B1.1 Module 5.2

PIA Training Centre Module 5 – DIGITAL TECHNIQUES ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 5.2 – Numbering Systems
MODULE 5
Sub Module 5.2
NUMBERING SYSTEMS
ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M05/01 Rev. 00
5.2 Mar 2014
Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1
NUMBERING SYSTEMS ...................................................................... 2
GENERAL ............................................................................................. 3
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM ............................................................. 4
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM ................................................................ 4
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM ................................................................. 4
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM ................................................... 5
DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION ................................................ 6
DECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERSION ................................................. 8
DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION ................................. 10
BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION .............................................. 12
BINARY TO OCTAL CONVERSION .................................................. 13
BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION.................................... 15
OCTAL TO BINARY CONVERSION .................................................. 17
OCTAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION ............................................... 19
OCTAL TO HEXA DECIMAL CONVERSION .................................... 20
HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION.................................... 20
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERSION ..................................... 21
HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION ................................. 22

5.2 - i Mar 2014
Page Intentionally Left Blank

5.2 - ii Mar 2014
INTRODUCTION
Since the early days of civilization, man has been using The basic distinguishing feature of a numbering system is its
numbers for the purpose of counting quantities in his base or radix. The base indicates the number of distinct
environment. Early men could have started this concept with symbols or numerals used to represent quantities in that
strokes on the bark of a tree. Fortunately, the human anatomy number system. In digital electronic systems, a base-2 system
came with an in-built counting machine – the fingers! The ten could be implemented with better convenience than a base-10
fingers in the two hands, which we have been using instinctively system. Such a system is called binary, and has the two
for counting since childhood, are said to have formed the basis numerals: 0 and 1. The two numerals in the binary system can
of a number system based on ten. That system is called the be represented conveniently with two discrete levels of voltage.
decimal number system. This could be implemented with electronic switching devices
such as transistors. For example: transistor on – binary 0,
The basic symbols used in a number system are called transistor off –binary 1. Binary numbers become long strings of
numerals. The decimal number system has ten numerals: 0, 1, 0s and 1s for large values. Therefore base-8 (octal) or base-16
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Any higher number can be formed with (hexadecimal) is typically used in representing large numbers.
a proper combination of these numerals. Any of the ten However, the electronic implementation of these number
numerals is called a digit. For example 83516 is a five-digit systems also is in the binary form, using the same hardware like
number. Incidentally, in anatomy, digit is a finger or a toe. In a switching transistors. A binary digit is given the name bit.
number, the leftmost bit is called the most significant bit and the
rightmost bit is called the least significant bit, owing to the
weight assigned by the position. For example, in the number
83516, if we substitute 8 with 9, the resulting number would
increase its value by 1000, whereas substituting 6 with 9
changes the value by just 3. Thus numbers to the right
contribute less to the value of the number, and hence less
significant.

5.2 - 1 Mar 2014
NUMBERING SYSTEMS numbers have different values is that digits of different values
occupy positions of different weights:
The majority of digital computers are wired to understand one
particular code. This code usually is not the English language
102 101 100
or the decimal numbering system but is instead the binary
numbering system. A binary code capable of representing 3 6 5
letters of the alphabet, decimal numbers, punctuation marks
and special control symbols is used by most digital computers The first position 100 carries a weight of one. (Any number,
on the market today. Before discussing the binary numbering except zero, when raised to the zero power is equal to one).
system and its use in computers, a few rules concerning all
numbering systems will be presented. The second position 101 carries a weight of 10 and the third
position 102 carries a weight of 100 etc. Note that each position
There are three basic characteristics of any number system;
is ten times greater than the preceding position.
 BASE (OR RADIX).
Each digit in a number has a value which exists between zero
and the value of the base minus one. For example in the
 POSITION VALUE. decimal system, the digits range in value from zero to nine.
Nine is one less that the base of the system which is ten.
 DIGIT VALUE.
The base of a numbering system is the total number of unique

characters or marks within that system. In the decimal system
the base is 10 since there are 10 digits (or characters) which
make up the system -0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Each position in a number has a value of BX where B is the

base and X is some exponent. For example, the decimal
numbers 365 and 653 have two different values even though
they are composed of the same digits. The reason that the

5.2 - 2 Mar 2014
GENERAL Note: There is an algebraic rule which states that a number

raised to a negative exponent is equivalent to one over
In describing numbers, one takes into account the value of the that number raised to a positive exponent.
various digits and the weight of their respective positions.
10-2 = 1/102 or 1/100
102 101 100 3 6 5

3 6 5
102 101 100 3 6 5
is equivalent to:
3 x 102 + 6 x 101 + 5 x 100 =
2 1 0
3 x 10 + 6 x 10 + 5 x 10 =
3 x 100 + 6 x 10 + 5 x 1 =
300 + 60 + 5 = 365
3 x 100 + 6 x 10 + 5 x 1 =
Thus the decimal number 365 is read as three hundred sixty
five.
Fractional numbers follow the same rules. For example take

the decimal number 1402.35
103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2

1 4 0 2 3 5
1 x 103 + 4 x 102 + 0 x 101 + 2 x 100 + 3 x 10-1 + 5 x 10-2 =
1 x 1000 + 4 x 100 + 0 x 10 + 2 x 1 + 3 x 1/10 + 5 x 1/100 =
1000 + 400 + 2 + 3/10 + 5/100 or 1000 + 400 + 2 + 35/100

5.2 - 3 Mar 2014
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM 2 4 2 3 2 2 21 2 0

1 0 1 1 0
The decimal number system comprises 10 unique symbols or
numerals: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The base of this 1 x 24 + 0 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 =
number system is hence, said to be 10. A number with any
higher magnitude can be expressed using a system of (1 x 16) + (0 x 8) + (1 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (0 x 1) =
positional weighting. Consider the number 3472. This can be
16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 22
broken down as follows:
3472 = 3000 + 400 + 70 + 2

= 3 x 10 3 + 4 x 102 + 7 x 101 + 2 x 100 OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM
The position of a digit, counting from the right hand end, The base-8 number system is called octal and it has got the
determines its weight. The least significant digit (2) of the above symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. A four-digit octal number is
number represents the number of units and the next one (7) the assessed below in the weighted system for finding the decimal
number of tens followed by the number of hundreds and the equivalent:
number of thousands. Similarly, a number with a decimal point
can be broken down as follows: 4372(8) = (4 x 8 3 + 3 x 8 2 + 7 x 8 1 + 2 x 8 0)
= (2048 + 192 + 56 + 2)10
34.72 = 30 + 4 + 7/10 + 2/100 = 2298(10)
= 3 X 10 1 + 4 X 100 + 7 x 10-1 + 2 x 10-2
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
The binary numbering system is named after its base, which is

two. Since the base is two there are two digits in the system 0
and 1. Position values for a binary number are 2X where x is
some exponent and each position will be two times greater in
weight than that of the preceding position. Consider the binary
number 10110.

5.2 - 4 Mar 2014
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
The base-16 number system is called hexadecimal and it
1 00001 01 01
comprises 16 symbols: 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and
F. The numerals A, B, C, D, E, and F have got decimal 2 00010 02 02
equivalents of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 respectively. Let us 3 00011 03 03
take the hexadecimal number 3FD8 and try it in the generalized
formula for finding its decimal equivalent: 4 00100 04 04
5 00101 05 05
(3FD8)16 = (3 X 16 3 + 15 X 16 2 + 13X 16 1 + 8 X 16 0) 6 00110 06 06
= (12288 + 3840 + 208 + 8)10
7 00111 07 07
= (16344)10
8 01000 10 08
9 01001 11 09
10 01010 12 0A
11 01011 13 0B
12 01100 14 0C
13 01101 15 0D
14 01110 16 0E
15 01111 17 0F
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14

5.2 - 5 Mar 2014
2. Decimal to binary conversion is achieved through successive

DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION division of the decimal number by 2. The remainder, when
recorded in the reverse order, would read the binary equivalent.
There are two basic methods for converting decimal numbers to
their equivalent in binary. Example: Convert 19 into binary form
1. The first method involves breaking the number down into a Successive
succession of numbers that are each powers of 2 and then Division Remainder
placing the relevant digit (either a 0 or a 1) in the respective
digit position. 2 19 1
29 1
24 0
Example: 22 0
21 1
Reading the remainder from the bottom to the top,

1910 = (10011)2

5.2 - 6 Mar 2014
SELF TEST
Convert the following decimal numbers to binary: (d) 100
(a) 25
(b) 43
(e) 132
(c) 65

5.2 - 7 Mar 2014
DECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERSION
Decimal to octal conversion is achieved through successive

division of the decimal number by 8. The remainder when
recorded in the reverse order would read the octal equivalent.
Example: Convert 95 into octal form.
Successive Remainder
Division
8 95 7
8 11 3
8 1 1
0
9510 = 1378
Example: Convert 67 into Octal form.

5.2 - 8 Mar 2014
SELF TEST
Convert the following decimal numbers to Octal: (d) 100
(a) 25
(b) 43
(e) 13
(c) 65

5.2 - 9 Mar 2014
DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION
Decimal to hexadecimal conversion is achieved through Example 2: Convert 103 into hexadecimal form.
successive division of the decimal number by 16. The
remainder, when recorded in the reverse order, would read the
hexadecimal equivalent.
Example 1: Convert 572 into hexadecimal form.
Successive Remainder
Division
16 572 C
16 35 3
16 2 2
0

57210 = 23C16 Example 3: Convert 254 into hexadecimal form.

5.2 - 10 Mar 2014
SELF TEST
Convert the following decimal numbers to hexadecimal: (d) 100
(a) 25
(b) 43
(e) 13
(c) 65

5.2 - 11 Mar 2014
BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION SELF TEST
In order to convert a binary number to its equivalent decimal Convert the following binary numbers to decimal:
number we can determine the value of each successive binary (a) 10101
digit, multiply it by the column value (in terms of the power of (b) 110011
the base) and then simply add the values up. For example, to (c) 1001001
convert the binary number 1011, we take each digit and multiply (d) 10101011
it by the binary weight of the digit position (8, 4, 2 and 1) and (e) 1111.111
add the result, as shown in Fig.
Example:

5.2 - 12 Mar 2014
BINARY TO OCTAL CONVERSION Example 2: Convert 110010011 into Octal.
Binary numbers can be converted to octal by dividing the

number into groups of three bits starting at the binary point, and
converting each group.
Example 1: Convert 11101110102 into octal form.
11101110102 = 16728
Groups of 3 bits: 1 110 111 010

Octal Equivalent: 1 6 7 2
11101110102 = 16728

5.2 - 13 Mar 2014
SELF TEST
Convert the following binary numbers to octal: (d) 100111001
(a) 101110
(b) 111111000
(e) 100011100
(c) 10101010

5.2 - 14 Mar 2014
BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION

Example 2: Convert (10001111)2 into hexadecimal form.
Binary numbers can be converted to hexadecimal by dividing
the number into groups of four bits starting at the binary point
and converting each group.
Example 1: Convert 10101110102 into hexadecimal form.
Groups of 4 bits: 10 1011 1010
Hexadecimal equivalent: 2 B A
10101110102 = 2BA16

5.2 - 15 Mar 2014
SELF TEST
Convert the following binary numbers to Hexadecimal: (d) 100111001
(a) 101110
(b) 111111000
(e) 100011100
(c) 10101010

5.2 - 16 Mar 2014
OCTAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
Octal numbers can be converted to binary by converting each Decimal Binary Octal
digit into binary in a three-bit format.
1 001 01
Example 1: Convert 36748 into binary form.
2 010 02
Octal digits 3 6 7 4 3 011 03
Binary equivalent: 011 110 111 100
4 100 04
5 101 05
36748 = 0111101111002
6 110 06
Example 2: Convert (214)8 into binary form.
7 111 07

5.2 - 17 Mar 2014
SELF TEST
Convert the following octal numbers to binary: (d) 100
(a) 25
(b) 43
(e) 13
(c) 65

5.2 - 18 Mar 2014
OCTAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION SELF TEST
In order to convert a binary number to a decimal number we can Convert the following octal numbers to decimal:
determine the value of each successive octal digit, multiply it by
the column value (in terms of the power of the base) and simply (a) 37
add the values up. For example, the octal number 207 is
converted by taking each digit and then multiplying it by the
octal weight of the digit position and adding the result, as shown
in Figure.
(b) 41
(c) 65

5.2 - 19 Mar 2014
OCTAL TO HEXA DECIMAL CONVERSION HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
Hexadecimal numbers can be converted to binary by converting

The conversion is made in two steps using binary as an each digit into binary in a four-bit format.
intermediate base. Octal is converted to binary and then binary
to hexadecimal, grouping digits by fours, which correspond Example 1: Convert 4A8C16 into binary form.
each to a hexadecimal digit.
Hexadecimal digits: 4 A 8 C
For instance, convert octal 1057 to hexadecimal:
Binary equivalent: 0100 1010 1000 1100
To binary:
1 0 5 7
001 000 101 111 4A8C16 = 01001010100011002
Example 2: Convert (B3)16 into binary form.

then to hexadecimal:
0010 0010 1111
2 2 F
Therefore, 10578 = 22F16.

5.2 - 20 Mar 2014
SELF TEST HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERSION
Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to Binary: Hexadecimal to octal conversion proceeds by first converting
the hexadecimal digits to 4-bit binary values, then regrouping
(a) A10
the binary bits into 3-bit octal digits.
(b) ABC
(c) 23B
For example, to convert 3FA516:
To binary:
3 F A 5
0011 1111 1010 0101
then to octal:
0 011 111 110 100 101
0 3 7 6 4 5
Therefore, 3FA516 = 376458.

5.2 - 21 Mar 2014
HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
In order to convert a hexadecimal number to a decimal number

we can determine the value of each successive hexadecimal
digit, multiply it by the column value (in terms of the power of
the base) and simply add the values up. For example, the
hexadecimal number of A7 is converted by taking each digit and
then multiplying it by the weight of the digit position, as shown in
Figure.

5.2 - 22 Mar 2014
SELF TEST 6. The hexadecimal number 111 is equivalent to the octal

number:
1. The binary number 10101 is equivalent to the decimal (a) 73
number: (b) 273
(a) 19 (c) 421.
(b) 21
(c) 35. 7. The hexadecimal number C9 is equivalent to the decimal
number:
2. The decimal number 29 is equivalent to the binary number: (a) 21
(a) 10111 (b) 129
(b) 11011 (c) 201.
(c) 11101.
8. The binary number 10110011 is equivalent to the
3. Which one of the following numbers could NOT be an octal hexadecimal number:
number? (a) 93
(a) 11011 (b) B3
(b) 771 (c) 113.
(c) 139.
9. The hexadecimal number AD is equivalent to the binary
4. The octal number 73 is equivalent to the decimal number: number:
(a) 47 (a) 10101101
(b) 59 (b) 11011010
(c) 111. (c) 10001101.
5. The binary number 100010001 is equivalent to the octal

number:
(a) 111
(b) 273
(c) 421.

5.2 - 23 Mar 2014

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PIA Training Centre Module 5 – DIGITAL TECHNIQUES ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

Category – A/B1 Sub Module 5.2 – Numbering Systems

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

Page Intentionally Left Blank

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

The base of a numbering system is the total number of unique

Each position in a number has a value of BX where B is the

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

GENERAL Note: There is an algebraic rule which states that a number

102 101 100 3 6 5

Fractional numbers follow the same rules. For example take

103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2

1 x 103 + 4 x 102 + 0 x 101 + 2 x 100 + 3 x 10-1 + 5 x 10-2 =

1 x 1000 + 4 x 100 + 0 x 10 + 2 x 1 + 3 x 1/10 + 5 x 1/100 =

1000 + 400 + 2 + 3/10 + 5/100 or 1000 + 400 + 2 + 35/100

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM 2 4 2 3 2 2 21 2 0

3472 = 3000 + 400 + 70 + 2

BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

The binary numbering system is named after its base, which is

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

2. Decimal to binary conversion is achieved through successive

Reading the remainder from the bottom to the top,

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

Convert the following decimal numbers to binary: (d) 100

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

DECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERSION

Decimal to octal conversion is achieved through successive

Example: Convert 95 into octal form.

Reading the remainder from the bottom to the top,

Example: Convert 67 into Octal form.

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

Convert the following decimal numbers to Octal: (d) 100

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION

Example 1: Convert 572 into hexadecimal form.

Reading the remainder from the bottom to the top,

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

Convert the following decimal numbers to hexadecimal: (d) 100

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION SELF TEST

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

BINARY TO OCTAL CONVERSION Example 2: Convert 110010011 into Octal.

Binary numbers can be converted to octal by dividing the

Example 1: Convert 11101110102 into octal form.

Groups of 3 bits: 1 110 111 010

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

Convert the following binary numbers to octal: (d) 100111001

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BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION

Example 1: Convert 10101110102 into hexadecimal form.

Groups of 4 bits: 10 1011 1010

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Convert the following binary numbers to Hexadecimal: (d) 100111001

ISO: 9001 - 2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only