement was illegal (violated the
rights one-China policy)
- Raul Manglapus, that the DFA warned that such
The administration faces large economic, political, and actions would violate the policy (DFA always
social problems opposed the agreement)
Assassinations of adherents of left and right ideologies 1996 – The PH Senate passed a resolution nullifying the
agreement
Confusion and disorder from the administrative echelons
PH relations with Taiwan – downward trend
Economic production was hamstrung by Marcos-owned
establishments 1991 November 2 – President Aquino and Executive
Secretary Joker Arroyo stated that if the PH pursued ties
The government was in no position to formulate
with Taiwan it was only to establish economic relations
coherent foreign policy
Her six years in office – focused on talks with Taiwan
The PH-CH relations came to a standstill
officials for economic support and investments
1988 – Aquino administration made a state visit to China
Near the end of her term Taiwan withdrew several of the
PH officials would yield to Taiwanese pressure due to mega-industrial investments
growing business and economic interests
- The controversial Luzon Petrochemical Plant
- The increase in Taiwan’s trade resulted to the
Close PH-Taiwan relations turned back the RP-PRC
decrease of the volume of trade from the PRC
cooperation
- The open political environment that allowed Taiwan
for a one-China, two government policy The Ramos Administration
Taiwan’s diplomatic offense made the “money Ramos eased the Tension between global superpowers
diplomacy”
- Engineered the economic recovery
Advocates of the two-China policy wanted to continue - Pursuit of peace negotiations with the Muslims and
the relation with Taiwan (it gives the resources they Communist rebels
need) - Neutralizing quarreling factions within the military
Taiwan – member of Asian Development Bank and Trade Liberalization – opened flood gates to imports
GATT (which elbowed out manufacturers and consumer goods
produced at home)
Aquino administration – adhered to one-China policy
- Diverted capital away from long-term investments in
1988 – Taiwan became the number four trading partner
agriculture, agri-business failed to nurture an
- Taiwan government investments as merely an integrated network of nation-wide industries and
attempt to rehabilitate the economy manufacturing
- Agricultural and manufacturing productivity
1989 February – PH and CH signed an agreement to remained low
expand bilateral trade
Ramos government inherited the close ties with Taiwan
1989 April 14 – Aquino left for China to strengthen
diplomatic ties - Seeks to promote friendly relations with the PRC
- Proclaim adherence to one-China policy
- Reiterated China’s policy of non-interference in the
PH domestic affairs The RP-Taiwan connection – major irritants in RP-PRC
- Agreement to increase bilateral trade relations

Manila Taipei Agriculture and Fisheries Agreement with Chain of PH-Taiwan linkages intensified Taiwan’s
Taiwan official economy

- After Beijing learned of the agreement they sent a Taiwanese undertook an aggressive economic blitz
strong protest to the Department of Foreign Affairs
- Taiwan has been further reinforced with the (claimants to Spratlys are to settle the dispute
employment of thousands of Filipino OFWs peacefully)

PH-PRC relations was hostile and almost nothing 1995 – Recurrent entry of Chinese patrol boats

President Marcos re-established diplomatic relations in Critics noted that the inconsistent character of the PH
1976; most government institutions are not fully protest was seasonal
prepared to implement the new policy
- Season of budget proposal the PH military
- Major reason for the relation = ensure that no aid intelligence would report Chinese presence
will be given to the CPP and its armed sector - With or without the China threat the Department of
- PRC was more concerned with its own internal Defense has no assets to defend
reforms and relations with US, Japan, and Europe
Officials from DFA managed to convince the Chinese to
Ramos meeting with Lee Teng-Hui aroused suspicion sign the Code of Conduct agreement (procedure and
from the PRC (the PH was veering towards two-China protocol)
policy)
- The code is the current basis for resolving
Existence of numerous bilateral and international differences
agreements (personal relations developed)
Belief of both sides is the underwater resources are
1992 July 20 – PH signed an agreement with the China considerable thus despite the fact they agreed to shelve
concerning Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of the sovereignty issue the controversy continues
Investments
Under the Ramos Administration – PH foreign policy
Instrument of Ratification by the PH signed by Ramos with respect to China veered away from the
and Foreign Secretary Domingo Siazon compartmentalized approach

1993 April 3 – President Ramos went to a state visit to Crisis emerged in the region = Asian currency crisis
PRC on improvement of commercial relations
Currency predicament requires close partnership and
- Sino-PH Joint Committee on Scientific and effort by Asian countries to embark on new forms of
Technological Cooperation signed the Tenth cooperation
protocol on Scientific and Technological
Cooperation Mutual interest to develop friendly, stable, and mutually
beneficial PH-CH relations
1996 July 29 – Renato de Villa (Defense Secretary)
signed the agreement on the establishment of the Offices Challenge to the post-Ramos period is how to cope with
of the Defense and Armed Forces Attaches (ODAFAs) rapid pace of change

- establish their respective ODAFAs at the embassy Issues can no longer be compartmentalized

President Jiang Zemin – invited to visit the PH after - Economic issues to be dealt with by the APEC or
the APEC summit of 1996 (first time the highest Chinese WTO
official made a state visit) - Security issues to be dealt with through separate
bilateral security treaties
- During the visit two agreements were signed
1. Establishment of additional consulates
a. Consulate-general in Guangzhou
b. Consulate-general in Davao
2. Stipulated the maintenance of the Consulate
General of the RP in Hong Kong

Controversial issues between PH and China = rival

claims on the Spratlys Islands (west of Palawan)

- Both countries agreed to shelve the sovereignty issue

and adhere to the ASEAN Manila Declaration