Social and Political

Stratification
PRESENTED BY
TIU, ALTHEA DENISE
YEPES, ANTJE KATRIN
YEPES, KIANU
NARES, RAVEN
 What is Stratification?
Stratification is a system or
formation of layers, classes,
or categories.
 Social Stratification
Social stratification is a society’s categorization of people
into socioeconomic strata based upon their occupation
and income, wealth and social status, or derived power.
As such, stratification is the relative social position of
persons within a social group, category, geographic
region, or social unit (social or political).

In modern Western societies, social stratification is typically

distinguished as three social classes: (i) the upper class, (ii) the
middle class, and (iii) the lower class.
 Social Stratification
• The categorization of people in social strata occurs in all
societies, ranging from the complex, state-based societies to
tribal and feudal societies, which are based upon socio-
economic relations among classes of peasants.

• Determining the structures of social stratification arises from

inequalities of status among persons; therefore the degree of
social inequality determines a person’s social stratum.

• Generally, the greater the social complexity of a society, the

more social strata exist, by way of social differentiation.
HIGHEST
RANK
OFFICIAL

HIGHER
RANK
OFFICIALS
MIDDLE
RANK
OFFICIALS
MIDDLE
CLASS
LOWER
RANK
OFFICIALS

LOWER
CLASS
 Political Stratification
Political stratification is best understood as the extent to
which the inequalities in social statuses are influenced by,
political structures and processes (i.e., involving influence,
authority, or power). In this sense power is understood not
only in relation to achieving desired results, even against
opposing interest, but also in terms of the ability to frame
and set agendas.
 The Social Desirables
WEALTH— is any tangible or intangible thing that makes a
person, family, or group better off. It includes properties such as
money, buildings, lands, farms, houses, cars, and other assets.

PRESTIGE— refers to a good reputation or high

esteem arising from success, achievement, rank, or
other favorable attributes.

POWER— the ability of people of groups to

achieve their goals despite opposition from others.
 Social Mobility
Social mobility is the ability of individuals, families or groups to move up
or down the social ladder in a society, such as moving from low-income to
middle-class. Social mobility is often used to describe changes in wealth,
but it can also be used to describe general social standing or education.

This provides the individual with more or less of the benefits which his
economy and society have to offer.

Mobility arises in social interaction, as each individual reacts to others in

a changing series of social roles.
 Social Mobility: Types
Change of social position of an
individual or group of individuals
takes different forms and shapes. At
one period of time there would be
one type of mobility and another
period of time it can be another
type. Each of the following types are
not exclusive but they may overlap,
it is only for the purpose of
convenience and analysis they are
given different labels.
 Social Mobility: Types
HORIZONTAL MOBILITY

It is the transition of an individual or social

object from one social group to another situated
on the same level. Under this type of social
mobility, a person changes his or her occupation
but the overall social standing remains the same.
 Social Mobility: Types
HORIZONTAL MOBILITY

Example:
When an engineer changes his occupation from
engineer to teaching engineering, he has
horizontally moved from one occupational
category to another. But no change has taken
place in the system of social stratification.
 Social Mobility: Types
VERTICAL MOBILITY

Vertical mobility refers to any change in the

occupational, economic or political status of an
individual or a group which leads to change of
their position. In other words, vertical mobility
stands for change of social position either
upward or downward, which can be labeled as
ascending or descending type of mobility.
 Social Mobility: Types
VERTICAL MOBILITY

Example:
When a big businessman meets with losses in his
business and is declared bankrupt, he occupies a
low status. On the other hand, if a small
businessman with occupational skills of money
and manipulation becomes an industrialist he
occupies a higher position in the social ladder.
 Social Mobility: Types
UPWARD MOBILITY

When a person or a group of persons move from

lower position to upper position it is called
Upward Mobility.
 Social Mobility: Types
UPWARD MOBILITY

Example:
A person belonging to a lower caste and
occupying a lower position after winning
elections becomes a Minister and occupies a
higher position. He may not be able to change
his caste but with his economic and political
power he may move upward.
 Social Mobility: Types
DOWNWARD MOBILITY

Downward mobility indicates that one loses his

higher position and occupies a lower position.
 Social Mobility: Types
DOWNWARD MOBILITY

Example:
We can take the example of an individual, who is an Engineer
and occupies a respectable position in the society because of his
occupational position, education and may be caste. If he is
caught for accepting bribe or has committed a sin or has done
something wrong, he may be sentenced to jail or members of
his caste may outcaste him and as a criminal or as an outcaste
he may occupy a lower position vis-a-vis position he was
occupying earlier.
 Social Mobility: Types
INTER-GENERATIONAL MOBILITY

This type of mobility means that one generation

changes its social status in contrast to preceding
generation. However, this mobility may be
upward or downward.
 Social Mobility: Types
INTER-GENERATIONAL MOBILITY

Example:
People of lower caste or class may provide facilities to their
children to get higher education, training and skills. With
the help of these skills the younger generation may get
employment in higher position. If the father is a shoemaker
but his son after acquiring education becomes a clerk or a
doctor or an engineer, this would be called upward inter-
generational mobility.
 Social Mobility: Types
INTER-GENERATIONAL MOBILITY

Another Example:
A family of Brahmins may be engaged on traditional
occupation of teaching and performing rituals but its
younger generation is neither intelligent nor follows the
family occupation. They become daily wagers then the
younger generation has downward inter-generational
mobility.
 Social Mobility: Types
INTRA-GENERATIONAL MOBILITY

This type of mobility takes place in life span of

one generation. This can be further divided into
two:

(a) Change in the position of one individual in his

life span
(b) Change in the position of one brother but no
change in the position of another brother.
 Social Mobility: Types
INTRA-GENERATIONAL MOBILITY

Example:
A person may start his career as a clerk. He acquires more
education and skills. Over a period of time, he becomes an IAS
officer or a Professor. In this way he moves up and occupies a
higher social position than the one with which he had started his
career.

His brother may have also started his career as a clerk but did not
occupy higher position in his life span and continued to remain at
the same position. Hence, within the same generation we find
that one brother changes his position and other brother does not.
 Social Mobility: Types
OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY

Occupational mobility means change from one

occupation to another. Different occupations’
are hierarchically arranged because the
incumbent of these occupations gets different
economic rewards and enjoys different power,
prestige and privileges based on the economic
returns, authority and prestige.
 Social Mobility: Types
OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY

Example:
When a person or a group of persons move from
occupations of lower prestige to occupations of higher
prestige, this is called Upward Vertical Mobility. Similarly if
an individual or a group of individuals from occupations of
higher prestige take up occupations of lower prestige, then
this occupational mobility is called Downward Vertical
Mobility.
 Social Mobility: Types
OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY

A more specific example:

From a clerk to an officer is upward vertical occupational mobility;
from a clerk to a peon or a smuggler is downward vertical
occupational mobility. We must keep in mind that society grants
recognition, prestige and power not only based on economic returns
from a occupation or profession but according to the skills of the
individual which are valued most in the society. A smuggler may be
earning more than a clerk but his means of livelihood are not
recognized in the society. Hence, he is placed lower in the social
ladder.
Factors responsible for Social
Mobility
MOTIVATION

Each individual has a desire not only to have a better

way of living but also wants to improve upon his
social stand. In an open system, it is possible to
achieve any status. This openness motivates people
to work hard and improve upon the skills so that one
can attain higher social status. Without such
motivation and efforts on the part of the individual
social mobility is impossible.
Factors responsible for Social
Mobility
ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES

Achievement here refers to extra ordinary, usually

unexpected performance, which attracts the
attention of a wider public to the abilities of a person.
Not all achievements will result in social mobility.
Achievements affect status only if they are
remarkable.
 Factors responsible for Social
Mobility
ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES

For example, a poor man who has acquired wealth or an

unknown writer who has won a literary prize will improve his
status.
Failures and misdeeds have a similar effect on downward
mobility. Fraudulent bankruptcy will remove a member of the
upper classes from blue books; he will receive no dinner
invitations from his peers and he will become ineligible as a
marriage partner. If he is already married, his wife may divorce
him. He will have to resign from his clubs and all positions he
holds. But he will not become a member of the lowest stratum,
although it will be difficult for him to find new association.
Factors responsible for Social
Mobility
EDUCATION

Education not only helps an individual to acquire

knowledge but is also a passport for occupational
position for higher prestige. To become a doctor one
has to have education in science subjects. Similarly, to
appear in a competitive examination of I.A.S., one has
to be at least graduate.

It is only after acquiring minimum formal education

that individual can aspire to occupy higher positions.
Factors responsible for Social
Mobility
SKILLS AND TRAINING

Society not only assigns higher social status but also

gives higher economic rewards and other privileges
to those persons who have undergone training.
Keeping in view these incentives people undergo
these training with a hope to move up in the social
ladder, although it requires lots of money, time, and
effort. In other words, skills and training facilitate in
improvement of the position, this leading to social
mobility.
Factors responsible for Social
Mobility
MIGRATION

Migration also facilitates social mobility. People

migrate from one place to another either due to pull
or push factors. A particular place may not have
opportunities and facilities to improve upon. Hence,
people are forced to migrate to other places to earn
their livelihood. At new places, where they migrate,
may have different openings and opportunities.

These persons avail of these opportunities and

improve upon their social position.
 Factors responsible for Social
Mobility
MIGRATION

Examples:
—Asians migrate to various European countries and the United States
of America. The pull factors attract the people because they do not
have those facilities at their place of residence and the new place
attracts them by providing these facilities, so that after acquiring new
skills and knowledge they could occupy better positions.
—People migrate from villages to cities because urban centres have
institutions of higher status as well as opportunities for jobs. People
come to urban areas to acquire education and skills and occupy higher
positions than their parents and brothers who continue to live in
villages.
 Factors responsible for Social
Mobility
URBANIZATION

In the cities there are more people, they have formal relations.
People do not know each other intimately. Urban centres are
marked by anonymity. People are close to their friends and
relatives only. Urban settlements provide secrecy to individual’s
caste and background. Individual’s position is largely dependent
upon his education, occupation and income rather than his
background.

If an individual has higher education, income and is engaged in

occupation of higher prestige, he occupies high social status
irrespective of his caste.
Factors responsible for Social
Mobility
INDUSTRIALIZATION

Industrial Revolution ushered in a new social system

in which people are given status according to their
ability and training. No importance was given to their
caste, race, religion and ethnicity. Industrialization
resulted in mass production at cheaper rate. This
forced the artisans out of their work. In search of jobs
they migrated to industrial towns. They acquired new
vocational training and got jobs in industries. With
experience and training they moved up in the social
ladder.
Factors responsible for Social
Mobility
LEGISLATION

The enactment of new laws can also facilitate social

mobility. Legislations like right to education to all,
property rights to women and secularization and so
on help people to grab opportunities and prosper,
therefore resulting in social mobility.
Factors responsible for Social
Mobility
POLITICIZATION

The political party to get votes provides a number of

concessions. With the help of these new concessions
and provisions, they improve upon their social status.
A few persons may become political leaders,
Ministers, Cabinet Ministers or Chief Minister of a
State. This has resulted into upward social mobility
for them. Similarly, with greater political awareness
with representatives in State assembly and
Parliament they can (once the government to enact
certain laws helping the lower segments of the
society.
 Factors responsible for Social
Mobility
MODERNIZATION

With the improvement in technology, people engaged in occupations

of low prestige like scavengers discard their traditional occupations
and take up occupations which are not dirty and have no polluting
effects. In this way, they change their position upward. Similarly, the
level of development of a country also facilitates or hinders social
mobility. The less developed and traditional societies continue with
old system of stratification and with accretive statuses. Whereas the
developed and modern societies paved the way for greater
opportunities and competition, it is only in the developed countries
that there is a greater possibility of achieved statuses. In other words,
modernization facilitates social mobility.
Social Inequality
Access to social, political, and
symbolic capital

Gender inequality

Ethnic minorities

Other minorities (e.g., PWD)

Global inequality (relationships

between states and non state
actors in the community)
 Social Inequality
Social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for
different social positions or statuses within a group or society. This occurs
when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, typically
through norms of allocation, that engender specific patterns along lines of
socially defined categories of persons.

Kinds of Social Inequality

1. Access to social, political and symbolic capital
2. Gender Inequality
3. Ethnic minorities
4. Other minorities (like PWD)
5. Global Inequality
 Social Inequality
Access to social, political and symbolic capital

Social Capital
— consists of the economic resources garnered from human interactions.
The resources include those of tangible and non-tangible assets, such as
information, innovative ideas, and financial support.
—any benefit that is derived from the society or our interaction with the
members of our society.

Example:
• Your best friend’s mom might offer to put in the word for you at her
employer. This is good for you, but very unfair to other job-seekers.
 Social Inequality
Access to social, political and symbolic capital

Political Capital
—refers to the goodwill, trust and influence that politicians earn or build
up with the public through the pursuit of policies that people like or
respect.

Example:
• An example of political capital is the ability of a chairman of a
committee to garner a members vote by reminding the member of the
favor of letting the member have a hearing on a bill which bill was
important to the member but which bill is of no interest to the
chairman.
 Social Inequality
Access to social, political and symbolic capital

Symbolic Capital
—referred to as the resources available to an individual on the basis of
honor, prestige or recognition, and serves as value that one holds within a
culture.

Example:
• A war hero may have symbolic capital in the context of running for
political office.

People’s access to these three varies depending on their social stratum.

Usually, inequality occurs through these because people exploit their
capital to outweigh others.
 Social Inequality
Gender Inequality

Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of

individuals wholly or partly due to their gender. This can also be defined
as allowing people different opportunities due to perceived differences
based solely on issues of gender.

Examples:
• Men’s dominance over women.
• LGBTQ+ community are being discriminated and given less
opportunities compared to men and women.
 Social Inequality
Ethnic minorities

Ethnic minorities are groups of people who differ in race or color or in

national, religious, or cultural origin from the dominant group — often the
majority population — of the country in which they live. They face
extreme discrimination and inequality. Usually, they are not given access
to socio-economic resources, housing, health care, proper education, and
work opportunities.

In the Philippines, examples of the ethnic minorities are non-Christians

and Igorots.

Example:
• An Igorot was termed as dirty, ugly and was not allowed to ride on a
bus just because he is an Igorot.
 Social Inequality
Other minorities (like PWD)

Persons with disabilities (PWDs), according the UN Convention on the

Rights of Persons With Disabilities, include those who have long-term
physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction
with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in
society on an equal basis with others.

Example:
• An amputee isn’t accepted in a job position though he nailed the exam
and interview just because the employer thinks he won’t be efficient
and won’t look good in the eyes of the customers.
 Social Inequality
Global Inequality

Global inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources among

individual members of different nations around the globe based on their
position in the social hierarchy.

Examples:
• Education is a fundamental human right. Yet, there are high disparities
between the access to education, as well as resources for education
throughout the world.

• The income gap between people living in advanced, developing

countries and people from poor countries.
Thank you so much for
listening!
MEMBERS
Nares, Raven M.
Tiu, Althea Denise P.
Yepes, Antje Katrin G.
Yepes, Kianu L.